energy is usually good but i do have digestive problems at times with gas, and some times a burning or flushing of my face, especially in the summer. what suggestions do you have based on my chart for aug. 6, 1953, grand junction, co, at 9 : 46 pm? your horoscope shows a leo sun close to the planet mars with aries rising. this could give you excess fire and you might need to cool your body down with the suggestions mentioned above. you also have your moon in cancer conjoined both uranus and mercury. this implicates a highly sensitive nervous system, and being in the sign cancer, it could manifest in your digestive system. so balancing your nervous system with plenty of exercise, b complex vitamins, magnesium, and manganese is important. don ' t eat when you are emotionally upset and try to eat small amounts at a time. digestive enzymes would also be helpful for you. copyright : marcia starck bio : marcia starck marcia starck is a medicine teacher, medical astrologer, and author. among the books she has written are astrology - key to holistic health, earth mother astrology, the dark goddess - dancing with the shadow, and women ' s medicine ways - cross cultural rites of passage. she has led celebrations and rituals for many years and has the unique ability to gather people in a sacred experience of themselves in harmony with the planets and galaxy. marcia lives in santa fe, new mexico. she can be reached by email at firstname. lastname @ example. org, telephone at 505 - 473 - 1464, or visit her web site.


logging in or signing up nano robots medicine of the future ashokmateti download post to : url : related presentations : share add to flag embed email send to blogs and networks add to channel uploaded from authorpoint lite insert youtube videos in powerpont slides with as desktop copy embed code : embed : flash ipad copy does not support media & animations wordpress embed customize embed url : copy thumbnail : copy the presentation is successfully added in your favorites. views : 1823 category : science & tech.. license : all rights reserved like it ( 3 ) dislike it ( 1 ) added : march 17, 2011 this presentation is public favorites : 1 presentation description no description available. comments posting comment... premium member presentation transcript slide 1 : medicine of the future ch. poojitha roll no : 12080026 priyadarshini college of pharmaceutical sciences nanorobots 1 presented byslide 2 : nanotechnology nanorobots molecular nanotechnology ( mnt ) how nanorobots will work applications conclusion references contents 2slide 3 : what does nanotechnology mean? nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. it is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. 3slide 4 : nanorobots a nanorobot is a tiny machine designed to perform a specific task or tasks repeatedly and with precision at nanoscale dimensions, that is, dimensions of a few nanometer s ( nm ) or less, where 1 nm = 10 - 9 meter they are nanodevices that will be used for the purpose of maintaining and protecting the human body against pathogens. 4slide 5 : molecular nanotechnology ( mnt ) the umbrella science of nanomedicine mnt describes engineered nanosystems ( nanoscale machines ) operating on the molecular scale. mnt is especially associated with the molecular assembler, a machine that can produce a desired structure. mnt is based on the ability to build structures to complex, atomic specifications by means of mechanosynthesis. 5slide 6 : what is a chromallocyte? what is a respirocyte? what are the risks of nanoscience? what are the potential benefits of mnt ( molecular nanotechnology )? what are the potential dangers of molecular nanotechnology? related wise geek articles 6slide 7 : a chromallocyte is a lozenge - shaped mobile nanorobot, consisting of about four trillion atoms. what is


fibre optics technology : utilized in endoscopic medicine. fiber optic instruments are introduced into the body cavity through a tiny hole made on the body to either to investigate or treat and ailments. laser technology : laser technology is utilized in cataract surgery and removal gall bladder stones. telemedicine : with these facility doctors in remote areas can benefit from the expertise of the specialist urban centers. sound waves : utilized in investigative and therapeutic ultrasonography. nuclear radiation : utilized in the treatment of cancer and in investigations like x - ray. few potential applicationsconclusion : conclusion all of these current developments in technology directs humans a step closer to nanorobots and simple, operating nanorobots is the near future. nanorobots can theoretically destroy all common diseases of the 2l st century thereby ending much of the pain and suffering. it can also have an alternative, practical uses such as improved mouthwash and cosmetic creams that can expand the commercial market in biomedical engineering. people can envision a future where people can self - diagnose their ‘ own ailments with the help of nanorobot monitors in their bloodstream. simple everyday illnesses can be cured without ever visiting the physician. 29slide 30 : i would like to thank our respected principal dr. mahalaxmi mohan madam and all the other college faculty members for giving me this opportunity to give the seminar, i would like to thank ashok mateti sir for providing me the useful information about the topic, helping at each and every time constantly, thank you sir for your support and would also like to thank mukunda nageshwar sir for his reluctant support in organizing this seminar and helping me doing my best in all ways. references : references http : / / www. azonano. com / details. asp? articleid = 2035 cristina buzea, ivan pacheco, and kevin robbie ( 2007 ). " nanomaterials and nanoparticles : sources and toxicity ". biointerphases 2 : mr17. n. taniguchi ( 1974 ). on the basic concept of ' nano - technology. proc. intl. conf. prod. london, part ii british society of precision engineering. eric drexler ( 1991 ). nanosystems : molecular machinery, manufacturing, and computation. mit phd thesis. new york : wiley. isbn 0471575186. fritz allhoff, patrick lin, daniel moore, what is nanotechnology and why does it matter? : from


the electric fuel pump is the heart of every electronic fuel injection system. let ' s review the basics of this critical fuel injection part. usually located inside or near the fuel tank, the fuel pump ' s job is twofold : 1 ) to push fuel from the tank to the injectors, and 2 ) to create sufficient pressure so the injectors will deliver the correct amount of fuel under all operating conditions. the pressure developed by the pump, as well as the volume of fuel it flows, must both meet the vehicle manufacturers ' requirements or engine performance, economy and emissions will suffer. the amount of fuel pressure required for a given application will vary depending on the type of injection system ( l - jetronic, cis, motronic, etc. ), the flow characteristics of the injectors and the engine ' s fuel requirements. for example, certain mercedes models with bosch motronic require 55 to 61 psi ( 3. 8 to 4. 2 bar ) of static pressure measured with the engine off. by comparison, a bmw may require 43 psi ( 3. 0 bar ) on some models or 48 psi ( 3. 3 bar ) on others. the differences may not seem like much, but a few pounds of fuel pressure can have a significant impact on engine performance and emissions. why fuel flow & fuel pressure are so important a fuel pump that doesn ' t meet the oe minimum fuel flow or pressure requirements for your mercedes can cause driveability and emissions problems. a weak fuel pump or one that can ' t generate enough pressure can upset the calibration of your fuel system. this may cause the engine to run lean or starve for fuel under load, causing symptoms such as hard starting ( hot or cold ), poor idle quality, hesitation or stumbling when accelerating and a loss of high - speed power. low fuel pressure can also be a cause of lean misfire at idle and under load, which causes a dramatic increase in hydrocarbon ( hc ) emissions. a car experiencing this kind of problem usually won ' t pass an " enhanced " emissions test that measures exhaust emissions under simulated driving conditions on a dynamometer. low fuel pressure and / or lean misfire can also trigger the engine warning lamp on 1996 and newer cars equipped with obd ii ( on - board diagnostics ). so, if the original fuel pump is weak or has failed, it ' s important to make sure your replacement fuel pump meets all mercedes oe fuel performance specifications. bosch pumps do match mercedes oe requirements, but many brands don '


is turned off ). mercedes replacement fuel pump precautions selecting the " right " replacement fuel pump involves more than looking up the year, make, model and engine size of your mercedes. it also means choosing a pump that meets all mercedes oe performance specifications and fits the same as your original - bosch pumps do, but many other brands don ' t. bosch is, of course, the company that pioneered fuel injection technology. to maximize coverage with the fewest number of part numbers, some major aftermarket companies have taken consolidation to the extreme. they have over - consolidated their fuel pump applications by using only a few fuel pumps for a wide range of car applications. because of the many different performance requirements and pump designs used in today ' s cars, this often causes performance and fit problems. for example, when fuel pumps from three of bosch ' s competitors were compared against the oe specifications for the cars the pumps supposedly fit, some glaring shortcomings were discovered : example # 1 : one pump from competitor a covers 70 oem part numbers, yet has a fuel delivery rate 42 to 50 percent less than the oe specifications. example # 2 : a pump from competitor b also covers 70 oem part numbers, but has a fuel delivery rate 25 percent less than oe specifications. example # 3 : one pump from competitor c covers a whopping 153 oem part numbers but has a fuel delivery rate 30 to 42 percent less than many oe specifications and exceeds oe electric consumption by 33 to 50 percent! example # 4 : some bosch competitors were found to be using fuel pumps that are a different size or type than the original. competitor b uses a 38mm diameter pump for 51mm diameter pump applications. to make it fit, they include a rubber sleeve. to make matters worse, the pump ' s outlet pipe location is off - center, which causes the pump to jut out half an inch more than the oe fuel pump. the same company also substitutes an inner - gear style pump for cars that were originally equipped with a turbine pump, which can cause unwanted pressure fluctuations and noise. example # 5 : another trick some competitors employ is to use the same inlet filter screen on a wide variety of cars. companies a, b and c all use only one filter screen for more than 20 different oem applications. this results in a poor fit on some cars because of variations in the shape of the fuel pot reservoir inside the tank. consequences of one - size - fits - all fuel pumps so what are the consequences of over - consolida


oem applications. this results in a poor fit on some cars because of variations in the shape of the fuel pot reservoir inside the tank. consequences of one - size - fits - all fuel pumps so what are the consequences of over - consolidating pump applications? inadequate fuel delivery is by far the most serious concern. based on test comparisons with oe specifications, many of these aftermarket " one - size - fits - all " replacement fuel pumps do not meet oe performance specifications. even though they may fit a particular vehicle application, they may not be capable of meeting the car ' s fuel needs under all driving conditions. the result can be fuel starvation, lean misfire, hesitation, elevated emissions, poor fuel economy and poor driveability. this is especially critical with turbocharged engines that require a rapid increase in fuel flow under boost conditions. a pump that can ' t keep up may allow the mixture to go dangerously lean, resulting in deterioration and loss of power. something else to keep in mind is that fuel also helps cool the pump, so a pump with reduced flow capacity will run hotter and likely experience accelerated wear. long - term durability may suffer as a result. a replacement pump that is a different size and does not fit the same as the original can create installation problems as well. the pump may interfere with other components such as the fuel gauge sending unit, or it may not fit the pump bracket very well, resulting in noise and vibration. bosch pumps, by comparison, look, fit and function exactly like the original. no installation hassles. no adapters. no problems. using a different type of replacement pump can also cause problems. car manufacturers specify certain types of fuel pumps ( roller - cell, inner - gear or turbine ) for a specific reason. the pump is an integral part of the fuel system, so its pressure, flow and electrical characteristics must match the rest of the system. substituting one type of pump for another may create a mismatch that results in driveability, durability or noise problems. trying to use " one - size - fits - all " filter inlet screens also means the sock may not fit right. if the filter screen is too large for the reservoir inside the tank, it may break allowing contaminants to enter the pump and fuel system. if the filter is too small, it may create a restriction or not take in enough fuel when cornering or when the tank is low and allow air to enter the pump. this may damage the pump or allow air to


the pump and fuel system. if the filter is too small, it may create a restriction or not take in enough fuel when cornering or when the tank is low and allow air to enter the pump. this may damage the pump or allow air to be sucked into the fuel line causing poor hot starting, vapor lock, lack of power or other driveability and performance problems. a poor - quality screen may not keep contaminants out of the pump and may fail to separate water from the fuel allowing water to enter the pump and fuel system. by comparison, bosch fuel pump inlet filters are designed to fit perfectly. a specifically designed, tightly woven filter mesh stops contaminants as small as 60 microns to extend pump life. bosch filters also keep out water to prevent corrosion damage to the pump and other fuel system components. bosch ( new ) vs. reman pumps remanufactured fuel pumps are another concern. their lower price may appeal to some buyers, but what do they get for their money? not much. an analysis of remanufactured fuel pumps from a major aftermarket remanufacturer found that fuel delivery rates did not meet oe specifications. it was also found that carbon brushes and commutators inside the pump motor had not even been replaced! there was even rust on the surface of some pump housings. why take a chance on such a poor quality remanufactured fuel pump with questionable performance and reliability when you can buy a brand new quality - built bosch fuel pump? bosch is the industry leader in fuel injection technology. bosch developed the first fuel injection system with a high - pressure electric fuel pump in 1967 and continues to pioneer innovative designs and technology. bosch currently manufactures more than 250 different fuel pumps that cover more than 95 percent of import and domestic applications and is a leading supplier of fuel pumps to vehicle manufacturers worldwide - alfa romeo, mercedes, bmw, chrysler, ferrari, fiat, ford, general motors, honda, hyundai, isuzu, jaguar, kia, mazda, mercedes - benz, mitsubishi, nissan, opel, peugeot, mercedes, renault, rolls royce, rover, saab, subaru, suzuki, toyota, volkswagen, and volvo. bosch fuel pumps are second to none. state - of - the - art manufacturing and quality - control technology is used to make sure every bosch pump meets or exceeds all oe specifications. bosch offers all three types of fuel pumps ( roller - cell, inner - gear and turbine ) in its pump line, so you can be


manufacturing and quality - control technology is used to make sure every bosch pump meets or exceeds all oe specifications. bosch offers all three types of fuel pumps ( roller - cell, inner - gear and turbine ) in its pump line, so you can be sure the pump you get is the correct one for your vehicle application. no one - size - fits - all pumps. no doubts about whether or not the pump meets oe specifications. bosch fuel pumps guarantee optimum performance required by each fuel injection system. features & benefits of bosch fuel pumps benefit # 1 : field proven durability in more than 50 million vehicles worldwide! benefit # 2 : all bosch fuel pumps are 100 % new. no salvaged or remanufactured components. benefit # 3 : superior product quality. state - of - the - art manufacturing technology and quality control ensure that every bosch electric fuel pump produced meets or exceeds all oe requirements. benefit # 4 : unlike some competitive pumps, all bosch fuel pumps perform to oe flow rate specifications to ensure proper driveability and acceleration. benefit # 5 : original equipment design looks, installs and functions exactly like the original. a few important things to remember heed the following repair tips when installing a new fuel pump to avoid fuel system problems in your mercedes : tip # 1 : whether a fuel pump is mounted inside a fuel tank or externally, the inside of the tank should always be inspected and cleaned if rust or debris is found in the pump or filter. replacing a pump without cleaning a dirty tank will doom the new pump to premature failure. tip # 2 : if you ' re replacing an in - tank fuel pump, always disconnect the battery to prevent any unwanted sparks. then drain the tank before removing the tank straps and opening the pump ' s retaining collar. keep all flames and sparks away! tip # 3 : when installing the new fuel pump, always replace the filter screen and use a new o - ring or gasket for the sealing collar. tip # 4 : do not " test " a new pump before it has been installed by jumping it. running a pump in a dry condition with no fuel to lubricate it risks damaging it. do not run the pump until fuel has been added to the tank. also, replace any braided or rubber fuel lines that are flaking or cracked with the correct type of efi hose. your mercedes fuel injection parts shopping list here is the list of fuel pump related parts you should consider when performing work on your mercedes ' fuel pump - some of these are


does the daycare, work, and school grind make you — and your child — lose a little sleep during the week? using weekends and holidays as a chance to catch up on lost sleep not only helps recharge the batteries, but may be an important step in preventing childhood obesity, according to research published in the february 2011 issue of pediatrics. in the study, researchers looked at sleep patterns and body mass index ( bmi ) in a group of over 300 children ( children ranged in age from 4 to 10 ). regardless of weight, children averaged eight hours of sleep per night on a " school night, " significantly lower than current recommendations. on the weekends when normal weight children were more likely to sleep longer, obese children were less likely to experience this " catch - up " sleep on weekends. what ' s the connection? researchers speculate that getting enough sleep is an important part of how the body regulates metabolism — including how the body uses calories in food. no matter how young a child is, sleep and adequate rest play an important role in overall health. according to the national sleep foundation, infants may sleep up to 18 hours or more in a 24 - hour period, and toddlers and preschoolers need about 12 to 14 hours of sleep. is your family ' s hectic schedule getting in the way of your child getting enough sleep? as experts involved with this study believe, using weekends as a way to catch up still counts towards total time in dreamland.


spreading, often spiny, evergreen tree, with oval, leathery, shiny, dark green leaves, to 4 inches long. in midsummer, produces small white flowers in flat, corymb - like panicles, followed by round, downy, orange - red fruit. 20 feet tall and wide. young plants need extra phosphorus to encourage good root development. look for a fertilizer that has phosphorus, p, in it ( the second number on the bag. ) apply recommended amount for plant per label directions in the soil at time of planting or at least during the first growing season. how - to : fertilization for established plants established plants can benefit from fertilization. take a visual inventory of your landscape. trees need to be fertilized every few years. shrubs and other plants in the landscape can be fertilized yearly. a soil test can determine existing nutrient levels in the soil. if one or more nutrients is low, a specific instead of an all - purpose fertilizer may be required. fertilizers that are high in n, nitrogen, will promote green leafy growth. excess nitrogen in the soil can cause excessive vegetative growth on plants at the expense of flower bud development. it is best to avoid fertilizing late in the growing season. applications made at that time can force lush, vegetative growth that will not have a chance to harden off before the onset of cold weather. conditions : partial shade partial shade is defined as filtered light found beneath trees with high limbs. partial shade usually offers some protection from direct afternoon sun. conditions : part sun part sun refers to filtered light, with most sun being received during the afternoon hours. shade usually occurs during the morning hours. conditions : sun sun is defined as the continuous, direct, exposure to 6 hours ( or more ) of sunlight per day. conditions : light conditions unless a site is completely exposed, light conditions will change during the day and even during the year. the northern and eastern sides of a house receive the least amount of light, with the northern exposure being the shadiest. the western and southern sides of a house receive the most light and are considered the hottest exposures due to intense afternoon sun. you will notice that sun and shade patterns change during the day. the western side of a house may even be shady due to shadows cast by large trees or a structure from an adjacent property. if you have just bought a new home or just beginning to garden in your older home, take time to map sun and shade throughout


western side of a house may even be shady due to shadows cast by large trees or a structure from an adjacent property. if you have just bought a new home or just beginning to garden in your older home, take time to map sun and shade throughout the day. you will get a more accurate feel for your site ' s true light conditions. conditions : full to partial sun full sunlight is needed for many plants to assume their full potential. many of these plants will do fine with a little less sunlight, although they may not flower as heavily or their foliage as vibrant. areas on the southern and western sides of buildings usually are the sunniest. the only exception is when houses or buildings are so close together, shadows are cast from neighboring properties. full sun usually means 6 or more hours of direct unobstructed sunlight on a sunny day. partial sun receives less than 6 hours of sun, but more than 3 hours. plants able to take full sun in some climates may only be able to tolerate part sun in other climates. know the culture of the plant before you buy and plant it! conditions : light and plant selection for best plant performance, it is desirable to match the correct plant with the available light conditions. right plant, right place! plants which do not receive sufficient light may become pale in color, have fewer leaves and a " leggy " stretched - out appearance. also expect plants to grow slower and have fewer blooms when light is less than desirable. it is possible to provide supplemental lighting for indoor plants with lamps. plants can also receive too much light. if a shade loving plant is exposed to direct sun, it may wilt and / or cause leaves to be sunburned or otherwise damaged. conditions : full sun full sun is defined as exposure to more than 6 hours of continuous, direct sun per day. conditions : water conditions when selecting water conditions, take into account the amount of water this particular area of your site receives naturally. if you have an irrigation system, select the default normal. some sites may be naturally wet due to boggy areas by down spots or very dry due to a high sand content. by working with your site ' s natural conditions, you will reduce maintenance. do note that even the most drought tolerant plant must first become established, so be willing to provide about 1 inch of water per week during the first year or two. conditions : regular moisture for outdoor plants water when normal rainfall does not provide the preferred 1 inch of moisture most plants prefer. average water is needed during the growing season, but take care


about 1 inch of water per week during the first year or two. conditions : regular moisture for outdoor plants water when normal rainfall does not provide the preferred 1 inch of moisture most plants prefer. average water is needed during the growing season, but take care not to overwater. the first two years after a plant is installed, regular watering is important. the first year is critical. it is better to water once a week and water deeply, than to water frequently for a few minutes. conditions : normal watering for outdoor plants normal watering means that soil should be kept evenly moist and watered regularly, as conditions require. most plants like 1 inch of water a week during the growing season, but take care not to over water. the first two years after a plant is installed, regular watering is important for establishment. the first year is critical. it is better to water once a week and water deeply, than to water frequently for a few minutes. how - to : reduce watering this plant requires less watering during winter months, so reduce watering from late november through early march. how - to : preparing garden beds use a soil testing kit to determine the acidity or alkalinity of the soil before beginning any garden bed preparation. this will help you determine which plants are best suited for your site. check soil drainage and correct drainage where standing water remains. clear weeds and debris from planting areas and continue to remove weeds as soon as they come up. a week to 10 days before planting, add 2 to 4 inches of aged manure or compost and work into the planting site to improve fertility and increase water retention and drainage. if soil composition is weak, a layer of topsoil should be considered as well. no matter if your soil is sand or clay, it can be improved by adding the same thing : organic matter. the more, the better ; work deep into the soil. prepare beds to an 18 inch deep for perennials. this will seem like a tremendous amount of work now, but will greatly pay off later. besides, this is not something that is easily done later, once plants have been established. how - to : planting shrubs dig a hole twice the size of the root ball and deep enough to plant at the same level the shrub was in the container. if soil is poor, dig hole even wider and fill with a mixture half original soil and half compost or soil carefully remove shrub from container and gently separate roots. position in center of hole, best side facing forward. fill in with original soil or an amended mixture if needed as


hole even wider and fill with a mixture half original soil and half compost or soil carefully remove shrub from container and gently separate roots. position in center of hole, best side facing forward. fill in with original soil or an amended mixture if needed as described above. for larger shrubs, build a water well. finish by mulching and watering well. if the plant is balled - and - burlapped, remove fasteners and fold back the top of natural burlap, tucking it down into hole, after you ' ve positioned shrub. make sure that all burlap is buried so that it won ' t wick water away from rootball during hot, dry periods. if synthetic burlap, remove if possible. if not possible, cut away or make slits to allow for roots to develop into the new soil. for larger shrubs, build a water well. finish by mulching and watering well. if shrub is bare - root, look for a discoloration somewhere near the base ; this mark is likely where the soil line was. if soil is too sandy or too clayey, add organic matter. this will help with both drainage and water holding capacity. fill soil, firming just enough to support shrub. finish by mulching and watering well. how - to : pruning flowering hedges careful selection, planting and initial pruning is critical for a uniform formal or informal hedge. the safest time to prune most flowering hedges is immediately after flowering. this way you do not prune away newly forming buds if you wait until later in the year. initially, cut back leaders and laterals by one third to one half on planting. in second season, once flowering is complete, cut back again by about one - third. a hedge can provide privacy and shelter from wind. hedges should be sloped at a gentle angle, wider at the base, to deflect wind and avoid snow damage. stretch a line between two stakes for a level top. cut a template from heavy cardboard for a consistent shape and move it along the hedge as you cut. shears or an electric trimmer should be held parallel to the line of the hedge. how - to : staking trees staking is done differently depending on the size and flexibility of the tree, and the windiness of the planting site. generally only trees that are planted in windy, exposed locations need to be staked. for most trees, a low stake is preferred, to let the tree move naturally. for windy areas


of the tree, and the windiness of the planting site. generally only trees that are planted in windy, exposed locations need to be staked. for most trees, a low stake is preferred, to let the tree move naturally. for windy areas or flexible trees, use a high stake. for trees more than 12 feet tall, use two low stakes on opposite sides of the tree or several guy ropes. the ties used need to accommodate growth and not cause bark damage with friction. buckle - and - spacer ties can be found at garden centers, they are expandable and have a protective spacer. ties without spacers should be formed into a figure eight to create padding. latest studies have shown that when staking a tree, provide enough leeway so that the tree can move back and forth in the wind. stronger roots will develop this way. if the tree can not move back and forth, these important roots will not develop and the tree might fall over during a storm, once stakes are removed. when planting a tree, stake at the time of planting if staking is a necessity. how - to : planting a tree dig out an area for the tree that is about 3 or 4 times the diameter of the container or rootball and the same depth as the container or rootball. use a pitchfork or shovel to scarify the sides of the if container - grown, lay the tree on its side and remove the container. loosen the roots around the edges without breaking up the root ball too much. position tree in center of hole so that the best side faces forward. you are ready to begin filling in with soil. if planting a balled and burlaped tree, position it in hole so that the best side faces forward. untie or remove nails from burlap at top of ball and pull burlap back, so it does not stick out of hole when soil is replaced. synthetic burlap should be removed as it will not decompose like natural burlap. larger trees often come in wire baskets. plant as you would a b & b plant, but cut as much of the wire away as possible without actually removing the basket. chances are, you would do more damage to the rootball by removing the basket. simply cut away wires to leave several large openings for roots. fill both holes with soil the same way. never amend with less than half original soil. recent studies show that if your soil is loose enough, you are better off adding little or no soil amendments. create a water


leave several large openings for roots. fill both holes with soil the same way. never amend with less than half original soil. recent studies show that if your soil is loose enough, you are better off adding little or no soil amendments. create a water ring around the outer edge of the hole. not only will this conseve water, but will direct moisture to perimeter roots, encouraging outer growth. once tree is established, water ring may be leveled. studies show that mulched trees grow faster than those unmulched, so add a 3 " " layer of pinestraw, compost, or pulverized bark over backfilled area. remove any damaged limbs. how - to : making a hedge hedges can be trained to be informal with only occasional shaping or to have a more formal shape with judicious pruning. shear off the tops 2 to 6 inches several times during the first two seasons. shearing of the tops and sides will promote branching. a common mistake people make is to cut the sides at a 90 degree angle. in this case the top growth shades the bottom resulting in a leggy open canopy. it is best to cut the sides at an angle so that they flare out at the bottom. this will ensure healthy and compact growth all the way down to the bottom of the shrub. fungi : powdery mildew powdery mildew is usually found on plants that do not have enough air circulation or adequate light. problems are worse where nights are cool and days are warm and humid. the powdery white or gray fungus is usually found on the upper surface of leaves or fruit. leaves will often turn yellow or brown, curl up, and drop off. new foliage emerges crinkled and distorted. fruit will be dwarfed and often drops early. prevention and control : plant resistant varieties and space plants properly so they receive adequate light and air circulation. always water from below, keeping water off the foliage. this is paramount for roses. go easy on the nitrogen fertilizer. apply fungicides according to label directions before problem becomes severe and follow directions exactly, not missing any required treatments. sanitation is a must - clean up and remove all leaves, flowers, or debris in the fall and destroy. fungi : leaf spots leaf spots are caused by fungi or bacteria. brown or black spots and patches may be either ragged or circular, with a water soaked or yellow - edged appearance. insects, rain, dirty garden tools, or even people can help its spread. prevention and control : remove infected leaves when


or bacteria. brown or black spots and patches may be either ragged or circular, with a water soaked or yellow - edged appearance. insects, rain, dirty garden tools, or even people can help its spread. prevention and control : remove infected leaves when the plant is dry. leaves that collect around the base of the plant should be raked up and disposed of. avoid overhead irrigation if possible ; water should be directed at soil level. for fungal leaf spots, use a recommended fungicide according to label directions. pest : scale insects scales are insects, related to mealy bugs, that can be a problem on a wide variety of plants - indoor and outdoor. young scales crawl until they find a good feeding site. the adult females then lose their legs and remain on a spot protected by its hard shell layer. they appear as bumps, often on the lower sides of leaves. they have piercing mouth parts that suck the sap out of plant tissue. scales can weaken a plant leading to yellow foliage and leaf drop. they also produce a sweet substance called honeydew ( coveted by ants ) which can lead to an unattractive black surface fungal growth called sooty mold. prevention and control : once established they are hard to control. isolate infested plants away from those that are not infested. consult your local garden center professional or cooperative extension office in your county for a legal recommendation regarding their control. encourage natural enemies such as parasitic wasps in the garden. diseases : blight blights are cause by fungi or bacteria that kill plant tissue. symptoms often show up as the rapid spotting or wilting of foliage. there are many different blights, specific to various plants, each requiring a varied method of control. conditions : deer tolerant there are no plants that are 100 % deer resistant, but many that are deer tolerant. there are plants that deer prefer over others. you will find that what deer will or will not eat varies in different parts of the country. a lot of it has to do with how hungry they are. most deer will sample everything at least once, decide if they like it or not and return if favorable. a fence is the good deer barrier. you may go for a really tall one ( 7 to 8 feet ), or try 2 parallel fences, ( 4 to 5 feet apart ). use a wire mesh fence rather than board, since deer are capable of wiggling through a 12 inch space. conditions : rabbit tolerant as cute as they are, rabbits can really damage a vegetable garden. young, tender lettuce plants seem


). use a wire mesh fence rather than board, since deer are capable of wiggling through a 12 inch space. conditions : rabbit tolerant as cute as they are, rabbits can really damage a vegetable garden. young, tender lettuce plants seem to be their favorite. if a free - roaming dog is not a possibility for you, consider installing raised vegetable beds and covering tender shoots with netting. if you have ample room, you can opt to plant enough for you and the bunnies. scents don ' t always repel animals, as they get used to them and are often washed off in the rain. conditions : slope tolerant slope tolerant plants are those that have a fibrous root system and are often plants that prefer good soil drainage. these plants assist in erosion control by stabilizing / holding the soil on slopes intact. glossary : backdrop backdrop is the term used to describe a plant or architectural element that is relatively neutral in appearance, that serves as a background for other plants. backdrop plants are often taller, have dark or medium green leaves, and often of medium texture. however, this is not always the case. for a tropical effect, or to make a space more intimate, use a backdrop with coarse textured foliage. to make a space appear larger, use a small to medium textured leaf plant that is dark green. glossary : bird attracting the term bird attracting applies to any plant that has flowers, fruit, nuts, or structure that attracts birds. most plants on " " bird attracting " " lists have favorable fruits or flowers that serve as food, but the trunks, limbs and foliage cover that trees and shrubs provide should not be overlooked as they add shelter for raising young and protection from foul weather. conditions : erosion control plants that help to control erosion have fibrous root systems that help to keep soil intact. leaves and the overall form of a plant can prevent erosion by breaking up water droplets before they hit the ground, lessening splashing and runoff. glossary : hedge a hedge is any tree, shrub, perennial, annual or herb that can be clipped and maintained in a formal or informal shape. hedges can provide privacy and define property lines as well as rooms of a garden. glossary : low maintenance low maintenance does not mean no maintenance. it does mean that once a plant is established, very little needs to be done in the way of water, fertilizing, pruning, or treatment in order for the plant to remain healthy and attractive. a well - designed garden, which takes your


that once a plant is established, very little needs to be done in the way of water, fertilizing, pruning, or treatment in order for the plant to remain healthy and attractive. a well - designed garden, which takes your lifestyle into consideration, can greatly reduce maintenance. glossary : mass planting mass is one of the elements of design and relates directly to balance. mass planting is defined as the grouping of three or more of the same type of plants in one area. when massing plants, keep in mind what visual effect they will have. small properties require smaller masses where larger properties can handle larger masses or sweeps of plants. glossary : sandy loam sandy loam refers to a soil that drains well, with excellent air space, and evenly crumbled texture when squeezed in the hand. a good workable garden soil that benefits from added fertilizer and proper watering. dark gray to gray - brown in color. glossary : loam loam is the ideal soil, having the perfect balance between particle size, air space, organic matter and water holding capacity. it forms a nice ball when squeezed in the palm of the hand, but crumbles easily when lightly tapped with a finger. rich color ranges between gray brown to almost black. glossary : evergreen evergreen refers to plants that hold onto their leaves or needles for more than one growing season, shedding them over time. some plants such as live oaks are evergreen, but commonly shed the majority of their older leaves around the end of january. glossary : shrub shrub : is a deciduous or evergreen woody perennial that has multiple branches that form near its base. glossary : tree tree : a woody perennial with a crown of branches that begin atop a single stem or trunk. the exception to this rule is multi - trunk trees, which some may argue are really very large shrubs. glossary : long lasting long lasting : having blossoms that last for an extended period of time. some plants may have the appearance of providing long lasting flowers because they are prolific, repeat bloomers. conditions : site conditions when setting criteria for site conditions, check boxes that apply to your planting area. this will narrow the search for appropriate plants. naturally, you ' ll need to select a usda hardiness zone. selecting a specific soil type and ph are just as important as light and water conditions because they enable a search that will find plants best suited to your site. glossary : ph ph, means the potential of hydrogen, is the measure of alkalinity or acidity


soil type and ph are just as important as light and water conditions because they enable a search that will find plants best suited to your site. glossary : ph ph, means the potential of hydrogen, is the measure of alkalinity or acidity. in horticulture, ph refers to the ph of soil. the scale measures from 0, most acid, to 14, most alkaline. seven is neutral. most plants prefer a range between 5. 5 and about 6. 7, an acid range, but there are plenty of other plants that like soil more alkaline, or above 7. a ph of 7 is where the plant can most easily absorb the most nutrients in the soil. some plants prefer more or less of certain nutrients, and therefore do better at a certain ph. glossary : plant characteristics plant characteristics define the plant, enabling a search that finds specific types of plants such as bulbs, trees, shrubs, grass, perennials, etc. glossary : medium shrub a medium shrub is generally between 3 and 6 feet tall. glossary : large shrub a shrub is considered large when it is over 6 feet tall. glossary : small tree a small tree is less than 30 feet tall. glossary : foliage characteristics by searching foliage characteristics, you will have the opportunity to look for foliage with distinguishable features such as variegated leaves, aromatic foliage, or unusual texture, color or shape. this field will be most helpful to you if you are looking for accent plants. if you have no preference, leave this field blank to return a larger selection of plants. glossary : landscape uses by searching landscape uses, you will be able to pinpoint plants that are best suited for particular uses such as trellises, border plantings, or foundations. glossary : tolerant tolerant refers to a plant ' s ability to tolerate exposure to an external condition ( s ). it does not mean that the plant thrives or prefers this situation, but is able to adapt and continue its life cycle. glossary : fertilize fertilize just before new growth begins with a complete fertilizer.


following a record - setting decade for catastrophic forest fires, a new era may be on the horizon focusing on sequestering carbon dioxide in trees instead of letting them burn and pollute the atmosphere. mike gaudern of the oregon small woodlands association talked with baker county woodland owners last week. ( baker city herald / ed merriman ) mike gaudern, executive director of the oregon small woodlands association, delivered that message to members of the baker county private woodlands association during a swing through eastern oregon last week. “ oregon has been picked as one of three pilot project states in the nation ” where cap and trade carbon credit trading will be made available to woodland owners through the chicago climate exchange program, which was formed in 2002 and began trading carbon credits in 2003. “ i don ’ t care if you believe what al gore and others are saying about carbon emissions causing global warming or not. my interest is making you money, ” gaudern said. “ we grow trees that suck carbon out of the air, and people want to pay us money for it — a lot of money. ” gaudern said u. s. cities, states and industries are under a voluntary carbon credit cap - and - trade program, with a reduction goal of 6 percent by 2010. however, there ’ s a threat of required emission reduction standards if they fail to meet that voluntary goal. under the voluntary cap - and - trade system, polluting companies, municipalities and others have the option of offsetting their net carbon emissions by trading for carbon credits, which can be purchased on the chicago climate exchange from carbon sequesterers, such as the owners of private woodlands. companies that reduce carbon emissions below the target cap earn carbon credits that can also be sold to firms exceeding the emissions cap, gaudern said. “ trees are carbon - storing machines, ” gaudern said, adding that woodland owners can make money on the amount of carbon currently stored in their trees, and on the amount of tree growth, which translates into additional carbon stored. the carbon trading opportunity provides a source of income that can help small woodland owners pay for logging to reduce overcrowding and create a healthier forest with faster - growing trees. when trees are harvested, the wood continues to have value for retained carbon credits as long as it is used in products ranging from home construction to furniture manufacturing and other products that retain the carbon in the wood. when trees or lumber are burned they lose their carbon credit value, as the carbon is released into the atmosphere, gaudern said.


it is used in products ranging from home construction to furniture manufacturing and other products that retain the carbon in the wood. when trees or lumber are burned they lose their carbon credit value, as the carbon is released into the atmosphere, gaudern said. he said this is not the first time a cap and trade system has been used successfully in the united states to reduce emissions. a similar system was used in the 1970s to reduce factory sulfur emissions responsible for acid rain. gaudern said he is stepping down from his position as oswa executive director on nov. 1 to run the new woodland carbons co., which is owned by oswa. he said woodland carbons co. will function as a pool for small woodland owners to sell carbon credits as a group through the chicago climate exchange. “ i am staking the next three years of my life that we can make this thing work, ” gaudern said. the initial plan for woodland carbons co. is to sell 5, 000 acres of carbon credits through a pool process. gaudern said growers interested in participating will have to be certified by a regional auditor with the chicago climate exchange, who will verify the trees are growing and document growth over the 15 - year contract period covered by carbon credit trading. oswa received funding from the american forest foundation to develop a “ working certified tree farm forester ” carbon aggregation system in oregon. “ if a landowner chooses to join a pool, their commitment is to be a certified tree farm for 15 years, ” gaudern said. “ the reward is that they would receive a check for carbon they store on their parcel. ” in the united states, where the emission reductions are currently voluntary, carbon credit prices have been volatile, ranging from $ 7 a ton in march to the current $ 1. 13 per ton of carbon sequestered, gaudern said. in europe where carbon emissions are mandatory rather than voluntary, gaudern said the carbon credits are trading as high as $ 38 per ton. to be eligible to participate, woodland owners must develop a management plan for their trees and carbon sequestering schedule. the woodlands must also be american tree farm - certified, gaudern said this new approach to carbon credit trading in which woodland owners are only bound to contracts for 15 years is more palatable that past carbon credit proposals that called for lifetime easements on forests, gaudern said. in preparation for the carbon trading era, gaudern said the woodland carbons co., has received funding to complete a forest


years is more palatable that past carbon credit proposals that called for lifetime easements on forests, gaudern said. in preparation for the carbon trading era, gaudern said the woodland carbons co., has received funding to complete a forest growth computer model, which will help determine how much carbon oregon woodland owners have on the ground. “ we have a revolving fund at 0 percent interest to pay professional consulting foresters to do inventories ” for oswa members signing up to sell carbon credits through the woodland carbons co., ” gaudern said. details about how the carbon credits will be calculated and paid through the woodland carbons co. include a 20 percent reserve to protect against fire losses and other factors. however, gaudern said at an average price of $ 1. 85 per ton, oregon woodland owners would received approximately $ 2. 05 per acre for growing their trees for 15 years under a carbon credit contract. however, if the united states goes to a mandatory carbon emissions reduction program like europe after the upcoming presidential election, oregon woodland owners could receive closer to $ 65 per acre if carbon credits were to rise to the $ 38 per ton currently found in europe, gaudern said. there are many other types of carbon trading that can be done, including no - till farming and silviculture rangeland practices, gaudern said.


women who gave birth naturally are at greater risk of experiencing bowel incontinence, an embarrassing condition. the condition can be found in both sexes and all ages. but while reports from the us reveal that about one in 12 people experience this problem, the ratio in women who have natural births is one in four. the risk is higher for this group of women as they get older and enter menopause as the body goes through hormonal changes. moreover, the advancing age causes the muscles that control bowel movements ( anal sphincter muscles ) to weaken. bowel incontinence ranges from an occasional leakage of stool while passing gas to a complete loss of bowel control. the common causes of bowel incontinence include pelvic floor dysfunction as a result of natural childbirth, which potentially affects the nerves of the muscles in the traumatised area, pelvic fracture and anal sphincter tears, constipation or diarrhoea. a lot of patients who experience this symptom are too embarrassed to seek medical attention, and carry on with this inconvenience that may limit their socialising opportunities. there are two main types of bowel incontinence. the first type is when stool is passed without knowing or unintentionally, caused by dysfunctional internal anal sphincter muscles ( passive incontinence ). the second type is the inability to hold bowel movements ; when there is a sudden urge to go, the person cannot get to the restroom in time. this is caused by dysfunctional external anal sphincter muscles. however, bowel incontinence is generally treatable, according to colorectal surgeons. using exercise therapies aimed at helping restore muscle strength together with dietary modification and medications can be the first simple step in treating bowel incontinence. it should be noted that muscle exercise and behavioural change can only help some patients. it is more important to determine the definite cause of incontinence in order to find the best solution. it requires thorough physical examination and some special investigations including endoscopy, anorectal manometry, endoanal ultrasonography, electromyography, defecography and pudendal nerve terminal motor latency to identify the cause. detailed and systematic examination will allow the doctor to conclude the real cause behind the problem so that effective treatment can be planned. in more severe cases, surgery may be needed, from bigger procedures at the anus to smaller


latency to identify the cause. detailed and systematic examination will allow the doctor to conclude the real cause behind the problem so that effective treatment can be planned. in more severe cases, surgery may be needed, from bigger procedures at the anus to smaller operations to implant a permanent sacral electrode and stimulator to help the nerve and muscles. the latest innovation to treat bowel incontinence is to stimulate the nerves at the spinal cord using mild electrical stimulation. this treatment is acknowledged as the least traumatising method and the most effective. it also comes with less complications compared to the other surgical alternatives. it works by implanting a small electrode into the sacral nerves that control the sphincter muscles. the electrode is connected to a generator to send mild electrical waves to stimulate the muscles. bowel incontinence might not sound as scary as cancer or heart disease, but it surely causes a great impact on the quality of life and social activities. if you or your loved ones are at risk or are experiencing this problem, it is advised you seek medical help as soon as possible to get early treatment before it gets out of hand. dr art hiranyakas is a colorectal surgeon at bangkok hospital. about the author writer : dr art hiranyakas


saturday 30 october, 6. 15pm until 7. 30pm, upper gulbenkian gallery contemporary fears about climate change have brought historical concerns about global population numbers back onto the agenda. there has been much discussion about the need for lifestyle change, particularly in the western world, to reduce the amount we consume. but a growing number of voices argue that this skirts around an equally important consideration : the need to reduce the absolute number of ‘ carbon footprints ’ left on the planet. with the global population set to reach seven billion in a few years time, some argue we are heading for a crisis, as food supplies and energy sources wane in the face of increasing demand. on the other hand, it is pointed out that similar arguments have been made throughout history – most notably by thomas malthus – and have been proven wrong, as development and human ingenuity have solved the problems posed by apparently natural limits. critics object to the way more people are seen as a burden on the planet, rather than a source of creativity. moreover, the world population is growing in the developing world rather than the richer countries, and there is a concern that population reduction arguments might be tainted with racist undertones. the optimum population trust produces calculations to show how reducing population levels will ameliorate the environmental and social crises provoked by growing numbers of people. others argue controlling population has immediate benefits – to women, who in some parts of the world lack access to modern contraception ; and to families on low incomes struggling to support the children they already have. some family planning organisations have brought the environmental argument together with the arguments for reproductive choice, claiming the number of ‘ births averted ’ through abortion is a boon. but what – if any - is the link between individuals ’ reproductive choices and the state of the natural environment? is it irresponsible for people to have large numbers of children in the knowledge they will consume more resources? is there anything wrong with promoting voluntary strategies for limiting family size? listen to session audio : chairman, optimum population trust editor, spiked ; author, can i recycle my granny and 39 other eco - dilemmas chief executive, british pregnancy advisory service in the years after cairo, population issues essentially fell off the international agenda. now that is beginning to changecatholics for choice, conscience, 2010 the chinese policy of birth control has reduced the number of children with some alarming consequences. state control of reproduction is both wrong and ineffectivethe times, 12 september 2010 we have met the enemy, and in our ever -


for choice, conscience, 2010 the chinese policy of birth control has reduced the number of children with some alarming consequences. state control of reproduction is both wrong and ineffectivethe times, 12 september 2010 we have met the enemy, and in our ever - growing, voracious multitudes, it is us! we have nine billion - - or is it 12? - - things to start talking about, asap. david katz, huffington post, 1 september 2010 politicians of western countries avoid talking about population control, but if we invest in family planning we might just save our planet. mary fitzgerald, new statesman, 31 august 2010 the royal society ’ s two - year study of population seems to have already decided that there are ‘ too many people ’. brendan o ' neill, spiked, 19 july 2010 there are too many humans and disease may restore the balance, the actor claimsamy turner, the times, 24 may 2010 brendan o ’ neill says that the state ’ s cruel and antiquated one - child policy is being propped up by british environmentalists with an agenda — but the chinese are striking backbrendan o ' neill, spectator, 20 may 2010 since 200 ad, scaremongers have been describing human beings as ‘ burdensome to the world ’. they were wrong then, and they ’ re still wrong today. brendan o ' neill, spiked, 20 november 2009 ‘ can you name a single environmental problem that would not be easier to solve with fewer people, and doesn ’ t get harder – - and ultimately impossible – - to solve with ever more? ’ roger martin, reuters, 17 october 2009 an optimum population trust briefingcarter dillard, optimum population trust, 2 july 2008 the most ominous reality of 21st - century life may be the fall in human birth rates almost everywhere in the worldjeff jacoby, international herald tribune, 23 june 2008 world population growth — and how to slow it — continues to be a subject of great controversy. the planet ' s poorest nations have yet to find effective ways to check their population increase — at least without restricting citizens ' rights and violating such traditions as the custom of having large families as insurance in old age. time, 25 october 1977 the art of criticism : judgement in crisis? " as ever, the battle of ideas is full of stimulating and lively argument. it ' s fun to be able to clash robustly in a good - humoured atmosphere. " martin wright, editor in chief, green futures


| links to our | | req. 1a | | - req. 1c | | - req. 1d | | - req. 2a | | - req. 2b | | - req. 3a | | - req. 3b | | - req. 3c | | - req. 4 | | study guides | | req. 5a | | - req. 5b | | - req. 5f | | - req. 6 | | - req. 7a | | - req. 7b | | - req. 7c | | - req. 7d | | - req. 8 | list and explain the various forms of public / mass transit using rail as the fixed guide path. the most common answer for this requirement is commuter trains and amtrak trains. they often come to mind because they use the same rails as freight services in the united states. but we have many other types of passenger transit which uses rail. the san francisco bay area has many examples, but you can check all around north america, and many other countries for some of these other examples. | light rail ( examples are san jose ' s valley transit authority, the sacramento regional transit ) - light rail trains usually use overhead electric power, electric motors under each coach, and using a rail gauge slightly different from standard trains. they normally operate away from regular train lines, and closer to metropolitan and urban population photo of sacramento rt light rail by peter ehrlich, 2007 | third - rail trains ( examples are san francisco ' s bay area rapid transit, and the washington, d. c. area metro trains ) - each car has power pick - ups below the train body, from an electric third rail, located near the two rails that serve as the fixed guide path. ( montreal, canada, and paris, france have a thrid - rail underground system very similar to bart, and washington d. c. ' s metro, but they use rubber tires and concrete guideways instead of rails and rail wheels. ) | subways ( examples include san franscisco muni, massechusetts bay transit ) - subways are underground people - moving trains, and these days they are often electric motor systems, because it ' s difficult to clear the exhaust from petroleum - fueled motors from the subway tunnels. ( residue from petroleum exhaust also sticks to everything underground. ) underground operation helps these trains run reliably during bad weather the massach


electric motor systems, because it ' s difficult to clear the exhaust from petroleum - fueled motors from the subway tunnels. ( residue from petroleum exhaust also sticks to everything underground. ) underground operation helps these trains run reliably during bad weather the massachusets bat transit authority red line ( shown at right ) is a third - rail powered system. | street cars, or trolley cars ( examples are new orleans streetcars, illinois railway museum trollys ) - many trolley cars used overhead electrical pickups, and rails as a fixed path. photo of irm car 321 by frank hicks, 2007 many of the trolly lines in new orleans were damaged by the floods, but they are being restored, becaue of the rich history they have in this famous city. when cars and trolleys have to share the road in busy metropolitan areas, the fact that the rails can ' t swerve around stopped traffic often cause delays. in many areas, they have been replaced by trolley buses, which use the overhead wires and electric motors, but the buses ride on rubber tires, so the bus can move through traffic more easily. francisco cable cars - unlike the electric or petroleum - based power used in the rest of the modes described on this page, the motive power for these cable cars is not part of the car! how cable cars work : there are large motors, located in power houses, which move cables underground. the gripman uses a device to grab the moving cable under the street to pull the car up and down the hills, and he uses brakes on the car to slow and stop the car. photo of cable car by aude | monorail systems ( schweberbahn, wuppertal, germany ) - there are many monorails in service in amusement parks, but they often use rubber tires instead of rails. there is also a monorail operating in downtown seattle, washington, which also uses rubber tires under the cars. there is a great mass transit monorail system called the schwebebahn, in wuppertal, germany, which is suspended above the wupper river, and they operate a variety of older and newer cars on the 8. 3 - mile line. photo of schwebebahn trains by daniel kapanke there are currently 120 active merit badges that can be earned by boy scouts today, and scouts can find information about all of these on the internet at the merit badge research center ( mbrc ) website, including the railroading merit badge requirements. the mbrc has worksheets for


dna clues to queen of sheba tale clues to the origins of the queen of sheba legend are written in the dna of some africans, according to scientists. genetic research suggests ethiopians mixed with egyptian, israeli or syrian populations about 3, 000 years ago. this is the time the queen, mentioned in great religious works, is said to have ruled the kingdom of sheba. the research, published in the american journal of human genetics, also sheds light on human migration out of africa 60, 000 years ago. the queen of sheba - queen mentioned in the bible, the koran and the ethiopian kabra nagast - sheba was a rich kingdom that prospered through trade with jerusalem and the roman empire, and spanned modern day ethiopia and yemen - queen said to have visited jerusalem with gold to give to king solomon - some texts record that she had a son with king solomon according to fossil evidence, human history goes back longer in ethiopia than anywhere else in the world. but little has been known until now about the human genetics of ethiopians. professor chris tyler - smith of the wellcome trust sanger institute in cambridge, uk, a researcher on the study, told bbc news : " genetics can tell us about historical events. " by analysing the genetics of ethiopia and several other regions we can see that there was gene flow into ethiopia, probably from the levant, around 3, 000 years ago, and this fits perfectly with the story of the queen of sheba. " end quote dr sarah tishcoff department of genetics and biology at the university of pennsylvania this paper sheds light on the very interesting recent and ancient population history of a region that played an important role in both recent and ancient human migration events ” lead researcher luca pagani of the university of cambridge and the wellcome trust sanger institute added : " the genetic evidence is in support of the legend of the queen of sheba. " more than 200 individuals from 10 ethiopian and two neighbouring african populations were analysed in the largest genetic investigation of its kind on ethiopian populations. about a million genetic letters in each genome were studied. previous ethiopian genetic studies have focussed on smaller sections of the human genome and mitochondrial dna, which passes along the maternal line. dr sarah tishcoff of the department of genetics and biology at the university of pennsylvania, said ethiopia would be an important region to study in the future. commenting on the study, she said : " ethiopia is a very diverse region culturally and linguistically but, until now, we ' ve known little about


spencer ochieng is in the business of connecting remote villages in kenya with water. but to do so he relies on an unusual tool. when most people dig down to check the water table below, ochieng digs into his right pocket. “ the first thing we check for is availability of a strong mobile phone signal, ” says ochieng, general manager of grundfos lifelink, an organization that uses technology to provide safe drinking water to communities throughout the developing world. currently, there are nearly 1 billion people around the world with no access to clean water, and 13 million in kenya alone with no access to a so - called “ improved water system ” – ngo - speak for anything that improves on collecting dirty water from rivers, lakes or ponds. the lifelink project was set up to tackle this problem using a solar - powered pump and a pay - per - use water tap, designed specifically for kenya ’ s mobile - centered society. the setup is relatively simple. protected water is drawn from sources up to 250m underground by solar powered pumps. this is then held in an elevated storage tank, which is used to supply a tap in a secure, concrete kiosk. to access water, customers must first load money into their m - pesa account — the ubiquitous mobile money payment and transfer service in kenya used by more than 70 % of the adult population. then, through a simple text message, customers top - up the balance of their personal pre - paid lifelink fob key. once at the tap, customers simply wave their key at a sensor ; money is debited from their account, and out flows 20 litres of pure drinking water. “ there ’ s a real need to provide drinking water to communities in a sustainable way, ” ochieng says. every year thousands of deep wells, pumps, and boreholes are installed across the african continent by development organizations. unfortunately, when funding dries up, so too does the water source. studies have shown that as many as half of these projects are no longer working after two years. pumps break. people stop paying. wiring erodes. parts vanish. ayaz manji, head of water and sanitation at kenya red cross, which helps grundfos identify water - poor communities, says that the problem is all too common in kenya. although organisations typically form local ‘ water committees ’ to collect fees from users for repairs, manji says that corruption and misappropriation is rampant. “ people use that money for other needs, or groups become


the problem is all too common in kenya. although organisations typically form local ‘ water committees ’ to collect fees from users for repairs, manji says that corruption and misappropriation is rampant. “ people use that money for other needs, or groups become politically inclined and that money disappears, ” claims manji. the lifelink system gets around this by collecting the fees people pay for water in a community m - pesa account. it ’ s used to fund all repairs and maintenance and reduces the chance of corruption by keeping the money at arm ’ s length and all transactions virtual. it ’ s a vital part of the system because maintenance is not cheap - grundfos requires communities to save about 215, 000 kenyan shillings ( £1, 500 ) a year for the service. this equates to customers paying roughly 3 - 4 shillings ( around two pence ) per 20 - litre jerry can of water, making it affordable to even the poorest. any amount generated beyond the required savings amount is returned to the community. to date, grundfos has sold 38 lifelink systems across kenya, mostly purchased by development organisations, kenya ’ s water board, or through grundfos ’ own corporate responsibility programs. many serve hospitals, orphanages, and schools in remote areas. according to the company, 75 % of their systems are now self - sustaining. but the other quarter struggle to generate the necessary income for a mix of reasons. for example, the system has not worked in some northern regions of kenya populated by nomadic herders. these herders tend to migrate with the seasons in search of fertile grazing pastures and water for their livestock, so there is not enough demand all year round. in other areas, people collect seasonal rainfall, meaning that the systems are underused and under - funded parts of the year.


my mother received an email not too long ago about the correct way to eat fruits! i never would have thought twice about it if she ’ d not have told me about the email, and although she deleted it before she could send it to me ( good job ma! ), i did a little looking online, and i ’ ve found several different sites that pull together the basic concept of what my mom was trying to tell me from the email. i ’ m not all great with this whole blogging thing, so hang with me for a bit while i try to get the basic points across! fruits contain approximately 80 % water, so if you do not consume the daily recommended water for your body type, eating fruits will increase your overall water intake. ( i do not recommend that you stop drinking water and use fruits as a substitute, i am simply saying that on the days that you don ’ t quite make your water goal for the day, the fruits you have eaten will help make up for it! ) fruits have also been linked to lowering cholesterol, therefore they can help prevent strokes and heart disease! they have natural fiber which can help regulate your digestive track and keep away such things as constipation, diarrhea, abdominal cramping, etc. did you know that your brain is fueled from glucose, which is blood sugar? eating fruits is the most efficient source of glucose which leads to better brain function, including memory! 1. eat fruits on an empty stomach the best time to start eating your fruit portions is in the morning before you eat any of your other breakfast. after that, eat your servings throughout the day, about an hour before you eat your meals. 2. wait before eating other foods ( at least an hour ) the main reason for this is that most ( with an exception of bananas, dates, and dried fruits ) fruits are predigested, and they pass through your stomach quickly. most foods take 1 - 4 hours to digest, while fruits exit an empty stomach in 20 - 30 minutes. 3. do not eat fruits after meals if you eat fruits during or after your meal ( as a dessert ), the fructose will mix with carbohydrates and other foods which are blocking the fruits from passing through to the intestines quickly, causing gas, bloating, and indigestion. also, once the fruit hits your stomach with the remainder of the meal, it will cause the meal to ferment and rot, which can lead to upset


intestines quickly, causing gas, bloating, and indigestion. also, once the fruit hits your stomach with the remainder of the meal, it will cause the meal to ferment and rot, which can lead to upset stomach issues. 4. only drink fresh fruit juices for optimal benefits from fruit juices, avoid drinking juice from a can or juices that have been heated. canned juices contain many other sugars and additives, and cooked fruits lose the beneficial nutrients. eating fresh, whole fruits is always the best way to go, however, if you must drink juice, drink it slowly, so that it can mix with your saliva to start the pre - digestion process. 5. avoid bananas in the morning fruits like bananas and avocados are heavy fruits and should not be eaten until the afternoon. they they their toll on the digestive system early in the mornings after fasting all night. in the afternoon, your digestive system has been working and is at the appropriate digestive cycle to allow for such fruits to be eaten with ease. not only does eating fruits correctly cause stabilized blood sugar which curbs hunger and helps ward off overeating and obesity, but it also requires less energy to be digested, so it ’ s a great food to eat before a workout! along with eating other healthy foods, drinking plenty of water, and exercising regularly, eating fruits can help you with your weightless goals as well as maintaining a healthy lifestyle. i ’ m glad my mom let me know that there is a correct way to eat fruits, because i never thought about it before this! i ’ ve learned so much researching the benefits of eating fruits the correct way, and i hope i ’ ve been able to help shed some light on the great health benefits of those 2 - 4 servings per day ( depending on your caloric intake! ).


pollinators and pesticides protecting honey bees and wild pollinators : what can you do? solutions to the loss of bees and human productivity are clearly within our reach if we engage our communities and governmental bodies. a little outrage will help. the shift to organic practices is a necessity that is protective of health and the environment, sustainable and cost effective. 1. make your yard or a local park a " pesticide free zone " and take steps to encourage pollinators bees are in trouble, and policymakers just aren ’ t acting quickly enough to help them. but backyard gardeners, sideline beekeepers and ordinary people all over the country have been stepping up. there are several steps you can take to attract these beneficial insects to your garden and protect them and their habitat. like any other living organism, bees need food, water, and shelter in order to thrive. 2. become a backyard beekeeper for those who may be feeling highly motivated, there is also the option of keeping your very own colony of bees in your backyard. although not all bees live in hives, certain species, notably honeybees, are easily and safely kept in artificial hives for their shelter. this provides a safe haven for the bees while also allowing you the opportunity to harvest the fresh honey! aspiring beekeepers must decide which subspecies of honeybee to acquire and purchase protective equipment. if you are interested in keeping honeybees, the american beekeeping federation recommends that you find a local bee club in your area. most clubs either offer courses in basic beekeeping or can direct you to such courses. these are often given at the beginning of the year, in order to prepare people to start their hives in the spring. be sure to look for those offering organic beekeeping, so that you can be sure that your bees are not being exposed to any harmful substances. 3. go organic choosing organic food is not only good for your health, but it also helps protect honey bees and wild pollinators. in addition to serious health questions linked to actual residues of toxic pesticides on the food we eat, our food buying decisions support or reject hazardous agricultural practices, protection of honey bees and wild pollinators, as well as contributing to healthy working conditions and communities for farmworkers and farm families. 4. urge epa to act! the u. s. environmental protection agency ( epa ) has proposed to register a new insecticide, sulfoxaflor, which the agency has classified as “ very highly toxic ” to honey bees. despite efforts underway


. urge epa to act! the u. s. environmental protection agency ( epa ) has proposed to register a new insecticide, sulfoxaflor, which the agency has classified as “ very highly toxic ” to honey bees. despite efforts underway in europe to protect bee populations, and continued warnings from beekeepers, epa is poised to allow another chemical toxic to bees into the environment without proper field studies evaluating long - term effects to bee colonies and with label statements that are impractical and unenforceable. with continuing reports of bee deaths, would sulfoxaflor be yet another bee disaster waiting to happen? take action and tell epa not to repeat past missteps and protect pollinators from sulfoxaflor by providing a public comment to epa ( sample text can be found in our daily news story ) epa ’ s decision to deny the petition recognizing that honey bees face “ imminent hazard ” and requesting the suspension of the pesticide clothianidin, linked to bee die - offs is a blow to beekeepers and over one million citizen petition signatures worldwide. this decision puts beekeepers, rural economies, and our food system at risk. epa believes the bees are alright, but with hives still averaging losses over 30 %, bees are crying out for help. with one in three bites of food reliant on honey bee pollination, it ’ s imperative that epa act now! tell epa to suspend the use of the bee - killer clothianidin and protect pollinators. 5. urge congress to act! congress has the authority to exercise oversight over federal agencies like epa. we will continue to pressure epa to take action on clothianidin, but in the meantime join our petition urging congress to step up! 6. beekeepers : join our listserve this discussion based listserve made in collaboration with center for food safety, pesticide action network and beyond pesticides, is designed for information - sharing and coordination on federal reform efforts involving neonicotinoid pesticides and their impacts on pollinators, particularly honeybees. messages are relate to science - based advocacy aimed at congress, epa, usda and other audiences regarding honey bees, other pollinators and ecosystems, and beekeeper livelihoods. please contact our program associate if you have interest in joining the listserve.


the coasts of macedonia and thrace. the macedonian harbor at which st. paul landed was neapolis. its direction from samothrace is a little to the north of west. but a southerly breeze would still be a fair wind, though they could not literally " run before it. " a run of seven or eight hours, notwithstanding the easterly current, ( f811 ) would bring the vessel under the lea of the island of thasos, and within a few miles of the coast of macedonia. the shore of the mainland in this part is low, but mountains rise to a considerable height behind. ( f812 ) to the westward of the channel which separates it from thasos, the coast recedes and forms a bay, within which, on a promontory with a port on each side, ( f813 ) the ancient neapolis was situated. some difference of opinion has existed concerning the true position of this harbor : ( f814 ) but the traces of paved military roads approaching the promontory we have described, in two directions corresponding with those indicated in the ancient itineraries ; the latin inscriptions which have been found on the spot ; the remains of a great aqueduct on two tiers of roman arches, and of cisterns like those at baiae near the other neapolis on the campanian shore, seem to leave little doubt that the small turkish village of cavallo is ‘ the naples of macedonia, the " neapolis " at which st. paul landed, and the seaport of philippi, — the " first city " ( acts 16 : 12. ) which the traveler reached on entering this " part of macedonia, " and a city of no little importance as a roman military " colony. " ( f815 ) a ridge of elevated land, which connects the range of pangaeus with the higher mountains in the interior of thrace, is crossed between neapolis and philippi. the whole distance is about ten miles. ( f816 ) the ascent of the ridge is begun immediately from the town, through a defile formed by some precipices almost close upon the sea. when the higher ground is attained, an extensive and magnificent sea - view is opened towards the south. samothrace is seen to the east ; thasos to the south - east ; and, more distant and farther to the right, the towering summit of athos. ( f817 ) when the descent on the opposite side begins and the sea is lost


by the father of alexander, in a place called, from its numerous streams, " the place of fountains, " to commemorate the addition of a new province to his kingdom, and to protect the frontier against the thracian mountaineers. for similar reasons the city of philip was gifted by augustus with the privileges of a colonia. it thus became at once a border - garrison of the province of macedonia, and a perpetual memorial of his victory over brutus. ( f826 ) and now a jewish apostle came to the same place, to win a greater victory than that of philippi, and to found a more durable empire than that of augustus. it is a fact of deep significance, that the " first city " at which st. paul arrived, ( f827 ) on his entrance into europe, should be that " colony, " which was more fit than any other in the empire to be considered the representative of imperial rome. the characteristic of a colonia was, that it was a miniature resemblance of rome. philippi is not the first city of this kind to which we have traced the footsteps of st. paul ; antioch in pisidia ( p. 152 ), and alexandria troas ( p. 242 ), both possessed the same character : but this is the first place where scripture calls our attention to the distinction ; and the events which befell the apostle at philippi were directly connected with the privileges of the place as a roman colony, and with his own privileges as a roman citizen. it will be convenient to consider these two subjects together. a glance at some of the differences which subsisted among individuals and communities in the provincial system will enable us to see very clearly the position of the citizen and of the colony. we have had occasion ( ch. 1. p. 21 ) to speak of the combination of actual provinces and nominally independent states through which the power of the roman emperor was variously diffused ; and again ( ch. 5. p. 129 ), we have described the division of the provinces by augustus into those of the senate, and those of the emperor. descending now to examine the component population of any one province, and to inquire into the political condition of individuals and communities, we find here again a complicated system of rules and exceptions. as regards individuals, the broad distinction we must notice is that between those who were citizens and those who were not citizens. when the greeks spoke of the inhabitants of the world, they divided them into " greeks " and " barbarians, " (


exceptions. as regards individuals, the broad distinction we must notice is that between those who were citizens and those who were not citizens. when the greeks spoke of the inhabitants of the world, they divided them into " greeks " and " barbarians, " ( f828 ) according as the language in which poets and philosophers had written was native to them or foreign. among the romans the phrase was different. the classes into which they divided mankind consisted of those who were politically " romans, " ( f829 ) and those who had no link ( except that of subjection ) with the city of rome. the technical words were gives and peregrini, — " citizens " and " strangers. " the inhabitants of italy were " citizens ; " the inhabitants of all other parts of the empire ( until caracalla extended to the provinces ( f830 ) the same privileges which julius caesar had granted to the peninsula ) ( f831 ) were naturally and essentially " strangers. " italy was the holy land of the kingdom of this world. we may carry the parallel further, in order to illustrate the difference which existed among the citizens themselves. those true - born italians, who were diffused in vast numbers through the provinces, might be called citizens of the dispersion ; while those strangers who, at various times, and for various reasons, had received the gift of citizenship, were in the condition of political proselytes. such were paul and silas, ( f832 ) in their relation to the empire, among their fellow - romans in the colony of philippi. both these classes of citizens, however, were in full possession of the same privileges ; the most important of which were exemption from scourging, and freedom from arrest, except in extreme cases ; and in all cases the right of appeal from the magistrate to the emperor. ( f833 ) the remarks which have been made concerning individuals may be extended, in some degree, to communities in the provinces. the city of rome might be transplanted, as it were, into various parts of the empire, and reproduced as a colonia ; or an alien city might be adopted, under the title of a municipium, ( f834 ) into a close political communion with rome. leaving out of view all cities of the latter kind ( and indeed they were limited entirely to the western provinces ), we will confine ourselves to what was called a colonia. a roman colony was very different from any thing which we usually intend by the term. it was no


of the latter kind ( and indeed they were limited entirely to the western provinces ), we will confine ourselves to what was called a colonia. a roman colony was very different from any thing which we usually intend by the term. it was no mere mercantile factory, such as those which the phoenicians established in spain, ( f835 ) or on those very shores of macedonia with which we are now engaged ; ( f836 ) or such as modern nations have founded in the hudson ’ s bay territory or on the coast of india. still less was it like those incoherent aggregates of human beings which we have thrown, without care or system, on distant islands and continents. it did not even go forth, as a young greek republic left its parent state, carrying with it, indeed, the respect of a daughter for a mother, but entering upon a new and independent existence. the roman colonies were primarily intended as military safeguards of the frontiers, and as checks upon insurgent provincials. like the military roads, they were part of the great system of fortification by which the empire was made safe. they served also as convenient possessions for rewarding veterans who had served in the wars, and for establishing freedmen and other italians whom it was desirable to remove to a distance. the colonists went out with all the pride of roman citizens, to represent and re produce the city in the midst of an alien population. they proceeded to their destination like an army with its standards ; ( f837 ) and the limits of the new city were marked out by the plough. their names were still enrolled in one of the roman tribes. every traveler who passed through a colonia saw there the insignia of rome. he heard the latin language, and was amenable, in the strictest sense, to the roman law. the coinage of the city, even if it were in a greek province, had latin inscriptions. ( f838 ) cyprian tells us that in his own episcopal city, which once had been rome ’ s greatest enemy, the laws of the 12 tables were inscribed on brazen tablets in the market - place. ( f839 ) though the colonists, in addition to the poll - tax, which they paid as citizens, were compelled to pay a ground - tax ( for the land on which their city stood was provincial land, and therefore tributary, unless it were assimilated to italy by a special exemption ) ; ( f840 ) yet they were entirely free from any intrusion


to pay a ground - tax ( for the land on which their city stood was provincial land, and therefore tributary, unless it were assimilated to italy by a special exemption ) ; ( f840 ) yet they were entirely free from any intrusion by the governor of the province. their affairs were regulated by their own magistrates. these officers were named duumviri ; and they took a pride in calling themselves by the roman title of praetors ( strathgoi ). ( f841 ) the primary settlers in the colony were, as we have seen, real italians ; but a state of things seems to have taken place, in many instances, very similar to what happened in the early history of rome itself. a number of the native provincials grew up in the same city with the governing body ; and thus two ( or sometimes three ) co - ordinate communities were formed, which ultimately coalesced into one, like the patricians and plebeians. instances of this state of things might be given from corinth and carthage, and from the colonies of spain and gaul ; and we have no reason to suppose that philippi was different from the rest. whatever the relative proportion of greeks and romans at philippi may have been, the number of jews was small. this is sufficiently accounted for, when we remember that it was a military, and not a mercantile, city. there was no synagogue in philippi, but only one of those buildings called proseuchoe, which were distinguished from the regular places of jewish worship by being of a more slight and temporary structure, and frequently open to the sky. ( f842 ) for the sake of greater quietness, and freedom from interruption, this place of prayer was " outside the gate ; " and, in consequence of the ablutions ( f843 ) which were connected with the worship, it was " by the river - side, " on the bank of the gaggitas, ( f844 ) the fountains of which gave the name to the city before the time of philip of macedon, ( f845 ) and which, in the great battle of the romans, had been polluted by the footsteps and blood of the contending armies. the congregation, which met here for worship on the sabbath, consisted chiefly, if not entirely, of a few women ; ( acts 16 : 13. ) and these were not all of jewish birth, and not all residents at philippi. lydia, who is mentioned by name, was


worship on the sabbath, consisted chiefly, if not entirely, of a few women ; ( acts 16 : 13. ) and these were not all of jewish birth, and not all residents at philippi. lydia, who is mentioned by name, was a proselyte ; ( acts 16 : 14. ) and thyatira, her native place, was a city of the province of asia. ( see revelation 1 : 11. ) the business which brought her to philippi was connected with the dyeing trade, which had flourished from a very early period, as we learn from homer, ( f846 ) in the neighborhood of thyatira, and is permanently commemorated in inscriptions which relate to the " guild of dyers " in that city, and incidentally give a singular confirmation of the veracity of st. luke in his casual allusions. ( f847 ) in this unpretending place, and to this congregation of pious women, the gospel was first preached by an apostle within the limits of europe. ( f848 ) st. paul and his companions seem to have arrived in the early part of the week ; for " some days " elapsed before " the sabbath. " on that day the strangers went and joined the little company of worshippers at their prayer by the river - side. assuming at once the attitude of teachers, they " sat down, " ( acts 16 : 13. compare acts 13 : 14, and luke 4 : 20. ) and spoke to the women who were assembled together. the lord, who had summoned his servants from troas to preach the gospel in macedonia, ( acts 16 : 10. ) now vouchsafed to them the signs of his presence, by giving divine energy to the words which they spoke in his name. lydia " was one of the listeners, " ( f849 ) and the lord " opened her heart, that she took heed to the things that were spoken of paul. " ( f850 ) lydia, being convinced that jesus was the messiah, and having made a profession of her faith, was forthwith baptized. the place of her baptism was doubtless the stream which flowed by the proseucha. the waters of europe were " sanctified to the mystical washing - away of sin. " with the baptism of lydia that of her " household " was associated. whether we are to understand by this term her children, her slaves, or the work - people engaged in the manual employment connected with her trade, or all


away of sin. " with the baptism of lydia that of her " household " was associated. whether we are to understand by this term her children, her slaves, or the work - people engaged in the manual employment connected with her trade, or all these collectively, cannot easily be decided. ( f851 ) but we may observe that it is the first passage in the life of st. paul where we have an example of that family religion to which he often alludes in his epistles. the " connections of chloe, " ( 1corinthians 1 : 11. ) the " household of stephanas, " ( 1corinthians 1 : 16, 16 : 15. ) the " church in the house " of aquila and priscilla, ( romans 16 : 5. compare philemon 1 : 2. ) are parallel cases, to which we shall come in the course of the narrative. it may also be rightly added, that we have here the first example of that christian hospitality which was so emphatically enjoined, ( hebrews 13 : 2. 1timothy 5 : 10, & c. ) and so lovingly practised, in the apostolic church. the frequent mention of the " hosts " who gave shelter to the apostles, ( romans 16 : 23, & c. ) reminds us that they led a life of hardship and poverty, and were the followers of him " for whom there was no room in the inn. " the lord had said to his apostles, that, when they entered into a city, they were to seek out " those who were worthy, " and with them to abide. the search at philippi was not difficult. lydia voluntarily presented herself to her spiritual benefactors, and said to them, earnestly and humbly, ( f852 ) that, " since they had regarded her as a believer on the lord, " her house should be their home. she admitted of no refusal to her request, and " their peace was on that house. " ( matthew 10 : 13. ) thus the gospel had obtained a home in europe. it is true that the family with whom the apostles lodged was asiatic rather than european ; and the direct influence of lydia may be supposed to have contributed more to the establishment of the church of thyatira, addressed by st. john, ( revelation 2. ) than to that of philippi, which received the letter of st. paul. but still the doctrine and practice of christianity were established in europe ; and nothing


of the church of thyatira, addressed by st. john, ( revelation 2. ) than to that of philippi, which received the letter of st. paul. but still the doctrine and practice of christianity were established in europe ; and nothing could be more calm and tranquil than its first beginnings on the shore of that continent, which it has long overspread. the scenes by the river - side, and in the house of lydia, are beautiful prophecies of the holy influence which women, ( f853 ) elevated by christianity to their true position, and enabled by divine grace to wear " the ornament of a meek and quiet spirit, " have now for centuries exerted over domestic happiness and the growth of piety and peace. if we wish to see this in a forcible light, we may contrast the picture which is drawn for us by st. luke — with another representation of women in the same neighborhood given by the heathen poets, who tell us of the frantic excitement of the edonian matrons, wandering, under the name of religion, with dishevelled hair and violent cries, on the banks of the strymon. ( f854 ) thus far all was peaceful and hopeful in the work of preaching the gospel to macedonia : the congregation met in the house or by the riverside ; souls were converted and instructed ; and a church, consisting both of men and women, ( f855 ) was gradually built up. this continued for " many days. " it was difficult to foresee the storm which was to overcast so fair a prospect. a bitter persecution, however, was unexpectedly provoked : and the apostles were brought into collision with heathen superstition in one of its worst forms, and with the rough violence of the colonial authorities. as if to show that the work of divine grace is advanced by difficulties and discouragements, rather than by ease and prosperity, the apostles, who had been supernaturally summoned to a new field of labor, and who were patiently cultivating it with good success, were suddenly called away from it, silenced, and imprisoned. in tracing the life of st. paul we have not as yet seen christianity directly brought into conflict with heathenism. the sorcerer who had obtained influence over sergius paulus in cyprus was a jew, like the apostle himself. ( f856 ) the first impulse of the idolaters of lystra was to worship paul and barnabas ; and it was only after the jews had perverted their minds