early romans had a religious, yet fundamental understanding of medicine. deriving knowledge from the medical treatises and methods of the greeks, the etruscans, the egyptians, the persians and other conquered peoples, the romans came up with one of the best and most sophisticated medical systems of the ancient world. the science of medicine and the human body was evolving. many greek medical ideas were adopted by the romans and greek medicine had a huge influence on roman medicine. the first doctors to appear in rome were greek, captured as prisoners of war. greek doctors would later move to rome because they could make a good living there, or a better one than in the greek cities. the romans also conquered the city of alexandria, with its libraries and its universities. in ancient times, alexandria was an important centre for learning and its great library held countless volumes of information, many of which would have been on medicine. here, doctors were allowed to carry out dissections which led to the discovery of many important medical advances, such as the discovery that the brain sends messages to the body. greek medicine revolved heavily around the theory of the four humours and texts by hippocrates and his followers ( hippocratic writings ), who were all greek. these ideas and writings were also used in roman medicine. roman medicine also encompassed the spiritual beliefs of the greek. ancient roman medicine was a combination of physical techniques using various tools and holistic medicine using rituals and religious belief systems. many believed that diseases were brought on by the disfavor of the gods. they deeply believed that transcendental practices such as superstition, rituals, and a belief in spells would rid them of disease. since many diseases soon or later went away, they believed they had managed to please the gods by performing the correct religious and spiritual acts. religious cures were rare but magical treatment was commonly applied. fennel : it was thought to have calming properties. elecampane : used to help with digestion. sage : although it had little medicinal value, it had great religious value. garlic : beneficial for health, particularly of the heart. fenugreek : used in the treatment of pneumonia. silphium : used for a wide variety of ailments and conditionsnespecially for birth control. willow : used as an antiseptic the practice of reading livers was common in the roman world. after an animal was sacrificed its liver was examined by a priest who would interpret the liver. looking at the liver, the priest would reveal good or


willow : used as an antiseptic the practice of reading livers was common in the roman world. after an animal was sacrificed its liver was examined by a priest who would interpret the liver. looking at the liver, the priest would reveal good or bad omens from it. it was thought that the gods responses were communicated through the liver and other internal organs of a sacrificed animal. healing was sought after from religious temples. sacrifices were made to gods in particular asklepios ( see below ) in hopes of receiving healing. hospitals were originally built for the military. under gaius marius, the roman army became the world ' s best trained and disciplined force, and some of this rubbed off onto the medics too. the influence of superstitious quackery lessened and roman medicine took on a more practical approach. it was still a trial and error process, but the medics were more observant and carefully noted down any treatment that worked and this knowledge was passed on and could be successfully utilized by the next doctor. the fifteen - year civil war that directly following the assassination of julius caesar led to significant medical innovations. the war was fought between the best armies of the world and yielded such high levels of injury that the newly emerged emperor, augustus, formed a professional military medical corps. before this, doctors had fairly low status. august, realizing that they were key in an empire and especially an army, gave all physicians that joined his new army medical corps dignified titles, land grants, and special retirement benefits! for the next five hundred years, fueled by the motivations and opportunity for medical advancement supplied by the many battles, and supported by the powers that be, this serious group advanced the study and practice of medicine to a level not seen again until late in the nineteenth century. the first roman medical corps was formed by emperor augustus, and as he gave land grants, dignified titles, and special retirement gifts to the doctors, the profession lost its shoddy aspect and became respectable. it helped too that medical professionals hereafter were required to train at the new army medical school and could not practise unless they passed. this increased the success rates in treatments. ancient roman medicine was, surprisingly, incredibly similar to that of the late nineteenth century. like the modern medical practice, ancient roman medicine was split among different specialties, such as internists, ophthalmologists, and urologists. all surgical tasks were only preformed by appropriate specialists. surgeons used practically the same tools as american doctors did only one hundred years ago


roman medicine was split among different specialties, such as internists, ophthalmologists, and urologists. all surgical tasks were only preformed by appropriate specialists. surgeons used practically the same tools as american doctors did only one hundred years ago. an ancient roman doctoros tool kit ( shown in the four pictures to the right ) would include forceps, scalpels, catheters, and even arrow - extractors. similarly, ancient roman surgeons had a wide range of painkillers and sedatives to help in surgery, including extracts of opium poppies ( morphine ) and of henbane seeds ( scopolamine ). there is little doubt that the many folk remedies used throughout the roman empire were tested in battle by roman physicians on wounded and ailing soldiers, who sifted through and found the treatments and methods with the most useful effects. further, the bureaucracy of rome ensured that the treatments were recorded and taught in the medical school. the romans did not yet really understand how germs related to disease, but they did use many of the techniques that killed germs, techniques that were not reinvented until much later. for example, they boiled their tools before use and would not reuse the same tool on a patient before reboiling. wounds were washed with acetum, which is actually a better antiseptic than joseph lister ' s carbolic acid ( joseph lister rediscovered antiseptics in the 1860 ' s, based on louis pasteuros brand - new germ theory of disease ). in ancient rome, it was common knowledge that arteries and veins carried blood. all surgeons knew how to use tourniquets, arterial clamps, and ligatures to stem blood flow. they also used amputation to prevent deadly gangrene. over the years, roman war doctors also learned how to prevent many battlefield epidemics. they accomplished this by placing forts away from insect infested swamps. they also installed drains and sewers to transport sewage away from the men. similarly, they invented sophisticated permanent hospitals, with specialized rooms for different tasks, and with isolation of some patients from others to reduce the spread of disease. central heating and good ventilation also helped patients. in the case of the roman army, it is clear that it was the wartime doctors that created most of the innovations because they were organized, they were distributed throughout the empire, they were careful about capturing and spreading any new information or technique that worked, and they were highly motivated by the great loss of life suffered


it was the wartime doctors that created most of the innovations because they were organized, they were distributed throughout the empire, they were careful about capturing and spreading any new information or technique that worked, and they were highly motivated by the great loss of life suffered by their soldiers during the many battles. roman doctors did not necessarily fare well. many doctors were freed greek slaves, hence the social standing of doctors was quite low. because cure rates were so low, many people were skeptical or even scornful of doctors. their skepticism is easily understood. roman literature contains much which tells us about the reactions of individuals to medicine and doctors. to listen to the roman authors is to hear tales of quackery at all levels of society. some doctors charged excessive prices for the most worthless medicines and drugs, and others in the craft attempt to deal with and treat diseases they obviously do not understand. there were no licensing boards and no formal requirements for entrance to the profession. anyone could call himself a doctor. if his methods were successful, he attracted more patients, if not, he found himself another profession. medical training consisted mostly of apprentice work. men trained as doctors by following around another doctor. rome had two types of physicians : those who served the general public whose reputation wasn ' t as prestigious. many were illiterate, quacks, charlatans, and usually cheated the poor and needy. unethical practices abounded. plutarch grumbled that practitioners used all sorts of questionable methods to gain patients, ranging from escorting the prospective patient home from bars to sharing dirty jokes with him. according to plutarch, " some medical quacks would do just about anything to acquire clients, from accompanying them to alcohol dens to telling them dirty jokes. still others were not above murdering their patients in cold blood for financial gain, for example, they might be paid and told to just ' put the patient out of his misery '. " roman medics studied medical texts by hippocrates, who came from the greek island of cos and is generally regarded as the father of medicine. actually, he was only one of a longstanding line of medical practitioners, but his personal popularity ensured that his treatises were saved by his followers while those written by his predecessors, which nobody saved, were lost to the coming ages. archaeological sites have produced many implements used in ancient roman surgery - some dating to 460 bc. this is the timeline hippocrates wrote the oath - a pledge still taken today by doctors to perform to their fullest ability.


to the coming ages. archaeological sites have produced many implements used in ancient roman surgery - some dating to 460 bc. this is the timeline hippocrates wrote the oath - a pledge still taken today by doctors to perform to their fullest ability. the hippocratic oath is an oath historically taken by physicians, physician assistants ' and other healthcare professionals swearing to practice medicine ethically and honestly. it is widely believed to have been written by hippocrates, often regarded as the father of western medicine, or by one of his students. the oath is written in ionic greek ( late 5th century bc ), and is usually included in the hippocratic corpus. classical scholar ludwig edelstein proposed that the oath was written by pythagoreans, a theory that has been questioned due to the lack of evidence for a school of pythagorean medicine. of historic and traditional value, the oath is considered a rite of passage for practitioners of medicine in many countries, although nowadays the modernized version of the text varies among them. the hippocratic oath ( orkos ) is one of the most widely known of greek medical texts. it requires a new physician to swear upon a number of healing gods that he will uphold a number of professional ethical standards. besides the writings of hippocrates, other writers wrote on medical topics. there were medical practitioners whose writings were equally revered : galen ( ad 129 - ca. 200 or 216 ) of pergamon was a prominent ancient greek physician, whose theories dominated western medical science for well over a millennium. by the age of 20, he had served for four years in the local temple as a therapeutes ( " attendant " or " associate " ) of the god asclepius. although galen studied the human body, dissection of human corpses was against roman law, so instead he used pigs, apes, and other animals. galen moved to rome in 162. there he lectured, wrote extensively, and performed public demonstrations of his anatomical knowledge. he soon gained a reputation as an experienced physician, attracting to his practice a large number of clients. among them was the consul flavius boethius, who introduced him to the imperial court, where he became a physician to emperor marcus aurelius. despite being a member of the court, galen reputedly shunned latin, preferring to speak and write in his native greek, a tongue that was actually quite popular in rome. he would go on to treat roman luminaries such as lucius verus


being a member of the court, galen reputedly shunned latin, preferring to speak and write in his native greek, a tongue that was actually quite popular in rome. he would go on to treat roman luminaries such as lucius verus, commodus, and septimius severus. however, in 166 galen returned to pergamon again, where he lived until he went back to rome for good in 169. pedanios dioscorides ( 65 a. d. ) pedanius dioscorides ( ca. 40 - ca. 90 ) was an ancient greek physician, pharmacologist and botanist from anazarbus, cilicia, asia minor, who practised in ancient rome during the time of nero. dioscorides is famous for writing a five volume book de materia medica that is a precursor to all modern pharmacopeias, and is one of the most influential herbal books in history. soranus was a greek physician, born at ephesus, who lived during the reigns of trajan and hadrian ( ad 98 - 138 ). according to the suda, he practiced in alexandria and subsequently in rome. he was the chief representative of the school of physicians known as " methodists. " his treatise gynaecology is extant ( first published in 1838, later by v. rose, in 1882, with a 6th - century latin translation by muscio, a physician of the same school ). onbasius wrote an encyclopedia of medicine which was in a collection of 70 books around 325 ad scalpels, made of steel or bronze were used to make incisions. scalpels could be made of either steel, bronze, or a combination of the two metals - such as a steel blade and a bronze handle. a military hospital at baden has produced a large collection of medical tools. a stone mural of roman legion depicts a fellow solider helping another remove probably an arrow from his leg with a pair of pinchers. some soldiers were skilled in medical while still serving in the army. the negative realm of roman medicine started in its early history. ancient scalpels had almost the same form and function as their modern counterparts do today. the two long steel scalpels that make up the first and third columns of the accompanying image are examples of the most ordinary type of scalpel from antiquity. these long scalpels could be used to make a variety of incisions, but they seem to be particularly suited to making either deep or long cuts.


third columns of the accompanying image are examples of the most ordinary type of scalpel from antiquity. these long scalpels could be used to make a variety of incisions, but they seem to be particularly suited to making either deep or long cuts. the four bronze scalpels which make up columns two and four are generally referred to as " bellied scalpels. " this variety of scalpel was another favorite of physicians in antiquity since the shape of its handle allowed more delicate and precise cuts to be made. hooks, long thin metal instruments were used as probes and the maneuvering small pieces of tissue more easily. hooks were another common instrument used regularly by greek and roman doctors. the hooks the ancient doctors used came in two basic varieties : sharp and blunt. both of these types of hooks are still used by modern surgeons ' for many of the same purposes for which the ancient doctors first used them. for instance, blunt hooks were primarily used as probes for dissection and for raising blood vessels. sharp hooks, like those pictured in the accompanying image, were used to hold and lift small pieces of tissue so that they could be extracted and to retract the edges of wounds. bone drills, looking like wine cork screws were used to remove diseased bone tissue from the skull and extract sizable foreign objects such as a weapon from a bone. bone forceps were used to extract small pieces of bone that would be otherwise difficult to remove with fingers. in the case of impaction of the foetal cranium, the head may be opened with a sharp instrument and the pieces of the skull removed with bone forceps. paul aigenita ( vi. xc ) wrote that in a depressed fracture of the skull fractured bone is to be removed in fragments, with the fingers if possible, if not, with a bone forceps. used for levering fractured bones into position and may have been used for levering out teeth. one of the most spectacular, if fearsome looking, roman medical instruments is the vaginal dilator or speculum ( dioptra ). it comprises a priapiscus with 2 ( or sometimes 3 or 4 ) dovetailing valves which are opened and closed by a handle with a screw mechanism, an arrangement that was still to be found in the specula of 18th - century europe. soranus is the first author who makes mention of the speculum specially made for the vagina. graeco - roman writers on gynecology and obstetrics frequently recommend its use in the diagnosis


specula of 18th - century europe. soranus is the first author who makes mention of the speculum specially made for the vagina. graeco - roman writers on gynecology and obstetrics frequently recommend its use in the diagnosis and treatment of vaginal and uterine disorders, yet it is one of the rarest surviving medical instruments. specula are large and readily recognizable and should not have suffered the same degree of destruction as thin instruments, such as probes, scalpels and needles. as a source of bronze, however, they may have been more subject to recycling than the smaller instruments. the earliest mention of the rectal speculum is to be found in the treatise on fistula by hippocrates ( iii. 331 ) : " elaying the patient on his back and examining the ulcerated part of the bowel by means of the rectal speculum... " catheters, long metal tubes, like those we have today were used to help open up a blocked urinary tract infections. probes or curettes the scope of the cyathiscomele in medical art is evidently, like the flat spathomele, to act occasionally as a sound, but mainly to mix, measure and apply medicaments. some are adapted for use as curettes. the large numbers in which this instrument occurs would itself indicate that it was used for lay as well as medical purposes. greek god of medicine and healing asclepius ( center ) and hermes ( bending ) - also show as mercury ( far left ) hermes was the greek version of the roman god mercury. this goes to hermes trismegistus, alchemy, the emerald tablets of thoth, and the thoth - hermes of the greco - roman - egyptian period in the days of the great library at alexandria. when the roman army conquered greece they adopted many of their medicinal beliefs and ideas. asclepius is the god of medicine and healing in ancient greek religion. asclepius represents the healing aspect of the medical arts ; his daughters are hygieia ( " hygiene ", the goddess / personification of health, cleanliness, and sanitation ), iaso ( the goddess of recuperation from illness ), aceso ( the goddess of the healing process ). the cult of asclepios had spread across much of greece and numerous temples ( asclepieions ) had been built in his name. these asclepieions ( or asklepieions ) were


the goddess of the healing process ). the cult of asclepios had spread across much of greece and numerous temples ( asclepieions ) had been built in his name. these asclepieions ( or asklepieions ) were places of healing. they contained baths, gardens and other facilities designed to improve people ' s health. people who were being treated in the asclepieions would sleep in front of a statue of the greek god in the hope that he would heal them in their sleep. though several accounts have been recovered, detailing the progress in health made by people admitted to the asclepieions, it is unlikely that they were based on fact ; they may simply have been used as propaganda. tiber island in rome was once the location of an ancient temple to aesculapius, the greek god of medicine and healing. accounts say that in 293 bc, there was a great plague in rome. upon consulting the sibyl, the roman senate decided to build a temple to aesculapius, the greek god of healing, and sent a delegation to epidauros to obtain a statue of the deity. they obtained a snake from a temple and put in on board their ship. it immediately curled itself around the ship ' s mast and this was deemed as a good sign by them. upon their return up the tiber river, the snake slithered off the ship and swam onto the island. they believed that this was a sign from aesculapius, a sign which meant that he wanted his temple to be built on that island. alphabetical index of all files crystalinks home page psychic reading with ellie 2012 the alchemy of time


party politics. two - hundred years ago on july fourth, philadelphia threw a big bash to honor the ratification of the constitution ; but the parade planners had more in mind than just bells and whistles and fabulous floats. jeffrey st. john gives us first - person coverage of the parade - - and its political purposes. philadelphia, july 4, 1788 : a single sunrise cannon shot and the peeling of bells at christ church signaled the start of a lavish daylong ` ` procession ' ' through the cobblestone streets of this city to celebrate a dozen years of american independence and last month ' s ratification of the new constitution. the patriotic pageant also signaled the start of a federalist campaign to sweep the first national elections that are mandated by the document. federalist leaders concede that some of the same issues debated during the bitter 10 - month ratification struggle are likely to re - surface in the coming election campaign for control of the new government. skip to next paragraph subscribe today to the monitor the sound of the single cannon salute from the sloop rising sun, moored in the delaware river, had hardly faded away when 10 nearby ships ran up on their masts white pennants with the names, in gold letters, of the states that had ratified the constitution. exhausted mounted - express riders brought the news late last month that, in the north, new hampshire on june 21 had become the necessary ninth state to give the new constitution legal life. from the south came the news that powerful, populous, and all - important virginia on june 25 had by 10 votes become the 10th state to approve the document. ( without virginia ' s approval, gen. george washington, a resident of that state, could not be considered a nominee for president. ) philadelphia ' s federalists decided they would turn their planned july 4th celebration into the most elaborate and expensive public pageant ever - with one eye on luring the seat of the new national government away from new york city, and the other eye on the first federal elections for president, vice president, and the house and senate seats. james wilson, a pennsylvania signer of the declaration and the new constitution, told a capacity crowd gathered on the city green, renamed ` ` union green ' ' for the occasion, that the benefits expected to flow from the constitution would not become a reality unless each person regarded his vote as crucial in the forthcoming first federal elections. ` ` let no one say, ' ' mr. wilson, in his pronounced scots burr, told the sea of upturned faces, ` ` that he is but a


unless each person regarded his vote as crucial in the forthcoming first federal elections. ` ` let no one say, ' ' mr. wilson, in his pronounced scots burr, told the sea of upturned faces, ` ` that he is but a single citizen ; and that his ticket will be one in the box. that one ticket may turn an election. ` ` in battle, every soldier should consider the public safety as dependent on his single arm. at an election, every citizen should consider the public happiness as depending on a single vote. ' ' the federalist election themes appear to have been contained in today ' s ` ` procession ' ' of 5, 000 marching participants, extending for a mile - and - a - half through the city which, according to organizers, took three - and - a - half hours to pass by viewers. an estimated 17, 000 spectators, half the population of this port city, lined the narrow city streets, stood at open windows, or watched from rooftops the horse - drawn floats that depicted the last dozen years of american history - from the declaration to the new constitution. the most spectacular float of the procession was the ` ` grand foederal edifice. ' ' drawn by 10 white horses, it stood 36 feet high, consisting of a domed building made of painted papier - m ^ ach ' e and supported by 13 corinthian columns. three remained incomplete to symbolize that new york, north carolina, and rhode island have not yet ratified the constitution.


water has long been the most prized resource in los angeles. indeed, the city ’ s history and growth is inextricably linked to the development of infrastructure required to import water from the eastern sierra and other regions. while the los angeles river was the main water source for el pueblo de la reina de los angeles when it was founded in 1781, population growth outstripped the river ’ s ability to meet the city ’ s increasing thirst. enter william mulholland, the first superintendent of the new municipal water department. under his leadership, the city constructed the los angeles aqueduct, a five - year project completed in 1913 that brought water from the lush owens valley to semi - arid los angeles. much has been written about los angeles ’ s century long quest for water. it ’ s even been memorialized in roman polanski ’ s classic film chinatown – and yet, there are many stories and perspectives related to this important facet of local history that are not well known but equally deserving of attention. looking to fill that gap and provide a more nuanced perspective on this topic is a new self - guided, downloadable audio tour through owens valley, california called there it is — take it! produced by kim stringfellow, an artist / educator residing in joshua tree, california, this resource examines “ the controversial social, political and environmental history of the los angeles aqueduct. the tour illuminates various impacts this divisive water conveyance infrastructure has created within the owens valley over the last one hundred years of [ the ] aqueduct ’ s existence. ” the audio tour is currently available for download on the there it is — take it! web site. while i ’ ve listened to some of this fascinating online resource and highly recommend you do the same, i really look forward to experiencing it when i next travel along us route 395. if you ’ ll be heading to the mammoth lakes area this winter to enjoy the snow, this tour will provide you with a completely different perspective on the owens valley and the water you use everyday. in the meantime, if you ’ re able to travel to independence, ca tomorrow you can participate in a free listening party celebrating the launch of there it is — take it! hosted by the friends of the eastern california museum, this launch event will feature “ a panel discussion concerning past, present and future issues related to the los angeles aqueduct system and ladwp ’ s presence within the owens valley. ” the panel will include the following individuals, all of whom were interviewed for the audio tour project :


parents with autistic first child face one in five risk of sibling developing disorder parents of a child with autism face a risk of almost one in five that their next child will also develop the disorder, say researchers. the risk is higher than previous estimates – and goes even higher if the second child is a boy. in families where there is more than one older sibling with autism, there is a one in three risk the next child will be affected, according to an international study published online in the journal pediatrics. risk : parents with an autistic child face a greater chance of having a second child with the condition a study has found ( picture posed by models ) the study of 664 children by researchers in the u. s., canada and israel is the largest ever into the risk of recurrence of autism among siblings. previous estimates put the risk at between 3 and 10 per cent that an infant with an older sibling with autism would also develop the disorder, which affects the ability to interact socially and communicate. but the new study found a ‘ substantially higher ’ risk rate of 18. 7 per cent on average. however, the risk rises to over 26 per cent if the second child is male – because the disorder is mostly found among boys – and over 32 per cent for infants with more than one older sibling with autism. sally ozonoff, professor of psychiatry and behavioural sciences at the mind institute at the university of california - davis, sacramento, who led the study, said : ‘ this is the largest study of the siblings of children with autism ever conducted. ‘ there is no previous study that identified a risk of recurrence that is this high. ’ autism, or autistic spectrum disorder ( asd ), including asperger ’ s syndrome, is an umbrella term for a range of developmental disorders that have a lifelong effect on someone ’ s ability to interact socially and communicate. around one child in every 100 – 80 per cent are male - has autism and genetic factors play a role in its development. researchers in the u. s., canada and israel, included 664 infants whose average age was eight months at the start of the study, and who were tested for autism when they reached three years. a total of 132 infants met the criteria for asd, with 26 per cent of boys compared with nine per cent of girls diagnosed in the study as a whole. the overall rate of autism among all study participants was 18. 7 per cent. in families with one older child with autism, or simplex families


mental illness stigma information " the civil rights movement of this decade is mental health care quality and equality. " - - updated february 18, 2005 - - [ local news ( seattle ) ] [ national news ( usa ) ] [ advance directives ] the mission of this page is to provide links to news and information about stigma and discrimination related to mental illness and substance abuse. there is more to the perpetuation of stigma than just our attitudes and misconceptions. mental health care goes mainstream? there are institutional mechanisms that can help or hinder the process of reducing discrimination. just as antidiscrimination laws helped to change behavior and attitudes related to race and sexual identity, similar legal mechanisms can reduce discrimination related to mental illness and substance abuse. this page contains information, links and resources to help us all move towards a society that does not discriminate against those with mental illness or substance abuse disorders. to return to this page in the future, just bookmark it or type mentalhealthstigma. org in your web browser address box. reportedly, the first ever " therapy in america poll " has been completed. please see the links below for more information. resources for understanding antidiscrimination efforts. although we have done our best to provide a comprehensive list of links, we cannot guarantee that we have covered it all. if you wish to stay even more current about mental illness antidiscrimination efforts, we recommend using the google news search engine page. type into the search box the words " mental illness discrimination " or " substance abuse discrimination " or a similar search phrase. you will get a comprehensive list of the most current articles from a large number of publications. resources for understanding stigma and anti - stigma efforts. some well - known antidiscrimination efforts mental health parity in health insurance coverage is one effective way to help change discrimination. see our mental health parity page for comprehensive links to understanding and advocating for mental health parity in health insurance coverage. see the following resources for understanding and advocating for the medicare mental health modernization act of 2003 introduced in march and april of 2003 which is stuck in committee in the u. s. senate and house of representatives. my recommendation is to get " pushy " with aarp and other leading organizations about older adult mental health. get aarp and others to advocate for the medicare mental health modernization act of 2003 introduced in march and april of 2003. - older women ' s league. see their mental health advocacy pages at older americans mental health week. as the only


mental health. get aarp and others to advocate for the medicare mental health modernization act of 2003 introduced in march and april of 2003. - older women ' s league. see their mental health advocacy pages at older americans mental health week. as the only national grassroots membership organization to focus solely on issues unique to women as they age, the older women ' s league ( owl ) strives to improve the status and quality of life for midlife and older women. owl is a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization that accomplishes its work through research, education, and advocacy activities conducted through a chapter network. now in its 23rd year, owl provides a strong and effective voice for the more than 58 million women age 40 and over in america. - older americans consumer mental health alliance. one of oacmha ' s primary missions is to decrease fear in older persons of mental health stigma by increasing public awareness and knowledge of the special mental health needs and problems of older persons, including alternative solutions and approaches to services and treatments needed by this population group. we have listed a large number of links to articles, reports, organizations, and individuals which should help you keep up to date on the latest information about assisting people to understand that mental illness is not something to be ashamed of, anymore than one should be ashamed of catching the flu or a cold. anti - stigma at its best! although we have done our best to provide a comprehensive list of links, we cannot guarantee that we have covered it all. if you wish to stay even more current about stigma and anti - stigma efforts, we recommend using the google news search engine page. type into the search box the words " mental health stigma " or " mental health anti - stigma " or a similar search phrase. you will get a comprehensive list of the most current articles from a large number of publications. well - known anti - stigma advocates with past or present mental illness famous people with mental illness many other famous writers, artists, broadcasters and business people who have spoken out to help reduce the stigma of mental illness include lawton chiles, bob boorstin, tom johnson, william styron, art buchwald, elizabeth wurtzel, mike wallace, tracy thompson, and kay jamison. links to stories about them or resources they have provided will be added to this page in the near future. - tipper gore. - terry bradshaw. - ricky williams. - carrie fisher. - george stephanopoulos ( also see, george stephanopolis featured at apf ' s annual conversations event at the 2004


to this page in the near future. - tipper gore. - terry bradshaw. - ricky williams. - carrie fisher. - george stephanopoulos ( also see, george stephanopolis featured at apf ' s annual conversations event at the 2004 apa annual meeting. - frederick j. frese iii, ph. d. - marian fireman, m. d., james scibilia, m. d., suzanne vogel - scibilia, m. d., and beth baxter, m. d. - miss arizona, laura lawless. - ex - rep. lynn rivers ( d - ann arbor ). along with many other nationally known individuals, ms. rivers is a member of the university of michigan depression center national advisory board. - michelle clark, m. d and raymond reyes, m. d. amercian psychiatric association anti - stigma links american psychological association anti - stigma links the royal college of psychiatrists ( uk ) other resources for understanding stigma and anti - stigma efforts - student bmj ( the international medical students ' journal ) article posted april 2003 - - reducing the stigma of mental illness. - changing minds, the web site for the royal college of psychiatrists ' anti - stigma campaign started in 1998. poster - person, adam ant, signs his photo with " help kill the stigma, with love, adam ant 2003. " - every family in the land - - understanding prejudice and discrimination against people with mental illness, the web site for the book that supports the royal college of psychiatrists ' " changing minds " anti - stigma campaign started in 1998. - survey finds general public poorly informed about psychiatrists at royal college of psychiatrists web site, dated november 2, 2001. - press release : workshops help young people challenge the stigma of mental illness at royal college of psychiatrists web site, dated april 1, 2003. - the roots of stigma - - subsection of 1999 surgeon general ' s report on mental health. - the center for mental health services - - discrimination & stigma resource center contains links to some of the latest news items related to stigma and to an anti - stigma poster. - the resource center to address discrimination and stigma. the resource center to address discrimination and stigma ( ads center ) helps people design, implement and operate programs that reduce discrimination and stigma associated with mental illnesses. with the most up - to - date research and information, the center helps individuals, organizations and governments counter such discrimination and stigma in the community, in the workplace, and in the media. - elimination of


reduce discrimination and stigma associated with mental illnesses. with the most up - to - date research and information, the center helps individuals, organizations and governments counter such discrimination and stigma in the community, in the workplace, and in the media. - elimination of barriers initiative web site. over a three - year period, the ebi will test campaign models and public education materials in eight pilot states : california, florida, massachusetts, north carolina, ohio, pennsylvania, texas, and wisconsin. pending the evaluation, cmhs will distribute evidenced - based public education practices to states and communities nationwide. see also elimination of barriers initiative, a samsha news release. read wisconsin ' s news release regarding their participation in the initiative. - apa : stigma, insurance, and access to treatment and services emerge as top barriers to schizophrenics. - the national mental health awareness campaign is dedicated to reducing the stigma associated with mental illnesses. - carter center mental health programs. mrs. carter continues her advocacy efforts through the carter center ' s mental health program, founded in 1991. the program focuses on mental health policy issues with four strategic goals. - entertainment industries council, inc. ( eic ) web site. the entertainment industries council, inc. ( eic ) is a non - profit organization founded in 1983 by leaders in the entertainment industry to provide information, awareness and understanding of major health and social issues among the entertainment industries and to audiences at large ( click here for the eic page for mental health and suicide ). - indiana consortium for mental health services research. - chicago consortium for stigma research. the chicago consortium for stigma research ( ccsr ) is dedicated towards understanding the phenomenon of stigma, developing and testing models that explain why it occurs, and evaluating strategies that help to diminish its effects. - stigma fact sheets from the national mental health association. - " like minds, like mine " web site, an online information and resource center for the project to counter stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness based in new zealand. - the consumer movement with subsection on stigma, a page from online lessons about mental health written by david lukoff, ph. d. - newseek article dated june 16, 2003 - - stop pretending nothing ' s wrong - - it ' s hard for men to admit or even recognize their own depression. how to get help. - pr week magazine article posted september 23, 2002 - - media roundup : mental health : media ' s grasp of mental health is slow to develop. - the oregonian - - article


or even recognize their own depression. how to get help. - pr week magazine article posted september 23, 2002 - - media roundup : mental health : media ' s grasp of mental health is slow to develop. - the oregonian - - article published may 19, 2003 - - steps to ease stigma. - dearshrink. com article posted march 17, 2002 - - what is normal? what is a mental disorder? the december 13, 1999 surgeon general ' s report on mental health ( " 1999 report " ), presented a vision for the future of mental health and promoted eight recommendations. however, the 1999 report did not suggest priorities. in dr. sterling ' s opinion, the controlling variable for the success of the seven other goals noted in the 1999 report is recommendation number two - - " overcome stigma. " the anti - stigma power of humor. stigma is not just an obstacle for people seeking consultation. among other things, stigma deters funding for research, it facilitates discriminatory attitudes with respect to workplace support, and it provides an underlying mindset that influences insurers to restrict coverage inappropriately. click here to read anti - stigma at its best!, an article written by dr. sterling, posted june 25, 2003. check the web site of stand up for mental health. stand up for mental health is a course that teaches stand - up comedy to people with mental illness. their acts look at the lighter side of taking meds, seeing counselors, getting diagnosed and surviving the mental health system. designed by david granirer, a counselor and a stand - up comic, stand up for mental health aims to reduce public stigma around mental illness and spread a message of hope and empowerment. nami stigma alerts! the most recent nami stigma alerts are available. nami media awards for 2003! " nami " is the national alliance for the mentally ill. stigmabusters are dedicated to helping us all realize that mental illness is not something to be demeaned, misrepresented or exploited. stigma alerts also include praise for accurate and respectful representations of mental illness and the mentally ill. if you would like to receive advance, e - mailed alerts from stigmabusters before they are posted on the nami web site, please go to stigma alerts and sign up. it is worth it! the national alliance for the mentally ill has announced its 2003 media awards. the nami 2003 media awards go to a very diverse group of movies, reporters and stories - - from the movie


to stigma alerts and sign up. it is worth it! the national alliance for the mentally ill has announced its 2003 media awards. the nami 2003 media awards go to a very diverse group of movies, reporters and stories - - from the movie the hours to coverage of children ' s issues to reports about national football league players. 2002 nami media coverage. media - related news posted at the national alliance for the mentally ill ( nami ) includes the following : links to other media watcher web sites. human rights in mental health care. - the national alliance for mental illness stigma alerts page contains a list of recent alerts regarding films, television shows, advertising. it also features comments about good faith media representations regarding mental illness. sign up for e - mail alerts. - national stigma clearinghouse news of the week. since 1990 they have been watching the media and issuing alerts. - cinemania is a new site with essays on films and mental health : a cinematic history of 20th century stigma and the criminalization of mental illness. - dr. otto wahl ' s home page. otto wahl, ph. d, clinical psychology, is a nationally - recognized expert on the media and mental illness and has published a book entitled media madness : public images of mental illness. the following are links to some web sites and organizations that have focused on human rights, freedom, recovery, over - medication, and resilience issues. patient rights and patient survivors should always have a voice in the work of bringing about appropriate, scientifically valid and less intrusive mental health and chemical dependency treatment. thank you for stopping by! - the thomas szasz cybercenter for liberty and responsibility. this web site is dedicated to the life and work of thomas s. szasz, m. d. in it you will find information from friends and colleagues sharing similar points of view to those of thomas szasz on diverse topics ranging from psychiatry and law, to drugs and addiction, to psychotherapy and public policy. - mind freedom - " win human rights in the mental health system " is mind freedom ' s mission. - successful schizophrenia. successful schizophrenia is a web site dedicated to raising awareness of the constructs which currently and historically exist within the field of mental health. the training procedures in psychiatry, clinical psychology and allied fields brainwash practitioners into sustaining a dysfunctional system while expelling and discrediting those who think for themselves. our site is meant to provide critical information that is suppressed elsewhere, to allow for our visitors


procedures in psychiatry, clinical psychology and allied fields brainwash practitioners into sustaining a dysfunctional system while expelling and discrediting those who think for themselves. our site is meant to provide critical information that is suppressed elsewhere, to allow for our visitors to connect with each other, and be reassured that you are not alone! - psychiatric drug facts by peter r. breggin, m. d. dr. breggin has been informing the professions, media and the public about the potential dangers of drugs, electroshock, psychosurgery, involuntary treatment, and the biological theories of psychiatry for over three decades. he is the author of dozens of scientific articles and more than fifteen professional books about psychiatric medication, the fda and drug approval process, the evaluation of clinical trials, and standards of care in psychiatry and related fields. - national association for rights protection and advocacy. narpa is dedicated to promoting those policies and pursuing those strategies that represent the preferred options of people who have been labeled mentally disabled. narpa is committed to advocating the abolishing of all forced treatment laws. narpa believes the recipients of mental health services are capable of and entitled to make their own choices, and they are, above all, equal citizens under the law. to the extent that the recipients and former recipients may need assistance to support or express or achieving their preferences, narpa is committed to promoting rights protection and advocacy which focuses upon both the right to choose and the specific choices of those who request assistance. therefore, narpa ' s fundamental mission is to help empower people who have been labeled mentally disabled so that they may learn to independently exercise their rights. - alternative mental health is a web site guide " to assist and promote non - harmful, alternative ( non - psychiatric ) methods and practitioners for helping the mentally disturbed. our purpose is to provide education and choice to the public in the matter of alternative mental health practices. our main concern is that the vast majority of people with severe mental symptoms have overlooked physical ailments. so our aim is to educate the public on this matter and recommend the medical problems be addressed as a matter of first priority. that is why we list in our directory doctors and practitioners who concentrate on medical and nutritional treatment of severe mental symptoms. " - best wishes, ron sterling m. d. ( seattle, washington, usa ) [ age of consent for medical treatment ] [ alcohol awareness month ] [ death penalty ] [ cut drug costs ] [ fundraising news ] [ hmo news ] [ drug policy ]


in 2006, a new class of medicine for type 2 diabetes was introduced to the u. s. market. called dpp - 4 inhibitors, these drugs work in a way that is different from any previous diabetes treatment. sitagliptin ( brand name januvia ) was the first drug in this class to be approved ; it can be used alone or in combination with other oral diabetes drugs. saxagliptin ( onglyza ), another dpp - 4 inhibitor, received approval in july 2009. at the turn of the 20th century, several different researchers were examining the role of the intestines and the pancreas in diabetes. research soon demonstrated, through experiments with animals and autopsies of people who had died of diabetes complications, that type 1 diabetes was caused by a problem with the pancreas. after extracts of the pancreas were shown to treat diabetes, a research team at the university of toronto ( frederick banting and charles best ) isolated insulin in 1921. further experiments went on to explore the relationship between the pancreas and the intestines. some of these demonstrated that intestinal extracts could lower blood glucose by stimulating the pancreas to produce more insulin. hormones from the intestines with this effect are called incretins. significant research on incretins was not conducted again until the 1960 ’ s, when researchers were faced with a puzzle : when people were given the same amount of glucose at different times by vein and by mouth, the amount of insulin produced was much greater when the glucose was given by mouth. the researchers concluded that the gastrointestinal tract was signaling the pancreas to produce insulin. the hunt was on for the exact chemicals involved in this process, and finally a hormone was isolated : gastric inhibitory polypeptide, or gip. a second hormone called glucagon - like polypeptide 1, or glp - 1, was later isolated. glp - 1 was found to have a profound effect on stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. it was also found to be active for a very short time in the blood. this is because it is broken down quickly by an enzyme called dipeptidyl peptidase 4, or dpp - 4. a drug that could inhibit the action of dpp - 4 would extend the insulin - releasing effect of glp - 1. function in the body drugs that inhibit the action of dpp - 4 are intervening in a complex set of reactions that occur when


a drug that could inhibit the action of dpp - 4 would extend the insulin - releasing effect of glp - 1. function in the body drugs that inhibit the action of dpp - 4 are intervening in a complex set of reactions that occur when food is eaten. in response to meals, specialized cells in the intestines called l cells secrete glp - 1. l cells are mainly found in the ileum, the last segment of the small intestine, and in the large intestine ( also known as the colon ). glp - 1 appears to be secreted, however, before food from a meal reaches these areas of the intestines. the l cells have receptors for a variety of hormones secreted by the digestive system, which helps them determine the type of nutrients that have been consumed and control the amount of glp - 1 they release. it is thought that hormonal signals from the upper intestine, as well as a chemical released by nerves in response to eating, stimulate the release of glp - 1. glp - 1 has several effects in the body other than stimulating the release of insulin. it also slows stomach emptying, inhibits the release of glucagon ( glucagon is a hormone that signals the liver to release glucose and is usually elevated in people with type 2 diabetes ), and enhances the survival and growth of pancreatic beta cells, which secrete insulin. it has been found in laboratory studies that animals treated with dpp - 4 inhibitors seem to have an increased number of pancreatic beta cells, indicating that these drugs may stimulate beta - cell growth ( most likely through the action of glp - 1 ). this effect has not yet been demonstrated in humans, but if confirmed, it means that dpp - 4 inhibitors could play a significant role in delaying and possibly reversing the progression of type 2 diabetes.


before we can start in with some new and interesting medical terms, you need to learn a few fundamentals of how medical terminology is constructed as a language. there are three basic parts to medical terms : a word root ( usually the middle of the word and its central meaning ), a prefix ( comes at the beginning and usually identifies some subdivision or part of the central meaning ), and a suffix ( comes at the end and modifies the central meaning as to what or who is interacting with it or what is happening to it ). an example may make better sense. therm = heat hypothermia ( less heat ), thermometer ( measuring heat ) let ’ s look at a real medical term and take it apart. | myo = muscle | | card = heart | | itis = inflammation | don ’ t get blown away by that big, intimidating word! we haven ’ t introduced word roots yet. i just wanted to demonstrate the major parts of a medical term. let ’ s see how prefix and suffix changes can alter the meaning of a term without changing its central meaning by keeping the root the same. | myocarditis | | = muscle layer of heart inflamed | | pericarditis | | = outer layer of heart inflamed | | endocarditis | | = inner layer of heart inflamed | | cardiologist | | = a physician specializing in the heart | | cardiomyopathy | | = damage to heart muscle layer | | cardiomegaly | | = enlargement of the heart | again, we haven ’ t introduced heart terms yet. these basics are just to introduce the parts of medical terms and demonstrate how moving the parts around modifies the central meaning without changing the “ root ” ( cardio ).


sistrurus catenatus catenatus • mating : polygamous • peak breeding activity : april and may • gestation period : 2 - 4 months • young are born : late july through september • litter size : 3 - 19 ; 8 average • young : precocial and are on their own after birth • number of litters per year : 1 • migration patterns : year - round resident ; young go, on average, less than 0. 6 miles to establish their own territory. • feeding periods : early morning, late afternoon, or at night • typical foods : small mammals ( short - tailed shrew, meadow vole, deer and white - footed mice ), small snakes, small frogs, salamanders, toads, and young birds. • length : 20 - 30 inches • ohio status : endangered the eastern massasauga is a medium - sized, dark - colored, rattlesnake with 29 to 50 dark dorsal blotches on its gray or brownish gray body. there are three rows of smaller dark spots on each side of the body. the snake can be identified by its short ( two to three feet ), thick body. the head of this snake is thick and triangular, with black stripes. its belly is black and irregularly marked with white or yellowish spots. the pupils of its eyes are elliptical. the triangular head and elliptical eyes are two features used to help identify a venomous snake. the most distinguishable feature of this snake is the stubby rattle on the end of its tail. this feature is associated with all species of venomous snakes, with the exception of the copperhead, which is also native to ohio. habitat and habits throughout much of its range in the eastern united states, massasauga rattlesnakes are found in wet prairies, sedge meadows, and early successional fields. preferred wetland habitats are marshes and fens. they avoid open water and seem to prefer the cover of broad - leafed plants, emergents, and sedges. natural succession of woody vegetation is a leading cause of recent habitat deterioration throughout its range. intensive management to retard woody vegetation growth is necessary to maintain suitable habitat conditions. rattlesnakes hibernate singly or in small groups of two or three. by overwintering in moist soil, massasaugas are able to avoid lethally cold temperatures and reduce the risk of desiccation ( drying out ). reproduction and care of the young massasaugas are ovoviviparous (


business research method basic research would basically refer to systematic study which is aimed at fuller knowledge or a deeper understanding of the essential aspects of phenomena as well as of observable facts. this would be done with no precise applications towards any processes or products in mind. at the same time basic research could possibly comprise activities with maybe broad applications in mind. on the other hand, applied research identifies a systematic study undertaken to obtain knowledge or understanding which is necessary in order to establish the possible means by which a known and exact need may be met. the terms fundamental or pure research have also been applied to basic research. it refers to research motivated by a scientist ' s or person ' s curiosity or keen interest in a scientific question. applied research may be thought of as intended to solve practical problems. business research method the series of essay 1 essay one basic research would basically refer to systematic study which is aimed at fuller knowledge or a deeper understanding of the essential aspects of phenomena as well as of observable facts. this would be done with no precise applications towards any processes or products in mind. at the same time basic research could possibly comprise activities with maybe broad applications in mind. on the other hand, applied research identifies a systematic study undertaken to obtain knowledge or understanding which is necessary in order to establish the possible means by which a known and exact need may be met. the terms fundamental or pure research have also been applied to basic research. it refers to research motivated by a scientist ' s or person ' s curiosity or keen interest in a scientific question. applied research may be thought of as intended to solve practical problems. basic research whether in business research or any other field has as its basic goal, to expand one ' s knowledge. basic questions such as, “ how can we increase production and save money at the same time ”, might be a question for business. if, we increase production, we also increase the cost of payroll by hiring additional production employees. “ how can this save money? ” curiosity lies at the heart of all business and it is this curiosity, which causes business to constantly ask questions that require research. today modern business uses research techniques and the latest technology to achieve these goals. basic research aims to enhance the understanding of problems that commonly occur across a range of organisations while an applied research is done with the intention of applying results to specific problems in the especially in business. one person has at any given time can defines his or her research goal, as an idea to investigate, and a question to answer. it is the type of question which determines the


the intention of applying results to specific problems in the especially in business. one person has at any given time can defines his or her research goal, as an idea to investigate, and a question to answer. it is the type of question which determines the nature of the research. applied research is solutions designed from basic research information, aimed at the solution of business problems within the company. the goal of applied research is change for the better, improvements in business management and practice aimed at improving the human condition. regardless of the type of business, applied research has as its goal in business to improve production, increase sales, control losses, restore efficiency and establish solid financial investment in the future. 2 basic research has understanding as only goal. basic research does only promise a contribution to question, not to anything else, but it can give the most unexpected applications. therefore as researcher, we can draw a borderline between basic and applied research by sorting questions into those with or without knowledge as to be achieved. as any business theory is based upon an idea or mental plan for creating a successful business, investigation into what others are doing and using what is known to discover new and better ways to solve the unknown answers in business is an ongoing process. using innovative technology and modern developmental processes paved the way for industry development in today ' s modern world. as conclusion, historically basic research has led to the application of basic research to improve and develop our modern world of business industries world wide. good concepts of basic or applied research in the context of business policy must be inspiring for the individual in any research group. reference c. c beri ( 2000 ) marketing research. ( 3rd ed. ). new delhi : tata mcgraw hill sekaran, u. ( 2000 ). research methods for business. new york : john wiley & sons, inc. tuckman, b. ( 1999 ). conducting educational research ( 5th ed. ). fort worth, tx : harcourt brace college publishers. 3 essay 2 the research process should be understood as one of ongoing planning, searching, discovery, reflection, synthesis, revision, and learning. according to sekaran. u ( 2001 ), research is a process of thoroughly studying and analyzing the situational factors surrounding a problem in order to seek out solutions to it. therefore research process is a systematic, careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationships and to expand or verify existing knowledge for some specified purpose. in the business world, research process includes the systematic identification, collection, analysis and distribution of information for the purpose of knowledge development and


systematic, careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationships and to expand or verify existing knowledge for some specified purpose. in the business world, research process includes the systematic identification, collection, analysis and distribution of information for the purpose of knowledge development and decision making. it can be in the form of marketing research, product research or swot analysis. the reasons and times at which the company or organization might consider performing research varies, but the general purpose of gaining intelligence for decision making remains constant throughout. there are plenty of little steps along the way of research process. each of those steps fits into one of the six major steps of the research process. they are : 1. identifying the problem this step is always the first of the research process. at this point, the problem will have been recognized by at least one level of management, and internal discussions will have taken place. sometimes, further definition of the issue or problem is needed. the most common tools are internal and external secondary research. secondary research intelligence consists of information that was collected for another purpose, but can be useful for other purposes. examples of internal secondary research for a marketing research consist of sales revenues, sales forecasts, customer demographics, purchase patterns, and other information that has been collected about the customer. often referred to as data mining, this information can be critical in diagnosing the problem for further exploration and should be leveraged when available and appropriate. the amount of internal secondary information that can be applied is typically limited. external secondary research is typically far more available. most external secondary information is produced via research conducted for other purposes, financial performance data, expert opinions and analysis, corporate executive interviews, legal proceedings, and competitive intelligence firms. 4 2. research approach once the problem is better defined, researcher can move onto developing the research approach, which will generally be around a defined set of objectives. any clear objectives will lend researcher to better marketing research approach development. developing the approach should consist of honestly assessing the research skills, understanding the environment and its influencing factors, developing an analysis model, and formulating hypotheses. 3. research design and strategy research design and strategy is the most encompassing of all steps in the research process, requiring the greatest amount of thought, time and expertise. since the intelligence eventually gained from the research is so closely related to the selected research design, this is the single most import step in the research process and the step most vulnerable to common marketing research errors. research design and strategy includes secondary information analysis, qualitative research, methodology selection, question measurement


so closely related to the selected research design, this is the single most import step in the research process and the step most vulnerable to common marketing research errors. research design and strategy includes secondary information analysis, qualitative research, methodology selection, question measurement and scale selection, questionnaire design, sample design & size and determining data analysis to be used. 4. research data collection the research data collection ( often called survey fielding ) is the point at which the finalized survey instrument is used in gathering information among the chosen sample segments. there are a variety of data collection methodologies to consider. any research data collection typically begins with field testing the final questionnaire with a small portion of the sample taken to make sure it is gathering information correctly. then data collection can be fairly automatic throughout the remainder of the research data collection process. when quota groups and / or sample subgroups are being screened for, data collection will require more oversight, maintenance time and cost. regardless of the data collection methodology chosen, the data collection process often takes half of the total time needed to complete a research project. 5. survey data analysis any survey data analysis will depend on how the survey questionnaire was constructed. less complex survey data analysis can be handled with any of a number of office suite 5 tools, while more complex questionnaire data analysis requires dedicated research analysis programs. types of statistical survey data analysis that might be performed are simple frequency distributions, cross tab analysis, multiple regression ( driver analysis ), cluster analysis, factor analysis, perceptual mapping ( multidimensional scaling ), structural equation modeling and data mining. the more complex the needed level of statistical data analysis is, the more time and cost it will take to execute. 6. research reports any critical information and knowledge that comes from the research findings will be limited by how the research reports are presented to decision makers. once research information is collected and analyzed, present it in an organized manner to the decision makers of the business. the data gathered was created to help guide the business decisions, so it needs to be readily accessible and understandable to the decision makers. as conclusion, building a framework process for a research is very important. equally important is to establish links between research type of approach, theoretical framework, and process involve during research and results of a research finding. in addition, the proposed sequence or step in research process helps answer the question, whether the findings answer and justify the rationale or base for conducting the research which benefiting the company and the organization. 6 reference c. c beri ( 2000 )


in addition, the proposed sequence or step in research process helps answer the question, whether the findings answer and justify the rationale or base for conducting the research which benefiting the company and the organization. 6 reference c. c beri ( 2000 ) marketing research. ( 3rd ed. ). new delhi : tata mcgraw hill hudson, w. & nurius, p. ( 1994 ). controversial issues in social work research. boston, ma : allyn and bacon. sekaran, u. ( 2000 ). research methods for business. new york : john wiley & sons, inc. tuckman, b. ( 1999 ). conducting educational research ( 5th ed. ). fort worth, tx : harcourt brace college publishers. 7 essay 3 literature survey is the documentation of a comprehensive review of the published and unpublished work from secondary sources data in the areas of specific interest to the researcher. for example, the library is a rich storage base for secondary data and researchers used to spend several weeks and sometimes months going through books, journals, newspapers, magazines, conference proceedings, doctoral dissertations, master ' s theses, government publications and financial reports to find information on their research topic. with computerized databases now readily available and accessible the literature search is much speedier and easier. the researcher could start the literature survey even as the information from the unstructured and structured interviews is being gathered. reviewing the literature on the topic area at this time helps the researcher to focus further interviews more meaningfully on certain aspects found to be important is the published studies even if these had not surfaced during the earlier questioning. so the literature survey is important for gathering the secondary data for the research which might be proved very helpful in the research. the literature survey can be conducted for several reasons. the literature survey can be in any area of the business. an in - depth interview is a qualitative research technique that allows person to person discussion. it can lead to increased insight into people ' s thoughts, feelings, and behavior on important issues. this type of interview is often unstructured and therefore permits the interviewer to encourage an informant ( or respondent ) to talk at length about the topic of interest. the in - depth interview uses a flexible interview approach. it aims to ask questions to explain the reasons underlying a problem or practice in a target group. it is the technique to gather ideas and to gather information. actually, both the literature survey and in - depth interview methods are contributing one another in term of developing a theoretical framework. theoretical framework visually tells


underlying a problem or practice in a target group. it is the technique to gather ideas and to gather information. actually, both the literature survey and in - depth interview methods are contributing one another in term of developing a theoretical framework. theoretical framework visually tells the big picture ( research ) of the study identifies literature review categories and directs research objectives. a typical theoretical framework with the help of both literature survey and in - depth interview approach provides a schematic description of relationships between and among independent, dependent, moderator, control, and extraneous variables so that a researcher can easily comprehend the theorized relationships. therefore, a theoretical framework is the conceptual model of how one theorizes or makes logical sense of the 8 relationships among the several factors that have been identified as important to the problem. in depth interview should suffice to develop a theoretical framework but literature survey does completed the flows from the documentation of previous research in the problem by integrating logical beliefs with published research, taking into consideration the boundaries and constraints governing both the situation. the purpose of both in depth interview and literature survey is to ensure that no important variable that has in the past been found repeatedly to have had an impact on the problem is ignored. the variables considered relevant to the study should be clearly identified and labelled. it is possible that some of the critical variables are never brought out in the interviews, because the employees cannot articulate them or are unaware of their impact or because the variables seem so obvious to interviews that they are not specifically stated. if there are variables that are not identified during the interviews, but influence the problem critically then research done without considering them would be an exercise in futility. theoretical framework is the foundation on which the entire research project is based on. as conclusion, the relationship between the literature survey and the in depth interview provides a solid foundation for developing the theoretical framework. it is done through interrelationships among the variables that are deemed to be integral to the dynamics of the situation being investigated. reference creswell, j. w. ( 1998 ). qualitative inquiry and research design : choosing among five traditions. thousand oaks, ca : sage publications hart, c. ( 1998 ). doing a literature review : releasing the social science research imagination. thousand oaks, ca : sage publications hudson, w. & nurius, p. ( 1994 ). controversial issues in social work research. boston, ma : allyn and bacon. reichardt, c. & rallis, s. ( 1994 ). the qualitative - quantitative debate :


& nurius, p. ( 1994 ). controversial issues in social work research. boston, ma : allyn and bacon. reichardt, c. & rallis, s. ( 1994 ). the qualitative - quantitative debate : new perspectives. san francisco, ca : jossey - bass publishers. singleton, r. a. & straits, b. c. ( 1999 ). approaches to social research. new york, ny : oxford university press. 9 question 4 basic method and research design issues mainly consist of 1. purpose the research design issues answers these two main questions : a ) how was the data collected or generated? b ) how was the data analyzed? in research, it is vital to know how the data was obtained because the method affects the results. for instance, if the researchers are investigating peoples ' perceptions of the efficiency of public administration in malaysia, they will need to obtain different results if they use a multiple choice questionnaire than through conducting series of interviews. knowing how the data was collected helps the researcher to evaluate the validity and reliability of the results, and the conclusions that can be drawn from it. in other words, it shows how the researchers obtained their results and explain how the result is obtained. often there are different methods that the researcher can use to investigate a research problem. the research methodology should make clear the reasons why the researcher chose a particular method or procedure. the researcher must be able and know that the data was collected or generated in a way that is consistent with accepted practice in the field of study. for example, if the researchers are using a questionnaire for example to investigating peoples ' perceptions the standard of public administration in malaysia, they need to know that it offered the respondents a reasonable range of answers to choose from such as ( a ) excellent, ( b ) very good or ( c ) good, it would obviously not be acceptable as it does not allow respondents to give negative answers. the basic research design must be appropriate to the objectives of the study. if the researcher performs a case study of one respondent in order to investigate users ' perceptions of the efficiency of public administration in malaysia, the method is obviously unsuited to the objectives. therefore the methodology should also discuss the problems that were anticipated and explain the steps taken to prevent them from occurring, and the problems that did occur and the ways their impact was minimized. 2. common problems 10 there are commons problems or issues with a basic research design. they are a ) irrelevant detail b ) unnecessary explanation of basic procedures c )


from occurring, and the problems that did occur and the ways their impact was minimized. 2. common problems 10 there are commons problems or issues with a basic research design. they are a ) irrelevant detail b ) unnecessary explanation of basic procedures c ) problem blindness most of the researchers encounter some problems when collecting or generating the data from the context of study. it is advisable to do not ignore significant problems or pretend they did not occur. a study context can be in the form of physical setting, pretest sensitization, treatment conditions and subjects thoughts about the study. some time it can be some issue on how it is handled for example question on how the quality of instrument, question and data matching, independence of observations or person or people responsible of collecting the data. often sometime through recording on how the researchers overcame obstacles can form an interesting part of the methodology. it also means that the researchers can also give a rationale for certain decisions, plus a realistic view of using the methods of research chosen. 3. different types of research design there are different types of basic research designs. a good researcher must be able to choose the suitable research design to achieve the purpose of researching. it shows how the results were achieved through explanation of how data was collected or generated and explanation of how data was analyzed explanation of methodological problems and their solutions or effects the basic research designs consist of : a ) analysis analysis is classes of data are collected and studies conducted to discern patterns and formulate principles that might guide future action b ) case study case study provides the background, development, current conditions and environmental interactions of one or more individuals, groups, communities, businesses or institutions is observed, recorded and analyzed for stages of patterns in relation to internal and external influences. c ) comparison 11 comparison happens when two or more existing situations are studied to determine their similarities and differences. d ) correlation - prediction correlation - prediction is a situation when statistically significant correlation coefficients between and among a number of factors are sought and interpreted. e ) evaluation evaluation is an act of research to determine whether a program or project followed the prescribed procedures and achieved the stated outcomes. f ) design - demonstration design - demonstration is a new system or programs are constructed, tested and evaluated g ) experiment an experiment is conducted when one or more variables are manipulated and the results analyzed. h ) survey - questionnaire survey - questionnaire is a tool to discover behaviors, beliefs and observations of specific groups are identified, reported and interpreted. i ) status status is a representative or selected sample of one or more phenomena


and the results analyzed. h ) survey - questionnaire survey - questionnaire is a tool to discover behaviors, beliefs and observations of specific groups are identified, reported and interpreted. i ) status status is a representative or selected sample of one or more phenomena is examined to determine its special characteristics. j ) theory construction theory construction is an attempt to find or describe principles that explain how things work the way they do. k ) trend analysis trend analysis is a tool to predict or forecasting the future direction of events. 12 4. the authenticity of variables in a well - designed research, the researcher varies at least one independent variable to assess its effects on respondents ' behavior, assigns participants to the experimental conditions in a way that assures their initial equivalence, and controls extraneous variables that may influence the behavior of research. researchers may vary an independent variable through environmental, instructional, or invasive manipulations. to assure that their independent variables are strong enough to produce the hypothesized effects, researcher ’ s often pilot test their independent variables and use manipulation checks in the experiment itself. in addition to independent variables manipulated by the researcher, experiments sometimes include subject variables that reflect characteristics of the respondents. the logic of the experimental method requires that the various experimental and control groups be equivalent before the levels of the independent variable are introduced. initial equivalence of the various conditions is accomplished in one of three ways. in between - subjects designs, researchers use simple or matched randomly assignment. in within - subjects or repeated measures designs, all respondents serve in all experimental conditions, thereby ensuring their equivalence. within - subjects designs are more powerful and economical than between - subjects designs, but order effects and carryover effects are sometimes a problem. nothing other than the independent variable may differ systematically among conditions. when something other than the independent variable differs among conditions, confounding occurs, destroys the internal validity of the experiment and making it difficult, if not impossible, to draw conclusions about the effects of the independent variable. good researchers will try to minimize error variance. error variance is produced by unsystematic differences among participants within experimental conditions. although error variance does not undermine the validity of an experiment, it makes detecting effects of the independent variable more difficult. attempts to minimize the error variance in an experiment may lower the study ' s external validity the degree to which the results can be generalized. however, most experiments are designed to test hypotheses about the causes of behavior. if the hypotheses are supported, then they are not the particular results of the study are generalized.


the degree to which the results can be generalized. however, most experiments are designed to test hypotheses about the causes of behavior. if the hypotheses are supported, then they are not the particular results of the study are generalized. any good researchers must be able to look for the purpose of each part of the methodology before deciding its usage or function. it can be rationale or reasons for doing 13 something, description or equipment used, purpose, application on how something is used, structure of the research or the order in which information will be given, assumption, and parameters or variables that are measured. a good research must be able to differentiate series of question such as where did subjects come from?, what kinds of samples?, how many of intended subjects actually supplied data?, were in final analysis? and how motivated were subjects?. through this then the researchers are be able to serve the basic issues of research design and the role of statistics in research with clear classification of variables, quantification of variables or scales of measurement and finally the validity of interpretations of research studies. as conclusion, a basic research design is a tool which assists the researcher in defining a research topic, by which describing the method by which the research topic will be explored and analyzing the sources which will be utilized. reference bridget somek and cathy lewin. ( 2006 ) research methods in the social sciences. london : sage publications david s. moore and george p. mccabe. ( 2006 ) introduction to the practice of statistics. new york : w. h. freeman and company gall, m. d., borg, w. r., gall, j. p. ( 2003 ). educational research : an introduction. ( 7th edition ). white plains, new york : longman. gilbert, n. ed. ( 1996 ) researching social life. new york : sage publications john w. creswell. ( 2003 ) research design : qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. london : sage publications miles, m. b. and a. m. huberman ( 1994 ) qualitative data analysis : an expanded sourcebook, new york : sage publications 14


| uploaded : | | may 1, 2008 | | updated : | | march 29, 2010 | this is a tutorial on a plant that is in bloom beginning this mouth. i figured it would be a good idea to start off this new mouth with a plant from the desert that actually blooms flowers even in the hot desert sun. so having said that, today you will learn " how to draw a cactus ". this cactus happens to be the state flower of arizona. in 1901 the saguaro ’ s blossom was adopted as the official territorial flower, and in 1931, it was confirmed as the state flower. it has a thick, tall flute looking steam that is about 18 to 24 inches in diameter and can reach lengths of up to 40 feet high. not only does this desert cactus get big, it ages well too. the saguaro can age up to 200 years old before it dies out and becomes a shriveled up plant. this type of cactus resembles a long oversized pitch fork. the skin on the cactus is smooth and waxy which is odd because you would think that all cactuses have rough prickly surfaces but obviously that is totally not the case here. the trunk and stems are bold and sturdy, and they have sharp pointy spurs all over. now, i said in the beginning of this description of the saguaro cactus that the plant starts blooming from may - june. the flowers are thick, milky white clusters with yellow centers. the flower although it comes from a cactus, is characterized by having a waxy feel, but it is extremely fragrant in sent. toward the middle of the spring months, the saguaro will pollinate and later in the summer the flowers turn into reddish looking fruits that local arizona birds feast upon. what most people do not know is that this particular cactus happens to be the largest cactus in the usa now that is impressive. this tutorial on the arizona state flower will teach you " how to draw a cactus ", step by step. since this is an easy tutorial, you will have no problems understanding the easy to follow instructions. for those of you from arizona, this one is for you.


acute bacterial sinusitis, chronic bacterial sinusitis, subacute bacterial sinusitis introduction to sinusitis : that runny nose and cough just won ’ t go away … perhaps your child has a sinus infection. sinusitis is a common problem in children. nevertheless, it is often over - diagnosed in children with green runny noses, and missed in children who really have a sinus infection! what is sinusitis? the sinuses are small empty caverns in the bony skull. they are lined by mucus membranes and connect with the nasal passages. some sinuses are present at birth ; others continue to grow and develop for the first 20 years of life. sinusitis is the name given when the lining of one or more of these sinuses is red, swollen, and tender, the opening is blocked, and the sinus is at least partially filled with fluid ( mucus and / or pus ). technically, every cold is also a case of viral sinusitis. however, when doctors use the term sinusitis they are usually referring to a bacterial infection in the sinuses. acute bacterial sinusitis has been present for less than three or four weeks ; subacute bacterial sinusitis has been present for up to about ten weeks ; and chronic bacterial sinusitis has been present for about ten weeks or more. the three may have different causes and treatments. who gets sinusitis? anyone can get a sinus infection. colds or nasal allergies are usually present first. sinus infections are also more common when there is exposure to cigarette smoke. children who have ear infections, ge reflux, cystic fibrosis, immune problems, deviated nasal septa, or poorly functioning cilia are more likely to develop sinus infections. asthma and sinus infections often go together. in addition, swimming, breathing cold dry air, or attending day care can predispose a child to sinusitis. boys get more sinus infections than girls. what are the symptoms of sinusitis? adults and adolescents with sinusitis will often have headaches or facial tenderness to make the diagnosis clear. these are much less common in younger children. instead, the symptoms are usually similar to a prolonged cold. the common cold usually lasts about seven days. within one to three days of the onset, the nasal secretions usually become thicker and perhaps yellow or green. this is a normal part of the common cold and not a reason for antibiotics. if a child has


common cold usually lasts about seven days. within one to three days of the onset, the nasal secretions usually become thicker and perhaps yellow or green. this is a normal part of the common cold and not a reason for antibiotics. if a child has both a cough and nasal discharge that do not improve within 10 to 14 days, this may be acute bacterial sinusitis. the nasal discharge may be clear or colored. the cough is present during the day, but is often worse during naps or at bedtime. there may be a fever, sore throat from post - nasal drip, or bad breath. about half of the children also have ear infections ( caused by the same bacteria ). occasionally a child with severe acute bacterial sinusitis will have a headache, colored nasal discharge, high fever, and facial tenderness well before the normal 10 days typically used to diagnose sinusitis. in subacute and chronic sinusitis, the symptoms are often minimal, but include the ongoing cough and nasal discharge. is sinusitis contagious? in general, sinus infections are not contagious ( although there have been rare outbreaks associated with swimming together ). the colds that can lead to sinus infections are quite contagious. how long does sinusitis last? sinus infections often last for weeks or months without treatment. how is sinusitis diagnosed? the diagnosis is often made based on the history and physical examination. sometimes x - rays or ct scans are used to support the diagnosis. how is sinusitis treated? acute and subacute bacterial sinusitis is usually best treated with appropriate antibiotics at an appropriate dose for the appropriate amount of time ( usually 14 - 21 days ). the antibiotics are usually continued for at least 7 days after symptoms disappear. if symptoms worsen or do not improve, the antibiotic is usually changed early in the course. saline nose drops may thin the mucus and speed healing. decongestants may help symptoms, but usually do not speed healing. antihistamines may thicken the mucus and slow healing. chronic sinusitis treatment usually lasts three weeks or more. for this reason, it is wise to obtain a culture of the infected material before treatment. sometimes the infection is caused by fungus rather than bacteria. most children with chronic sinusitis ( and to a lesser extent, subacute sinusitis ) either have allergies or an ongoing irritant exposure, such as smoke or fumes. these should be identified and addressed


than bacteria. most children with chronic sinusitis ( and to a lesser extent, subacute sinusitis ) either have allergies or an ongoing irritant exposure, such as smoke or fumes. these should be identified and addressed. how can sinusitis be prevented? breastfeeding lowers the risk of sinus infections. preventing sinus infections is possible. it involves the same proven measures outlined for preventing colds and ear infections. in addition, changing swimming habits may be helpful for older children ( avoiding jumping, diving, or swimming underwater – unless holding the nose or using nose plugs ). immunizations, especially to pneumococcus, haemophilus influenzae ( hib ), measles, and the flu, are particularly important for children prone to sinus infections. finally, identifying and properly addressing allergies and irritants is the key to reducing the frequency, duration, and severity of sinusitis. related a - to - z information : allergies ( allergic rhinitis ), asthma, common cold, cough, cystic fibrosis, ear infection, food allergies, gastroesophageal reflux, haemophilus influenzae ( h flu, hib ), hiv, influenza ( flu ), measles, nosebleeds ( epistaxis ), otitis media with effusion ( ome ), wheezing last reviewed : march 30, 2010


dr mark nelson foot & ankle specialist proper footwear can reduce foot problems from ancient egyptian times down through the centuries, footwear has been designed to meet mankind ’ s real and perceived needs — protection, support, comfort, sturdiness, and stylishness. when a child begins to walk, shoes generally are not necessary, allowing an infant to go barefooted in doors, or to wear only a pair of socks, helps the foot grow normally and develop its muscles and strength, as well as the grasping ability of toes. women inflict more punishment on their feet in part from improper footwear that can bring about unnecessary foot problems. some of the problems result from high - heeled shoes ( generally defined as pumps with heels of more than two inches ). doctors of podiatric medicine believe such heels are medically unsound, and attribute postural and even safety problems to their use. the best shoes for men are good quality oxford styles, shoes ordinarily associated with wing - tip or cap toe designs. also suitable are slip - ons, dressy loafers, and low dress boots. | shoe fitting tips from the apma | | have your feet measured while you ’ re standing. | | always try on both shoes, and walk around the store. | | always buy for the larger foot ; feet are seldom precisely the same | don ’ t buy shoes that need a “ break - in ” period ; shoes should be | don ’ t rely on the size of your last pair of shoes. your feet do get larger, and lasts ( shoemakers ’ sizing molds ) also vary. | | shop for shoes later in the day ; feet tend to swell during the day, and it ’ s best to be fitted while they are in that state. | | be sure that shoes fit well — front, back, and sides — to distribute weight. it sounds elementary, but be sure the widest part of your foot corresponds to the widest part of the shoe. | | select a shoe with a leather upper, stiff heel counter, appropriate cushioning, and flexibility at the ball of the foot. | | buy shoes that don ’ t pinch your toes, either at the tips, or across the toe box. | | try on shoes while you ’ re wearing the same type of socks or stockings you expect to wear with the shoes. | | if you wear prescription orthotics — biomechanical inserts prescribed by a podiatric physician — you should take them along to shoe


indigenous australia for dummies what is the dreaming? how many different indigenous tribes and languages once existed in australia? what is the purpose of a corroboree? what effect do the events of the past have on indigenous peoples today? indigenous australia for dummies answers these questions and countless others about the oldest race on earth. it explores indigenous life in australia before 1770, the impact of white settlement, the ongoing struggle by aboriginal and torres strait islander peoples to secure their human rights and equal treatment under the law, and much more. celebrating the contributions of indigenous people to contemporary australian culture, the book explores indigenous art, music, dance, literature, film, sport, and spirituality. it discusses the concept of modern indigenous identity and examines the ongoing challenges facing indigenous communities today, from health and housing to employment and education, land rights, and self - determination. - explores significant political momentssuch as paul keating ' s redfern speech and kevin rudd ' s apology, and more - profiles celebrated people and organisations in a variety of fields, from cathy freeman to albert namatjira to the bangarra dance theatre and the national aboriginal radio service - challenges common stereotypes about indigenous people and discusses current debates, such as a land rights and inequalities in health and education this book will enlighten readers of all backgrounds about the history, struggles and triumphs of the diverse, proud, and fascinating peoples that make up australia ' s indigenous communities. with a foreword by former pm malcolm fraser, indigenous australia for dummies is a must - read account of australia ' s first people. ' indigenous australia for dummies is an important contribution to the broad debate and to a better understanding of our past history. hopefully it will influence future events. ' former prime minister malcolm fraser