do that as long as her half brother, honorius, was alive, but honorius was childless. so, placidia must have had something in mind when she named her son " theodosius ", the same name of his grand - father, theodosius “ the great. ” from what the chroniclers tell us, it seems clear that placidia ' s idea was nothing less than taking over the throne from her half - brother, honorius, and starting a gothic - roman dynasty that would have ruled the empire. a bold plan, if ever there was one. but there was much more in placidia ' s plans than simply ruling an empire. you see, the fifth century looks like our times for many reasons ; one was the great migrations. it was a time when people marched on and on, searching for a place to settle, and that brought many contrasts, battles and wars. for the romans, the people who had entered their empire were invaders or, in some case, immigrants ; that was what the term " barbarian " meant : simply " foreigner ". legal or illegal as they could be, immigrants they were looked with suspicion – just like today we look at our immigrants. at that time, just like today, there were people who wanted to send the immigrants back home, or just get rid of them one way or another. but that wasn ' t easy and, as we saw, the immigrants had become numerous and powerful enough that they had been able to sack rome. so, the romans would have had to learn how to live with their barbarian immigrants ; but at the time of placidia many romans just couldn ' t resign to the idea they had to do that. as i said, there are remarkable similarities with our times! in a way, what was happening was a big chemical reaction : the two “ reactants ”, barbarians and romans, had come together on that fated winter of 405, when the border fortifications of the empire had collapsed. now, there was nothing that could be done : the reactants were mixed together, the reaction was going on. it could not be stopped and placidia ' s idea was to favor it. again, we see her style : don ' t fight the unavoidable, let it happen. in this case, the unavoidable meant anticipating something that in actual history would take several centuries to happen : the merging of the roman and german peoples in europe. placidia was taking this merging on herself by marrying a barbarian and


happen. in this case, the unavoidable meant anticipating something that in actual history would take several centuries to happen : the merging of the roman and german peoples in europe. placidia was taking this merging on herself by marrying a barbarian and bearing a child to him. according to the chroniclers, it was she who convinced her husband, athaulf, of this idea. athaulf is reported to have said that initially he had planned to destroy rome and the romans, but after that he had met placidia, he wanted to live in peace with them. maybe it is a fancy story, but it gives us some idea of what was passing in the minds of the characters of this story. it would be nice, at this point, to say that athaulf and placida lived happily ever after and that their son, theodosius, became emperor of the romans and, at the same time, king of the goths. but things didn ' t go that way, of course. it was a beautiful dream, but also an impossible one. the military situation was changing. the romans had managed to re - organize and rebuild an army under the leadership of a new commander in chief : constantius. he seems to have been a competent general ; he never fought big battles but almost always he obtained what he wanted. the visigoths started feeling the pressure and they had to leave southern france and move to spain. their retreat must have been rather hasty, since they had to abandon attalus, the usurper who had sung at placidia ' s marriage. he was captured by costantius and sent to ravenna, where he suffered the humiliation of having a hand cut off before being sent to exile. in spain, the visigoths settled in barcelona, which a that time was a fortified stronghold. there, everything went wrong. little theodosius died before being one year old. then, athaulf was killed in a conspiracy. maybe it was the result of the loss of prestige that he had suffered with the retreat from southern france. surely, there were visigoths much more aggressive than athaulf in the way they thought they should deal with the romans ; there may well have been something like a “ war party ”. the new king was one of them. he was named sigeric and, just to give some idea of what he had in mind, let me tell you that he forced placidia to march for miles on foot, while following her, riding


the new king was one of them. he was named sigeric and, just to give some idea of what he had in mind, let me tell you that he forced placidia to march for miles on foot, while following her, riding his horse. fortunately, as i said, she was strong and in good health. but sigeric ruled for just one week ; i think that the goths were afraid of what he was planning to do – and correctly so ; as i said, the romans were now much stronger than they had been at the time of the siege of rome. so, someone got rid of sigeric and a new, more diplomatic king was installed - someone named wallia. the new king started negotiations with costantius and, eventually, he sent placidia back to ravenna in exchange for food and a peace treaty. that was the end of placidia ' s time with the goths. for all her life, she maintained the title of “ queen of the goths ”, but she would never be with them again. galla placidia : the empress the story of galla placidia seems to have been conceived from the beginning as the plot of an adventure movie. it is full of events and it swings up an down as a rollercoaster. so, we saw that placidia started as a princess, then she was prisoner of the goths, then she became their queen, then she was again their prisoner. a series of oscillations that was to go on for quite some time. with placidia back to ravenna, things changed again. it seems that constantius had something in mind about her ; actually he may have been an early suitor of hers. anyway, the two got married soon after arriving in ravenna. we can ' t say whether placidia was happy about that but, as usual, she didn ' t fight the unavoidable and she followed opportunities when she saw one. the couple had two children and, later on, constantius, as the husband of a member of the imperial family, managed to be raised to the title of “ co - emperor ” of the western empire. at this point, placidia obtained the title of " augusta. " it was not exactly the same title as “ imperator ” which means “ commander ” and has to do with leading armies. but, for all practical purposes, she was empress of rome. you see? a big swing upward of the roller


" it was not exactly the same title as “ imperator ” which means “ commander ” and has to do with leading armies. but, for all practical purposes, she was empress of rome. you see? a big swing upward of the rollercoaster. now, there is a lot to say about placidia ' s life as empress and the rollercoaster was to go through a few more swings up and down. but let me go quickly with the story because, as you perhaps have heard, “ the art of boredom consists in telling everything. ” so, constantius died a few months after having been raised to the imperial purple and the situation in ravenna evolved into a squabble where honorius and placidia, emperor and empress, started behaving as the characters of old western movies ; you know, when they say, " this town ain ' t big enough for both of us. " there are many curious details about the fight of honorius against placidia. one is that placidia was accused of incest with her half brother ; that may have been just bad press against her but, who knows, maybe she was using all the means she had to try to control him. that ' s a curious facet of placidia ' s personality, considering that she was a devout catholic and she was always said to be an exemplary spouse and a chaste widow. was this one true or false? we ' ll never know. then, there is mention of placidia ' s gothic bodyguards. they had accompanied her since the time when she was queen of the goths ( which she still was – she never wanted to abandon that title! ). so, the fight got ugly in the streets of ravenna and, no matter how brave placidia ' s bodyguards were, her brother honorius managed to get the upper hand. and here we have another swing down of the rollercoaster. placidia, thrown out of ravenna, could only take refuge in costantinople ; the capital of the eastern empire. there, her nephew had become emperor with the name of theodosius ii. placidia arrived in front of him with little more than the clothes she had on. but the rollercoaster swung up again : while placidia was there, honorius died and an usurper took his place. at this point theodosius ii thought that he couldn ' t lose the western empire ; so he gave to placidia a whole army to go


: while placidia was there, honorius died and an usurper took his place. at this point theodosius ii thought that he couldn ' t lose the western empire ; so he gave to placidia a whole army to go back to italy and reconquer ravenna. the usurper didn ' t have a chance, poor guy. he was defeated, captured, had one hand cut off, then he was paraded around on a donkey, and finally beheaded. we don ' t know if placidia ordered that herself, but those were hard times and if you wanted to be an emperor ( or an empress ) you had to take the risks involved. no one ever said that placidia was ms. nice girl, anyway. then, in 425 ad, placidia took the title of augusta for herself alone, although theoretically on behalf of her son, valentinian. that was the end of her rollercoaster ride in life – no more swings up and down from now on. she was to rule as empress for 12 years and she maintained a strong influence at court as empress mother for 13 more years ; until her death, in 450 ad, when she was 62 years old. ruling an empire. now, let ' s play a little game, a game that i think all of us have played inside our minds. if you were the absolute ruler of the world, the emperor of earth, what would you do to solve the world ' s problems? i am sure you have plenty of ideas that you would put into practice ; you know, how eliminate hunger, reduce pollution, stop global warming, make everyone happy - all that. of course, that is only a dream for us, but there have been people in the past who really had tremendous power in their hands. not on the whole world, of course, no single person has ever ruled it. but there existed people who ruled sizable parts of the world and their power was absolute and subjected to no rules. the roman emperors of the last period of the empire were of that kind. they were called porphirogenites, “ born in the purple, ” they were semi - divine rulers. you know, if you were emperor at that time, you couldn ' t turn your head left or right when you walked ; your subjects could speak to you only if you addressed them first, you had to wear heavy clothes all the time, and god knows what else the imperial protocol would impose on you. there is a curious detail about constantius


or right when you walked ; your subjects could speak to you only if you addressed them first, you had to wear heavy clothes all the time, and god knows what else the imperial protocol would impose on you. there is a curious detail about constantius, placidia ' s second husband, who said that becoming emperor had been a terrible experience for him : too much protocol! that was the price of absolute power. actually, “ absolute power ” is an exaggeration. galla placidia, as any emperor before and after her, had limits to what she could do. one of these limits was that she couldn ' t lead armies herself. she had to rely on generals and that was big problem : as it always happens in history, successful generals tend to take all the power for themselves and, of course, unsuccessful generals are totally useless. so, during her career as empress, placidia ' s main problem was to control her generals by balancing one against the other. one of these generals was named aetius, you may have heard the name. he was quite a character, he was a roman but he had been raised with the huns, so they were his allies and they would fight for him when he needed ( not that he didn ' t need to pay them, though ). but aetius was also the general who led the roman army that stopped attila the hun from invading europe at the famous battle of chalons, in 452 ad. anyway, the story of placidia as empress would take an entire book but, as i said, the secret of boredom is to tell everything, so let ' s just say that placidia managed to keep the empire more or less together as long as she was empress. one of her achievements was securing the supply of grain to rome from africa. that was despite the fact that north africa had been taken by the vandals ; yes, but they kept shipping grains to rome as long as placidia was empress. after the death of placidia, they stopped sending grain and not just that ; they took rome and sacked it. i think it means that placidia made a difference as long as she was in ravenna ; she was not just a doll wearing expensive clothes. but, from our viewpoint, we know that the western empire was doomed and that it would disappear a few decades after placidia. the question that we may ask ourselves is whether she understood that the empire was going to fall. if she did, what did


from our viewpoint, we know that the western empire was doomed and that it would disappear a few decades after placidia. the question that we may ask ourselves is whether she understood that the empire was going to fall. if she did, what did she do to avoid that? think of being in her shoes : if you were placidia, what would you do to save the empire? so, let ' s see if we can understand in what kind of troubles, exactly, was the western roman empire at the time of placidia. we said before that empires are like chemical reactions and chemical reactions subside when they run out of reactants. in the 5th century, the roman empire had been running out of reactants. it had been growing on the profits made from military campaigns but, at some point around the 2nd century, it had reached its limits. with no more easy conquests in sight, the empire had to live on its own resources and it never really learned how to do that. the empire, simply, could not tax its subjects high enough to support the troops it kept. over and over, the empire continued to spend more than it could afford for defense. it is typical of empires all over history : empires destroy themselves by spending too much for their military apparatus. managing any large structure is difficult and we tend to do it badly ; a whole empire may be an especially difficult case. to do it well, we would need to use a method that i mentioned before : system dynamics ; which is a way to describe systems and the relation of the various elements that compose them. but it is rare that people can understand systems in this way. what happens instead is that, in most cases, we understand what are the critical points ( " levers " ) that are causing troubles, but we tend to act on them in the wrong way. it is something that we learned in our times from donella meadows ( like placidia, a strong woman, although not an empress ) who has taught us a lot about system dynamics. it is a very general trend : almost always we pull the levers in the wrong direction and we worsen the problems that we are trying to solve. that is even too clear for the case of the roman empire, at least from our viewpoint. during the decline phase, roman emperors struggled to keep the empire safe from barbarian invasions and they understood that their problem was that they didn ' t have enough resources to do that. but their answer was always the wrong one : they kept trying to raise


. during the decline phase, roman emperors struggled to keep the empire safe from barbarian invasions and they understood that their problem was that they didn ' t have enough resources to do that. but their answer was always the wrong one : they kept trying to raise as many troops as they could. that was a self - defeating idea : every time that the romans fought the barbarians, they could win or lose, but each battle made the empire a little poorer and a little weaker. the empire was using resources that could not be replaced ; non renewable resources, as we would say today. so, wasn ' t there a solution for the troubles of the roman empire? well, there was one if you think in terms of system dynamics. it is a question of pulling the levers in the right direction. by raising troops and fighting battles, the roman emperors were pulling the levers in the wrong direction. they had to invert the direction : the solution was not more troops but less troops. it was not more imperial bureaucracy but less, not more of a tax burden but less. in the end, the solution was right there and it was simple : it was middle ages. middle ages meant getting rid of the suffocating imperial bureaucracy ; transforming the expensive legions into local militias ; having people paying taxes locally, in short transforming the centralized empire into a decentralized constellation of small states. without the terrible expenses of the imperial court and of the imperial bureaucracy, these small states had a chance to rebuild their economy and start a new phase of prosperity, as indeed it happened during the middle ages. the empire was going there ; it was unavoidable and one could as well favor that road. of course, when the empire was still strong and powerful, no emperor had the power of disbanding the legions, nor the imperial bureaucracy. but that was happening anyway during the 5th century and what an emperor ( or empress ) could have done was to give to the events just a little push in the right direction. don ' t fight the change, ease it. it is the way of pushing the levers in the right direction. could placidia have done just that? incredibly, perhaps she did. what placidia could do as an empress was, mainly, to enact laws. the empire still had a functioning bureaucracy and so the edicts from ravenna were not ignored, at least in the regions that the empire could still control. so, law was the playground of placidia and she did enact a number of laws,


empire still had a functioning bureaucracy and so the edicts from ravenna were not ignored, at least in the regions that the empire could still control. so, law was the playground of placidia and she did enact a number of laws, many of which are still existing in the “ codex theodosianus, ” a collection of laws compiled on behalf of placidia ' s nephew, the emperor of the east, theodosius the 2nd. the codex theodosianus is an unbelievable mass of data ; there are some 2500 laws in it. well worth giving a look, because it is full of hints and glimpses of what was life in the roman empire at that time. but it is impossible to go into any depth in it unless you are a specialist in this matter – it is just too much. so, i learned about placidia ' s laws mainly from the report written by stewart oost, who wrote her biography in 1966. now, as i said, it is a complex matter and very often we cannot say who was exactly the mind behind a certain law. but there seems to be some logic in what the imperial court in ravenna was doing. that logic looked a bit like the policy of mikhail gorbachev for the soviet union – let ' s call it “ soviet empire. ” gorbachev consistently refused to use force to keep together an empire that was disintegrating – although he could have done that. the court of ravenna, it seems, took the same approach during the first half of the 5th century. the roman empire still had an army, they could have used to try to destroy the barbarian nations that had settled within the empire ' s borders. but that would have meant only squandering away those few resources that the empire still had. it would only have greatly hastened collapse. it seems that placidia was acting according to her style ; ease the unavoidable, don ' t fight it. not that she knew system dynamics but, after all, system dynamics is just formalized common sense and it seems that placidia had plenty of it. so, consistently, we see the tendency of reducing the power of the imperial court. you see it in some details, such as when she gave back to the senate, in rome, the gift of gold that was customary for the senators to present to the emperor every year. but she did much more than that. placidia forbade the coloni, the peasants bound to the land, to enlist


to the senate, in rome, the gift of gold that was customary for the senators to present to the emperor every year. but she did much more than that. placidia forbade the coloni, the peasants bound to the land, to enlist in the army. that deprived the army of one of its sources of manpower and we may imagine that it greatly weakened it. another law enacted by placidia, allowed the great landowners to tax their subjects themselves. this deprived the imperial court of its main source of revenues. all that meant just one thing : middle ages. if the purpose of placidia really was to take the empire to the middle ages, we can say that she was successful. after that she was gone, the empire melted away. her son, valentinian managed to get killed a few years after the death of her mother. then, rome was sacked by the vandals and that was a deadly blow. for a few decades, there were still individuals in ravenna who claimed the title of western emperor, but we don ' t care much about their names just as, probably their contemporaries did not. we only remember the name of the last emperor, romolus augustulus, who was deposed in 476, and that is just because he was the last. after that, it was officially middle ages – the destination where the western empire was going in any case. this is just a possible interpretation of what placidia did and i am the first to say that it is just speculation. these laws may have been enacted simply because the imperial court was forced to, or it had no other choices. and, of course, we will never know what passed in placidia ' s mind. she left us only some letters that miraculously survived in the vatican ' s archives, but nothing that we could use to penetrate her inner thoughts. we can only say that staying with the goths, although for just a few years, could have opened her mind enough that she could have a vision that no emperor, before or after her, could have. and so she did something that no emperor, before or after her, could do. push the empire towards its destiny, fulfilling its chemical potential, if you like. in a way, placidia was the catalyser that made it happen. galla placidia ' s legacy now, i ' ll ask you another little feat of imagination. close your eyes again for a moment and imagine something that took place a long, long time ago ; 15 centuries before


just fantasy, but i am mentioning to you stars for a reason. you see, i said that placidia left us almost nothing in terms of written worlds. at least nothing that we can use to understand what she thought. but she left us a message that is perhaps even clearer than a written diary. it is the mausoleum that takes her name in ravenna ; and it is there that you can find a triumph of stars in the mosaics of the ceiling. big, bright, fantastic stars that remind to us a little those that vincent van gogh painted in that famous painting of his. you know, those stars in placidia ' s mausoleum always reminded to me of " christmas ", in the sense of the way we celebrate it today. not, of course, the commercial holiday that it has become nowadays, but the atmosphere of the " nativity scene " that is still commonplace in southern europe and south america. of course, in the mausoleum you won ' t find the baby jesus and not even the virgin mary. these figures would became commonplace much later. at the time of galla placidia, christianity was something different than it is for us. but there is no doubt that placidia was a convinced christian ; she was a believer and she always saw christianity as an important part of her life. the mausoleum is just part of this attitude of hers. i told you that the art of boredom consists in telling everything, so i won ' t tell you the details of the decoration of the building and how each detail fits so well with placidia ’ s story. i ' ll let you just imagine that and, if one day you ' ll have a chance to go there and visit that mausoleum ; do it in silence and listen. it is a faint, faint voice, but you can hear it if you pay attention. after all, a latin poet who lived centuries before placidia, terence, said that, " nothing human is alien to us. " placidia was one of us. in her 62 years of life, placidia was princess, queen and empress. she did reasonably well in these roles and, during her reign as empress, the western empire remained relatively safe and the romans had the food they needed. she had defects ; for sure. she failed to save her foster mother from death when, perhaps, she had a chance to do that. she was ruthless with her enemies and her way of being christian may have veered on the verge of bigotry. but she played her role


click the study aids tab at the bottom of the book to access your study aids ( usually practice quizzes and flash cards ). study pass is our latest digital product that lets you take notes, highlight important sections of the text using different colors, create " tags " or labels to filter your notes and highlights, and print so you can study offline. study pass also includes interactive study aids, such as flash cards and quizzes. highlighting and taking notes : if you ' ve purchased the all access pass or study pass, in the online reader, click and drag your mouse to highlight text. when you do a small button appears – simply click on it! from there, you can select a highlight color, add notes, add tags, or any combination. if you ' ve purchased the all access pass, you can print each chapter by clicking on the downloads tab. if you have study pass, click on the print icon within study view to print out your notes and highlighted sections. to search, use the text box at the bottom of the book. click a search result to be taken to that chapter or section of the book ( note you may need to scroll down to get to the result ). view full student faqs 3. 4 review and practice in this chapter we have examined the model of demand and supply. we found that a demand curve shows the quantity demanded at each price, all other things unchanged. the law of demand asserts that an increase in price reduces the quantity demanded and a decrease in price increases the quantity demanded, all other things unchanged. the supply curve shows the quantity of a good or service that sellers will offer at various prices, all other things unchanged. supply curves are generally upward sloping : an increase in price generally increases the quantity supplied, all other things unchanged. the equilibrium price occurs where the demand and supply curves intersect. at this price, the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied. a price higher than the equilibrium price increases the quantity supplied and reduces the quantity demanded, causing a surplus. a price lower than the equilibrium price increases the quantity demanded and reduces the quantity supplied, causing a shortage. usually, market surpluses and shortages are short - lived. changes in demand or supply, caused by changes in the determinants of demand and supply otherwise held constant in the analysis, change the equilibrium price and output. the circular flow model allows us to see how demand and supply in various markets are related to one another. - what do you think happens to the demand for pizzas during the super bowl? why? which of


, change the equilibrium price and output. the circular flow model allows us to see how demand and supply in various markets are related to one another. - what do you think happens to the demand for pizzas during the super bowl? why? which of the following goods are likely to be classified as normal goods or services? inferior? defend your answer. - used cars - used clothing - books reviewed in the new york times - macaroni and cheese - legal services which of the following pairs of goods are likely to be classified as substitutes? complements? defend your answer. - peanut butter and jelly - eggs and ham - nike brand and reebok brand sneakers - ibm and apple macintosh brand computers - dress shirts and ties - airline tickets and hotels - gasoline and tires - beer and wine - faxes and first - class mail - cereal and milk - cereal and eggs a study found that lower airfares led some people to substitute flying for driving to their vacation destinations. this reduced the demand for car travel and led to reduced traffic fatalities, since air travel is safer per passenger mile than car travel. using the logic suggested by that study, suggest how each of the following events would affect the number of highway fatalities in any one year. - an increase in the price of gasoline - a large reduction in rental rates for passenger vans - an increase in airfares - children under age 2 are now allowed to fly free on u. s. airlines ; they usually sit in their parents ’ laps. some safety advocates have urged that they be required to be strapped in infant seats, which would mean their parents would have to purchase tickets for them. some economists have argued that such a measure would actually increase infant fatalities. can you say why? the graphs below show four possible shifts in demand or in supply that could occur in particular markets. relate each of the events described below to one of them. - how did the heavy rains in south america in 1997 affect the market for coffee? - the surgeon general decides french fries are not bad for your health after all and issues a report endorsing their use. what happens to the market for french fries? - how do you think rising incomes affect the market for ski vacations? - a new technique is discovered for manufacturing computers that greatly lowers their production cost. what happens to the market for computers? - how would a ban on smoking in public affect the market for cigarettes? - as low - carb diets increased in popularity, egg prices rose sharply. how might this affect the monks ’ supply of cookies or


happens to the market for computers? - how would a ban on smoking in public affect the market for cigarettes? - as low - carb diets increased in popularity, egg prices rose sharply. how might this affect the monks ’ supply of cookies or private retreats? ( see the case in point on the monks of st. benedict ’ s. ) - gasoline prices typically rise during the summer, a time of heavy tourist traffic. a “ street talk ” feature on a radio station sought tourist reaction to higher gasoline prices. here was one response : “ i don ’ t like ’ em [ the higher prices ] much. i think the gas companies just use any excuse to jack up prices, and they ’ re doing it again now. ” how does this tourist ’ s perspective differ from that of economists who use the model of demand and supply? - the introduction to the chapter argues that preferences for coffee changed in the 1990s and that excessive rain hurt yields from coffee plants. show and explain the effects of these two circumstances on the coffee market. - with preferences for coffee remaining strong in the early part of the century, vietnam entered the market as a major exporter of coffee. show and explain the effects of these two circumstances on the coffee market. - the study on the economics of obesity discussed in the case in point in this chapter on that topic also noted that another factor behind rising obesity is the decline in cigarette smoking as the price of cigarettes has risen. show and explain the effect of higher cigarette prices on the market for food. what does this finding imply about the relationship between cigarettes and food? - in 2004, the new york times reported that india might be losing its outsourcing edge due to rising wagesnoam scheiber, “ as a center for outsourcing, india could be losing its edge, ” new york times, may 9, 2004, p. bu3. the reporter noted that a recent report “ projected that if india continued to produce college graduates at the current rate, demand would exceed supply by 20 % in the main outsourcing markets by 2008. ” using the terminology you learned in this chapter, explain what he meant to say was happening in the market for indian workers in outsourcing jobs. in particular, is demand for indian workers increasing or decreasing? is the supply of indian workers increasing or decreasing? which is shifting faster? how do you know? - for more than a century, milk producers have produced skim milk, which contains virtually no fat, along with regular milk, which contains 4 % fat


the supply of indian workers increasing or decreasing? which is shifting faster? how do you know? - for more than a century, milk producers have produced skim milk, which contains virtually no fat, along with regular milk, which contains 4 % fat. but a century ago, skim milk accounted for only about 1 % of total production, and much of it was fed to hogs. today, skim and other reduced - fat milks make up the bulk of milk sales. what curve shifted, and what factor shifted it? - suppose firms in the economy were to produce fewer goods and services. how do you think this would affect household spending on goods and services? ( hint : use the circular flow model to analyze this question. ) problems 1 – 5 are based on the graph below. - at a price of $ 1. 50 per dozen, how many bagels are demanded per month? - at a price of $ 1. 50 per dozen, how many bagels are supplied per month? - at a price of $ 3. 00 per dozen, how many bagels are demanded per month? - at a price of $ 3. 00 per dozen, how many bagels are supplied per month? - what is the equilibrium price of bagels? what is the equilibrium quantity per month? problems 6 – 9 are based on the model of demand and supply for coffee as shown in figure 3. 10 " changes in demand and supply " you can graph the initial demand and supply curves by using the following values, with all quantities in millions of pounds of coffee per month : | price | | quantity demanded | | quantity supplied | - suppose the quantity demanded rises by 20 million pounds of coffee per month at each price. draw the initial demand and supply curves based on the values given in the table above. then draw the new demand curve given by this change, and show the new equilibrium price and quantity. - suppose the quantity demanded falls, relative to the values given in the above table, by 20 million pounds per month at prices between $ 4 and $ 6 per pound ; at prices between $ 7 and $ 9 per pound, the quantity demanded becomes zero. draw the new demand curve and show the new equilibrium price and quantity. - suppose the quantity supplied rises by 20 million pounds per month at each price, while the quantities demanded retain the values shown in the table above. draw the new supply curve and show the new equilibrium price and quantity. - suppose the quantity supplied falls, relative to the values given in the table above, by 20


at each price, while the quantities demanded retain the values shown in the table above. draw the new supply curve and show the new equilibrium price and quantity. - suppose the quantity supplied falls, relative to the values given in the table above, by 20 million pounds per month at prices above $ 5 ; at a price of $ 5 or less per pound, the quantity supplied becomes zero. draw the new supply curve and show the new equilibrium price and quantity. problems 10 – 15 are based on the demand and supply schedules for gasoline below ( all quantities are in thousands of gallons per week ) : | price per gallon | | quantity demanded | | quantity supplied | - graph the demand and supply curves and show the equilibrium price and quantity. - at a price of $ 3 per gallon, would there be a surplus or shortage of gasoline? how much would the surplus or shortage be? indicate the surplus or shortage on the graph. - at a price of $ 6 per gallon, would there be a surplus or shortage of gasoline? how much would the surplus or shortage be? show the surplus or shortage on the graph. - suppose the quantity demanded increased by 2, 000 gallons per month at each price. at a price of $ 3 per gallon, how much would the surplus or shortage be? graph the demand and supply curves and show the surplus or shortage. - suppose the quantity supplied decreased by 2, 000 gallons per month at each price for prices between $ 4 and $ 8 per gallon. at prices less than $ 4 per gallon the quantity supplied becomes zero, while the quantities demanded retain the values shown in the table. at a price of $ 4 per gallon, how much would the surplus or shortage be? graph the demand and supply curves and show the surplus or shortage. - if the demand curve shifts as in problem 13 and the supply curve shifts as in problem 14, without drawing a graph or consulting the data, can you predict whether equilibrium price increases or decreases? what about equilibrium quantity? now draw a graph that shows what the new equilibrium price and quantity are.


related links are organized by the following eleven categories : child welfare system, step by step — the path a child takes through a state child welfare system can be confusing for those unfamiliar with it. the pew commission on children in foster care has recently developed an online resource, " a child ’ s journey through the child welfare system, " that provides a step - by - step flow chart of the process. users can click on any part of the flow chart and be linked to text that describes that key decision point, or they can read a text overview of the entire system. of successful youth mentoring : a guidebook for program development — mentoring has become a popular strategy for helping youth stay on track, but setting up and sustaining a successful program takes some thought and know - how, according to this new guidebook from the national mentoring center. the manual includes checklists to gauge the strength of your efforts, and a timeline for setting up new programs. back to top - a report to the governor and the legislature on the educational status of the state ' s schools — chapter 655 of the laws of 1987 ( which amended section 215 - a of state education law ) requires the board of regents and the state education department to submit an annual report to the governor and the legislature with respect to " enrollment trends ; indicators of student achievement in reading, writing, mathematics, science, and vocational courses ; graduation, college attendance and employment rates ;... ( and ) information concerning teacher and administrator preparation, turnover, in - service education and performance. " the complete report is printed in two volumes. the first volume is titled new york, the state of learning : statewide profile of the educational system and is a 200 page book in six chapters, with illustrative figures, charts, and tables. the second volume is titled new york, the state of learning : statistical profiles of public school districts and is a book with more than 300 pages containing tabular presentations of these data by school district within - the alliance project — the alliance project is funded by the federal office of special education programs ( osep ). a major emphasis of the alliance project is to increase the success rate of special education and related services departments in acquiring grants from the osep division of personnel preparation. alliance engages in technical assistance and information services for the preparation of dpp grant proposals and for institutional development. activities include : grant writing workshops, mentorships and best practice seminars. for health and health care in schools mental health page — mental health services in schools background info, financing issues, and state and


of dpp grant proposals and for institutional development. activities include : grant writing workshops, mentorships and best practice seminars. for health and health care in schools mental health page — mental health services in schools background info, financing issues, and state and local initiatives. resource mapping : a strategy for promoting successful transition for youth with disabilities — community mapping can help put a community ' s resources in the neighborhoods where they are most needed. this national center on secondary education and transition brief includes a detailed explanation of community resource mapping, a list of the benefits of mapping for youth with disabilities, examples of mapping efforts, and related contacts and resources. council for exceptional children — the council for exceptional children is the " largest international professional organization dedicated to improving educational outcomes for individuals with exceptionalities, students with disabilities, and / or the gifted. " site includes eric clearinghouse on disabilities and gifted education ; links to the eric database and to exceptional child education resources ; digests, fact sheets and frequently asked questions ; public policy and legislative information. - families and advocates partnership the families and advocates partnership for education ( fape ) project is a strong partnership that aims to improve the educational outcomes for children with disabilities. it links families, advocates, and self - advocates to communicate the new focus of the individuals with disabilities education act ( idea ). the project represents the needs of 6 million children with disabilities. fape created the guide listed below : mental health in schools : issue brief — this brief background paper explores why integrated efforts are important, what is involved, and how to do it. the presentation covers : integrating mental health activity to maximize resource use and effectiveness ; developing mechanisms to promote integration and address challenges ; creating an integrated continuum ; and some key references coalition for parent involvement in education — ncpie was founded in 1980, at the initiative of what was then the national school volunteer program ( now national association for partners in education ), with funding from the ford foundation and union carbide. from the outset, the participating organizations included parent organizations and advocacy groups as well as national education organizations representing teachers and administrators. the group meets monthly to monitor legislation, initiate projects, and share information and ideas about research, programs, and center for mental health in schools — the school mental health project was established in 1986 in the department of psychology at ucla to pursue theory, research, practice, and training related to addressing mental health and psychosocial concerns through - federal office of special education programs — the office of special education and rehabilitative services ( osers ) provides a wide array of supports


ucla to pursue theory, research, practice, and training related to addressing mental health and psychosocial concerns through - federal office of special education programs — the office of special education and rehabilitative services ( osers ) provides a wide array of supports to parents and individuals, school districts and states in three main areas : special education, vocational rehabilitation a site containing a wealth of information for parents, attorneys, advocates, and educators on special education law and regulations pertaining to the individuals with disabilities education act ( idea ). hearing process for students with disabilities — an impartial hearing is a more formal process to resolve disputes. this document should assist all parties to understand their responsibilities relating to impartial hearings so that disputes over special education services are resolved in a timely manner. effective september 2001, the regulations of the commissioner of education were amended relating to impartial hearings to address the qualifications of impartial hearing officers, ensure school districts initiate an impartial hearing in a timely manner, and ensure impartial hearings are completed within the required time periods. the state education department is monitoring the impartial hearing system through impartial hearing officer training, the ongoing collection and review of hearing data, quality assurance reviews and complaint investigations so that timely hearing decisions are rendered. - learning disabilities online — this website provides families, teachers and other concerned adults with information on a variety of learning disabilities that affect young people. this is an excellent site for parents to become more educated on the issues that may affect their children. health, schools and working together for all children and youth : toward a a concept paper from the national association of state mental health program directors and the policymaker partnership for implementing idea at the national association of state directors of special education. center on secondary education and transition ( ncset ) — coordinates national resources, offers technical assistance, and disseminates information related to secondary education and transition for youth with disabilities in order to create opportunities for youth to achieve successful futures. the site has many useful subdivisions, including : - iep & transition information on developing a student ' s individual education plan ( iep ) and transition plan, including frequently asked questions, related research, emerging practices, web sites, and additional resources. - national idea data — this web site provides public access to the most recent data about children with disabilities served under the individuals with disabilities education act ( idea ). these data are collected annually by the u. s. department of education, office of special education programs in accordance with section 618 of idea education system residential placement process —


about children with disabilities served under the individuals with disabilities education act ( idea ). these data are collected annually by the u. s. department of education, office of special education programs in accordance with section 618 of idea education system residential placement process — a description of the process, as well as a flow chart that summarizes the steps required for special education placements in new york state. - pacer center parent advocacy coalition for educational rights — the mission of pacer center is to expand opportunities and enhance the quality of life of children and young adults with disabilities and their families, based on the concept of parents helping parents. - seri : special education resources on the internet : " a collection of internet accessible information resources of interest to those involved in the fields related to special education. " comprehensive in its links to resources and information. education in new york state for children ages 3 – 21 : a parent ’ s this document provides information for parents, guardians and other family members about laws, regulations and policies affecting special education programs and services. - positive behavior interventions and supports ( pbis ) – office of special education programs — the technical assistance center on positive behavioral interventions and supports ( pbis ) has been established by the office of special education programs, us department of education to give schools capacity - building information and technical assistance for identifying, adapting, and sustaining effective school - wide disciplinary practices. the office of vocational and educational services for individuals with disabilities ( vesid ) within the state education department ( sed ) is charged with meeting the needs of people with disabilities from early childhood through adulthood and into the workplace. vesid oversees special education services for students, ages 3 - 21, in public and private schools and the vocational rehabilitation services for individuals, beginning at age 16 through adulthood. law – special education resources — up - to - date information about special education law and advocacy for children back to top - center for effective collaboration improving services for children and youth with emotional and behavioral problems through creating effective schools and supporting local, state and national level collaborations. also see the center ’ s section on wraparound planning. center for evidence - based practice : young children with challenging behavior — a great source for resources and links. trends databank — the databank has “ what works " information as well as youth well - being indicators. based on child trends ' reviews of evaluation research on programs using academic achievement, mentoring, civic engagement, and employment - related strategies, the databank now provides organized online access to programs that do and do not work in affecting a


well - being indicators. based on child trends ' reviews of evaluation research on programs using academic achievement, mentoring, civic engagement, and employment - related strategies, the databank now provides organized online access to programs that do and do not work in affecting a wide range of outcomes for youth. " what works " information is provided for more than 40 indicators on the databank. - guide to effective programs for children and youth — over the past several years, child trends has built an extensive knowledge base about programs that " work " to enhance children ' s development. this guide offers a way of presenting this knowledge in a user - friendly format for policy makers, program designers, and funders. based on conversations with these groups, we have developed a visual representation of the stages of childhood and paired these stages with effective programs. this approach is built on the concept that child development is a cumulative process that begins before birth and continues into young adulthood. this " life course " model visually shows that varied program approaches can contribute to children ' s development, that different approaches are appropriate at different ages, and that developmental inputs build on one another over time, as a child grows. the model also illustrates that development unfolds over time and benefits from investment at all ages. thus, there is no one " critical stage " where development is set. the guide was built with the understanding that most program providers and funders face a concrete challenge - such as a need to prepare preschoolers for elementary school or a need to improve the physical fitness of middle school children. the electronic guide to effective programs for children and youth provides users with an easy reference for programs that work, influencing a variety of outcomes over a child ' s back to top federal grant planning guides issues discussion guide — this guide explores several of the guiding principles that underlie systems of care development. these principles include family partnership, cultural competence, inter - agency collaboration, community investment, and individualized care. - technical assistance plan worksheet — the worksheet is organized by the guiding principles of a system of care and designed to capture their relationship to the process of building a system of care, e. g. infrastructure development, evaluation, information management, etc. the worksheet asks you to brainstorm ways in which technical assistance could help you operationalize the principles into the daily work of systems back to top university center for child and human development — the georgetown university center for child and human development was established over four decades ago to improve the quality of life for all children and youth, especially those with, or


principles into the daily work of systems back to top university center for child and human development — the georgetown university center for child and human development was established over four decades ago to improve the quality of life for all children and youth, especially those with, or at risk for, special needs and their families. technical assistance center for children ' s mental health — special areas of emphasis and expertise include strategic planning, leadership development, evaluation, interagency mis, interagency collaboration, cultural competence, family partnerships, policy development, prevention and early intervention, managed care and financing. and : - national information center for children and youth with disabilities — nichcy is the national information center that provides information on disabilities and disability - related issues. on - line information about : special education and related services for children in school ; individualized education programs ; parent materials ; disability organizations ; professional associations ; education rights and what the law requires ; early intervention services for infants and toddlers ; transition to adult life. practices network — highlights programs and practices that credible research indicates are effective in improving outcomes for children, youth, and families. the information offered is organized around three major areas : proven and promising programs, research in brief, and strengthening service delivery. - research and training center for children ' s mental health ( tampa, fl ) — the research and training center for children ' s mental health at usf ' s louis de la parte florida mental health institute was initiated in 1984 to address the need for improved services and outcomes for children with serious emotional / behavioral disabilities and their families. the center ’ s eight integrated field research projects focus on enhancing our understanding of policy development and implementation as it pertains to improving outcomes for children with emotional disturbances and their families. - research and training center on family support and children ' s mental health ( portland, or ) — the research and training center on family support and children ' s mental health was established in 1984 at portland state university, portland, oregon. the center is dedicated to promoting effective community - based, culturally competent, family - centered services for families and their children who are, or may be affected by mental, emotional or behavioral disorders. arch national respite network and resource center site has many publications to choose from in the area of respite work. - samhsa ( federal ) children ’ s mental health services site — the child, adolescent, and family branch of the federal center for mental health services promotes and ensures that the mental health needs of children and their families are met within the context of community - based


council on disability — addressing the needs of youth with disabilities in the juvenile justice system : the current status of evidence - based research. over the past several years, ncd has recognized that children and youth with disabilities have increasingly become over represented in the juvenile justice system. a significant proportion of youth in the juvenile justice system has education - related disabilities and is eligible for special education and related services under the individuals with disabilities education act ( idea ). factors associated with the disproportionate representation of youth with disabilities in juvenile corrections are complex — but the available information suggests that school failure, poorly developed social skills, and inadequate school and community supports greatly increase the risks for arrest and incarceration. ncd believes, therefore, that delinquency prevention is a critical feature of any service or support system that is used to address the needs of all youth, especially youth with disabilities and special education needs. - the office of juvenile justice and delinquency prevention ( ojjdp ) — ojjdp is responsible for administering the juvenile accountability incentive block grants ( jaibg ) program, made possible by public law 105 – 119 and subsequent appropriations acts. this bulletin, which is the overview of ojjdp ’ s jaibg best practices series, discusses key aspects of adolescent development, documents examples of developmentally appropriate accountability, provides an overview of the underlying legislation, and highlights best practices as reported in other bulletins in this series. back to top back to top for youth upstate center for excellence — act for youth — assets coming together for youth — aims to strengthen community partnerships that promote positive youth development and prevent risky and unhealthy behaviors among young people, aged 10 to 19. the act for youth initiative is a project of the new york state department of health, and was developed in cooperation with the partners for children, a collaboration of public and private sector organizations committed to improving the health and education of children and adolescents throughout new york state. - the children ' s health fund — the children ’ s health fund is committed to providing health care to the nation ’ s most medically underserved children and their families through the development and support of innovative primary care medical programs, response to public health crises, and the promotion of guaranteed access to appropriate health care for all children. virginia cooperative extension ’ s site to provide a better understanding of family health with respect to family life, finances, and nutrition and food safety. - links digest — as part of the family to family health care information & education center, parent - to


. virginia cooperative extension ’ s site to provide a better understanding of family health with respect to family life, finances, and nutrition and food safety. - links digest — as part of the family to family health care information & education center, parent - to - parent of nys provides information related to the issues of health care and parenting children with special health care needs. some links are specific to new york state, but there are many that will be helpful to everyone. - medicaid / medicare resource — contains a vast array of information and resources on medicare and medicaid. back to top defense fund ’ s children ’ s mental health resource kit — “ please use this resource kit to educate yourself and others about the mental health care needs of children and to learn about opportunities for improving access to mental health screens and assessments for children through medicaid and the children ’ s health insurance program ( chip ). if you share the children ’ s defense fund ’ s vision for improved access to mental health care for children, please use this resource kit to work toward this goal in your community and state. ” - framework for supporting the social - emotional development of young children — the vision of encouraging a public health approach set forth in the children ’ s plan laid the foundation for representatives of the council on children and families, department of health, office of children and families and office of mental health to establish the social and emotional development work group tasked with developing recommendations for social and emotional development consultation in early childhood settings. - the finance a comprehensive clearinghouse of information and technical assistance resources to support decision - making that produces and sustains good results for children, families, and communities. collaborative assessment of capacity instrument — assessment tool to help localities identify the strengths and weaknesses of their local collaborative efforts. - american academy of family physicians series - child & adolescent bipolar foundation — early intervention and treatment offers the best chance for children with bipolar disorder to achieve stability, gain the best possible level of wellness, and grow up to enjoy their gifts and build upon their strengths. proper treatment can minimize the adverse effects of the illness on their lives and the lives of those who love them. ".... from " about early - onset bipolar disorder " institute of mental health ( nimh ) brochures and information sheets, reports, press releases, fact sheets, and other educational materials. this web site offers you some solutions and guidelines on how to deal with an adolescent who is having severe problems, including those diagnosed with attention deficit disorder ( add ), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder


press releases, fact sheets, and other educational materials. this web site offers you some solutions and guidelines on how to deal with an adolescent who is having severe problems, including those diagnosed with attention deficit disorder ( add ), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ), oppositional defiant disorder ( odd ), conduct disorder and bipolar disorder. i — wraparound : stories from the field — explores the ever - burgeoning conviction in a growing community of providers, advocates, and families that wraparound is a simply better, cheaper, and more humane than conventional service delivery processes for families with children with serious emotional disturbance. through the stories of six families who have received individualized services and supports through a wraparound process, we see — how this process worked to support their strengths and meet their needs. back to top new york state resources ccsi partner agencies additional new york resources - kids ’ well - being indicators the new york state council on children and families is pleased to present children ' s health, education and well - being indicators as a means to help assess needs, design and improve programs, and sharpen the focus on outcomes. kwic uses the touchstones framework that provides expectations about the future as well as snapshots of the status of children and - new york state citizens ' coalition for children — incorporated in 1975, the coalition is an organization of concerned citizens and 150 volunteer adoptive and foster parent groups in every region of new york state. guided by a belief in the right of every child to a permanent, loving family, the coalition ' s goals are to : improve services available to children at risk of or in out of home care ; increase citizen involvement in local service planning and delivery ; require greater public accountability of the nys office of children and family services, & other systems providing out of home care for children, including local agencies ; represent the citizen ' s viewpoint in advocating for improved adoption and foster care services. the coalition is concerned primarily with system - change advocacy and individuals taking responsibility for influencing and changing the systems affecting their lives and the lives of their - nys home and community based waivers and contact - nys home and community based waivers : documents that explain the various hcbs waiver programs in new york. - nys medicaid services – benefits, populations and reimbursement — table ( with additional web links ) describing the services, eligibility, and payment structures of new york ’ s medicaid program. - new york yellow pages for kids with disabilities — includes many resources - government programs, grassroots organizations, and


kids could see more snow days this school year accuweather. com predicts storms this fall that will spawn more snow this winter. with the new chartiers valley school year rapidly approaching, students are likely already wondering how lucky they ' ll get with snow days. good news for them ( maybe not so much for school administrators ) is that accuweather. com reports that those students will likely get more snow days this school year than they did during the last one. last winter, at least nine of the country ' s snowiest cities had less than 60 percent of their average snowfall ( according to usa today ). how is this intensity of this winter being measured? " the presence of el nino or la nina — and their strength — is used to project how active the winter season is going to be, " accuweather. com reports. and accuweather. com long - range meteorologists are projecting a weak to moderate el nino by late in the summer. for kids praying to hear school ' s out for a snow day, the weaker the el nino, the better. weak el ninos have brought snow - packed winters to most major northeast cities in the past, said accuweather. com expert senior meteorologist jack boston. " historically, both strong la ninas and weak el ninos have produced higher - than - average snowfall in the northeastern u. s., " boston said. in contrast, " weak la ninas and strong el ninos historically bring lower - than - average snowfall. " a weak el nino in 2009 led to record december snowfall in philadelphia, which got slammed with 23. 2 inches of snow — a year ' s worth of snow in one day for the city that usually receives 20. 5 inches in an average year, according to the national oceanic and atmospheric administration. what else is in store? the accuweather. com long - range forecasting team is predicting an average season of about five hurricanes and 12 tropical storms — less active than last year ' s seven hurricanes and 19 tropical storms. hurricane season peaks in september and officially runs until nov. 30. the atlantic hurricane season affects the southern coast from texas to florida, as well as a large portion of the eastern coast from florida all the way up through north carolina, and can even impact cities as far north as new york or boston.


april 19, 2012 - - measles cases are spiking sharply in the u. s., the cdc reported today. the 222 cases and 17 outbreaks seen in 2011 are nearly four times the median of 60 cases and four outbreaks per year seen over the last decade. a third of patients were hospitalized. the surge in cases is largely due to people who have not been vaccinated with the measles / mumps / rubella ( mmr ) vaccine, the cdc says. a significant percentage of these people are children and teens whose parents exempted them from school vaccination requirements. " unvaccinated people put themselves and others at risk - - particularly infants too young to be vaccinated, who can have the most severe complications, " anne schuchat, md, director of the cdc ' s national center for immunization and respiratory diseases, said at a news conference held to announce the new report. vaccine refusal is more common in europe than in the u. s. the result : more than 37, 000 measles cases in europe last year. five countries account for 90 % of the cases : france, italy, romania, spain, and germany. nine out of 10 u. s. measles cases could be linked either to a u. s. resident who was infected in a foreign country or to foreign visitors to the u. s. many of these travelers imported measles from europe. thanks to high vaccination rates in the 1990s, the u. s. eliminated year - round measles transmission in 2000. but the current spike in cases threatens that achievement. schuchat pointed to france, which was down to about 40 measles cases per year. suddenly that went to 604 cases in 2008, over 5, 000 cases in 2010, and over 15, 000 cases in 2011. " you can go from a small number to a very large number of measles cases very quickly, " schuchat warned. fortunately there were no measles deaths in the u. s. in 2011, although one infant in intensive care had a narrow brush with death. before the measles vaccine came along in 1957, there were one to three deaths for every 1, 000 cases. worldwide, measles kills 164, 000 people a year. while u. s. measles vaccination rates remain high, pockets of unvaccinated children offer a foothold to the virus. and that ' s all this


slave coffle, central africa, 1861 [ image ] this image shows children and adults making their way from the african interior to the coast in a slave coffle. while some may think that children were given special treatment because of their age, and some may have, this image suggests that this was not always the case. teachers should caution students that this is also an image commissioned by abolitionists, who often used children to make a point. this does not mean that children did not travel in coffles as is pictured here, but abolitionists used images like these to gain support for their cause. livingstone, david, and charles livingstone. narrative of an expedition to the zambesi and its tributaries ; and of the discovery of the lakes shirwa and nyassa, 1858 - 1864. london, 1865, facing, 356. reprinted new york, 1866, facing, 376. in handler, jerome s., and michael l. tuite, jr. " advertisement for sale of newly arrived africans, charleston, july 24, 1769. " the atlantic slave trade and slave life in the americas : a visual record, http : / / hitchcock. itc. virginia. edu / slavery / details. php? categorynum = 3 & categoryname = capture % 20of % 20slaves % 20and % 20coffles % 20in % 20africa & therecord = 7 & recordcount = 41. annotated by colleen a. vasconcellos. how to cite this source " slave coffle, central africa, 1861 [ image ], " in children and youth in history, item # 150, http : / / chnm. gmu. edu / cyh / primary - sources / 150 ( accessed may 21, 2013 ). annotated by colleen a. vasconcellos


why is the shamash on a pedestal? the chanukah menorah is such a beautiful sight! every night we add a new flame until we have eight in a straight row. the shamash is also part of the chanukiyah, yet it ’ s not next to all the other flames. it has a unique placement. it ’ s not permitted to be in the same row as the rest, and many chanukiyot are designed with the shamash higher than the rest. why the special treatment? to better understand the uniqueness of the shamash, we need to know what the word “ shamash ” means. the best way to understand what a word means is by looking at the first time the word is mentioned in the torah. at the covenant between the parts between god and abraham ( bereshit 15, 12 ) we read, “ vayehi hashemesh lavo ” – and the shemesh was setting. this is the first time the torah refers to that “ great light to rule by day ” ( bereshit 1, 16 ) – the sun – as the shemesh. how strange! the word shemesh literally means a servant. why is the torah referring to the mighty great light that rules by day as a servant? more importantly, why does the torah refer to the sun as the shemesh in relation to a covenant that god made with abraham? abraham lived in a pagan world that attributed divinity to anything that exerted power over mankind. abraham ’ s contribution to the world was that he understood that no matter how powerful anything may be – even if it is a “ great light ” that rules by day, that heats up and illuminates the entire solar system and provides photosynthesis, enabling life on earth – it ’ s still a shemesh, a servant of god. abraham understood that everything in the universe has a purpose through its connection to serving god to make the world a place where the divine presence can reside. everything has the ability to mirror the kindness of god in this world. abraham ’ s entire life was a manifestation of being the ultimate human shemesh, as he introduced kindness to the world. when everything in the universe is perceived by mankind as a servant of god ’ s kindness to the world, then the world has achieved its purpose. disconnecting powerful things from the ultimate source leads to paganism. abraham succeeded to such an extent that god desired to make an eternal covenant with him and promised him the land of israel. this


the world, then the world has achieved its purpose. disconnecting powerful things from the ultimate source leads to paganism. abraham succeeded to such an extent that god desired to make an eternal covenant with him and promised him the land of israel. this is the best time to introduce to the world what the most powerful force in our universe really is – a shemesh, a servant. the chanukah story involves the battle between the pagan forces of greece and the jewish belief that everything serves god. the chanukiyah is a symbol of jewish victory, that god indeed runs the world and can make oil miraculously burn for eight days, hence the eight flames. but those eight flames cannot represent anything if there ’ s nothing to serve them and enable them to illuminate. the shamash fits that role. there ’ s no mitzvah to light a shamash, but without its dutiful sole existence of serving god to enable the mitzvah to be done, we would have no light at all. something or someone that focuses on the will of god alone deserves special treatment, and, yes, to even be higher than all the rest. rabbi yossi michalowicz is spiritual leader of the westmount shul in thornhill, ont.


a set of 50 photographs and associated handwritten descriptive notes, acquired from the imperial russian geographical society in st. petersburg. the complete notes, " 1904 view of great tibet ", are available at : http : / / collections. lib. uwm. edu / u? / tibet, 94 potala from ssw. [ z. ] this view has been taken by ts ' ibikov [ tsybikoff ] during the festival he calls ts ' og ch ' od ( 1 ) [ tsog chod ] celebrated on the 29th day of the second moon of the tibetan year ( 18 / 5 april 1901 ). the huge pictures hang on the palace wall beneath the nam - gyal ch ' oide [ namgyal ch - oide ], the monastery of the palace represent jakya muhi [ sakya - muni ] ( on the right one ) and tara or doma ( on the left ). crowds of people cover the slope of the hill and stand at the foot of the picture. obs. 1 ) sung ch ' o rockhill l. c. p. 8 footnote. " in the first moon of the year the lamas of potala, as well as all those from the various temples and convents of lhasa, and those from anterior and ulterior tibet, amounting in all several myriads, assemble at the jok ' ang to read the sacred books for twenty days. in the second moon of the year there is another gathering for the same purpose at the jok ' ang, lasting eight days ( 1 ). [ … ] ) ( 1 ) this feast is called sung ch ' o ( gsung ch ' s ) in tibetan. ( p. 8 ) rockhill, w. w. ( 1890 ). tibet : a geographical, ethnographical, and historical sketch derived from chinese sources. london : royal asiatic society.


a recent trend which is emerging with learning spanish software is voice recognition. these voice recognition tools are designed to help you with pronunciation. they allow you to repeat the word and then attempt to grade or evaluate your pronunciation. article source : http : / / ezinearticles. com / 6541593. a recent trend is emerging with spanish learning software is voice recognition. these speech recognition tools are designed to help with pronunciation. they allow you to repeat the word and then try to grade or evaluate your pronunciation. from a marketing perspective, are a great way for software companies to differentiate their products from competition. they can also be a good way to justify charging more for their product! so from the standpoint of software companies, voice recognition tools for learning spanish is an excellent idea. that big sound in the marketing material and looks like a feature to have! of course, everyone has completed the purchase options for our cars, it seemed desirable and even indispensable in the car dealership. only to discover that rarely used in the real world! does the same apply to speech recognition tools to learn spanish? there is no doubt in my mind that these tools can help with the pronunciation of individual words. and get the correct pronunciation or better is certainly one of the elements of learning spanish. however, the big question is where it fits into the overall scheme of things. is it a problem? or is it just one of the components involved in the process? the truth is that there is a better strategy for mastering the pronunciation. no matter what language to speak to experts all say the same. the best way to learn a new language is to live the language. in other words, immerse yourself in the language spoken, of course, the best strategy. and when you ’ re dipping is doing more listening than talking! listen to the natives and their pronunciation is much more effective than other speech recognition tools for learning spanish. you ’ re immersed in the flow of language. you ’ re soaking in the structure of language. and he is learning the pronunciation in context. the problem with these tools is they do not provide that context. and the context of a word can change the inflection of the speech in different circumstances. therefore one could argue that these tools really stops. in my opinion, that will definitely have to focus on an area less important, to the detriment of the most important! the most effective way to learn pronunciation is to start using the language itself. use language to learn! the use of spanish in the context of


since independence, chad has experienced decades of civil war and dictatorship. in more recent years, events between 2004 and 2011 created an acute security crisis in the country. the 2011 drought is the latest in a cycle of drought and other shocks. since 1996, chad has faced drought and humanitarian crises, draining peoples ' ability to respond and adapt to shocks and stresses. chad has scarce natural resources, and the population faces a variety of shocks to their agricultural livelihoods, including violent conflict, influxes of refugees and internally displaced people, erratic rainfall, desertification and sub - standard harvest. latest stories from chad view all stories » » chantal ' s husband regularly beat her until a program in a chadian camp for refugees began counseling him and authorities started arresting abusers. » » in chad, the simple task of gathering fuel is complicated by scarcity and the risk of sexual assault. » » | population : | | 10, 975, 648 ( july 2012 est. ) | | size : | | 495, 755 sq mi ; slightly more than three times the size of california | | people served : | | 260, 197 ( 2012 est. ) | catholic relief services has been working in chad since 1985 when it based its programming in the crs cameroon office in yaounde. in 2002, crs signed an agreement with the republic of chad and opened an office in the capital, n ' djamena. currently crs ' development efforts are localized in southern chad and eastern chad for emergency and food security activities. crs chad implements projects through 12 local partners. secours catholique du developpement ( secadev ) commission national justice et paix ( cnjp ) civil society and governance hiv and aids


our local news station, ny1, has regular " the world outside new york, " segments. well, every now and then, with your permission, i will post issues having to do with the world outside ny. this particular one deals with an issue that i consider particularly critical : the impending extinction of our closest relatives, the great apes. no the fate of the great apes is not something that will win us an election or save our jobs or get us out of iraq. but there are moral and practical reasons for being concerned about our closest cousins. the reason i am highlighting this issue right now is that two species of great apes are literally on the verge of extinction ( see below ). so timing is critical. two species of our closest relatives could be extinct within 5 - 10 years. as a molecular biologist, i am very familiar with the field of genetics. it is in this context that i first became interested in the plight of the great apes when i learned that humans differ from chimps and bonobos by only 1. 6 % of our dna. that means we are more than 98 % identical to these animals in our dna. this is an extraordinary similarity and it means that in an evolutionary sense, chimps and bonobos are in a very real sense our brothers. when i learned this i felt as if some of our distant ancestors such as the neanderthals still lived with us today. gorillas are like us in more than 97 % of our dna, making them, if not our brothers, at least our cousins. read more » interesting diary posted at daily kos : : new york city to propose lower voting age wednesday - hillary may attend : new york city council member gale brewer will introduce a bill to lower the voting age to 16 in america ' s largest city! a news conference on the steps of city hall is planned for 11 : 30 a. m. wednesday to announce the bill. later, at about 1 p. m., the bill will be formally proposed to the council. among those who may attend is u. s. senator hillary leading the movement to lower the voting age in new york city is the national youth rights association ( nyra ), a youth - led civil rights organization of over 5, 000 members nationwide. the assumption being that if 16 year - olds have to pay taxes, they should have a say as to how the government spends its money, especially concerning education. the diary is provocative. from the stand - point of an old fogey, i get that knee - jerk reaction that


year - olds have to pay taxes, they should have a say as to how the government spends its money, especially concerning education. the diary is provocative. from the stand - point of an old fogey, i get that knee - jerk reaction that kids don ' t know any better. then i have to remind myself that 51 % of adult voters in this country voted shrub in for a second term. and if they can be enlisted to go to war, they should be able to have full voting rights as early as possible. the thought of " freedom fighters " spreading democracy yet not having ever been involved themselves in the democratic process is, well, scary. read more » if you have lived in nyc for a few years, watching the way real estate deals are cut here, by both city agencies and state agencies, you can become very frustrated by the way business is run, prompting an intrepid blogger such as myself to forget all other responsibilities and write the mother of all articles that will finally reveal the great truths and set the people free. fortunately it has already been writen and i can go back to focusing on something more mundane like bicyclists civil rights. city journal in an article how not to develop the far west side, covers most everything that is wrong with bloomberg ' s plans for the west side railyards and more broadly the overall backward management of nyc development policy. i do have to put a caveat here : city journal is very free market oriented, so some of their solutions must be considered with a critical ear, for example they praise the current development of times square ; and anyone who has even been to the new times square would question such an assessment ; and they clearly are anti - union and pro - developer first, not necessarily pro - average person. never the less, city journal ' s overall critique speaks volumes to the way properties are being gift wrapped as secret - santa exchanges with developers and how executive ego is running roughshod over development opportunities for the city. summer, sex and spirits! wednesday, june 29th 6 - 9 p. m. slainte, 304 bowery ( at 1st avenue ) tickets are only $ 20! and what do you get : a¤ a free drink ticket! a¤ great drink specials! a¤ a fabulous raffle with amazing prizes! please join us for this happy hour benefit to help raise important funds for planned parenthood of new york city ' s ( ppnyc ) vital mission of clinical services, education and advocacy. when you buy tickets to this event, you


amazing prizes! please join us for this happy hour benefit to help raise important funds for planned parenthood of new york city ' s ( ppnyc ) vital mission of clinical services, education and advocacy. when you buy tickets to this event, you are helping us to continue to help the thousands of new yorkers who count on us each year. let ' s celebrate the summer together with a toast, all the while supporting a great cause! sign up at : http : / / www. ppaction. org / ppnyc / events / summer / details. tcl the battle against republican corruption continues. generally i focus my efforts on several particularly corrupt republicans, like mike oxley ( oh ), roy and matt blunt ( mo ) and conrad burns ( mt ). but most people are focusing on that most scandal ridden and nastiest of republicans, tom delay. so i want to push several efforts that represent a renewed attack on delay ' s corruption. you can get the latest information on tom " corruption " delay from the daily delay. the public campaign action fund is conducting a phone call campaign to urge two ranking members of the house ethics committee to investigate delay ' s scandals. please take a minute and make two telephone calls today to these members to respectfully request that they act without delay. recent news coverage, historical precedent, and the fact that delay ' s pac has made donations to 226 or the 232 republican members of the house all call for an outside counsel to be appointed in a matter such as this. there is no impartial jury pool of members of congress from which to launch an investigation. period. call ethics chairman doc hastings in his district office in pasco, wa at 509 - 543 - 9396, or his washington, dc office at 202 - 225 - 5816. call ranking democratic rep. alan mollohan at his district office in wheeling, wv at 304 - 232 - 5390, or his washington, dc office at 202 - 225 - 4172. read more »


posted on 29 / 3 / 07 by tim koschutzki what are prototypes? prototypes are generally used to test an idea in an existing system or before a real system is established. the goal of the prototype is to prove whether the components that will also be in the final system will work together as expected. think of car manufacturing. most people use computer models to test things there, without the need to build the final product - the car. we build software prototypes due to the same reasons. on the one hand to fix problems with a lot less hassle and on the other hand to test things in advance. the real essence of prototypes lies in the things you learn building it. different forms of prototypes when people think of software prototypes they think about source code. that is of course true, but only to a certain degree. a prototype in the php world could be a small script that checks whether the database, the php script and the ajax request will work together as expected. you could also think of a typical model view controller setup. your prototype could be a simple setup of the pattern to check if the controller, the model and the view operate together as expected and whether they are encapsulated as expected. you wouldn ' t want to build an entire application around your implementation of the model - view - controller - pattern only to decide after 6 months that your system is not flexible or scalable enough. these two examples focus on prototypes being a source code product. however, prototypes need not be source code at all. when you do webdesign and you make a mock up of your website in photoshop, then that ' s of course a prototype. when you are making a graphical user interface for another language, like java and not for php, you can use sketches on post - it - sheets, which will ultimately be a prototype of one form or the other too. cakephp ' s scaffolding is a good example of prototypes used in php webdevelopment. the scaffolding in php is basically a source code generator - a prototype generator. the goal of prototypes prototypes are required to answer questions only, that ' s why they are cheaper to produce. they can ignore unimportant details without which the actual product would be senseless. details which aren ' t important for you now, but will be for the future users of your application. for example, when you are making a prototype for a website interface you don ' t need to have correct data. you can even live without that bad user interface when you


important for you now, but will be for the future users of your application. for example, when you are making a prototype for a website interface you don ' t need to have correct data. you can even live without that bad user interface when you are making prototypes for your performance tests. the essence of using prototypes lies in what your learn building them. what do prototypes investigate? put simply, prototypes need to investigate all risky things. everything nobody has tried before and things that are absolutely critical to the final application. these things could be critical changes made to the database - something that i had to do last week - develop a password encryption system that encrypts all passwords in our current live database. also i had to change all client code that operates on the passwords, like password resetting functionality. besides that, you can use prototypes on everything you feel uncomfortable with. think of the following : - new functionality in an existing system - buildup and contents of external data - tools, frameworks, libraries, etc. from external parties. - graphical user interfaces - critical changes to the database the value of prototypes is not in the source code you produce, but in the things you learn from it. that ' s the most important thing you need to remember about prototypes. how to use prototypes which details can be ignored with prototypes ( most of the time )? - correctness - you can use fictive data with prototypes - completeness - it could be that the prototype needs to work only with a specific input - error - checking - if you don ' t use the correct path, your prototype might explode. that ' s okay. - documentation - yes, most prototypes don ' t need much documentation. when using prototypes, make sure that everybody involved knows, that you are writing something for the trash bin. you can skip to the end and add a comment. this post is too old. we do not allow comments here anymore in order to fight spam. if you have real feedback or questions for the post, please contact us.


it ’ s a common parental dilemma : conjuring up easy, nutritious school lunches that your child will actually eat. ideally, you ’ d send your children off each day with a wild - caught salmon fillet, a scoop of barley risotto, and a crisp salad ; in real life, that wholesome lunch would likely come home each day, well, still whole. to raise your lunch - box success ratio, we ’ ve gathered grocery - shopping and preparation tips to keep kids satisfied — and well fueled — until the last bell rings. during weekly or twice - weekly shopping trips, load your basket with foods that will feed your child ’ s brain, says coralee thompson, md, coauthor of healthy brains, healthy children ( barmore, 2009 ). if your kitchen is stocked with convenient, whole foods, you ( and your kids ) will be less likely to rely on processed, packaged foods or whatever the school cafeteria is serving that day. plan dinners and lunches will follow. heat up leftover soups, stews, or whole - grain pastas ( if necessary ) and pack them in an insulated stainless - steel container. top extra baked or sweet potatoes with favorite veggies and grated cheese. cut leftover cooked chicken, red meat, or fish, into kid - friendly cubes ; pack them solo or use them in sandwiches and wraps, suggests thompson. or choose lean and lower - sodium lunchmeats. some fruits and veggies become brown or slimy if you cut them too far in advance, but others — grapes, cherry tomatoes, carrots, jicama slices — can be washed and bagged days ahead. other tried - and - true prep - and package - ahead menu items : hard - boiled eggs ; homemade trail mixes ( nuts, seeds, dried fruits, unsweetened coconut flakes ) ; natural applesauce mixed with cinnamon, walnuts, and raisins ; plain yogurt blended with honey, berries, and nuts ; and dips such as hummus, black bean dip, salsa, and yogurt. slice foods into easy - to - handle strips or cubes ( lightly brush apples and pears with lemon juice to prevent browning ) and package them with tasty dips. or combine multicolored fruits or veggies in one reusable container for eye appeal. wrap foods in tortillas, and cut sandwiches into triangles. for younger kids, send a note declaring certain days to be “


( last update : dec 21 ) over at the dodecad blog, i have been tracking a mysterious " dagestan " genetic component in south asia and europe. this component is modal in populations of dagestan : dargins from urkarah, lezgins, and kumyks from stalskoe. dargins and lezgins are northeast caucasian speakers, and while kumyks are turkic, this is probably due to a small east eurasian component in their ancestry, and it ' s a fair guess that they too are natives to the region who underwent language shift. surprisingly, this component occurs at a high frequency in some south asian populations, including telugu and tamil brahmins from south india. these are believed to be descended from indo - aryan speakers from north india and to have maintained a genetic distinctiveness vis a vis the native inhabitants of south india. there are two reasons why i think i am picking a really meaningful signal : - differentiation between tamil and andhra pradesh brahmins and non - brahmin populations from the same states - the levels of the component in india are as high as any other eurasian populations save for the dagestanis immediate neighbors in the caucasus indeed, if you inspect the project members ' results on this component, you will see that the " dagestan " component is found at many south asians who belong to other populations than those available in the public references. without giving anything away, it ' s clear that the " dagestan " component is found frequently in many parts of india. indo - aryans outside india the question of the origin of the indo - aryans is obviously very difficult, and attempts at tracing their origin use either a type of " geolinguistic trigonometry " to make them fit in the broader context of indo - european dispersals, or rely on archaeological interpretation of the material culture of sites such as arkaim or the bmac. i ' ll leave these speculations to those competent to make them, and i will turn to the concrete : the mitanni of syro - anatolia. here we have what seems to be indo - aryan personal / deity names, as well as numerals in what appears to have been a largerly hurrian - speaking population. the kingdom of the mitanni flourished in the 2nd millennium bc, a time also generally considered to be that of the earliest indo - aryan linguistic monument, the rigveda. what is most interesting, however, is that hurrian, like urart


kingdom of the mitanni flourished in the 2nd millennium bc, a time also generally considered to be that of the earliest indo - aryan linguistic monument, the rigveda. what is most interesting, however, is that hurrian, like urartian are part of the hurro - urartian language family, which has been linked by some linguists to northeast caucasian. i won ' t comment on whether such a link exists, but a relationship between hurro - urartian and northeast caucasian coupled with the known proximity of indo - aryans with hurrians would immediately supply an explanation for the " dagestan " component : it might be the legacy of an absorption of hurrian elements by the ancestors of the indo - aryans while the latter were still in the near east. by the 2nd millennium bc, the indo - aryan element seems to have been well on its way to disappearance in the region, and we find no trace of it after the demise of the mitanni. a millennium later came the disappearance of urartian, replaced by various types of indo - european ( such as armenian and iranian ), and semitic. we are fortunate that the indo - aryans of syro - anatolia left traces of their existence before their demise. the bactria - margiana archaeological complex was excavated by viktor sarianidi ( here is a trailer for a documentary about it, and a discover magazine article ). according to sarianidi, it is at least indo - iranian ( if not specifically indo - aryan ) and can be traced to the syro - anatolian region. the formation of the bmac begins in the 3rd millennium bc, and it ends its existence in the 2nd, at around the time when indo - aryans are said to have made their appearance in the subcontinent. the geographical region of the bmac ( aka oxus river civilization ) is pictured on the left. whether we trace it to anatolia, or, more modestly, to iran, the likely western origin of the bmac would almost certainly mean that it could have served as a conduit for the dispersal of the mystery " dagestan " component to india. non - indo - europeans of pakistan the scenario i have outlined above derives the indo - aryans from the transcaucasus where they pick up the " dagestan " component, south of the caspian, to the oxus river civilization ( bmac ) of turkmenistan, to afghanistan, and then via the khyber pass to pakistan. the mitanni are seen


published in proceedings of the symposium on flow measurement in open channels and closed conduits : gaithersburg, md, february 23, 1977, pages 471 - 477. note : at the time of publication, the author william durgin was not yet affiliated with cal poly. laser doppler anemometers are non - invasive, linear, and inherently precise. calibration, in the usual sense, is not necessary ; length and frequency measurements suffice to establish velocity at a spatial point. measurements were made at points in the cross - sections of two square ducts containing water flow. the points were selected in conformance with a numerical integration scheme to be used for volumetric flow rate determination from the velocity measurements. the experiments were performed in a primary calibration facility at flows up to 1. 25 m3 / sec using ducts with sides 46 and 92 cm. the anemometer, operating in forward scatter differential mode with a 15 mw he ne laser, was positioned with a special traversing frame. windows in the ducts allowed transmission of the beams into the flow and reception of scattered light. two grid patterns, 4 x 11 and 11 x 11, were used so that 44 and 121 velocities were measured for each test. a total of eight tests were conducted covering a reynolds number range from 1. 1 to 3. 9 x 108. after accounting for errors due to the discreet integration scheme of 0. 61 % and 0. 13 % for the 4 x 11 and 11 x 11 schemes, respectively, comparison with the calibration facility indicated extreme errors of + 0. 81 / - 0. 16 and + 0. 84 / - 0. 61. the major limitation of the set - up used was the time required to move the anemometer and obtain a new velocity value. it was pointed out that either better mechanical positioning or optical scanning could be employed to reduce the time required for a flow determination.