training resource for hiv and aids caption : education is key to stopping the spread of hiv and stigma “ the manual pastoral training and responding to hiv and aids is the cornerstone of our work, ” said tsielo mpeqa, director of caritas lesotho. caritas developed the manual to provide insights and guidelines to people of faith who are striving to develop a compassionate, effective and non - judgmental response to the pandemic. caritas lesotho and caritas usa ( crs ) ran training courses in lesotho using the manual, providing training first for 15 priests, who went out and trained another 180 church leaders on hiv prevention, care and comfort. lesotho is a constitutional monarchy of about 12, 000 square miles and two million people that is surrounded by south africa. an estimated 30 percent or more of its people have hiv / aids. the manual covers topics such as prevention, spread, social impact, emotional impact, response of the church, and what activities parishes and ministries can carry out in response to the pandemic. it integrates factual, scientifically - based information and guidelines provided by such organisations as unaids and world health organization with catholic church doctrine and pastoral reflection. mr mpeqa said, “ this has changed following the training. priests visit people with hiv in their homes and talk about the virus in sermons. people living with hiv are encouraged to take part in services. ” christian church leaders signed a declaration in front of the king and prime minister saying that they were committed to supporting people with hiv and aids. john shumlansky, caritas usa ( crs ) representative in lesotho, said, “ putting hiv in the pulpit every week has got people involved. it ’ s really made a positive difference. ” in countries like lesotho with 90 percent christians, the church – and particularly local parishes and charitable organisations such as parish and diocesan caritas – play a unique role in responding to hiv and aids. one of the issues in the kingdom is multiple partnerships and the manual helps people address this issue and think about family values. caritas lesotho and crs now have plans to translate the manual to the local language and distribute it more widely. the ground work that has been laid so far has impressed donors to help fund the scheme. “ the manual has been a fantastic resource in the field, ” said caritas internationalis secretary general lesley - anne knight, “ the manual provides church workers with comprehensible materials so they can educate believers at grassroots level to prevent the further spread


( latin regeneratio ; greek anagennesis and paliggenesia ). regeneration is a biblico - dogmatic term closely connected with the ideas of justification, divine sonship, and the deification of the soul through grace. confining ourselves first to the biblical use of this term, we find regeneration from god used in indissoluble connection with baptism, which st. paul expressly calls " the laver of regeneration " ( titus, iii, 5 ). in his discourse with nicodemus ( john 3 : 5 ), the saviour declares : " unless a man be born again of water and the holy ghost, he cannot enter into the kingdom of god. " in this passage christianity from its earliest days has found the proof that baptism may not be repeated, since a repeated regeneration from god is no less a contradiction than repeated physical birth from a mother. the idea of " birth from god " enjoys a special favour in the joannine theology. outside the fourth gospel ( i, 12 sq. ; iii, 5 ), the apostle uses the term in a variety of ways, treating " birth of god " as synonymous now with the " doing of justice " ( 1 john 5 : 1, 4 sq. ), and elsewhere deducing from it a certain " sinlessness " of the just ( 1 john 3 : 9 ; 5 : 18 ), which, however, does not necessarily exclude from the state of justification the possibility of sinning ( cf. bellarmine, " de justificatione ", iii, xv ). it is true that in all these passages there is no reference to baptism nor is there any reference to a real " regeneration " ; nevertheless, " generation from god ", like baptismal " regeneration ", must be referred to justification as its cause. both terms effectually refute the protestant notion that there is in justification not a true annihilation, but merely a covering up of the sins which still continue ( covering - up theory ), or that the holiness won is simply the imputation of the external holiness of god or christ ( imputation theory ). the very idea of spiritual palingenesis requires that the justified man receive through the divine generation a quasi - divine nature as his " second nature ", which cannot be conceived as a state of sin, but only as a state of interior holiness and justice. thus alone can we explain the statements that the just man is assured " participation in the divine nature " ( cf. 2 peter 1 :


", which cannot be conceived as a state of sin, but only as a state of interior holiness and justice. thus alone can we explain the statements that the just man is assured " participation in the divine nature " ( cf. 2 peter 1 : 4 : divinæ consortes naturæ ), becomes " a new creature " ( galatians 5 : 6 ; 6 : 15 ), effects which depend on justifying faith working by charity, not on " faith alone " ( sola fides ). when the bible elsewhere refers regeneration to the resurrection of jesus christ ( 1 peter 1 : 3 ) or to " the word of god who liveth and remaineth forever " ( 1 peter 1 : 23 ), it indicates two important external factors for justification, which have nothing to do with its formal cause. the latter text shows that the preaching of the word of god is for the sinner the introductory step towards justification, which is impossible without faith, whereas the former text mentions the meritorious cause of justification, inasmuch as, from the biblical standpoint, the resurrection was the final act in the work of redemption ( cf. luke 24 : 46 sq. ; romans 4 : 25 ; 6 : 4 ; 2 corinthians 5 : 16 ). to the above - mentioned ideas of regeneration, generation out of god, participation in the divine nature, and re - creation, a fifth, that of divine sonship, must be added ; this represents the formal effect of justification and is crowned by the personal indwelling of the holy ghost in the justified soul ( cf. romans 5 : 5 ; 8 : 11 ; 1 corinthians 3 : 16 sq. ; 6 : 19, etc. ). since, however, this divine sonship is expressly described as a mere adoptive sonship ( filiatio adoptiva, ouiothesis ; cf. romans 8 : 15 sqq. ; galatians 4 : 5 ), it is evident that " regeneration from god " implies no substantial emerging of the soul from the nature of god as in the case of the eternal generation of the son of god ( christ ), but must be regarded as an analogical and accidental generation from god. as regards the use of the term in catholic theology, no connected history of regeneration can be written, as neither christian antiquity nor medieval scholasticism worked consistently and regularly to develop this pregnant and fruitful idea. at every period, however, the sacrament of baptism was regarded as the specific sacrament of regeneration, a concept


connected history of regeneration can be written, as neither christian antiquity nor medieval scholasticism worked consistently and regularly to develop this pregnant and fruitful idea. at every period, however, the sacrament of baptism was regarded as the specific sacrament of regeneration, a concept that was not extended to the sacrament of penance. irenæus repeatedly interprets the pauline term " re - creation " as the universal regeneration of mankind through the incarnation of the son of god in the womb of the blessed virgin. the idea of regeneration in the sense of individual justification is most conspicuous in the writings of st. augustine. with an unrivalled keenness, he evolved the essential distinction between the birth of the son of god from the substance of the father and the generation of the soul from god through grace, and brought together into an organic association regeneration, with its kindred ideas, and justification ( cf. e. g. " enarr. in ps. xlix ", n. 2 in " p. l. ", xxxvi, 565 ). like the church, st. augustine associates justification with faith working through charity, and refers its essence to the interior renewal and sanctification of the soul. thus, st. augustine is not only the precursor, but also the model of the scholastics, who worked mainly on the ideas inherited from the great doctor, and contributed essentially to the speculative understanding of the mysterious process of justification. adhering strictly to the bible and tradition, the council of trent ( sess. vi, capp. iii - iv, in denzinger - bannwart, " enchiridion ", 10th ed., 1908, nn. 795 - 6 ) regarded regeneration as fundamentally nothing else than another name for the justification acquired through the sacrament of baptism. a characteristic view was that of the german mystics ( eckhart, tauler, suso ), who prefer to speak of a " birth of god in the soul ", meaning thereby the self - annihilation of the soul submerging itself in the divinity, and the resulting mystical union with god through love. in protestant theology, since the time of the reformation, we meet great differences of opinion, which are of course to be referred to the various conceptions of the nature of justification. in entire accordance with his doctrine of justification by faith alone, luther identified regeneration with the divine " bestowal of faith " ( donatio fidei ), and placed the baptized infant on the same footing as the adult


the nature of justification. in entire accordance with his doctrine of justification by faith alone, luther identified regeneration with the divine " bestowal of faith " ( donatio fidei ), and placed the baptized infant on the same footing as the adult, although he could give no precise explanation as to the way in which the child at its regeneration in baptism could exercise justifying faith ( cf. h. cremer, " taufe, wiedergeburt und kindertaufe ", 2nd ed., 1901 ). against the shallow and destructive efforts of rationalism, which made its appearance among the socinians about the end of the sixteenth century and later received a mighty impulse from english deism, the german " enlightenment ", and french encyclopedism, a salutary reaction was produced by the pietists during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. leaving far behind the old protestant view, the pietists ( spener, a. h. francke, zinzendorf ) referred regeneration to the personal experience of justification in union with a sincere conversion to a new life, consisting especially in charitable activity. german pietism, systematically cultivated by the so - called hernhuter, exercised a beneficial effect on english methodism, which went about securing and strengthening regeneration in " methodical fashion ", and which undoubtedly performed good service in the revival of christian piety. especially those sudden conversions - - such as are even today striven for and highly prized in methodist circles, the american revivals and camp meetings, the salvation army, and the german gemeinschaftsbewegung, with all its excrescences and eccentricities - - are preferentially given the title of regeneration ( cf. e. wacker, " wiedergeburt und bekehrung ", 1893 ). since schleiermacher the variety and confusion of the views concerning the character of regeneration in learned literature have increased rather than diminished ; it is indeed almost a case of everyone to his own liking. the greatest favour in liberal and modern positive theology is enjoyed by the theory of albert ritschl, according to which the two distinct moments of justification and reconciliation hold the same relation to each other as forgiveness and regeneration. as soon as resistance to god is done away with in justification, and lack of trust in god - - or, in other words, sin - - is overcome in the forgiveness of sin, reconciliation with god and regeneration enter into their rights, thus inaugurating a


to god is done away with in justification, and lack of trust in god - - or, in other words, sin - - is overcome in the forgiveness of sin, reconciliation with god and regeneration enter into their rights, thus inaugurating a new life of christian activity which reveals itself in the fulfilment of all the obligations of one ' s station. turning finally to the non - christian use of the term, we find " regeneration " in common use in many pagan religions. in persian mithraism, which spread widely in the west as a religion of the soldiers and officials under the roman empire, persons initiated into the mysteries were designated " regenerated " ( renatus ). while here the word retains its ethico - religious sense, there was a complete change of meaning in religions which taught metempsychosis or the transmigration of souls ( pythagoreans, druids, indians ), in these the reincarnation of departed souls was termed " regeneration ". this usage has not yet entirely disappeared, as it is current among the theosophists ( cf. e. r. hull, " theosophy and christianity ", bombay, 1909 ; and in connection therewith " stimmen aus maria - laach ", 1910, 387 sqq., 479 sqq. ). this view should not be confounded with the use dating from christ himself, who ( matthew 19 : 18 ) speaks of the resurrection of the dead on the last day as a regeneration ( regeneratio ). more catholic encyclopedia browse encyclopedia by alphabet the catholic encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. this easy - to - search online version was originally printed in fifteen hardcopy volumes. designed to present its readers with the full body of catholic teaching, the encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. in the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration. no one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the catholic church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years, decisively affecting its destinies,


malaria risk assessment for travelers the risk for a traveler contracting malaria differs substantially from region to region and from traveler to traveler, even within a single country, based upon travelers ’ behaviors and circumstances. there is no accepted method of quantifying the risk and no numerical value for a risk threshold beyond which chemoprophylaxis is or is not recommended. thus experience and judgment are required in assessing the factors described below to arrive at the best prevention strategy for the individual traveler. a travel or tropical medicine specialist can be an excellent source of guidance when making these decisions. depending on level of risk, it may be appropriate to recommend no specific interventions, mosquito avoidance measures only, or mosquito avoidance measures plus chemoprophylaxis. for the risk - averse traveler, remember that even in low risk situations, it only takes one bite from an infective female anopheles mosquito to transmit malaria. questions to ask when assessing an individual traveler ' s risk where is the traveler going? - for some areas with limited malaria transmission, where malaria cases occur sporadically and risk of infection to travelers is assessed as being very low, it is recommended that travelers use mosquito avoidance measures only, and no chemoprophylaxis should be prescribed. - regions associated with the highest estimated relative risk of infection for travelers are west africa and oceania. for these areas of intense transmission, exposure for even short amounts of time can result in transmission, and so chemoprophylaxis should always be used. - regions associated with moderate estimated relative risk of infection for travelers are the other parts of africa, south asia, and south america. - regions associated with lower estimated relative risk for travelers are central america and other parts of asia. there is considerable country - by - country variation, as well as variable transmission within countries. see the malaria information by country table for details. malaria transmission is not distributed homogeneously throughout all countries. some destinations have malaria transmission occurring throughout the whole country, while in others it occurs in defined pockets. if travelers are going to the highly endemic pockets during peak transmission times, even though the country as a whole may be low transmission, this destination for this individual may be high risk. when is the traveler going? in some countries with significant seasonal shifts in temperature or rainfall, malaria transmission intensity may decrease during the colder or drier months of the year. based on knowledge of the climactic conditions in some sub - tropical or temperate destinations, travelers may choose mosquito avoidance measures only, for example, during the winter months


, malaria transmission intensity may decrease during the colder or drier months of the year. based on knowledge of the climactic conditions in some sub - tropical or temperate destinations, travelers may choose mosquito avoidance measures only, for example, during the winter months. what is the style and duration of travel? it is important to assess factors such as the types of accommodations and activities as well as the reason and duration of travel as a part of the risk assessment. for example, short - term business travelers staying in air - conditioned hotels may be at lower risk than backpackers or adventure travelers. because malaria - transmitting mosquitoes are most active at night, include an assessment of the likelihood that the travelers might be spending time outdoors in the evenings for dining or entertainment. longer durations of stay in a malaria - endemic area may also increase the chance that an individual might become infected. who is the traveler? certain travelers have been shown to have greater risk of malaria infection. particular care should be given to ensure an effective malaria prevention strategy for these travelers. the highest risk is associated with first - and second - generation immigrants living in nonendemic countries who return to their countries of origin to visit friends and relatives ( vfrs ). ironically, vfr travelers often consider themselves to be at no risk because they grew up in a malaria - endemic country and consider themselves to be immune. however, acquired immunity is lost very quickly, and vfr travelers, especially those going to west africa and india, should always use appropriate chemoprophylaxis. more on : vfr travelers. malaria infection in pregnant women can be more severe than in nonpregnant women. malaria can increase the risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes, including prematurity, abortion, and stillbirth. more on : traveling while pregnant for these reasons and because no chemoprophylactic regimen is completely effective, women who are pregnant or likely to become pregnant should be advised to avoid travel to areas with malaria transmission if possible. if travel to a malarious area cannot be deferred, use of an effective chemoprophylaxis regimen is essential. depending on the destination, this is usually either chloroquine or mefloquine. get email updates about malaria to receive email updates about this page, enter your email address : - centers for disease control and prevention 1600 clifton rd atlanta, ga 30333 - health care providers needing assistance with diagnosis or management of suspected cases of malaria should call the cdc malaria hotline : 770 - 48


today at the ieee international electron devices meeting, ibm scientists unveiled several research breakthroughs that could lead to major advancements in delivering dramatically smaller, faster and more powerful computer chips. for more than 50 years, computer processors have increased in power and shrunk in size at a tremendous rate. however, today ' s chip designers are hitting physical limitations with moore ' s law, halting the pace of product innovation from scaling alone. with virtually all electronic equipment today built on complementary - symmetry metal - oxide semiconductor ( cmos ) technology, there is an urgent need for new materials and circuit architecture designs compatible with this engineering process as the technology industry nears physical scalability limits of the silicon transistor. following years of key physics advances previously only achieved in a laboratory, ibm scientists successfully integrated the development and application of new materials and logic architectures on 200mm ( eight inch ) diameter wafers. these breakthroughs could potentially provide a new technological basis for the convergence of computing, communication, and consumer electronics. ibm has shown racetrack, a computer memory, which combines the large capacity of traditional hard disks with the speed and robustness of flash memory, can be made with standard chip - making tools. proving this type of memory is feasible, today ibm researchers are detailing the first racetrack memory device integrated with cmos technology on 200mm wafers, culminating seven years of physics research. racetrack memory stores data on nanoscale metal wires. bits of information - digital 1s and 0s - are represented by magnetic stripes in those nanowires, which are created by controlling the magnetic orientation of different parts of the wire. writing data involves inserting a new magnetic stripe into a nanowire by applying current to it ; reading data involves moving the stripes along the nanowire past a device able to detect the boundaries between stripes. the researchers demonstrated both read and write functionality on an array of 256 in - plane, magnetized horizontal racetracks. this development lays the foundation for further improving racetrack memory ' s density and reliability using perpendicular magnetized racetracks and three - dimensional architectures. this breakthrough could lead to a new type of data - centric computing that allows massive amounts of stored information to be accessed in less than a billionth of a second. ibm researhcers also how the first - ever cmos - compatible graphene device can advance wireless communications, and enable new, high frequency devices, which can operate under adverse temperature and radiation conditions in areas such as security and medical applications. the graphene integrated circuit, a frequency multiplier, is operational


- compatible graphene device can advance wireless communications, and enable new, high frequency devices, which can operate under adverse temperature and radiation conditions in areas such as security and medical applications. the graphene integrated circuit, a frequency multiplier, is operational up to 5 ghz and stable up to 200 degrees celcius. while detailed thermal stability still needs to be evaluated, these results are promising for graphene circuits to be used in high temperature environments. new architecture flips the current graphene transistor structure on its head. instead of trying to deposit gate dielectric on an inert graphene surface, the researchers developed a novel embedded gate structure that enables high device yield on a 200mm wafer. ibm researchers also today demonstrated the first transistor with sub - 10 nm channel lengths. while already being considered in varied applications ranging from solar cells to displays, it is expected that computers with in the next decade will use transistors with a channel length below 10 nm, a length scale at which conventional silicon technology will have extreme difficulty performing even with new advanced device architectures. the scaled carbon nanotube devices below 10nm gate length are a significant breakthrough for future applications in computing technology. while often associated with improving switching speed ( on - state ), this breakthrough demonstrates for the first time that carbon nanotubes can provide excellent off - state behavior in extremely scaled devices - - better than what some theoretical estimates of tunneling current suggested.


- pdf ( 411 kb ) - full text with thumbnail figures - full text with large figures - cited by in scopus ( 41 ) - request permission - size selective recognition of sirna by an rna silencing suppressor cell, volume 115, issue 7, 26 december 2003, pages 799 - 811 jeffrey m vargason, gyorgy szittya, jozsef burgyan and traci m. tanaka hall summaryrna silencing in plants likely exists as a defense mechanism against molecular parasites such as rna viruses, retrotransposons, and transgenes. as a result, many plant viruses have adapted mechanisms to evade and suppress gene silencing. tombusviruses express a 19 kda protein ( p19 ), which has been shown to suppress rna silencing in vivo and bind silencing - generated and synthetic small interfering rnas ( sirnas ) in vitro. here we report the 2. 5 a crystal structure of p19 from the carnation italian ringspot virus ( cirv ) bound to a 21 nt sirna and demonstrate in biochemical and in vivo assays that cirv p19 protein acts as a molecular caliper to specifically select sirnas based on the length of the duplex region of the rna. summary | full text | pdf ( 677 kb ) - effects and side - effects of viral rna silencing suppressors on short rnas trends in plant science, volume 9, issue 2, 1 february 2004, pages 76 - 83 daniel silhavy and jozsef burgyan abstractin eukaryotes, short rnas play a crucial regulatory role in many processes including development, maintenance of genome stability and antiviral responses. these different but overlapping rna - guided pathways are collectively termed ‘ rna silencing ’. to counteract an antiviral rna silencing response, plant viruses express silencing suppressor proteins. recent results have shown that silencing suppressors operate by modifying the accumulation and / or activity of short rnas involved in the antiviral response. because rna silencing pathways intersect, silencing suppressors can also inhibit other short - rna - regulated pathways. thus, suppressors contribute to viral symptoms. these findings fuel further research to test whether certain symptoms caused by animal viruses are also manifestations of altered rna regulatory pathways. abstract | full text | pdf ( 249 kb ) - crystal structure of p19 – a universal suppressor of rna silencing trends in


fuel further research to test whether certain symptoms caused by animal viruses are also manifestations of altered rna regulatory pathways. abstract | full text | pdf ( 249 kb ) - crystal structure of p19 – a universal suppressor of rna silencing trends in biochemical sciences, volume 29, issue 6, 1 june 2004, pages 279 - 281 david c baulcombe and attila molnar abstractrna silencing in plants has an antiviral role and, consequently, plant viruses encode counter - defensive suppressor proteins that block this process. the recently reported crystal structure of two tombusvirus suppressor proteins reveals a novel rna - binding structure and illustrates precisely how the silencing mechanism is blocked. these suppressor protein structures, combined with molecular analyses of their effects in animal and plant cells, are informative about rna silencing mechanisms. they also suggest various ways that tombusvirus suppressors can be used to investigate rna silencing in plants and animals. abstract | full text | pdf ( 211 kb ) copyright © 2004 elsevier science ltd all rights reserved. current biology, volume 14, issue 5, r198 - r200, 9 march 2004 dispatchadd / view comments ( 0 ) plant rnai : how aviral silencing suppressor inactivates sirna - the three - dimensional structure of an sirna bound to the tombusvirus p19 protein – a suppressor of gene silencing – provides a first glimpse into how plant viruses can defeat their host ' s anti - viral rnai defenses.


the material contained in medical records and research materials usually contains words that are unfamiliar and new. the cerebral palsy glossary contains definitions of terms and acronyms that are commonly associated with cerebral palsy. aberrant – posture or movement that deviates from the norm ; also used to describe “ jerky ” movements abnormal position – any position in labor where the fetus is not face - down, turned toward the mother ’ s back. abnormal positions include : breech ( feet first ), transverse lie ( sideways ), brow, and face. babies born in an abnormal position have a higher risk of acquiring neurological disorders, including cerebral palsy abo blood type incompatibility – a condition where the blood type of the fetus doesn ’ t match the blood type of the mother. in some cases, abo blood type incompatibility can be a risk factor for cerebral palsy abruptio placentae ( also placental abruption ) – premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall abruption – see above definition for abruptio placentae, placental abruption, iterplacental apolplexy or couvelaire uterus acidemia – increased acidity of the blood. acidemia cannot occur without acidosis. symptoms of both conditions include nausea, vomiting, and fatigue. acidosis – increased acidity in the blood, caused either by excessive acid production or a depletion of bicarbonates ( alkaline reserves ). alkali reserve – the sum total of the basic ions of the blood and other bodily fluids that act as buffers and maintain the normal ph of the blood ( source : american heritage medical dictionary ) alkalosis - the opposite of acidosis ; a condition where the body fluids have too much base. symptoms of alkalosis include : confusion, muscle twitching, nausea, and lightheadedness. afi ( amniotic fluid index ) – a method of measuring the amount of amniotic fluid during pregnancy. normal measurements are between 5 and 25 cm. the afi also serves as a rough index for the fetus ’ s well - being. albumin – a type of protein made by the liver, that helps moves small molecules through the blood. albumin also prevents the blood ’ s fluid from leaking into tissues allergen – a foreign substance that causes an allergy amnion ( also called amniotic sac ) – a thin, fluid - filled sac that contains the embryo or fetus. amnions are suspended in the uterus


into tissues allergen – a foreign substance that causes an allergy amnion ( also called amniotic sac ) – a thin, fluid - filled sac that contains the embryo or fetus. amnions are suspended in the uterus. amniotomy – the intentional rupture of the amniotic sac, in order to induce or accelerate labor. amniotomies are usually painless. analgesia ( also called epidural analgesia ) – the relief of pain without a loss of consciousness. in childbirth, an anesthetic solution ( “ epidural ” ) is injected into the spine in order to reduce pain, while the mother remains conscious. anemia - a condition in which the body does not produce enough healthy red blood cells. ( red blood cells provide oxygen to body tissues. ) symptoms include chest pain, dizziness and fatigue. anemic hypoxia – a reduction of oxygen supply to the brain ( “ hypoxia ” ), as a result of anemia. hypoxia can puts infants at a higher risk of getting cp. anergy – an extreme lack of energy ; also can mean a failed reaction to an injected allergen or antigen antibody – a protein produced in the blood or tissues in response to a specific antigen. antibodies destroy and weaken poisons ; thereby giving the body immunity. antigen - a substance that stimulates the immune system to manufacture antibodies apgar score – a system used to evaluate a newborn ’ s physical condition upon birth. the system assigns a value ( 0, 1, or 2 ) to each of five criteria : heart rate, muscle tone, respiratory effort, response to stimuli, and color. the higher the score, the better. the apgar score was developed by american physician virginia apgar. arrhythmia – an irregularity in the rhythm of the heartbeat. also could be an irregularity in a heartbeat ’ s force. artery – a tubular, elastic vessel which carries blood away from the heart and through the body asphyxia – a lack of oxygen to the brain during birth ( severe hypoxia ), which in severe cases can cause cerebral palsy. aspirate – to remove fluid from a body cavity, either using a needle or suction device ataxic cerebral palsy – a type of cerebral palsy characterized by “ tremors, ” or prolonged shaky movements. children with ataxic cerebral palsy often walk unsteadily, and set their feet unusually far apart.


suction device ataxic cerebral palsy – a type of cerebral palsy characterized by “ tremors, ” or prolonged shaky movements. children with ataxic cerebral palsy often walk unsteadily, and set their feet unusually far apart. those with ataxic cp ( about 5 – 10 percent of all cases ) also have trouble holding small objects. athetoid cerebral palsy – a type of cerebral palsy marked by involuntary, uncontrolled movements, especially in the face, arms and hips. these writhing movements often interfere with speaking, feeding, grasping, and other motor skills. children with athetoid cp ( about 10 percent of all cp cases ) also have low muscle tone and tend to have problems sitting and walking. avulsion - the forcible tearing away of a body part by accident, or by surgery. base excess – the amount of strong acid that must be added to each liter of fully oxygenated blood, in order to return the ph level to 7. 40. too much base case indicate alkalosis. balanced blood levels should have roughly equal levels of acid and base. basal ganglia ( singular : ganglion ) – deeply - placed masses of gray matter within each cerebral hemisphere. the basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions, including voluntary motor control and eye movements. baseline – in medicine, a known quantity or value, used to measure against an unknown. biophysical profile – a test that measures the health of a fetus in the final trimester of pregnancy. the biophysical profile ( bpp ) measures five components of fetal health, including : heart rate, muscle tone, movement, breathing, and the amount of amniotic fluid surrounding the baby. birth canal – the channel through which the fetus is expelled during birth. the birth canal leads from the uterus through the cervix, vagina and vulva. birth trauma – the physical ( or possibly emotional ) shock that an infant experiences while being born. bradycardia – an abnormally slow heart rate ; usually less than 50 beats per minute. breech presentation – a condition in which a baby enters the birth canal with buttocks or feet first. cardiac reserve – the work that the heart is able to perform beyond what is required of it in ordinary circumstances cephalad – toward the head ; away from the end of the body cephalic – located on, in or near the head cerebellum – the part of the brain that coordinates movement, walking and balance. the cerebell


circumstances cephalad – toward the head ; away from the end of the body cephalic – located on, in or near the head cerebellum – the part of the brain that coordinates movement, walking and balance. the cerebellum is located on the back of the brainstem. cerebral palsy – a neurological disability caused by the abnormal development of, or damage to, motor areas of the brain. indicators of cerebral palsy include muscular incoordination and speech disturbances. types of cerebral palsy include spastic, ataxic and athetoid. chronic – of a long duration. used to describe slowly - progressing diseases and disorders. complete blood count ( cbc ) – a routine blood test used for many medical reasons. a cbc measures a combination of totals from the red blood cell count, white blood cell count, and the amount of hemoglobin ( a blood protein that carries oxygen ). congenital – conditions that are present at birth or acquired during uterine development. contraction – 1. a shortening ( tensing ) of a muscle 2. rhythmic tightening of the uterus during pregnancy, which causes a drop in blood and oxygen supplies to the fetus. uterine contractions usually occur during late labor, and can last as long as 1 minute. contraction stress test ( cst ) – a test performed near the end of pregnancy to determine if the fetus will stay healthy during labor. a cst makes sure a fetus will survive the oxygen loss due to contractions. during the test, the hormone oxytocin is delivered intravenously, in order to stimulate contractions. a test involving nipple stimulation may also be used. corpus callosum – a connecting band of nerve tissue in the brain, that joins the cerebral hemispheres. cpd ( cephalopelvic disproportion ) – a condition in which the baby ’ s head is too large to fit through the mother ’ s pelvis. cpk ( creatine phosphokinase ) – an enzyme found mainly in the heart, brain and skeletal tissue. when the total cpk level is very high, it usually means there ’ s been ian injury to the heart, brain or muscle tissue. for example, when a muscle is damaged, cpk leaks into the bloodstream. determining which type of cpk is present helps doctors determine which exact tissue has been damaged. creatine kinase – an enzyme usually found in the brain, that tends to indicate injury when levels are high. dec


cpk leaks into the bloodstream. determining which type of cpk is present helps doctors determine which exact tissue has been damaged. creatine kinase – an enzyme usually found in the brain, that tends to indicate injury when levels are high. deceleration – a decrease in rate or speed. early deceleration – a periodic decrease in the fetus ’ s heart rate, due to the onset of a contraction. late deceleration – a periodic heart rate decrease that occurs at or after the peak of a contraction. late deceleration may indicate fetal hypoxia. variable deceleration – a heart rate decrease that usually indicates compression of the umbilical cord. variable decelerations may occur at any time in relation to a contraction. dystonia – a hereditary movement disorder. dystonia is marked by irregular and involuntary contortions that result in the body writing and twisting in unusual positions. eclampsia – the most serious form of pregnancy - induced hypertension. eclampsia is characterized by seizures, coma and edema ( a condition of abnormally large fluid volume in the circulatory system ). it usually occurs very late in pregnancy, or immediately following labor. effacement – shortening of the uterine cervix as it ’ s dilated during labor. also could mean thinning of the uterine walls. efm – electronic fetal monitoring – a method of fetal heart monitoring that is non - invasive, and is done through the skin. the mother sits with her knees and back partially elevated, with a cushion under her right hip so that her uterus is shifted to the left. electrodes placed on the skin can detect the fetal heart rate, as well as the presence and duration of uterine contractions. efm allows the health care provider to see if the baby is experiencing fetal distress, and how the baby ’ s tolerating contractions. encephalopathy – a degeneration of brain function. endometrium – the mucous membrane that lines the uterus. in order to develop into an embryo, a fertilized egg must first embed itself in the endometrium. ependyma – the membrane lining the ventricles of the brain, as well as the central canal of the spinal cord. epidural analgesia ( see analgesia ). episiotomy – surgical incision of the perineum during late stages of childbirth, in order to facilitate delivery. can result


well as the central canal of the spinal cord. epidural analgesia ( see analgesia ). episiotomy – surgical incision of the perineum during late stages of childbirth, in order to facilitate delivery. can result in serious tearing and / or sexual dysfunction. epithelium – membranous tissue covering internal organs and other internal surfaces of the body. external fetal monitoring ; see also “ efm ” – an electronic method of fetal monitoring that ’ s designed to detect a baby ’ s heart rate, as well as trace uterine contractoins. external fetal monitoring uses a small ultrasound disc, held in place by a stretchable band. fetal asphyxia – a condition in which the fetus experiences an extreme lack of oxygen, resulting in hypoxia. often occurs a result of compression of the umbilical cord. fetal heart monitoring ; see also “ deceleration ” – electronic monitoring performed during pregnancy, labor and delivery to keep track of the fetus ’ s heart rate. the procedure can be done with monitors outside the body ( external monitoring ), or in the uterus ( internal monitoring ). fetal hypoxia – a condition in which the fetus experiences a severe deprivation of oxygen. possible causes include inadequate placental function ( see “ abruptio placentae ” ), compression of the umbilical cord, and complications from anesthesia. fetal inflammatory response syndrome ( firs ) – a condition characterized by increased levels of plasma in the fetus ’ s blood. firs could be an indicator of future development of cerebral palsy. fetal - maternal erythrocyte distribution test – a test used to measure the number of fetal red blood cells in a pregnant woman ’ s blood. the test checks to see if the baby and mother are “ rh incompatible. ” rh incompatibility occurs when the fetus has rh – positive blood and the pregnant woman has rh - negative blood. if a mother and baby are rh incompatible, the mother ’ s body is producing antibodies that could harm the fetus ’ s red blood cells. treatment of rh incompatibility is usually very effective, due to a special injection called “ rhogam. ” first stage of labor ( see “ stages of labor “ ) fourth stage of labor ( see “ stages of labor ” ) fundus – the base of an organ, or the part farthest away from its opening. examples include : the lower back part of the bladder, the


see “ stages of labor “ ) fourth stage of labor ( see “ stages of labor ” ) fundus – the base of an organ, or the part farthest away from its opening. examples include : the lower back part of the bladder, the part of the eye opposite the pupil, and the large upper end of the uterus. forcep – a surgical instrument resembling a pair of pincers or tongs, used for grasping and extracting during delivery. galea aponeurotica – a tough layer of dense tissue which covers the upper part of the cranium. gestation – the development of a fetus from conception until birth ; pregnancy. glucose – the principal circulating sugar in the blood, and the major energy source of the body. hematocrit – 1. the percentage by volume of red blood cells in a given sample of blood, after it has been spun in a centrifuge. a hematocrit ranging from 42 - 52 % in males and 35 - 47 % in females is typically considered normal. 2. a centrifuge used to determine the relative volumes of blood cells and plasma in a sample of blood ( source : the american heritage dictionary ). hemoglobin – an iron - containing pigment of red blood cells that caries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body. hie ( hypoxic - ischemic encephalopathy ) – damage to cells in the central nervous system that occurs when the entire brain is deprived of an adequate oxygen supply. newborn hie might result in cerebral palsy, though research in this area is still inconclusive. hypertension – abnormally high blood pressure, usually indicated by a systolic pressure of 140 or greater, and a diastolic pressure of 90 or more. hypertension is a risk factor for various conditions, including heart failure, end - stage renal disease, and retinal hemorrhage. hypertonic – 1. having extreme muscle tone or tension 2. ( chemistry ) having a higher osmotic pressure than a surrounding medium. hypotension – abnormally low blood pressure. hypovolemia – a blood disorder consisting of a decrease in the volume of circulating blood. hypoxia – a pronounced deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching body tissues. hypoxia – ischemia ( h / i ) – insufficient blood supply in tissues as a result of inadequate blood supplies. hypoxic - ischemic encephalopathy


deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching body tissues. hypoxia – ischemia ( h / i ) – insufficient blood supply in tissues as a result of inadequate blood supplies. hypoxic - ischemic encephalopathy ( see “ hie ” ) idiopathic respiratory distress of newborn ( rds ) – a condition commonly seen in premature infants whose lungs have not fully developed. if not treated correctly, rds can result in delayed mental development. breathing machines can often be lifesaving for infants with rds. induction – the act of causing or bringing about labor, often using the drug oxytocin. inferior vena cava ( see “ vena cava ” ) internal fetal monitoring – the process of inserting two electronic catheters through the vagina and cervix to measure a fetus ’ s vital signs. one of the catheters is attached to the baby ’ s scalp in order to measure the fetal heart rate ; the second is placed between the fetus and the wall of the uterus, and measures the rate and intensity of uterine contractions. intracranial hemorrhage – bleeding within the cranium ; somewhat common among preterm infants. intrapartum – occurring during labor and delivery. ischemia – an insufficient supply of blood to an organ, usually due to a blocked artery. often occurs in babies as a result of contractions. ischemic – used to describe a decrease in blood supply to a bodily organ ; related to or affected by ischemia. ischial spine – a thin pointed triangular bone that projects backward from the ischium. ischium – the lowest of three major bones that constitute each half of the pelvis. labia majora – two long “ lips ” of skin, one on each side of the vaginal orifice, that form the boundaries of the vulva. labia minora – two thin folds of skin between the labia majora on either side of the urethral and vaginal openings. labium – any of the four folds of tissue of the external female genitalia. labor – the physical efforts by a woman to expel a fetus and its placenta from the uterus during delivery. labor includes a prolonged period of involuntary uterine contractions. late deceleration – a decrease in the fetal heart rate, which may indicate hypoxia. also may indicate inadequate blood flow through the placenta. malpresentation – an abnormal


labor includes a prolonged period of involuntary uterine contractions. late deceleration – a decrease in the fetal heart rate, which may indicate hypoxia. also may indicate inadequate blood flow through the placenta. malpresentation – an abnormal position of the fetus in the birth canal ; presentation of a part other than the back of the head during delivery. mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration ( mchc ) – the average concentration of hemoglobin in a red blood cell. meconium – the first stools to be discharged from the bowels of a newborn infant ; usually greenish in color and consisting of mucus and bile. meconium tests can establish whether or not excessive alcohol was consumed by the mother. medulla – the central or inner core of a body part, such as the marrow of bone. also called medullary substance. microcephaly – abnormal smallness of the head. either congenital, or present in the first few years of life. children with microcephaly often have developmental issues. morbid obesity – the condition of weighing at least 100 pounds over ideal body weight. moro reflex – a primitive reflex that is present up to three or four months of age. movements include fanning and clenching of fingers or raising the head slightly in response to a sudden noise. multiparity – 1. giving birth to two or more children at once 2. the condition of being a mother to two or more children. neonatal – recently born ; pertaining to an infant ’ s first month of life. nomogram – a graph on which a number of variables are plotted so that the values of any two variables can be used to find the values of others. non - stress test ( nst ) – a simple, non invasive test performed in the third trimester to monitor a fetus ’ s heart rate. one belt is attached to the mother ’ s abdomen to measure the heart rate ; and another is attached to measure contractions. the test is usually performed for 20 - 30 minutes. ( source : american pregnancy association ). nucleated red blood cells – see “ timing intrauterine hypoxic stress ” nullipara – a woman who has never given birth. obesity ( see also morbid obesity ) – an abnormal accumulation of body fat ; usually 20 % or more for men and 25 % or more for women. oxytocin challenge test ( see also contraction stress test ) - a stress test performed in the third trimester to see how a baby


an abnormal accumulation of body fat ; usually 20 % or more for men and 25 % or more for women. oxytocin challenge test ( see also contraction stress test ) - a stress test performed in the third trimester to see how a baby deals with stress of contractions. during the test, contractions are simulated by an intravenous infusion of oxytocin. ( source : dorland ’ s illustrated medical dictionary ). oligohydramnios - a deficiency in the amount of amniotic fluid, usually caused by an fetus swallowing more than usual. oximeter – a device used to measure oxygen levels in the blood. oximetry – measurement of oxygen in the blood using an oximeter. oxytocin - a hormone that stimulates both contractions, and the production of breast milk – also called alpha - hypophamine. parturition – the process of labor and giving birth to a child. perinatal – the period around childbirth, especially the five months before and one month after birth ( source : american heritage medical dictionary ). perineum – the area between the anus and posterior part of the external genitalia. ph – a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, using a scale of 14. ( a ph of 7. 0 is neutral. ) numbers below 7 indicate acidity, while numbers above 7 indicate alkalinity. blood ph is slightly alkaline, with a normal range of 7. 36 – 7. 44. ( source : gale encyclopedia of medicine ). pitocin – a liquid medication that ’ s a synthetic form of the hormone oxytocin ; most often used to induce labor by iv drip. placenta – the organ connecting the fetus and the mother. blood from the fetus and mother do not directly mix, but the placental membrane allows the fetus to absorb nutrients and oxygen from the mother. waste from the fetus exits through the placenta ( source : gale encyclopedia of medicine ). placental abruption ( see “ abruptio placentae “ ) also referred to as : abruption, uteroplacental apoplexy or couvelaire uterus, is a condition that can harm mother and baby when the placenta begins to pull away from the uterus too soon. placental abruption may be responsible for a disruption in the amount of oxygen and nutrition delivered to the baby thereby causing or contributing to the development of cerebral palsy. placenta


when the placenta begins to pull away from the uterus too soon. placental abruption may be responsible for a disruption in the amount of oxygen and nutrition delivered to the baby thereby causing or contributing to the development of cerebral palsy. placenta previa – an abnormal condition in pregnancy, where the placenta partially or totally covers the cervix, and is located low in the uterus. ponderal index ( pi ) – a measurement of relative body mass ; calculated as weight divided by height, raised by 100. preeclampsia – a condition in pregnancy in which high blood pressure and protein in the urine develop after the 20th week. symptoms also include a sudden rise in blood pressure, excessive weight gain, and severe headaches. prenatal – before birth ; care of a pregnant woman before delivery. progesterone – 1. a steroid hormone secreted by the placenta, that acts to prepare the uterus for the implementation of a fertilized egg. 2. in synthetic form, progesterone is used in oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy, and in the treatment of various gynecologic disorders. pronate ( pronation ) – 1. to turn the palm downwards so that the palm faces down or back 2. to turn or rotate the sole of the foot so that the inner edge of the sole bears the body ’ s weight 3. to turn or rotate a limb so that the inner surfaces faces down or back ( source : heritage medical dictionary ). pubic symphysis – the slightly moveable interpubic joint of the pelvis, consisting of two pubic bones separated by a disk of fibrocartilage and connected by two ligaments ( source : mosby ’ s medical dictionary ). pulmonary vein – the vein that returns blood from the lower lobe of the left lung, to the left atrium of the heart. pulse oximetry – a device that determines the oxygen saturation of the blood of an anesthetized patient. the device uses a sensor attached to a finger, yields a computerized readout, and sounds an alarm if blood saturation becomes less than optimal. regional – pertaining to a certain region of the body, or bodily organ ; i. e., “ regional ” anesthesia. reserve – 1. to hold back or set aside for future use 2. a supply which may be used in an emergency ( see also : alkali reserve, cardiac reserve ). respiratory distress syndrome ( rds ) – see


regional ” anesthesia. reserve – 1. to hold back or set aside for future use 2. a supply which may be used in an emergency ( see also : alkali reserve, cardiac reserve ). respiratory distress syndrome ( rds ) – see “ idiopathic respiratory distress of newborn ” reticulocyte count – a measure of the percentage of reticulocytes ( slightly immature red blood cells ) in the blood. second stage of labor ( see “ stages of labor ” ) seizure – 1. the sudden attack or recurrence of a disease 2. a convulsion, or attack of epilepsy caused by an abnormal electrical discharge in the brain. serous membrane – one of the many thin sheets of tissue that line the closed cavities of the body, covering the organs that lie within that cavity. singleton – a baby born alone ; one baby. sinusoid – 1. any of the venous cavities through which blood passes in various glands and organs ( source : american heritage medical dictionary ) 2. related to or shaped like a sine wave. ( a sine wave is a smooth, repetitive wave ). spastic cerebral palsy – the most common form of cerebral palsy ; marked by hypertonic ( very toned ) muscles, and stiff and jerky movements. stages of labor ( see also “ labor “ ) – the four stages of labor. the first stage, usually the longest, begins when the cervic starts to open, and ends when it ’ s completely open ( dilated ). blood - tinged mucus is passed from the vagina. near the end of this stage, contractions become longer and stronger. the second stage involves the actual birth of the baby, and may last as long as three hours – especially during a first birth. the third stage begins when the baby is born, and ends after the expulsion of the placenta. contractions continue into the third stage. the fourth stage lasts approximately 15 minutes, and includes temporary bodily changes after delivery. superior vena cava ( see “ vena cava ” ) symphysis – 1. a type of joint in which the apposed bony surfaces are united by a plate of fibrocartilage 2. a union or meeting point between two structures. tachycardia – abnormally rapid heart rate, especially above 100 beats per minute. tachycardia is one of two types of arrhythmia. tetanus – an acute, often fatal disease that ’ s


two structures. tachycardia – abnormally rapid heart rate, especially above 100 beats per minute. tachycardia is one of two types of arrhythmia. tetanus – an acute, often fatal disease that ’ s characterized by spasmodic contraction of voluntary muscles, especially those in the neck and jaw. tetanus is usually caused by bacteria that enters through the body at an infected wound. ( source : american heritage medical dictionary ) thalamus – a large oval area of gray matter within the brain that relays nerve impulses from the basal ganglia to the cerebellum. both parts of the brain control and regulate muscle movement. ( source : gale encyclopedia of medicine ) third stage of labor ( see “ stages of labor ” ) thrombosis – the formation of a blood clot ( “ thrombus ” ) that either blocks or partially blocks a blood vessel. traction – a sustained, mechanic pull to treat muscular and skeletal disorders. traction attempts to accomplish several things, including the alignment of the ends of a fracture, a termination of muscle spasms, and the relief of pain. there are many specialized forms of traction. type 1 dip – early deceleration at the with the peak of contractions. type 2 dip – late deceleration of the fetal heart rate ; 30 seconds or more after the peak of contractions ( see fetal heart monitoring ) ultrasound – a non - invasive procedure based on changes in sound wave frequency above the range of normal human hearing. in prenatal care, ultrasounds form a two - dimensional image of the fetus and the mother ’ s surrounding body organs. urethra – a passageway that carries urine aware from the bladder. uterotonic – increasing the tone of the uterine muscle. vbac ( vaginal birth after cesarean ) – a vaginal birth taking place after a woman ’ s already had a c - section. though rare, there is a risk that a previous c - section scar could come open during labor. vbacs are only offered by hospitals that can do a rapid emergency c - section. vacuum extraction – removal of the contents of the uterus by application of a vacuum extractor. used in both abortions, and deliveries of viable fetuses. vaginal vestibule – the space between the labia minora containing the openings of the vagina and urethra. ( source : gale encyclopedia of medicine ) vein – a tubular vessel that carries blood from the capillaries toward the heart


publisher council on foreign relations press release date september 2012 in the coming months, venezuela could experience significant political unrest and violence that lead to the further curtailment of democracy in the country. presidential elections are scheduled to take place on october 7, 2012. president hugo chavez is in the midst of a tough reelection campaign against henrique capriles radonski — the young and energetic governor of the state of miranda — who enjoys multiparty support and appears to have a better chance of defeating the incumbent than earlier challengers. over the course of the past year, chavez and several of his most senior associates have asserted that there will be instability and violence if he is not reelected. at the same time, chavez is battling cancer, but he has shared little information with the public about the state of his health beyond the fact that he has twice been treated for the disease since spring 2011. speculation about chavez ' s health problems has generated considerable uncertainty among his supporters, especially since he has not anointed a successor. should chavez appear to be losing the election, die suddenly, or withdraw from public life for health reasons, tensions are likely to rise in venezuela, especially if the public suspects that chavez has used extra - constitutional means to preclude or invalidate an opposition victory in order to sustain his regime ' s hold on power. protests over such actions, which could turn violent, may in turn lead to the imposition of martial law and the further curtailment of democratic rights in venezuela. this would almost certainly trigger a major political crisis in the western hemisphere that pits countries seeking to restore democracy and the rule of law in venezuela — including the united states — against those who support chavez and the principle of noninterference in the internal affairs of other states. longstanding u. s. efforts to promote good governance in latin america as well as cooperation on a range of political, economic, and security challenges in the region would be threatened as a consequence. accordingly, the united states should seek free and fair elections in venezuela. if chavez or a replacement candidate is defeated, it should offer to help promote an orderly, peaceful transition. if chavez is reelected in a process judged acceptably free and fair, the united states should seek to reset the bilateral relationship with an eye toward the eventual renewal of high - level communication on areas of mutual interest. if the election results appear fraudulent or apparently legitimate results are nullified, the united states should encourage international pressure to restore democracy and suspend bilateral business as usual until a legitimate government is restored. political unrest leading to a


level communication on areas of mutual interest. if the election results appear fraudulent or apparently legitimate results are nullified, the united states should encourage international pressure to restore democracy and suspend bilateral business as usual until a legitimate government is restored. political unrest leading to a suspension of democracy before or after the upcoming elections in venezuela is not inevitable. if chavez can participate in the campaign and win convincingly in what is accepted as a free and fair election, while seeming sufficiently healthy to govern, the opposition will likely concede and violence will be avoided. if capriles wins convincingly, is recognized internationally as the victor, and can reassure chavistas of his intention to work for the benefit of all, trouble also may be averted. although chavez has indicated he will respect the results of the election, most plausible scenarios for instability and conflict in venezuela derive from the premise that the chavistas will not willingly surrender power and would be willing to provoke violence, orchestrate civil unrest, or engage in various forms of armed resistance to avoid doing so. this is the real danger surrounding the current campaign and it extends beyond the election itself because of the questions concerning chavez ' s health. there is nothing to indicate the opposition has the will, wherewithal, or weapons to challenge the chavistas through violence. that said, student - led protests over the closing of the national television channel rctv set the stage for the defeat of the chavez - sponsored constitutional referendum of 2007. there is no evidence to suggest any opposition effort to arm or organize militarily. chavez, on the other hand, has worked assiduously to inculcate supporters with the notion that a capriles victory would be achievable only through deception, collusion with the remaining independent media, and covert u. s. support. the chavez government also insists that an opposition victory would result in the termination of the popular chavista social programs known as misiones bolivarianas ( commonly known as misiones ) and would return to power the elites who had earlier governed venezuela. chavez has added huge numbers of workers to the government payroll and extended direct government benefits to many other low - income venezuelans. further complicating matters, chavez has announced an economic plan for his next term that would accelerate dismantling the private sector economy, putting those who defend democratic pluralism, free enterprise, and private property on notice of his intention to complete venezuela ' s transformation into a socialist state. more than a year ago, his brother adan chavez, governor of the state of


sector economy, putting those who defend democratic pluralism, free enterprise, and private property on notice of his intention to complete venezuela ' s transformation into a socialist state. more than a year ago, his brother adan chavez, governor of the state of barinas, publicly advised chavez ' s supporters that they might need to defend the bolivarian revolution by force of arms. given current circumstances in venezuela, several plausible scenarios could trigger significant political unrest that degenerates into violence : - chavez ' s defeat on october 7 looks likely before the election. street violence erupts either spontaneously or at the instigation of chavez ' s allies in the government. the government declares a state of emergency and postpones the election. the suspension of civil liberties following such a declaration may last for ninety days and can be renewed. the state - controlled media would likely endorse the temporary imposition of martial law as necessary to preserve order and the revolution. such actions, however, could precipitate widespread clashes with opposition supporters, particularly where there are military and national guard deployments. - chavez wins the election — or plausibly claims to win — and almost immediately dies or withdraws from public life for health reasons. a state of emergency is declared. new elections are required but also new candidates. since none of chavez ' s chief lieutenants appears to enjoy sufficient public support to assure election, cracks begin to appear in the chavista movement that prove difficult to reconcile. it is also possible that the opposition splinters. in many respects chavez holds the opposition together much as he does his own coalition. - the election is held and capriles wins. government workers and the beneficiaries of misiones riot before capriles can be inaugurated. an apparently lame - duck chavez declares a state of exception and postpones the inauguration. the perception that the government had manufactured a justification for setting aside a capriles victory would lead to widespread demonstrations by capriles supporters. an angry, resurgent opposition, convinced it was in danger of having its triumph stolen, would be vulnerable to chavista provocation. clashes between opposition supporters and the chavista faithful would occur. - capriles wins and is inaugurated. strikes by petroleos de venezuela ( pdvsa ) oil workers paralyze oil production. chavistas at all levels of government resist the new administration ' s efforts to implement its own programs and / or jettison moribund chavista projects. government workers are encouraged by chavista media


) oil workers paralyze oil production. chavistas at all levels of government resist the new administration ' s efforts to implement its own programs and / or jettison moribund chavista projects. government workers are encouraged by chavista media to see capriles ' s efforts to cut the government ' s swollen payroll as a purge. this is particularly likely at pdvsa, the state oil company, which has doubled its workforce since the strike of 2003 even though oil production has stagnated at well below pre - strike levels. the military intervenes, and supporters of the new government take to the streets. - the election is held and the results are too close to call or are unacceptable to the government. the electoral tribunal delays announcing the results. both the opposition and chavez ' s supporters take to the streets. the chavista base fears a loss while the government seeks a way to avoid acknowledging a defeat. the opposition fears a manipulated outcome. the council of state or the somewhat vaguely constituted anti - coup command denounces efforts to subvert the election or destabilize the country while chavez or an interim president declares a state of exception. street violence erupts and is attributed to the opposition. although the government has enjoyed extraordinary advantages in terms of both resources and media access, most observers expect the vote count on election day to be largely accurate given the experience of the legislative elections of 2010 and the referenda votes of 2007 and 2009. the great unanswered question is how the government will react if it appears chavez has lost. unrest and violence, should it occur, is likely to be concentrated in the cities and to take the form of a rise in street protests and a spike in violent criminal activity — venezuela has one of the world ' s highest homicide rates — accompanied by political hooliganism and possibly sabotage of public services. the point of instigated violence would be the creation of circumstance sufficient to justify a suspension of civil liberties, postponement of the election, or, following a vote, invalidating the results of october 7. spontaneous violence emanating from chavez ' s supporters remains a real possibility if it appears that the bolivarian movement has or is about to suffer a reverse at the polls. a preemptive move by the military cannot be categorically ruled out but seems unlikely unless the security situation in the major cities threatens to unravel. another possible aim of any chavista - choreographed instability, if recognition of defeat were unavoidable, would be to force


cannot be categorically ruled out but seems unlikely unless the security situation in the major cities threatens to unravel. another possible aim of any chavista - choreographed instability, if recognition of defeat were unavoidable, would be to force a brokered transition to an opposition administration such as occurred in nicaragua following the election of violeta chamorro. a range of developments could indicate one of the aforementioned scenarios for violence. - chavez dies or an announcement is made that his death is imminent. the possibility of violence would be particularly high if chavez died or announced his resignation for medical reasons after being reelected. - violent crime is allowed to surge in the major cities before the election. irregular armed groups violently harass the opposition and / or seek to disrupt capriles ' s political events. - weapons are distributed to the militia. military units are repositioned. after the abortive coup of 2002 ( though not immediately after ), chavez created a national militia, organized outside the formal military chain of command and drawn from the social and economic strata in which chavez ' s support is strongest. weapons for the militias, however, remain under the control of the regular military. arming the militia would be tantamount to putting military weapons in the hands of the chavista base. - basic food items disappear. private businessmen are accused of hoarding and their businesses are expropriated. stocks of staples are perpetually low at present in venezuela because of chavista penalties for hoarding in reaction to price controls. - remaining independent media are closed and / or prominent journalists are detained. the independent media have been under pressure by chavez since 2006. most that remain are critical of the government. - sharp divisions within chavismo surface publicly, suggesting insiders know chavez is failing. there are persistent rumors of tensions among prominent senior chavistas, several of whom have been perceived as jockeying to position themselves as chavez ' s logical successor. - a senior political figure close to either chavez or capriles is assassinated. though the homicide rate in venezuela is high, political assassination is rare. - local supplies of gasoline are interrupted. most venezuelans, especially poorer venezuelans, consider cheap ( pennies per gallon ) gasoline a birthright. efforts to raise prices in 1989 caused violent riots in the capital. the government via pdvsa controls the supply of gasoline, and an interruption of supply would likely enrage segments of the population. implications for u. s. interests political instability and violence in venezuela would damage u. s. efforts


in the capital. the government via pdvsa controls the supply of gasoline, and an interruption of supply would likely enrage segments of the population. implications for u. s. interests political instability and violence in venezuela would damage u. s. efforts to promote democracy, increase regional cooperation, combat narcotics, and protect its economic interests in the region. democracy promotion : the united states has worked for decades to promote democracy in the western hemisphere. in recent years, chavez has become increasingly authoritarian, undermining important political institutions, giving more powers to the presidency, and weakening both civil society and the independent media. the united states should view a suspension or further deterioration in the quality of venezuela ' s democracy as a setback for u. s. policy and for the hemisphere. the emergence of a military junta or a compromised chavez regime would also likely increase iranian and cuban influence in venezuela. it already has a close relationship with iran from which it reportedly receives advanced weapon systems and other assistance. cuba sends thousands of teachers and technical, medical, and security advisers in exchange for an estimated ninety to one hundred thousand barrels of oil per day. regional cooperation : the united states has an interest in nurturing regional cooperation particularly under the auspices of the organization of american states ( oas ), of which it is a core member. while often disappointing to both the united states and latin america, the oas provides the only regional forum in which all of the countries with democratically elected governments participate. a failure by the oas to play an effective role in venezuela if it appears democracy is at risk would further undermine support for the organization both in the region and in the united states. how the united states manages its relations with venezuela if violence does break out would likely affect u. s. relations with others in the hemisphere, especially brazil, which has cordial relations with chavez and reacts badly to perceived u. s. efforts to dictate to latin america. a repetition of the acrimony that characterized the hemisphere ' s efforts to resolve the honduras crisis of 2009 would be corrosive to u. s. relations with the region. counternarcotics : venezuela does not cooperate with the united states on counternarcotics, except at the most minimal level. drug trafficking has, consequently, surged. a number of venezuelan military officers, including the current minister of defense, have been plausibly accused by the u. s. treasury of cooperating with the colombian insurgent group fuerzas armadas revolucionarias de colombia ( farc


venezuelan military officers, including the current minister of defense, have been plausibly accused by the u. s. treasury of cooperating with the colombian insurgent group fuerzas armadas revolucionarias de colombia ( farc ) and facilitating drug shipments through venezuela, especially from apure state. venezuelan recalcitrance in counternarcotics clearly undermines other regional efforts to combat the drug trade. even low levels of violence would create new opportunities for the farc and other drug traffickers to retrench and extend their reach. economic interests : a significant number of u. s. companies have operations in venezuela ; it remains an important market for u. s. goods and some services, especially oil services. many of these companies could be at risk if violent internal conflict broke out. venezuela is consistently among the five largest foreign suppliers of oil to the united states. the united states is venezuela ' s largest market, buying up to nine hundred thousand barrels of oil daily, up to 45 percent of venezuela ' s total oil exports. around six hundred thousand barrels of venezuelan crude per day are refined at citgo facilities in the united states. although a cut off of venezuelan oil to the united states is theoretically possible, it is unlikely given venezuela ' s dependence on the u. s. market. the united states is now less vulnerable to a cut off of supply from venezuela as u. s. domestic production has risen and imports from elsewhere could relatively quickly replace venezuelan oil. venezuela ' s economy, on the other hand, has become more dependent on petroleum. although production has stagnated since 2003, oil accounts for over 95 percent of venezuela ' s export earnings, and export revenue pays for nearly 50 percent of the government ' s budget. thus, although venezuela is vulnerable to pressure via its dependence on its oil exports generally and the u. s. market and refineries specifically, global markets would likely react negatively to either an interruption of venezuelan production or a crisis in u. s. - venezuelan relations that threatens the bilateral trade in oil. two factors seem most likely to dissuade leading venezuelan actors from violence : scrutiny of the electoral process and a clear sense that the rest of the western hemisphere would not countenance an attempt to subvert or set aside the outcome of a legitimate vote. all western hemisphere international organizations make having a fully functioning democracy a necessary precondition to full participation. chavez ' s influence ( beyond oil revenue ) has always rested in large part on the perception that he is legitimately elected


outcome of a legitimate vote. all western hemisphere international organizations make having a fully functioning democracy a necessary precondition to full participation. chavez ' s influence ( beyond oil revenue ) has always rested in large part on the perception that he is legitimately elected and enjoys a popular mandate. the options to prevent instability in venezuela include the following : regional / bilateral : the united states could urge brazil, colombia, and other countries in the region to press for transparency and compliance with the highest possible standard of election administration and to press venezuela to permit exit polling, quick counts, and other mechanisms for independent validation of the electoral results. brazil, in particular, has influence with the chavez government and seeks to play more of a leadership role globally and in the hemisphere. instability, violence, or an interruption of democracy in venezuela would hurt brazil ' s geopolitical ambitions as well as its extensive business interests. it would also be problematic for the southern common market ( mercosur ), which recently made venezuela a full member. ( mercosur requires members to be fully functioning democracies and recently suspended paraguay after the senate there removed the sitting president under circumstances that other members considered questionable. ) extra - regional : the eu ( and especially spain ), japan, and china all have significant investments in venezuela that would be at risk in the event of an internal conflict. interested stakeholder countries could be encouraged to make clear that free and fair elections in venezuela, and an orderly transition if chavez loses, are important to the global community. ( china, however, while having a growing stake in the venezuelan economy, is unlikely to agree to pressure caracas. ) electoral authorities in democratic capitals could be encouraged to review with the media the criteria for judging the quality of election administration. multilateral : the venezuelan government declined to invite substantial international observation and the deployment of a robust international mission is most likely impractical now except for the union of south american nations ( unasur ). nevertheless, the united states and other hemispheric partners could press the oas to insist that the venezuelan government permit the accreditation of interested diplomats and other volunteers as election observers and to permit international media – facilitated access to voting sites. in the event a new election was necessary for any reason, the oas could push for early deployment of an international observer mission. ( international observation and other steps to guarantee transparency were precisely the elements chavez considered necessary for a free and fair election when he first ran for the presidency in 1998. ) in the event that the government either orchestrates or takes advantage of a violent popular


. ( international observation and other steps to guarantee transparency were precisely the elements chavez considered necessary for a free and fair election when he first ran for the presidency in 1998. ) in the event that the government either orchestrates or takes advantage of a violent popular reaction to chavez ' s defeat, death, or incapacitation to suspend civil liberties and govern under a renewable state of exception, the united states could take or encourage several steps in order to accelerate a return to democracy. the likelihood of success for unilateral u. s. efforts is low ; multilateral efforts that include other important regional players are far more likely to influence venezuelan behavior. - together with like - minded nations, the united states could demand that the oas declare venezuela in breach of its obligations as a signatory of the inter - american democratic charter and encourage a secretary - general – led mission to caracas. ( note : it would be difficult to generate a consensus condemnation of venezuela at the oas but the secretary - general can undertake such a mission on his own authority. a secretary - general – led mission would still require venezuelan acquiescence to enter the country. ) venezuela would understand that if regional and subregional organizations determine that the country is no longer a functioning democracy, it will be suspended, as has happened recently with both honduras and paraguay. - the united states could bring the issue of venezuelan democracy to the united nations security council and urge the un to endorse a fact - finding mission or to explicitly endorse regional efforts to restore democracy. - with other international partners, including the european union, the united states could support offers to mediate. - if it proves difficult to get the oas or un involved in mitigation efforts, the united states could propose a delegation of foreign ministers to travel to caracas to engage the venezuelan authorities. - the united states could suspend visas for all individuals ( officials and nonofficials, government and opposition ) perceived to be involved in precipitating violence or undermining democracy ; or suspend normal visa adjudication services at the u. s. embassy pending a resolution of the crisis. economic and financial options - in the event of violence or an interruption of democracy, the united states could freeze individual bank accounts of key figures involved or responsible and seize assets in the united states. it could also arrange for the proceeds of venezuelan government – owned corporate entities like citgo to be held in escrow accounts until democracy is restored and encourage other important trading partners ( i. e., canada, spain, france


the united states. it could also arrange for the proceeds of venezuelan government – owned corporate entities like citgo to be held in escrow accounts until democracy is restored and encourage other important trading partners ( i. e., canada, spain, france, brazil ) to do the same. - if other forms of pressure fail to have an effect, the united states could block access to citgo ' s refining facilities in the united states and consider prohibiting pdvsa oil sales to the united states while the government ' s status is uncertain. - the united states could encourage other latin american militaries, as well perhaps as the spanish, to communicate to the venezuelan military the importance of complying with constitutional mandates, respecting human rights, and preserving democracy. while chavez loyalists dominate the venezuelan high command, it is not clear to what extent they control the middle ranks. nor is it clear to what extent the military ' s loyalty to chavez ' s bolivarian movement would trump other considerations. in the abortive coup of 2002 the military temporarily removed chavez but also restored him to power. - direct military involvement appears inappropriate. the united states has never unilaterally intervened militarily in a south american internal conflict ( criticisms of plan colombia notwithstanding ) and to do so now would likely unite most of south america behind chavez and / or his successor. most latin american countries are profoundly reluctant to intervene or even comment on the internal affairs of their hemispheric neighbors. even multilateral military intervention in any but the direst circumstances ( haiti ) is all but unthinkable. as the election approaches, the united states needs to emphasize publicly as well as privately the importance for the hemisphere of free and fair elections in venezuela. the united states should restate its interest in renewing cooperation in areas such as counternarcotics and emphasize the continuing complementarities of the u. s. and venezuelan economies. while the united states should emphasize the u. s. view that only venezuelans can solve venezuela ' s political problems, it should also encourage democratic countries in the region to make clear the hemisphere ' s concern that democracy be preserved, basic political liberties be respected, including press freedom, and violence be avoided. the importance of transparency in administration of the elections and verification of results should be stressed. at the same time, u. s. policymakers should avoid feeding the chavista narrative that the united states is plotting the overthrow of the bolivarian revolution. more specifically, the united states should take the following steps as soon as possible : -


at the same time, u. s. policymakers should avoid feeding the chavista narrative that the united states is plotting the overthrow of the bolivarian revolution. more specifically, the united states should take the following steps as soon as possible : - reach out to important regional and extra - regional partners now to gauge their likely response to instability, particularly those countries that would be most directly affected ( i. e., brazil, colombia, and the eu ), and convey a sense of the range of options the u. s. government would entertain in the event of an outbreak of violence and / or interruption of democracy. it will be particularly important to engage brazil and its mercosur partners early because of their close relations with chavez to minimize the possibility of misunderstandings arising between them and the united states. this should include proactively sharing information that would signal venezuelan preparations for violence or manipulation of the electoral outcome. - begin identifying important actors ( military and civilian officials as well as opposition figures ) now whose visas would be canceled and accounts frozen in the event that they are linked to political violence and / or an interruption of democracy. - work to build awareness at the un, in europe, and in japan of what is happening in venezuela and attempt to organize a coalition of partners to limit an illegitimate venezuelan administration ' s access to government assets held abroad as well as to the international financial system. - continue to stress directly to the venezuelan government as well as publicly that the united states will accept and be prepared to work with a legitimately elected government, including one headed by hugo chavez or a chavista successor, provided the election is free, fair, and constitutional. - leverage defense department contacts in latin american and spanish armed forces to communicate to the venezuelan military leadership that they are obliged to uphold their constitution, respect human rights, and protect their country ' s democratic tradition.


lightning safety / severe weather policy the safety of players, coaches, management and spectators is the primary concern in any weather event that occurs during all matches sanctioned by the csa. by understanding and following the information below, the safety of everyone shall be greatly increased. ultimately the referee has the final say over delaying or restarting a match due to weather. waiting to stop play or not waiting to start play may result in a serious injury or loss of life. referees are expected to act responsibly when dealing with such events during matches they are controlling when lightning is detected, you can determine the distance of lightning in your area by counting the number of seconds between the flash and the first sound of the thunder and dividing by five ( 5 ). this will give you the distance in miles from your location. remember, if you are in a higher elevation, the lightning can come upon you much quicker and your reaction time is greatly hindered. when you see lightning, count the time until you hear thunder. if this time is thirty ( 30 ) seconds or less, seek proper shelter. wait thirty ( 30 ) minutes or more after hearing the last thunder before leaving the shelter. if you can not see the lightning, just hearing the thunder is a good back up rule. please note the following recommendations from environment canada : the existence of blue sky and absence of rain are not protection from lightning. lightning can and does strike as far as ten ( 10 ) miles away from the rain shaft. it does not have to be raining for lightning to strike. many lightning casualties occur in the beginning, as the storm approaches, because many people ignore initial precursors of high winds, some rainfall and cloud cover. generally, the lightning threat diminishes with time after the last sound of thunder, but may persist for more than thirty ( 30 ) minutes. lightning can strike ahead of the parent cloud – take action even if the thunderstorm is not overhead. be aware of how close lightning is occurring. the flash - to - bang method is the easiest and most convenient way to estimate how far away lightning is occurring. thunder always accompanies lightning, even though its audible range can be diminished due to background noise in the immediate environment and its distance from the observer. lightning awareness should be increased with the first flash of lightning or the first clap of thunder, no matter how far away. this activity must be treated as a wake - up call to all. the most important aspect to monitor is how far away the lightning is occurring, and how fast the storm is approaching, relative


the first clap of thunder, no matter how far away. this activity must be treated as a wake - up call to all. the most important aspect to monitor is how far away the lightning is occurring, and how fast the storm is approaching, relative to the distance of a safe recognize that personal observation of lightning may not be sufficient. additional weather information may be required to ensure consistency, accuracy and adequate advance warning. when larger groups are involved, the time needed to properly evacuate an area increases. as time requirements change, the distance at which lightning is noted and considered a threat to move into the area must be increased. extending the range used to determine threat potential also increases the chance that a localized cell or thunderstorm may not reach the area giving the impression of a “ false alarm ”. know where the closest “ safe structure or location ” is to the field or playing area and know how long it takes to get to that safe structure or safe structure or location is defined as : any building normally occupied or frequently used by people, i. e., a building with plumbing and / or electrical wiring that acts to electrically ground the structure. avoid using shower facilities for safe shelter and do not use the showers or plumbing facilities during a thunderstorm. in the absence of a sturdy, frequently inhabited building, any vehicle with a hard metal roof ( not a convertible or golf cart ) and rolled - up windows can provide a measure of safety. a vehicle is certainly better than remaining outdoors. it is not the rubber tires that make a vehicle a safe shelter, but the hard metal roof which dissipates the lightning strike around the vehicle. do not touch the sides of any vehicle! if no safe structure or location is within a reasonable distance, find a thick grove of small trees surrounded by taller trees or a dry ditch. assume a crouched position on the ground with only the balls of the feet touching the ground, wrap your arms around your knees and lower your head. minimize contact with the ground because lightning current often enters a victim through the ground rather than by a direct overhead strike. minimize your body ’ s surface area and the ground! do not lie flat! if unable to reach safe shelter, stay away from the tallest trees or objects such as light poles or flag poles ), metal objects ( such as fences or bleachers ), individual trees, standing pools of water, and open fields. avoid being the highest object in a field. do not take shelter under a single, tall tree. avoid using the telephone, except in emergency situations. people have


2. write a program to use a subroutine to find the sum of the array elements. for simplicity, assume that the sum of the data values is less than $ ff. you do not need to use the bcc to check for carry flag. follow the following steps to write this program. - define two arrays called list1 and list2 using dc. b directive. initialize list1 with byte - size values of $ 6, $ 12, $ 4, $ 0f, and $ 11. initialize list2 with byte - size values of $ 4, $ 5, and $ 7. reserve two byte - size locations called sum1 and sum2 using ds. b directive. - the subroutine must find the sum of the elements of the array list1. before calling the subroutine, the main program must initialize register x to have the address of the array and register b to have the size of the array. - the subroutine must use a loop and indexed addressing mode using register x as the index register and register b as the loop counter. the subroutine must return the sum in register a. - the main program must call the subroutine two times. the first time, the subroutine will find the sum of the array list1. after returning from the subroutine, the main code must save register a in sum1. then, the subroutine is called for a second time to find the sum of the elements in list2. after the return from the subroutine, the value of register a is saved in sum2. - since this code is using a subroutine, make sure to initialize the sp register using : this line must be added to the main code before calling any subroutines. ( this has to be done in assembly language )


imagine growing vegetables that require just about the same amount of care as perennial flowers and shrubs, need no annual tilling or planting, yet thrive and produce abundant and nutritious crops throughout the season. in this dvd — a culmination of workshops recorded in mexico, florida, and massachusetts — plant specialist eric toensmeier introduces gardeners to more than 100 species of little - known, underappreciated plants. ranging beyond the usual suspects ( asparagus, rhubarb, and artichoke ) to include such delights as ground cherry, ramps, air potatoes, the fragrant spring tree, and the much - sought - after, antioxidant - rich wolfberry ( also known as the goji berry ), toensmeier explains how to raise, tend, harvest, and cook with plants that yield great crops and culinary satisfaction. toensmeier also takes viewers on a plant - by - plant tour of his garden in massachusetts. in toensmeier ' s book, perennial vegetables ( chelsea green, 2007 ), the adventurous gardener will find information, tips, and sound advice on less - common edibles that will make any garden a perpetual, low - maintenance source of food. in his book, readers will find perennial vegetables are perfect as part of an edible - landscape plan or permaculture garden. profiling more than a hundred species, with dozens of color photographs and illustrations, and filled with valuable growing tips, recipes, and resources, perennial vegetables is a groundbreaking and ground - healing book that will open the eyes of gardeners everywhere to the exciting world of edible perennials. eric toensmeier has studied and practiced permaculture since 1990. he is the author of perennial vegetables and coauthor of edible forest gardens with dave jacke. toensmeier has worked as a small - farm trainer at the new england small farm institute, has managed the tierra de oportunidades new - farmer program of nuestras raices, and is a graduate and former faculty member of the institute for social ecology in plainfield, vermont. his current interest is in large - scale permaculture farming as a carbon - sequestering solution to climate change. toensmeier ’ s writing, consulting, and teaching business is based at www. perennialsolutions. org, where he posts his latest articles and...


a program for schools that saves lives pediatric sudden cardiac death happens without warning. the sudden loss of heart function affects 600 to 1, 000 children and adolescents and 350, 000 adults every year in the united states. in the past five school years, at least 15 students and 12 adults have died from probable sudden cardiac arrest in georgia schools. fortunately, since december 2007, there have been 33 saves in georgia schools - - 33 people alive today because their school personnel were prepared and had practiced their medical emergency response. project s. a. v. e. ( sudden cardiac death : awareness, vision for prevention and education ) was created to educate school systems and doctors about pediatric sudden cardiac death, making them aware of the incidence, possible early warning signs and the need for a timely response. robert campbell, m. d., chief of cardiac services, children ' s sibley heart center, is the medical director of project s. a. v. e. this program is affiliated with the children ' s hospital of wisconsin ' s project adam®, whose mission is to serve children and adolescents through education and deployment of life - saving programs that help prevent sudden cardiac death. | | in the past five school years, at least 15 students and 12 adults have died from probable sudden cardiac arrest in georgia schools. watch a video about how to prevent this. log on and learn - join dr. robert campbell, chief of cardiac services, children ' s sibley heart center, for a two - part webcast series on preventing pediatric sudden cardiac death. the webcasts are available for cme and gna credit. georgia schools interested in implementing a program to prevent sudden cardiac death can receive onsite or phone consultation and written materials to assist with the process. this includes : - information about preparticipation sports physicals, awareness and cpr training - funding options - selection of an automated external defibrillator ( aed ) - policy / procedure guidelines - practice drill plans georgia schools can also apply for training grants to assist with the training portion of program implementation. becoming a heart - safe school schools in georgia that complete the implementation checklist, indicating a quality aed program, will receive framed certificates of recognition as a project s. a. v. e. heart - safe school. a sample public service announcement is available to help schools notify local media and increase public awareness of the school ' s efforts. these schools will receive regular updates, in the form of e - newsletters, about aed funding and laws, research, recalls and