synthetic biology is getting a boost. so far, most researchers have designed their synthetic circuits using transcription factors found in bacteria. however, these don ’ t always translate well to nonbacterial cells and can be a challenge to scale. now, researchers have come up with a new method to design transcription factors for nonbacterial cells — specifically yeast. their initial library of 19 new transcription factors should help overcome the existing bottleneck that has limited synthetic biology applications, says timothy lu, m. d., assistant professor of electrical engineering and computer science and a member of mit ’ s research laboratory of electronics. the project is part of a larger, ongoing effort to develop genetic “ parts ” that can be assembled into circuits to achieve specific functions. through this endeavor, dr. lu and his colleagues hope to make it easier to develop circuits that do exactly what a researcher wants. “ if you look at a parts registry, a lot of these parts come from a hodgepodge of different organisms. you put them together into your organism of choice and hope that it works, ” says dr. lu. recent advances in designing proteins that bind to dna gave the researchers the boost they needed to start building a new library of transcription factors. in many transcription factors, the dna - binding section consists of zinc finger proteins, which target different dna sequences depending on their structure. the researchers based their new zinc finger designs on the structure of a naturally occurring zinc finger protein. “ by modifying specific amino acids within that zinc finger, you can get them to bind with new target sequences, ” dr. lu says. the researchers attached the new zinc fingers to existing activator segments, allowing them to create many combinations of varying strength and specificity. they also designed transcription factors that work together, so that a gene can only be turned on if the factors bind each other. such transcription factors should make it easier for synthetic biologists to design circuits to perform tasks such as sensing a cell ’ s environmental conditions. the researchers built some simple circuits in yeast, but they plan to develop more complex circuits in future studies. “ we didn ’ t build a massive 10 - or 15 - transcription factor circuit, but that ’ s something that we ’ re definitely planning to do down the road, ” dr. lu says. “ we want to see how far we can scale the type of circuits we can build out of this framework. ” the researchers are also planning to try their new transcription factors in other species of yeast, and eventually in mammalian cells including human cells. “ what we ’


if you want to make programs go faster on parallel hardware, then you need some kind of concurrency. right? in this article i ’ d like to explain why the above statement is false, and why we should be very clear about the distinction between concurrency and parallelism. i should stress that these ideas are not mine, and are by no means new, but i think it ’ s important that this issue is well understood if we ’ re to find a way to enable everyday programmers to use multicore cpus. i was moved to write about this after reading tim bray ’ s articles on concur. next : while i agree with a lot of what ’ s said there, particularly statements like exposing real pre - emptive threading with shared mutable data structures to application programmers is wrong it seems that parallelism and concurrency are still being conflated. yes we need concurrency in our languages, but if all we want to do is make programs run faster on a multicore, concurrency should be a last resort. first, i ’ ll try to establish the terminology. a concurrent program is one with multiple threads of control. each thread of control has effects on the world, and those threads are interleaved in some arbitrary way by the scheduler. we say that a concurrent programming language is non - deterministic, because the total effect of the program may depend on the particular interleaving at runtime. the programmer has the tricky task of controlling this non - determinism using synchronisation, to make sure that the program ends up doing what it was supposed to do regardless of the scheduling order. and that ’ s no mean feat, because there ’ s no reasonable way to test that you have covered all the cases. this is regardless of what synchronisation technology you ’ re using : yes, stm is better than locks, and message passing has its advantages, but all of these are just ways to communicate between threads in a non - deterministic language. a parallel program, on the other hand, is one that merely runs on multiple processors, with the goal of hopefully running faster than it would on a single cpu. so where did this dangerous assumption that parallelism = = concurrency come from? it ’ s a natural consequence of languages with side - effects : when your language has side - effects everywhere, then any time you try to do more than one thing at a time you essentially have non - determinism caused by the interleaving of the effects from each operation. so in side -


effects : when your language has side - effects everywhere, then any time you try to do more than one thing at a time you essentially have non - determinism caused by the interleaving of the effects from each operation. so in side - effecty languages, the only way to get parallelism is concurrency ; it ’ s therefore not surprising that we often see the two conflated. however, in a side - effect - free language, you are free to run different parts of the program at the same time without observing any difference in the result. this is one reason that our salvation lies in programming languages with controlled side - effects. the way forward for those side - effecty languages is to start being more explicit about the effects, so that the effect - free parts can be identified and exploited. it pains me to see haskell ’ s concurrency compared against the concurrency support in other languages, when the goal is simply to make use of multicore cpus ( edit : ted followed up with a clarification ). it ’ s missing the point : yes of course haskell has the best concurrency support, but for this problem domain it has something even better : deterministic parallelism. in haskell you can use multicore cpus without getting your hands dirty with concurrency and non - determinism, without having to get the synchronisation right, and with a guarantee that the parallel program gives the same answer every time, just more quickly. there are two facets to haskell ’ s determinstic parallelism support : - par / pseq and strategies. these give you a way to add parallelism to an existing program, usually without requiring much restructuring. for instance, there ’ s a parallel version of ‘ map ’. support for this kind of parallelism is maturing with the soon to be released ghc 6. 12. 1, where we made some significant performance improvements over previous versions. - nested data parallelism. this is for taking advantage of parallelism in algorithms that are best expressed by composing operations on ( possibly nested ) arrays. the compiler takes care of flattening the array structure, fusing array operations, and dividing the work amongst the available cpus. data - parallel haskell will let us take advantage of gpus and many - core machines for large - scale data - parallelism in the future. right now, dph support in ghc is experimental, but work on it continues. that ’ s not to say that concurrency doesn ’ t have its


gpus and many - core machines for large - scale data - parallelism in the future. right now, dph support in ghc is experimental, but work on it continues. that ’ s not to say that concurrency doesn ’ t have its place. so when should you use concurrency? concurrency is most useful as a method for structuring a program that needs to communicate with multiple external clients simultaneously, or respond to multiple asynchronous inputs. it ’ s perfect for a gui that needs to respond to user input while talking to a database and updating the display at the same time, for a network application that talks to multiple clients simultaneously, or a program that communicates with multiple hardware devices, for example. concurrency lets you structure the program as if each individual communication is a sequential task, or a thread, and in these kinds of settings it ’ s often the ideal abstraction. stm is vitally important for making this kind of programming more tractable. as luck would have it, we can run concurrent programs in parallel without changing their semantics. however, concurrent programs are often not compute - bound, so there ’ s not a great deal to be gained by actually running them in parallel, except perhaps for lower latency. having said all this, there is some overlap between concurrency and parallelism. some algorithms use multiple threads for parallelism deliberately ; for example, search - type problems in which multiple threads search branches of a problem space, where knowledge gained in one branch may be exploited in other concurrent searches. sat - solvers and game - playing algorithms are good examples. an open problem is how to incorporate this kind of non - deterministic parallelism in a safe way : in haskell these algorithms would end up in the io monad, despite the fact that the result could be deterministic. still, i believe these kinds of problems are in the minority, and we can get a long way with purely deterministic parallelism. you ’ ll be glad to know that with ghc you can freely mix parallelism and concurrency on multicore cpus to your heart ’ s content. knock yourself out


introduction : la piscine, a splendid art deco building in roubaix, part of greater lille, houses the musee d ’ art et d ’ industrie. it ’ s one of the most exciting surprises in the nord region, housing an impressive collection of 19th - and 20th - century art. the museum covers fine and applied art ( a concept more english than french ), and displays painting, sculpture, textiles, ceramics, and glass by both local and artists and internationally known names. the building and the background la piscine was just that, a swimming pool built for the well - to - do and the principal bath house for the poor in roubaix. one of france ’ s major textile centers, roubaix grew hugely in the 19th century as workers flooded in to work in the factories and mills. the houses they occupied were basic, with no running water and no electricity. the idea was to provide the poor with a place where they could wash, so this ‘ temple of hygene ’ was built by the forward - thinking mayor. la piscine was an utopian dream, welcoming, practically and very beautiful. la piscine was designed by albert baert and built from 1927 - 1932 in flamboyant art deco style. it was modeled around the abbey of cluny with a cloister and garden in the center and a chapel and restaurant, reflecting the old refectory idea. the centre of the building is an olympic - sized swimming pool, decorated with mosaic tiles that were inspired by the waves depicted in so many images by the japanese artist hokusai, and lit by a huge stained glass window at one end. the pool particularly was full of freemasonry motifs. the pool runs from north to south ; the window depicts the rising sun ; the eye of knowledge is depicted everywhere. when la piscine was converted into a museum, the architects filled in much of the pool but left a long stream running down the middle to evoke its previous existence. small changing rooms, which house some of the art, lead off the pool with corridors running in front and behind them where more exhibits are displayed. it ’ s beautiful and as you walk into the main area you ’ re taken back to its original purpose by a soundtrack of children, now long gone, happily splashing about in the water. the original collection came from the industrial museum of roubaix which was housed in the building opposite ( now the high school of art and industry ). a rich and unusual


soundtrack of children, now long gone, happily splashing about in the water. the original collection came from the industrial museum of roubaix which was housed in the building opposite ( now the high school of art and industry ). a rich and unusual mix of pattern books and textile samples from coptic egyptian up to contemporary work, it symbolises the connection between roubaix and the textile industry. today the collections have hugely expanded. on display around the pool itself are sculptures that take in 19th - century neo - classical works by the likes of henri fantin latour, rodin and others, and 20th - century works by bonnard, vlaminck, van dongen and other leading artists. a series of small rooms takes you through the grand 19th century tradition of painting through a series of themes like local painters, the realists and an oriental room. there ’ s also a small but impressive collection of ceramics, showing superb examples from the works of the porcelain factory, through the likes of picasso and raoul dufy to contemporary works by the italian designer of the memphis group, ettore sotsass, rembrandt bugatti, the frenchman philippe starck and others. for practical information on la piscine, roubaix, see the next page.


in august 1912, american photographer alfred stieglitz published gertrude stein ‘ s word portraits of pablo picasso and henri matisse in a special issue of camera work. most scholars agree that these word portraits inspired the invention of the object portrait in the american visual arts. marius de zayas, francis picabia, marsden hartley, man ray, elsa von freytag - loringhoven, arthur dove, charles demuth, and georgia o ‘ keeffe explored the genre as members of american artistic circles from 1912 through the 1930s. as the genre developed, these artists drew simultaneously upon the semantic and syntactic play of cubist collage, photomontage, dada language experiments, assemblage, and traditional fine art practices. the identification of stein ‘ s word portraits of picasso and matisse as the source of inspiration for object portraiture is secure in scholarly literature. yet, the theoretical relationship between the two over time remains unexplored. moreover, scholars have failed to consider other literary experiments by stein, such as tender buttons : objects, food, rooms ( 1914 ) and the word portraits produced after 1911, as contributing factors in the genre ‘ s development. steinian scholarship primarily attributes her portrait theory to the application of the american psychologist william james ‘ system of characterology, which addresses the mental phenomena of simultaneity, stream of consciousness, and a continuous present. as stein created a linguistic correspondence to jamesian perception, she employed an alternative language system that made use of repetition, fragmentation, metaphor and metonymy, word play, punning, word heap ( or a conscious, volitional emptying of words ), nonsense, and sound associations. in so doing, stein questioned and attacked traditional modes of identity construction in her experimental writing. her primary objective was to capture modern character and personality as revealed through modern experiences. i argue that the development of the object portrait genre as practiced by the artists listed above must be considered in light of the profound impact of gertrude stein ‘ s portrait theory, embedded in the cultural interest in personality and psychology, as demonstrated progressively over the course of her literary career. like stein, the artists believed that traditional visual language systems based on mimesis were incapable of describing modern personality and alternative lifestyles. instead, they employed an alternative visual language of objects associated with their subjects to replace portraiture ‘ s traditional reliance on physical resemblance as an indicator of character. thus, they invented a new means of conveying essential personality traits. i argue further that stein ‘ s development of an alternative language


that weather - related catastrophes cause a lot of destruction is well known. but the prospect that increasing floods, droughts and storms will prompt many millions of people to migrate to safer areas is still poorly understood and anticipated, according to a forthcoming report from the asian development bank. “ in the past year alone, extreme weather in malaysia, pakistan, the people ’ s republic of china, the philippines and sri lanka has caused temporary or longer - term dislocation of millions, ” the organization, which is based in manila, said on monday, citing the study, which is to be released in early march. “ this process is set to accelerate in coming decades as climate change leads to more extreme weather. ” no international cooperation mechanism has been set up to manage these migration flows, the bank warned, and protection and assistance plans remain “ inadequate, poorly coordinated and scattered. ” it urged national governments and the international community to urgently address this issue. forecasts of global migration related to environmental factors range from 150 million to 300 million people by the middle of this century, the asian development bank said monday, and the asia - pacific region is expected to be at the epicenter of this trend. in a report in october, the bank warned that asia ’ s coastal megacities would “ flood more often, on a larger scale and affect millions more people, ” if climate change brings rising sea levels, more intense tropical cyclones and storm surges. of the 10 most populous cities with heavy exposure to coastal flooding in 2005 that were cited in that report, five were in asia : mumbai ; kolkata, also known as calcutta ; shanghai ; ho chi minh city, vietnam ; and guangzhou, china. by 2070, nine of the top 10 cities in terms of population are expected to be in developing countries in asia. the resultant migration flows need to be addressed with “ greater urgency ” and receive “ more attention from the region ’ s decision - makers, ” the bank said on monday. “ we still have an opportunity to get ahead of the curve on this issue in asia and the pacific, ” said bob dobias, head of the asian development bank ’ s climate change team.


agence france - presse — getty images the khumbu glacier in nepal in the himalayas. last year, the united nations intergovernmental panel on climate change ended up with a bit of mud on its face when it had to retract an alarming claim in its landmark 2007 assessment : that the probability of himalayan glaciers “ disappearing by the year 2035 and perhaps sooner is very high. ” climate skeptics pilloried the panel for including what proved to be an unsubstantiated and, glaciologists said, unlikely figure. rajendra k. pachauri, the head of the panel, called the inclusion of the statistic a “ regrettable error. ” in fact, there is still a paucity of scientific information about the himalayan glaciers, whose melt supplies water to hundreds of millions of mostly poor people in asia. while historical photographs clearly indicate that some glaciers are retreating in a striking pattern, there is no verifiable sense of how fast this is occurring, which parts of the himalayas are at greatest risk and what factors influence the melt most, and how. a paper published recently in nature geoscience sets out to systematically and scientifically answer these questions. using new remote sensing methods and satellite images, bodo bookhagen of the university of california at santa barbara and dirk scherler of the university of potsdam found that different parts of the himalayas were reacting differently. an update from andy revkin at dot earth : the chairman of the intergovernmental panel on climate change has retreated from his request that participating scientists keep a distance from the media. after months of controversy, a review of the workings of the united nations ’ main scientific body on climate change has just gotten under way in amsterdam. over the next few months, a 12 - member panel of scientific experts will analyze the makeup, procedures and conduct of the body, known as the united nations intergovernmental panel on climate change. the review, organized by britain ’ s interacademy council, was requested at a meeting of the united nations environment program in february, and the findings are due in august. as you may recall, the panel found itself in hot water about six months ago when critics accused it of scientific sloppiness. they also accused the panel ’ s chairman, rajendra pachauri, of conflicts of interest because he served on some corporate boards. yet many noted that the most serious charges originated with a camp that denies that global warming is even under way, even though mainstream scientists agree that


’ s chairman, rajendra pachauri, of conflicts of interest because he served on some corporate boards. yet many noted that the most serious charges originated with a camp that denies that global warming is even under way, even though mainstream scientists agree that human - caused climate change is a reality. read more … harold t. shapiro, a former president of princeton university and the university of michigan, will lead a 12 - member panel that will review the practices of the united nations intergovernmental panel on climate change, which has been criticized for errors. dr. shapiro, an economist, will lead a group that was assembled by the interacademy council, an organization of the world ’ s leading scientific academies, at the request of the united nations secretary general, ban ki - moon. it will look into the management and review policies of the i. p. c. c. that led to errors in the panel ’ s most recent report, including a faulty estimate of the rate of melting of the himalayan glaciers and several smaller mistakes. the new york times harold t. shapiro “ we approach this review with an open mind, ” dr. shapiro said in a statement. “ i ’ m confident we have the experts on this committee necessary to supply the u. n. with a stronger process for providing policy makers the best assessment of climate change possible. ” the i. p. c. c. has been faulted for failing to consider alternate views of climate science, sloppy citation of sources and for reliance on some research that was not properly peer - reviewed. the panel will make recommendations on how to avoid such problems and how to identify and quickly correct errors in future reports. read more …


would you like a guide tailored to your sociology course and assignments? please email me and i would be happy to help! example of linguistics course guides : key reference works - international encyclopedia of linguistics encompasses the full range of topics in linguistics, including such areas as historical, comparative, formal, mathematical, functional, philosophical, and sociolinguistics. - encyclopedia of language & linguistics an authoritative, and up - to - date international reference source. - cambridge encyclopedia of language a collection of concise and readable essays on the many subfields of linguistics, and covers both theoretical and applied approaches to the subject. - encyclopedic dictionary of language and languages defines hundreds of terms connected with language. includes the names of languages, language groups, or countries ; topics such as writing systems, punctuation, and poetics ; and terms from phonetics, language typology, transformational grammar, and neurolinguistics. - compendium of the world ' s languages a general survey covering a wide spectrum of the world ' s languages and shows how each language has its own characteristic profile, and illustraties how it works. - the world atlas of language structures contains full - color maps and in - depth discussions of each map ' s content by a specialist in the field. the maps present more than 58, 000 data points and more than 200 languages. - concise languages of the world comprehensive electronic resource for 370 of the world ' s major languages, language families and classification systems and disputes. - dictionary of linguistics and phonetics defines words and senses about newer models of linguistic theory. - handbook of english linguistics covers all methodological issues, syntax, phonetics and phonology, lexis and morphology, and variation, discourse, stylistics, and usage. - companion to linguistic anthropology summarizes past and contemporary research and includes bibliography of over 2000 entries designed as a guide to the literature of linguistic anthropology. - handbook of applied linguistics seeks to unify practical experience and theoretical understanding of language development and language in use. - handbook of language variation and change presents views of linguistic variation in the diverse contexts that give it meaning and significance. lilly library 108


peanut allergy! peanuts are among the top eight allergy foods! the peanut is native to brazil where they have been cultivated for 2000 years. they came to north america by way of africa with the slaves. peanuts grow in a peculiar way. the white blossoms are fertilized and then the pods lowered several inches on strings where they enter the ground. the ‘ nut ’, actually a bean, is developed under ground where it is harvested by pulling up the plant. a plant will have many such strings hanging to the ground as the plant matures. although peanuts are generally considered to be a healthful food, peanuts are among the eight most common foods that produce allergic reactions. two percent of the population is allergic to them, so peanuts and peanut products should be introduced cautiously to it is best to not expose children to peanuts until they are four years old. such small amounts ; as the residue from an improperly cleaned utensil is sufficient to trigger a violent reaction. even the smell of peanuts is sometimes enough to evoke the problem. peanuts and honey are two of the few foods that are generally considered to be healthful, but that should not be given to babies. peanuts and peanut products are used in so many food products, baked goods, and as fillers in processed foods. this makes the process of keeping peanuts from small children a difficult task, requiring home preparation of foods a wise choice until the child is old enough to safely try peanuts in a small amount before admitting them to the child ’ s diet. this may seem to be an over emphasized problem, but the reactions can be very severe, even leading to death. peanuts are a quarter to a third protein and up to half fat, making them an energy powerhouse.


i have always been really interested in sustainable gardening and growing as much of my own food as possible and in our current economic situation it only makes sense to produce food from home. producing fruit and veg from home is beneficial for so many different reasons primarily you can obtain the freshest produce whilst monitoring what actually makes contact with the food. this means you can control the pests and diseases in a manner that suits you, so if you want to eat organically producing your own is a great way to do this. my favourite organic tip is to mix ground chilies with water to produce a spray that can be used against all manner of insects especially aphids. just apply to the leaves of an effected plant. secondly, it is a great way to help the environment by reducing your carbon footprint. the less a product has to travel to get to you the less of an effect it has on the environment. try to think of a carrot in a field : not only does it need machinery to remove it from the ground, but it then has to go through various ports of calls along its travels to get to you... all of which pollute the environment in some way, not to mention you driving to the supermarket to buy it! thirdly, it ' s a great feeling to grow, harvest and consume food that you have produced by yourself. clients of mine that i have installed veggie patches for call me to let me know it ' s their favourite part of the garden and that it is a great way to get the kids involved with the garden. strawberries are at the top of the leader board for a favourite kid friendly plant at the moment. i understand that growing vegies and fruits can be time consuming and a bit daunting so i recommend starting with herbs and a few fruit trees as these can all be grown in pots. there are a few tips for starting a veggie patch and i have listed them below : 1. start with a raised bed - all fruits and veggies need good draining soil and a raised bed will aid this. 2. use a top quality potting / soil mix with a high organic content. 3. pick a spot in the garden that receives at least 6 - 8 hours of direct sunlight a day as a shady spot will lead to a poor harvest. 4. mulch well with a sugar cane or pea straw mulch - this breaks down quickly and helps feed the plants as well as all the other benefits mulch provides. 5. rotate your crops - constantly growing one


the dickinson college class of 1860 ’ s graduation marked for many students the beginning of a necessary transition into an divided country. given that thirteen students hailed from slave states and eleven from free states, the transition differed for each student as they returned to their homes on both sides of the mason - dixon line. this dynamic map features several notable alumni that served, and perished, on both sides of the battlefield during the civil war. while some did not enlist in the military, more than half of the class members noted on this map served either the confederate or union armies in some way. george baylor, born in jefferson county, virginia, entered dickinson college in 1857 and graduated with the class of 1860. he initially returned home and became an assistant teacher after graduation, but once the war began he enlisted in the 2nd virginia infantry. by 1863 baylor engaged union forces in the shenandoah valley, was taken prisoner, and incurred various battle wounds. his reputation grew as a practical military leader and effective director of confederate raids through virginia in 1864. one such raid secured baylor as a dickinson legend. while in combat in trevilan, virginia, a union soldier shot baylor in the chest. because baylor wore his union philosophical society badge in battle as a reminder of the organization he belonged to at dickinson, the bullet did not penetrate his skin and he survived. the war ended soon thereafter, and baylor sought out a profession in law. john henry grabill followed a similar trajectory, for once the civil war began he enlisted in the 33rd virginia volunteer infantry centered near his birthplace in mount jackson, virginia. in 1862 grabill, at the age of twenty - two years old, recruited and trained his own unit of soldiers in the shenandoah valley. this unit went on to fight during the retreat to appomattox court house in 1865. grabill fought in several key battles himself including the battle of brandy station and battle of the wilderness. he elaborated on these engagements as part of his general service in the army in diary of a soldier of the stonewall brigade ( 1909 ). after the war grabill entered the field of education as a superintendent in shenandoah county. baylor, grabill, and their classmates offered several stories that contribute much to one ’ s understanding of the civil war and its lasting impact on dickinson college and the surrounding area of carlisle, pennsylvania. this dynamic map is one of several projects utilizing modern tools to examine these local and personal responses to the war.


approximate colors can be assigned to areas on the cie chromaticity diagram. these are rough categories, and not to be taken as precise statements of color. the boundaries and the color names are adapted from brand fortner, " number by color ", part 5, scitech journal 6, p32, may / june 1996. any attempt to depict the gamut of human color vision on a computer monitor must be accompanied by numerous qualifications and exceptions. in the first place, you cannot display the range of human color perception on an rgb monitor - the gamut of normal human vision covers the entire cie diagram while the gamut of an rgb monitor can be displayed as a triangular region within the cie diagram. another qualification is that the hue and saturation associated with a given color name can vary over a considerable range. add to that the variations with different kinds of display monitors, and you rightly conclude that an accurate rendition is impossible. with all those excuses, however, it still might be instructive to provide a rough idea of the regions of the cie diagram associated with common color names. the display here was created by choosing representative rgb values for the color regions from a rendition of the 1976 cie chromaticity diagram provided by photo research, inc. note that one representative value in about the middle of the hue and saturation ranges was chosen for each section of the diagram. the point chosen was just a visual judgment of a representative color in the range. the rgb values obtained are listed in the table at right. a different observer would likely have chosen different points to represent the color names, but at least these values might provide a starting point for preferred variations. one characteristic of the commonly used 1931 cie chromaticity diagram that is evident even from this crude portrayal is that the green takes up far too much of the landscape compared to the number of visually different colors in the region. that was one of the shortcomings that the 1960 and 1976 revisions sought to address. | color name | | red | | green | | blue | | red | | 191 | | 27 | | 75 | | pink | | 245 | | 220 | | 208 | | reddish orange | | 216 | | 119 | | 51 | | orange pink | | 240 | | 204 | | 162 | | orange | | 228 | | 184 | | 29 | | yellowish orange | | 231 | | 224 | | 0 | | yellow | | 234 | | 231 | | 94 | | greenish yellow | | 235 |


| 204 | | 162 | | orange | | 228 | | 184 | | 29 | | yellowish orange | | 231 | | 224 | | 0 | | yellow | | 234 | | 231 | | 94 | | greenish yellow | | 235 | | 233 | | 0 | | yellow green | | 185 | | 214 | | 4 | | yellowish green | | 170 | | 209 | | 60 | | green | | 0 | | 163 | | 71 | | bluish green | | 24 | | 162 | | 121 | | bluegreen | | 95 | | 164 | | 190 | | greenish blue | | 110 | | 175 | | 199 | | blue | | 92 | | 138 | | 202 | | purplish blue | | 88 | | 121 | | 191 | | bluish purple | | 92 | | 102 | | 177 | | purple | | 246 | | 85 | | 158 | | reddish purple | | 196 | | 64 | | 143 | | purplish pink | | 243 | | 208 | | 219 | | red purple | | 175 | | 35 | | 132 | | purplish red | | 209 | | 65 | | 136 | | white | | 255 | | 255 | | 255 |


new delhi : indian scientists have mapped the mycobacterium tuberculosis genome, a first of its kind achievement that gives hope of discovering a cost effective drug for the disease that kills at least 330, 000 indians every year. " our scientists along with over 100 science students from several universities have done this within a few months. we hope within 18 - 24 months we will be able to take one molecule to the clinical trial stage, " council for scientific and industrial research ( csir ) chief samir bramhachari told ians. " i am too excited. what we have not done so far has been achieved. i thank all those students who have helped it become a reality. we are doing this through open source drug discovery ( osdd ) and anyone across the world is free to join the effort, " bramhachari told ians. scientists said that though 1. 7 million people die of tb every year globally, there has not been any new drug discovery for last the four to five decades. " osdd is a completely new formula across the world. here we are making all our progress available to public. anyone can take advantage and develop a drug based on our research. the aim here is not patents but drug discovery for a neglected disease, " said rajesh gokhle, a senior scientist associated with the project.


on june 15, 2012, the obama administration announced that it will offer “ deferred action ” to immigrants who were brought to the united states as children and meet other specific requirements. hailed by immigrant - rights advocates as a bold response to the broken immigration system, the move temporarily eliminates the possibility of deportation for many youths who would qualify for relief under the dream act — thereby giving congress the space needed to craft a bipartisan solution that gives permanent residence to qualifying young people. this q & a guide outlines basic facts about the “ deferred action for childhood arrivals ” ( daca ) initiative, including eligibility requirements and important information on process and timing. additional information may be obtained from u. s. citizenship and immigration services ( uscis ) by calling ( 800 ) 375 - 5283 or visiting www. uscis. gov / childhoodarrivals. attorneys and other legal representatives may also wish to consult the practice advisory from the american immigration council ’ s legal action center, deferred action for childhood arrivals. what is deferred action? when an immigrant is granted “ deferred action, ” it means the department of homeland security ( dhs ) has deemed the individual a low priority for immigration enforcement and has chosen to exercise its discretion and not deport the individual. deferred action provides temporary relief from enforcement but may be revoked at any time. deferred action is not amnesty or immunity. it does not provide lawful immigration status or a path to a green card or citizenship. it does not extend to any family members of the person granted deferred action. who will be eligible for deferred action? individuals may request deferred action if they : - came to the united states before their 16th birthday ; - were under age 31 and had no valid immigration status on june 15, 2012 ; - have continuously resided in the united states between june 15, 2007 and the present ; - are currently in school, graduated from high school, obtained a ged, or were honorably discharged from the armed forces ; - have not been convicted of a felony, a “ significant ” misdemeanor, or three or more other misdemeanors, and do not otherwise pose a threat to national security or public safety. requests for deferred action will only be considered for immigrants who are 15 or older, unless they are currently in removal proceedings or have a final order of removal or voluntary departure, in which case they may apply if they are under 15. how long does deferred action last


will only be considered for immigrants who are 15 or older, unless they are currently in removal proceedings or have a final order of removal or voluntary departure, in which case they may apply if they are under 15. how long does deferred action last? under the childhood arrivals initiative, deferred action will be granted for a two - year period, after which recipients may request a renewal. according to dhs, individuals will be eligible for future renewals of deferred action so long as they were under age 31 on june 15, 2012. can a person who is granted deferred action work legally in the u. s.? yes. under existing regulations, individuals with deferred action may receive an employment authorization document ( ead ). individuals who wish to request an extension of deferred action after two years will also have to apply for a renewal of their ead. can eligible individuals also request deferred action for their parents and siblings? no. one family member cannot request deferred action on behalf of another. to receive deferred action, individuals must submit their own request. how and when can people request deferred action? individuals may request deferred action by submitting a series of forms and supporting documentation to uscis. requests and supporting documentation may not be submitted in person or online, but instead must be mailed to the uscis “ lockbox ” assigned to the state in which the applicant resides. ( see this website for the appropriate location. ) once uscis determines the request is complete, it will issue a receipt notice and schedule an appointment for the individual to have his or her fingerprints taken. the only individuals who may not directly request deferred action from uscis are those who are currently in immigration detention. such individuals should contact their deportation officer or the immigration and customs enforcement ( ice ) office of the public advocate at ( 888 ) 351 - 4024 or eropublicadvocate @ ice. dhs. gov. what forms must individuals submit to be considered for deferred action? individuals requesting deferred action must submit three forms : - form i - 821d, consideration of deferred action for childhood arrivals ; - form i - 765, application for employment authorization ; and - form i - 765ws, form i - 765 worksheet applicants will want to consult the instructions for form i - 821d and the instructions for form i - 765. applicants wanting to be notified by e - mail or text


form i - 765ws, form i - 765 worksheet applicants will want to consult the instructions for form i - 821d and the instructions for form i - 765. applicants wanting to be notified by e - mail or text message that their forms have been accepted should also submit form g - 1145, e - notification of application / petitioner acceptance. how much will it cost to submit a request for deferred action? according to uscis, individuals requesting deferred action must pay $ 465 in fees. this amount reflects an $ 85 biometric fee for a background check and a $ 380 fee for an ead. importantly, the request for deferred action under this program will not be processed without the ead application and accompanying worksheet. in limited circumstances, uscis may grant fee exemptions for impoverished individuals what evidence must be submitted with a request for deferred action? individuals requesting deferred action must submit supporting documentation to demonstrate their eligibility. however, the type of evidence that may be submitted varies by eligibility requirement. applicants should consult the instructions for form i - 821d to determine the precise types of documentation that may be submitted. what will happen if uscis finds supporting evidence insufficient? if uscis is unable to determine whether an individual is eligible for deferred action, it may issue a “ request for evidence ” ( rfe ) asking for the submission of additional documentation. the failure to respond to an rfe within the prescribed time limit may result in a request being denied. should i pay someone to help me request deferred action? immigration laws are complicated and this is a new initiative. there are likely to be many questions about eligibility, documentation, and the potential consequences of applying for deferred action. for these reasons, applicants should consider seeking the advice of attorneys or accredited representatives. beware of scam artists, notarios, and others who guarantee they will obtain deferred action for you ( for the right price ) or who try to take advantage of the public. will information in deferred action requests be kept confidential? according to dhs, any information individuals provide about themselves in a deferred action request will not be used in immigration enforcement proceedings, unless the individual meets the existing criteria for referral to ice or issuance of a notice to appear ( nta ) in immigration court. ( see below. ) information individuals provide about their family members or guardians will not be used in immigration enforcement proceedings. however, information about request


criteria for referral to ice or issuance of a notice to appear ( nta ) in immigration court. ( see below. ) information individuals provide about their family members or guardians will not be used in immigration enforcement proceedings. however, information about requesters and their family members may be used for other purposes, including criminal investigations. will individuals who are denied deferred action be placed in removal proceedings? according to dhs, the administration will follow existing policies regarding the initiation of removal proceedings for immigrants who are denied benefits for which they affirmatively applied. under a november 2011 memo, such persons will only be placed in removal proceedings if they engaged in fraud during the application process ; have been convicted of an offense making them removable from the united states ; are under investigation or have been arrested for an “ egregious public safety ” criminal offense ; or pose a threat to national security. is there a deadline for filing a request for daca? according to the administration, there is no deadline to submit requests for deferred action under the initiative. under certain circumstances, however, qualified immigrants may wish to act as soon as possible. for example, immigrants facing imminent removal are advised to immediately contact ice ’ s law enforcement support center ( 855 - 448 - 6903 ) or the ice office of the public advocate ( 888 - 351 - 4024, eropublicadvocate @ ice. dhs. gov ). in addition, because of existing provisions of the immigration laws, qualified individuals could avoid future legal problems by submitting their requests prior to their 18th birthday and having their requests approved no later than 180 days after their 18th birthday. does any departure from the united states between june 15, 2007, and august 15, 2012, break the “ continuous residence ” requirement for daca? no, if the departure is considered “ brief, casual, and innocent. ” to meet this standard, a departure must have been ( 1 ) “ short and reasonably calculated ” for the purpose of the travel, ( 2 ) not the result of a removal order or order of voluntary departure, and ( 3 ) not made for unlawful purposes. however, this standard only applies to foreign travel completed before august 15, 2012. unless an individual has already received deferred action, any departure from the united states after august 15, 2012, will break the continuous residence requirement and result in the denial of a pending or subsequent request. what does “ currently in school ” mean? to qualify for deferred action, applicants must be enrolled on


from the united states after august 15, 2012, will break the continuous residence requirement and result in the denial of a pending or subsequent request. what does “ currently in school ” mean? to qualify for deferred action, applicants must be enrolled on the date of the application in ( 1 ) elementary school, middle or junior high school, or high school ; ( 2 ) an education, literacy, or career training program ; or ( 3 ) a program to assist students in obtaining a high school diploma ( or its equivalent ) or passing a general educational development ( ged ) or other equivalent state - authorized exam. will individuals who receive deferred action be permitted to travel outside the country? yes, but only if they first apply for and receive a special travel document known as “ advance parole. ” generally, advance parole is only granted for travel relating to humanitarian, educational, or employment purposes, and requires payment of a $ 360 application fee. by departing the country, however, immigrants who were unlawfully present for more than 180 days after their 18th birthday could face legal obstacles re - entering the country or obtaining lawful permanent residence ( i. e. a “ green card ” ) in the future. in addition, uscis advises that immigrants who are subject to a final order of removal should seek to have their cases reopened before traveling outside the country. what is a “ felony ”? for purposes of the deferred action initiative, a felony is any federal, state, or local criminal offense punishable by imprisonment for more than one year. thus, offenses that are considered misdemeanors under state or local law may qualify as felonies if the maximum punishment is more than a year in prison. what is a “ misdemeanor ”? for purposes of the deferred action initiative, a misdemeanor is any federal, state, or local offense punishable by more than five days but one year or less in jail. what is a “ significant ” misdemeanor? dhs will deem significant any misdemeanor for which an individual received a sentence of more than 90 days in jail, not including suspended sentences and time held pursuant to an immigration detainer. regardless of the sentence imposed, dhs will also deem significant any misdemeanor involving burglary, domestic violence, sexual abuse or exploitation, unlawful possession of firearms, driving under the influence or drug distribution or trafficking. are there any exceptions to the criminal grounds of ineligibility? yes. minor traffic offenses will not


##anor involving burglary, domestic violence, sexual abuse or exploitation, unlawful possession of firearms, driving under the influence or drug distribution or trafficking. are there any exceptions to the criminal grounds of ineligibility? yes. minor traffic offenses will not be considered misdemeanors under the initiative, even if punishable by more than five days in jail. in addition, convictions for immigration - related offenses created by state laws ( e. g. arizona sb 1070 ) will not be considered. finally, expunged and juvenile convictions will be considered on a case - by - case basis. can individuals who do not qualify for deferred action still receive a favorable exercise of prosecutorial discretion? yes. immigrants who are currently in removal proceedings but do not qualify under the deferred action for childhood arrivals process may still request a favorable exercise of prosecutorial discretion from ice. requests should be sent to the local ice field office director or the ice office of the public advocate. will recipients of deferred action be eligible for driver ’ s licenses and other state benefits? while deferred action confers temporary permission to remain in the country, it does not necessarily mean that recipients will be eligible for driver ’ s licenses, reduced tuition, or other state benefits. the answer may depend on the law of the state, and additional information on these issues is expected to be released as recipients of deferred action attempt to access state services. for more information on deferred action or the dream act, please visit our resource pages : - prosecutorial discretion and executive authority : a resource page - the dream act : a resource page published on : fri, aug 17, 2012 | download file


nonlinear complex resistivity complex resistivity ( nlcr ) is a geophysical method of stimulating materials with an electrical current sine wave of variable frequency and measuring the voltage response. the ratio of the amplitudes of the voltage to the current normalized by the geometry of the electrodes is the magnitude of the resistivity. the shift in time between the stimulus current and response voltage is a phase shift. deconvolved response by stimulus and summed root mean square harmonics are the total harmonic distortion. deviation of the real and imaginary parts of the complex resistivity transfer function versus frequency from the hilbert transform expectation are hilbert distortions. both distortions are measures of nonlinearity. complex resistivity measurements as a function of frequency from 0. 001 hz to 1, 000 hz are useful in a variety of applications where remote measurements of active chemical processes are important. as all chemical reactions involve electron charge movement, nlcr can measure or observe nearly all chemical processes ( some are too fast or too slow ). nlcr is used in the laboratory, in boreholes, between boreholes or between holes and the surface, from the surface and inside tunnels. it requires contact with the ground to inject a current and has not been successfully employed from airborne platforms. it has applications to the study of corroding metals, ore exploration and delineation, clay - organic reactions for petroleum exploration, environmental characterization and monitoring, ground water, archaeology, and agriculture. < more to come > copyright 1999 by gary r. olhoeft. all rights reserved.


by kathryn kauffman, registered dietitian, dixie regional medical center the recently released “ 2010 dietary guidelines for americans ” reveals that obesity rates in america increased for adults from 15 percent to 34 percent between 1970 and 2008, and from 4 to 20 percent for children ages 6 - 11 years during the same period. the study also shows that not a single state had an adult obesity prevalence rate of more than 25 percent in 1990, and by 2008, 32 states had earned that distinction. obesity is clearly becoming an epidemic. why the rising obesity rates? numerous factors figure into the increase in obesity rates : super - sizing of meals, lack of physical activity, consumption of high fat foods, and an ever increasing consumption of sugar sweetened beverages. according to the u. s. department of agriculture, regular soda consumption climbed from 22 to 46 gallons per person per year between 1970 and 2000 and the numbers are still climbing. what ’ s wrong with soft drinks? soft drink consumption often leads to an increased consumption of sugar and calories, which negatively affect the intake of various essential nutrients. “ today ’ s dietitian ” states that heavy soft drink consumption has been linked to low intake of vitamin c, riboflavin, vitamin a and d and magnesium, as well as a high intake of fat, calories and refined carbohydrates. nancy rogers, rd, says “ there is a link between increased sugar consumption and elevated markers that increase the risk of heart disease and diabetes ( higher triglycerides, lower high - density lipoproteins, and possibly increased insulin resistance ), along with increased body weight. ” how much is too much sugar? the american heart association recently recommended that women consume no more than 100 calories of added sugar per day ( 6 teaspoons ) and men shouldn ’ t have more than 150 calories ( 9 teaspoons ). they also suggest that we consume no greater than 450 calories ( 36 ounces ) per week of sugar sweetened beverages. despite those guidelines, a recent survey by the centers for disease control and prevention finds that most americans consume 22. 2 teaspoons of sugar per day ( 355 calories ). what about diet soda and those sugar substitutes? the “ american dietetic association position paper ” says that the most common sweeteners used in the united states include aspartame, stevia, saccharin, sucralose, and acesulfame - k — all of which are approved by the food & drug administration and are


that the most common sweeteners used in the united states include aspartame, stevia, saccharin, sucralose, and acesulfame - k — all of which are approved by the food & drug administration and are non - carcinogenic. some people choose not to use these for a variety of reasons, but unless you have pku all are considered safe. none of these sugar substitutes have been proven to cause overeating, hyperactivity or trigger insulin release, so diet sodas may be a reasonable alternative for some people but should be used in moderation. the caloric need for women age 19 - 50 that are moderately active is 2, 000 per day with men needing 2, 600 calories per day. one 32 - ounce soda fountain beverage equates to approximately 400 calories and 93 milligrams of caffeine, or 15 to 20 percent of daily caloric intake. just one 32 - ounce soda per day can equate to an extra 2, 800 calories per week from sugar alone, which converts to an extra three - quarters of a pound per week — adding up to 39 pounds per year! the bottom line : both regular and diet soft sodas are not nutrient dense and contain many additives, so moderation is key. simply limiting sugary drinks can have a substantial effect on your health and your weight. so whether your vice is regular or diet soft drinks, consider keeping your consumption at only one 12 - ounce soda daily, retire the 32 - ounce soda fountain cup, and hydrate with the free stuff — water!


the amygdala is popularly referred to as the brain ' s " fear center, " due to the central role it plays in regulating the body ' s fear response. so pivotal is this small, almond - shaped structure ' s involvement, that s. m. ( a woman whose amygdala has been ravaged by a rare condition known as urbach – wiethe disease ), has been said not to suffer feelings of panic whatsoever — even in extreme, potentially life - threatening situations. but newly published research suggests that the brain has more than one way to process and experience terror — even in people dispossessed of their supposed fear centers. over at nature news, mo costandi examines the latest findings of neuropsychologist justin feinstein ( much of whose work has involved s. m. ), which show " the fear response may occur even in people who do not have a working amygdala " : feinstein and his team had been studying a 44 - year - old woman with an extremely rare genetic condition called urbach - wiethe disease, in which the amygdala hardens and shrivels up2. the woman, known as s. m., showed only minimal levels of fear when shown clips from horror films and when exposed to large spiders, snakes and other things that many people find terrifying. one situation in which the amygdala triggers fear and panic attacks is when it detects unusually high concentrations of carbon dioxide - a sign of possible suffocation - by sensing increased acidity in the blood. this may occur even if co2 is inhaled in concentrations that are not lethal. feinstein and his colleagues therefore predicted that patients with damaged amygdalas would not feel fear after inhaling the gas. to test this, they asked s. m., two other patients with urbach - wiethe disease, and 12 healthy controls to inhale 35 % carbon dioxide through a mask. to their surprise, the researchers found that the brain - damaged patients did experience fear immediately after inhalation - and, in fact, became even more fearful and panicky than did the healthy volunteers. read more about this surprising find over at nature news.


download these brochures : oasis english oasis french oasis inuktitut oasis cree not much is known about the chemistry in the air over the arctic ocean, and what happens to important chemicals is hardly studied by the scientific community because of the difficulty of working in this cold, inhospitable environment. there is some evidence that many important processes occur right at the ice surfaces and ice / open water regions of the arctic ocean. this has to be confirmed and understood if we are to explain how chemicals are deposited from the air to the ice or water and how that might affect fish, marine mammals and eventually human health. for example, mercury ( a toxic pollutant which can affect health ) and ozone ( an important gas causing chemical reactions ) can change properties when exposed to salt from sea water in the arctic. carbon dioxide ( co2 ), one of the most important greenhouse gases can be trapped by the arctic ocean. cloud covers the sky above the arctic ocean and this is influenced by chemicals emitted from the ocean. it is clear that changes in these processes will affect the arctic and those who live within it in many ways ( e. g. clouds change the temperature which can change the ice cover ). and change is happening : climate change is occurring at an accelerated rate in the arctic, and this is especially evident over the arctic ocean. and there are many feedbacks between climate change and the arctic system that we need to understand. the oasis program was developed to face this challenge. during the international polar year, the goal of oasis is to collect information on the chemistry in the air over the arctic ocean itself. buoys ( floating platforms ) will be used on the frozen ocean to make it possible, for the first time, to measure the chemicals in the air year round, and study what happens to them directly over the arctic ocean. furthermore research vessels ( ice breakers ) will be joined providing the unique opportunity to collaborate with researchers from different fields of expertise ( including social scientists ) to study the air, ice, ocean, and the life they contain as a whole. these studies will permit us to better determine the future impacts of climate change to the arctic ocean and the life it contains, ultimately improving our ability to forecast the impact of climate change on those living in the north, and the rest of the planet. what is ipy saturday, 30 december 2006 04 : 11 oasis - ipy : ocean - atmosphere - sea ice snowpack interactions and connections to climate changewritten by administrator login to post comments


date of degree ms ( master of science ) civil and environmental engineering michelle m. scherer iron is ubiquitous in the environment mostly as stable iron hydr ( oxides ) such as hematite ( α - fe2o3 ) and goethite ( α - feooh ). the fe ( ii ) - fe ( iii ) redox couple plays a vital role in nutrient cycling, bacteria respiration, and contaminant removal. this redox couple, however, can be affected by external influences such as anion adsorption of sulfate, oxalate, and phosphate which can influence various goethite properties including the point of zero charge. this study attempts to determine the effect of phosphate sorption to a goethite surface and its subsequent influence on fe ( ii ) sorption. the objectives, specifically, were to quantify phosphate sorption on a goethite surface using colorimetric methods and to use mossbauer spectrometry to determine if electron transfer occurred after a layer of phosphate was adsorbed to the goethite surface. the hypothesis of this study is as follows : an adsorbed layer of phosphate on a goethite surface will inhibit the electron transfer between the fe ( ii ) and fe ( iii ) phases at the surface. the results of the study showed that phosphate follows typical anion sorption as seen in previous works, where more phosphate sorbed at lower ph values. in addition, with increasing aqueous phosphate concentrations there is increasing phosphate adsorption to the goethite surface. however, phosphate sorption was not significantly affected by reaction time after 20 hours or by changes in fe ( ii ) concentrations. fe ( ii ) sorption ph edges showed characteristic cation adsorption, where more fe ( ii ) sorbed at higher ph values. fe ( ii ) sorption was not affected by the presence or absence of phosphate, but was affected by an increase in the aqueous fe ( ii ) concentration. with increased fe ( ii ) there was a ph edge shift to a higher ph, which is consistent with ca2 + sorption results on goethite. an fe ( ii ) isotherm was also conducted and showed that as fe ( ii ) concentration increased so did fe ( ii ) sorption, however the isotherm appeared to be approaching a plateau where the goethite surface sites would be saturated, below this limit the surface sites where not saturated. moss


will redd make a difference? arild angelsen of the norwegian university of life sciences and cifor gives a ‘ cynical optimist ’ s ’ view on whether redd will work. redd is not only a buzzword in climate negotiations. the mechanism – and the potentially large amount of money and policy reforms associated with it – might become the tallest landmark in modern forest conservation history. redd is based on a simple idea : reward individuals, communities, firms, projects and countries that reduce forest - related greenhouse gas ( ghg ) emissions. according to the proponents it has a huge potential ( one - fifth of current global ghg emissions ), is cheap ( many deforestation and degradation activities are only marginally profitable ), can be done quickly ( ‘ stroke - of - pen ’ reforms and no new technologies needed ), and produce win - win - win outcomes ( climate, biodiversity and livelihood benefits ). contrast this optimism with the dismal record of the tropical forestry action plan, a very mixed history of forestry and forest conservation projects, continuously high deforestation over several decades, and the temptations ( read : corruption ) that big money tends to generate. the most important question to be asked about redd is thus : why should we succeed this time? to achieve the main aim – reduced emissions – redd must succeed at different levels. first, at the international level, sufficient funding must be mobilized, and sound mechanisms established to channel funding to countries. the post - 2012 climate protocol to be agreed on at cop 15 in copenhagen ( or at later meetings ), must include redd and significant funding mechanisms. although all countries may have an interest in minimizing climate change, the interests in the global negotiations are divergent. one common assumption is that rich countries should pay poor countries to reduce forestry emissions. looking at it cynically, as i ’ m trained to do as an economist, poor countries have an interest in maximizing funding received while doing as little as possible about their deforestation and degradation. rich ( annex i ) countries have the opposite interest : they want as much “ bang for their buck ” as possible, including some costs to be borne by redd countries themselves. rich countries also want to use redd ( and mitigation in poor countries generally ) to partially offset their domestic emissions reduction targets. this leads to a distributional game about ‘ who will pay how much for what ’. should, for example, middle income countries such as brazil, mexico, gabon and malaysia not assume higher responsibilities and commitments than


partially offset their domestic emissions reduction targets. this leads to a distributional game about ‘ who will pay how much for what ’. should, for example, middle income countries such as brazil, mexico, gabon and malaysia not assume higher responsibilities and commitments than poor nations like drc, tanzania and laos? being labeled as poor ( non - annex i ) can be lucrative. this game is the most serious hurdle for progress in climate negotiations. second, at the national level, the redd money received must be used to undertake policy reforms and create incentive mechanisms that deliver real emissions reductions. many actors will be seeking redd rents – and ‘ rent seeking ’ is the root cause of corruption. good governance reforms won ’ t come easy and we know from the aid and conditionality experience that aid is not effective as a means to buy political ( or policy ) reforms. redd success therefore hinges on domesticallydriven democratic reforms. effective redd policies must also be identified and designed. many foresee that redd can be simply an upscale of payment for ecosystem services ( pes ) systems, to make forest conservation profitable by paying those that reduce deforestation and degradation. but implementing pes down to village, household and firm levels is information - intensive and costly. more importantly, many deforestation hotspots are characterized by unclear land rights and weak access controls. who are to be paid in those situations? pes systems will therefore have to be complemented by old - fashioned forest conservation and broader policy reforms. will redd make a significant difference in climate change mitigation? i choose to be an optimist, and can see some grounds for this stance. first, increasing evidence of climate change impacts will make international negotiators and political leaders more focused on action than on who should pay. second, redd has sufficient momentum to generate substantial international funding. third, many watchdogs create awareness of any mismanagement, corruption and inefficient uses of redd money. fourth, international redd payment will – much more than development aid – be linked to performance and measureable results. and finally, many good brains and practitioners are working hard to find innovative ways of making redd come true. in 10 years, i think we will probably look back and say : in spite of – and partly because of - our sound initial skepticism, redd actually came to make a real difference!


child sexual abuse is a relentless cycle, impacting generation after generation of children, families and communities. over 500, 000 children are sexually abused each year. this cycle of abuse has existed uninterrupted for so long that it ’ s likely everybody knows someone who is a victim of child sexual abuse. to make matters worse, our response to child sexual abuse has been primarily victim - focused ; triggering a system response only after a child has been exposed. the joseph j peters institute ( jjpi ) believes that in addition to clinical services to treat the outcomes of abuse, there is a need for prevention and intervention programs to stop child sexual abuse before it occurs. in 1999, jjpi became a site sponsor for a national non - profit organization whose approach shifts the responsibility for the prevention of child sexual abuse from children to adults. while that collaboration worked well, jjpi still saw a need for a multi - dimensional curriculum of programs that address the issue of prevention and intervention across a broad spectrum of ages, developmental levels, populations and self - interests. in 2006, jjpi prevention services was created to serve that purpose. jjpi prevention services supports a focus on adult education to prevent child sexual abuse. we provide a continuous investment of time and materials in programs that educate adults how to recognize sexual behavior directed towards children, and how to act to stop it. that ’ s immediate real - time prevention. a more difficult task is how to prevent adults from directing sexual behaviors towards children in the first place. jjpi prevention services has created workshop programs and educational materials that invest in the healthy sexual development of the next generation – today ’ s children and adolescents. we look at the sexual and social development cycle of children to identify areas where intervention can most effectively correct inappropriate sexual behaviors before they become problematic sexual development. we also address the impact that sexual exposure and over - sexualized environments have on children. as adults it is our responsibility to educate ourselves and become comfortable talking about the issue of sex and sexuality. doing so allows us to provide our children with accurate knowledge, affirm and validate their individual stages of sexual development, and help them to make acceptable and healthy choices about their own sexual behavior. jjpi prevention services continues to provide community outreach with a broad curriculum of programs that support the capacities of individuals and communities to prevent child sexual abuse. our goal is to join with and facilitate community organizations in addressing the problem of child sexual abuse locally, by applying community - generated approaches and strategies. each community ’ s need, capacity, and resource structure is unique, so we


one minute, dan ' s voice sounds normal. the next minute, he can barely get through a sentence without his voice sounding like it ' s out of control : high one minute, low the next, then high again. it ' s not a cold or a sore throat. in fact, everything feels normal — but nothing sounds right. dan ' s voice is changing. it ' s one of the many developments that happen to both girls and guys when they reach puberty. a guy ' s voice gets way deeper than a girl ' s, though. what causes my voice to change? at puberty, guys ' bodies begin producing a lot of the hormone testosterone ( pronounced : tes - tahs - tuh - rone ), which causes changes in several parts of the body, including the voice. for starters, a guy ' s larynx ( pronounced : lar - inks ), also known as the voice box, grows bigger. the larynx, which is located in the throat at the top of the trachea ( pronounced : tray - kee - ah ) or windpipe, is like a hollow tube about 2 inches ( 5 centimeters ) high. the larynx is responsible for creating the sound of your voice. stretched across your larynx are two muscles, your vocal cords, which are kind of like rubber bands. when you breathe, your vocal cords relax against the walls of the larynx and completely open to allow air to get in and out of your lungs. when you speak, though, your vocal cords close together by stretching across the larynx. air from your lungs is then forced out between your vocal cords, causing them to vibrate and produce the tone of your voice. when you lower your voice, your vocal cords are relaxed and more floppy. when you make your voice higher, your vocal cords tighten. ( you can notice this difference in how they feel as you adjust your speech. ) as your larynx grows, your vocal cords grow longer and thicker. also, your facial bones begin to grow. cavities in the sinuses, the nose, and the back of the throat grow bigger, creating more space in the face that gives your voice more room to echo. all of these factors cause your voice to get deeper. think of a guitar. when a thin string is plucked, it vibrates and produces a high - sounding tone. when a thicker string is plucked, it sounds much deeper when it vibrates. that ' s kind of what


voice to get deeper. think of a guitar. when a thin string is plucked, it vibrates and produces a high - sounding tone. when a thicker string is plucked, it sounds much deeper when it vibrates. that ' s kind of what happens to your voice. before your growth spurt, your larynx is relatively small and your vocal cords are relatively thin. so your voice is high and kid - like. but as bones, cartilage, and vocal cords grow, your voice starts to sound like an adult ' s. along with all the other changes in your body, you might notice that your throat area looks a little different. for guys, when the larynx grows bigger, it tilts to a different angle inside the neck. part of it sticks out in the part of the neck at the front of the throat and forms the adam ' s apple. for girls, the larynx also grows bigger but not as much as a guy ' s. that ' s why girls don ' t have adam ' s apples. while your body is getting used to these changes, your voice can be difficult to control. a guy ' s voice " cracks " or " breaks " because his body is getting used to the changing size of his larynx. fortunately, the cracking and breaking is only temporary. it usually lasts no longer than a few months. and even during that time, your voice won ' t crack every time you speak. some guys ' voices might drop gradually, whereas others ' might drop quickly. you may feel concerned, stressed, or embarrassed about the sound of your voice, but people usually understand — especially friends or brothers who ' ve gone through it, too. everyone goes through it, and once it happens, it takes a while to adjust to your larger larynx and the new sound of your voice. when will my voice change? you may have noticed that some of your friends have cracking and breaking voices, some might already have deep voices, and some still have the same voice they ' ve always had. everyone ' s timetable is different, so some voices might start to change earlier and some might start a little later. generally, a guy ' s voice will start to change somewhere between the ages of 11 and 15 — although it can be earlier or later for some. it all depends on when a guy goes through puberty, and some normal guys enter puberty earlier or later than others. how deep will my voice get? how deep a guy ' s voice gets depends on his


bee, or honeybee, is the word many people use to describe any flying insect that has wings and a stinger. but honeybees are really only one of a group of insects that includes other bees, wasps, and ants. bees are fuzzy insects that feed on flowers. there are thousands of different types of bees worldwide, and they can be many different colors. the most familiar kind of bee is the honeybee. these bees build nests out of wax in old trees and manmade hives ( like the ones that beekeepers take care of ) and spend a lot of their time collecting nectar and pollen from flowers. then they turn the nectar into honey for food. wasps are closely related to bees, but instead of only feeding on pollen and honey, wasps eat animal food, other insects, or spiders. they are not fuzzy like bees, but seem kind of smooth and shiny, and they have skinnier bodies. there are also thousands of different types of wasps in the world. two common types of wasps are bald - faced hornets and yellow jackets. bald - faced hornets are black with white markings, and they build papery nests shaped like footballs in trees and shrubs. yellow jackets have yellow and black stripes on their bodies and are smaller than hornets and honeybees. they make their nests in the ground or in old tree stumps. ants are small insects that can be brown, black, or red. some have wings and others don ' t. some ants can sting, like the fire ant. fire ants are tiny and reddish - brown and live in nests under the ground. what a sting looks and feels like honeybees, wasps, hornets, fire ants, and yellow jackets may look different and have different homes, but they all sting when they are upset! if a person is stung by any of these insects, the sting will feel a lot like a shot at the doctor ' s office. the site of the sting will feel hot and it may itch. a red bump surrounded by white skin will develop around the sting, except for the sting of the fire ant, which turns into an itchy blister. wasps and many bees can sting more than once because they are able to pull out their stinger without injuring themselves. only honeybees have special hooks on their stinger that keep the stinger in the skin after a person is stung. the stinger gets torn out of the bee ' s body as it tries to fly away. as a result, the honeybee dies after stinging. if you


on their stinger that keep the stinger in the skin after a person is stung. the stinger gets torn out of the bee ' s body as it tries to fly away. as a result, the honeybee dies after stinging. if you think you have been stung by one of these insects, tell an adult immediately. some people are allergic to stings from insects. the symptoms of an allergic reaction include hives ( red patches on the skin that sting and itch ), nausea, dizziness, a tight feeling in the throat, or difficulty breathing. if these symptoms occur, the person needs medical attention right away. but more often, you can follow these steps after getting stung : have an adult help you remove the stinger, if one is left behind after a honeybee sting. ( it doesn ' t really matter how it ' s removed. what is important is that it ' s removed as quickly as possible. ) wash the area with soap and water. apply some ice to the area. ask your mom or dad for a pain reliever. what a doctor will do call the doctor if you or your parent have concerns about the redness, swelling, or itching. sometimes, the doctor will suggest giving a medicine called an antihistamine to control these symptoms. if someone has an allergic reaction to a bee sting, a doctor must immediately give a shot that fights the reaction. people who know that they are allergic to bee stings also sometimes carry emergency medicine that they can give to themselves to prevent a severe reaction from happening. how to avoid getting stung if you know you are allergic to bees or other insects, you ' ll want to take extra steps to avoid getting bitten or stung. you may want to avoid places where they spend time, like gardens or orchards in bloom. no one likes to get stung, so here ' s some advice for everyone : wear shoes outdoors. don ' t disturb hives or insect nests. don ' t wear sweet - smelling perfume, lotions, or hair products. avoid bright - colored or flower - printed clothing. cover food when eating outdoors. be careful when outside with open soda cans because yellow jackets like to climb inside for a sip. watch out for garbage cans because they attract bees and yellow jackets. if a bee or wasp flies around you, stay calm and don ' t swat at it. if you get stung, tell an adult and go indoors right away.


caused by the varicella - zoster virus ( vzv ), chickenpox used to be a common illness among kids in the united states ( particularly among those under age 12 ). an itchy rash of spots that look like blisters can appear all over the body and be accompanied by flu - like symptoms. chickenpox is very contagious, so an infected child should stay home and rest until the rash is gone. kids can be protected from vzv by getting the chickenpox ( varicella ) vaccine. the vaccine significantly reduces the chances of getting chickenpox. vaccinated kids who do get chickenpox tend to have milder cases and quicker recoveries compared to those who contract the virus and aren ' t immunized. chickenpox often starts with a fever, headache, sore throat, or stomachache. these symptoms may last for a few days, with fever in the 101° - 102°f ( 38. 3° - 38. 8°c ) range. chickenpox causes a red, itchy skin rash that usually appears first on the abdomen or back and face, and then spreads to almost everywhere else on the body, including the scalp, mouth, arms, legs, and genitals. the rash begins as multiple small red bumps that look like pimples or insect bites, usually less than a quarter of an inch wide. they appear in crops over 2 to 4 days and develop into thin - walled blisters filled with fluid. the blister walls break, leaving open sores, which finally crust over to become dry, brown scabs. the rash is very itchy, and cool baths or calamine lotion may help to manage the itching. a hallmark of chickenpox is that all stages ( red bumps, blisters, and scabs ) can appear on the body at the same time. the rash may be more extensive or severe in kids who have skin disorders like eczema, or weak immune systems. young kids tend to have a mild illness with fewer blisters than older children or adults. in rare cases, serious bacterial infections involving the skin, lungs, bones, joints, and the brain can occur. anyone who has had chickenpox is at risk for developing a skin condition called shingles ( herpes zoster ) later in life. that ' s because after an infection, vzv remains inactive in nerve cells near the spinal cord and reactivates later as


relieve the itchiness, fever, and discomfort of chickenpox : use cool wet compresses or give baths in cool or lukewarm water every 3 to 4 hours for the first few days. oatmeal bath products, available at supermarkets and drugstores, can help to relieve itching. ( baths do not spread the rash. ) pat ( don ' t rub ) the body dry. put calamine lotion on itchy areas ( but don ' t use it on the face, especially near the eyes ). serve foods that are cold, soft, and bland because chickenpox in the mouth can make drinking or eating difficult. avoid feeding your child anything highly acidic or especially salty, like orange juice or pretzels. ask your doctor or pharmacist about pain - relieving creams to apply to sores in the genital area. give your child acetaminophen regularly to help relieve pain if your child has mouth blisters. ask the doctor about using over - the - counter medication for itching. never use aspirin to reduce pain or fever in kids with chickenpox because aspirin has been associated with the serious disease reye syndrome, which can lead to liver failure and even death. as much as possible, discourage kids from scratching. this can be difficult for them, so consider putting mittens or socks on your child ' s hands to prevent scratching during sleep. in addition, trim fingernails and keep them clean to help lessen the effects of scratching, including broken blisters and infection. most chickenpox infections require no special medical treatment. but sometimes, there are problems. call the doctor if your child : has fever that lasts for more than 4 days or rises above 102°f ( 38. 8°c ) has a severe cough or trouble breathing has an area of rash that leaks pus ( thick, yellowish fluid ) or becomes red, warm, swollen, or sore has a severe headache is unusually drowsy or has trouble waking up has trouble looking at bright lights has difficulty walking seems very ill or is vomiting has a stiff neck call your doctor if you think your child has chickenpox and you have a question or are concerned about a possible complication. the doctor can guide you in watching for complications and in choosing medication to relieve itching. if you take your child to the doctor, let the office know in advance that your child might have chickenpox. it ' s important to try to avoid exposing other kids in


" come on! all of us are cutting math. who wants to go take that quiz? we ' re going to take a walk and get lunch instead. let ' s go! " says the coolest kid in your class. do you do what you know is right and go to math class, quiz and all? or do you give in and go with them? as you grow older, you ' ll be faced with some challenging decisions. some don ' t have a clear right or wrong answer — like should you play soccer or field hockey? other decisions involve serious moral questions, like whether to cut class, try cigarettes, or lie to your parents. making decisions on your own is hard enough, but when other people get involved and try to pressure you one way or another it can be even harder. people who are your age, like your classmates, are called peers. when they try to influence how you act, to get you to do something, it ' s called peer pressure. it ' s something everyone has to deal with — even adults. let ' s talk about how to handle it. defining peer pressure peers influence your life, even if you don ' t realize it, just by spending time with you. you learn from them, and they learn from you. it ' s only human nature to listen to and learn from other people in your age group. peers can have a positive influence on each other. maybe another student in your science class taught you an easy way to remember the planets in the solar system or someone on the soccer team taught you a cool trick with the ball. you might admire a friend who is always a good sport and try to be more like him or her. maybe you got others excited about your new favorite book, and now everyone ' s reading it. these are examples of how peers positively influence each other every day. sometimes peers influence each other in negative ways. for example, a few kids in school might try to get you to cut class with them, your soccer friend might try to convince you to be mean to another player and never pass her the ball, or a kid in the neighborhood might want you to shoplift with him. why do people give in to peer pressure? some kids give in to peer pressure because they want to be liked, to fit in, or because they worry that other kids might make fun of them if they don ' t go along with the group. others go along because they are curious to try something new that others are doing. the idea that " everyone ' s


to fit in, or because they worry that other kids might make fun of them if they don ' t go along with the group. others go along because they are curious to try something new that others are doing. the idea that " everyone ' s doing it " can influence some kids to leave their better judgment, or their common sense, behind. it is tough to be the only one who says " no " to peer pressure, but you can do it. paying attention to your own feelings and beliefs about what is right and wrong can help you know the right thing to do. inner strength and self - confidence can help you stand firm, walk away, and resist doing something when you know better. it can really help to have at least one other peer, or friend, who is willing to say " no, " too. this takes a lot of the power out of peer pressure and makes it much easier to resist. it ' s great to have friends with values similar to yours who will back you up when you don ' t want to do something. you ' ve probably had a parent or teacher advise you to " choose your friends wisely. " peer pressure is a big reason why they say this. if you choose friends who don ' t use drugs, cut class, smoke cigarettes, or lie to their parents, then you probably won ' t do these things either, even if other kids do. try to help a friend who ' s having trouble resisting peer pressure. it can be powerful for one kid to join another by simply saying, " i ' m with you — let ' s go. " even if you ' re faced with peer pressure while you ' re alone, there are still things you can do. you can simply stay away from peers who pressure you to do stuff you know is wrong. you can tell them " no " and walk away. better yet, find other friends and classmates to pal around with. if you continue to face peer pressure and you ' re finding it difficult to handle, talk to someone you trust. don ' t feel guilty if you ' ve made a mistake or two. talking to a parent, teacher, or school counselor can help you feel much better and prepare you for the next time you face peer pressure. powerful, positive peer pressure peer pressure is not always a bad thing. for example, positive peer pressure can be used to pressure bullies into acting better toward other kids. if enough kids get together, peers can pressure each other into doing what ' s right!


i ' m interested in learning the basics of nanotechnology, in particular, how nano - scale materials are constructed. what kinds of equipment are used? how are samples evaluated? etc. does anyone have any recommendations? asked jul 27 ' 11 at 14 : 43 according to bestintrobook. com it ' s fundamentals of microfabrication and nanotechnology, third edition by marc j. madou. answered aug 01 ' 11 at 19 : 41 nanotechnology by far is a insanely complex science, borderline artform. i have two recommendations for books which you can find as pdf downloads around the place : title : nano, the essentials, understanding nanoscience and nanotechnology by : t paradeep published : tata mcgraw - hill publishing, new delhi title : nano - engineering in science and technology, an introduction to the world of nano - design by : michael rieth published : world scientific the first book appears to touch on all points of ' nano ' in some depth, however the second book does a really good job at explaining what is happening on the atomic level. both books thus, talk about the machinery and applications of nanotech, but obviously there is no way they could tell you how to manufacture nanotech. honestly though, it is simply a watch - in - awe kind of science as actually doing anything in nanotech is technically impossible without serious financial backing ( and a degree : p ) answered aug 03 ' 11 at 02 : 32 the book that really worked for me, although an older tome, now, was k. eric drexler ' s " engines of creation, the coming age of nanotechnology ". in this volume, unlike some of his subsequent publications, drexler gives a clear, and easy to understand background for nanotech. drexler takes great pains to discuss both the benefits and ( rather scary ) possible negative side - effects of nanotechnology. i ' ve purchased this book six or seven times, and passed it on to others, in hopes of kicking around the ideas therein... but it ' s never been returned. clearly, i find this book worth reading, and have read it many times. answered aug 05 ' 11 at 11 : 48 nanotechnology for dummies?? i haven ' t read it, but the dummies series books are generally good starter books. answered jan 19 ' 12 at 15 : 04


july 7, 2008 bhopal 25 years later an article entitled " decades later, toxic sludge torments bhopal " in the new york times today by somini sengupta, discusses the continuing aftermath of the union carbide bhopal disaster. the failure to clean up the mess left by the disaster is attributed both to the failure of the company and that of indian government bureaucracy. the article reports : beyond who will pay for the cleanup here, the question is why 425 tons of hazardous waste — some local advocates allege there is a great deal more, buried in the factory grounds — remain here 24 years after the leak? there are many answers. the company was allowed to dump the land on the government before it was cleaned up. lawsuits by advocacy groups are still winding their way through the courts. and a network of often lethargic, seemingly apathetic government agencies do not always coordinate with one another. local children play in a " pond " filled with chemical sludge. the ground water tastes of chemicals and corrodes utensils. sungupta reports that dow chemical, which bought union carbide in 2001, denies successor liability for cleaning up the mess. the indian government is split as to what it wants dow to do, with some arms of the government wanting the company to put money towards cleanup, and others fearing that too much pressure on the company will quell other investments by the company in india. trackback url for this entry : listed below are links to weblogs that reference bhopal 25 years later :


the human body is designed to move the human body was designed to move. it is no wonder that people look and feel their best when they are eating and exercising on a routine basis. according to the ( cdc ) centers for disease control and prevention, regular physical activity helps improve your overall health and fitness, and reduces your risk for many chronic diseases. before beginning any fitness program, all adults ages 16 - 69 should take the ( acsm ) american college of sports medicine, ( par - q ) physical activity readiness questionnaire. once you ’ ve assessed your fitness levels and / or have the “ green light ” from your family doctor, it ’ s time to get moving! the ( cdc ) says that including regular exercise into your daily schedule may seem difficult at first, but the 2008 physical activity guidelines for americans are more flexible than ever, giving you the freedom to reach your physical activity goals through different types and amounts of activities each week. it ' s easier than you think! the let ’ s move outside! erie county recreational passport encourages residents and visitors to be a healthy tourist and promotes 10 of the county ' s walking / hiking trails. but erie county offers much more than ten outdoor adventures. search the let ’ s get moving webpage, where you ’ ll find ways to keep active all yearlong. there you ’ ll find listings of locally grown fresh food, parks and public playgrounds, annual walks / runs and much more. you won ’ t want to miss out on all of the ways you can enjoy recreation and fitness in erie county! courtesy of the erie county department of health


... making linux just a little more fun! from jimmy o ' regan answered by : jason creighton, thomas adam, ben okopnik, kapil hari paranjape perl linux. a distribution where everything, except the kernel and perl, is written in perl. [ jason ] lufs ( linux userspace file systems ) : it ' s designed to allow you to write filesystem drivers for linux in userspace. ( you ' d never guess it from the name. ) bindings for python : i don ' t know of there ' s any for perl, but i wouldn ' t be surprised. [ ben ] wow. weird. i ' m very familiar with the perl power tools ( essentially, the gnu toolkit for unix reimplemented in perl ) - in fact, i recommend them to my students as a bunch of well - written code to study ; i also think it ' s a really good idea of the same kind as having a statically - compiled shell. an entire perl - based distro, though? is there a point to straining a camel through the eye of a needle? i mean, cool that it can be done... but you end up with pureed camel, and who wants that? messy. contrary to popular belief, the mascot ' s name is not " ocaml ". sheesh. [ thomas ] depends how you say it. usually with perl, it is with heavy surprise with lots of skepticism thrown in for good measure. [ ben ] well, the way people seems to usually " learn " perl ( i. e., by looking at somebody ' s horrible code, figuring " i can do that! ", and proceeding to do exactly that ), i ' d think it ' s more like " prayerfully, with a quiver in the voice and tears running down the cheeks ". people who learn it the right way - i. e., by reading and following the documentation and learning from good examples ( e. g., ppt, nms ( http : / / nms - cgi. sourceforge. net ), etc. ) - say it with a rising inflection, sorta singing the last part, and usually follow it up with a whistle. " o caaaa - mel! [ whistle ] heeere, camel - camel - camel! " it always comes running and wagging its tail when properly invoked. beware the flea


last part, and usually follow it up with a whistle. " o caaaa - mel! [ whistle ] heeere, camel - camel - camel! " it always comes running and wagging its tail when properly invoked. beware the fleas, though. snipping some light - heartedness, somehow the topic changed to window managers. - - thomas adam [ thomas ] don ' t use kde, then. [ ben ] it ' s certainly one of the major reasons that i don ' t. my current machine has plenty of disk, memory, and cpu for kde to gratuitously throw in the trash ( oops - was that my ' out - loud ' voice? darn ), but i refuse to put up with the micr0s0ft - style blinkenlights philosophy of the interface ( " fear not, small human creature ; kde has decided on everything you ' ll want and need, and will provide it for you. " ). [ thomas ] it does have " wizards " or the equivalent so that even the complete clueless can give it a go. [ ben ] what, to handle the configuration end? nothing special there ; icewm, e. g., has " icepref " that does much the same thing. i ' m very much a fan of " vi " as a configuration wizard, myself, but others may differ. i dislike the standard redhat install for the same reasons ( it ' s a minor dislike, but that ' s the reason for it. ) [ thomas ] sigh. i agree. i liked it more when rh4 and the subsequent rh5 release used fvwm. they now use gnome, which is arguably better imo, than kde. qt is horrible. [ ben ] icewm is small, fast, and lacks nothing in features that i want from a wm. from thomas ' previous rantings, i gather that fvwm is much the same sort of thing. it ' s like having a spoon that you bought for a quarter ; [... ] [ thomas ] kind of. but there are a lot of things fvwm does that icewm does not, and while i am not going to outline the individual merits of each, you cannot, for instance, in icewm do event actions. and while i have used icewm, it just doesn ' t have..., well, it lacks something. [ ben ]