solar power breakthrough claimed by stanford researchers | 9 : 04 : 27 pm, monday, march 14, 2011 | “ it ’ s the holy grail at clean energy research labs all over the world and something which could address long term energy issues domestically and beyond : more efficient photovoltaic solar. we ’ ve told you about scientists studying full - spectrum cells, using textured substrates, trying self - regenerating nanomaterials – we ’ ve even reported on an anti - reflective film inspired by a coating found in moth eyes. now a stanford team is claiming a breakthrough in making cheaper, more efficient panels by adding a single layer of organic molecules to solar cells. the researchers studied this technique on a fairly new type of solar cell that uses tiny particles of semiconductors called quantum dots. quantum dot solar cells are cheaper to produce than traditional silicon cells, but they haven ’ t caught on due to their relative inefficiency. for stacey bent, a chemical engineering professor at stanford, this represented something of a challenge. she knew that solar cells made of a single material have a maximum efficiency of about 31 percent, a limitation of the fixed energy level they can absorb, and that quantum dot solar cells didn ’ t share this limitation. “ quantum dots can be tuned to absorb a certain wavelength of light just by changing their size, ” the stanford report on her research says. “ and they can be used to build more complex solar cells that have more than one size of quantum dot, allowing them to absorb multiple wavelengths of light. ” so bent and her team coated a titanium dioxide semiconductor in their quantum dot solar cell with a very thin single layer of organic molecules. they found that just that single layer, less than a nanometer thick, was enough to triple the efficiency of the solar cells. even with this breakthrough, there ’ s still work to do : bent said the cadmium sulfide quantum dots she ’ s been using aren ’ t ideal for solar cells, so her group plans to try other molecules for the organic layer, while also tinkering with the solar cell increase light absorption. her theory is, said stanford, that once the sun ’ s energy creates an electron and a hole, the thin organic layer helps keep them apart, preventing them from recombining and being wasted. the group has yet to optimize the solar cells, and they have currently achieved an efficiency of, at most, 0. 4 percent. but the group can tune several aspects of the cell, and once they do it is said,


wasted. the group has yet to optimize the solar cells, and they have currently achieved an efficiency of, at most, 0. 4 percent. but the group can tune several aspects of the cell, and once they do it is said, the threefold increase caused by the organic layer would be even more significant. ” japan does not face another chernobyl | 1 : 51 : 57 pm, monday, march 14, 2011 | “ even while thousands of people are reported dead or missing, whole neighborhoods lie in ruins, and gas and oil fires rage out of control, press coverage of the japanese earthquake has quickly settled on the troubles at two nuclear reactors as the center of the catastrophe. rep. ed markey ( d., mass. ), a longtime opponent of nuclear power, has warned of " another chernobyl " and predicted " the same thing could happen here. " in response, he has called for an immediate suspension of licensing procedures for the westinghouse ap1000, a " generation iii " reactor that has been laboring through design review at the nuclear regulatory commission for seven years. before we respond with such panic, though, it would be useful to review exactly what is happening in japan and what we have to fear from it. the core of a nuclear reactor operates at about 550 degrees fahrenheit, well below the temperature of a coal furnace and only slightly hotter than a kitchen oven. if anything unusual occurs, the control rods immediately drop, shutting off the nuclear reaction. you can ' t have a " runaway reactor, " nor can a reactor explode like a nuclear bomb. a commercial reactor is to a bomb what vaseline is to napalm. although both are made from petroleum jelly, only one of them has potentially explosive material. once the reactor has shut down, there remains " decay heat " from traces of other radioactive isotopes. this can take more than a week to cool down, and the rods must be continually bathed in cooling waters to keep them from overheating. on all generation ii reactors — the ones currently in operation — the cooling water is circulated by electric pumps. the new generation iii reactors such as the ap1000 have a simplified " passive " cooling system where the water circulates by natural convection with no pumping required. if the pumps are knocked out in a generation ii reactor — as they were at fukushima daiichi by the tsunami — the water in the cooling system can overheat and evaporate. the resulting steam increases internal pressure that must be vent


. if the pumps are knocked out in a generation ii reactor — as they were at fukushima daiichi by the tsunami — the water in the cooling system can overheat and evaporate. the resulting steam increases internal pressure that must be vented. there was a small release of radioactive steam at three mile island in 1979, and there have also been a few releases at fukushima daiichi. these produce radiation at about the level of one dental x - ray in the immediate vicinity and quickly dissipate. if the coolant continues to evaporate, the water level can fall below the level of the fuel rods, exposing them. this will cause a meltdown, meaning the fuel rods melt to the bottom of the steel pressure vessel. early speculation was that in a case like this the fuel might continue melting right through the steel and perhaps even through the concrete containment structure — the so - called china syndrome, where the fuel would melt all the way to china. but three mile island proved this doesn ' t happen. the melted fuel rods simply aren ' t hot enough to melt steel or concrete. the decay heat must still be absorbed, however, and as a last - ditch effort the emergency core cooling system can be activated to flood the entire containment structure with water. this will do considerable damage to the reactor but will prevent any further steam releases. the japanese have now reportedly done this using seawater in at least two of the troubled reactors. these reactors will never be restarted … ” - - follow link for the rest of the article, where chernobyl power station ' s flaws are described. cost of a slave at historic low price - 90 dollars | 4 : 33 : 19 pm, sunday, march 13, 2011 | - - apparently modern slaves are cheaper than ever... no moammar, no fly : how to stop gadhafi ’ s planes | 3 : 34 : 50 pm, sunday, march 13, 2011 | “ keep the surveillance planes flying. fry the radar. while the sun hangs in the sky, let libya ’ s pilots know they ’ re on borrowed time if they take off. there ’ s a lot of talk about setting up a no - fly zone over libya — especially now that moammar gadhafi used his planes to take the oil refinery city of ras lunuf back from the rebels, and especially now that the director of national intelligence proclaimed that gadhafi would eventually beat back the opposition, unless there ’ s some serious outside support. but nato stopped short of any such


oil refinery city of ras lunuf back from the rebels, and especially now that the director of national intelligence proclaimed that gadhafi would eventually beat back the opposition, unless there ’ s some serious outside support. but nato stopped short of any such decision on thursday. a raft of u. s. military leaders, from defense secretary robert gates to adm. michael mullen to gen. james mattis of central command, have warned that a no - fly zone is neither a simple or antiseptic operation. air force leaders and veterans of no - fly campaigns contacted by danger room agree with that caution. keeping gadhafi ’ s planes and helicopters out of the sky is no cakewalk, and the objectives are anything but clear. but they sketched out the following picture of what one might look like. blowing up libya ’ s surface - to - air defenses is the first wave of a no - fly campaign, as secretary gates noted. but to do that, there ’ s an even more preliminary step : use the awacs surveillance and command planes that nato is now flying 24 - 7 to find libya ’ s radars, command and control and missile stations. “ i ’ m absolutely certain, ” says retired gen. pete piotrowski, a former air force vice chief of staff, “ that the intelligence community knows the location of the surface to air missiles and the radars, ” thanks to the awacs. high - speed anti - radiation missiles, or harms, can then take out the radars — which would render the libyans ’ missiles dumb without having to take out every missile station. bombing would take care of the libyan command and control centers, too, once awacs identifies them. and a blind libyan air command can ’ t challenge nato aircraft. “ if you take out the command and control, [ the libyans ] may get lucky, ” says retired maj. gen. irv halter, who helped run operation northern watch, the no - fly zone over northern iraq, “ but they ’ ll be looking through a soda straw. ” a trickier target will be the libyan fleet of attack helicopters, which marine commandant james amosidentified as a crucial part of gadhafi ’ s arsenal. while it ’ s possible that precision weaponry from the nato aircraft thousands of feet above could take the copters out, military analyst kori schake of the hoover institution suggests using french and british carriers in the southern mediterranean to launch helicopters of nato ’ s own, plus “ missiles


precision weaponry from the nato aircraft thousands of feet above could take the copters out, military analyst kori schake of the hoover institution suggests using french and british carriers in the southern mediterranean to launch helicopters of nato ’ s own, plus “ missiles and naval gunfire ” to keep the copters grounded. ( there ’ s also talk of cratering runways and helicopter staging areas, so the aircraft can ’ t get off of the ground. ) … ” earthquake fault lines in america | 5 : 39 : 42 pm, saturday, march 12, 2011 | - - so, by raise of hands, who knew about the ny / pa / nj one? how the human penis lost its spines | 2 : 44 : 18 pm, saturday, march 12, 2011 | " you ' ve read the headline, and it probably made you giggle. go ahead. get it out of your system. then take a deep breath and consider how evolution affected a few specific body parts, and why. humans and chimpanzees share more than 97 % of dna, but there are some fairly obvious differences in appearance, behavior and intellect. now, scientists are learning more than ever about what makes us uniquely human. we know that humans have larger brains and, within the brain, a larger angular gyrus, a region associated with abstract concepts. also, male chimpanzees have smaller penises than humans, and their penises have spines. not like porcupine needles or anything, but small pointy projections on the surface that basically make the organ bumpy. gill bejerano, a biologist at stanford university school of medicine, and colleagues wanted to further investigate why humans and chimpanzees have such differences. they analyzed the genomes of humans and closely related primates and discovered more than 500 regulatory regions - - sequences in the genome responsible for controlling genes - - that chimpanzees and other mammals have, but humans do not. in other words, they are making a list of dna that has been lost from the human genome during millions of years of evolution. results from their study are published in the journal nature. think of it like light bulbs and their switches, where the light bulbs are genes and the switches are these controlling dna sequences. if there ' s no bulb, the switch can ' t turn the light on. now imagine there ' s one bulb and five switches to turn it on at different times in different places. if you take one of the switches away, the bulb still works in the four other contexts


, the switch can ' t turn the light on. now imagine there ' s one bulb and five switches to turn it on at different times in different places. if you take one of the switches away, the bulb still works in the four other contexts, but not in the fifth. this study looks at two particular switches. bejerano and colleagues took the switch information from a chimpanzee ' s genome and essentially " hooked it up " to a reporter gene, a gene whose effects scientists can track as an organism develops. they injected the reporter gene in a mouse egg to see what the switch would do. they found that in one case, a switch that had been lost in humans normally turns on an androgen receptor at the sites where sensory whiskers develop on the face and spines develop on the penis. mice and many other animals have both of these characteristics, and humans do not... " - - are you telling me i could ' ve had spines on my penis! who cut that one out of the gene pool, seriously? engineers re - create the flying house in ‘ up ’ | 2 : 26 : 17 pm, saturday, march 12, 2011 | - - i ' ve been meaning to share this! while kinda pointless it ' s still awesome. good morning america featured this segment showing a bunch of engineers recreating the floating house in disney / pixar ’ s movie up. they didn ' t float an actual house but a bare - bones house using 300 large helium balloons. via www. doobybrain. com photos of japan after the massive 8. 9 - magnitude earthquake | 2 : 02 : 24 pm, friday, march 11, 2011 | - - heart - breaking images that show the destruction and the immensity of the flooding … it ' ll take a while for that whole part of the world to recover from this one, i hope the world can come together and speed up that process and not have politics and greed interfere. space shuttle discovery sts - 131 | 12 : 36 : 17 pm, thursday, march 10, 2011 | - - beautiful. sts - 131, if you ' re interested. humans, version 3. 0 | 10 : 46 : 02 am, thursday, march 10, 2011 | “ where are we humans going, as a species? if science fiction is any guide, we will genetically evolve like in x - men, become genetically engineered as in gattaca, or become cybernetically enhanced like general grievous in star wars. all of these


, as a species? if science fiction is any guide, we will genetically evolve like in x - men, become genetically engineered as in gattaca, or become cybernetically enhanced like general grievous in star wars. all of these may well be part of the story of our future, but i ’ m not holding my breath. the first of these — natural selection — is impracticably slow, and there ’ s a plausible case to be made that naturalselection has all but stopped acting on us. genetic engineering could engender marked changes in us, but it requires a scientific bridge between genotypes — an organism ’ s genetic blueprints — and phenotypes, which are the organisms themselves and their suite of abilities. a sufficiently sophisticated bridge between these extremes is nowhere in sight. and machine - enhancement is part of our world even today, manifesting in the smartphones and desktop computers most of us rely on each day. such devices will continue to further empower us in the future, but serious hardware additions to our brains will not be forthcoming until we figure out how to build human - level artificial intelligences ( and meld them to our neurons ), something that will require cracking the mind ’ s deepest mysteries. i have argued that we ’ re centuries or more away from that. simply put, none of these scenarios are plausible for the immediate future. if there issomething next, some imminently arriving transformative development for human capabilities, then the key will not be improved genes or cortical plug - ins. but what other way forward could humans possibly have? with genetic and cyborg enhancement off the table for many years, it would seem we are presently stuck as - is, sans upgrades. there is, however, another avenue for human evolution, one mostly unappreciated in both science and fiction. it is this unheralded mechanism that will usher in the next stage of human, giving future people exquisite powers we do not currently possess, powers worthy of natural selection itself. and, importantly, it doesn ’ t require us to transform into cyborgs or bio - engineered lab rats. it merely relies on our natural bodies and brains functioning as they have for millions of years. this mystery mechanism of human transformation is neuronal recycling, coined by neuroscientist stanislas dehaene, wherein the brain ’ s innate capabilities are harnessed for altogether novel functions … ” a seriously jaw - dropping close - up photo of the sun | 1 :


neuronal recycling, coined by neuroscientist stanislas dehaene, wherein the brain ’ s innate capabilities are harnessed for altogether novel functions … ” a seriously jaw - dropping close - up photo of the sun | 1 : 05 : 29 am, thursday, march 10, 2011 | - - " this picture was taken by alan friedman...... alan used a filter that lets through only a very narrow wavelength of light emitted by hydrogen ( called hα for those of you keeping track at home ), so this tracks the activity of gas on the solar surface. he also inverts the image of the solar disk ( makes it a negative ) to increase contrast. somehow this adds a three - dimensional quality to the picture, and reveals an amazing amount of texture. i swear i had a rug in my bedroom growing up that was this texture ( though somewhat cooler and less burny ). the scene - stealer is that detached prominence off to the left. that ’ s the leftover material ejected from the sun by an erupting sunspot ( you can see other sunspots in the picture as well ). the gas is ionized — a plasma — and so it ’ s affected by magnetic fields. the material follows the magnetic field of the sun in the explosion, lifting it off the surface and into space. sometimes it falls back, and sometimes it leaves the sun entirely. in this case, alan caught some of the material at what looks like the top of its trajectory. the beauty of this picture belies its violence and sheer magnitude : the mass of material in a prominence can easily top 10 billion tons! as for size, see that dark elongated sunspot near the base of the prominence, just to the right of the bigger, speckly one? that spot is roughly twice the size of the earth...... making this even more amazing, these images are taken with a 90mm telescope — that ’ s a lens not even 4 inches across! superior optics, a good mount, and a steady hand can do wonders. prisoners help build patriot missiles | 12 : 59 : 26 am, thursday, march 10, 2011 | " this spring, the united arab emirates is expected to close a deal for $ 7 billion dollars ’ worth of american arms. nearly half of the cash will be spent on patriot missiles, which cost as much as $ 5. 9 million apiece. but what makes those eye - popping sums even more shocking is that some of the workers manufacturing parts


’ worth of american arms. nearly half of the cash will be spent on patriot missiles, which cost as much as $ 5. 9 million apiece. but what makes those eye - popping sums even more shocking is that some of the workers manufacturing parts for those patriot missiles are prisoners, earning as little as 23 cents an hour. ( credit justin rohrlich with the catch. ) the work is done by unicor, previously known as federal prison industries. it ’ s a government - owned corporation, established during the depression, that employs about 20, 000 inmates in 70 prisons to make everything from clothing to office furniture to solar panels to military electronics. one of the company ’ s high - tech specialties : patriot missile parts. “ unicor / fpi supplies numerous electronic components and services for guided missiles, including the patriot advanced capability ( pac - 3 ) missile, ” unicor ’ s website explains. “ we assemble and distribute the intermediate frequency processor ( ifp ) for the pac - 3s seeker. the ifp receives and filters radio - frequency signals that guide the missile toward its target. ” the missiles are then marketed worldwide — sometimes by washington ’ s top officials. last year, secretary of defense robert gates pitched the patriots to the turkish government last year, a diplomatic cable released by wikileaks reveals : “ secdef stressed that ‘ nothing can compete with the pac - 3 when it comes to capabilities. ’ ” patriot assemblers raytheon and lockheed martin aren ’ t the only defense contractors relying on prison help. as rohrlich notes, unicor “ inmates also make cable assemblies for the mcdonnell douglas / boeing f - 15, the general dynamics / lockheed martin f - 16, bell / textron ’ s cobra helicopter, as well as electro - optical equipment for the bae systems bradley fighting vehicle ’ s laser rangefinder. ” unicor used to make helmets for the military, as well. but that work was suspended when 44, 000 helmets were recalled for shoddy quality... " space shuttle discovery landed today, ending its flying career | 12 : 43 : 13 pm, wednesday, march 09, 2011 | as the world ' s most flown spaceship wednesday, returning from orbit for the last time and taking off in a new direction as a museum piece. nasa ' s oldest shuttle swooped through a mostly clear noontime sky to a touchdown at its home base. " to the ship that has led the way time and time again, we say, ' farewell discovery, ' "


as a museum piece. nasa ' s oldest shuttle swooped through a mostly clear noontime sky to a touchdown at its home base. " to the ship that has led the way time and time again, we say, ' farewell discovery, ' " radioed the mission control commentator. florida ' s spaceport was packed with shuttle program workers, journalists and even some schoolchildren eager to see history in the making. the six astronauts on board went through their landing checklists with the bittersweet realization no one would ever ride discovery again. they said during their 13 - day space station delivery mission that they expected that to hit them hard when the shuttle came to a stop on the runway. at three minutes before noon eastern time — discovery landed and ceased being a reusable rocketship. " for the final time : wheels stop, " discovery ' s commander steven lindsey called out as the shuttle rolled to a stop. even after shuttles endeavour and atlantis make their final voyages in the coming months, discovery will still hold the all - time record with 39 missions, 148 million miles, 5, 830 orbits of earth, and 365 days spent in space. all that was achieved in under 27 years. discovery now leads the way to retirement as nasa winds down the 30 - year shuttle program in favor of interplanetary travel. nasa estimates it will take several months of work — removing the three main engines and draining all hazardous fuels — before discovery is ready to head to the smithsonian institution. it will make the 750 - mile journey strapped to the top of a jumbo jet. throughout the flight, lindsey and his crew marveled at how well discovery was performing. they noted that the spacecraft was going into retirement still " at the top of her game. " " a dream machine, " observed lindsey ' s co - pilot, eric boe, on the eve of landing. discovery ' s last mission ended up being flawless despite a four - month grounding for fuel tank repairs. perhaps more than any other shuttle, discovery consistently delivered... " - - i support retiring the shuttles. i do not support not having a replacement... this is very bittersweet, disillusioning really. = ( the photo is of space shuttle discovery catching a ride by lori losey nasa, august 19, 2005. mount roraima, venezuela | 12 : 04 : 25 pm, wednesday, march 09, 2011 | a homeless city in the woods | 12 : 33 : 51 am, wednesday, march 09, 2011 | " a


, august 19, 2005. mount roraima, venezuela | 12 : 04 : 25 pm, wednesday, march 09, 2011 | a homeless city in the woods | 12 : 33 : 51 am, wednesday, march 09, 2011 | " a crusading minister has built a forested utopia for the itinerant and destitute. but is a social experiment what they ’ re looking for, or just a place to live? the shower is a thing of beauty. stainless - steel well point buried twenty feet below a cast - iron hand pump connected by gutter pipe to a 55 - gallon drum draining through a garden hose into a propane - fueled heater hooked to an electric pump hooked to a car battery hooked to a gas generator. flick a switch, turn a valve, and voila : a hot shower in the woods. roughly three hundred feet down a rutted dirt road, in a dappled expanse of scrub pine and oak on the outskirts of lakewood, new jersey, about 40 men and women have made for themselves a provisional home. dozens of tents sprawl across several acres. in addition to the shower, there is an outhouse tent with a flushable toilet pilfered from an old rv. there ’ s a kitchen trailer with a working range. there ’ s a community tent with turquoise leatherette sofas, and a washer and dryer that, when connected to the generator and filled with collected rainwater, operate as a de facto laundromat. there ’ s a chicken coop and a vegetable garden. there was even once a goat named molly, passed off to a local farm because no one could stomach the taste of her milk. the camp looks something like the scene of an extended hunting trip, but it is in fact a homeless encampment — possibly the largest in the tri - state area, not that any governmental body has bothered to keep track. some call it cedar bridge, after the nearest paved road. at night, its residents gather around campfires telling tales of my homelessness. some begin with a release from jail, others with a failed business, a failed marriage, a failed drug test, or a failed ability to deal with the daily grind of a nine - to - five. michael ’ s story began in new york city, where his work as a union electrician dwindled with the dow. “ i was working with my landlord. i would send him 500 bucks, 300 bucks. then finally i got a summons to appear in court. ” “


new york city, where his work as a union electrician dwindled with the dow. “ i was working with my landlord. i would send him 500 bucks, 300 bucks. then finally i got a summons to appear in court. ” “ don ’ t you just love that? ” asks mary beth, who is playing hostess tonight outside her low polyester tent. “ three days later, i ’ m walking up to the apartment, i see the doorknob is different. there ’ s a sticker on the door : no trespassing. tenant has been evicted. well, i managed to salvage what i wanted. ” mary beth nods in understanding. “ i had the same thing happen, but i made sure i kept the windows unlocked, and i crawled through at night. ” this was after she had been fired from wal - mart in what she believes to be a systematic effort to rid the company of full - time employees. “ wal - mart sucks. ” her first night at the camp, listening to all the unknown noises of the forest, she was petrified. the next day she met big gerry, who had lost his house and his wife after his fitness center failed. she moved into his tent that night... " - - follow the link for a 31 photo slide - show even if you don ' t plan on reading. home older posts »


# include < stdlib. h > char * getpass ( const char * prompt ) ; # include < unistd. h > char * getpass ( const char * prompt ) ; the getpass ( ) function opens the process ' s controlling terminal, writes to that device the null - terminated string prompt, disables echoing, reads a string of characters up to the next newline character or eof, restores the terminal state and closes the terminal. the getpassphrase ( ) function is identical to getpass ( ), except that it reads and returns a string of up to 256 characters in length. upon successful completion, getpass ( ) returns a pointer to a null - terminated string of at most pass _ max bytes that were read from the terminal device. if an error is encountered, the terminal state is restored and a null pointer is returned. the getpass ( ) and getpassphrase ( ) functions may fail if : the function was interrupted by a signal. the process is a member of a background process attempting to read from its controlling terminal, the process is ignoring or blocking the sigttin signal or the process group is orphaned. open _ max file descriptors are currently open in the calling process. the maximum allowable number of files is currently open in the system. the process does not have a controlling terminal. the return value points to static data whose content may be overwritten by each call. see attributes ( 5 ) for descriptions of the following attributes : | attribute type | | attribute value |


| skip navigation links | | exit print view | | man pages section 3 : curses library functions oracle solaris 11 express 11 / 10 | - get a single - byte character from the terminal cc [ flag... ] file... - i / usr / xpg4 / include - l / usr / xpg4 / lib \ - r / usr / xpg4 / lib - lcurses [ library... ] c89 [ flag... ] file... - lcurses [ library... ] # include < curses. h > int getch ( void ) ; int wgetch ( window * win ) ; int mvgetch ( int y, int x ) ; int mvwgetch ( window * win, int y, int x ) ; is a pointer to the window associated with the terminal from which the character is to be read. is the y ( row ) coordinate for the position of the character to be read. is the x ( column ) coordinate for the position of the character to be read. these functions read a single - byte character from the terminal associated with the current or specified window. the results are unspecified if the input is not a single - byte character. if keypad ( 3xcurses ) is enabled, these functions respond to the pressing of a function key by returning the corresponding key _ value defined in < curses. h > processing of terminal input is subject to the general rules described on the keypad ( 3xcurses ) manual page. if echoing is enabled, then the character is echoed as though it were provided as an input argument to addch ( 3xcurses ), except for the following characters : the input is interpreted as follows : unless the cursor already was in column 0, < backspace > moves the cursor one column toward the start of the current line and any characters after the < backspace > are added or inserted starting there. the character at the resulting cursor position it then deleted as though delch ( 3xcurses ) were called, except that if the cursor was originally in the first column of the line, the user is alerted as though beep ( 3xcurses ) were called. the user is alerted as though beep ( ) were called. information concerning the function keys is not returned to the caller. if the current or specified window is not a pad, and it has been moved modified since


if you experience any of these symptoms do not assume it is due to cancer. most of these symptoms may be caused by other, less serious health conditions. if you experience any one of them, see your physician. symptoms of thyroid cancer include the following : swelling or lump in neck — an enlarging lump in the lower neck may be due to a thyroid nodule. the lump may be painless or painful. neck pain — as thyroid cancer grows, it may put pressure on nearby nerves and structures, causing pain. the pain may irritate nerves, causing the sensation of pain to run from the area of the thyroid all the way up to the ears. hoarse voice — pressure from an enlarging thyroid on the nearby voice box may cause the voice to sound hoarse. noisy breathing, wheezing — when the thyroid enlarges enough to press against the trachea ( windpipe ), your breathing may sound harsh ( called stridor ), raspy, or wheezy ( whistling ). cough — pressure from a thyroid tumor on the trachea may also cause you to cough. difficulty swallowing — if the thyroid expands enough to put pressure on the esophagus ( the tube that carries food from the mouth into the stomach ), you may find it hard to swallow. - reviewer : igor puzanov, md - review date : 09 / 2012 - - update date : 00 / 92 / 2012 -


this is an extreme example, but i can ’ t help but think car companies can easily hit the 35 mpg mileage standards obama is about to lay out if the following is possible for a street ready car. volkswagen ’ s ceo, martin winterkorn recently confirmed the company is working on a car that will get 235 mpg ( 1 liter per 100 kilometers ) fuel economy. in 2002, vw showed its 1 - liter concept car that achieved 264 mpg ( 0. 89l / 100km ). the project was cancelled in 2005 but vw has now revived it. how real is this? vw now says a limited production car could be offered by 2010. the vw 1 - liter, developed in a wind tunnel, has a very narrow and very flat body configuration that necessitated tandem seating for the two occupants. measuring in at 4. 1 feet wide, 11. 4 feet long, and just over 3 feet tall, the car features an amazing drag coefficient of just 0. 159 … even more wind - cheating than the slippery gm ev1 electric car ’ s 0. 19 cd. with its 235 mpg fuel economy, it can travel 400 miles on its 1. 7 gallon fuel tank … all the while achieving a 75 mph top speed. the future of cars is small and lightweight. bet on it. this entry was posted on monday, may 18th, 2009 and is filed under cars, energy, environment. you can follow any responses to this entry through the rss 2. 0 feed. you can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.


december 7 2008 ( naturalnews ) a study on almost 24, 000 japanese women recently published in the british journal of cancer has found that lack of sleep can greatly increase the risk of breast cancer, with women who slept 6 hours or less every night having a significantly higher risk. breast cancer statistics breast cancer is the most common cancer to hit women worldwide. in japan, when age - standardized to the world population, the incidence rate was 28. 3 per 100, 000 in 1991, and rose to 39. 5 in 2001. in the united states in 2004, the disease hit more than 185, 000 women and over 1, 800 men, with almost 41, 000 women and 362 men dying from it that year. in that year, after non - melanoma skin cancer, breast cancer was the next highest cancer killer of american women. it was also their fifth highest killer overall. next up, over to canada, where, among the women, breast cancer is the most common type of cancer to strike. according to canadian cancer society estimates, about 22, 400 women will be diagnosed with the disease this year, with about 5, 300 dying from it. with such grim statistics, every little thing which can be done to prevent and combat the disease becomes all the more critical. details of study the ohsaki national health insurance ( nhi ) cohort study started in 1994 and involved 28, 515 women in northeastern japan. the questionnaire used included information on sleep duration and other lifestyle habits. participants who had withdrawn from the nhi study before follow - up, had a history of cancer, did not provide information on their sleep duration, and who reported having slept for less than 4 hours or more than 12 hours every night were omitted. this left the data for 23, 995 women to be analyzed. an 8 - year period, from 1995 to 2003, was used, during which 143 women were hit with breast cancer. findings of study the women who slept 7 hours each night was used as the reference group. it was then found that women who slept 6 hours or less each night had a 62 % higher risk of getting breast cancer. on the other hand, those who slept 9 hours or more every night had a 28 % lower risk of getting the disease. it would follow, then, that those who slept 6 hours or less every night had 2. 25 times the risk of getting breast cancer when compared to those who slept 9 hours or more each night. the results remained largely consistent even when participants who were diagnosed with breast cancer


then, that those who slept 6 hours or less every night had 2. 25 times the risk of getting breast cancer when compared to those who slept 9 hours or more each night. the results remained largely consistent even when participants who were diagnosed with breast cancer within 3 years from the start of the study were excluded, or when the data was analyzed by age and menopausal status. the findings of this study validates the findings of two previous prospective cohort studies relating breast cancer and sleep duration ( verkasalo et al, 2005, wu et al, 2008 ). those two studies had also shown a significant decrease in breast cancer risk for those who slept the longest. it must be noted, though, that another such study ( pinheiro et al, 2006 ) did not find any such association. the study team pointed out, however, that that study had looked at residential nurses, who underwent rotating - shift work and had varying sleep timings. the findings of that study thus might not be applicable to the general population. strengths and limitations of study according to the study team, their research had a couple of strong points. firstly, it used study subjects from the general population, thus allowing for overall generalization of its findings. in addition, it used the miyagi prefectural cancer registry, which the study team said is “ one of the earliest and most accurate population - based cancer registries in japan ”. there were also, however, several limitations. firstly, self - reported sleep data was used, and assessment was also only carried out once. in addition, and probably very significantly, no information on sleep quality, sleep timing, use of sleep medication, or presence of sleep disorders were available. these factors, of course, are very important as they can directly or indirectly affect cancer risk. further, the researchers added that they had no information with regard to rotating - shift work or night work, but they felt that would not have affected their findings greatly as more than half of the study subjects were housewives, farmers or retired. the sleep duration – breast cancer link why is breast cancer risk linked to sleep duration? the answer could lie in melatonin, which is secreted during night sleep. when a person sleeps fewer hours, less melatonin is secreted, and lower levels of the chemical had previously been associated with increased breast cancer risk. in addition, melatonin may possess an inhibitory effect on gonadal function, which includes synthetizing and secreting sex hormones. it had also been found to


your most pressing national electrical code ( nec ) questions answered all questions and answers are based on the 2011 nec. q. does the code allow the installation of cord - connected equipment above a suspended ceiling? a. unless specifically permitted in 400. 7, flexible cords must not be concealed by walls, floors, or ceilings, or located above suspended or dropped ceilings [ 400. 8 ( 5 ) ]. flexible cords are permitted under a raised floor ( with removable panels ) used for environmental air, because this area isn ’ t considered a concealed space. see the definition of “ exposed ” in art. 100. receptacles are permitted above a suspended ceiling, but a flexible cord isn ’ t. why install a receptacle above a ceiling if the flexible cord isn ’ t permitted in this space? because the receptacle can be used for portable tools ; it just can ’ t be used for cord - and plug - connected equipment fastened in place, such as a projector ( click here to see figure ). q. is a supplemental grounding electrode for a single rod, pipe, or plate electrode always required? a. a single rod, pipe, or plate electrode must be supplemented by an additional electrode that ’ s bonded to one of the following [ 250. 53 ( a ) ( 2 ) ] : - the single rod, pipe, or plate electrode - the grounding electrode conductor of the single electrode - the neutral service - entrance conductor - the nonflexible grounded service raceway - the service enclosure ex : if a single rod, pipe, or plate grounding electrode has an earth contact resistance of 25 ohms or less, the supplemental electrode isn ’ t required. q. how is the ampacity determined for nm - b cable? a. conductor ampacity is calculated on the 90°c insulation rating of the conductor in accordance with table 310. 15 ( b ) ( 16 ) ; however, the conductors must be sized to the termination temperature rating of 60°c [ 334. 80 ]. let ’ s work a sample problem to help you better understand these guidelines. what size type nm cable is required to supply a 9. 60kw, 240v, single - phase fixed space heater with a 3a blower motor? the terminals are rated 75°c. step 1 : determine the total load in amperes : i = va ÷ e = 9, 600w ÷ 240v + 3a = 40a + 3a = 43a step 2 : size the ungrounded conductors and overcurre


##°c. step 1 : determine the total load in amperes : i = va ÷ e = 9, 600w ÷ 240v + 3a = 40a + 3a = 43a step 2 : size the ungrounded conductors and overcurrent device at no less than 125 % of the total heating load [ 424. 3 ( b ) ]. conductor / protection size = load × 1. 25 = 43a × 1. 25 = 53. 75a according to table 310. 15 ( b ) ( 16 ), a 6 awg conductor rated 55a at 60°c, protected with a 60a overcurrent device [ 240. 6 ( a ) ] will satisfy these requirements. if multiple type nm cables pass through the same wood framing opening that ’ s to be sealed with thermal insulation, caulking, or sealing foam, the allowable ampacity of each conductor must be adjusted in accordance with table 310. 15 ( b ) ( 3 ) ( a ) [ 334. 80 ]. this requirement has no effect on conductor sizing if you bundle no more than nine current - carrying 14 or 12 awg conductors together. for example, three 14 / 2 cables and one 14 / 3 cable ( nine current - carrying 14 thhn conductors ) are bundled together in a dry location, the ampacity for each conductor ( 25a at 90°c, table 310. 15 ( b ) ( 16 ) ) is adjusted by a 70 % adjustment factor [ table 310. 15 ( b ) ( 3 ) ( a ) ]. adjusted conductor ampacity = 25a × 0. 70 = 17. 50a


( cnn ) - - the baby boomer generation ' s efforts at creating social justice dramatically transformed history - - from the vietnam war to gay rights. even institutions that kept tradition at their very core - - institutions such as the roman catholic church - - were radically changed by this generation. within the church, perhaps the biggest agents of this change were its nuns. a wave of new thought during the 1960s opened cloister doors. while modernization of the church did leave fewer nuns in the pipeline to carry out work in the health care and education fields, the ones who stayed - - this baby boomer generation of religious sisters - - undertook a kind of grass - roots, social justice - oriented health care. even today, their work continues to fill in the gaps left by our general health care system. vatican ii revolutionizes religious life it was pope john xxiii who initiated the roman catholic church ' s modernization movement in 1962. the pope was decidedly not a baby boomer - - he was born in 1881. but he inspired the boomers, who were left to carry out his reforms. he convened the second vatican council, or vatican ii, whose leaders created 16 documents that redefined the role of the church in the world. they allowed catholics to work and pray with members of other faiths, replaced the latin mass with church services held in local languages, and dramatically changed how religious sisters lived and worked. " pope john xxiii said we had to re - examine who we were as the church and get back to the core teachings of jesus - - which were about compassion and justice - - and get rid of what wasn ' t, " said miriam therese macgillis of the dominican sisters of caldwell, new jersey. she made the comment in the recently released documentary " band of sisters, " which examines how this generation of religious women changed the catholic church ' s social justice efforts, something little discussed until now. mary fishman, the film ' s producer and director, said she wanted to create a film that would capture this watershed moment in the church and its impact on nuns. " vatican ii was the spark that showed the church isn ' t just the hierarchy, it ' s the people, " fishman said. " sisters from all over the country were inspired to work directly with those that needed their help. these faith - filled people became the most vibrant part of the church who went on to get people excited and passionate about doing god ' s work and creating real change. " it was a huge shift for the sisters. " for over 1


their help. these faith - filled people became the most vibrant part of the church who went on to get people excited and passionate about doing god ' s work and creating real change. " it was a huge shift for the sisters. " for over 1, 500 years, cloister and religious habit were absolutely required. so we were not to ever leave the cloister. we were never to be without habit, " sister theresa kane explained in the documentary. vatican ii loosened so many requirements that it made the front cover of time magazine. nuns no longer had to live in convents, solely work within the church and its institutions, or wear their distinctive habits. the ruling also put the laity on equal footing with religious sisters and priests, who at one time had been seen by the church as being above the people. the new freedom shook many convents to their core. hundreds of nuns left religious life. others stayed to figure out how they could best use their talents. making a difference sister helen skormisley, a member of the congregation of saint joseph, entered religious life during this tumultuous time, becoming a nun after graduating from nursing school in 1966. she said she felt a strong kinship with the sisters in west virginia, where she had grown up. " a whole world opened up for me when i joined them, " she said. " soon i saw what my whole purpose was as a sister : i could be of service to others wherever god would call. " she spent the majority of her career working not in the church, but in the county health department in morgantown, west virginia, mostly in home health care and hospice. the area had only a relatively small catholic population. " i took care of many people who didn ' t have any idea i was a sister, but that was ok. i was more focused on giving compassionate care and alleviating people ' s suffering, " she said. " i wore the full habit for one year and then in the next two or three, everything changed and we didn ' t have to wear it. i wasn ' t disappointed. i didn ' t like wearing it because it kept me distant from people. there are some people who call me sister helen. others don ' t. i don ' t stand on that type of ceremony. " " vatican ii was really great for us, and i think made the vision of the church more relevant in a real way, " she said. " instead of shoving religion down people ' s throats, we were actually


that type of ceremony. " " vatican ii was really great for us, and i think made the vision of the church more relevant in a real way, " she said. " instead of shoving religion down people ' s throats, we were actually fulfilling the role of the church, which is to extend a hand out to the poor and make people ' s lives better. " when she officially retired from the county health department, she started another career. armed with a nurse practitioners ' degree and a master ' s in social work, she worked as a clinical therapist and took a job at a mental hospital, helping people overcome drug and alcohol addictions and manage psychiatric problems. in 2002, she became co - executive director of the sisters of st. joseph health and wellness foundation. as co - executive director, she helps the organization establish programs that improve health care, especially for children in west virginia. the foundation gives grants and support to create a variety of health and wellness projects that are real firsts for the area. public school - based medical clinics provide preventive, primary and dental care services as well as counseling that these children wouldn ' t otherwise have access to. child advocacy centers help survivors of child abuse and neglect. an in - home education program teaches adults parenting skills and provides support to families during pregnancy and until children are at least 3 years old. " if a child is not physically and emotionally healthy, they cannot learn, " skormisley said. " i especially pushed for mental health services for children because i have seen the problems that happen in adult life if these issues are missed at an early age. " " i hear all the time from the doctors and health care providers we support, who talk about how this care has turned a child ' s life around. the work has been so worthwhile. " ' what goes around comes around ' sister lawrence ann liston, administrator of the wabash valley health center also known as saint ann medical and dental services in terre haute, indiana, didn ' t start her career in health care. when she joined the sisters of providence of saint mary - of - the - woods, indiana, her congregation sent her to teach first grade at a school in rural indiana. after only three years on the job, the congregation leaders unexpectedly made her its principal. she quickly grew into her administrative role and eventually became superintendent of all the catholic schools in the archdiocese of indianapolis, successfully managing 72 schools in 39 counties. but after more than 30 years in education, she wanted a change. " i loved how


principal. she quickly grew into her administrative role and eventually became superintendent of all the catholic schools in the archdiocese of indianapolis, successfully managing 72 schools in 39 counties. but after more than 30 years in education, she wanted a change. " i loved how much we could do to help the students, but the parents were starting to get to me a little, " she said. since vatican ii allowed sisters to pick their own careers, she decided to go back to school and got her administration license in health care. at a time in her life when most people retire, she instead decided to put her administrative skills to work in the health care field in facilities that weren ' t run by the catholic church. she went to work running nursing homes founded by the baptists and the national benevolent association of the christian church ( disciples of christ ). now she jokes that she ' s back at school - - her old grade school building, in fact. but it has been converted into a health center. " my office is my old seventh - and eighth - grade classroom. what goes around comes around, i guess, " she said, laughing. the clinic provides free comprehensive medical, dental, mental and preventive health care services and serves 1, 000 to 1, 300 patient visits a month. the region it serves - - some 17 counties - - had been struggling financially long before the recession. " some people drive an hour and a half to get to us - - that ' s how much these health services are needed here, " liston said. " we ' re not just treating people with the common cold or flu. we help people here with major chronic conditions and disabilities, many of whom have not had the benefit of preventative health care. i hear people say all the time that without this clinic, they would be dead. " the clinic is primarily run by donations and grants, and liston works hard to keep it a true community effort. pharmacy students come from purdue and butler universities to work at its pharmacy. indiana state university ' s sports medicine department sends students to help the clinic ' s physical therapy department. the rural health initiative provides resident doctors weekly. doctors, nurses, mental health experts and dentists volunteer thousands of hours. even local medical labs donate their services. under liston ' s leadership, the clinic has expanded. it has already filled all three floors of the former school and church. she worked with construction companies, who donated their time, to retool the building ' s lower level to install more counseling offices, a physical therapy


, the clinic has expanded. it has already filled all three floors of the former school and church. she worked with construction companies, who donated their time, to retool the building ' s lower level to install more counseling offices, a physical therapy center and a fitness area. " the needs here are great, " she said. " i ' m glad we ' ve been afforded the opportunity to help meet them. " now i can smile sister connie kramer is one of the founders of the saint ann medical and dental services. she said she got the idea for the clinic after reading an article written by a local woman who had seen a free one in north carolina. the woman wanted someone to establish one in the terre haute region. " i said to myself, ' i have a place for that, ' and that ' s how it began, " kramer said. at the time, she was the parish administrator for saint ann ' s. but initially, the sisters of providence, which she joined in 1964, sent her out to use her education degree to teach a subject she had never even taken. she later went back to school to get a degree in pastoral ministry. " that was where my heart had been drawn, " she said. under her leadership, saint ann ' s worked with the sisters of providence to offer the broader community a variety of services in what they called " caring corner. " the programs run from these buildings included feeding the hungry and providing medical and dental care. catholic charities also provides broader services including giving shelter to the homeless and providing free day care and youth programs. the free medical clinic was a perfect fit. she opened the free dental clinic in 2005 and she ran it. she made that decision after a doctor called to say that a 26 - year - old woman, the mother of two young children, had died after an infection spread from an abscess in her mouth. " the physician called and said, ' you ' ve got to do this, ' " kramer said. " i knew it was expensive, but i vowed we would find a way. " this is the hidden tragedy of health care that the affordable care act does not address. there really isn ' t an emergency dental room for people who can ' t afford to pay for it. " she said she hears people talk daily about what having the clinic means to them. " i had people waiting three years to have their teeth pulled, and they tell me, ' now i can eat again, ' or ' you gave me back my smile, ' when


d. brassicaceae burnett tribe arabideae de candolle, mem. mus. hist. nat. 7 : 229. 1821. annuals, biennials, or perennials [ subshrubs ] ; eglandular. trichomes stalked or sessile, usually stellate, dendritic, cruciform, or forked, sometimes mixed with simple ones, rarely malpighiaceous. cauline leaves petiolate or sessile ; blade base auriculate or not, margins entire or dentate. racemes usually ebracteate, often elongated in fruit. flowers actinomorphic ; sepals erect, ascending, or spreading, lateral pair seldom saccate basally ; petals white, yellow, orange, pink, or purple, claw usually present, usually distinct ; filaments unappendaged, not winged ; pollen 3 - colpate. fruits silicles or siliques, usually dehiscent, very rarely indehiscent, unsegmented, latiseptate or terete ; ovules 2 - 70 ( - 88 ) [ - 110 + ] per ovary ; style usually distinct, sometimes obsolete ; stigma usually entire, rarely 2 - lobed. seeds biseriate or uniseriate [ rarely aseriate ] ; cotyledons accumbent. genera 8, species ca. 460 ( 4 genera, 139 species in the flora ) : north america, mexico, south america, europe, asia, n africa.


the corp of discovery revealing the american west choose a link below to access printable pdf versions of these materials including additional information, color images and citations. the corp of discovery - revealing the american west resource booklet | primary source set library of congress resources american treasures of the library of congress — reason : the lewis and clark expedition the american treasures of the library of congress exhibition is an unprecedented permanent exhibition of the rarest, most interesting or significant items relating to america ' s past, drawn from every corner of the world ' s largest library. the american treasures exhibition presents more than 250 items arranged in the manner of thomas jefferson ' s own library, the seed from which the present collections grew. in the “ reason ” section, many historical artifacts ( such as maps and letters ) associated with the expedition of lewis and clark can be found. accessed 10. 03. 08 http : / / www. loc. gov / exhibits / treasures / trr001. html rivers, edens, empires : lewis and clark and the revealing of america this exhibition features the library ' s rich collections of exploration material documenting the quest to connect the east and the west by means of a waterway passage. along with providing a virtual tour, this exhibition also illustrates the timeline of north american discoveries made before, during, and after the expedition of lewis and clark. the first american west : the ohio river valley 1750 - 1820 the first american west : the ohio river valley, 1750 - 1820 consists of 15, 000 pages of original historical material documenting the land, peoples, exploration, and transformation of the trans - appalachian west from the mid - eighteenth to the early nineteenth century. among the sources included are books, periodicals, newspapers, pamphlets, scientific publications, broadsides, letters, journals, legal documents, ledgers and other financial records, maps, physical artifacts, and pictorial images associated with the corps of discovery. accessed 10. 03. 08 http : / / memory. loc. gov / ammem / award99 / icuhtml / fawhome. html the thomas jefferson papers the complete thomas jefferson papers from the manuscript division at the library of congress consists of approximately 27, 000 documents. this is the largest collection of original jefferson documents in the world. correspondence between thomas jefferson and meriwether lewis can be viewed here, along with other documents created by jefferson to help the corps of discovery succeed in their mission. accessed 10. 03. 08 meet amazing americans : adventurers & explorers : lewis and clark designed for elementary and middle - school


interactive maps and other documents. this learning page activity sheds light on the historical significance of the lewis and clark expedition, and the impact it had on the growth of the nation... and on its native american inhabitants. today in history is designed to help educators use american memory collections to teach history and culture. meriwether lewis august 18 explorer meriwether lewis, who joined william clark to blaze a trail across the continent to the pacific ocean, was born on august 18, 1774, near charlottesville, virginia. wetward ho! on october 20, 1803, the senate ratified the louisiana purchase treaty by a vote of twenty - four to seven. north and south dakota on november 2, 1889, north dakota and south dakota were admitted to the union as the 39th and 40th states. other than through fur trapping, exploration of the dakotas by european - americans was practically nonexistent prior to the 1803 louisiana purchase. in 1804, the lewis and clark expedition wintered in present day north dakota. presentations and activities zoom into maps maps help us make sense of our world. a sampling of the library of congress geography and map division ’ s 4. 5 million treasures has been digitized and is available in map collections : 1500 - 2003. this activity introduces historical maps from the american memory collections. http : / / memory. loc. gov / learn / features / maps / introduction. html fill up the canvas... rivers of words : exploring with lewis and clark this learning page activity allows viewers to experience lewis and clark ' s journey westward through words, images, interactive maps and other documents. this learning page activity sheds light on the historical significance of the lewis and clark expedition, and the impact it had on the growth of the nation.. and on its native american inhabitants. accessed 10. 03. 08 http : / / memory. loc. gov / learn / features / lewisandclark / index lewis and clark this section of the learning page will give you other areas on the library of congress website to explore. you will find collections in american memory, search terms and you can even read the transcripts from the live chat session. american indians of the pacific northwest - ( summary and teaching resources ) this collection integrates over 2, 300 photographs and 7, 700 pages of text relating to the american indians in two cultural areas of the pacific northwest, the northwest coast and plateau. thomas jefferson papers at the library of congress - ( summary and teaching resources ) the largest collection of original jefferson documents in the world, the


lois talks about her future plans in teaching. todd : lois, when are you going back to london, or england? lois : i ' m going back on the 30th of july. todd : ok, that ' s coming up pretty soon. lois : just four more weeks. four weeks from today, i ' ll be on the plane, on my way home. todd : ok, when you go home, what are you going to do? lois : in september i ' m going back to college because i want to be a primary school teacher in england, so i have to do a one year course to qualify and then hopefully i ' ll start teaching the next september back in england. todd : ok, and what are you going to teach? lois : so, i ' m teaching primary so that ' s all subjects. i ' m teaching science and english and math and maybe some french and sports and music and any other subjects they do at eight years old. todd : so, how old will the students be? lois : so i will be trained to teach from 5 to 11, and hopefully i will teach 7 or 8 year olds. todd : mm, you like kids? lois : i hope so. yeah, when i worked in prague i taught some children ' s classes and i really, really enjoyed them, so hopefully i will like it in england as well. although it will be a bit different because i ' ll have maybe twenty five or thirty students in a class so it might be slightly different to the twelve when i was in prague. todd : that ' s a lot. what made you decide to become a teacher? lois : i ' m not really sure because my mother was a teacher and she ' s trying really hard to convince me that i shouldn ' t do it because she thinks its too much work but i enjoy talking to people and being around children and teaching so hopefully it will be nice for me. the 30th of july is coming up pretty soon. if something will happen ' pretty soon ' it will happen in the near future. notice the following : - he should be home from work pretty soon. - there is a holiday coming up pretty soon. i have to do a one - year course to qualify as a primary school teacher. a ' one - year course ' is a class that lasts for one year. we use a number and ' - year ' to show how long something is. notice the following : - that area of study is a five - year program. - they offer a one - year


| classification and external resources | mice with spinal muscular atrophy atrophy is the partial or complete wasting away of a part of the body. causes of atrophy include mutations ( which can destroy the gene to build up the organ ), poor nourishment, poor circulation, loss of hormonal support, loss of nerve supply to the target organ, excessive amount of apoptosis of cells, and disuse or lack of exercise or disease intrinsic to the tissue itself. hormonal and nerve inputs that maintain an organ or body part are referred to as trophic [ noun ] in medical practice ( ' trophic " is an adjective that can be paired with various nouns ). trophic describes the trophic condition of tissue. a diminished muscular trophic is designated as atrophy. atrophy is the general physiological process of reabsorption and breakdown of tissues, involving apoptosis on a cellular level. when it occurs as a result of disease or loss of trophic support due to other disease, it is termed pathological atrophy, although it can be a part of normal body development and homeostasis as well. examples of atrophy as part of normal development include shrinking and the involution of the thymus in early childhood, and the tonsils in adolescence. in old age, affects include, but are not limited to, loss of teeth, hair, thinning of skin that creates wrinkles, weakening of muscles, loss of weight in organs and sluggish mental activity. disuse atrophy of muscles ( muscle atrophy ) and bones, with loss of mass and strength, can occur after prolonged immobility, such as extended bedrest, or having a body part in a cast ( living in darkness for the eye, bedridden for the legs etc. ). this type of atrophy can usually be reversed with exercise unless severe. astronauts in microgravity must exercise regularly to minimize atrophy of their limb muscles. there are many diseases and conditions which cause atrophy of muscle mass. for example diseases such as cancer and aids induce a body wasting syndrome called " cachexia ", which is notable for the severe muscle atrophy seen. other syndromes or conditions which can induce skeletal muscle atrophy are congestive heart failure and liver disease. during aging, there is a gradual decrease in the ability to maintain skeletal muscle function and mass. this condition is called " sarcopenia


other syndromes or conditions which can induce skeletal muscle atrophy are congestive heart failure and liver disease. during aging, there is a gradual decrease in the ability to maintain skeletal muscle function and mass. this condition is called " sarcopenia ", and may be distinct from atrophy in its pathophysiology. while the exact cause of sarcopenia is unknown, it may be induced by a combination of a gradual failure in the " satellite cells " which help to regenerate skeletal muscle fibers, and a decrease in sensitivity to or the availability of critical secreted growth factors which are necessary to maintain muscle mass and satellite cell survival. dystrophies, myositis, and motor neuron conditions pathologic atrophy of muscles can occur with diseases of the motor nerves, or diseases of the muscle tissue itself. examples of atrophying nerve diseases include cmt ( charcot marie tooth syndrome ) poliomyelitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( als or lou gehrig ' s disease ), and guillain - barre syndrome. examples of atrophying muscle diseases include muscular dystrophy, myotonia congenita, and myotonic dystrophy. changes in na + channel isoform expression and spontaneous activity in muscle called fibrillation can also result in muscle atrophy. the adrenal glands atrophy during prolonged use of exogenous glucocorticoids like prednisone. atrophy of the breasts can occur with prolonged estrogen reduction, as with anorexia nervosa or menopause. atrophy of the testes occurs with prolonged use of enough exogenous sex steroid ( either androgen or estrogen ) to reduce gonadotropin secretion. in post - menopausal women, the walls of the vagina become thinner ( atrophic vaginitis ). the mechanism for the age - related condition is not yet clear, though there are theories that the effect is caused by decreases in estrogen levels. this atrophy, and that of the breasts concurrently, is consistent with the homeostatic ( normal development ) role of atrophy in general, as after menopause the body has no further functional biological need to maintain the reproductive system which it has permanently shut down. it has been reported that some drugs might prevent the loss of the muscle wasting that occurs in immobile, bedridden patients. testing


menopause the body has no further functional biological need to maintain the reproductive system which it has permanently shut down. it has been reported that some drugs might prevent the loss of the muscle wasting that occurs in immobile, bedridden patients. testing upon mice showed that it blocked the activity of a protein present in the muscle that is involved in muscle atrophy. however the concerns for the drug ' s long - term effects on the heart preclude its routine use in humans for this indication, and further alternative drugs are being sought. see also↑jump back a section - w. t. councilman ( 1913 ). " two ". disease and its causes ( in english ). new york henry holt and company london williams and norgate the university press, cambridge, u. s. a. archived from the original on - campellone, joseph v. ( 2007 - 05 - 22 ). " muscle atrophy " ( html ). medlineplus. archived from the original on 13 october 2007. retrieved 2007 - 10 - 02. - " types of atrophy " ( html ). archived from the original on 28 september 2007. retrieved 2007 - 10 - 02. - " drug could stop muscle wasting ' ". netdoctor. co. uk. 2006 - 05 - 25. retrieved 2006 - 05 - 27. [ dead link ] - wang x, hockerman gh, green iii hw, babbs cf, mohammad si, gerrard d, latour ma, london b, hannon km, pond al ( may24 2006 ). " merg1a k + channel induces skeletal muscle atrophy by activating the ubiquitin proteasome pathway ". faseb j 20 ( 9 ) : 1531. doi : 10. 1096 / fj. 05 - 5350fje. pmid 16723379. read in another language this page is available in 33 languages - беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) - bahasa indonesia - bahasa melayu - norsk bokmal - српски / srpski - srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски


cincinnati riots of 1841 the cincinnati riots of 1841 occurred after a long drought had created widespread unemployment in cincinnati, ohio, united states. over a period of several days in september 1841, unemployed whites attacked the blacks, who then fought back. many blacks were rounded up and held behind a cordon and then moved to the jail. according to the authorities, this was for their own protection. by 1840, cincinnati had grown from a frontier settlement to the 6th largest city in the us. it was a city of contrasts, with prosperous neighborhoods and squalid, violent slums. many of the businessmen who controlled the city were interested in good relationships with the slave - owning states to the south of the ohio river and were hostile to abolitionists and blacks. the ohio constitution denied blacks the franchise, and the black laws imposed further restrictions. black children were denied education in the public schools, but black propertyholders had to pay taxes to support these schools. black immigrants to the state had to register and provide surety. a black could not serve on a jury, testify in legal cases involving a white person, or serve in the militia. however, drawn by the economic opportunities, the black population had grown from 690 in 1826 to an official count of 2, 240 out of a total of 44, 000 citizens by 1840. many of the blacks had jobs as craftsmen or tradesmen, earning good wages for the time. many owned property. on 1 august 1841, the black leaders held ceremonies to commemorate the slavery abolition act 1833 that abolished slavery in the british west indies, an action viewed with hostility by many whites. that month the city experienced a drought and heat wave that caused the ohio river to drop to the lowest waterline yet recorded, making many who depended on the river traffic out of work. tensions mounted, with several scuffles between blacks and whites. on the evening of tuesday, 31 august, a group of irishmen got into a fight with some blacks. on wednesday, the fight resumed. a mob of white men armed with clubs attacked the occupants of a negro boarding house. the brawl spread to involve the occupants of neighboring houses and lasted for about three quarters of an hour. although several people were wounded on both sides, the incident was not reported to the police, and no arrests were made. another encounter took place on the thursday, where two white boys were badly injured, apparently with knives. that day, bands of angry whites were roaming the city. an eyewitness said blacks were " assaulted wherever found in the streets, and with such weapons


encounter took place on the thursday, where two white boys were badly injured, apparently with knives. that day, bands of angry whites were roaming the city. an eyewitness said blacks were " assaulted wherever found in the streets, and with such weapons and violence as to cause death. " on friday, there were rumors that more serious disturbances were planned. the cincinnati daily gazette, which published a full report of the riots, did not hear of any special police precautions to prevent trouble. according to john mercer langston, a child of twelve living in the area who later had a distinguished political career, the black elders armed themselves with guns, planned their defence against attack, and elected a mulatto named major j. wilkerson as their leader. wilkerson had been born a slave in virginia in 1813 and had purchased his freedom. he had become an elder of the ame church in cincinnati. langston call him a " champion of his people ' s cause " who would " maintain his own rights as well as those of the people he led. " wilkerson ensured that the women and children were moved to safe places and then deployed the men in defensive positions on roofs, in alleys and behind buildings. a mob organized by people from kentucky assembled in fifth street market, armed with clubs and stones. they marched towards broadway and sixth streets, where they wrecked a black - owned confectionary house on broadway, next to sycamore. the crowd grew, and ignored calls to disperse from local dignitaries, including the mayor. advancing to attack the black neighborhood, the mob was met with gunfire and retreated. in several further attacks, people on both sides were wounded and some reported killed. around one in the morning, a group of whites brought up an iron six - pounder cannon from near the river, which they loaded with boiler punchings and pointed down sixth street from broadway. by this time many of the blacks had fled, but fighting continued, with the cannon being fired several times. about two o ' clock, militiamen arrived and managed to end the fighting. the soldiers threw a cordon around several blocks of the black neighborhood, holding those within captive. the militia also rounded up other blacks in the city and marched them to the cordoned - off area, where they were also held captive until they paid bond. mayor samuel w. davies called a public meeting at the court house, the next day, on saturday morning to discuss how to prevent further violence. the meeting resolved to find and arrest the blacks who had injured the


also held captive until they paid bond. mayor samuel w. davies called a public meeting at the court house, the next day, on saturday morning to discuss how to prevent further violence. the meeting resolved to find and arrest the blacks who had injured the two white boys. the group blamed the black community for the violence. while strongly condemning abolitionists, they vowed not to tolerate mob violence. the authorities promised to take action to drive out undesitable blacks from the city, saying they would enforce the black law of 1807 and the fugitive slave act of 1793. they would protect african americans and their property until they either gave bond or left the city. black leaders met in bethel ame church and made assurances to the mayor that they would remain calm, suppress violations of law and order and refrain from bearing arms. at a special session of the city council, measures were passed to enlist ordinary citizens, officers, watchmen and firemen to help preserve the peace, authorizing the mayor to increase the number of his deputies up to five hundred, and calling for the county militia to be deployed. the militia and temporary policemen ( some of whom may have been rioters ) deployed throughout the city with orders to arrest every black man they found. some of the blacks had fled the city to walnut hills to the north of the city and others went into hiding, but about 300 were rounded up and thrown into jail. a mob followed the prisoners to jail, taunting them, and extra guards had to be brought in to defend the prisoners. according to the newspapers, kentuckians were free to visit the jail to look for runaway slaves. despite the resolutions and actions, it was found that the mob planned to resume attacks on saturday after nightfall. the mayor deployed peacekeeping forces including the military, firemen, citizens acting as assistants of the marshal, a troop of horse and several companies of voluntary infantry. the mob organized themselves and divided to attack at different points. they broke into the building that held the press of the philanthropist, breaking up the press and carrying it to the river, where they threw it into the water. they broke into and wrecked several black - owned houses, shops and a church before they finally dispersed around dawn on the sunday. the authorities managed to arrest and secure about forty of the mob. the editor of the cincinnati daily gazette said that the riot could have been checked in its early phases : " a determined corps of fifty or one hundred men would have dispersed the crowd. " according to langston, the mob was " the blackest and most


| — village — | nowe czarnowo [ ˈnɔvɛ tʂarˈnɔvɔ ] is a village in the administrative district of gmina gryfino, within gryfino county, west pomeranian voivodeship, in north - western poland, close to the german border. it lies approximately 8 kilometres ( 5 mi ) south of gryfino and 27 km ( 17 mi ) south of the regional capital szczecin. for a number of centuries until 1945 the area was part of germany. for the history of the region, see history of pomerania. the village has a population of 660. near the village, there is the dolna odra power station. also nearby is a forest of twisted trees, known as crooked forest ( polish : krzywy las ). - " central statistical office ( gus ) - teryt ( national register of territorial land apportionment journal ) " ( in polish ). 2008 - 06 - 01. - " poland ' s mysterious crooked forest : big pic ". discovery. com. june 28, 2011. retrieved july 3, 2011. | wikimedia commons has media related to : nowe czarnowo | | this gryfino county location article is a stub. you can help wikipedia by expanding it. | read in another language this page is available in 1 language


witness of his time this appointment involved painting portraits of the monarchs. while the influence of velazquez, whom goya admired, is highly apparent in goya ’ s first paintings ; in later works, his expression was shifting to a more natural, vivid and a personal narrative. the figures he depicted, at times satirizing, were without any sign of idealization and their personal features and characteristics were reflected on to portraits. goya ’ s first print series was a collection of copies of paintings by italians and velazquez in 1778. he published his first series called the caprichos in 1799. after this series, which is a satire of late 18th century spanish society, especially the nobility and clergy ; goya commissioned by general palafox to travel to zaragoza and depict the state of the city of zaragoza after the siege, where he began to prepare his second series disasters of war. at the age of 70, goya made the series of engravings titled tauromaquia ( 1815 - 1816 ). at the time, he was in dire economic straits, in addition on may 5th 1814 prior censorship of the prints had been reinstated and the inquisition had been re - established. from this point of view, the bullfighting, to which goya had been very fond of ever since he was young, seemed the most appropriate subject for a series of engravings. in the series called follies prepared by goya between the years of 1815 - 1824, the grotesque characters and the incomprehensible shapes of the devils give the work a ghostly aspect and are a total break away from logic. this series is perceived as the precursor of surrealism that wouldn ’ t appear after a century later.


a cel, short for celluloid, is a transparent sheet on which objects are drawn or painted for traditional, hand - drawn animation. actual celluloid ( consisting of cellulose nitrate and camphor ) was used during the first half of the 20th century, but since it was flammable and dimensionally unstable it was largely replaced by cellulose acetate. with the advent of computer assisted animation production, the use of cels has been practically abandoned in major productions. disney studios stopped using cels in 1990 when computer animation production system ( caps ) replaced this element in their animation process. generally, the characters are drawn on cels and laid over a static background drawing. this reduces the number of times an image has to be redrawn and enables studios to split up the production process to different specialised teams. using this assembly line way to animate has made it possible to produce films much more cost - effectively. the invention of the technique is generally attributed to earl hurd, who patented the process in 1914. the outline of the images are drawn on the front of the cel while colors are painted on the back to eliminate brushstrokes. traditionally, the outlines were hand - inked but since the 1960s they are almost exclusively xerographed on. another important breakthrough in cel animation was the development of the animation photo transfer process, first seen in the black cauldron, released in 1985. collector ' s item production cels were sometimes sold after the animation process was completed. more popular shows and movies demanded higher prices for the cels, with some selling for thousands of dollars. some cels are not used for actual production work, but may be a " special " or " limited edition " version of the artwork, sometimes even printed ( " lithographed " ) instead of hand - painted. these normally do not fetch as high a price as original " under - the - camera " cels, which are true collector ' s items. some unique cels have fetched record prices at art auctions. for example, a large " pan " cel depicting numerous characters from the finale of who framed roger rabbit sold for $ 50, 600 at sotheby ' s in 1989, including its original background. disney stores sold production cels from the little mermaid ( their last film to use cels ) at prices from $ 2, 500 to $ 3, 500, without the original backgrounds. lithographed " sericels " from the same film were $ 250, with


this article addresses cultural depictions of abraham lincoln. statues of abraham lincoln and other tributes outside the united states statues of abraham lincoln can be found in other countries. in ciudad juarez, chihuahua, mexico, is a 13 - foot ( 4 m ) high bronze statue, a gift from the united states, dedicated in 1966 by president lyndon b. johnson. the u. s. received a statue of benito juarez in exchange, which is in washington, d. c. juarez and lincoln exchanged friendly letters during the american civil war, mexico remembers lincoln ' s opposition to the mexican - american war. ( for his part, juarez refused to aide the confederacy and jailed those confederates who sought his help. ) there is also a statue in tijuana, mexico, showing lincoln standing and destroying the chains of slavery. there are at least three statues of lincoln in the united kingdom — one in parliament square in london by augustus st. gaudens, one in manchester by george grey barnard and another in edinburgh by george bissell. there is also a bust of the president at st andrews church in hingham, norfolk, where lincoln ' s ancestors lived. in havana, cuba, there is a bust of abraham lincoln in the museum of the revolution, a small statue of him in front of the abraham lincoln school, and a bust of him near the capitolio. in quito, ecuador, a statue of lincoln can be found in the plaza abraham lincoln. fictional depictions late 1800s - in jules verne ' s 1870 novel, twenty thousand leagues under the sea, a fictitious steam frigate, the abraham lincoln, is sent to hunt down the " monster " that has been attacking ships at sea, and is attacked itself. captain nemo also has a portrait of lincoln hanging in his study on board the nautilus. in the prequel the mysterious island, the five shipwrecked union prisoners name the island which they discover, " lincoln island ". - the german writer karl may wrote two stories concerning canada bill jones : ein self - man ( 1878 ) and three carde monte ( 1879 ). the narrator meets several times with the young abraham lincoln and together they oppose " kanada - bill ". both stories have in common the first meeting of the heroes : the narrator finds lincoln in a forest training to orate. the first known motion picture based on mr. lincoln was 1908 film the reprieve : an episode in the life of abraham lincoln. directed by van dyke brooke, the film shows lincoln pardoning a sentry who fell asleep on duty


orate. the first known motion picture based on mr. lincoln was 1908 film the reprieve : an episode in the life of abraham lincoln. directed by van dyke brooke, the film shows lincoln pardoning a sentry who fell asleep on duty, a theme that would be depicted repeatedly in other silent era shorts. this era is also when the first abraham lincoln impersonators originated, and the modern idea of what he sounded like is derived from these, much like the oral traditions of african folklore. as with the first picture on lincoln, most of the films in this decade featured lincoln pardoning sleeping sentries. films included abraham lincoln ' s clemency ( 1910 ), when lincoln paid ( 1913 ), the sleeping sentinel ( 1914 ) and the birth of a nation ( 1915 ). john drinkwater ' s play, abraham lincoln ( 1918 ), was successful on both sides of the atlantic, reaching broadway and the west end. drinkwater was an english poet and playwright. - " ann rutledge ", a 1950 episode of the philco television playhouse, featuring stephen courtleigh as lincoln and grace kelly as ann rutledge - " mr. lincoln ", a five - part tv episode appearing in 1952 - 53 on omnibus, with royal dano as lincoln - " how chance made lincoln president ", a 1955 episode of tv reader ' s digest - love is eternal, a 1955 novel by irving stone - " love is eternal ", a 1955 episode of general electric theater, with richard boone as lincoln and teresa wright as mary todd lincoln - " the day lincoln was shot ", a 1956 episode of ford star jubilee, featuring raymond massey as lincoln and jack lemmon as john wilkes booth - in 1961, john collison played abraham lincoln at a re - enactment of his inauguration at a ceremony in washington d. c. - in how the west was won, lincoln is ( again ) played by raymond massey - " the chase ", episode 2. 8 of doctor who, which aired in 1964, included robert marsden as honest abe - abe lincoln in illinois - tv production ( 1964 ) - great moments with mr. lincoln, a show created by walt disney imagineering featuring an audio - animatronic lincoln, appears at the 1964 world ' s fair. the next year, the show debuted at disneyland in california. lincoln ' s voice is provided by royal dano. - the time tunnel ( 1966 ) doug and tony meet abraham lincoln ( ford rainey ) - in the 1967 independent film in the woods, lincoln '


, the show debuted at disneyland in california. lincoln ' s voice is provided by royal dano. - the time tunnel ( 1966 ) doug and tony meet abraham lincoln ( ford rainey ) - in the 1967 independent film in the woods, lincoln ' s ghost has a duel with the ghost of nathan bedford forrest. he then shoots forrest saying " to hell with the csa " - star trek : the original series 1969 episode " the savage curtain " ( 3. 22 ), where an alien creates an image of lincoln to represent " good " in a good vs. evil experiment. played by actor lee bergere, old abe was one of captain kirk ' s heroes growing up in the 23rd century. | | this section needs additional citations for verification. ( december 2011 ) - lincoln impersonator rex hamilton was introduced in the opening credits of each episode of police squad! shooting back at john wilkes booth, though he would not further appear in any episodes. - gregory peck portrayed lincoln in the 1982 television movie, the blue and the gray. - in north and south ( tv miniseries ), hal holbrook played lincoln ( once again ) in books i and ii - the 1987 american tv series amerika displays an america occupied by soviet troops. lincoln ' s image is displayed along marx ' s and lenin ' s in parades, exemplifying the re - interpretation of american symbols by the new state. - based on a novel by gore vidal, the 1988 telefilm lincoln starred sam waterston in the title role, and mary tyler moore as his wife. - robert v. barron appeared as lincoln in bill & ted ' s excellent adventure ( 1989 ), and in episodes of out of this world ( # 2. 15, 1988 ). - appears as joshua speed in parke godwin ' s sci - fi novel the snake oil wars. - appears in a this is america, charlie brown episode titled " the smithsonian and the presidency ", with his segment focusing on the gettysburg address. | | this section needs additional citations for verification. ( december 2011 ) - the civil war ( 1990 ) sam waterston played lincoln - in the red dwarf episode " meltdown ", lincoln ( played by jack klaff ) was featured as a waxdroid in a theme park planet called waxworld, where evil waxdroids and good waxdroids are fighting. - the speeches of abraham lincoln ( 1995 ) - a & e biography : " abraham lincoln - preserving the union " ( 1997 ) - an abraham lincoln robot acts as a


waxworld, where evil waxdroids and good waxdroids are fighting. - the speeches of abraham lincoln ( 1995 ) - a & e biography : " abraham lincoln - preserving the union " ( 1997 ) - an abraham lincoln robot acts as a defense attorney for african - american children leon, kahlil, lashawn and pee - wee in bebe ' s kids ( 1992 ). - lincoln ( voiced by peter renaday ) is assisted in writing the gettysburg address by the warners in the animaniacs episode " four score and seven migraines ago " ( 1993 ). - lincoln appeared as an occasional guest host on histeria!, especially in two episodes centered around the civil war. pepper mills mistakes him for lurch from the addams family, and one sketch shows the civil war politics like an episode of seinfeld, with lincoln as jerry and george b. mcclellan as george costanza. in another sketch, loud kiddington demands he explain the parts of the gettysburg address that he doesn ' t understand ( such as what " four score " means ). on histeria!, abe acts like johnny carson and was voiced by maurice lamarche. - in the 1993 film coneheads, dan aykroyd ' s character dresses as lincoln for a costume ball, as the president ' s stovepipe hat effectively covers his cone - shaped head. - in an episode of the hbo sketch comedy series mr. show, abraham lincoln is portrayed ( in an openly historically inaccurate skit ) as the man who designed the american flag. tom kenny portrayed lincoln as speaking in a thick new york accent. - in harry turtledove ' s novel how few remain, lincoln is a viewpoint character, struggling to keep the republican party alive while championing the cause of the working man, which eventually leads to the socialist party of america replacing the republicans as the primary opposition to the democrats. mr. lincoln himself is referred to in later novels as the father of american socialism, as his eloquence and political influence after leaving office ( lincoln is not assassinated in this universe ) led to most of the republican liberals defecting to the socialist party. - talk show late night with conan o ' brien started in 1993, with dino stamatopoulos as the original portrayer of lincoln. in 1999, mike sweeney took over this role. - in an episode of cartoon network ' s dexter ' s laboratory, dexter faces his rival, mandark, using the statue of lincoln from mount rushmore that he has brought


in ford ' s theatre. - abraham and mary lincoln : a house divided ( 2001 ), a documentary on pbs ' s american experience. - in clone high, a main clone character was abraham lincoln. - in gangs of new york ( 2002 ), leonardo dicaprio and daniel day - lewis ' s characters attend a play of uncle tom ' s cabin in which an actor is suspended in mid - air ( with his body apparently backwards ) to address the blackface actors. an audience member interrupts him, yelling, " leave the nigger dead! " as the immigrant audience members begin throwing objects at lincoln and rioting. - though the grim adventures of billy and mandy and evil con carne are set in modern times, lincoln is strangely the current president of the united states in the story ' s plot. one episode of the grim adventures of billy and mandy even features him as grim ' s replacement in billy and mandy ' s group of friends. - in the 2005 alternative history mockumentary c. s. a. : the confederate states of america, abraham lincoln flees after the south wins the war. he is captured in blackface makeup and later declares, " now i too am a negro ". - in 2005, lincoln appeared in the song and video of the ultimate showdown of ultimate destiny by lemon demon. - in an episode of the venture bros., the ghost of lincoln requests the help of hank and dean to save the current president from being killed. - national treasure 2 : book of secrets ( 2007 ) is a fictional film which concerns the assassination of lincoln. - an evil hologram of lincoln appears in an episode of futurama, a robot lincoln with 20 personalities ( all of them lincoln ) appear in another, and appears as a head in a jar advertising cars. - he is ranked fourth in electronic gaming monthly ’ s list of the top ten video game politicians for his appearance in fight club for the playstation 2. - in the 2008 video game fallout 3, set in a post - apocalyptic washington d. c., the lincoln memorial is portrayed as a beacon of hope to escaped slaves trying to survive in the wasteland. the player can also find a hidden weapon called lincoln ' s repeater, which is one of the most powerful rifles in the game. coincidentally, liam neeson, who was considered for the role of lincoln in the spielberg film, is featured in the game as the voice of the player character ' s father, james. - in robot chicken ' s first star wars special, lincoln ( voiced by


liam neeson, who was considered for the role of lincoln in the spielberg film, is featured in the game as the voice of the player character ' s father, james. - in robot chicken ' s first star wars special, lincoln ( voiced by hulk hogan ) is seen as being seated under the lincoln memorial, and engages in lightsaber combat with george w. bush. - lincoln appears in the form of the lincoln memorial coming to life in the film night at the museum : battle of the smithsonian. - in the fourth episode from the 2007 game sam & max save the world, the statue of lincoln at the lincoln memorial turns into a giant robot. he is becoming one of the recurring characters in the game. - in an episode of the 2001 cartoon time squad, lincoln is depicted as feeling jaded and bitter towards his " honest abe " title, believing that he is missing out on fun. as a result, he begins numerous foul pranks and bullies citizens in town instead of paying attention to his presidential duties. - abraham lincoln, vampire hunter ( 2010 ) is a novel by seth grahame - smith, in which lincoln makes it his life ' s goal to destroy all evil vampires in the united states. the film adaptation was released in july 2012. - the conspirator ( 2010 ) deals with the assassination of lincoln, centering on mary surratt. - in the " lincoln lover " episode of american dad!, stan decides to write a play to show his admiration for lincoln and unwittingly ends up portraying him as a homosexual, attracting the attention of the log cabin republicans - lincoln, a 2012 film based upon team of rivals : the political genius of abraham lincoln, directed by steven spielberg, and starring daniel day - lewis, who won the academy award for best actor for the role. - the green blade rises, produced by terrence malick, focuses on lincoln ' s upbringing, showing the events and tragedies that forged him into the man he became. jason clarke is in negotiations to portray thomas lincoln, abraham ' s father, while diane kruger is to portray sarah bush lincoln, abe ' s stepmother. wes bentley and brit marling have also signed on as lincoln ' s first teacher and as nancy lincoln. - in the two and a half men episode " what a lovely landing strip ", walden tells bridget that mary todd was a " rebound " relationship for lincoln. - louis c. k. parodied his show louie as lincoln on saturday night live, portraying lincoln as a stand up comedian


the holy land ( hebrew : ארץ הקודש eretz haqodesh, arabic : الارض المقدسة al - ard al - muqaddasah ) is a term which in judaism refers to the land of israel ( also known as palestine ). the term is also used by muslims and christians to refer to the area between the jordan river and mediterranean sea. part of the significance of the land stems from the religious significance of jerusalem, the holiest city to judaism, the assumed place of jesus ' s ministry, and the isra and mi ' raj event in islam. the perceived holiness of the land to christianity was one of the motivational factors behind the efforts of the crusades, which sought to win the holy land back from the muslim suljuq turks that had conquered it from the muslim arabs, who had in turn conquered it from the christian byzantine empire. many sites in the holy land have long been pilgrimage destinations for adherents of the abrahamic religions, including jews, christians, muslims, and baha ' is. pilgrims visit the holy land to touch and see physical manifestations of their faith, confirm their beliefs in the holy context with collective excitation, and connect personally to the holy land. the land of israel is explicitly referred in the tanakh as " holy land " ( ארץ הקודש ) in only one passage, in zechariah 2 : 16. the holiness of the land is generally implied in the tanakh by the land being given to the israelites by god, that is, it is the " promised land, " an integral part of god ' s covenant. in the torah many mitzvot commanded to the israelites can only be performed in the land of israel, which serves to differentiate it from other lands. for example, in the land of israel, " no land shall be sold permanently. " ( lev. 25 : 23 ). shmita is only observed with respect to the land of israel, and the observance of many holy days is different in that that an extra day is observed in the jewish diaspora. according to eliezer schweid : - " the uniqueness of the land of israel is... ' geo - theological ' and not merely climatic. this is the land which faces the entrance of the spiritual world, that sphere of existence that lies beyond the physical world known to us through our senses. this is the key to the land ' s unique status with