survey telescope of astonishing capability. the 8. 4 - meter telescope, equipped with a 3 - gigapixel digital camera, will scan the skies every few nights to pick up moving objects or transient events. but even the lsst will have trouble picking up asteroids as small as the one that impacted the atmosphere over russia last week. it will take decades of work ( right ) before the lsst has catalogued the vast majority of much larger objects — those 140 meters and up — thereby meeting nasa ’ s next asteroid - detection goal. if an asteroid were detected years in advance, the world ’ s governments could take corrective action — detonating, nudging or tugging a hazardous object onto a safer orbit. the asteroid terrestrial - impact last alert system ( atlas ) has a much simpler goal : detect asteroids just weeks before impact so as to warn or evacuate the threatened areas. atlas, which will comprise several small telescopes in hawaii, is in development with financial assistance from nasa and may be operational by 2015. its planners estimate that a 50 - meter “ city killer ” could be detected one week ahead of impact. the nonprofit b612 foundation recently unveiled its plans to build the sentinel space telescope, an asteroid spotter that would scan the inner solar system in the infrared from an orbit similar to the planet venus. if the foundation can raise the hundreds of millions of dollars needed to build sentinel, the spacecraft would launch in 2018 and make quick work of the truly dangerous asteroids out there. the sentinel mission design calls for a telescope that would catalogue 90 percent of neas bigger than 140 meters over its 6. 5 - year mission. according to a recent statement from b612, the sentinel would also spot more than half of the currently undiscovered asteroids larger than about 50 meters. with limited resources, asteroid spotters have naturally focused on the largest asteroids that could cause the most mayhem. but the smaller, more frequent arrivals to our planet are likely to remain unpredictable for the foreseeable future. on the bright side, no deaths have been reported as a result of the chelyabinsk incident, and the odds of the next significant meteor exploding over such a populous area are slim. and, fortunately, impacts on the scale of the chelyabinsk meteor are predicted to occur only once a century. so perhaps humankind will have figured out better techniques for discovery and tracking by the time the next one comes our way.


posted by frank mccoskergeneral manager, global strategic accounts “ if you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. if you talk to him in his language, that goes to his heart ”. the language of our thoughts and our emotions is our most valuable asset. source : ms irina bokova, director - general of unesco, on the occasion of international mother language day 2012 today one of our partners, the united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization ( unesco ) celebrates international mother language day, which aims to promote linguistic and cultural diversity and multilingualism. i wanted to take this opportunity to highlight the urgency of the situation and what microsoft is doing to promote the use of mother tongue languages while also making technology more accessible for speakers of those languages. with the launch of windows 8, we have added 13 extra languages to our range of language interface packs ( lips ), bringing the total number of languages supported by windows 8 and office 365 to 108. downloadable free of charge, lips enable the user to install a local language version as a " skin " on top of an existing installation of the windows operating system and standard microsoft office system applications. promoting access to mother languages is crucial to ensuring the survival of people ’ s common, living heritage. it is linguistic and cultural ties that strengthen communities and promote cohesion. this is the largest number of languages we ’ ve ever supported, and the 13 new languages have a potential reach of 130 million speakers. these include speakers of languages in emerging markets, like wolof in senegal, and punjabi in pakistan, which are widely spoken but hardly used in new technologies. with approximately 60 or so languages dominating the internet, including speakers of these languages in technology is a way of providing a voice to communities. more accessible technology also strengthens the local it economy, increases individual productivity, and stimulates activity in local businesses and governments. it also includes countries where a widespread language like english is the official language, giving native speakers the option to use technology in their mother tongue. the 60, 000 speakers of maori in new zealand and the 16, 000 speakers of cherokee in the us now have this option. see unesco ’ s atlas of the world ' s languages in danger to find out where such languages exist. this expansion was made possible by the microsoft local language program ( llp ), which provides people access to technology in a familiar language while respecting linguistic and cultural distinctions. for each language, every one of the 3, 000 terms used in the interface goes through an independent verification


possible by the microsoft local language program ( llp ), which provides people access to technology in a familiar language while respecting linguistic and cultural distinctions. for each language, every one of the 3, 000 terms used in the interface goes through an independent verification process. this means that each word has been debated and agreed upon by experts, providing not only a tangible directory of terms to use as a basis for translations, but also a historical archive of terminology from a language that may not exist in centuries to come. the microsoft llp also includes a number of special features, all for free. microsoft translator, for example, provides real time translation for 40 languages, including a language as limited in reach as hmong spoken in laos by a mere 170, 000 people. in spain, the microsoft llp partnered with unesco to enable students in basque country, valencia, galicia and catalonia to learn, communicate and create in their local language as well as spanish while gaining important 21st century skills. the program enables 17 million people - - 40 % of the population - - to access technology in their native language. watch a video on how the program has helped to improve educational outcomes and academic results here. the impact of the microsoft llp ’ s efforts to broaden access is two - fold - as well as helping to preserve languages and cultural identities, using technology in these languages helps them to evolve and develop, pushing them to modernize and stay relevant in the modern age.


why would a city pay to force its residents to ingest nocuous industrial waste for no reason? that ’ s what the reams of documents on fluoridating water, the conflicting claims and counter - claims threatening to bury city council, boil down to. i was horrified to find out where the fluoride added to our drinking water comes from : it ’ s an industrial derivative called hydrofluorosilicic acid, and it comes from the scrubbers of smokestacks at fertilizer factories. as dr. hardy limeback writes in a letter to council, “ i find it absurd that industrial toxic waste is shipped to the water treatment plants in large tanker trucks and trickled into the drinking water of major cities in north america. ” limeback is a dentist and former head of preventative dentistry at the faculty of dentistry at the university of toronto who has studied the effects of fluoride on teeth and bone. he also served on the u. s. national academy of sciences subcommittee on fluoride in drinking water. he ’ s not a crank. he was a leading authority on fluoride who was often cited by health officials defending fluoridation – until he could no longer ignore the research. in 1999, he changed his position and apologized to his faculty and students, saying he had “ unintentionally misled ” them. why did he change his mind? “ i was initially concerned with the chronic accumulation of fluoride in teeth causing dental fluorosis and in bone causing changes in our skeletal system, which was the focus of my research at the university of toronto, ” he told me in an interview, “ but then i found out industrial waste was being used to fluoridate the drinking water. the chemicals used in over 90 per cent of cities in north america are fluorosilicates : they are contaminated with cancer - causing arsenic and radioactive particles and have never been tested for safety in humans. ” fluorosis is irreversible scarring or mottling on children ’ s teeth, and it has increased significantly in north america. no one, not even proponents of fluoridation, disputes that it ’ s caused by fluoride. limeback calls it a biomarker for fluoride poisoning. the main source is fluoridated water. it ’ s worse in cities with fluoridated water, and it decreases in cities that stop adding fluoride to their water. municipalities in new hampshire are required to put warnings on their water bills about


source is fluoridated water. it ’ s worse in cities with fluoridated water, and it decreases in cities that stop adding fluoride to their water. municipalities in new hampshire are required to put warnings on their water bills about fluorosis. if fluoride damages tooth enamel, it made sense to question whether or not it also damages bone, limeback reasoned. indeed, studies suggest that fluoride accumulates in bone with age, making it more brittle and increasing the risk of hip fractures in the elderly. fluoride has also been associated with lower iq, adverse effects on the thyroid and pineal glands and increased risk of bone cancer, and more studies have been recommended. the people conducting this research aren ’ t cranks, either. they ’ re from institutions like the national academy of sciences and national research council in the u. s. and the harvard school of public health. these studies are published in places like the journal of the american medical association. there are nobel laureates who oppose fluoridation. yet many public health officials, including local medical officer of health dr. allen heimann, continue to defend fluoridation, saying there “ needs to be very strong evidence ” to discontinue it. i prefer this argument by dr. james beck, a retired medical doctor in calgary who successfully lobbied his city ’ s council to stop adding fluoride to water : “ any minimally responsible health official would admit there are doubts ( about the safety of fluoride ), ” he told me, “ and even with these doubts, you keep giving this stuff to people until someone tells you with absolute certainty this is toxic? that doesn ’ t make sense. ” health officials, including heimann, warn of a rise in tooth decay if cities stop fluoridating. but fluoride ’ s effect is topical ; it helps prevent decay when it touches teeth, not when it ’ s ingested. and cavities have dropped dramatically in developed countries around the world regardless of whether they fluoridate ( most of europe doesn ’ t fluoridate ). this is because of fluoride toothpaste, milk fortified with vitamin d, penicillin that kills bacteria that cause decay, better oral hygiene and access to dental care. adding fluoride to drinking water, once thought to be the best way to ensure that everyone receives equal care, is now seen to pose unfair risks. some people, like construction workers and athletes in hot weather, drink a lot more water


care. adding fluoride to drinking water, once thought to be the best way to ensure that everyone receives equal care, is now seen to pose unfair risks. some people, like construction workers and athletes in hot weather, drink a lot more water. some, such as those with kidney failure, can ’ t excrete the fluoride properly. those with poor diets are believed to be more susceptible to the risks of fluoride. and some people can ’ t afford bottled water to avoid drinking fluoridated water. fluoride is classified in the u. s. as an “ unapproved drug, ” yet it is administered without consent, without warning about the risks, and its effects aren ’ t monitored. we ’ d never do that with any other drug. so why does the public health establishment continue to support fluoridation? “ to save face, ” according to limeback. “ everyone believes they are right because they are backed by so many other organizations that believe they are right. ” yet, he maintains, “ none of them do original research ( … clinical trials to prove safety ) and large portions of the fluoride toxicity literature ( are ) being ignored. ” limeback ’ s credibility and reputation were attacked when he changed his position. he retired from academia early because of his stand. so this is what city councillors in windsor are up against when they meet monday to debate whether to continue adding fluoride to our water. they need to remember what beck, the medical doctor, said : “ … even with these doubts, you keep giving this stuff to people until someone tells you with absolute certainty this is toxic? that doesn ’ t make sense. ” email @ example. com or 255 - 5587. follow me on twitter @ winstarjarvis.


on april 11th, our koto teachers, mr. patterson and ms. miyama did a presentation about japanese music with mr. patterson ’ s friend, mr. huebner. they talked about how different japanese music was to western music and played who pieces together. the koto was played by mr. patterson and ms. miyama, shakuhachi played by mr. huebner, and shamisen played by mr. patterson. out of 3 instruments, koto, shamisen, and the shakuhachi, my favorite instrument was the shakuhachi. first of all, i didn ’ t know what was shakuhachi until i saw the instrument itself so it was completely new to me which hooked me up. i was really amazed how there were more than 5 types of shakuhachis there were. some were long, short, and they sounded all differently. for example the koto has less types so it might mean that you can ’ t express the sounds in different ways as much as the shakuhachi. at the same time, the shakuhachi only has 5 finger holes while the koto has 13 strings. but mr. huebner told us how to change the sounds using blowing techniques and the placing of the lips. he demonstrated how the sound changed without using his fingers, but just using his lips and air. i learned that the closer the mouthpiece is to your mouth, the deeper the sound will be. the farther away it is played, the higher the pitch will be. these sound changes can be also done in koto by doing a press. one of the cool features that the shakuhachi has is that the sound sounds like the wind. so it can express the music well according to the genre. out of all the pieces they played, my favorite song was the kaze no uta. this song really matched to the shakuhachi because it expressed the different types of wind and the tone of the wind. some parts were played strongly and some were soft. the range of strong and soft were big so the dynamics were great. by listening to this piece, i learned that the shakuhachi can be rhythmical. to me, japanese music sounds like the feelings are expressed in sound. the change of the tone is the changes of the feeling of a person or a living animal. for example when the music is played soft, it means that the person is calm and relaxed. but when the music is played loudly and strongly, the person is mad or


take control of your health. subscribe to mediresource ’ s halitosis is also referred to as oral malodor, but most of us know it quite simply as " bad breath. " even though it ' s a comparatively minor health problem, bad breath can be distressing and a bit of a social handicap. it is not a wonder that we spend millions each year on efforts to freshen our breath with various gums, sprays, and mouthwashes. the most common cause of bad breath is the food you eat. garlic, onions, some kinds of fish, and diets rich in fat and meat can all result in halitosis. when these foods are digested, volatile substances or chemicals are absorbed into your bloodstream and are carried to your lungs where they are exhaled in your breath. in one study, rubbing garlic on the feet actually caused bad breath! the breakdown products of proteins in the body used for energy are exhaled through the lungs, and therefore missing meals, hunger, fasting, starvation, and low - calorie diets can also cause " hunger breath. " because there is no flow of saliva during sleep, putrefaction ( decomposition or rotting ) of saliva and debris in the mouth can lead to bad breath in the morning. halitosis is also caused by : taking certain medications can also cause bad breath, especially those that reduce the flow of saliva and dry out the mouth ( e. g., some antidepressants, antipsychotics, antihistamines, decongestants, and medications to reduce high blood pressure ). the awkward irony of halitosis is that many people aren ' t aware that they have it. this is because the cells in the nose that are responsible for the sense of smell actually become unresponsive to the continuous stream of bad odour. if you have bad breath, you may need to be told, or you may notice the negative reaction of other people when you ' re just too close!


olympians inspire and instruct “ we all have dreams. but in order to make dreams come into reality, it takes an awful lot of determination, dedication, self - discipline and effort. ” — jesse owens dave ramsey wrote recently, “ whether or not you ' re a sports fan, there ' s something about the olympics that brings out passion in all of us. for two weeks, we become super fans of these individuals who have spent thousands of hours becoming the best in the world at what they do. ” he pointed out, “ most of us will never perform in the olympics, but we all have something to learn from them. ” the first lesson is what it takes to be the best, as stated above by olympian jesse owens. i know we all took great pride in watching these young athletes, representing the united states and our future, compete with the world. and america came out on top. as they interviewed the “ fierce five ” after these young women had won a team gold in gymnastics, several shared how their dream of being an olympian had been born “ in 2004 when i watched carly patterson. ” that means they were just young children — and eight years later they were olympic gold medalists. dreams can come true fast. for some, the hurdles may be very difficult. ramsey points out that “ in 1960, wilma rudolph became the first american woman to win three gold medals in track and field during one olympic games. as a child, she was born premature and suffered from polio, which caused infantile paralysis. she wore a brace on her left leg until she was 9. at the rome olympics in 1960, she was called ' the fastest woman on earth. '? ” and of course, at the london games we witnessed the greatest olympian of all time, michael phelps, running his medal total to 22 — 18 of those gold. in beijing he won eight gold in eight events. you would think that is impossible to do, but then i heard him say that he swam every day for five years straight in preparing to win. he said he set goals and was willing to do what other people wouldn ' t do. and that ' s why he has a record 22 olympic medals. what are your dreams or goals? and are you truly committed and willing to sacrifice to achieve each goal? do you have a michael phelps kind of dedication? many want to “ try ” to be successful ; others “ train ” for it. michael phelps and these great olympians trained long before they arrived at the olympics and the starting line.


each goal? do you have a michael phelps kind of dedication? many want to “ try ” to be successful ; others “ train ” for it. michael phelps and these great olympians trained long before they arrived at the olympics and the starting line. and for those who didn ' t win — as you often heard — they reset their goals and begin another four years of training for the next opportunity. now that is inspiring and a lesson for us all. it takes talent to win speaking of talent, training, dedication and winning, tim barfield is a great example — and a great fellow. you don ' t find many like him who will leave the private sector — and top salary — to do public service once, much less twice. louisiana and gov. bobby jindal are fortunate. jindal convinced the former shaw group president in 2008 to join him and take on the job of transforming the labor department into the workforce commission. after completing that, he served as executive counsel for a short time, before returning to the private sector. jindal will take on a major issue next session — tax reform — and he knows getting the right quarterback to lead the department of revenue is essential. barfield is the man, and he will be paid $ 250, 000 a year, far below his private sector compensation, but twice what the former secretary was making. so, is rep. john bel edwards ( head of the democratic caucus ) really serious with his questions about the salary of tim barfield or just once again giving the advocate writers fodder to bash jindal? his response was so simple minded. did he complain to friends when the saints paid drew brees maybe 10 times more than quarterback chase daniels? i mean, they both are skilled and dedicated, play the same position, and practice hard. edwards said it seemed unfair that barfield, a former president of a fortune 500 company and attorney, would get more than the former department secretary, who was “ a long - term public servant. ” that is the old government / union / civil service philosophy : pay me based on my seniority, not my ability or production. that ' s part of the state ' s financial problem right there. edwards knows that in the legal profession the oldest lawyer in the firm may not always have the highest hourly rate. why doesn ' t every lawyer charge the same? if edwards had a brain tumor, would he question the charges for the neurosurgeon being higher than those of his family physician? c ' mon, john, let ' s be honest


. why doesn ' t every lawyer charge the same? if edwards had a brain tumor, would he question the charges for the neurosurgeon being higher than those of his family physician? c ' mon, john, let ' s be honest. you knew the answer to your question before you asked it. i wonder if edwards was one of those critics who screamed when then - lsu chancellor mark emmert went out and hired football coach nick saban at twice the salary of ex - coach gerry dinardo. those critics never said much after the first sec championship, followed by the national championship. ( were you one of those critics too? ) it seems like winning makes it all worth it. barfield is a winner. fruits of reform if you are wondering if reform can happen and really makes a difference, look at a few of the changes taking place now in our state due to recent legislation. these are all in addition to the statewide voucher program, which attracted more than 10, 000 applications. 1 ) louisiana received a record 26 applications for new charter schools this year, a five fold increase over the previous year. now, potential charter operators can apply directly to bese if their school district received a letter grade of d or f. the impact was immediate. the state received a total of 49 charter applications. state superintendent john white says during the 2011 - 2012 school year more than 44, 000 students attended 98 charter schools in louisiana. from 2010 to 2011, charter schools outpaced all schools in louisiana for gains in performance scores, gaining an average of 6 points compared to the 2 - point gain of all schools. of the 26 new applications received, 85 % were from d or f school districts and 81 % were from areas of high priority in the state. 2 ) performance - based evaluations begin. starting this year, the state will begin evaluating teachers using a new model, called compass, that includes value - added evaluation. ( the new tenure system passed in 2012 will be linked to this evaluation system. ) of the final score, 50 % is quantitative, based on student achievement. evaluators will work alongside teachers throughout the year, providing ongoing feedback to support their improvement. 3 ) “ course choice ” and workforce development get a boost. this legislation is a first and is transformational, particularly as it relates to workforce development. businesses can now apply to be an official course provider for k - 12 education, to design and deliver training and receive mfp dollars for their efforts. “ students today are too often limited by what


i scream, you scream, esl classes scream for ice cream are there young people who do not like ice cream? probably, but for the most part ice cream is a favored treat among young people from all areas of the globe. you can use this natural affinity for the frozen dairy product to liven up your esl class with some activities centered around the chilly treat! following are reading, writing, listening and speaking activities that involve the shiveringly good snack, ice cream. how to proceed a rainbow of flavors if your students like ice cream as much as most young people do, this first activity will energize and excite them. working together as a class or in groups of four to five students, ask your class to brainstorm as many ice cream flavors as they can. they can include flavors for sale in your geographical region as well as ice cream flavors your students may only be able to find in their home countries. once the list is as long as your class can make it, challenge students to break the list into different categories. each category should be distinct from every other category, and there should be enough categories so that every flavor is included in one and only one category. your students may choose to work with fruity flavors, candy flavors, flavors with nothing in them and flavors with things in them ( chocolate chips, for example ). allow your students to be creative in their categorizations. then have them continue to work in groups to define each category and write a short description of that category. most likely, they will find flavors that do not fit easily into one category or another, or they may find others that may fit into more than one category. if so, have your students note and explain the exceptions to their categorization schemes. now that your class has seen what manufactures have to offer, challenge each person to come up with some inventive flavors of his own! if he could make his own ice cream flavor, what would it be? ask each person to think of at least five new ice cream flavors that he would like to see made available and then make sure each of the flavors has a unique name. then each person should choose one flavor and present it to the class trying to convince the class that his idea is the best new ice cream flavor possibility. after everyone has presented his new flavors, ask the class to vote for the one new ice cream they would like to see manufactured. if you like, have each person decorate an ice cream scoop template for his original ice cream flavor and then display


possibility. after everyone has presented his new flavors, ask the class to vote for the one new ice cream they would like to see manufactured. if you like, have each person decorate an ice cream scoop template for his original ice cream flavor and then display those scoops stacked on one another on the wall. make a simple brown paper triangle to place under the scoops to look like an ice - cream cone, and make sure the winning flavor gets the top position on the cone. almost everyone has some memories associated with ice cream. one could be licking an ice - cream cone while walking through a local fair or a large amusement park. another could be making a gutter sundae with a large group of young people. still another might be making zip lock bag ice cream in a preschool class. ask your students to share some memories they have that include or involve ice cream. do your students have good memories? do they have any bad memories? if students cannot think of a memory that includes ice cream, is there some dream that they have that could involve ice cream? ask your students to write a personal narrative that tells their ice cream story. before writing the stories, remind your students that each story must have a beginning, middle and end. you may also want to review the story elements of setting ( where the story happens ), character ( who is in the story ) and plot ( the events of the story ). after your students write their stories, encourage volunteers to read their stories to the rest of the class. a squishable fun time your students, after all their talking and writing about ice cream, will probably be ready for a chilly snack! you can give them the opportunity to make their own ice cream in class with a zip - lock ice - cream activity. not only that, you can also challenge your students ’ abilities to follow spoken directions as each person makes his chilly treat. take the zip - lock ice - cream recipe and have all the ingredients and supplies ready for your students. you may want them to work in small groups or individually, so make sure you have enough of each item for your entire class. if you want to test your students ’ listening comprehension, read the directions for making the ice cream out loud one step at a time and have your students follow those directions. if you prefer to test their reading comprehension, give each person a copy of the recipe and have him follow the directions to make his own ice cream snack. when you are through with the activity, you can have sundae toppings for your students


. if you prefer to test their reading comprehension, give each person a copy of the recipe and have him follow the directions to make his own ice cream snack. when you are through with the activity, you can have sundae toppings for your students to put on their creations, if you like. not only will your students have fun following directions, they will be making a new ice cream memory that will last! of course, some or all of these activities may not be appropriate for every esl class. allergy awareness is of utmost importance any time you decide to use food in the classroom as some allergic reactions can be deadly. make sure you know what if any restrictions your students have on their diets and plan your activities accordingly. with that in mind, encourage your students to have fun with this ice cream unit using their creativity and energy! susan likes to enjoy every day to its fullest whether she is freelance writing, teaching homeschoolers, or developing her special talent of instigation. when she is not imagining sand castles or catching others off balance, she cooks, sings, reads and takes walks in the sunshine. she earned an m. a. from the university of delaware in linguistics and an m. a. from trinity school for ministry in youth ministry. she currently lives in pittsburgh, pennsylvania with her wonderful husband and her three cheepy cockatiels. that ' s all it takes for you to say ' thank you ' for the articles you find useful! use the buttons above to show us your love, we know you want to! get 25 ' like a pro ' esl e - books at 70 % off! don ' t miss this unique opportunity to get the complete ' like a pro ' series ( twenty - five phenomenally popular esl best - sellers ) at only $ 3 / book. unbeatably priced, this bundle literally saves you hundreds of dollars and fits your budget just right!


new testament, coptic versions of the. topographical conditions along the nile were such as to foster the growth and differentiation of similar but distinct dialects of the common parent language. during the early christian period the old egyptian language had assumed half a dozen dialectal forms, differing from one another chiefly in phonetics, but also to some extent in vocabulary and syntax. the earliest christians in egypt used greek, but soon the new faith found adherents outside the hellenized portion of the population. exactly when translations of the scriptures were first made into one or another of the several coptic dialects is not known, but the earliest version must precede about a. d. 270, the date at which saint antony was converted after hearing matthew 19 : 16ff. read in coptic in a village church in southern egypt. the earliest extant biblical manuscripts date from the end of the third or beginning of the fourth century. of the surviving coptic documents from the fifth century or earlier, those in sahidic are more than twice as numerous as those in all the other dialects. the manuscripts attest to more than one sahidic translation of certain biblical books. these were conflated in subsequent transmission, as well as revised against the greek. the edition of the new testament in sahidic, prepared by george w. horner ( 7 vols., 1911 - 1924 ; reprinted 1969 ), lacks homogeneity, having been edited of necessity from diverse texts with quite disparate dates and provenance. the textual affinities of the sahidic version are mixed. alexandrian readings predominate, but there is also a strong " western " element. about the eleventh century, bohairic replaced sahidic as the liturgical language of the church. although a few early manuscripts in bohairic have survived, the majority are late. the standard edition is that of george w. horner ( 4 vols., 1898 - 1905 ; reprinted 1969 ), who made use of forty - six manuscripts for the gospels, twenty - four for the epistles and the acts ( the latter regularly follows the epistles ), and eleven for revelation. the textual affinities of the bohairic version are chiefly with the alexandrian type of text, with some revision toward the byzantine text. besides the sahidic and the bohairic, versions were made also in several other dialects used at different localities stretching from north to south along the nile river. except for fayyumic, these dialects died out as literary languages by about the seventh century. fayyumic


and the bohairic, versions were made also in several other dialects used at different localities stretching from north to south along the nile river. except for fayyumic, these dialects died out as literary languages by about the seventh century. fayyumic is well preserved in fragmentary manuscripts dating from the fourth to the eleventh centuries, a few of which have been edited ( e. g., husselman, 1962 ). akhmimic texts of the scriptures are quite fragmentary and few in number ; perhaps only several biblical books were translated into this dialect. sub - akhmimic, which stands between the akhmimic and middle egyptian ( oxyrhynchite ) dialects, flourished in the fourth and fifth centuries. an important manuscript is a fourth - century copy of the gospel according to john ( edited by sir herbert thompson, 1924 ). most of the other extant literature in this dialect is manichaean and / or gnostic ( including several nag hammadi treatises ). middle egyptian ( oxyrhynchite ) is represented by several important manuscripts dating from about the fifth century ; one parchment manuscript contains the complete text of the gospel of matthew ( edited by h. m. schenke, berlin, 1981 ), another ( on parchment leaves of exactly the same dimension as those of the matthew codex ) contains the text of acts 1 : 1 - 15 : 3 in a form that presents many so - called western readings. a fifth - century papyrus codex containing portions of ten epistles of paul in the middle egyptian dialect has been edited by tito orlandi ( milan, 1974 ). problems concerning coptic versions the study of the textual affinities of the several coptic versions is still far from being complete and many problems remain to be solved. particularly perplexing are questions concerning the nature and degree of the interrelationship of the several translations, as well as the possibility of stages of revision within a given version. the limitations of coptic in representing greek arise in part from its being a language of strict word order. coptic does not possess any grammatical construction comparable with oratio obliqua ; consequently, recourse is made to direct speech. nor can coptic truly represent the greek passive voice, since it possesses only the active voice. nevertheless, despite these and other limitations, the textual critic is grateful for the evidence from the coptic versions in investigating the history of the transmission of the new testament text in egypt. among noteworthy variant readings in sahidic is the name " nineve " given to the rich man


serving wine usually involves a rather elaborate ceremony in which the host tastes the wine before pouring it for the guests. one reason for this is the possibility that the wine may have been spoiled by exposure to air. certain bacterial enzymes are capable of converting ethanol to ethanoic acidin arrhenius theory, a substance that produces hydrogen ions ( hydronium ions ) in aqueous solution. in bronsted - lowry theory, a hydrogen - ion ( proton ) donor. in lewis theory, a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond. ( acetic acid ) when oxygen is present : the same reaction occurs when cider changes into vinegar, which contains 4 to 5 percent acetic acid. acetic acid gives vinegar its sour taste and pungent odor and can do the same thing to wine. acetic acid, ch3cooh, is an example of the class of compounds called carboxylic acids, each of which contains one or more carboxylthe functional group consisting of a carbon atom bonded to a hydroxyl group and doubly bonded to an oxygen atom ; found in carboxylic acids : - c ( = o ) oh. groups, cooh. the general formula of a carboxylic acid is rcooh. some other examples are formic acid ( the name comes from latin word formica meaning “ ant “ ) is present in ants and bees and is responsible for the burning pain of their bites and stings. butyric acid, a component of rancid butter and limburger cheese, has a vile odor. adipic acid is an example of a dicarboxylic acid — it has two functional groups — and is used to make nylon. since the carboxyl group contains a highly polardescribes a molecule that has separated, equal positive and negative charges that consitute a positive and a negative pole ; such a molecule tends to assume certain orientations more than others in an electric field. as well as an oh group, hydrogen bonding is extensive among molecules of the carboxylic acids. pure acetic acid is called glacial acetic acid because its melting pointthe temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid. also called freezing point. of 16. 6°c is high enough that it can freeze in a cold laboratory. as you can see from the table below, acetic acid boils at a higher temperaturea physical property that indicates whether one object can transfer thermal energy to another object. than any other organic substance


high enough that it can freeze in a cold laboratory. as you can see from the table below, acetic acid boils at a higher temperaturea physical property that indicates whether one object can transfer thermal energy to another object. than any other organic substance whose molecules are of comparable size and have but one functional group. it is also quite thick and syrupy because of extensive hydrogen bonding. boiling points of some organic compounds whose molecules contain 32 or 34 electrons. below is a jmol model of acetic acid. in the general menu to the left, click on partial charges. each atom in the molecule will be assigned a partial charge. it is clear that the oxygen atomsthe smallest particle of an element that can be involved in chemical combination with another element ; an atom consists of protons and neutrons in a tiny, very dense nucleus, surrounded by electrons, which occupy most of its volume. are sharing electrons unequally and causing other parts of the molecule to gain a partial positive charge in the carboxyl carbon and hydrogen. further, this induces a partial negative charge on the methyl carbon, leading to positive charges on the methyl hydrogen atoms. an even better way to view the electron distribution is with the molecular electrostatic potential ( mep ) surface options. one can look at " mep on isopotential surface ", which show surfaces where electrostatic potential is the same, but the most informative option here is the " mep on van der waals surface " radio button. this shows the potential along the van der waals surface of the molecule. the closer to red on the color spectrum, the more negative the potential at that surface is, the closer to blue, the more positive. one can see that both oxygen atoms are centers of partial negative charge, while the acidic hydrogen atom has a substantial partial positive charge, and the methyl group is also has a partial positive charge. one more way to look at the molecule, is to use the " mep on a plane " button. choose the xy plane, and then click " set plane equation. " this will show the electrostatic potential along the axis of symmetry for the molecule. while two hydrogen atoms on the methyl group are out of the plane, this view still allows one to see how partial charge is distributed along the backbone of the molecule in a way the van der waals surface does not. from this modeling of the acetic acid molecule, hopefully it is becoming clear how the macroscopic properties we discussed arise. acetic acid is synthesized commercially according to


christiananswers. net webbible encyclopedia the king james version refers to a “ fiery ” serpent in numbers 21 : 8, “ and the lord said unto moses, make thee a fiery serpent, and set it upon a pole : and it shall come to pass, that every one that is bitten, when he looketh upon it, shall live. ” here, “ fiery ” refers figuratively to the burning pain inflicted by a poisonous serpent. the septuagint says “ deadly, ” instead of “ fiery. ” the vulgate says “ burning. ” “ the serpent was probably the naja haje of egypt, or some other swift - springing, deadly snake ( isa. 14 : 29 ). after setting out from their encampment at ezion - gaber, the israelites entered on a wide sandy desert, which stretches from the mountains of edom as far as the persian gulf. while traversing this region, the people began to murmur and utter loud complaints against moses. as a punishment, the lord sent serpents among them, and much people of israel died. moses interceded on their behalf, and by divine direction he made a brazen serpent, and raised it on a pole in the midst of the camp, and all the wounded israelites who looked on it were at once healed. ( compare john 3 : 14, 15. ) ( see asp ) this “ brazen serpent ” was preserved by the israelites till the days of hezekiah, when it was destroyed ( 2 kings 18 : 4 ) ” ( matthew g. easton ). also see : brass a “ fiery flying ” serpent is referred to in isaiah 14 : 29, “ … for out of the serpent ' s root, shall come forth a cockatrice, and his fruit shall be a fiery flying serpent ” ( kjv ). isaiah 30 : 6 says, “ the burden of the beasts of the south : into the land of trouble and anguish, from whence come … the viper and fiery flying serpent … ” ( kjv ). albert barnes, notes on the bible, states his opinion that … “ this is the flying serpent so often referred to in the scriptures. it is known to have abounded in the arabian deserts, and was doubtless found also in egypt as being in the same latitude, and infested with similar reptiles. niebuhr thus describes a species of serpent which answers to this account. ” there is at bakra a sort of serpents which they


doubtless found also in egypt as being in the same latitude, and infested with similar reptiles. niebuhr thus describes a species of serpent which answers to this account. ” there is at bakra a sort of serpents which they call heie sursurie, or heie thiare. they commonly keep upon the date trees ; and as it would be laborious for them to come down from a very high tree in order to ascend another, they twist themselves by the tail to a branch of the former, which, making a spring, by the motion they give it, throw themselves to the second. hence, it is that the modern arabs call them the flying serpents — heie thiare. ' ” lord anson, as quoted by niebuhr, also speaks of them as follows : the spaniards informed us that there was often found in the woods a most mischievous serpent, called the flying snake, which, they said, darted itself from the boughs of trees on either man or beast that came within its reach, and whose sting they took to be inevitable death. there was a species of serpent which the greeks called acontias, and the roman jaculus, from their swift darting motion, and perhaps the same species is here referred to which lucan calls jaculique volucres. that these venomous reptiles abounded in egypt is expressly testified by profane writers. thus ammianus says ( xxii. 15 ), that egypt nourishes innumerable serpents, basilisks, and twoheaded serpents ( amphisbaenas ), and the seytalus ( a serpent of a glistening color ), and the ( latin : jaculus ), and adders, and vipers, and many others. john gill ' s exposition of the entire bible states that … “ the ‘ serpent ’ … “ fiery ”, or ‘ burning, ’ because it inflames where it bites ; of which see number 21 : 6 and ‘ flying, ’ not because it has wings, though some serpents are said to have them ; but because, when it leaps or darts upon a man, it is with such swiftness, that it seems to fly ; the serpent called “ acontias ”, or “ serpens jaculus ”, is here alluded to. ”


african leaders define a green pact for africa at forum on sustainable development 11 october 2009 : the world forum on sustainable development, which convened from 9 - 11 october 2009, in ouagadougou, under the theme “ climate change : what opportunities for sustainable development? ” was organized by the government of burkina faso in partnership with the un, including the un development programme ( undp ), and the african union ( au ). the forum brought together heads of state and key african leaders and experts on climate change to discuss climate change impacts and the opportunities available for sustainable development in the region. in the forum ' s final declaration on the new green pact for africa, officials underscored the need for compensation for the natural disasters caused by climate change and called for relaxing the procedures and softening of conditions for african countries to access the resources under the clean development mechanism ( cdm ). the forum emphasized the value - added of african perspectives and ideas to the success of the copenhagen negotiations, as well as the developed countries ' commitments to reduce carbon emissions and provide financial support to developing countries to adapt and mitigate climate change. overall, the green pact for africa will be based on the need to : mainstream climate change adaptation strategies into development and poverty reduction plans ; use renewable energy sources as a catalyst for development ; develop low - carbon - emission technologies for stimulating economic growth and creating jobs ; implement new projects that can attract investment and innovative sources of financing ; and create governance mechanisms that give africans a meaningful say in decision - making processes. [ undp newsroom ] [ world forum on sustainable development ]


undp administrator stresses linkages between health and human development 31 january 2013 : in a lecture titled “ empowered lives ; resilient nations : why health matters to human development, ” un development programme ( undp ) administrator helen clark called for broad, innovative partnerships between development and health practitioners to achieve global health goals. in the lecture, which was delivered at the harvard school of public health, in boston, us, clark described health as key to achieving all areas of development, noting that “ disparities in health outcomes tend to mirror inequalities and inequities ” in society more broadly. she highlighted linkages between health and development, noting that the un conference on sustainable development ( uncsd, or rio + 20 ) outcome document recognizes health as “ a precondition for and an outcome of all three dimensions of sustainable development. ” she provided an overview of undp ' s efforts to support the millennium development goals ( mdgs ) on health, and emphasized how challenges outside the health sector, such as capacity, gender inequality, governance, supply chains and transport infrastructure, hinder mdg achievement. clark further described climate change as a development, environment and health challenge, explaining climate change impacts on disease, nutrition and water. clark stressed the need to tackle all dimensions of poverty and inequality to improve health, noting that health should feature in the post - 2015 agenda. clark underscored that development and health practitioners share similar goals of improving individual and community well - being and addressing inequality, but noted limited collaboration between these groups. she recommended bridging this “ artificial ” gap between development and health practitioners through dialogue and inter - institutional partnerships. clark also highlighted two innovative partnerships : a joint initiative by the international telecommunications union ( itu ) and the world health organization ( who ), which aims to provide guidance on non - communicable diseases to people in africa via text messages ; and the clinton foundation ' s global alliance for clean cookstoves, which aims to combat climate change, minimize indoor air pollution, improve livelihoods and empower women. she underlined that such partnerships demonstrate how technology can contribute to improved health outcomes. clark recommended addressing health challenges on a cross - sectoral basis to facilitate both development and health gains. [ undp press release ] [ helen clark ' s statement ] [ itu press release on health initiative ] [ global alliance for clean cookstoves website ]


biodiversity ' s ticking time bomb : understanding and addressing the problem of invasive species in europe 28 january 2013 | news story on 21 february 2013, iucn and birdlife, with the support of the european habitats forum, will organize a high - level debate at the european parliament in brussels to discuss the issue of invasive alien species in europe and the development of a eu policy instrument to tackle them. the event is hosted by mep pavel poc, group of the progressive alliance of socialists & democrats ( s & d ). nature invasive alien species are acknowledged as a serious threat to biodiversity in europe, and the first cause of documented extinctions at the global scale. today, europe hosts over 11, 000 alien species and invasions are growing at exponential speed, with a recorded increase of 76 % in the last 30 years. money the economic costs of invasions are estimated at more than 12 billion euros per year in europe only. this affects many economic sectors, from forestry to agriculture, and to the shipping industry. action following the eu biodiversity strategy to 2020, the eu council conclusions, the opinion of the european economic and social committee and the european parliament resolution, iucn and birdlife urge the european union to adopt a legislative instrument on invasive alien species early in 2013. iucn and birdlife call for more stringent policies and measures to prevent and mitigate the impacts of invasions. you participate in a high - level discussion on thursday 21 february 2013 to better understand the challenges posed by invasive alien species, bring in your experience and join iucn and birdlife in the call for action. european policy - makers, scientists and ngos will discuss together the best solutions to combat invasions in europe. intervening at the event : - mep pavel poc, member of committee on environment, public health and food safety, european parliament - julia marton - lefevre, director general, international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) - janez potocnik, commissioner for the environment, european commission - dr piero genovesi, institute for environmental protection and research ( ispra ) and chair of iucn ssc specialist group on invasive alien species - patrick ten brink, senior fellow, head of brussels office and environmental economics programme, institute for european environmental policy ( ieep ) - pia bucella, director of nature unit, dg environment, european commission - ladislav miko, deputy director general, dg health & consumers, european commission - dr joe caffrey, senior research scientist, inland fisheries ireland - dr paul walton, head of habitats and species, royal society for the


this archived web page remains online for reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. this page will not be altered or updated. web pages that are archived on the internet are not subject to the government of canada web standards. as per the communications policy of the government of canada, you can request alternate formats of this page on the contact us page. featured books and links census at school. - [ cited june 2, 2005 ]. - access : www19. statcan. ca / - an international web - based classroom activity for students aged 8 to 18. help your students develop computer literacy, critical thinking and technology skills. raise their awareness of civic duty and the benefits of census - taking. encourage positive attitudes to statistics. this is knowledge - based learning at its best! the canadian encyclopedia online. - - [ cited feb. 14, 2005 ]. access : www. canadianencyclopedia. ca - explore every conceivable subject on canada including history, geography, culture, sports, politics, business, social issues, education, science, technology and current events at www. canadianencyclopedia. ca search 40, 000 articles, 6, 000 photographs, interactive maps, videos, animations, quizzes and engaging multimedia games. available in french and in english, free of charge. find also the encyclopedia of music in canada. our roots : canada ' s local histories online. - - [ cited aug. 31, 2004 ]. access : http : / / www. ourroots. ca / e / - these innovative educational modules provide canadian youth with engaging ways to make canadian history personally exciting and relevant by bringing local histories into the curriculum. ontario history quest [ online ]. - - [ cited april 26, 2004 ]. - - access : http : / / ohq. tpl. toronto. on. ca / home2. jsp - new online tool for grades 7, 8, 10 and 12 history students with searchable databases using primary sources to discover ontario ' s history. - kids ' take on media : what 5, 700 canadian kids say about movies, tv, video and computer games and more! includes a full report, teacher / student activity guide and workshop for parents. - teachers and the challenge of teaching in francophone minority settings. final research report prepared by anne gilbert, sophie letouze, joseph yvon theriault and rodrique landry. september 2004. isbn 0 - 88989 - 347 - 0 froese - germain, bernie. - - virtual education,


the dodo, ( raphus cucullatus ) was a species of flightless bird inhabiting island of mauritius off the coast of east africa. first recorded in 1598, the dodo and the related solitaires of the nearby islands of reunion and rodrigues were extinct just over a century later by a combination of hunting and predation from animals brought by man ; the phrase " dead as a dodo " entering the lexicon as a symbol of utter or complete obsolescence. skeletal remains indicate the dodo was fairly large, approximately 20 to 45 pounds in weight and just over 3 feet tall ; captive birds brought to europe would weigh over 50 pounds. the wings were rudimentary, the feet and legs short and thick. the head was large, ending in a long, hooked bill with the nostrils toward the end. contemporary paintings made on captive birds in europe provide a glimpse of their plumage and coloration. they were gray in color, with the underside slightly - lighter in color. the tail was represented by several curled feathers, while the wings bore primary feathers in a color contrasting from gray ; some paintings show them as white, cream, or yellow. the head was bare of feathers from the cheeks forward, the feathers behind displayed in a " hood " fashion, which lead to the scientific name cucullatus ( " hooded " ) being coined in 1635. the dodo became extinct in the late 1600s, and environmentalists blame human activity for this extinction ; this idea is overwhelmingly supported by most known evidence. however, numerous species have always gone extinct each decade with or without human activity to blame. [ citation needed ] for example, the dodo might have been wiped out by disease. but the dodo captured people ' s imagination as one of the first recorded extinctions. the current leading scientific theory is that humans helped drive the dodo to extinction by bringing along rats and other animals to the island which damaged dodo habitats and destroyed dodo eggs, with human hunting also contributing to this. the introduction of humans and other animals was a threat to the dodo because it has been without any predators for the entirety of its existence, making it completely unafraid of humans and other new dangerous animals that humans introduced. some recent evidence suggest that a natural disaster may have already put the species into decline before the arrival of humans ; however, scientists conjecture that if such a disaster did in fact happen, it would not be sufficient enough to wipe out the dodo in its entirety and instead would just have expedited the effects


put the species into decline before the arrival of humans ; however, scientists conjecture that if such a disaster did in fact happen, it would not be sufficient enough to wipe out the dodo in its entirety and instead would just have expedited the effects of human intervention. the dodo was first sighted by humans in the early 1500s and it was extinct by the late 1600s ; since it was not known by humans for very long and it was generally an unremarkable animal, the dodo quickly faded from people ' s minds and many actually thought of it as a myth until bones were discovered in the early 1800s. the dodo has become emblematic for extinction, as in the expression " as dead as the dodo. " humorist will cuppy wrote, jokingly : | “ | | the dodo never had a chance. he seems to have been invented for the sole purpose of becoming extinct and that was all he was good for. | | ” | since all records indicate that dodo meat was tough and tasted bad and that the dodo wasn ' t particularly challenging to hunt, it may be so that the dodo was actually completely useless to humans. a fictional dodo leads the caucus - race in lewis carroll ' s book, alice ' s adventures in wonderland. ; one of tenniel ' s illustrations shows the dodo presenting alice with the prize of a thimble — her own thimble, as the dodo had previously decided that alice was responsible for providing the prizes. carroll ' s depiction of the dodo is credited with reviving public interest in the bird as the book was released around the same time that dodo remains were being first discovered. - ↑ http : / / julianhume. co. uk / wp - content / uploads / 2010 / 07 / hume - et - al - dodo - skin - relics. pdf - ↑ http : / / www. dh. gov. uk / en / aboutus / ministersanddepartmentleaders / chiefmedicalofficer / features / dh _ 4102997 - ↑ - ↑ http : / / news. bbc. co. uk / 2 / hi / programmes / from _ our _ own _ correspondent / 2255991. stm - ↑ - ↑ cuppy, will, how to become extinct - ↑ chapter iii, " a caucus - race and a long tale


in november 2003, partners in the ist project multimod succeeded in registering and animating the bone model of a young patient. they developed the datamanager system, whereby the 3d bone models, as derived from ct data, were registered and animated with kinematical data derived from the patient ' s gait analysis ( walking motion ). the technique enables the programmer to combine multiple representations and display modalities using the same set of data. project partners first designed the user interface of a surgical planning software environment, hip - op ( c ) in may 2002. using the hip - op rom, the system computes the range of motion ( rom ) of the patient ' s joint after the planned total hip replacement. their work led to the multimod application framework ( maf ), a complex software architecture that provides a framework within which a programmer can quickly develop specialised applications in the domain of computer - aided medicine. " maf gives europe ' s bio - engineering community the scaffold upon which each research group can integrate its own tools and methods, " explains scientific coordinator marco viceconti, from the laboratorio de tecnologia medica, bologna. " i am convinced that if the consortium can continue its work, map will become one of the most important pieces of software for scientific visualisation available in the world. " maf allows the programmer to : several specialised maf applications are being explored. the hip - op ( c ) surgical planning programme is being re - written. programmers are also writing a new application, funcev, which will combine data from multiple sources into a unified representation, allowing the orthopaedic surgeon to perform a complete functional evaluation of a patient ' s knee prosthesis. - represent the patient by importing data from various sources ( medical imaging, diagnostic measurements, computer simulations, laboratory tests ) and combine them with complex registration and synchronisation methods. this achieves an effective data fusion into a multi - data representation of the patient ' s body. - operate the patient representation using advanced algorithms to modify the data, analyse their mutual position in space and time, or simplify their attributes for specific purposes such as surgical simulation or testing in diagnosis or rehabilitation. - examine the patient by visualising the multi - data representation through combining multiple views. this allows the composition of a multimodal display adequate for each specific purpose. as for the future viceconti says, " the sky is the limit. we are doing our very best to build a european biomedical


| paraguay table of contents labor has not been an organized, tightly knit, autonomous force in paraguay. the firms have traditionally been small, workers were not politically active, and personal relationships between employers and employees prevailed. as in other southern cone countries, the paternal state anticipated demands of a growing labor force, granted some benefits, and impeded the formation of strong labor organizations. when stroessner came to power, most of organized labor belonged to the paraguayan confederation of workers ( confederacion paraguaya de trabajadores - - cpt ), an unstructured amalgam of trade unions. despite its loose association with the colorado party, the cpt declared a general strike in 1958. stroessner crushed the strike, dismissed the cpt leadership, and appointed a police officer as its head. consistent with these actions, the government, and not the workers, continued to determine the confederation ' s leadership in the late 1980s. the cpt remained the only legally recognized large labor organization ; it contained 60, 000 member, and claimed to represent 90 percent of organized labor. the cpt ' s refusal to endorse strikes after 1959 reflected the government ' s dominance over it. in 1985 the cpt lost its membership in the international labour organisation ( ilo ) after an ilo delegation to paraguay determined that the cpt was neither independent nor democratic. nonetheless, the cpt ' s existence allowed the labor force some access to government officials. the first attempt to reform the labor movement came in 1979 with the emergence of the group of nine trade unions. the group, which included bank workers, a sector of construction workers, and the outlawed journalists ' union, unsuccessfully attempted to take control of the cpt in march 1981. several unions of the group subsequently broke away from the cpt and in 1982 led a successful national boycott of coca cola in order to reinstate trade union members at the bottling plant. from this effort emerged the interunion workers movement ( movimiento intersindical de trabajadores - - mit ) in 1985. the mit received recognition from both the international confederation of free trade unions and the latin american central organization of workers ( central latinoamericana de trabajadores - - clat ), both of which sent representatives to express their support for the new movement. in the late 1980s, the mit remained small, and its members were subject to harassment and imprisonment ; nevertheless, it was still the only independent labor movement since stroessner took power. more about the government of


just to clear up a common misconception, one that seems to be at the root of every newcomer ' s approach to coding for standards, you do not use divs instead of tables. that ' s important enough to repeat, " you do not use divs instead of tables ". what do you use? you use well structured, semantic and well formed html instead of table layouts. a non - trivial table layout cannot be well structured nor semantic, though it can contain well formed ( valid ) html. the div element is a non - semantic structural container that lets you form groupings of other, semantic, elements. notice, i said elements. a div should never contain bare nekkid content, only elements. these groupings provide independent styling contexts. think of the div as a drawer in a chest. you can arrange and re - arrange the socks, handkerchiefs and underwear in one drawer ( div ) without affecting the contents of other drawers. further, you can arrange and re - arrange the positioning of the drawers in the chest without affecting the contents of the drawers. keep in mind that the div is semantically neutral. it says nothing about what its % flow element contents are. use the div only for its proper structural purposes. replacing tables is not it.


| back to... clerk maxwell ( 1831 - 1879 ) 14 india street epoch ended and another began with james clerk maxwell. " " the special theory of relativity owes its origins to maxwell ' s equations of the electromagnetic field. " james clerk maxwell was one of the greatest scientists and mathematicians of the 19th century. with talents rarely united today, he made landmark contributions to both theoretical and experimental science. maxwell published phenomenal work in two areas. first, building upon the experimental data of michael faraday, and applying highly sophisticated mathematical methods, he predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves ( 1864 ). moreover, he calculated the waves would travel at the speed of later, heinrich hertz discovered these waves ( 1887 ) thereby paving the way for radio, television, radar, and even the boom in computer science. for maxwell, the great mental breakthrough came in thinking of electricity as an electromagnetic not some sort of mechanical process. " the true logic of this world is in the calculus of probabilites. " james clerk maxwell maxwell ' s other spectacular contribution was in the dynamical theory of gases. his first great paper in the field was published in 1859. today this subject is part of thermodynamics. willard gibbs, on the other side of the atlantic at yale university, would join maxwell in opening the door for exploration of the physical and chemical properties of gases and other states of matter. as is evident by his place of birth, maxwell was the son of prosperous parents. he was educated across town at the university of edinburgh, entering at the age of 16, and then trinity college, cambridge. eventually he became cambridge university ' s first teacher of experimental physics. he left retirement to serve as the founding director of the cavendish laboratory of cambridge he is buried with his family in the church yard of parton kirk, galloway, scotland. | the house where maxwell was born is in a nice neighborhood near a park close to the center of edinburgh. the house now serves as a meeting place for mathematicians and scientists and is home of the foundation. | feynman on maxwell ' s contributions the most dramatic moment in the development of physics during the 19th century occurred to j. c. maxwell one day in the 1860 ' s, when he combined the laws of electricity and magnetism with the laws of the behavior of light. as a result, the properites of light were partly unravelled - - that old and subtle stuff that is so important and mysterious that it was felt necessary to arrange a special creation for it when writing genesis. maxwell could say


behavior of light. as a result, the properites of light were partly unravelled - - that old and subtle stuff that is so important and mysterious that it was felt necessary to arrange a special creation for it when writing genesis. maxwell could say, when he was finished his discovery, ' let there be electricity and magnetism, and there feynman in the feynman lectures on physics, vol. of the jcm foundation at 14 india street.... " to promote, encourage, and advance the study of, research into, and the dissemination of knowledge of and relating to physics, chemistry and physical chemistry in all their aspects and in particular, but without prejudice to the foregoing generality, colloids and interfaces. " scotland has honored maxwell in a number of significant ways... and at yale | maxwell himself on how to visualize a single center of electrified force.... " i am anxious that these diagrams should be studied as illustrations of the language of faraday in speaking of ' lines of force, ' the ' forces of an electrified body, ' etc.... now the quantity of electricity in a body is measured, according to faraday ' s ideas, by the number of lines of force, or rather of induction, which proceed from it. these lines of force must all terminate somewhere, either on bodies in the neighborhood, or on the walls and roof of the room, or on the earth, or on the heavenly bodies, and wherever they terminate there is a quantity of electricity exactly equal and opposite to that on the part of the body from which they proceeded. by examining the diagrams this will be seen to be the case. these diagrams are constructed in the following manner : - first, take the case of a single centre of force, a small electrified body with a charge e. the potential at a is v = ( e / r ) ; hence, if we make r = ( e / v ), we shall find r, the radius of the sphere for which the potential is v if we now give to v the values 1, 2, 3, etc., and draw the corresponding spheres, we shall obtain a series of equipotential surfaces, the potentials corresponding to which are measured by the natural numbers. the sections of these spheres by a plane passing through their common centre will be circles, which we may mark with the number denoting the potential of each. these are indicated by the dotted circles on the right james clerk maxwell, " an elementary treatise on electricity


sample material is taken from uncorrected proofs. changes may be made prior to publication. ) bois w. e. b. sociologist, political activist, editor, essayist, novelist, poet, and prophet, william edward burghardt du bois stands as one of the towering figures in american history. in a public career encompassing three - quarters of a century, du bois delivered eloquent, trenchant, occasionally contradictory commentary on what he called " the problem of the twentieth century... the problem of the color line. " in the 1920s, he played a central role in the unfolding drama of the harlem renaissance, initially as an inspiration and patron, later as an increasingly captious critic. du bois was born in great barrington, massachusetts, in 1868. his origins were humble. his mother, mary, worked odd jobs, mostly as a domestic servant, before suffering a paralytic stroke ; he scarcely knew his father, alfred, who had abandoned the family. still, du bois remembered his childhood as happy, a more or less " typically new england " upbringing, only occasionally ruffled by the racial realities of post - reconstruction america. he flourished in great barrington ' s public schools, exhibiting even in these early days the qualities that would distinguish his life and art : a voracious intellect, a romantic imagination, and an overweening ( though, in retrospect, quite justified ) sense of his own historical du bois graduated from great barrington high school in 1885 and proceeded to fisk university, from which he graduated three years later. fisk, the flagship of the american missionary association ' s post - civil war campaign to uplift the freedpeople, gave du bois not only a fine classical education but his first exposure to black life in the south under jim crow. in darkwater ( 1921 ), du bois would describe that experience in characteristically grandiloquent prose : " consider, for a moment, how miraculous it all was to a boy of seventeen, just escaped from a narrow valley. i willed and lo! my people came dancing about me... riotous in color, gay in laughter, full of sympathy, need, and pleading. " du bois went to harvard, where he earned a second bachelor ' s degree in 1890 and a doctorate in history five years later. though excluded from the university ' s dormitories and most of its social life, he flourished academically, developing close relationships with some of america ' s premier intellectuals, including the philosophers william james, josiah royce


a doctorate in history five years later. though excluded from the university ' s dormitories and most of its social life, he flourished academically, developing close relationships with some of america ' s premier intellectuals, including the philosophers william james, josiah royce, and george santayana and the historian alfred bushnell hart. du bois ' s ph. d. dissertation, " the suppression of the african slave trade to the united states of america, " completed under hart ' s direction, was published in 1896 - the first of his more than two dozen books. graduate education also included a two - year sojourn at the university of berlin, where he immersed himself in the emerging discipline of sociology. though he failed to earn the coveted german doctoral degreehis support from the white philanthropic slater fund dried up before he could complete the residency requirementhis years in germany proved formative. the encounter with sociology not only shaped du bois ' s future academic career but confirmed his political vocation, offering a framework for engaged intellectual activism. though often frustrated by the sheer irrationality of racial prejudice, du bois remained convinced that it was possible to generate authoritative, objective knowledge about human life ( and about negro life in particular ), and that this knowledge could be used to fashion a more rational, more just world. more broadly, the years in germany established some of the signature tensions in his thought. living in germany sharpened his racialism, his conviction that each race or volk possessed its own distinctive genius or " gift " ; but at the same time, germany confirmed the cosmopolitan in him who exulted in what he called " the world beyond the veil, " that vast " kingdom of culture " unsullied by american racial madness. peerless education, du bois had no chance of a permanent appointment at a white university when he returned to the united states in 1894. he accepted a position teaching classics at wilberforce university, an african methodist episcopal church school in ohio. ( ironically in light of future events, du bois also applied for and was offered a position at booker t. washington ' s tuskegee institute, but the offer did not arrive until after he had accepted the post at wilberforce. ) though he often waxed lyrical about african - american christianity, du bois had little patience with organized religion, and he soon became estranged from the dominant evangelical ethos at wilberforce. in 1896, he left to accept a temporary research position at the university of pennsylvania, from which came his second book, the philadelphia negro, still regarded as a classic


, and he soon became estranged from the dominant evangelical ethos at wilberforce. in 1896, he left to accept a temporary research position at the university of pennsylvania, from which came his second book, the philadelphia negro, still regarded as a classic of urban sociology. in retrospect, his years at wilberforce are significant chiefly for introducing him to his future wife, a " doe - eyed, " somewhat stolid student named nina gomer. though grievously mismatched, the couple remained married for more than half a century, until nina ' s death in 1950. they had two children : a son, burghardt, whose death in infancy would later be poignantly rendered in " the passing of the first born, " one of the essays in the souls of black folk ; and a daughter, yolande. du bois joined the faculty of atlanta university, where he spent the next decade teaching, writing, and overseeing the atlanta studies, an ambitious annual series of conferences and monographs designed to provide an exact sociological portrait of african - american life. he also put the final touches on his masterwork, the souls of black folk, a collection of essays, autobiographical fragments, and fiction intended to illuminate the subjective human reality of those who lived " within the veil. " in the book ' s belletristic " forethought, " du bois made it clear that his imagined audience was white, but this work would have its most profound impact on african - american readers, including virtually all the writers and artists who later distinguished themselves in the harlem renaissance. of black folk marked du bois ' s entrance into the arena of racial politics. chapter 3, " of mr. booker t. washington and others, " offered a respectful but telling critique of the so - called " wizard of tuskegee, " whose advocacy of " industrial " education and political accommodation had lent an apparent black seal of approval to the jim crow regime settling over the south. in 1905, du bois helped to organize the niagara movement, an assembly of black leaders opposed to washington ' s leadership and committed to fighting for full civil equality for african - americans. while this movement never achieved a firm institutional foundation, it signaled a new black assertiveness and contributed directly to the establishment, four years later, of the national association for the advancement of colored people ( naacp ). in 1910, du bois moved to new york city, to take office as the director of publicity of naacp and to edit its monthly journal, the relationship


establishment, four years later, of the national association for the advancement of colored people ( naacp ). in 1910, du bois moved to new york city, to take office as the director of publicity of naacp and to edit its monthly journal, the relationship with the predominantly white leadership of naacp was contentious from the outset and would eventually culminate in his resignation. but for the predominantly black readership of crisis, du bois was the naacp. working with limited funds and a minimal staff, he turned the magazine into his personal broadsheet, offering news and commentary, edifying reading lists, book reviews, and, on more than a few occasions, scathing criticism of individuals or institutions that had neglected their responsibility to the race. the riot in east st. louis, the savage practice of lynching, america ' s entry into world war i ( which du bois, to his later regret, endorsed ), the bolshevik revolution, garveyism, the biennial meetings of his own pan - african congress ; the new dealall these developments and more were discussed and digested in the columns of crisis. in the words of lewis ( 1993 ), du bois became the self - appointed " preceptor of the race. " no debate in black american life could be considered complete until dr. du bois had had his say. du bois was drawn into debates swirling around the harlem renaissance. initially, he expressed an almost paternal fondness for the writers of the " younger literary movement, " whom he regarded as his own heirs. that assessment was characteristically immodest but by no means unfair. virtually all the core contentions of the new negro movement can be found in du bois ' s writing a generation before. it was du bois who first insisted that the negro was " primarily an artist, " that the " rude melodies " of black slaves constituted the " only true american music, " and that blacks ' " gift of laughter and song " had enriched an otherwise impoverished, materialistic american culture. du bois also recognized, long before alain locke, james weldon johnson, and other progenitors of the harlem renaissance, that artistic and literary production could provide a powerful weapon in african - americans ' continuing quest for justice and respect. though his chief identity was as a scholar and editor, he occasionally wielded that weapon himself, most notably in the novel the quest of the silver fleece ( 1911 ) and the sprawling historical pageant the star of ethiopia ( 1913 ). du bois was quick to establish himself as a patron and mentor to the


occasionally wielded that weapon himself, most notably in the novel the quest of the silver fleece ( 1911 ) and the sprawling historical pageant the star of ethiopia ( 1913 ). du bois was quick to establish himself as a patron and mentor to the emerging new negro movement. he hired the novelist jessie fauset as literary editor of crisis, and together they launched one of the era ' s first competitions for black writers. among the young writers " discovered " by crisis was langston hughes, whose epochal poem, " the negro speaks of rivers, " dedicated to du bois, appeared in 1921. du bois attended the civic club dinner of 1924 that served as literary harlem ' s downtown debut, and he was one of the first reviewers to hail the genius of jean toomer ' s cane, though he seems to have been taken more with the book ' s lyricism than with its modernist conception, which left him frankly bewildered. " his art carries much that is difficult or even impossible to understand, " du bois complained. " i cannot, for the life of me, for instance, see why toomer could not have made the tragedy of ' carma ' something that i could understand instead of vaguely guess at ; ' box seat ' muddles me to the last degree and i am not sure that i know what ' kabnis ' in du bois ' s curious review of cane were the seeds of his future estrangement from the new negro movement. for someone who wrote so eloquently of the " souls " of black " folk, " du bois had surprisingly conservative aesthetic tastes. in an era attuned to modernist experimentation and the possibilities of vernacular expression, du bois preferred the soaring flights of byron and tennyson or their german romantic antecedents, goethe and schiller. ( the souls of black folk included epigrams from all four authors. ) his taste in music was likewise classical and distinctly eurocentric. though he appreciated the majesty of the " sorrow songs, " he regarded blues as vulgar and jazz as unrefined. while langston hughes glimpsed a universe of beauty in the keening wail of a saxophone on a harlem street corner, du bois thrilled to beethoven and wagner. differences in aesthetic values and judgment became apparent, du bois ' s regard for the rising generation of black writers plummeted, as did their respect for him. by the mid - 1920s, opportunity, an upstart magazine launched by charles johnson and the national urban league, had displaced crisis as the premier


' s regard for the rising generation of black writers plummeted, as did their respect for him. by the mid - 1920s, opportunity, an upstart magazine launched by charles johnson and the national urban league, had displaced crisis as the premier outlet for new negro writing, and figures like johnson, alain locke, and carl van vechten had usurped du bois ' s role as literary patron. personal encounters between du bois and his imagined offspring typically left both parties disappointed. the poet claude mckay detected no human warmth in the idol of this youth, only " a cold, acid hauteur of spirit, which is not lessened when he vouchsafes a smile. " though not mentioned by name, du bois was clearly one of the targets of fire!!, a short - lived journal launched by " younger negro writers " ( including langston hughes, wallace thurman, richard bruce nugent, and zora neale hurston ) as an artistic declaration of independence from the older generation of " respectable, " " bourgeois " black writers over the direction of the new negro movement exploded into the open in 1926, following the publication of carl van vechten ' s notorious novel nigger heaven. while many black writers defended the novelwallace thurman half - facetiously predicted that a statue in van vechten ' s honor would one day be erected in harlemdu bois decried it as a " slap in the face, " a violation of the " hospitality " that black people had extended to its white author. the book ' s appearance confirmed du bois ' s belief that the new negro movement had lost its way, that a movement begun to advance black claims to citizenship had degenerated into a modern - day minstrel show, purveying stereotypical images of black criminals, prostitutes, and buffoons for the amusement of white readers. in the months that followed, du bois continued to rail against what he dubbed the " van vechten school " of black writing. in his eyes, younger black writers were guilty not only of political irresponsibility but of artistic blindness, recycling tales of " low down " black people while ignoring the rich vein of artistic material to be found in the predicament of intelligent, upstanding negroes. his reviews of new negro writing ranged from disappointed ( fine clothes to the jew, langston hughes ' s second volume of poetry, contained " extraordinarily beautiful bits " but lamentably confined itself to " lowly types " )


six months, du bois printed the replies in crisis. insofar as he had hoped through the questionnaire to recapture artistic leadership of the harlem renaissance, the results were disappointing. while a few respondents answered in the intended spiritjessie fauset ' s reply deserved perfect marksthe vast majority reacted with something between bemusement and dismissal. " what ' s the use of saying anything? " langston hughes asked. " the true artist is going to write what he chooses anyway regardless of outside opinion.... it ' s the way people look at things, not what they look at, that needs to be changed. " du bois concluded the symposium with a long essay of his own, " criteria of negro art, " in which he explicated his ideas about the universal attributes of " beauty " and the specific contributions that black writers and artists might make toward its realization. the essay included stern instructions on the political responsibilities of the black writer, suggesting in several places that the duty of vindicating the reputation of the race trumped the value of art for art ' s sake. " all art is propaganda, " he thundered. " i do not give a damn for art that is not propaganda. " it is no disrespect to du bois, whose place in history is now secure, to say that this was not his finest hour. in the first place, his characterization of contemporary writing was factually incorrect. as james weldon johnson showed in a careful inventory published at the end of the 1920s, scarcely a quarter of the works written by or about african - americans in the previous decade fell within what du bois called the " van vechten school. " even nigger heaven itself, after its admittedly lurid beginning, dealt chiefly with the predicament of educated middle - class black people. the unfolding debate had also pushed du bois into a position - art equals propaganda - that not only smacked of philistinism but directly contradicted positions he himself had previously maintained. just five years before, for example, du bois had defended eugene o ' neill ' s controversial play the emperor jones against black critics who decried it for perpetuating racial stereotypes. to compel artists to represent only " the best and highest and noblest in us, " to " insist that art and propaganda be one, " betrayed a " complete misunderstanding... of the aim of art, " he wrote on that occasion. " we have criminals and prostitutes, ignorant and debased elements just


in us, " to " insist that art and propaganda be one, " betrayed a " complete misunderstanding... of the aim of art, " he wrote on that occasion. " we have criminals and prostitutes, ignorant and debased elements just as all folks have. " five years later, having seen his position as literary patron usurped, he was prepared to subject art to a more rigorous political test. second novel, dark princess ( 1928 ), can also be read as an attempt to move african - american literature in more responsible directions. the novel hewed closely to its author ' s political prescriptions, with middle - class characters debating the predicament of the world ' s darker races in impeccable english and with nary a prostitute or jazz club in sight. the main character, matthew towns, is a disillusioned black medical student who has fled the racism of the united states to live in germany. there he meets the title character, a beautiful indian princess who just happens to be the leader of a secret global movement of people of color. alternately romantic and didactic, the book could scarcely have been more out of step with the artistic temper of the 1920s, and it had little apparent impact on other black writers. du bois surely lost the battle for the soul of the harlem renaissance, he may have won the war. as the great depression ravaged harlem and popular enthusiasm for black people ' s arts ebbed, many prominent " new negroes " began to look back at the 1920s with a certain embarrassment, renouncing not only the bohemian excesses of the decade but their own naive belief that art alone could conquer racial prejudice. du bois watched it all with more than a little satisfaction. in 1933, in a speech at fisk university, he pronounced an epitaph for the renaissance - an epitaph that continues, for better and for worse, to shape critical assessments of the movement : why was it that the renaissance of literature which began among negroes ten years ago has never taken real and lasting root? it was because it was a transplanted and exotic thing. it was a literature written for the benefit of white people and at the behest of white readers, and starting out privately from the white point of view. it never had a real negro constituency and it did not grow out of the inmost heart and frank experience of negroes. on such an artificial basis no real literature can grow. 1933 du bois had settled comfortably into the role of curmudgeonly elder statesman, his


negro constituency and it did not grow out of the inmost heart and frank experience of negroes. on such an artificial basis no real literature can grow. 1933 du bois had settled comfortably into the role of curmudgeonly elder statesman, his public career had run scarcely half its course. he survived for another three decades, remaining politically and intellectually engaged until the end. though he resigned as editor of crisis in 1934, he continued to churn out articles, essays, and editorials on the issues of the day. he also published a steady stream of books, including black reconstruction, a classic work of radical history ; dusk of dawn, a lyrical autobiography ; and three more novels, the so - called " black flame " trilogy, which traced the movements of a thinly veiled autobiographical protagonist, manuel mansart, through the twentieth century. as the shadow of mccarthyism darkened american political life, du bois found himself increasingly isolated and vulnerable. his passport was suspended, and he faced mounting harassment, an experience he recounted in the short book in battle for peace. in 1951, he was arrested for failing to register as an agent of a foreign principal, a politically motivated charge growing out of his involvement with an international peace information center. in 1961, du bois accepted an invitation from kwame nkrumah, prime minister of the newly independent republic of ghana, to spend his last years in africa. on the day of his final departure from the united states, 1 october 1961, he formally enrolled as a member of the american communist party, a parting shot against the native land that had rejected his gifts. william edward burghardt du bois was born 23 february 1868 in great barrington, massachusetts. he studied at public schools in great barrington ; fisk university, nashville, tennessee ( a. b., 1888 ) ; harvard university ( a. b., 1890, a. m., 1991, ph. d., 1895 ) ; and the university of berlin ( 1892 - 1894 ). he taught at wilberforce university, xenia, ohio ( 1894 - 1896 ) ; the university of pennsylvania ( 1896 - 1897 ) ; and atlanta university ( 1897 - 1910, 1934 - 1943 ). du bois was a participant in the pan - african conference of 1900 and the universal races congress of 1911. he was a founding member of the niagara movement ( 1905 ), national association for the advancement of colored people ( 1910 ), and pan - african congresses ( 1919, 1921, 1923, 1927, 1945 ). du bois was an editor


of 1911. he was a founding member of the niagara movement ( 1905 ), national association for the advancement of colored people ( 1910 ), and pan - african congresses ( 1919, 1921, 1923, 1927, 1945 ). du bois was an editor at moon illustrated weekly, memphis, tennessee ( 1906 - 1907 ) ; horizon, washington, d. c. ( 1907 - 1910 ) ; crisis, new york city ( 1910 - 1934 ) ; and phylon, atlanta ( 1940 - 1944 ). he was a columnist for the pittsburgh courier ( 1936 - 1938 ), new york amsterdam news ( 1938 - 1944 ), chicago defender ( 1947 - 1948 ), and people ' s voice ( 1947 - 1948 ). he was also vice - chairman of the council on african affairs ( 1949 - 1954 ) and a candidate for the u. s. senate ( labor party, 1950 ). he immigrated to ghana in 1961 and became a ghanaian citizen. his awards included knight commander, liberian order of african redemption ( c. 1907 ) ; spingarn medal ( 1920 ) ; international peace prize ( 1952 ) ; and lenin peace prize ( 1959 ). du bois died in accra, ghana, 27 august 1963. see also : atlanta university studies ; cane ; crisis, the ; crisis : the negro in art - - - how shall he be portrayed? a symposium ; dark princess ; emperor jones, the ; fire!! ; fauset, jessie redmon ; harlem renaissance : 1 - - - black critics of ; harlem renaissance : 2 - - - black promoters of ; new negro movement ; niagara movment ; nigger heaven ; national association for the advancement of colored people ; pan - african congresses ; specific individuals suppression of the african slave trade to the united states of america, 1638 - 1870. 1896. the philadelphia negro : a social study. 1899. the souls of black folk : essays and sketches. 1903. the quest of the silver fleece : a novel. 1911. the negro. 1915. darkwater : voices from within the veil. 1921. the gift of black folk : negroes in the making of america. dark princess : a romance. 1928. black reconstruction in america : an essay toward a history of the part which black folk played in the attempt to reconstruct democracy in america, 1860 - 1880. 1935. dusk of dawn : an essay toward an autobiography of a race concept. the autobiography of w. e. b. du bois : a soliloquy on viewing my life from the last decade of


penguins on a treadmill - the latest ( and most bizarre ) way to save the planet scientists put monitors on birds in expirement to chart global warming last updated at 21 : 17pm on 7th april 2007 they may look absolutely bizarre... but these king penguins struggling on a treadmill could help to save the planet. scientists from birmingham university have fitted 50 of the birds with special heart - rate monitors in an experiment designed to measure global warming. they will record how much energy the birds are using in order to feed themselves. if the data shows they are making longer trips further into the oceans to find fish, it may prove waters are warming up and climate change is taking place. dr lewis halsey, of the university ' s school of biosciences, said : " we are fairly confident that there have been changes in the southern oceans where these penguins live. we expect they will also have to change what they are doing when they go into the sea to feed. " the lantern fish the penguins eat are going to be moving further south into colder waters as the southern oceans increase in temperature due to global warming. " the penguins are going to have to go further afield - and burn more calories - to find them. " we use the heart - rate monitors to find out how hard the penguins are working. over time they will be working harder to find the fish. " the ' guinea pig ' penguins live on the crozet islands, in the southern indian ocean, about 1, 500 miles north of the antarctic. the monitors record each penguin ' s heart rate, location, the surrounding pressure and hence water depth, and the temperature at the back of its throat, telling the scientists when it has swallowed a cold fish. the birds, famously awkward and ungainly on land, are released back into the wild to go on their usual diving expeditions and caught again a few months later when they return to land to breed. the data from all their fishing trips can then be downloaded to a computer for study, and the penguins return to the colony. the problem for the scientists was working out the relationship between the penguins ' heart rates and how much energy they were expending. to do this, ten penguins were placed on treadmills so their heart rates could be measured at the same time as breathing rate - calculated by putting the treadmill in a sealed, clear plastic box and monitoring how much oxygen they used. the treadmill was speeded up and slowed down to find out how the penguin ' s heart rates changed