organization to propose the abolition of the colonial system. du bois reinforced the naacp ’ s position in 1947 by submitting to the united nations “ an appeal to the world, ” a petition linking the history of racism in america to the treatment of people of color under colonial imperialism. the following year, in response to naacp pressure, president harry truman issued two executive orders banning discrimination in federal employment and armed forces. on the legal front, the supreme court handed the naacp important victories against all - white voting primaries, segregation in interstate travel, and restrictive covenants in smith v. allwright, morgan v. virginia, and shelley v. kraemer. read more about world war ii and the post war years » view all items from world war ii and the post war years » the civil rights era the naacp ’ s long battle against de jure segregation culminated in the supreme court ’ s landmark brown v. board of education decision, which overturned the “ separate but equal ” doctrine. former naacp branch secretary rosa parks ’ refusal to yield her seat to a white man sparked the montgomery bus boycott and the modern civil rights movement. in response to the brown decision, southern states launched a variety of tactics to evade school desegregation, while the naacp countered aggressively in the courts for enforcement. the resistance to brown peaked in 1957 – 58 during the crisis at little rock arkansas ’ s central high school. the ku klux klan and other white supremacist groups targeted naacp officials for assassination and tried to ban the naacp from operating in the south. however, naacp membership grew, particularly in the south. naacp youth council chapters staged sit - in demonstrations at lunch counters to protest segregation. the naacp was instrumental in organizing the 1963 march on washington, the largest mass protest for civil rights. the following year, the naacp joined the council of federated organizations to launch mississippi freedom summer, a massive project that assembled hundreds of volunteers to participate in voter registration and education. the naacp - led leadership conference on civil rights, a coalition of civil rights organizations, spearheaded the drive to win passage of the major civil rights legislation of the era : the civil rights act of 1957 ; the civil rights act of 1964 ; the voting rights act of 1965 ; and the fair housing act of 1968. read more about the civil rights era » view all items from the civil rights era » a renewal of the struggle the naacp struggled through the 1970s and 1980s, a period marked by change and many challenges. naacp executive director roy wilkins ended his long tenure with the association ( 1931 – 1977 ) and margaret


all items from the civil rights era » a renewal of the struggle the naacp struggled through the 1970s and 1980s, a period marked by change and many challenges. naacp executive director roy wilkins ended his long tenure with the association ( 1931 – 1977 ) and margaret bush wilson became the first black woman to chair the naacp board of directors. the naacp built on the legal and legislative victories of the civil rights era by supporting race - conscious initiatives to redress the legacy of racial discrimination. the naacp backed busing to achieve school desegregation and affirmative action programs with the government and private sector. but by the mid - 1970s, the naacp faced the threat of bankruptcy as the result of two lawsuits and criticism about its relevancy from proponents of the black power movement. in the 1980s, the reagan administration reduced the budget of the equal opportunity commission, tried to disband the u. s. commission on civil rights, reduced the number of civil rights attorneys in the justice department, and urged the supreme court to end affirmative action. the confluence of challenges in the 1970s and 1980s spurred the naacp to find new ways of defining its mission to address the issues of african americans. read more about a renewal of the struggle » view all items from a renewal of the struggle » towards a new century during the 1990s the naacp pursued economic empowerment, youth programs, and voter registration as top priorities. to " stem the tide of black land loss, " the naacp supported black farmers in a class action lawsuit against the u. s. department of agriculture alleging racial discrimination. the naacp began a campaign to protest the flying of the confederate flag in south carolina. the naacp also addressed the rise in hate crimes, evinced by a series of black church fires that swept the southeast. as it celebrates its centennial, the naacp is reflecting on the progress made and the work still to be done. at the dawn of the twenty - first century, the naacp continues to seek new ways of defining its mission. the organization is endeavoring to expand membership and build coalitions by reaffirming its origins as a racially and ethnically diverse human rights organization. while supporting enforcement of existing civil rights laws, the naacp is devising new strategies to redress racial disparities in education, employment, housing, health care, the criminal justice system, civic engagement, and voting rights. as long as racial hatred and discrimination exist, the naacp will wage a relentless campaign “ to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons. ” read more about towards a


northern california - on a ranch north of the bay area, several dozen men live in a labor camp. when there ' s work they pick apples and grapes or prune trees and vines. this year, however, the ranch has had much less work, as the economic recession hits california fields. state unemployment is over 12 %, but unemployment in rural counties is always twice what it is in urban ones. despite these statistics, however, unemployment among farm workers is largely hidden. in the case of these workers, it ' s hidden within the walls of the camp, far from the view of those who count the state ' s jobless. because they work from day to day, or week to week, there are simply periods when there ' s no work at all, and they stay in the barracks. in the past, the ranch ' s workers were mostly undocumented immigrants. in the last several years, however, the owner has begun bringing workers from mexico under the h2 - a guest worker program. while there are differences in the experiences of people without papers and guest workers, some basic aspects of life are the same. for the last several weeks, all the workers in the camp have been jobless, and neither undocumented workers nor guest workers can legally collect unemployment benefits. everyone ' s living on what they ' ve saved. and since the official total of the state ' s unemployed is based on counting those receiving benefits, none of the men here figure into california ' s official unemployment rate. the camp residents share other similarities. poverty in mexico forced them all to leave to support their families. living in the camp, they do the same jobs out in the fields. all of them miss their families and homes. and that home, as they see it, is in mexico. here, in the u. s., they don ' t feel part of the community that surrounds them. a permanent resident visa, or " green card, " would allow them to bring their families, and perhaps eventually to become integrated into the community. but for people coming from mexico to look for work in california fields, green cards are not available. their only alternative is what they call " walking through the mountains " - - that is, crossing without papers - - or signing up as a guest worker. in addition, as one man points out, because farmers are in the u. s. during planting season, the fields they ' d normally cultivate at home go unplanted. some of their options as unemployed workers are different, however,


in addition, as one man points out, because farmers are in the u. s. during planting season, the fields they ' d normally cultivate at home go unplanted. some of their options as unemployed workers are different, however, because of their different immigration status. ironically, in one way, guest workers have a disadvantage they don ' t share with the undocumented. guest workers have a visa, but they can only work for the rancher or contractor who brought them to the united states. if they ' re out of work and leave the ranch to look for a job with another employer, they violate the terms of their visa and can be deported. undocumented workers, however, can and do look for jobs outside the ranch when work there gets slow. the dangers of deportation and working without a visa hang over their heads every day they ' re in the united states. i ' m 38 years old, and i come from leon, guanajuato, where there are a lot of factories making shoes. i spent 10 years working in those factories as a cutter. if you work a 10 - hour day, you can make 1, 100 pesos ( about $ 100 ) a week. that ' s not enough to support a family, even there. and i have three kids, who are still living there with my wife. i came to the u. s. because of the economic pressure of trying to provide for them. i wanted them to get an education and just eat well, just so they ' d be healthy. we all felt terrible when i decided to come here nine years ago. the kids were little - - they didn ' t really understand. but when they got older, they ' d ask me why i had to be gone so long. it ' s been five years since i ' ve been able to go home. i came without any papers, just crossing the border in the mountains. when i think about my friends with papers, i wish i ' d had the chance. but the truth is, i couldn ' t come that way. there always used to be times when you could go back to mexico. but it ' s too difficult now. to begin with, it costs about $ 5, 000 now to cross the border coming back. and the border has become very dangerous. it ' s not like it was before. if you leave, you ' re not sure you ' ll be able to get back, even walking through the mountains. so i ' ve been trapped here for


. and the border has become very dangerous. it ' s not like it was before. if you leave, you ' re not sure you ' ll be able to get back, even walking through the mountains. so i ' ve been trapped here for five years. but i tried to take advantage of it, and not think too much about going back. i work here in the grapes and the apples. i knew about the work here from my wife ' s brothers. years ago, a lot of people came here from leon. now i ' m the only one. lots of those other folks left, and i was the only one who stayed. this year it ' s been harder. i ' ve hardly worked on the ranch this year - - just a couple of months. i looked for other work, but there wasn ' t a lot. in january and february, i went to the day labor center near here, and got work pruning apple trees. i ' m very grateful to them. even when there wasn ' t work on the ranch here, we could work other places and still live in the camp. they never charged us rent. when they have work, they expect you to work for them. you ' re living in their housing. some of the jobs are paid by piece - rate. when they pay by the hour, it ' s about $ 9. 85 per hour. sometimes, if we ' re working, we eat meat every day. but when you ' re not working, you eat tortillas and salt. that ' s the normal thing. before coming here, when i was living in mexico, we didn ' t eat meat very often. when you ' re here, you ' re always thinking about mexico. this is going to be my last year. i ' ve decided to stay in mexico, and to try not to think about coming here anymore. i ' ve put some money into a house and a little land. i ' ll go back to work in those shoe factories. i still know how to do all the work there. we ' ll suffer economically, but i hope we ' ll be ok. who knows? here everything is just work. it ' s all very serious. mexico feels more free. living here, it ' s not your country. my oldest son is studying psychology, and will go to the university in leon. he has a good future because he studies, and i support him. i hope for a good future for my other kids too, and i ' m hoping


your country. my oldest son is studying psychology, and will go to the university in leon. he has a good future because he studies, and i support him. i hope for a good future for my other kids too, and i ' m hoping that they ' ll have a future in mexico. i don ' t want them to leave. with more education, i hope they won ' t have to. i ' m 21 - - not married yet. i come from tlazezalco in michoacan, where my father works in the fields. my grandfather has some land, and so his sons rent from him. my father worked in the u. s. many years ago, in the 80s, before i was born. he just worked one year and never went back. then my brother went to atlanta eight years ago. i actually never planned to come here. i always said, i ' m not going. but now look. here i am. i have a dream - - to build a house, get married, and have a family. i have someone in mind, but you can ' t rush it. she told me to go, so i ' m hoping she ' ll wait for me. i never wanted to come to the u. s. by walking through the mountains. but one christmas eve, my aunt asked me if i ' d ever thought about coming here. at first i wasn ' t that enthusiastic, but then i began thinking about it. every christmas, she goes back to michoacan. she said, " they ' re hiring people, and they asked me to give them a hand. " so they brought me here, on an h2 - a visa. now i ' ve been coming this way for three years. the bosses here on the ranch arrange for the visa. then the foreman meets us at the border. we have to pay our own expenses to get there from our town. they pay for transportation and food from the border to the ranch here. the first two times we came in at nogales, and this last time through tijuana. the foreman takes us to the appointment with the consulate, where they tell you if you ' ve been approved or not. if they don ' t approve you, you have to go back home. this last time, two of us weren ' t approved. the consulate asked them if they had experience working in the fields. they ' d worked in factories. they said you need two months experience working in the fields to come here


go back home. this last time, two of us weren ' t approved. the consulate asked them if they had experience working in the fields. they ' d worked in factories. they said you need two months experience working in the fields to come here. the visa only lasts for six months. we ' re only supposed to work on this ranch. i guess we could work other places but you ' d be breaking the agreement, so it ' s better not to risk it. but we haven ' t had work here for several weeks. in the last two years, i really haven ' t made a lot of money. but the pay is better here. it ' s easier to save, because you ' re not spending so much. in six months, you can save what it might take you two years at home. in my town there aren ' t any factories so the work is all in the fields, but there ' s not much work there. some weeks you work three days, and in other weeks, you don ' t work at all. the economy is bad all over. here you can eat meat every day if you want. the way things are in mexico, you can ' t buy meat every day. to me, i just have a temporary life here. i have friends here who invite me to play football, but it ' s not a real team. i could never join one, because i ' m not here during part of the football season. so i just play with friends. here i ' m always living against the clock. i ' m not here to make a home. that ' s just the way my life is here. temporary. in reality, my home is my town, tlazezalco. i wouldn ' t trade it for any other. i came here because of the poverty. there ' s work at home, but just a little. i rent a little land on which i plant corn and garbanzos, and raise some animals. but you can ' t actually live on the money you make farming. it just helps a little. i ' m always working in other jobs, in someone else ' s fields, or on a hog farm. when i work for someone else, i get paid by the day. when i work for myself, it depends on the price of what i ' m able to grow, or how much i get for an animal i raise. the corn price has been the same for a while - - 70 or 80 pesos. sometimes, you can sell it


, it depends on the price of what i ' m able to grow, or how much i get for an animal i raise. the corn price has been the same for a while - - 70 or 80 pesos. sometimes, you can sell it, but other times you just feed it to the animals. there are times when my family can survive this way. but if you have a big family, it doesn ' t really give you anywhere near enough money. so my aunt got me to come here on an h2 - a. we ' ll see how it works out. i haven ' t decided if it ' s worth it yet. we ' re not here for that long, but you always want to be with your family. i ' m not planting anything this year either, because i ' m here during the planting season. traduccion al espanoleditor ’ s note : farm groups are pushing congress to include a guest worker program … coachella, calif. – cristian cabrera was working in the grape fields with her family last … salinas – as an organizer with the united farm workers, i ’ ve grown accustomed to seeing … editors of los angeles spanish - language newspaper la opinion write that they hope gov. jerry brown … hiring undocumented workers has a ‘ negligible ’ impact on the wages of documented workers in the … editor ’ s note : they may be too young to remember cesar chavez, but young people …


durham, n. c. - - researchers report finding a strong and surprising association between the gene that causes cystic fibrosis and a debilitating form of pancreatitis, inflammation of the pancreas. duke university medical center gastroenterologist dr. jonathan cohn, who led the research team, said the main point of the study " is that many patients carrying a diagnosis of unexplained chronic pancreatitis have a disease where genetics plays a major and previously unsuspected role. this finding introduces a new concept about how chronic pancreatitis develops and it will change how physicians treat patients with this condition. " the researchers from duke, the durham vamc and the university of north carolina at chapel hill published the results of their study thursday in the new england journal of medicine. the research was supported by grants from the national institutes of health, the department of veterans affairs and the cystic fibrosis foundation. the most striking feature of chronic pancreatitis is severe, often incapacitating, abdominal pain. about two - thirds of the estimated 100, 000 cases of chronic pancreatitis in the united states are caused by heavy alcohol use. however, chronic pancreatitis also strikes patients who are not drinkers, and in almost all these cases, the cause is unknown, or idiopathic. the new study shows that in many patients with idiopathic chronic pancreatitis, there is a genetic explanation for their condition, the researchers said. the gene involved in these cases of idiopathic pancreatitis is the same as the gene that causes cystic fibrosis. the classic features of cystic fibrosis include severe lung disease, abnormal sweat production and pancreatic insufficiency. the research team conducted extensive genetic analysis of 27 patients referred to duke with idiopathic chronic pa contact : richard merritt duke university medical center


the 2012 new car models are shipping already, lead by the 2012 ford focus scheduled to arrive at dealerships this month. these are the first new cars that have to comply with new, stricter fuel economy standards passed by the national highway traffic safety administration ( nhtsa ) in 2009. the changes are the first major increase in fuel economy standards for cars since the requirements originally took effect in the 1970s. automakers are expected to adopt a wide range of technologies to meet the new targets, including direct injection, continuously variable transmissions, hybrid systems, and plug - in electric cars. the new standards require a new - car corporate average fuel economy ( cafe ) of average 33. 3 mpg this year and light trucks to average 25. 4, for an overall average of 29. 7 mpg. these standards are scheduled to ramp up all the way to 34. 1 mpg overall by 2016. under the new system, each automaker has an independent fuel economy target to meet, based on the types and sizes of vehicles it plans to produce. but on average, the new standards are supposed to increase overall fuel economy by 16 percent this year and by a third by 2016. ( congress has called for a 40 - percent increase overall by 2020. ) these fuel economy improvements are supposed to save 61 billion gallons of fuel and reduce carbon dioxide ( co2 ) emissions by 654. 7 million metric tons, according to nhtsa. this chart above shows how the requirements ramp up through 2016, not counting some loopholes and credits available to the automakers.


" energy drinks typically feature caffeine and a combination of other ingredients, including taurine, sucrose, guarana, ginseng, niacin, pyridoxine and cyanocobalamin, " says stephanie ballard from nova southeastern university. " caffeine has been consistently been observed to enhance aerobic performance, although its effects on anaerobic performance may vary, " she added. the impact of energy drinks on weight loss has different theories. some data suggest that combined with exercise, they may lead to weight loss. however, other studies suggest that users may get addicted to caffeine, with increasing calorie - burn and weight loss. however, being loaded with sugar, energy drinks may be contributing to the obesity epidemic alongside less caffeinated, sugary drinks like soda, warned ballard. " for the national collegiate athletic association, athletes are considered to be doping if urinary caffeine is greater than 15 µg / ml, which is about the same as drinking eight cups of coffee, each containing 100 mg of caffeine, " ballard said. caffeine has been reported to cause insomnia, nervousness, arrhythmias, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, pregnancy and childbirth complication, gastrointestinal upset and death. but small amounts can be safe and still boost performance. " caffeine in amounts of up to 6 mg / kg may produce benefits with low risk of adverse effects, " she added. the study was published in a recent issue of the physician and sportsmedicine. ( ani )


washington, d. c. - - the opportunity rover has found strong evidence that eons ago water flowed across mars, pooled on the surface, and then returned to the atmosphere, leaving behind a thick layer of minerals leached from the land. " we ' ve found our ancient water on mars, " says rover science team member harry mcsween of the university of tennessee, knoxville. at a press conference at nasa headquarters here today, rover principal investigator steven squyres of cornell university ticked off the evidence for a soaking wet mars he and his team had developed from opportunity observations of the previous weeks. the new findings don ' t prove that mars ever sustained life or even that mars was ever as warm and wet as earth has been. however, they do mean that at least in one patch the size of oklahoma, water soaked the rock for age upon age, which is all that life could ask for. part of the evidence involves the structure of the outcrop. the round balls 2 or 3 millimeters in diameter seen weathering out of the rock, they decided, resemble " concretions " that grow as mineral - laden water lays down salts in the rock pores. also indicative are vugs, " very weird - looking, tabular holes " that riddle the rock, in squyres ' s words. they are probably the voids left by now vanished crystals of gypsum - - to judge by their shape - - that grew from mineral - laden water. the mineralogy is telling, too. the rover ' s spectrometer found high concentrations of jarosite, an iron - rich mineral " you have to have water around to make, " said squyres. another sign of water was chemical. the rover ' s alpha particle x - ray spectrometer found " an enormous quantity of sulfur in this rock, " said squyres. " it must be full of sulfate, a telltale sign of liquid water. " the rover ' s minithermal emission spectrometer also saw abundant signs of sulfate in the infrared colors of the rock, much of it probably magnesium sulfate, the familiar epsom salts. " this is an astonishing amount of salt, " said benton clark, a science team member at lockheed martin in denver. on earth, such an abundance of salts most often forms when water carrying dissolved material pools and then evaporates. all this salty water on early mars tells team members that water soaked the subsurface or, more likely, the bottom of a lake or ocean. "


even for the lucky few creatures that are preserved in the fossil record, soft tissues such as skin and feathers typically disappear over time. but a newly developed technique has found a way to bring them back to life in some cases. researchers have now used the approach to resurrect the teeth and recognize the carcass of a 50 - million - year - old fossil of a lizard, long thought to be merely preserved remnants of skin shed from the reptile. " this is incredibly uncharted territory, " says gregory erickson, a vertebrate paleontologist at florida state university in tallahassee. " this technique reveals that there ' s literally more to fossils than meets the eye. " discovered in the 1980s, the lizard fossil is one of only two known examples of reptile skin unearthed from the green river formation of the western united states, a finely layered mudstone best known for its exquisite fish fossils. even though soft tissues are incredibly rare in the fossil record, being preserved only in unusual environmental circumstances, this lizard fossil survived the ages, says phillip manning, a vertebrate paleontologist at the university of manchester in the united kingdom. it ' s easy to see the remnants of individual scales in the skin, but the rock doesn ' t include any visible remains of bones or other hard tissue — a combination that led researchers to believe that the skin had been shed by a living creature and then preserved. but recently, to learn more about the fossil, manning and his colleagues turned to a relatively new x - ray analysis technique — dubbed synchrotron rapid scanning x - ray fluorescence — with surprising results. instead of enabling scientists to see inside or through rock, he notes, the intense x - rays produced by this technique cause particular elements or compounds to fluoresce, revealing previously unrecognized chemical remnants that are invisible to the naked eye but persist in the rocks at very low concentrations. when the researchers illuminated the fossil with x - rays that cause sulfur and copper to fluoresce, the skin remnants showed up in remarkable detail. but when they lit the fossil with x - rays that cause phosphorus to glow, the technique revealed many small spots in the lizard ' s head where that element was concentrated — regularly spaced spots that appear where the creature ' s jaws would have been. the arrangement prompted the researchers to interpret the traces of phosphorus as the chemical remnants of teeth. because lizards don ' t shed their teeth when they molt their skin, the technique reveals the unusual fossil to be the partially preserved remnants of


would have been. the arrangement prompted the researchers to interpret the traces of phosphorus as the chemical remnants of teeth. because lizards don ' t shed their teeth when they molt their skin, the technique reveals the unusual fossil to be the partially preserved remnants of a full carcass, the researchers report online this month in applied physics a : materials science & processing. the fossil ' s state of preservation reveals a lot about the environmental conditions where the carcass ended up, presumably after being washed into the lake soon after it died. lake - bottom waters at this particular spot likely had little or no oxygen, enabling preservation of the skin. but the waters apparently were also acidic, which totally dissolved the creature ' s bones and left only scant traces of its teeth. the chemical vestiges of the teeth were most likely preserved because tooth enamel typically has a low concentration of organic matter and large crystals of phosphate minerals, both of which render the teeth more resistant to decay. the x - ray technique the team used " will open the curtain to a whole new way of studying extinct animals and the conditions in which they lived and died, " manning says. another benefit of the approach, he notes, is that it ' s nondestructive. previous studies using the technique have revealed the chemical residues of pigments in feathers, providing insight into the color patterns that ancient birds might have sported. the technique also offers the opportunity to discern remnants of soft tissues that are only rarely preserved, such as the pigment - filled retinas of eyes, the ink sacs of ancient squid, and possibly other tissues such as muscles — at least as far as the naked eye is concerned. results of the new study " are fantastically interesting, " says mark norell, a vertebrate paleontologist at the american museum of natural history in new york city. " there ' s a whole lot more preserved with fossils than we ever thought there was. " erickson agrees. " this technique will prompt paleontologists to revisit a lot of classic fossils, " he says. " who knows what got missed during the first 150 years of paleontology? "


timothy n. baldwin, jd. august 27, 2010 americans have historically prided themselves in being different from all other nations of the earth. stemming from our independent lives and station from great britain - - even while being politically subject to it - - the foundation of america rested upon the ideal of independence, individualism, self - determination and freedom. a massive and motivating secession movement from great britain took only a few years to brew throughout the colonies, given only minor usurpations from their mother country, comparably speaking. the colonies ’ sovereignty was deemed established not upon the winning of the war but upon their unilateral declaration : “ these united colonies are, and of right ought to be free and independent states. ” once their sovereignty was confirmed by the treaty of paris of 1783, constitutions were formed upon the american ideal of choice, reflection and wisdom, knowing that the natural law principles of self - government proclaimed in the declaration of independence were the undergirding foundation and were eternal in application to every generation. upon these same principles, many in america today believe that similar decisions as made by the founding generation must be made the people of the states. the fruits of the spirit of the federal government have evidenced its machinery intent of subjecting the people of the states to anti - american ideology. masses of people scrounge around trying to find the answer in the system as is. “ there must be someone to blame! ” they claim. some angrily point to the federal courts because of their “ misinterpretation ” of the u. s. constitution. some point to congress for passing laws without having read the u. s. constitution or with the attitude that if the law is unconstitutional, the courts will set it straight later. others point to the president - - as if he can do anything without the money congress gives him to wage war, support his bureaucracy, grow his military - industrial complex and spread the wealth of the nation. thus, every two and four years, the only method of reform that can be thought of is voting in new politicians in federal office. meanwhile, the people see little importance in putting politicians in the state and local positions who have a true understanding of what federalism, state sovereignty and consent of governed truly mean in theory and application. and the cycle of enslavement continues. ironically, many of these same people who claim that the federal government has enslaved the people and destroyed the states throughout many generations and that there is a conspiracy of the highest order and most evil intent shun


and the cycle of enslavement continues. ironically, many of these same people who claim that the federal government has enslaved the people and destroyed the states throughout many generations and that there is a conspiracy of the highest order and most evil intent shun the thought that the states secede from the union. they reject ( unwittingly or not ) the notion that the nation is too large to be governed by one central authority ; that self - government cannot exist as long as 400 plus million people are lumped into one system of governance ; and that true government reform means breaking this empire up into smaller parts. they cannot wrap their minds around the ideal that the american dream demands that the states separate from the form of government that they acknowledge is enslaving them. as has been observed, the u. s. constitution is “ in reality a version of the british constitution, ” from which the colonies seceded in 1776. the only notable and distinctive element of difference in the u. s. constitution was the concept of federalism — a federal system of sovereign states exercising their powers independent of the federal government and the federal government exercising its powers independent of the states. but even great britain exercised a type of federalism as the colonies were left to govern their internal affairs without interference. were this not true, resisting the stamp act of 1765 would seem quite silly. so, can the experiment of dual sovereignty be considered a success? while most americans may not recognize the failure of this experiment, the results from our debauched federal government clearly prove the failure. yet, many americans still attempt to use the same debauchery to bring freedom to the states which they claim are in slave status. something is terribly wrong with this picture. what will it take for americans to realize that the states are naturally and morally justified in separating from the chains and cycle of tyranny? perhaps more than anyone would care to admit. we obviously have not learned from the example of our founding generation, for they seceded under much less egregious circumstances than our political and social plight today. we cannot even learn from the modern - day examples of other countries. consider the nation of sudan, the south of which is undergoing a serious secession effort today. in a recent article entitled moral justifications of secession for southern sudan, the author writes about the moral justification of secession in sudan, saying, “ in the two wars ( 1955 - 1972 ) and ( 1983 to 2005 ), the total number of deaths have been always estimated at between 3 million and 4 million


southern sudan, the author writes about the moral justification of secession in sudan, saying, “ in the two wars ( 1955 - 1972 ) and ( 1983 to 2005 ), the total number of deaths have been always estimated at between 3 million and 4 million … the prior occupation and annexation of territories of south sudan by sudanese armed forces, massive human rights violations and discriminatory injustice are seen as severe injustices that can morally justify secession. ” how astutely observant it is for human rights groups and other “ free ” governments of the world, including the united states federal government, to recognize a moral justification ( i. e. natural right ) of a people to secede from their existing political connections! i think a monkey could figure this out. so, does it really take the death of millions before the people realize that they should secede! i thought constitutions ( and thus unions ) were to be formed and remain under the pretext of forethought, consent, wisdom and reason, not upon the force of remaining until the country reaches utter devastation like sudan. amazingly, some americans are more afraid of reforming the union than they are of the federal government, which they assert have total control over our lives with the intent to do so. despite this assertion and belief, these people ignore america ’ s first principle : “ when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. ” even alexander hamilton admits this necessity under the u. s. constitution. yet somehow this observation of social and political nature has been foolishly rejected by many who claim to love freedom and america. the reality is, the federal government has nothing without the cooperation and consent of the states. this was admitted throughout the federalist papers. were even a few states to secede from the union, the federal government ’ s power to do anything in response would be exponentially limited. they have no assets as it is. they have nothing but debt. their only sustenance is a people who chose to remain bound to their rule. that day is short lived. the new secession movement has nothing but moral justification written all over it — a morality which considers preemptive prevention to be a better remedy. people can argue practicality all they want ( just as some did in 1775 - 1776 in america ), but the wave of freedom


has nothing but moral justification written all over it — a morality which considers preemptive prevention to be a better remedy. people can argue practicality all they want ( just as some did in 1775 - 1776 in america ), but the wave of freedom ’ s future will demand that your loyalty be revealed. a side must be chosen. neutrality will not be tolerated, just as in 1776. you need to know : those who advocate secession today are not wackos and nut - jobs, despite the attempts by news commentators such as chris matthews, geraldo and the like to categorize otherwise. today ’ s secessionists are reputable and honorable doctors, lawyers, politicians, journalists, scholars, teachers, university professors, economics, insurance agents, deputy sheriffs, military officers, business owners and a myriad of regular americans. subscribe to the newswithviews daily news alerts! what people need are leaders who have a vision for the future of freedom in the states of america. these leaders are not found in washington d. c. they are likely and virtually unknown on a national scale. however, as circumstances worsen, they will rise to the occasion and the opportunity of history will reveal invaluable statesmen, those like the founding fathers. it will be these leaders and those who follow them who will prove that at least some of the states are not like other nations of the world who wait until millions are killed or their lives destroyed before secession is justified. they will use the wisdom given by god to “ provide new guards for their future security ” and to “ secure these rights [ of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness ]. ” thomas jefferson, american declaration of independence, 1776, ( emphasis 2. george pellew, american statesmen, john jay, vol. 9, ( boston and new york, houghton, mifflin and co., 1899 ), 69, statement made by sir henry maine. 3. “ [ we are called upon to decide whether ] societies of men are really capable or not of establishing good government from reflection and choice, or whether they are forever destined to depend for their political constitutions on accident and force. ” alexander hamilton, federalist paper 1 ( emphasis added ). 4. thomas jefferson, american declaration of independence, 1776, ( emphasis added ). 5. “ if such presumptions [ of federal tyranny ] can fairly be made, there ought at once to be an end of all delegated authority. the people should resolve to recall all the powers


, ( emphasis added ). 5. “ if such presumptions [ of federal tyranny ] can fairly be made, there ought at once to be an end of all delegated authority. the people should resolve to recall all the powers they have heretofore parted with out of their own hands, and to divide themselves into as many states as there are counties, in order that they may be able to manage their own concerns in person. ” alexander hamilton, federalist paper 26 ( emphasis added ). 6. thomas jefferson, american declaration of independence, 1776. © 2010 timothy n. baldwin, jd - all rights reserved timothy n. baldwin is an attorney from pensacola, fl. he received his bachelor of arts degree at the university of west florida in 2001 and received his juris doctorate degree from cumberland school of law at samford university in 2004. baldwin was a prosecutor in the 1st district of florida from 2004 to 2006. in 2006, he started his own law practice, where he created specialized legal services entirely for property management companies. like his father, chuck baldwin, timothy baldwin is an astute articulator of cutting - edge political ideas, which he posts on his website, www. libertydefenseleague. com and speaks about in various public forum. baldwin is the author of freedom for a change, in which he expounds the fundamental principles of freedom believed by america ’ s forefathers and gives inspiring and intelligent application of those principles to america ’ s current political and cultural standing. baldwin believes that the times require all freedom - loving americans to educate, invigorate and activate the principles of freedom within the states of america for ourselves and our posterity. web site : libertydefenseleague


find is a very powerful command. after the last post about grep, in which i mentioned that dos has a command called “ find ” which is a simplistic version of grep, i now feel obliged to tell all about the real ( that is, the * nix ) find works on the basis of find ( from somewhere ) ( something ) ; the “ from somewhere ” is often “. ” ( here, the current directory ), or “ / ” ( root, to search the entire filesystem ). it ’ s not terribly interesting. what is interesting, is the “ something ” bit. you can specify a file name, for example : $ find / - name " foo. txt " / home / steve / misc / foo. txt $ that wasn ’ t very exciting, and it will take a long time to complete, too. systems with “ slocate ” installed could just say locate foo. txt and get the answer back in a fraction of a second ( by looking it up in a database ), without trawling through the whole hard disk ( or, indeed, all attached disks ). so that ’ s not what ’ s exciting about find. what is exciting about find, is what else it can do, instead of just “ - name foo. txt ”. don ’ t get me wrong ; the “ - name ” switch is useful. more useful with wildcards : find. - name " *. txt " will find all text files. you can restrict the search to one filesystem with the “ - mount ” ( aka “ - xdev ” ) flag. if you want to find files newer than / var / log / messages, you can use find. - newer / var / log / messages if you want to find files over 10kb, then find. - size + 10k will do the job. to get a full listing, find. - size + 10k - ls. want to know what files i own? find. - uname steve how about listing all files over 10kb with their owner and permissions? $ find. - size + 10k - printf " % m % u % f \ n " - rwxr - xr - x steve foo. txt - rw - - - - - - - steve bar. doc - rwxr - xr - x steve fubar. iso - rwxr - xr - x steve fee. tx


there has been too little serious public policy debate concerning how best to reduce exposure of children and youth to media violence. many of the debates that have occurred in congress, the popular press, and conferences have often focused on whether there is sufficient scientific evidence of harmful effects to support public policy actions. some debates have conflated other public policy issues with the basic scientific question of whether there are significant harmful effects. some u. s. first amendment proponents who are vociferous critics of media violence research do not seem to understand that the scientific question ( are there harmful effects? ) is different from the legal question ( are proposed policies legal under the u. s. constitution? ). as the medical, public health, and psychological scientific communities have repeatedly stated, the scientific debate about whether there are harmful effects of media violence is over. we believe that it is time to move on to the more difficult public policy questions concerning whether modern societies should take action to reduce the high rates of exposure of children and youth to media violence, and if so, what public policies would likely be the most effective. - source much of this has focused on claims made by breivik that he used the “ military shooter ” call of duty : modern warfare 2 to prepare for his attacks. critics of games and gaming very quickly pounced on his assertion to claim this was evidence of a causal link between game - playing and committing acts of violence. years of research documents how witnessing violence and aggression leads to a range of negative out - comes for children. these outcomes result both from witnessing real violence ( osofsky, 1995 ) as well as from viewing media vio - lence ( anderson et al., 2003 ; gentile, 2003 ). ironically, the same parents who take great pains to keep children from witnessing violence in the home and neighborhood often do little to keep them from viewing large quantities of violence on television, in movies, and in video games. are games our escapist fantasies, or our outlets for dealing with reality? either way, why is our most common gameplay choice the pursuit of war?


converts a number to thai text and adds a suffix of " baht. " in excel for windows, you can change the baht format to a different style from the control panel by using regional and language options in windows vista or in microsoft windows xp. in excel for the macintosh, you can change the baht number format to a different style by using control panel for numbers. number is a number you want to convert to text, or a reference to a cell containing a number, or a formula that evaluates to a number. the example may be easier to understand if you copy it to a blank worksheet. how to copy an example - create a blank workbook or worksheet. - select the example in the help topic. note do not select the row or column headers. selecting an example from help - press ctrl + c. - in the worksheet, select cell a1, and press ctrl + v. - to switch between viewing the results and viewing the formulas that return the results, press ctrl + ` ( grave accent ), or on the formulas tab, in the formula auditing group, click the show formulas button. | | displays the number in text. ( one thousand two hundred thirty four baht in thai text )


the general question of the prolegomena. is metaphysics possible at all? were metaphysics actually present as a science, one might say : here is metaphysics, you only require to learn it, and it will convince you permanently and irresistibly of its truth. in that case the present question would be unnecessary, and there would only remain one which would more concern a testing of our acuteness, than a proof of the existence of the thing itself ; namely, the question, how is it possible, and how is the reason to set about attaining it? unfortunately, in this case, human reason is not in such a happy position. there is no single book that can be shown, like for instance euclid, of which it can be said : this is metaphysics, herein is to be found the chief end of the science, the knowledge of a supreme being and of a future world, demonstrated upon principles of the pure reason. it is possible, doubtless, to bring forward many propositions that are apodictically certain, and that have never been contested ; but these are in their entirety analytic, and concern more the materials and the elements of construction, than the extension of knowledge, which is our special object in the present case. but even when synthetic propositions are produced ( such as the principle of sufficient reason ), which though they have never been proved from mere reason, that is, a priori, as they ought to have been, are willingly admitted ; even then, whenever it is attempted to make use of them for the main purpose, one is landed in such unstable and doubtful assertions, that it has always happened that one system of metaphysics has contradicted another, either in respect of the assertions themselves or their proofs, and has thus destroyed all claim to a lasting recognition. the very attempts made to establish the science have without doubt been the primary cause of the scepticism that so early arose, a mode of thought in which the reason treats itself with such violence, that it would never have arisen but from the latter ’ s utter despair of satisfying its chief aspirations. for long before man began methodically to question nature, he interrogated his own isolated reason, already practised, in a measure by common experience ; because reason is always present, while the laws of nature generally require to be laboriously sought out. and so metaphysics floated to the surface like foam, and like foam, too, no sooner was it gathered up than it dissolved, while another


; because reason is always present, while the laws of nature generally require to be laboriously sought out. and so metaphysics floated to the surface like foam, and like foam, too, no sooner was it gathered up than it dissolved, while another mass of it appeared upon the scene which some were always found eager to grasp ; while others, instead of seeking to penetrate the cause of the phenomenon in question, thought themselves wise in laughing at the futile exertions of the former. the essential feature distinguishing pure mathematical knowledge from all other knowledge a priori, is that it does not proceed from conceptions themselves, but always through the construction of conceptions. ( critique, p. 435. ) since, therefore, in its propositions it must pass out of the conception to that containing the corresponding intuition, these can and ought never to arise from the dissection of conceptions, that is, analytically ; in other words, they are, in their entirety, synthetic. i cannot refrain from remarking on the disadvantage resulting to philosophy from a neglect of this simple and apparently insignificant observation. hume, indeed, feeling it a task worthy of a philosopher, cast his eye over the whole field of pure knowledge a priori in which the human understanding claims such extensive possession. he, however, inconsiderately severed from it an entire, and indeed the most important, province, namely, that of pure mathematics, under the impression that its nature, and, so to speak, its constitution, rested on totally different principles, that is, solely on the principle of contradiction ; and although he did not make such a formal and universal division of propositions as is here done by me, or under the same name, yet it was as good as saying, pure mathematics contains simply analytic judgments, but metaphysics, synthetic judgments a priori. now in this he made a great mistake, and this mistake had decidedly injurious consequences on his whole conception. for if he had not made it, he would have extended his question respecting the origin of our synthetic judgments far beyond his metaphysical conception of causality, and comprehended therein the possibility of mathematics a priori ; for he must have regarded this as equally synthetic. but in the latter case he could, under no circumstances, have based his metaphysical propositions on mere experience, as he would then have been obliged to have subordinated the axioms of pure mathematics themselves to experience, a proceeding for which he was much too penetrating. the good company into which metaphysics would then have been brought


metaphysical propositions on mere experience, as he would then have been obliged to have subordinated the axioms of pure mathematics themselves to experience, a proceeding for which he was much too penetrating. the good company into which metaphysics would then have been brought must have ensured it against contemptuous treatment ; for the strokes aimed at the latter must have also hit the former, and this neither was nor could have been his intention. the result must have been to lead the acute man to considerations similar to those with which we are now occupied, but which must have gained infinitely by his inimitable style. essentially metaphysical judgments are, in their entirety, synthetic. we must distinguish between judgments belonging to metaphysics from metaphysical judgments proper. among the former are comprised many that are analytic, but they only furnish the means for metaphysical judgments, these forming the entire purpose of the science, and being all synthetic. for when conceptions belong to metaphysics, as, for instance, that of substance, the judgments arising from their dissection belong also to metaphysics ; e. g., substance is that which only exists as subject, & c., and many more similar analytic judgments, by means of which an en leavour is made to approach the definition of the conception. since, however, the analysis of a pure conception of the understanding ( such as those metaphysics contains ) cannot proceed differently from the analysis of any other conception ( even an empirical one ) not belonging to metaphysics ( e. g., air is an elastic fluid, the elasticity of which is not destroyed by any known degree of cold ), it follows that the conception but not the analytic judgment, is properly metaphysical. the science in question has something special and peculiar in the production of its cognitions a priori, which must be distinguished from what it has in common with all other cognitions of the understanding ; so, for instance, the proposition, “ all that is substance in things is permanent, ” is a synthetic and properly metaphysical judgment. when the conceptions a priori constituting the materials of metaphysics have been previously collected according to fixed principles, the dissection of these conceptions is of great value. they can be then presented as a special department ( as it were a philosophia definitiva ), containing solely analytic propositions relating to metaphysics, though quite distinct from the synthetic, which constitute metaphysics itself. for, indeed, these analyses have nowhere any important use, except in metaphysics, that is, in reference to


be preparatory exercises, designed more to show what has to be done, to realise a science as far as is possible, than to expound one. they must, therefore, rely on something known as trustworthy, from which we may with confidence proceed, and ascend to its sources, as yet unknown to us, and the discovery of which will not only explain what we already knew, but at the same time exhibit to us a range of many cognitions, all arising from these same sources. the methodical procedure of prolegomena, especially of those destined to prepare a future system of metaphysics, will therefore be analytic. now it fortunately happens that, although we cannot accept metaphysics as a real science, we may assert with confidence that certain pure synthetic cognitions are really given a priori, namely, pure mathematics and pure natural science, for both contain propositions, partly apodictically certain through mere reason, and partly recognised by universal consent as coming from experience, and yet as completely independent of it. we have, then, at least some uncontested, synthetic knowledge a priori, and do not require to ask whether this is possible, since it is actual, but only — how it is possible, in order to be able to deduce from the principle, rendering possible what is already given, the possibility of all the rest.


the combination of titan ’ s low gravity and thick atmosphere would allow a human to fly by strapping “ fake wings ” to their arms. the second - largest moon in the solar system, saturn ’ s titan is the only moon with a substantial atmosphere, which is much deeper than earth ’ s. it ’ s so thick and the gravity so weak, in fact, that you could strap wings on your arms and flap them like a bird to fly. the air is mostly nitrogen, but the rest is mostly hydrocarbons, giving titan ’ s atmosphere a thick orange smoggy haze that is opaque to visible light. cassini studies titan in infrared light ( which can penetrate the haze ) and with radar — and in 2004, via the huygens probe, an atmosphere probe became the first spacecraft to transmit from the surface of a moon other than our own. titan is remarkably earthlike, apart from being so cold that water is as hard as rock ; in addition to the atmosphere, it is the only place other than earth known to have bodies of liquid on the surface — lakes as large as the great lakes, except that it ’ s not water : it ’ s probably methane or ethane. the climate is probably similar to some of our deserts, with gigantic monsoons perhaps once a decade or more, and long droughts between. nasa scientists are working on a mission called titan mare explorer ( time ) specifically to study the lakes of titan. read the full text here : http : / / mentalfloss. com / it ’ s raining on titan! illustration credit & copyright : david a. hardy ( astroart )


" we acknowledge one baptism for the remission of sins. " these words, found in the nicene - constantinopolitan creed, simply and yet boldly declare orthodox teaching on baptism. the baptismal experience is often considered the fundamental christian experience. the word baptize derives from baptizo, the transliterated form of the greek word βαπτειν or baptivzw. in a historical context, it means " to dip, plunge, or immerse " something entirely, e. g. into water. although commonly associated with christian baptism, the word is known to have been used in other contexts. for instance, a 2nd century author named nicander wrote down a pickle recipe which illustrates the common use of the word. he first says that the pickle should be dipped ( bapto ) into boiling water, followed by a complete submersion ( baptizo ) in a vinegar solution. the word was also used to explain the process of submerging cloth into a colored dye. the christian ritual of water baptism traces back to saint john the forerunner, who the bible says baptized many, including jesus. certain forms of baptism were practiced in the old testament. additionally, baptism was practiced in some pagan religions as a sign of death and rebirth. baptism as a sacrament in contrast to a common protestant viewpoint, baptism is more than just a symbolic act of burial and resurrection, but an actual supernatural transformation. baptism is believed to impart cleansing ( remission ) of sins and union with christ in his death, burial and resurrection ( see romans 6 : 3 - 5 ; colossians 2 : 12, 3 : 1 - 4 ). baptism is performed by the three - fold immersion of a person in the name of the holy trinity. that is, a person is immersed " in the name of the father, and of the son, and of the holy spirit, " once for each person of the holy trinity. the practice of baptism by the pouring or sprinkling of water, instead of full immersion, is not taught or practiced in the orthodox church as in some roman catholic and protestant churches. baptism is immediately followed by chrismation and holy communion at the next divine liturgy, regardless of age. adults are baptized after they have completed their time as a catechumen. the orthodox also practice infant baptism on the basis of various texts ( e. g. matthew 9 : 14 ) which are interpreted to condone full church membership for children. this is generally based on a confession


completed their time as a catechumen. the orthodox also practice infant baptism on the basis of various texts ( e. g. matthew 9 : 14 ) which are interpreted to condone full church membership for children. this is generally based on a confession of faith for a child by his or her godparents. the orthodox church does not practice infant baptism in order to cleanse the taint of original sin, because this doctrine is not taught in the orthodox church. validity of a baptism because the sacrament of baptism has actual spiritual and salvific effects, certain criteria must be complied with for it to be valid ( i. e., to actually have those effects ). baptism in water is assumed. violation of some rules regarding baptism render the baptism illicit ( i. e., a violation of the church ' s laws, and a sin for those who willingly and knowingly participate in it ), and yet still valid. for example, if a priest introduces some unauthorized variation in the ceremony, the baptism is still valid so long as certain key criteria are still met, even though the priest has violated the church ' s law and thus sinned, and so have the other participants if they know the priest ' s behaviour is illict. in normal circumstances, a licit baptism must be performed by a priest or a deacon. however, in cases of a genuine emergency, anyone may perform the baptism. one of the criteria for validity is that the correct form of words be used. orthodox use the form " let this servant of christ be baptized... " or " this person is baptized by my hands... " catholics use the form " i baptize you... " however, both churches recognize the other ' s form as valid. the catholic church teaches that the use of the verb " baptize " is essential. it is also considered essential that the trinitarian formula is used. baptisms from non - trinitarian churches, such as oneness pentecostal, are generally not considered valid. there was an ancient controversy over baptism using the formula that oneness pentecostals use, with some ancient authorities holding it to be valid. however, this was motivated by the apparent use of that formula at some places in scripture, not by anti - trinitarian considerations ( which might well invalidate the baptism even if that formula is valid ). the most significant part, some theologians have argued, is not so much the trinitarian wording, as the trinitarian intention,


anti - trinitarian considerations ( which might well invalidate the baptism even if that formula is valid ). the most significant part, some theologians have argued, is not so much the trinitarian wording, as the trinitarian intention, and the recognition that the baptism involves all three persons. some theologians have also argued that sprinkling on a part of the body other than the head in an emergency would also be valid. a person, once baptized, cannot be baptized again. there was an ancient practice in some areas of rebaptizing those who had returned to the church from heresy, but that practice has been universally rejected. baptism by other denominations the various jurisdictions of the orthdox church generally accept baptism performed by other denominations as valid, subject to certain conditions. it is only possible to be baptized once, thus people with valid baptisms from other denominations may not be baptized again on conversion. instead, for these converts the sacrament of chrismation is performed. however, in some cases it can be difficult to decide whether the original baptism was valid, so if there is any doubt, a conditional baptism is employed, in which the officiant says something of the form of " if you are not yet baptized, i baptize you... " the need for conditional baptisms is motivated not only by factual uncertainties regarding the original baptism, but also by the uncertainty of some of the baptismal theology regarding the precise conditions for the validity of baptism. ( the church holds that one cannot be certain that opinions which are offered by pious theologians, but on which the church has not made an authoritative pronouncement, are correct, and even authoritative pronouncements can have multiple interpretations which the church has neither definitively endorsed or rejected. ) the ritual of baptism is prefigured in the purification rites of jewish law and tradition. in the tanakh and tradition of the teachers of the torah, a ritual bath for purification from uncleanness used to be required under specified circumstances in order to be restored to a condition of ritual purity. for example, women after menses, and after a number of blood - free days following child - birth, were washed in a ritual bath, called a mikvah. those who became ritually defiled by contact with something infectious, would also use the mikveh as part of their healing. washing was also required for converts. through practices such as these, immersion in the mikveh came to represent purification and restoration, and qualification for full religious


with something infectious, would also use the mikveh as part of their healing. washing was also required for converts. through practices such as these, immersion in the mikveh came to represent purification and restoration, and qualification for full religious participation in the life of the community ( book of numbers chapter 19 ). traditional conversion to judaism also requires a mikvah, so for converts jewish initiation is in some ways similar to christian initiation, although the term baptism is not used to describe the jewish conversion. baptism in the gospels st. john the forerunner a preliminary understanding of baptism starts with st. john the forerunner, the cousin of jesus. john spoke of a baptism of repentance in preparation for the coming of the messiah. - " and he came into all the country about jordan, preaching the baptism of repentance for the remission of sins ; as it is written in the book of the words of esaias the prophet, saying, the voice of one crying in the wilderness, prepare ye the way of the lord, make his paths straight. every valley shall be filled, and every mountain and hill shall be brought low ; and the crooked shall be made straight, and the rough ways shall be made smooth ; and all flesh shall see the salvation of god. " ( luke 3 : 3 - 6 kjv, also see matthew 3 : 1 - 6, mark 1 : 1 - 5 ) in regards to his relationship to the coming messiah, john also spoke of another kind of baptism. - " john answered, saying unto them all, i indeed baptize you with water ; but one mightier than i cometh, the latchet of whose shoes i am not worthy to unloose : he shall baptize you with the holy ghost and with fire : whose fan is in his hand, and he will throughly purge his floor, and will gather the wheat into his garner ; but the chaff he will burn with fire unquenchable. " ( luke 3 : 16 - 17 kjv, also see matthew 3 : 7 - 12, mark 1 : 6 - 8 ) baptism of christ during john ' s earthly ministry jesus came to receive baptism from john : - " and john bare record, saying, i saw the spirit descending from heaven like a dove, and it abode upon him. and i knew him not : but he that sent me to baptize with water, the same said unto me, upon whom thou shalt see the spirit descending, and remaining on him, the


a dove, and it abode upon him. and i knew him not : but he that sent me to baptize with water, the same said unto me, upon whom thou shalt see the spirit descending, and remaining on him, the same is he which baptizeth with the holy ghost. and i saw, and bare record that this is the son of god. " ( john 1 : 32 - 34 kjv, also see matthew 3 : 13 - 17, mark 1 : 9 - 11 ) the great commission after his resurrection, jesus appeared to the disciples and spoke to them saying, - "... all power is given unto me in heaven and in earth. go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the father, and of the son, and of the holy ghost : teaching them to observe all things whatsoever i have commanded you : and, lo, i am with you always, even unto the end of the world. amen. " ( matthew 28 : 18 - 20, also see mark 16 : 14 - 20, acts 2 : 38 ) the commandment of the lord to baptize " in the name of the father, and of the son, and of the holy ghost " was the practice of the early church and is still the practiced method for baptizing today, although other methods exist ( see acts 2 : 38 ; 8 : 16 ; 10 : 48 ; 19 : 5 ). protestants on baptism martin luther placed a great importance on baptism. luther states in the large catechism ' of 1529 ad, - " to put it most simply, the power, effect, benefit, fruit, and purpose of baptism is to save. no one is baptized in order to become a prince, but as the words say, to ' be saved. ' to be saved, we know, is nothing else than to be delivered from sin, death, and the devil and to enter into the kingdom of christ and live with him forever. "


the word justification, as used in theological circles today, is pregnant with meaning and laden with baggage carried over from the protestant reformation. there has been, in recent centuries, a tendency among biblical scholars to exclusively adopt and employ the standard western christian or reformed protestant [ juridical ] definition of the word. it often seems that this understanding of justification is adopted de facto as the only proper way to understand the pauline use of the word. the word justification is used three times in the book of romans. the word group is defined in the following manner : dike ( root word of the group, meaning right or just ), dikaios ( meaning righteously or justly ), dikaiosune ( meaning righteousness or justice ), dikaiosis ( meaning “ the act of pronouncing righteous ” or acquittal ), dikaioma ( meaning an ordinance, a sentence of acquittal or condemnation, a righteous deed ), dikaio ( meaning “ to show to be righteous ” or “ to declare righteous ” ), and dikastase ( meaning “ to judge ” or “ a judge ” ). it appears that the word group, when taken as a whole, can convey both a sense of righteousness and justice ( as a legal declaration ). this legal framework for understanding justification all hinges on the concept of justice as understood in the pagan greek culture of the time - dikaiosis. the ancient, pagan greeks, thucydides for one, adhered to a juridical understanding of this concept as punishment. it is valid to assume that st. paul was familiar with these pagan concepts since this [ greek culture ] was his immediate cultural context. the question arises : what do we do with st. paul ’ s jewish heritage and culture that was no less familiar to st. paul, but was surely of more importance to him? dr. alexandre kalomiros in the river of fire proposes that the traditional eastern christian and patristic view of justification is more compatible with the nature of the christian god. he says, " the word dikaiosune, ' justice, ' is a translation of the hebraic word tsedaka. this word means ' the divine energy which accomplishes man ’ s salvation. ' it is parallel and almost synonymous to the other hebraic word, hesed, which means ' mercy, ' ' compassion, ' ' love, ' and to the word emeth which means ' fidelity, ' ' truth. ' this gives a completely other dimension to


almost synonymous to the other hebraic word, hesed, which means ' mercy, ' ' compassion, ' ' love, ' and to the word emeth which means ' fidelity, ' ' truth. ' this gives a completely other dimension to what we usually conceive as justice. this is how the church understood god ’ s justice. this is what the fathers of the church taught of it - god is not just, with the human meaning of this word, but we see that his justice means his goodness and love, which are given in an unjust manner, that is, god always gives without taking anything in return, and he gives to persons like us who are not worthy of receiving. " kalomiros sees justification primarily in an eschatological manner. for kalomiros, justification is both present and future, eliciting submission in loving response to the unmerited love of god by those who would respond in faith. so, for the eastern christian, it is this imparted “ righteousness ”, dikaiosune, ( instead of a juridical justification ) that is culminated eschatologically in the fullness of time through the mercy of god by our loving response, in faith to him. so, in romans 5 : 16, when st. paul says, “ and not as it was by one that sinned, so is the gift : for the judgment was by one to condemnation, but the free gift is of many offences unto [ dikaioma ] justification, ” the eastern christian and patristic scholar would be completely comfortable with justification defined as a “ righteousness mercifully imparted by god that restores man to a state that was originally intended. ” as the fall of adam condemned the cosmos, and therefore mankind, to a world of sin and corruption, the death and resurrection is able to “ make righteous ” that creation which previously existed in a fallen state subjected to death. while eastern christian theology does not embrace a juridical framework, the work of christ is the sole basis for our imparted righteousness and “ justification ” in the eyes of god. it is only the work of christ on the cross, the “ tree that saves ” which can counter the condemnation and corruption introduced to the world through the edenic tree. viewing the word group holistically, we can turn to the rest of scripture for a more complete understanding of the dike word group and its implications on st. paul ’ s use of dikaiosune


the world through the edenic tree. viewing the word group holistically, we can turn to the rest of scripture for a more complete understanding of the dike word group and its implications on st. paul ’ s use of dikaiosune et. al. in matthew 5 : 17 - 20, christ says, " think not that i am come to destroy the law, or the prophets : i am not come to destroy, but to fulfil. for verily i say unto you, till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled. whosoever therefore shall break one of these least commandments, and shall teach men so, he shall be called the least in the kingdom of heaven : but whosoever shall do and teach them, the same shall be called great in the kingdom of heaven. for i say unto you, that except your righteousness shall exceed the righteousness of the scribes and pharisees, ye shall in no case enter into the kingdom of heaven. " here we see a hint about the depth of the righteousness imparted to us by god in his mercy. the dikaiosune tos anthropos that is unattainable by man ( as indicated in the passage above ) is to be replaced by the dikaiosune tou theou – the righteousness of god in christ which is imparted to man in god ’ s mercy. there is no necessity for a juridical pronouncement of innocence, but rather christ ’ s righteousness is imparted to man in a transformative manner through christ and his death on the cross. in the eastern churches, this justification ( impartation of righteousness ) is associated with entrance into the church. this is an ancient practice preserved from the earliest times. the liturgical texts indicate a process of conversion that culminates in baptism and the joining of oneself to the church. the baptismal service text clearly defines this belief when the convert, or newly baptized infant [ after the baptism ] is told, “ you are justified ; you are illumined! ” ( goaa – the service of holy baptism ) justification, the impartation of righteousness, begins at conversion through the mercy of god, and it continues throughout the life of the christian as one is conformed, in righteousness, to the image and likeness of god through the power of the holy spirit. since the righteousness is offered and


begins at conversion through the mercy of god, and it continues throughout the life of the christian as one is conformed, in righteousness, to the image and likeness of god through the power of the holy spirit. since the righteousness is offered and imparted to the christian in love, the orthodox christian believes that man is, likewise, free to reject christ ’ s righteousness and offer of salvation. for there is no love apart from freedom – coercion and slavery are characteristics that are incompatible with a perfect love. there are assurances in scripture that god will hold close to himself those who are of his fold, and the christian can rest confidently in this fact. but, we are just as free to reject god and his love as we are to embrace him. western v. eastern concepts - implications while the western approach to theology seems to help our western minds, so used to a scientific model of reasoning, “ understand god, ” the eastern approach seems to, in my opinion, organically synthesize the multi - faceted nature of theological truth. eastern theology is far from systematic, but it takes into account and embraces all that has been handed down to us from christ, to his apostles through the church via the holy spirit. paul negrut defines the tension that exists when trying to understand western theological concepts in light of early christian and eastern theology. he says, “ much of this sounds strange to western ears, both protestant and catholic, because the historical development of western theology has been quite different. patience is therefore required to penetrate this strangeness, but that is a necessary prelude to any real understanding, dialogue or critique! ” this patience is, however necessary and would, if employed in theological dialog between the east and west, yield much fruit. it would serve the western christian well to bear in mind that the juridical concepts of salvation, substitutionary atonement, et. al. were foreign to not only the eastern church but also the western church ( catholic and protestant ) until the time of augustine. even then these concepts were vague and undefined ; they were not universal doctrines in the church anywhere! anselm further developed these ideas some 600 years later, and luther built on the work of anselm about 500 years after that. is it any wonder that these concepts which seem to the protestant an integral part of historical christian theology ( which are, in actuality, rather new ) baffle the eastern christian mind? these categories and concepts are somewhat unique and have existed in their present form for


any wonder that these concepts which seem to the protestant an integral part of historical christian theology ( which are, in actuality, rather new ) baffle the eastern christian mind? these categories and concepts are somewhat unique and have existed in their present form for a relatively short period of time. to the eastern christian, theology is not something that improves with age – it is something to be internalized, and it can best be understood by journeying as close to the roots of our faith as possible. reason and logic [ read : the enlightenment ] cannot guarantee a better understanding of god, his son or our faith. some helpful quotations in summary, it is not an antagonistic attitude that causes the eastern christian and patristic scholar to recoil at some notions of western and protestant theology, it is simply that the approach employed by many western scholars ( inherited from the likes of augustine, anselm and luther ) seems at odds with what eastern christians believe has been safeguarded since the foundation of the church at pentecost. the traditional orthodox mind is immediately suspicious of biblical interpretations that have little or no root in the early life and theology of the church ; this is true in spades of particularly the forensic notion of justification, and of its consequent bifurcation of faith and works. … this of course does not mean that the orthodox do not believe that each generation of christians may receive new insights into scripture, especially insights relevant in a given cultural context. however, it does mean that the new insights must remain consistent with earlier ones, and that one or two pauline passages ( and one specific interpretation of those passages ) are not considered theologically normative – particularly as a foundation for a soteriological dogma – unless the early and continuing tradition of the church show them consistently to have been viewed as such. … because of its less juridical exegesis of pauline soteriological statements, eastern christianity has never had anything approaching the kind of faith v. works controversies that have enveloped and ( for both good and ill ) theologically shaped the christian west, whether one considers the late fourth - / early fifth - century pelagian controversy or the 16th - century protestant reformation begun by martin luther. rather, the east has maintained a somewhat distant and even puzzled attitude toward the theological polemics which have raged over justification in terms of faith or works. - valerie karras this paganistic conception of god ’ s justice which demands infinite sacrifices in order to be appeased clearly makes god our real enemy and the cause of all our mis


##mics which have raged over justification in terms of faith or works. - valerie karras this paganistic conception of god ’ s justice which demands infinite sacrifices in order to be appeased clearly makes god our real enemy and the cause of all our misfortunes. moreover, it is a justice which is not at all just since it punishes and demands satisfaction from persons which were not at all responsible for the sin of their forefathers. in other words, what westerners call justice ought rather to be called resentment and vengeance of the worst kind. even christ ’ s love and sacrifice loses its significance and logic in this schizoid notion of a god who kills god in order to satisfy the so - called justice of god. does this concept of justice have anything to do with the justice that god revealed to us? does the phrase “ justice of god ” have this meaning in the old and new testaments? perhaps the beginning of the mistaken interpretation of the word justice in the holy scriptures was its translation by the greek word dikaiosune. not that it is a mistaken translation, but because this word, being a word of the pagan, humanistic, greek civilization, was charged with human notions which could easily lead to misunderstandings. first of all, the word dikaiosune brings to mind an equal distribution. this is why it is represented by a balance. the good are rewarded and the bad are punished by human society in a fair way. this is human justice. - kalomiros greek orthodox archdiocese of america - service of holy baptism karras, valerie a. – justification and the future of the ecumenical movement ( liturgical press – collegeville, mn ) kalomiros, dr. alexandre – saint nektarios orthodox conference : the river of fire ( seattle, st. nektarios press, 1980 ) pollard, aurthur - anselm ’ s doctrine of the atonement : an exegesis and critique of cur deus homo, churchman volume 109, number 4, 1995


spengler is a bit of a downer, but, after reading this article about his work, maybe he is on to something? he died before ww2 however his synopsis of civilizations and their rise and fall is something worth looking at. maybe this is how the catholic church will survive, we believe in children, be counter cultural case in point “ he also predicted the west ’ s coming decline in birthrates brought about largely by the advent of feminism, also a feature of spengler ’ s civilizational phase. whereas the advent and success of feminism in the west is heralded in our time as a sign of civic progress, spengler ’ s study of other civilizational cycles convinced him that it was just the opposite — a reflection of cultural decline, largely because it curtailed the production of children. as he puts it : the primary woman, the peasant woman, is mother. the whole vocation towards which she has yearned from childhood is included in that one word. but now emerges the ibsen woman, the comrade, the heroine of a whole megalopolitan literature from northern drama to parisian novel. instead of children, she has soul - conflicts ; marriage is a craft - art for the achievement of “ mutual understanding. ” it is all the same whether the case against children is the american lady ’ s who would not miss a season for anything, or the parisienne ’ s who fears that her lover would leave her, or an ibsen heroine ’ s who “ lives for herself ” — they all belong to themselves and they are all unfruitful. this phenomenon, says spengler, is seen in every society in transition from the cultural to the civilizational phase, and in all instances it leads to what he calls “ appalling depopulation. ” spengler saw a similar phenomenon in the realm of politics. looking at athens of 400 bc and caesar ’ s rome, he sees a progressive degradation : ” the new woman typically values self - fulfillment and independence rather than the stereotypically feminine ideal of self - sacrifice ; believes in legal and sexual equality ; often remains single because of the difficulty of combining such equality with marriage ; is more open about her sexuality than the ‘ old woman ’ ; is well - educated and reads a great deal ; has a job ; is athletic or otherwise physically vigorous and, accordingly, prefers comfortable clothes ( sometimes male attire ) to traditional female garb.


the hellingly hospital railway was a light railway owned and operated by the east sussex county council. it was used to deliver coal and passengers to hellingly hospital, a psychiatric hospital, via a spur from the london, brighton and south coast railway ’ s cuckoo line at hellingly railway station the railway was constructed in 1899 and opened to passengers on 20 july 1903, following its electrification in 1902. after the railway grouping of 1923, passenger numbers declined so significantly that the hospital authorities no longer considered passenger usage of the line to be economical, and the service was withdrawn. the railway closed to freight in 1959, following the hospital ' s decision to convert its coal boilers to oil, which rendered the railway unnecessary. the route took a mostly direct path from a junction immediately south of hellingly station to hellingly hospital, past sidings known as farm siding and park house siding respectively, used as stopping places to load and unload produce and supplies from outbuildings of the hospital. much of the railway has since been converted to footpath, and many of the buildings formerly served by the line are now abandoned. construction and opening in 1897, east sussex county council purchased of land at park farm, about three miles ( 5 km ) north of hailsham, from the earl of chichester, to be the site of a new county lunatic asylum which would eventually become known as hellingly...


, march 14, 1889 — october 13, 1971 ) was a prolific medievalist, etymologist, philologist, and specialist in chaucer who was lecturer and then professor of english literature at johns hopkins university from 1924 to 1956. born in an academic family, kemp malone graduated from emory college as it then was in 1907, with the ambition of mastering all the languages that impinged upon the development of middle english. he spent several years in germany, denmark and iceland. when world war i broke out he served two years in the united states army and was discharged with the rank of captain. malone served as president of the modern language association, and other philological associations ( see link ) and was etymology editor of the american college dictionary, 1947. he resisted the views of old english poetry as products of a purely oral tradition. he contended that we must look to poets ' individual elaboration of traditional structures : " a given poet was reckoned worthy if he handled with skill the stuff of which, by convention, poems must be made " ( malone, " the old tradition : poetic form " in a literary history of england, albert c. baugh, editor, p. 31 ) his interests ranged from 10th century manuscripts to the etymology of contemporary comic strip names. american speech, the english language, the historical arthur ( his suggestion was the roman dux lucius artorius castus ( he edited a facsimile of the......


rhea brushes the stormy face of saturn, an airless ice orb against the feathery bands of a gas giant. saturn ' s unilluminated rings are seen at upper right. rhea is the second largest of saturn ' s moons at 1, 528 kilometers ( 949 miles ) across. this view looks toward the unlit side of the rings from about 3 degrees above the ringplane. the image was taken in wavelengths of polarized infrared light with the cassini spacecraft wide - angle camera on feb. 4, 2007. cassini acquired the view at a distance of approximately 1. 2 million kilometers ( 700, 000 miles ) from saturn and 679, 000 kilometers ( 422, 000 miles ) from rhea. image scale is 137 kilometers ( 85 miles ) per pixel on saturn and about 80 kilometers ( 50 miles ) per pixel on rhea. the cassini - huygens mission is a cooperative project of nasa, the european space agency and the italian space agency. the jet propulsion laboratory, a division of the california institute of technology in pasadena, manages the mission for nasa ' s science mission directorate, washington, d. c. the cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras were designed, developed and assembled at jpl. the imaging operations center is based at the space science institute in boulder, colo. for more information about the cassini - huygens mission visit http : / / saturn. jpl. nasa. gov / home / index. cfm. the cassini imaging team homepage is at http : / / ciclops. org.


liberia from 1912 to 1930 daniel edward howard was the president of liberia from 1912 to 1920 and had to deal with wars on all fronts - internally and externally. the finances of the state were so bad that the pay of government employees was suspended for months a at time. the european war, world war i, resulted in the trade between liberia and britain, france and the united states reduced to almost zero due to the german submarine blockade. in 1917, liberia joined the allies against germany and liquidated a property of german nationals in liberia. the money generated from this liquidation was deposited into the liberian government bank account to compensate for loss of revenue from the blockade. the war ended in 1920, and liberia ' s legislature ratified the treaty of versailles. charles d. b. king became liberia ' s president in 1920 and serve for 10 years. since the war had caused the financial situation of liberia to be in such bad condition, president king and a commission embarked upon a journey to the united states to get assistance in paying of her debts and straightening her financial affairs. they arrived in march of 1921, shortly after president harding had taken office. the state department and treasury had all new personnel and the congress had many new congressmen. congress had suspended all foreign credit and extension of foreign loans, even though the state department was sympathetic with the request from the liberian delegation. negotiation drag on until october before the state department finally granted liberia a loan for five million dollars. the commission was greatly relieved because the long, painful negotiations were complete. however, great disappointment followed when the u. s. congress failed to ratify the agreement. in 1923, the firestone rubber company explored the possibilities of establishing a rubber plantation in liberia. in fact, the conditions in liberia are ideal for rubber trees and a one million acre plantation was established in harbal. this was a great economic boost for liberia due to the employment of 25, 000 workers. a loan for 5 million dollars was secured shortly afterwards that allowed liberia to consolidate and bond all internal and external depts. in addition, certain public works were to be developed with money from this loan. one of which was the establishment of liberia ' s first radio station which broadcast its first message in 1927. while the nation was feeling so good about the recent events, tragedy occurred in november of 1927 when a ship carrying soldiers sank near the monrovian port killing thirty including former president daniel howard and his son. president king and his vice - president resigned from office in 1930 admits scandal resulting for the accusations of slavery and forced labor.


by nan talleno philadelphia ( cbs ) - little dogs of all breeds and sizes are certainly extremely cute. but that doesn ’ t mean that they shouldn ’ t have the same guidelines, boundaries and daily structure that a larger dog would have. in fact, it ’ s even more important to make sure that little dogs follow the rules because, sadly, they are more susceptible to becoming stressed, fearful and anxiety - ridden if this isn ’ t fulfilled daily and may possibly fall prey to small dog syndrome. small dog syndrome is a situation which occurs when a small dog exhibits negative behavioral tendencies including aggressive and / or territorial behavior resulting from fear or anxiety or both. this is often a direct byproduct of lack of leadership and direction on the part of the human caregiver for the small dog to follow. this can be avoided entirely by providing proper leadership and guidance. take time to teach your dog a new command such as “ sit, ” “ stay, ” “ come, ” “ focus, ” or “ leave it, ”, etc, among many others for a few minutes each day. take your dog for a walk daily and provide a daily routine, safe boundaries and structure for your dog to follow. for more information on leadership skills and training tips, go to my website at peaceinthepack. com.


several oil slicks occurred on lake maracaibo in northwestern venezuela between december 2002 and january 2003, and were observed by various satellite instruments. these images from the multi - angle imaging spectroradiometer ( misr ) provide new information relating to one such event near the center of lake maracaibo on december 26, 2002. in unpolluted areas, the water surface is " ruffled " by wind and the resulting wave facets divert reflected rays into many directions. an oil film dampens the presence of small wind - driven " capillary " waves, resulting a smoother, more mirror - like surface. also, oil is more strongly absorbing than the surrounding water. therefore, at most viewing angles, a surface slick will appear darker than the surrounding unpolluted areas, whereas near the specular angle ( the angle at which a perfect mirror reflects light ) it will appear brighter. simultaneous observation at multiple view angles therefore enhances the reliability of oil - slick detection using optical imaging. an example of how the optical contrast of an oil film on a water surface changes as a function of viewing angle is illustrated by these false - color misr images, comprised of near - infrared, red and blue spectral data at three different angles, using the vertical - viewing camera ( left ), the 26° - forward - viewing camera ( center ) and the 46° - forward - viewing camera ( right ). a swirly area in the middle of the lake appears darker than the surrounding waters at both the nadir and 46° views, but brighter than the surrounding waters at the 26° view. of the three images, only the 26° camera observes close to specular reflection angle. lake maracaibo is the largest lake in south america. the lake is somewhat saline, since it is connected to the gulf of venezuela by a narrow strait in the north. venezuela is the largest oil producing nation in the western hemisphere, and the lake maracaibo basin includes the largest oil fields and almost a quarter of this nation ' s population. the multi - angle imaging spectroradiometer observes the daylit earth continuously from pole to pole, and every 9 days views the entire globe between 82 degrees north and 82 degrees south latitude. these data products were generated from a portion of the imagery acquired during terra orbit 16081. the panels cover an area of 72 kilometers x 225 kilometers, and utilize data from blocks 81 to 83 within world reference system - 2 path 8. misr was built and is managed by nasa


the public and scientists have helped create the first 150, 000 species pages in the encyclopedia of life ( eol ), the global online project to create a page for each of the 1. 8 million known species on the planet. it may be less than one tenth of the way there, but the response of people who have uploaded more than 30, 000 images and videos, has been huge say eol, especially since new tools have been installed to make it easier to add to the site. it isn ' t only experts who can contribute to the site. people with an interest in nature but no special scientific training, known as citizen scientists, can add information. for example, images can be uploaded through the eol ' s flickr page. each eol page is verified by experts, and scientists from all over the world can add species information, from physical descriptions to details of habitat, diseases, look - alikes and even dna barcodes. the information will shed light on things such as conservation strategies for endangered species, or climate change and the movements of disease - bearing or invasive pests. david lees, is an expert on moths and butterflies at the natural history museum and at inra ( french national institute for agricultural research ), france. he has created an eol species page to mark the 25th anniversary of the discovery in europe of an invasive moth called the horse chestnut leafminer, cameraria ohridella. it is ravaging the leaves of the white - flowered horse chestnut tree, popular not only for its flowers in spring but for the game of conkers. ' like the opening of pandora ' s box, this moth, first discovered at lake ohrid in macedonia in 1984, has spread like wildfire after a probable accidental release near vienna in 1989, ' says lees. representing a genus not known before in europe, its origins had been a mystery, but this year entomologists at inra working on the diversity of its dna have shown it originated in the balkans, the source of the horse chestnut tree itself. the moth does not kill the tree, but can completely brown the leaves by summer, causing councils to replace the trees with other species. in some parts of europe, it is starting to infest nearby sycamores as well. ' this moth is now more or less throughout europe and poses a threat to ecosystems in southeast asia, north america and elsewhere - wherever the beautiful horse chestnut trees occur, ' says lees. eol will help raise awareness of invasive species through detailed species descriptions to