window - a window that has no moveable sash. pitch - roof pitch is the ratio of rise to span. special shapes trapezoid configurations especially will follow roof pitch. plated / polished brass hardware - hardware that is not solid brass but finished as plated. prairie grid - horizontal and vertical grid 4 " from edge of glass to centerline of grid in windows ( 6 " in patio doors ). projection - in a bay or bow unit - this measurement is the distance a unit will project past the outside wall. quad - quadruplet is a group of windows mulled in combination of fours. radiation - wave energy transmitted directly from one object to another through the atmosphere or through transparent or translucent materials. the energy radiated is either transmitted, absorbed or reflected, or a combination of all three. rail - horizontal member of a sash. replacement window - a window designed to fit into an existing window opening. right triangle - special shapes window unit having one of three interior angles of 90 degrees. r - value - a measure of resistance to heat flow of material or construction. a higher value indicates a better heat insulating property. safety tempered glass - glass that has been treated with high heat for strength. if safety glass is broken, it will shatter into very small pieces. sash stop - an extrusion molding generally about 2 " long that covers the joint between window sash and the jamb which stops the operable sash at its maximum opening. sash - the part of the window or door which contains the glass. screw jack - this is a button shaped jamb adjustment screw located at the middle of both jambs of some replacement models. turning the screw in a clockwise direction will cause the jamb middles to pull towardcenter of window. sealant - a compound for filling joints to prevent leakage of water and air. weatherproof sealant is made of a silicone base. sealant is used where leakage and / or movement is expected. shrink or stretch wrap - a plastic coating wrapped around a finished product for protection during shipping and while in storage. sill - the bottom piece of the mainframe. sill angle - an extrusion that is placed on the exterior sill of a replacement window to fill in any gap between the rough opening to the exterior window sill. single hung window - window with a fixed top sash and an operating bottom sash. slider window - window that slides to the left or right. spiral balance - a balance using a spirally wound spring. spring line - the vertical point


sill. single hung window - window with a fixed top sash and an operating bottom sash. slider window - window that slides to the left or right. spiral balance - a balance using a spirally wound spring. spring line - the vertical point at which a radius starts for special shapes i. e. eyebrows, colonial arch. stile - vertical member of a sash. tape glazing - a piece of two sided tape that holds the glass in place within the frame. thumb latch - when compressed the tilt latch moves enabling the sash to tilt. ( same as tilt latch or sash release ). tilt latch - mechanisms that locks sash in place ( sash release ). tilt pin - pins in the lift rail of the sash that goes into the balance shoe and joins the sash to the jamb. transom - a horizontal window usually above a door. trapezoid - a four sided window in which one side is taller than the other. triple - triplet is a group of windows mulled in combination of threes. twinning - joining two windows together with mullion. u - value - a value indicating the rate of heat flow transferred through a material. the lower the u value, the slowerthe rate of heat flow. it is also referred to as the overall coefficient of heat transfer. united inch - the width in inched plus the height in inches. universal slide - xo from the outside looking in, the moving lock sash will operate from left to right. weather - strip - material used to seal the opening between the sash and the mainframe. weephole - small holes along the bottom edge of a window or door unit that allows any trapped water to escape outdoors. wet glazing - silicone based substance that holds the sash in place within the frame.


an article on ocd discusses what disorders are related enough to group together. ocd in some respects differs from the other anxiety disorders in terms of phenomenology, brain circuitry, family history, and treatment response. instead, it shares features of basic etiology, brain circuitry, and genetics with a group of other related or ocd spectrum disorders. these may include tourette ’ s syndrome ; body dysmorphic disorder ; autism and the developmental disorders ; eating disorders, including binge - eating disorder ; huntington ’ s disorder and parkinson ’ s disorder ; pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections ( pandas ) or sydenham ’ s chorea ; some of the impulse control disorders ; some of the newly emerging compulsive and impulsive disorders ; and obsessive - compulsive personality disorder. at issue for the dsm - v is also whether the hoarders that are currently considered a subtype of ocd should be thought of as distinct from ocd and placed into one of the obsessive - compulsive spectrum disorders. it ’ s from 2005, but this is the first time i ’ ve run into spectrum notions that weren ’ t bipolar or autism - related. i wish there were some way of sitting in on dsm - v committee meetings. i ’ d love to watch the process by which people attempt to arrive at a working compromise on what things are.


nematodes are nonsegmented roundworms that are abundant in freshwater lakes. nematodes often comprise 15 % of the total biomass on lake bottoms. this reflects the incredible abundance of these organisms, since most only grow to a maximum length of a centimeter. life stages of these species are often as complex as they are abundant. some are free living their entire lives while others are only free living as adults or juveniles. at other stages some are parasitic on invertebrates, vertebrates, or even plants. most freshwater free - living nematodes are about 1 mm in length though parasitic forms are often even smaller. their body wall is covered by a cuticle that is four layers thick. as the worm grows it moults, sloughing off the outer layer. at the same time another layer is created on the inside. the pseudocoel is small in the free - living forms but tends to be much larger in the parasitic forms. all freshwater nematodes bear a spinneret at the tip of their hind end that secretes a sticky mucous which anchors the worm in place whether it be a on rock or inside an intestine. non - parasitic roundworms are adapted to swimming along lake and stream bottoms. in fact " swimming " may not be an accurate word to describe their motion. nematodes have only longitudinal muscles for movement, unlike segmented worms ( like earthworms ) that also have circular muscles to help with locomotion. movement is therefore limited to a side - to - side flailing that pushes them forward. nematodes have a pair of amphids ( one on each side of the body ) which are structures at the anterior end of the worm that were once considered to aid in equilibrium. now, they are seen as chemosensory structures, perhaps for the purpose of detecting food. due to the wide variation their structure, amphids are also used to classify horsehair worms taxonomically. some freshwater species have separate light sensors referred to as ocelli or pseudocelli. they are seen as pigmented spots also situated at the anterior end. most nematode species are aerobic, meaning that they need oxygen to survive. however, some species can survive short periods of anoxia, and a few can live without oxygen indefinitely. there are not any specialized systems for acquiring oxygen for any member of this phylum. because they are small animals with a large surface area, they can exchange gases through the skin surface with enough efficiency to survive.


few can live without oxygen indefinitely. there are not any specialized systems for acquiring oxygen for any member of this phylum. because they are small animals with a large surface area, they can exchange gases through the skin surface with enough efficiency to survive. nitrogenous waste is eliminated though the body wall in the form of ammonium ions. osmoregulation, and excretion of other metabolites is controlled either by excretory gland cells, an excretory canal system, or a combination of both. these structures are unique to the nematodes. nematodes usually possess separate sexes and all fertilization is internal. in most freshwater species the males have spicules that enter the female ' s vagina where the sperm is released other species specialize in " traumatic fertilization " in which the male simply punctures the cuticle of the female with his spicules and releases the sperm directly into her body cavity. feeding structures and strategies are determined by the lifestyle of the nematode. species parasitic on plants have stylets within the stoma ( mouth ) that can be extended outward and into the plant tissues. these stylets are used like straws to suck out nutritious plant juices. species parasitic on invertebrates have a slightly modified stylet of the same nature to pierce the cuticle of their prey, for the purpose of feeding on haemolymph. nematodes that feed on microorganisms need only a small tubular stoma to engulf their prey. finally, the predators have an enlarged stoma with either a spear - like structure or rows of pointed teeth. predaceous nematodes are often the worst enemies of other nematodes. this is understandable since both have roughly the same oxygen and ph requirements, so they therefore live in the same places on the lake bottom. other predators include crayfish, turbellarians, and nemertean worms. freshwater nematodes are often infected with protozoan diseases and microsporidia. freshwater nematodes survive in very diverse environments. many species that exist in canada are apparently found all over the world. some species can survive in snow pools while others occur in hot springs. aphelenchoides sp. can survive in a temperature of 61. 3°c, the highest temperature tolerance by any multi - celled animal on the planet. most nematodes have drought - resistant stages in which the roundworm becomes inactive. this attribute is most common in the juvenile stages as


thanksgiving is a major holiday celebrated in the usa and canada, with origins dating back centuries to colonial times. the notion of celebrating a harvest of plenty was dramatic event in early colonial america, since food supplies were far from dependable. years of massive starvation were as common as times of plenty. although native americans were known to have harvest celebrations for centuries, if not millennia, before arrival of europeans, the quintessence of thanksgiving in all regions was a joint celebration of colonists and indigenous peoples, sharing the bounty of autumn and their common survival. complicating the history of thanksgiving are the contrary ciaims of a number of distinct north american locations regarding where the first thanksgiving was celebrated. it is likely that thanksgiving celebrations arose independently in several distinct locations along the eastern seaboard, and these celebrations had several common denominators including the worship of god and the use of the word thanksgiving ; each of these early feasts in disparate locations also shared the concept of a joint celebration with indigenous peoples of america coming together with the settlers arriving from europe. many of the foods appearing in early thanksgivings might surprise 21st century americans, with servings of eel, clams, mussels, sturgeon and chickpea stew along with what modern americans regard as thanksgiving staples of wild turkey, squash, pumpkin, corn and beets. the site and date of origin of thanksgiving are matters of great dispute, with regional claims being made by widely disparate locations in north america. the chief claims are as follows : - saint augustine, florida. 1565 - baffin island, canada. 1578 - jamestown, virginia. 1619 - plymouth, massachusetts. 1621 each of these venues have merit in describing the nature of their relative claims of being the first. what we learn from this spirited debate is that the notion of thanksgiving in the new world had a natural evolution in several locales as an expression of giving thanks for surviviing in a difficult era, with distinctly different sustenance requirements from the old world, from which colonists derived. engraving of timucua village circa 1565. source : le moyne / engraver theodor de bry the earliest european settled city in the usa was founded in 1565 by admiral pedro menendez del aviles, who arrived from spain via the gulf of mexico and the gulf stream commanding a fleet of over thrity ships. the landing by menendez occurred on september 8, 1565 among considerable pomp and " thundering of [ ceremonial ] artillery ". father francisco de mendoza graja


the gulf of mexico and the gulf stream commanding a fleet of over thrity ships. the landing by menendez occurred on september 8, 1565 among considerable pomp and " thundering of [ ceremonial ] artillery ". father francisco de mendoza grajales led the landing celebration with a hymn of joy and thanksgiving : te deum laudamus. the thanksgiving feast that ensued was thus an expansive festival with the welcoming timucua tribe in attendance. this thanksgiving, truly a catholic religious celebration, was more of a safe landing ceremonial event than a survival of hardship that would characterize baffin island, jamestown and plymouth. the saint augustine feast was endowed with the plenty of foods in menendez ' s ships, combined with the hearty cocida ( chickpea stew ) dishes of the timucua. in 1578 martin frobisher was conducting his third unsuccessful voyage in search for the elusive northwest passage to asia. icy waters and storms drove his vessels to land on baffin island, in present day nunavit. a celebration with indigenous peoples was held for survival and thanksgiving. a proclamation was issued by the survivors of the nine ships in frobisher ' s fleet, and according to morrill : " a general thanksgiving to god was proclaimed ". although this date is earlier than jamestown or plymouth, the sparse level of documentary detail and lack of archaeological recovery does not well support this claim to one of the earliest thanksgiving celebrations. archaeological digs at jamestown have recovered clues to thanksgiving feasts of early times. source : sarah stierch to appreciate the first thanksgiving at jamestown, one needs to understand the historic backdrop of a colony fraught with hardship, notably the starving time of 1609 - 1610, where colonists not only were restricted to a paucity of food, but items of miserable quality and leading to a large fraction of the european population perishing in that winter. archaeological excavations of a colonial middens pit predating the year 1610 documents the dispair of hungry men at jamestown with discovery of bones of butchered dogs, as well as remains of turtles and poisonous snakes. in years of plenty the main staples of the colony would include sturgeon, cod and eel. thus the first recognized thanksgiving at jamestown was not so much a feast of cornucopia, but a celebration that most men had enough food to survive. the date of december 4, 1619 is the date of the first thanksgiving in jamestown. this celebration also marked an arrival of 38 english settlers who survived a stormy atlantic crossing with some fresh supplies. documentation


celebration that most men had enough food to survive. the date of december 4, 1619 is the date of the first thanksgiving in jamestown. this celebration also marked an arrival of 38 english settlers who survived a stormy atlantic crossing with some fresh supplies. documentation of this thanksgiving is in the form of a proclamation of those in attendance : " the day of our ships arrivall at the place assgned for plantacon in the land of virginia shall by yearly and perputualy keept holy as a day of thanksgiving to almighty god. " the exact location of the celebration of thanksgiving was at the berkeley plantation, several miles up the james river from jamestown. although the plymouth colony in massachusetts was the latest of the series of early thanksgiving celebrations, the events were extremely well documented and memorialized, leading plymouth to be the most vaunted of all the colonial thanksgiving feasts. in 1620, the mayflower arrived with predominantly puritan settlers from plymouth, england. after a harsh winter, when perhaps half of the colony died, the subsequent autumn had an abundant harvest. at that tiem the governor of the plymouth colony prepared for a celebration of thanksgiving. an early part of the planning began with the governor sending a party of four men into the woods to hunt wild turkey to be added to the abundant venison stores. however, a large part of the feasting was made on seafoods such as eel and cod. chief massasoit brought 90 of the wampanoag tribe to the thanksgiving celebration, in recognition of the abundant harvest being due, in part, to cooperation with the native americans who assisted colonists through the first year of survival. - james w. baker.. 2009. thanksgiving : the biography of an american holiday ( google ebook ) upne, 2009. 273 pages - richard collinson. 2010. the three voyages of martin frobisher : in search of a passage to cathaia and india by the north - west, a. d. 1576 - 8 cambridge university press. 2010 420 pages - robyn gioia. 2007. america ' s real first thanksgiving : st. augustine, florida, september 8, 1565. pineapple press inc 48 pages - frank jones ( vicar of st. paul, forest hill. ), martin frobisher ( sir. ) 1878. the life of sir martin frobisher ( google ebook ) - ann morrill. 2009. thanksgiving and other harvest festivals. infobase publishing. 104 pages - colonial williamsburg foundation. 2007. jamestown, williamsburg, yorktown : the


backyard burning produces various compounds toxic to the environment including nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds ( vocs ), carbon monoxide, and particle pollution. - nitrogen oxides, or nox, is a group of nitrogen compounds that are partially responsible for acid rain and contribute to global depletion, and the formation of smog. - volatile organic compounds, or vocs, are carbon - based compounds that undergo photochemical reactions ( i. e., they react with sunlight ) when released into the atmosphere. the vocs and the compounds they form in the atmosphere, such as ozone, contribute to the formation of smog. - carbon monoxide, or co, chemically reacts with sunlight to create harmful ozone. co production can significantly impact ambient air quality and a region ' s ability to meet clean air act regulatory air quality standards. burning garbage in a barrel or pile produces more co than decomposition in a landfill. co is also a significant greenhouse gas. - particle pollution, also known as particulate matter, or pm, refers to the fine particles that produce visible smoke that reduce visibility and creates haze, which is a major air pollution problem for many rural communities. in addition to being unhealthful, particles soil our homes and cars and transport dangerous chemicals, such as dioxins. backyard burning is also frequently the cause of residential, brush, and forest fires, particularly during drought conditions. in wisconsin, 35 percent of wildfires were started by uncontrolled burning of garbage, brush, and grass. often, fire hazards are caused by burn piles or barrels left unattended, which grow too large or are not fully extinguished.


troubleshooting charging problems alternator and voltage regulator the alternator has a centrally rotating set of coils powered from the field terminal. as this rotor turns, it drags a magnetic field past the stationary coils that surround it. this magnetic field generates alternating current within these stationary coils, which then passes through a grid of one - way valves ( diodes ) to produce the dc current useful to automotive applications. the voltage output is governed by the amount of current in the field circuit, and is controlled by the voltage regulator. current is fed to the battery and other power absorbers through the large bat terminal on the back of the alternator. a ground connection on the alternator case completes the electrical circuit. there is also a stator terminal on the alternator, but it is not used on the 427sc. the battery power comes from a connection on the starter solenoid. power flows from the ignition switch, through a fuse, to the voltage regulator. voltage is measured from this source. internal circuits take the power source and regulate it, sending it to the field terminal of the alternator so that the output voltage to the battery is correct. use the basic wiring primer and troubleshooting guide for simple procedures for testing the alternator and regulator. ( not finished, but still very useful ) note! a fully charged battery will show no charge under many circumstances. check the system by turning the fan on with the engine running. you will normally see a discharge at idle that changes to a charge condition above 1500 rpm. if this is the first time the car has run, check the polarity of the gage by turning the lights on with the ignition switch off. if the ammeter moves to the positive side, switch the wires on the ammeter. see the wiring diagram for the appropriate fuse for the voltage regulator. replace if necessary. if the car shows continuous discharge, check all the connections at the alternator and voltage regulator. don ' t forget the ground wire on the voltage regulator! | check the voltage at the bat terminal on the alternator. if is 13. 5v or more with the engine running, there is a connection problem downstream. follow wires and / or use the wiring diagram. if the voltage is less than 13. 5v, remove the plug connector at the voltage regulator. with the ignition switch on, check that there is 11. 5v minimum between the red wire and the black ground wire to the regulator case. if not, trace the red wire back to the fuse box, the


it came in march 1982 during the days before the falklands war, after argentina established an unauthorized presence on britain ' s south georgia island amid talk of a possible invasion of the falklands, long held by britain. prime minister margaret thatcher realized there was little that britain could do immediately to establish firm control of the contested islands, and feared britain would be seen as a paper tiger that could no longer defend even its diminished empire. she was told that britain might not be able to take the islands back, even if she took the risky decision to send a substantial armada to the frigid south atlantic. " you can imagine that turned a knife in my heart, " thatcher told an inquiry board in postwar testimony that has been kept secret until its release by the national archives on friday, 30 years after the events it chronicles. " no one could tell me whether we could re - take the falklands — no one, " she told the inquiry board. " we did not know — we did not know. " the assessment is more downbeat than the view offered in thatcher ' s memoir, " the downing street years. " thatcher ' s handling of the falklands crisis is remembered as one of the key tests of her leadership. the former prime minister, now 87, has been hospitalized since having a growth removed from her gall bladder shortly before christmas. she has stayed out of the public eye in argentina did invade on april 2, and thatcher launched a naval task force to take back the islands three days later, after the united nations condemned the invasion. britain succeeded by mid - june. the war claimed the lives of 649 argentines and 255 british soldiers, along with three elderly islanders. thatcher testified she had been terrified that by sending the seaborne force which would take weeks to reach the falklands ( known as las malvinas in spanish ) she would provoke even more aggressive action by the argentines while the vessels were in transit. she feared this might make the military operation even more hazardous when they arrived. she persisted in the bold mission despite the risk of an argentine troop buildup that might force her to turn the armada back, a result that she said " would have been the greatest humiliation for britain. " she doesn ' t state the obvious political cost : the mission ' s failure would have cut short the career of britain ' s first female prime minister with her almost inevitable ouster as party leader. the vivid picture of thatcher ' s feelings of helplessness and rage — and eventual resolve — are portrayed in thousands of pages of formerly secret documents released


short the career of britain ' s first female prime minister with her almost inevitable ouster as party leader. the vivid picture of thatcher ' s feelings of helplessness and rage — and eventual resolve — are portrayed in thousands of pages of formerly secret documents released by the national archives. historian chris collins of the thatcher foundation — which plans to make the documents available online — said thatcher ' s testimony before the inquiry chaired by oliver franks was " very carefully prepared " because she felt politically vulnerable. " she was concerned at the damage the report might do her, because there was much potential for embarrassment at the government ' s pre - war policy of trying to negotiate a settlement with argentina ceding sovereignty while leasing back the islands for a period, plus suggestions that argentine intentions could have been predicted and invasion prevented, " he said. she concedes to the committee that her political analysis was incorrect because she believed argentina ' s junta would not invade, as it was making progress at the united nations in its effort to build diplomatic support for its claim to the disputed islands. she said she thought the junta wouldn ' t risk this support with unilateral military action. " i never, never expected the argentines to invade the falklands head - on, " she told the inquiry board, which was investigating, among other things, whether the government should have been better prepared. " it was such a stupid thing to do, as events happened, such a stupid thing even to contemplate doing. they were doing well. " the papers detail how thatcher urgently sought u. s. president ronald reagan ' s support when argentina ' s intentions became clear, and reveal thatcher ' s exasperation with reagan when he suggested that britain negotiate rather than demand total argentinian withdrawal. the documents describe an unusual late night phone call from reagan to thatcher on may 31, 1982 — while british forces were beginning the battle for control of the falklands capital — in which the president pressed the prime minister to consider putting the islands in the hands of international peacekeepers rather than press for a total argentinian surrender. reagan ' s considerable personal charm failed on this occasion. thatcher, in full " iron lady " mode, told the president she was sure he would take the same dim view of international mediation if alaska had been taken by a foe. " the prime minister stressed that britain had not lost precious lives in battle and sent an enormous task force to hand over the queen ' s islands ( the falklands ) immediately to a contact group, " says the memo produced the next morning by thatcher '


" the prime minister stressed that britain had not lost precious lives in battle and sent an enormous task force to hand over the queen ' s islands ( the falklands ) immediately to a contact group, " says the memo produced the next morning by thatcher ' s private secretary. she told the president there was " no alternative " to surrender and re - establishment of full british control. the newly public documents also reveal an extraordinary draft telegram written several days later by thatcher to argentinian leader gen. leopoldo galtieri in which she describes in very personal terms the death and destruction both leaders would grapple with in the coming days unless argentina backed down. she tells her counterpart that the decisive battle is about to begin, imploring him to begin a full withdrawal to avoid more bloodshed. " with your military experience you must be in no doubt as to the outcome. in a few days the british flag will once again be flying over port stanley. in a few days also your eyes and mine will be reading the casualty lists. on my side, grief will be tempered by the knowledge that these men died for freedom, justice, and the rule of law. and on your side? only you can answer the question. " the telegram was never sent, and galtieri resigned in disgrace several days after britain reclaimed the islands. national archives : http : / / www. nationalarchives. gov. uk / margaret thatcher foundation : http : / / www. margaretthatcher. org /


symptoms of celiac disease how can you recognize the symptoms of celiac disease? find out how to spot the prominent as well as less - noticeable signs in children and adults. celiac disease, one of the most common genetic diseases worldwide, was once thought to be a rare disease seen mainly in children. we now know that celiac disease can be seen at any age, and can have many different symptoms affecting different parts of your body. why do symptoms vary from person to person? this is a question that researchers are studying. some studies suggest that the length of time you were breastfed is a factor. the age at which you are exposed to gluten and the amount of gluten you are exposed to may play a role. we know that people can have different degrees of celiac disease. damage to the small intestines differs from person to person. many adults have celiac disease years before they are diagnosed. according to the celiac disease foundation, 97 percent of people who have celiac disease have never been diagnosed. celiac disease : common symptoms in children " the classic presentation of celiac disease is a 12 - to 24 - month - old child who has a big belly, is failing to thrive, and is extremely irritable, " says benjamin gold, md, a professor of pediatrics and microbiology and director of pediatric gastroenterology at the emory university school of medicine in atlanta. discover how celiac disease is diagnosed other symptoms can include : - diarrhea and / or constipation - vomiting and bloating - loss of appetite and weight loss - delayed growth and muscle loss " we don ' t know why the more classic symptoms present at the youngest age groups. as blood tests have become available and we have been able to identify celiac disease in older children, adolescents, and adults, we have learned that these symptoms are not the most common way that celiac disease presents, " notes dr. gold. celiac disease : symptoms in adults adults are less likely to have the classic digestive symptoms seen in children, making the diagnosis of celiac disease more difficult. the failure to absorb important nutrients over time can cause many different symptoms in adults, including : - anemia from loss of iron osteoporosis from loss of calcium - fatigue and lack of energy - bone and joint pain - anxiety and depression - tingling or numbness of your hands or feet - skin rash - canker sores in your mouth celiac disease : relieving symptoms " although celiac disease is


browsing 50 - 60 results of 130 programs from 2009 the science and pedagogy behind this activity, including a discussion of concepts such as density, temperature, thermal conductivity, center of mass, freezing point depression, heat capacity, and the characteristics of the states of water, water vapor, and ice. also describes strategies for observing, asking questions, and then choosing a question to investigate further. in this activity, you ' ll explore a frozen water balloon to learn how to ask investigable questions and how to use everyday objects to do experiments to answer those questions. the film between the folds is a 2009 work by filmmaker vanessa gould. between the folds chronicles ten artists and scientists who have devoted time to the unlikely medium of modern origami. vanessa gould, who has degrees in physics and architecture, explores the expression of mathematics through origami. she became captivated by the art and science of transforming sheets of paper into three - dimensional geometric shapes — and exposed a hidden subculture. the film will screen at the exploratorium on saturday, october 18th, at 2pm. exploratorium staff physicist thomas humphrey reveals why size does matter, at least in physics. need to remember why you teach? listen to this incredible story from one of our teacher coaches recalling her first year of teaching. meet some of the notable artists featured in the speaking of music rewind preview : brian eno, sarah hopkins, trimpin, pamela z, john cage, philip glass, and laurie anderson. ti staff educator and math enthusiast lori lambertson describes how to find her favorite number. astrophysicist and native hawaiian dr. paul coleman is used to operating in the worlds of both science and spiritual tradition. but in this short podcast, he tells a story of one time when those two worlds clashed, and he was reminded of the importance of remembering his native roots. when staff physicist paul doherty began to teach, he started by doing lots of demonstrations. but now, he explains, he has students get their hands on the science, which helps them to understand the calculations. geologist chistina riesselman explains how studying 3 - million - year - old sediment from antarctica is providing a glimpse of what our planet ' s climate might look like if atmospheric carbon dioxide continues to rise as projected.


devanagari ( दवनागरि ) is a script used to write many indian languages, including sanskrit, hindi, marathi, kashmiri, sindhi, as well as nepali. it is a close descendant of the brahmi script that has been traced back to 500 bc. the brahmi script, in turn, is derived from the eastern aramaic alphabet. deva is the sanskrit for " god ", and nagari is " a city " ; together they mean, literally, " city of the gods " ( the humanbody ) ( when the compound is read as a shashtitatpurusha ). this refers to the legend that the script was one used in such a city. the philosophy behind it being that when one meditates on the specific sounds of the devanagari alphabet, the written forms appear spontaneously in the mind. the compound really functions as a bahuvrihi. an often - used transcription variant is " devnagri ". devanagari is written from left to right. words are written together without spaces, so that the top bar is unbroken ( there are some exceptions to this rule ). the break of the top line primarily marks breath groups. devanagari knows no distinction of case, i. e. no majuscule and minuscule letters. the spelling of languages written in devanagari is partly phonetic in the sense that a word written in it can only be pronounced in one way, but not all possible pronunciations can be written perfectly. devanagari has 34 consonants ( vyanjan ), and 12 vowels ( svar ). a syllable ( akshar ) is formed by the combination of zero or one consonants and one vowel. the transliterations below follow the popular national library at calcutta romanization. when no vowel is written, ' a ' is assumed. to specifically denote the absence of a vowel, a halant ( also called virama ) is used. the letters above are pronounced as in english, with the exceptions of : among these, is not used in hindi. the entire set is used in marathi. devanagari digits are written as follows : the itrans notation is a lossless transliteration scheme of devanagari into english. the letters used to represent devanagari alphabets in this notation have approximately the same pronunciation in english. it is widely used on usenet. in itrans, the word devanagari is written as " devana


hysterectomy ( histərekˈtəme ) [ key ], surgical removal of the uterus. a hysterectomy may involve removal of the uterus only or additional removal of the cervix ( base of the uterus ), fallopian tubes ( salpingectomy ), and ovaries ( oophorectomy ). it may be performed through a conventional abdominal incision or through the vagina. it is performed in cases of malignant tumors, endometriosis, prolapsed uterus, or fibroids that cause bleeding and pain. an emergency hysterectomy is sometimes necessary to end uterine hemorrhaging. removal does not physically interfere with sexual activity, but it does eliminate the uterine contractions of orgasm. it also eliminates the possibility of childbearing and precipitates menopause in premenopausal women. surgical removal of the ovaries eliminates their production of estrogen and progesterone along with these hormones ' s protective benefits to the heart, bones, and skin. some women ' s health advocates have questioned what they feel is the overuse of hysterectomy in the united states, where it is the second most common surgical procedure. some studies have judged that up to 25 % of hysterectomies performed in the united states are unnecessary and that more conservative treatments ( laparoscopic surgery, hormone therapy, or simple removal of fibroids ) would suffice in these cases. the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright © 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. more on hysterectomy from fact monster : see more encyclopedia articles on : medicine


new migratory plant pests are raising concerns about their potential impact on livelihoods, food security and global markets. empres has started to address other invasive plant pests, adopting the successful desert locust management model to mitigate these other transboundary threats. following a decision of fao governing bodies, the emergency prevention system for transboundary animal and plant pests and diseases ( empres ) was established in 1994 with the goal of enhancing world food security and fighting transboundary animal and plant pests and diseases, in particular desert locust and rinderpest. the plant health component of empres has focused primarily on the desert locust, strengthening the preventive desert locust management capacity of 18 locust - affected countries in africa and the near east to minimize the risk of desert locust plagues. the empres desert locust programme is reinforced by fao ’ s desert locust information service, which monitors locust and environmental conditions on a daily basis and provides forecasts, alerts and early warning to member countries. the core principles of the empres programme are : early warning, early detection, contingency planning, early reaction, promotion of environmentally sound control technologies and close collaboration and partnership with affected countries, national and international agricultural research centres and other international institutions. although the desert locust is the best known migratory pest - because of its fast movement, large swarms and potential for devastating crops - new and re - emerging migratory plant pests have raised concerns about their potential impact on livelihoods, food security and global markets. empres is starting to address other invasive plant pests, adopting the successful desert locust management model to mitigate these other transboundary threats. recent locust outbreaks in central asia, southeast asia, and central and southern africa involved other locust species such as migratory locust, moroccan locust, italian locust and the red locust. in the caucasus and central asian countries, outbreaks are compounded by other threats such as water shortage that affects the region ’ s ability to feed itself. some areas suffer from recurring locust infestations as a result of abandoned agricultural land favouring locust breeding. uncoordinated locust management among the affected countries can also worsen the problem. a particular problem is indiscriminate used of chemical pesticides using outdated control techniques, contributing to considerable ecological damage. in uzbekistan for example more than 1. 5 million ha were treated against the locusts in the past five years with chemical pesticides and in neighbouring kyrgyzstan,


varieties, and on improved wheat rust management at the field level through farmers ’ training. other transboundary threats fao is currently helping countries respond to other transboundary plant pest and disease emergencies in a number of situations in africa. staple crops in east africa are threatened by serious banana and cassava diseases, spread by farming practices, movement of planting materials, and in some cases insect vectors. a banana bacterial banana wilt ( bbw or bxw ) has threatened production in uganda and neighbouring countries from 2002 onwards. real progress has been made in understanding the transmission and management of the disease, and farmer field schools have greatly contributed to the control of disease spread and the rehabilitation of banana plantations in many areas of the country. cassava mosaic and brown streak virus diseases threaten this key food security crop throughout the great lakes region of east africa. emergency programmes have attempted to multiply planting materials of disease - tolerant cassava varieties, but the combination of the diseases together is still proving problematic. empres geo - spatial analytical tools and approaches again make a major contribution, while the partnership with local agricultural research systems and large ngo partners ( such as catholic relief services and the great lakes cassava initiative ) is also key. in both the cases - of banana and cassava diseases - work is ongoing to learn lessons and improve early warning and risk assessment, develop monitoring and surveillance programmes at community level, and build rapid response capacity. the aim is to ensure that the production system for these staple crops is more resilient and able to respond to the next pest or disease threat. in the effort to address the challenges of large - scale emergencies emanating from transboundary pests and diseases more effectively and to provide better coordinated and more timely assistance to affected countries, fao created a new crisis management centre along the food chain ( cmc - fc ). empres plant pest and disease will have a primary role in emergency prevention, early warning and risk assessment, and in stimulating synergy with the other empres components.


a new study has found a way of storing the drought - tolerant legume, cowpeas, so as to prevent their destruction by weevils, in a low - cost solution that could benefit millions of farmers across africa. cowpea is not only drought - tolerant, but grows well in poor soils with a high sand content. however the harvested beans are vulnerable to cowpea weevils, callosobruchus maculatus, which can multiply rapidly. even a small infestation can destroy an entire stored crop in a few months. scientists have been studying how farmers store cowpeas and learnt that a long - standing method of killing cowpea weevils involved storing the harvest inside three layered and individually sealed plastic bags. it was assumed the pests died of suffocation. now researchers in africa and the us have published a study of the method saying that while lack of oxygen reduces the weevils ' feeding activity, what actually kills them is lack of water, and that the drier the harvest at the time of storage the harder it is for the weevils to survive and multiply. " the weevils use oxygen to produce water and so are deprived of their main water source. but some of their water, maybe 15 – 20 per cent, comes from the seed, " said larry murdock, an entomologist at us - based purdue university and lead author of the study. millions of triple plastic bags have already been distributed across west and central africa through the purdue improved cowpea storage ( pics ) bags project that targets west, central and east africa. " the simple recommendation is to store, in a pics bag or via other methods, your grain when it is drier, if you can, because you ' re reducing the supply of water and placing the weevils under even greater water stress, " murdock said. the team are now investigating whether the dry, airtight environment inhibits other cowpea pests in the same way. scientists and researchers in kenya have welcomed the study at a time when kenyan farmers are struggling with post harvest losses in cowpeas. “ i strongly feel that average prices can increase 60 – 100 percent between harvest and the next planting season. so any improvement in storage has the potential to increase revenue by that much, " said mucheke mugene from the tegemeo institute of agriculture. written by bob koigi for african laughter newer news items : - farmers lead revolution in water harvesting - 31 / 08


history of the baptist denomination in america, and other parts of the world by david benedict london : printed by lincoln & edmands, no. 53, cornhill, for the author [ table of contents for " a generation history of the baptists " by david benedict ] baptists in america general history of all the separate baptists in virginia, north - carolina, south - carolina, and georgia, from the time of their settlement at sandy - creek, north - carolina, 1755, to the division of their extensive connexion, in 1770. the appellation of separates first began to be given to a set of pedobaptist reformers, whose evangelical zeal was produced by the instrumentality of the famous george whitefield, and other eminent itinerant preachers of that day, and who began their extraordinary career about the year 1740. soon after these reformers, who were at first called new - lights, and afterwards separates, were organized into distinct societies, they were joined by shubael stearns, a native of boston, ( mass. ) who, becoming a preacher, labored among them until 1751, when he embraced the sentiments of the baptists, as many others of the pedobaptist separates did about this time, and soon after was baptized by rev. wait palmer. mr. stearns was ordained the same year in tolland, ( conn. ) the town in which he was baptized, by the said wait palmer and joshua morse, the former being pastor of the church in stonington, and the latter of new - london, in connecticut. mr. stearns and most of the separates had strong faith in the immediate teachings of the spirit. they believed, that to those who sought him earnestly, god often gave evident tokens of his will. that such indications of the divine pleasure, partaking of the nature of inspiration, were above, though not contrary to reason, and that following these, still leaning in every step upon the same wisdom and power by which they were first actuated, they would inevitably be led to the accomplishment of the two great objects of a christians life, the glory of god and the salvation of men. mr. stearns, listening to some of these instructions of heaven, as he esteemed them, conceived himself called upon by the almighty to move far to the westward, to execute a great and extensive work. incited by his impressions, in the year 1776 he and a few of his members ; took their leave of new england


esteemed them, conceived himself called upon by the almighty to move far to the westward, to execute a great and extensive work. incited by his impressions, in the year 1776 he and a few of his members ; took their leave of new england. he halted first at opeckon, in berkley county, virginia, where he found a baptist church under the care of the rev. john garrard, who received him kindly. here also he met his brother - in - law, the rev. daniel marshall, who was also a separate, and of whom much will be said in the history of the southern baptists, just returned from his mission among the indians, and who, after his arrival at this place, had become a baptist. they joined companies, and settled for a while on cacapou, in hampshire county, about 30 miles from winchester. here, stearns not meeting with his expected success, felt restless. some of his friends had moved to north - carolina ; he received letters from these, informing him, that preaching was greatly desired by the people of that country ; that in some instances they had rode 40 miles to hear one sermon. he and his party once more got under way, and, traveling about 200 miles, came to sandy - creek, in guilford county, north - carolina. here he took up his permanent residence. the number of families in stearnss company were 8, and the number of communicants 16, viz. shubael stearns and wife, peter stearns and wife, ebenezer stearns and wife, shubael stearns, jun. and wife, daniel marshall and wife, joseph breed and wife, enos stimson and wife, jonathan polk and wife. as soon as they arrived, they built them a little meeting - house, and these 16 persons formed themselves into a church, and chose shubael stearns for their pastor, who had, for his assistants at that time, daniel marshall and joseph breed, neither of whom were ordained. the inhabitants about this little colony of baptists, although brought up in the christian religion, were grossly ignorant of its essential principles. having the form of godliness, they knew nothing of its power. stearns and his party, of course, brought strange things to their ears. to be born again, appeared to them as absurd as it did to the jewish doctor, when he asked, if he must enter the second time into his mothers womb and be born. having always supposed that


course, brought strange things to their ears. to be born again, appeared to them as absurd as it did to the jewish doctor, when he asked, if he must enter the second time into his mothers womb and be born. having always supposed that religion consisted in nothing more than the practice of its outward duties, they could not comprehend how it should be necessary to feel conviction and conversion ; and to be able to ascertain the time and place of ones conversion, was, in their estimation, wonderful indeed. these points were all strenuously contended for by the new preachers. but their manner of preaching was, if possible, much more novel than their doctrines. the separates in new - england had acquired a very warm and pathetic address, accompanied by strong gestures and a singular tone of voice. being often deeply affected themselves when preaching, correspondent affections were felt by their pious hearers, which were frequently expressed by tears, trembling, screams, and acclamations of grief and joy. all these they brought with them into their new habitation, at which the people were greatly astonished, having never seen things on this wise before. many mocked, but the power of god attending them, many also trembled. in process of time, some of the inhabitants became converts, and bowed obedience to the redeemers scepter. these uniting their labors with the others, a powerful and extensive work commenced, and sandy - creek church soon swelled from 16 to 606 members. daniel marshall, though not possessed of great talents, was indefatigable in his labors. he sallied out into the adjacent neighbourhoods, and planted the redeemer standard in many of the strong holds of satan. at abbots - creek, about thirty miles from sandy - creek, the gospel prospered so largely, that they petitioned the mother church for a constitution, and for the ordination of mr. marshall as their pastor. the church was constituted ; mr. marshall accepted the call, and went to live among them. his ordination, however, was a matter of some difficulty. it required, upon their principles, a plurality of elders to constitute a presbytery. mr. stearns was the only ordained minister among them. in this dilemma, they were informed, that there were some regular baptist preachers living on pedee river, ( s. c. ) to one of these [ this minister was, probably, rev. nicholas bedgegood, at that time pastor of the church at welsh tract ], mr. ste


some regular baptist preachers living on pedee river, ( s. c. ) to one of these [ this minister was, probably, rev. nicholas bedgegood, at that time pastor of the church at welsh tract ], mr. stearns applied, and requested him to assist him in the ordination of mr. marshall. this request he sternly refused, declaring that he held no fellowship with stearnss party ; that he believed them to be a disorderly set ; suffering women to pray in public, and permitting every ignorant man to preach that chose ; and that they encouraged noise and confusion in their meetings. application was then made to mr. leadbetter, who was then pastor of the church on lynchs creek, craven county, south - carolina, and who was a brother - in - law of mr. marshall. he and mr. stearns ordained mr. marshall to the care of this new church. the work of grace continued to spread, and several preachers were raised in north - carolina. among others was james read, who was afterwards very successful in virginia. when he first began to preach he was very illiterate, not knowing how to read or write. his wife became his instructor, and he soon acquired learning sufficient to enable him to read the scriptures. the gospel was carried by mr. marshall into the parts of virginia, adjacent to the residence of this religious colony, soon after their settlement. he baptized several persons in some of his first visits. among them was dutton lane, who, shortly after his baptism, began to preach. a revival succeeded, and mr. marshall at one time baptized 42 persons. in august, 1760, a church was constituted, and mr. lane became their pastor. this was the first separate baptist church in virginia, and in some sense the mother of all the rest. the church prospered much under the ministry of mr. lane, aided by the occasional visits of mr. marshall and mr. stearns. they endured much persecution, but god prospered them, and delivered them out of the hands of all their enemies. soon after mr. lanes conversion, the power of god was effectual in the conversion of samuel harris, a man of great distinction in those parts. but upon being honored of god, he laid aside all worldly honors, and became a laborer in the lords vineyard. in 1759, he was ordained a ruling elder. from the commencement of his ministry, for about seven years, his labors were devoted. chiefly to his own and


laid aside all worldly honors, and became a laborer in the lords vineyard. in 1759, he was ordained a ruling elder. from the commencement of his ministry, for about seven years, his labors were devoted. chiefly to his own and the adjacent counties. being often with mr. marshall in his ministerial journies, he caught the zeal, diligence, and indeed the manners of this zealous evangelist. his labors were crowned with the blessing of heaven wherever he went. stearns, though not as laborious as marshall, was not idle. he seems to have possessed the talent of arranging the materials when collected, and well understood discipline and church government. marshalls impressions led him to travel farther south. accordingly, after prosecuting his successful ministry a few years in north - carolina, and the neighboring parts of virginia, he took an affectionate leave of the church over which he presided, and of his friends in that region, and settled on beaver - creek, in south - carolina, not far from 200 miles to the north - west of charleston. marshall, after tarrying a few years at different places in south - carolina, and having been the instrument of raising up a number of churches, and laying the foundation for many others, in 1771 removed to georgia, and settled on the hioka creek, about 18 miles to the west of augusta, where a church was soon gathered by his means, as some of his brethren had removed into that place before him. mr. marshall was accompanied by a few of the north - carolina separates, on his removal from them, and was soon followed by others, among whom were some ministers, particularly joseph breed and philip mulky, the last of whom was, for many years, a very famous and successful preacher in south - carolina ; and by the labors of those preachers and some others, who were soon raised up in the parts, seven churches were gathered by the year 1770, some of which were very large, and consisted of a number of branches, which were shortly after formed into distinct churches. while marshall was sojourning southward, and planting churches in the various places where he pitched his frequent habitations, harris bent his course to the northward, amongst his rude and insolent countrymen the virginians ; and while his brethren were thus engaged to the north and south of him, stearns maintained his station at sandy - creek, where his labors were greatly blessed ; he however often traveled a considerable distance in the country around,


said to the contrary. " the church at little - river was no less remarkable than the one already mentioned ; for this was constituted in 1760, five years after the sandy - creek, and in three years it increased from 5 to 500, and built five meeting - houses ; but this church was also reduced by the provincial troubles and consequent dispersion of the inhabitants, mentioned above. " but to return. sandy - creek church is the mother of all the separate baptists. from this zion went forth the word, and great was the company of them who published it. this church, in seventeen years, has spread her branches westward as far as the great river mississippi ; southward as far as georgia, eastward to the sea and chesapeak bay ; and northward to the waters of potomack ; it, in seventeen years, is become mother, grandmother, and great - grandmother, to 42 churches, from which sprang 126 ministers, many of which are ordained, and support the sacred character as well as any set of clergy in america ; and if some have turned out bad, where is there a set of clergy that can throw the first stone, and say, we all are good? as for the outcries, epilepsies, and ecstasies attending their ministry, they are not peculiar to them ; the new - england presbyterians had these long before ; and in virginia, it is well known that the same effects attend the ministry of some clergymen of the church of england, particularly rev. messrs. derreaux garret, and archibald mroberts. the enchantment of sounds, attended with corresponding actions, have produced greater effects than these ; though i believe a preternatural and invisible hand works in the assemblies of the separate baptists, bearing down the human mind, as was the case in primitive churches. 1 corinthians 14 : 25. " but virginia, in about ten years after their settlement, became, to the separates, their principal scene of action, of suffering, and success. their movements here, we shall now proceed to state ; being prepared, from semples history, to give a more extensive and circumstantial account of them, in this, than in the other states. [ samuel ] harris seemed destined of god to labor more extensively in virginia than in any other state. and having done much good in his own nelghborhood, in the year 1765, the time arrived for him to extend his labors. in january of


harris seemed destined of god to labor more extensively in virginia than in any other state. and having done much good in his own nelghborhood, in the year 1765, the time arrived for him to extend his labors. in january of this year, allen wyley, an inhabitant of culpepper, and who had been baptized by david thomas, hearing of the separate baptist preachers, traveled as far as pittsylvania, in order to get one or more of them to come and preach in his own county. he traveled on, scarcely knowing whither he went but an unseen hand directed his course. he providentially fell in with one of mr. harriss meetings. when he came into the meeting - house, mr. h. fixed his eyes upon him, being impressed previously that he had some extraordinary message. he asked him whence he came, etc. mr. w. told him his errand. upon which, after some deliberation, believing him to be sent of god, mr. h. agreed to go. taking three days to prepare, he set out with wyley, having no meetings on the way, yet exhorting and praying at every house where he went. arriving in culpepper, his first meeting was at wyleys own house. he preached the first day without interruption, and made appointments for the next. but when he began his meeting, such violent opposition was made by a company, who appeared with whips, sticks, clubs, and other rustick weapons, as to hinder his labors ; in consequence of which, he went, that night, over to orange county, and preached with much effect. he continued many days preaching from place to place, attended by great crowds, and followed throughout his meetings by several persons who had been either lately converted, or seriously awakened, under the ministry of the regular baptists, and also by many who had been alarmed by his own labors. when mr. harris left them, he exhorted them to be steadfast and advised some in whom he discovered talents, to commence the exercise of their gifts, and to hold meetings among themselves. in this ministerial journey, mr. harris sowed much good seed, which yielded afterwards great increase. the young converts took his advice, and began to hold meetings every sabbath, and almost every night in the week, taking a tobacco - house for their meeting - house. after proceeding in this way for some time, they applied to


afterwards great increase. the young converts took his advice, and began to hold meetings every sabbath, and almost every night in the week, taking a tobacco - house for their meeting - house. after proceeding in this way for some time, they applied to mr. david thomas, who lived somewhere north of the rappahannock, to come and preach for them, and teach them the ways of god more perfectly ; he came, but in his preaching expressed some disapprobation of the preaching of such weak and illiterate persons. this was like throwing cold water upon their flaming zeal ; they took umbrage, and resolved to send once more for mr. harris. some time in the year 1766, and a short time after mr. thomass preaching, three of the party, viz. elijah craig and two others, traveled to mr. harriss house in order to procure his services in orange and the adjacent parts, to preach and baptize the new converts. they found, to their surprise, that he had not been ordained to the administration of the ordinances. to remedy this inconvenience, he carried them about 60 miles into north - carolina to get james read, who was ordained. there is something singular in the exercise of mr. read about this time. he was impressed with an opinion that he had frequent teachings from god ; and indeed, from the account given by himself, we must either doubt his veracity, or admit that his impressions were supernatural. he declares that respecting his preaching in virginia, for many weeks, he had no rest in his spirit. asleep or awake, he felt his soul earnestly impressed with strong desires to go to virginia, to preach the gospel. in his dreams he thought that god would often shew him large congregations of virginians assembled to hear preaching. he was sometimes heard by his family to cry out in his sleep, " o virginia! virginia! virginia! " mr. graves, a member of his church, a good man, discovering his anxiety, and believing his impressions to be from god, offered to accompany him. just as they were preparing to set out, mr. harris and the three messengers mentioned above, came for him to go with them. the circumstances so much resemble peters call from joppa to caesarea, that we can hardly for a moment hesitate in placing implicit confidence in its being a contrivance of divine wisdom. mr. read agreed to go, without much hesitation. one of the messengers from spottsylvania went on


to caesarea, that we can hardly for a moment hesitate in placing implicit confidence in its being a contrivance of divine wisdom. mr. read agreed to go, without much hesitation. one of the messengers from spottsylvania went on to appoint meetings on the way. the two preachers, after filling up some appointments in their own parts, pursued their contemplated journey, accompanied by mr. graves and the other two. in about two weeks they arrived in orange, within the bounds of blue - run church, as it now stands. when they came in sight, and saw a very large congregation, they were greatly affected. after a few minutes of prayer and reflection, they recovered their courage, and entered upon their great work. they preached with much effect on that day. the next day they preached at elijah craigs, where a vast crowd attended. david thomas and john garrard, both preachers of the regular order, were at this meeting. the ministers on both sides seemed desirous to unite, but the people were against it ; the larger part siding with the separates. as they could not unite, the next day being sabbath, both parties held meetings but a small distance from each other. baptism was administered by both. these things widened the breach. messrs. read and harris, however, continued their ministrations. mr. read baptized 19 the first day, and more on the days following. they went through spottsylvania into the upper parts of caroline, hanover, and goochland, sowing the seeds of grace and peace in many places. so much were they inspirited by these meetings, that they made appointments to come again the next year. in their second visit, they were accompanied by the rev. dutton lane, who assisted them in constituting and organizing the first separate baptist church between the rappahannock and james - river. this took place on the 20th of november, 1767. the church was called upper spottsylvania, and consisted of 25 members, including all the separate baptists north of james - river. this was a mother to many other churches. read and harris continued to visit these parts for about three years, with wonderful effect. in one of their visits, they baptized 75 at one time, and in the course of one of their journies, which generally lasted several weeks, they baptized upwards of 200. it was not uncommon, at their great meetings, for many hundreds of men to encamp on the ground, in order to


, and in the course of one of their journies, which generally lasted several weeks, they baptized upwards of 200. it was not uncommon, at their great meetings, for many hundreds of men to encamp on the ground, in order to be present the next day. the night meetings, through the great work of god, continued very late ; the ministers would scarcely have an opportunity to sleep. sometimes the floor would be covered with persons struck down under the conviction of sin. it frequently happened, that when they would retire to rest at a late hour, they would be under the necessity of arising again, through the earnest cries of the penitent. there were instances of persons traveling more than one hundred miles to one of these meetings ; to go forty or fifty was not uncommon. on account of the great increase of members, through the labors of messrs. read and harris, aided by a number of young preachers, it was found necessary to constitute several other churches. read and harris, particularly the latter, were men of great zeal and indefatigable diligence and perseverance in their masters cause. their spirit was caught by many of the young prophets in orange and spottsylvania. lewis and elijah craig, john waller, james childs, john burrus, and others, animated by an ardent desire for the advancement of their masters kingdom, sallied forth in every direction, spreading the tidings of peace and salvation wherever they went. most of them illiterate, yet illumined by the wisdom from above, they would defend and maintain the cause of truth, against the arguments of the most profound. without visible sword or buckler, they moved on steady to their purpose, undismayed by the terrifick hosts of satan, which were backed by the strong arm of civil authority. magistrates and mobs, priests and sheriffs, courts and prisons, all vainly combined to divert them from their object. their labors were not limited to their own counties. in goochland, messrs. harris and read had baptized several ; among whom was reuben ford, who had professed vital faith about seven years before, under the ministry of the renowned whitefield and davis. mr. ford was baptized in the year 1769, by james read. these plants were watered by the labors of the spottsylvania preachers, particularly j. waller, who, early in his visits to goochland, baptized william webber and joseph anthony, who,


year 1769, by james read. these plants were watered by the labors of the spottsylvania preachers, particularly j. waller, who, early in his visits to goochland, baptized william webber and joseph anthony, who, with reuben ford, had been exhorting, etc. previous to their being baptized. by the united labors of these several servants of god, the work of godliness progressed in goochland and round about. these young preachers were no sooner captivated by the king of zion, than they immediately began to fight under his banner. their success was equal to their diligence ; many believed, and were baptized in goochland ; insomuch that they thought themselves ripe for an independent government, and were accordingly constituted as a church, towards the last of the year 1771, which received the name of the county in which it was situated, and contained about 76 members. this was the mother church of those parts, for from it have been since constituted several others, particularly dover and licking - hole. william webber became pastor of dover church, which office he held until his death in 1808. reuben ford administered the word and ordinances to goochland and licking - hole. one william mullin, afterwards an useful preacher, had moved from middlesex and settled in the county of amelia. when the gospel reached his neighborhood, mr. mullin cordially embraced it. going afterwards, in 1769, on a visit to his relations in middlesex and essex, by arguments drawn from the scripture, he convinced his brother john, and his brother - inlaw james greenwood, with several others, of the necessity of being born again. of these, some found peace in believing, before they ever heard the gospel publickly preached. november, 1770, john waller and john burrus came down and preached in middlesex they continued preaching at and near the same place for three days ; great crowds came out. waller baptized five ; but persecution began to rage. some said they were deceivers ; others that they were good men. on the second day, a magistrate attempted to pull waller off the stage, but the clergyman of the parish prevented it. the next day a man threw a stone at waller while he was preaching ; but the stone missed him, and struck a friend of the man who threw it. james greenwood and others now began to hold publick meetings by day and by night ; much good was done by them. many believed, and only waited an opportunity to be baptized, there being


, and struck a friend of the man who threw it. james greenwood and others now began to hold publick meetings by day and by night ; much good was done by them. many believed, and only waited an opportunity to be baptized, there being no ordained preacher nearer than spottsylvania. in the mean time, the laborers had not been idle in that part of the vineyard south of james - river. the two murphies, viz. william and joseph, aided by the indefatigable samuel harris, had carried the gospel into some of the counties above pittsylvania, where robert stockton and some other preachers were raised up. mr. harris, james read, jeremiah walker, and others, had proclaimed the tidings of peace in halifax, charlotte, lunenburg, mecklenburg, amelia, and almost all the counties to the west of richmond, on the south side of james - river. in these gatherings, there were many useful and several eminent ministers of the gospel brought in, particularly john williams, john king, james shelburne, henry lester, with some others. the gospel was first carried to these places much in the same way as it was into culpepper and spottsylvania, viz. in consequence of a special message to the preachers from some of the inhabitants. they constituted the first church in 1769, with about forty members, which was called nottoway. jeremiah walker soon moved and took the pastoral care of it : he had been preaching some time before this, in north - carolina, his native state ; but now moving to virginia, he for several years acted a conspicuous part in the concerns of the virginia baptists. in the year 1758, three years after stearns and his company settled at sandy - creek, a few churches having been constituted, and these having a number of branches which were fast maturing for churches, stearns conceived that an association composed of delegates from them all, would have a tendency to forward the great object of their exertions. for this purpose he visited each church and congregation, and explaining to them his contemplated plan, induced them all to send delegates to his meeting - house in january, 1758, when an association was formed, which was called sandy - creek, and which continues to the present time ; but it has experienced many vicissitudes of prosperity and adversity ; and at one time, on account of exercising too much power over the churches, it became much embarrassed in its movements, and very near


which continues to the present time ; but it has experienced many vicissitudes of prosperity and adversity ; and at one time, on account of exercising too much power over the churches, it became much embarrassed in its movements, and very near to extinction. for twelve years, all the separate baptists in virginia and the two carolinas, continued in connection with this association, which was generally held at no great distance from the place where it originated. all who could, traveled from its remote extremities, to attend its yearly sessions, which were conducted with great harmony, and afforded sufficient edification to induce them to undertake with cheerfulness these long and laborious journies. by the means of these meetings, the gospel was carried into many new places, where the fame of the baptists had previously spread ; for great crowds attending from distant parts, mostly through curiosity, many became enamoured with these extraordinary people, and petitioned the association to send preachers into their neighborhoods. these petitions were readily granted, and the preachers as readily complied with the appointments. these people were so much engaged in their evangelical pursuits, that they had no time to spend in theological debates, nor were they very scrupulous about the mode of conducting their meetings. when assembled, their chief employment was preaching, exhortation, singing, and conversing about their various exertions in the redeemers service, the success which had attended them, and the new and prosperous scenes which were opening before them. these things so inflamed the hearts of the ministers, that they would leave the association with a zeal and courage, which no common obstacles could impede. " at our first association, ( says the ms. of james read, who was present ) we continued together three or four days. great crowds of people attended, mostly through curiosity, the great power of god was among us. the preaching every day, seemed to be attended with gods blessing. we carried on our association with sweet decorum and fellowship to the end. then we took leave of one another, with many solemn charges from our reverend old father shubael stearns, to stand fast unto the end. " at their next association they were visited by rev. john gano, who at that time resided in north - carolina, at a place called the jersey settlements. mr. gano was received by stearns with great affection ; but as there was at that time an unhappy shyness and jealousy between the regulars and separates, by the others


time resided in north - carolina, at a place called the jersey settlements. mr. gano was received by stearns with great affection ; but as there was at that time an unhappy shyness and jealousy between the regulars and separates, by the others he was treated with coldness and suspicion ; and they even refused to invite him into their association. but mr. gano had too much knowledge of mankind, humility and good nature, to be offended at this treatment. he continued a while as a spectator of their proceedings, and then retired with a view of returning home. stearns was much hurt and mortified with the shyness and incivility of his brethren, and, in the absence of mr. gano, expostulated with them on the matter, and made a proposition to invite him to preach with them. all were forward to invite him to preach, although they could not invite him to a seat in their assembly. with their invitation he cheerfully complied, and his preaching, though not with the new - light tones and gestures, was in demonstration of the spirit and with power. he continued with them to the close of their session, and preached frequently, much to their astonishment, as well as edification. their hearts were soon opened towards him, and their cold indifference and languid charity were, before he left them, enlarged into a warm attachment and cordial affection. and so superior did his preaching talents appear to them, that the young and illiterate preachers said they felt as if they could never attempt to preach again. this association continued to progress with great harmony and prosperity, without any special occurrence, until 1769, when the ketockton association of regular baptists, desirous of effecting an union with them, ( which had before been unsuccessfully attempted ) by compromising those little matters of difference, which had unhappily prevented their communion with each other, sent, as messengers for the purpose, the rev. messrs. garret, major, and saunders, with a letter of which the following is an extract : " beloved in our lord jesus christ, the bearers of this letter can acquaint you with the design of writing it. their errand is peace, and their business is a reconciliation between us, if there is any difference subsisting. if we are all christians, all baptists, all new - lights, why are we divided? must the little appellative names, regular and separate, break the golden band of charity, and set the sons and


any difference subsisting. if we are all christians, all baptists, all new - lights, why are we divided? must the little appellative names, regular and separate, break the golden band of charity, and set the sons and daughters of zion at variance? " behold how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity, " but how bad and how bitter it is for them to live asunder in discord! to indulge ourselves in prejudice, is soon a disorder ; and to quarrel about nothing, is irregularity with a witness. o, our dear brethren, endeavor to prevent this calamity for the future. " this excellent letter was presented to the association, and after a lengthy debate, the proposal for an union was rejected by a small majority. their answer to the regulars was, " excuse us in love, for we are acquainted with our own order, but not so well with yours ; and if there is a difference, we might ignorantly jump into that which will make us rue it, etc. " at the meeting of this body, in 1770, their harmony was interrupted and their assembly assumed a new and unpleasant appearance, and the division of the association, which convenience would have dictated, was now effected from painful necessity. it had been usual with them to do nothing in associations, but by unanimity. if in any measure proposed, there was a single dissentient, they labored first by arguments to come to unanimous agreement ; when arguments failed, they resorted to frequent prayer, in which all joined. when both these failed, they sometimes appointed the next day for fasting and prayer, and to strive to bring all to be of one mind. at this session they split in their first business ; nothing could be done on the first day. they appointed the next for fasting and prayer. they met and labored the whole day, and could do nothing, not even appoint a moderator. the third day was appointed for the same purpose, and to be observed in the same way. they met early, and continued together until three oclock in the afternoon, without having accomplished any thing. a proposal was then made, that the association should be divided into three districts, that is, one in each state. to this there was an unanimous consent at once. " the cause of this division, ( says mr. edwards ) was partly convenience, but it was chiefly owing to a mistake which this association fell into, relative to their power and jurisdiction. they


. to this there was an unanimous consent at once. " the cause of this division, ( says mr. edwards ) was partly convenience, but it was chiefly owing to a mistake which this association fell into, relative to their power and jurisdiction. they had carried matters so high as to leave hardly any power in particular churches, unfellow - shipping ordinations, ministers, and churches that acted independent of them ; and pleading, that though complete power be in every church, yet every church can transfer it to an association ; which is as much as to say, that a man may take out his eyes, ears, etc. and give them to another, to see, hear, etc. for him ; for if power be fixed by christ in a particular church, they cannot transfer it ; nay, should they formally give it away, yet is it not gone away. " the good old mr. stearns, who was not wholly divested of those maxims which he had imbibed from the traditions of his fathers, is said to have been the principal promoter of this improper stretch of associational power, which, however, was soon abandoned by those, who, for a time, tampered with it, to their embarrassment and injury. how many communicants were comprehended in this association, at the time of its division, i have not been able to ascertain ; but they must have been considerably numerous. the division was made in the following manner. the churches in south - carolina formed an association by the name of congaree ; those in north - carolina were still known by the name of sandy - creek ; while those in virginia formed an association which was at first called rapid - ann, but was more commonly distinguished by the name of the general association of separate baptists. we are now prepared to treat wholly of the separates in virginia, as the history of those in the other states will be related under their respective heads. the association which originated in the manner above described, embraced all the separate baptists in virginia, except a very few churches, which were dismissed from it in 1776, to form the strawberry association, for the space of twelve years, viz. until the year 1783, when it was by mutual consent divided. from this association, as from a fruitful mother, have originated most of the present associations in virginia. and although there was one temporary division by mutual consent, and another occasioned by the discussion of an important subject,. which will soon be mentioned ; yet, generally speaking,


a fruitful mother, have originated most of the present associations in virginia. and although there was one temporary division by mutual consent, and another occasioned by the discussion of an important subject,. which will soon be mentioned ; yet, generally speaking, it continued a united, prosperous, and even powerful body, through all the calamitous scenes of the revolutionary, war ; and to them, the more afflictive scenes of persecution, which for a number of years were carried to a high degree in virginia, to which the separates, more than the regulars, were exposed. a brief account of the proceedings of the general association during the twelve years of its existing as such, will now be given. it has already been observed, that the division of the sandy - creek association took place in the year 1770, and the next year, the one under consideration was organized ; at which time it contained 14 churches, and 1335 members. these 14 churches were scattered in almost as many counties, and many of them were pretty high up in the state, both as it respected the sea - coast, and its southern boundary ; the most of them, however, were situated on the south of james - river. at the organization of this association, they adopted a set of rules for the regulation of their body, which consisted of nine articles, and the first and most important of them, which restricted the association within proper bounds, was as follows : " it is unanimously agreed that this association has no power or authority to impose any thing upon the churches, but that we act as an advisory council. " in 1773, the association had increased to 34 churches, which contained 3195 members. we are now about to relate an affair which took place in this body, which will probably produce mixed emotions in the mind of the reader. the following query, viz. " are all the offices of apostles, prophets, evangelists, pastors, and teachers, mentioned in ephesians, 4th chapter, and 11th verse, now in use? " had been introduced at a previous session of the association, when, after spending two days in debating upon it, they agreed to defer their decision on the subject, until their next session. during the recess of the association, as well as when it was assembled, this novel subject was discussed by many, with no little warmth and interest. it appears to have been first agitated by jeremiah walker, who labored hard, both in publick and private, to defend and propagate his sentiments. he even wrote


this novel subject was discussed by many, with no little warmth and interest. it appears to have been first agitated by jeremiah walker, who labored hard, both in publick and private, to defend and propagate his sentiments. he even wrote a piece upon the subject, entitled, free thoughts, etc. in which he ingeniously maintained that apostles, together with all the other offices enumerated in ephesians, etc. were still to be maintained in the church. reuben ford took an active part against walker, and wrote a pamphlet in opposition to his scheme. both of these men were followed by large and respectable parties, and both of their pamphlets were read before the association in 1774, when the query was again introduced, and the debates upon it resumed. but the majority favoring walkers speculations, an almost unanimous vote was obtained to carry them into practical operation. having thus resolved, they, in the first place, proceeded to choose one from among them, to officiate in the dignified character of an apostle. walker had been suspected of vain and ambitious views in pleading so hard for the establishment of this office ; but whatever were his desires and expectations, the venerable samuel harris, who was now about 50 years of age, was, by the unanimous voice of the association, elected an apostle. he accepted the appointment, and was immediately ordained to the apostolic function. his ordination, as appears by their minutes, was conducted in the following manner : " the day being set apart as a fast day, we immediately proceeded to ordain him, and the hands of every ordained minister were laid upon him. [ it would seem by the above account, that those who had opposed the establishment of apostles, had retired from the association, before the offensive measure was adopted. ] publick prayer was made by john waller, elijah craig, and john williams. john waller gave a publick charge, and the whole association gave him the right hand of fellowship. " the work assigned to this apostle, was to pervade the churches, for the purpose of performing, or at least of superintending the work of ordination, and to set in order the things that were wanting ; and he was ordered to report the success of his mission, at the next association. and for the discipline of this high officer, the following law was enacted, viz. " if our messenger, or apostle, shall transgress in any manner, he shall be liable to dealing in any church where the transgression was committed ; and the said


discipline of this high officer, the following law was enacted, viz. " if our messenger, or apostle, shall transgress in any manner, he shall be liable to dealing in any church where the transgression was committed ; and the said church is instructed to call helps from two or three neighboring churches ; and if by them found a transgressor, a general conference of the churches shall be called, to restore, or excommunicate him. " at this time there was a temporary division of this extensive association, and james - river was the dividing line. the scene which we have been describing, was acted on that part which lay south of this river ; but the northern section, in imitation of their southern brethren, not long after, in the same year, appointed for their apostles, john waller and elijah craig. thus virginia, whose ecclesiastical affairs were formerly governed by bishops, now beheld within her bounds, three baptist apostles! but these apostles made their first reports in rather discouraging terms, and no others were ever appointed. they finally concluded, that the office of apostles, like that of prophets, was peculiar to the apostolick age, and ceased with the cessation of that inspiration and those miraculous gifts, by which these characters were peculiarly distinguished. the reflecting reader will doubtless feel emotions of disgust and disapprobation, at these irregular sallies of zeal ; he will also, probably, be provoked at the same time to smile at the weakness of those who promoted them ; and the risibility of the affair may, in some measure, abate the severity of his censures. in 1775, the two divisions of the association, which had, for a short time, acted in separate capacities, now reunited, when it was found, that the whole number of churches amounted to 60 ; 31 on the north, and 29 on the south side of james - river. at this session the association was most painfully agitated by the discussion of the following very serious and important question, viz. " is salvation by christ made possible for every individual of the human race? " this query was debated with much interest, and also with much ability ; for notwithstanding the proceedings of the last meeting, by which their wisdom was so much impeached, there were, at this time, a number of preachers amongst the virginia baptists, who were men of considerable reading and theological knowledge, and they, in this interesting debate, exerted all their polemical powers. those, who supported the


there were, at this time, a number of preachers amongst the virginia baptists, who were men of considerable reading and theological knowledge, and they, in this interesting debate, exerted all their polemical powers. those, who supported the affirmative of this question, were called arminians, while those who maintained the opposite opinion were denominated calvinists. but taking the spirit of the question, these appellations were not descriptive of the characters to whom they were applied ; for many decided calvinists hold, that the atonement of christ is general in its nature, though particular in its application ; and had these people been acquainted with the distinction made by dr. fuller and other modern divines, it might have relieved their embarrassments, and prevented their discord. but to avoid circumlocution, i shall, in relating the progress of this debate, make use of the term arminian and calvinist, as they were then applied, and as they are used in semples history. this important query occupied the first attention of the association. one whole day was spent in debating it, and most of the preachers spake more or less upon it. the weight of talents and influence seems to have been on the arminian side. samuel harris, jeremiah walker, john waller, and many other distinguished preachers, stood forward, and zealously as well as ably supported the argument in favor of universal provision. talents and ingenuity were not wanting on the other side. william murphy, john williams, and elijah craig stood foremost in favor of a calvinistick solution. the preponderating weight was at last cast into the calvinistick scale, and they, after a long and animated debate, finally obtained a small majority. this decision was on monday afternoon, immediately before an adjournment. that evening the arminian party holding a consultation, determined to bring on the subject again the next day, and to have a determination, whether their opinions upon this point should be a matter of bar to fellowship and communion. on tuesday, when they met, the business became very distressing. the arminian party having the moderator with them, withdrew out of doors. the other side also withdrew, and chose john williams as moderator. every thing was then done by message, sometimes in writing, and sometimes verbally. after some time was spent in this way, the following proposal was made by the arminian party : " dear brethren, a steady union with you makes us willing to


every thing was then done by message, sometimes in writing, and sometimes verbally. after some time was spent in this way, the following proposal was made by the arminian party : " dear brethren, a steady union with you makes us willing to be more explicit, in answer to your terms of reconciliation proposed. we do not deny the former part of your proposal, respecting particular election of grace, still retaining our liberty with regard to construction. and as to the latter part, respecting merit in the creature, we are free to profess there is none. signed by order, samuel harris, moderator. " to which the other replied as follows. " dear brethren, inasmuch as a continuation of your christian fellowship seems nearly as dear to us as our lives, and seeing our difficulties concerning your principles, with respect to merit in the creature, particular election, and final perseverance of the saints, are in a hopeful measure removing, we do willingly retain you in fellowship, not raising the least bar. but do heartily wish and pray, that god, in his providence, in his own time, will bring it about, when israel shall all be of one mind, speaking the same things. signed by order, john williams, moderator. " these terms being acceded to on both sides, they again met in the meeting - house, and resumed their business. their union was as happy, as their discord had been distressing. this great association, which the next year had increased to 74, churches, continued to meet together for the space of eight years from this period. but the revolutionary war coming on, the embarrassments and anxieties which it occasioned, in a great measure checked their progress and prosperity ; their meetings generally were but thinly attended, and their principal transactions appear to have consisted in making exertions to free themselves from the civil grievances and oppressions, under which they, as a denomination, labored.


how did we get so afraid of feelings? after all, emotions, including the so - called negative ones, are a natural part of being human. everyone experiences them – each and every day. yet some people cope with difficult emotions by repressing them. it becomes an automatic habit to sweep unpleasant feelings under the rug and to stop consciously noticing what the body is feeling. emotional eating can in part be the consequence of not allowing feelings to flow naturally. emotions themselves are felt in the physical body. notice how emotions can sometimes be felt as a knot in the stomach, a gripping feeling in the chest area, a tightening of the shoulders and neck, or perhaps a pounding tension in the head. if an emotion becomes blocked and is unable to flow freely, it gets trapped in the body. a natural response is to seek some way to make ourselves feel better. eating, or starving, can serve as a temporary antidote to the feelings of sadness, depression, hurt, anger, self - hate, guilt, stress, boredom, and so on. for some, the act of not eating all day serves to numb awareness of the physical body and emotions. limiting food intake can create a false sense of being ‘ in control ’ and can lead to a feeling of calmness. for others over - eating, binge eating, or bulimia work more effectively to create a momentary solution. these behaviors can briefly calm, distract, and sometimes divert attention away from the original emotion. food itself, especially carbohydrates, can release powerful chemical and hormonal responses that create a sense of temporary well - being. any of these eating patterns can work by reducing tension and anxiety, suppressing feelings you can ’ t stand, removing your attention from an uncomfortable situation, and so on. holding down emotions is usually an attempt to protect ourselves from feeling pain. it is coping strategy designed to keep us safe. somewhere along the line an unconscious decision was made to avoid conflict, deny our feelings, and be strong by handling things ourselves. eventually, it became such a way of life, that there is now fear associated with letting feelings flow. even though suppressing emotions was once an effective coping mechanism, it comes with a price. unfelt and unexpressed emotions do not simply go away. it ’ s actually the resistance to feeling emotions when they arise that causes difficulty. as m. kathleen casey once wrote, “ pain is inevitable, suffering is optional. ” pain is something we all experience. suffering is caused when we attempt to suppress the discomfort we