, 1620. halfway on the journey, the mayflower herself began to leak, and the leaders made a decision to sail toward america rather than turn around. while on board, the leaders of the separatists began to draft a constitution of sorts, a one - page document that our founding fathers used as a model for the constitution. it was called the mayflower compact. after 65 days of sailing, the highlands of cape cod were spotted by a crew member, and the pilgrims gave thanks to god for allowing them to see the new world. quite a few of them were sick with scurvy. plymouth rock isn ’ t where the pilgrims landed. the famous rock we all were taught the pilgrims valiantly stepped upon and entered the new world isn ’ t even mentioned in the early journals of the pilgrims, in the mayflower compact or in the historical “ mourt ’ s relation ”, the most reliable source of the journey and early years. in fact, the pilgrims first “ landed ” the ship ( set anchor ) at modern day provincetown on november 21, 1620. when they set anchor, a ceremonial reading of the mayflower compact was read and nearly everyone signed it. even women. years later ( as in 1741 ) a town records keeper in plymouth loudly opposed a dock being built on the site near plymouth plantation ( which the pilgrims eventually sailed into ). he pointed out a block of marble that his father had sworn was the very spot that the pilgrims landed. this “ plymouth rock ” was homage as a landmark and a national park now is there. pretty, but not truth. the first home of the pilgrim was the mayflower. while the men built up the plantation they dreamed about, they had to keep returning to the mayflower to sleep. the weather was cold and the work was exhausting. every tree that built up the homes has to be chopped down – and a common house to store supplies had to be erected before any private home was finished. by mid - january the common - house was completed, and the little village began to take shape. the " great sickness " raged through the winter months. half of the colonists would soon be dead. even the crew of the mayflower was not spared. nearly half of her crew would not survive to make the return trip to england in the spring. the only hope was the native people, who had every reason to be suspicious of strangers. in years previous, they had brought guns, the plague and food only for themselves. they had also kidnapped some of them and taken them back to


the spring. the only hope was the native people, who had every reason to be suspicious of strangers. in years previous, they had brought guns, the plague and food only for themselves. they had also kidnapped some of them and taken them back to england. still, a few who had returned to their people knew how to make “ the white words ” and offered to see if the new, desparate strangers may need help. in their journals, the pilgrims all say that they were near death and without hope until a man named samoset came. samoset and squanto were keys to the pilgrims surviving their first winter. when the pilgrims met them in 1620, the wampanoag ( “ the people ” in algonquin ) were competent farmers, fishers, hunters and gatherers. even so, they had no plans of befriending the whites. too much of the death that they had recently suffered was at the hands of white men. a man named samoset ( who was not chief, but rather a returning slave who spoke english ) walked boldly into the plantation crying out, " welcome! welcome, englishmen! " he introduced himself to the shocked pilgrims in english as samoset, an abnaki indian from maine, who had been kidnapped by explorers and taken to england, only to be dropped off in algonquin country two years later. he had been visiting the wampanoags for the past eight months, but he intended to return to his own people within a short time. since he was the first indian with whom the pilgrims had spoken since they arrived in new england, they questioned him for some time, learning from him that the patuxets, who formerly owned the land on which they had built their settlement, had all died four years before from the plague, and that their nearest neighbors were the nemaskets, a tribe of about 300 people. he told them that the massasoit, great sachem of the wampanoags, was then staying nearby and he would be happy to introduce them. the pilgrims were leery, but desparate. samoset returned a few days later, this time accompanied by squanto who amazed the pilgrims with his almost flawless command of english. he told them that the massasoit, the great leader of the wampanoag nation, who was waiting in the nearby woods, intended to come to plymouth later in the day. ashort time later the great sachem did appear at the top of


them that the massasoit, the great leader of the wampanoag nation, who was waiting in the nearby woods, intended to come to plymouth later in the day. ashort time later the great sachem did appear at the top of a nearby hill, attended by 60 of his men – a gesture that showed he was a higher being... and he knew they were there. the pilgrims were in lonely country now... and could feel it. squanto, like samoset, was a rescued slave. he unpacked his story to the pilgrims in the same was samoset did. he was a pawtuxet indian who was captured in 1614 by english seamen and taken to spain where he was sold as a slave. from there, he escaped to england, where he lived for several years and learned to speak english. upon returning the year before, squanto found most of his people of his tribe had died of disease. he joined the wampanoag who were living near plymouth. it was squanto who would teach the pilgrims how to find herring fish, and to use it as a fertilizer when planting corn, pumpkins and beans. this was especially important to the pilgrims because the seeds they had brought with them from england did not do well in the new england soil. squanto also showed them how to find clams and eels in the rivers and how to hunt for deer, bears and turkeys. the children also learned where to find nuts and berries of all kinds. which ones were poisonous, which ones were okay to eat. cod, eel and gambling. the first thanksgiving, 1621 the first celebration of life and harvest was in 1621 in november. william bradford, the governor of the plantation wrote in his “ history ” : " they began now to gather in the small harvest they had, and to fit up their houses and dwelling against winter, being all well recovered in health and strength, and had all things in good plenty ; for as some were thus employed in affairs abroad, others were exercised in fishing, about cod and bass and other fish, of which they took good store, of which every family had their portion. all summer there was no want. and now began to come in store of fowl, as winter approached, of which this place did abound when they came first, but afterward decreased by degrees. and besides water fowl, there was great store of wild turkeys, of which they took many, besides venison


price of war. the peace that was so desparately needed for the pilgrims and the wampanoag to work together eventually eroded. another plague ( the small pox epidemic of 1633 - 34 ) swept away thousands of algonquins and made more land available. only between fifteen to eighteen thousand native people still survived in all of new england. new england was receiving thousands of new arrivals, eager to start claiming and clearing their own piece of america. they all had no idea ( like the pilgrims ) how important peace between the peoples were. land transfer was not a simple matter. simple colonial law guarded the rights of the natives, and demanded an amicable transfer. in 1675, a full - scale war erupted between the increasing number of colonists and the indians. now known as king phillip ' s war, after the name of the massasoit ' s son, who was then chief, the clash lasted eleven years and caused great destruction on both sides... but that is another story. why we should celebrate : the day is given to us to remember working together, making room in your heart for other beliefs and cultures and to share land – the ultimate blessing of god ( a belief held by wampanoag and pilgrims ). we can grow something, eat what we grow and share... and stop to remember that we should be thankful, even in the midst of death, disease and hard work. a day that i remember my whole life as being turkey and stuffing and spending with family, i value this holiday. here, it is 1000 degrees outside ( and i ’ m exaggerating ). so eat roasted turkey for me... and a slice of pumpkin pie.


non - luminary world classification scheme the non - luminary world classification scheme, or nolwocs, is a near standard classification method used to identify the many different forms of planetary bodies, minor worlds, and artificial structures that have evolved naturally or that have been created by the many societies and cultures of the terragen sphere. while every world or megastructure is, in its own way, unique, there are certain characteristics that can be used to identify and classify these places. the purpose of nolwocs is to provide an easy, " at a glance " platform for the common user, whereby he might find the navigation of the sphere, virtual or real, a little easier. - nolwocs is divided into three tiers of classification : class, type, and subtype. the different classes of worlds are dependent on size, overall characteristics, and status of a planet. for instance, planetoidal and terrestrial world classes are divided according to size, just as terrestrial and jovian worlds are different classes because of their general characteristics, and of course, artificial worlds are different from all of these because they are not naturally occurring. - world types are dependant on a variety of factors, but generally the compositional elements, which often lead to different planetary features and behaviors, are of sufficient difference to separate these worlds. subtypes are much more specific, and often are the result of what would normally be considered minor planetary features. for instance, gaian worlds are divided into several different subtypes based on items such as the amount of surface water, atmospheric composition, and so on. orbital and rotational parameters eccentric worlds and tilted worlds worlds of any class that have unusually high tilts or unusual orbits are classed as skolian, janusian or ikarian worlds. - skolian type worlds worlds with axial tilts greater than 45 degrees ; any class of world can have skolian characteristics. more information here - janusian type worlds worlds in resonant orbits which regularly exchange momentum. more information here - ikarian type worlds worlds with eccentric orbits, with an eccentricity greater than 0. 35. any class of world can have an ikarian type orbit. more information here. image from john dollan asteroid class : non - spherical worlds of extremely low mass the asteroidal class is the most basic, and the most numerous, of all the classes in the nolwocs. there are, of course, even more numerous smaller objects, namely meteoroids and space dust, and these


of extremely low mass the asteroidal class is the most basic, and the most numerous, of all the classes in the nolwocs. there are, of course, even more numerous smaller objects, namely meteoroids and space dust, and these are the ultimate building blocks of any solar system. but only asteroids can be considered worlds in their own right. by nolwocs definition, these are worlds from 50 meters to 50 kilometers in diameter. more information here. types of asteroid - carbonic : almost exclusively of carbon compound construction, resulting in the formation of bodies from pockets of high carbon material around later generation stars choked with heavier elements ; common near the galactic core. they may also form in systems where two white dwarfs have spiralled together, and the resulting circumstellar disk coalesces into bodies high in carbon. - metallic : more information here - carbonaceous : more information here - silicaceous : more information here - hydronic : located close to the system ' s snow - line, these are silicaceous bodies with high instances of subsurface volatiles, typically in the form of water ice. polar deposits in permanently shadowed regions may also be present. - gelidic : located beyond the snow line of their system, these are bodies with high instances of ice, ranging from water to methane to carbon dioxide, and many other compounds besides, surrounding a core of silicate rock. the smaller bodies may be a nearly homogeneous mixture of ice and rock, due to the lack of a mass great enough to have caused layer differentiation early in the formative period. see also centaurian type - oortean : more information here. - vulcanian : more information here. planetoid class : worlds with enough mass to pull themselves into spherical or near - spherical shapes generally, rocky ( more rarely metallic or icy ) bodies, either irregular or regular in shape, mostly large asteroids, some small moons, about 51 to 1, 000 km along the longest axis. more information here. types of planetoid - carbonean type : carbon worlds of this mass have a chance to form around stars whose proto - stellar disks have developed carbon pockets within them, but they are far more common about late generation, high metal stars or even as the results of secondary planetary formation around high carbon stars such as white dwarfs. however, worlds of this size and mass also experience some differentiation during their formation. the cores of such worlds are dense masses of condensed graphite, though the planetoids at the higher mass range could form


formation around high carbon stars such as white dwarfs. however, worlds of this size and mass also experience some differentiation during their formation. the cores of such worlds are dense masses of condensed graphite, though the planetoids at the higher mass range could form cores of partially crystallized diamond. - hadean type : more information here. - hygiean : these bodies are typically quite dark, with albedos ranging from 0. 03 to 0. 1. while there can be deposits of water ice or other volatiles beneath the surfaces of these planetoids, the surfaces are more often marked by craters and large boulders. these worlds are less dense and more easily disrupted by major impacts. the larger bodies, however, will have been differentiated through the formation process, and can have small cores of iron, with a dense mantle or rock and a crust of lighter silicates. the smaller worlds, though, may be a relative even mixture of sparse metals and the far more common silicate rock. - cerean type : more information here. - chronian type : named after the plethora of such bodies orbiting the planet saturn, these can be a highly varied lot. typically, these worlds are small and heavily cratered bodies untouched by time, save for the numerous impacts that they have suffered. their low mass and composition of primarily ice, with small rocky cores, are simply too small for sustained geological activity. as such, there is an absence of atmosphere, or related surface features. however, certain disruptions, such as through tidal flexing or other massive external forces may initiate geological forces that can completely resurface a planetoid, as well as form a minor atmosphere. if such active worlds are positioned properly in a gas giant system, an impressive ring system may even be formed. - vestian type : more information here. - kuiperian type : more information here. image from john m dollan terrestrial class : worlds with an active internal geology that lasts one million years or more : 0. 05 to 2. 5 x earth ' s mass - adamaean : carbon worlds. carbon - rich terrestrials. more information here - ferrinian : iron - rich, dense worlds. more information here - hermian : dense, inner system worlds. more information here - selenian : worlds with little or no metallic core. more information here - cytherean : hot, greenhouse worlds. more information here. - pelacytherean : terrestrial sized hot ocean worlds with thick atmospheres. more information here


- selenian : worlds with little or no metallic core. more information here - cytherean : hot, greenhouse worlds. more information here. - pelacytherean : terrestrial sized hot ocean worlds with thick atmospheres. more information here. - lithicgelidian : worlds with a mixed rock and ice composition. more information here. - europan : icy worlds with a subcrustal ocean. more information here. - titanian : icy worlds with thick atmospheres. more information here. - ymirian : worlds made almost entirely of ices. more information here. - vesperian : tidally locked terrestrial worlds. more information here. - hephaestian : these are the most active of planets, with surfaces that are almost entirely molten and a geology that changes on a yearly basis. the atmospheres of these planets vary greatly according to the world ' s size and mass, from having thick, cytherean - like atmospheres to almost non - existent ones, where the feeble gravity loses any elements almost as soon as they are released from the surface. these worlds are generally heated by tidal flexing, by proximity to a star or as a moon of a gas giant. example : io. - amunian type : cold, dry worlds with high levels of ammonia in the atmosphere but little water. may develop an ammonia - based biosphere ( see the soft ones xenosophonts for one example ). - vitriolic type : worlds with lakes, seas or oceans of sulphuric acid ; often with life, more information here. image from john m dollan - arean type : mars - like worlds where the atmosphere and hydrosphere has largely disappeared due to the cessation of magnetic activity.. more information here. - eoarean subtype young mars - like type planet with substantial atmosphere and surface water. more information here - areanlacustric subtype : young mars - like worlds with moderate amounts of ocean cover. more information here. - areanxeric subtype mature, unusually hot and dry arean type worlds. more information here. - areantundral subtype cold arean type worlds, often with considerable reserves of ice more information here. - euarean subtype typical mature mars - like world with minimal atmosphere and hydrosphere more information here. - gaian type : any earth - like terrestrial world, of which there are many diverse forms depending on water content, composition and temperature. more information here - eogaian sub


mars - like world with minimal atmosphere and hydrosphere more information here. - gaian type : any earth - like terrestrial world, of which there are many diverse forms depending on water content, composition and temperature. more information here - eogaian subtype : young terrestrial worlds ; these may develop into gaian, cytherean or arean worlds later more information here - mesogaian subtype : earth - like worlds with primitive biospheres more information here - eugaian subtype a mature gaian world with life, also known as a garden world more information here - gaiantundral subtype : cold gaian worlds with periodic, or persistent, ice ages more information here - campian subtype : dry gaian worlds with 25 % to 50 % ocean cover more information here - paludial subtype : humid gaian worlds with 25 % to 50 % ocean cover more information here - lacustric subtype : humid gaian worlds with low topography and 50 - 80 % ocean coverage ; some of these worlds have extensive rainforest - type biomes more information here. - chlorogaian ( halogenic ) type : gaian worlds with high levels of atmospheric chlorine. more : chlorine worlds. - to ' ul ' hese worlds : these worlds are essentially gaian versions of the cytherean worlds. thick and dense atmospheres, as well as a large amount of water, create high surface pressures and high temperatures. life arises and adapts to these conditions, and can become quite diverse indeed. in one known instance, it has lead to an independent form of sapient life. more : to ' ul ' hian worlds. - pelagic subtype gaian worlds where oceans cover the surface anywhere from 85 to 100 %. more information here - eupelagic subtype gaian worlds where shallow oceans cover the surface anywhere from 85 to 100 %. more information here - bathypelagic subtype : gaian worlds where deep oceans cover the surface anywhere from 85 to 100 %. more information here. - pelagelidic subtype, ice covered ocean worlds more information here. - tundralpelagic subtype, partially ice covered ocean worlds more information here. - xeric subtype dry worlds with less than 25 % ocean cover more information here. - hyperxeric subtype very dry worlds with less than 10 % ocean cover more information here. - postgaian subtype : old gaian worlds that are losing their biosphere and hydrosphere more information


25 % ocean cover more information here. - hyperxeric subtype very dry worlds with less than 10 % ocean cover more information here. - postgaian subtype : old gaian worlds that are losing their biosphere and hydrosphere more information here. super - terrestrial class : worlds that are moderately massive, intermediate in mass between terrestrial worlds and gas giants more details here. this class of worlds is both numerous and varied ; most types of terrestrial worlds also exist as superterrestial types, but with higher gravity and greater mass which can profoundly affect the conditions on the surface. among the most common types of superterrestrial are superhermian, supercytherian and supergaian types, as well as the more unusual types listed below. - pyrothalassic type : hot superterrestrials more information here - pyrohydrothallasic type - hot waterworlds more information here - panthalassic type : giant waterworlds more information here - nebulous type : superterrestrials with thick, helium - rich atmospheres. helium worlds of this kind often have superrotating atmospheres ; those which are tidally locked often have wildly assymetric weather patterns. - gas dwarfs. example kepler 11b - other types of superterrestrial planets include certain hyperbarian and chthonian worlds, some of which have very sparse atmospheres indeed. image from john m dollan gas giants ( also known collectively as jovian worlds ) form beyond the snow line, and have very large fluid envelopes compared to their cores. some rare, and very ancient gas giants formed around the first generation of very low metallicity stars and have almost no rocky or metallic component. gas giants are classified in two ways - by temperature, which affects the composition of the cloud layers of the giant in a number of significant ways, and by mass. examples of each of the temperature classes can be found in any of the size classes, and vice versa, although some size classes are more common at certain temperatures and vice versa. a typical gas giant may be classified using both size and temperature types to create a subtype, so the full classification might be meso - eujovian subtype ( this is the full classification for jupiter ) or super - hyperthermaljovian subtype ( the full classification for behemoth, hat - p - 1b ). gas giant size classes neptunian class : 0. 03 to 0. 2 jupiter masses - microjovian type small


or super - hyperthermaljovian subtype ( the full classification for behemoth, hat - p - 1b ). gas giant size classes neptunian class : 0. 03 to 0. 2 jupiter masses - microjovian type small gas giants, with minimal solid core. more information here. - subjovian type medium sized gas giants, 0. 08 to 0. 2 jupiter masses. many worlds of this type are outer system cryojovian worlds like neptune and uranus. more information here. - hot neptunes - a numerous class of world, which may be microjovian or subjovian in mass, and epistellar or hyperthermal in temperature more information here. jovian class : 0. 2 to 13. 0 jupiter masses - mesojovian type major type of jovian class of planet. masses from 0. 21 to 8. 0 that of jupiter more information here - superjovian type jovian worlds with masses from 8. 1 to 13. 0 that of jupiter, the theoretical upper limit of planets. objects more massive than this are classed as brown dwarfs. more information here. gas giant temperature types - hyperthermaljovian type : very hot gas giants, with temperatures above 1400 kelvin. includes so = called ' puffy worlds ' and ' comet worlds '. more information here. - epistellar jovian type : hot, dark gas giants with temperatures between 900 kelvin and 1400 kelvin. more information here - azurijovian type warm clarified blue gas giants with temperatures between 350k and 800k. more information here. - hydrojovian type : temperate gas giants with clouds predominantly consisting of water vapour. more information here. - eujovian type : cool gas giants, with clouds predominantly consisting of ammonia. more information here. - cryojovian type : cold gas giants in the outer reaches of a planetary system, generally too cold for clouds to form at all. more information here. other world classes - hyperbarian class : very dense planets with cores up to 100 x earth ' s mass. more information here. - chthonian class : gas giant worlds, formerly hyperthermaljovians, which have lost their volatiles through evaporation. more information here. - stevensonian class planetary mass objects which are found in interstellar space. more information here. artificial class the artificial worlds found within the terragen sphere have almost all been constructed by humans and their mind - children ; some, such as the black acropolis, are much older. artificial


| < < back to previous amputations and crushed fingers and hands are among the most severe and disabling workplace injuries that often result in permanent disability. they are widespread and involve various activities and equipment. ( the u. s. bureau of labor statistics 2005 annual survey data indicated that there were 8, 450 non - fatal amputation cases – involving days away from work – for all private industry. approximately forty - four percent ( 44 % ) of all workplace amputations occurred in the manufacturing sector and the rest occurred across the construction, agriculture, wholesale and retail trade, and service industries. ) these injuries result from the use and care of machines such as saws, presses, conveyors, and bending, rolling or shaping machines as well as from powered and non - powered hand tools, forklifts, doors, trash compactors and during materials handling activities. recycling facilities may use machines of various configurations and may expose workers to hazards of moving parts of the machines, if not safeguarded properly. employers must [ 578 kb pdf *, 60 pages ] ensure that the workers are protected from the machine hazards and workers should make sure that the rotating parts and points of operation of machines are properly guarded prior to using them. resources on machine guarding are provided below : accessibility assistance : contact the osha directorate of technical support and emergency management at ( 202 ) 693 - 2300 for assistance accessing pdf materials.


passion ( palm ) sunday through holy saturday. passion sunday, formerly called palm sunday, marks the start of holy week by recalling christ ’ s triumphal entry into jerusalem at the beginning of the last week of his life ( see matthew 21 : 1 - 11 ). a procession and other ceremonies commemorating the event were held in jerusalem from the fourth century and were adopted by rome by the ninth century. at that time, the blessing of palms for the occasion was introduced. later, in the middle ages, a wooden statue of christ sitting on a donkey, the whole image on wheels, was drawn in the center of the procession. these statues, known as palmesel or “ palm donkey, ” may still be seen in a number of museums in european cities. full liturgical observance includes the blessing of palms and a procession before the principal mass of the day. the passion — by matthew, mark, or luke, depending on the year — is read during the mass of this sunday. holy thursday, or maundy thursday, commemorates the institution of the sacraments of eucharist and holy orders, and features a foot - washing rite that commemorates christ ’ s washing of the feet of the apostles at the last supper. the mass of the lord ’ s supper in the evening marks the beginning of the easter triduum. the term “ maundy ” is derived from the latin mandatum, the first words for the rite of foot - washing : “ my commandment is : love one another as i have loved you. ” from the latin for “ three days, ” the triduum continues until vespers ( evening prayer ) on easter sunday. the period recalls christ ’ s institution of the sacraments of eucharist and holy orders, his passion and death, and his triumphant resurrection from the dead. following the mass on holy thursday, there is a procession of the blessed sacrament to a place of repose for adoration by the faithful. usually at an earlier mass of chrism, bishops bless oils ( of catechumens, of the sick, and sacred chrism ) for use during the year. good friday commemorates the passion and death of christ. the liturgy includes the reading of the passion according to john, special prayers for the church, civil rulers, and people of all ranks, the veneration of the cross, and a communion service. the celebration takes place in the afternoon, usually at three o ’ clock, the hour that christ is believed to have died on the cross. the communion service,


people of all ranks, the veneration of the cross, and a communion service. the celebration takes place in the afternoon, usually at three o ’ clock, the hour that christ is believed to have died on the cross. the communion service, held in lieu of the sacrifice of the mass, is known as the “ mass of the presanctified. ” on holy saturday, the sacrifice of the mass is not celebrated and holy communion may be given only as viaticum. since at least the fourth century, christianity has marked holy week. after the time of the persecutions, christian emperors of both the east and west issued various decrees forbidding amusements and games and directed that these days were to be spent free from worldly occupations and entirely devoted to religious exercises. pardons were granted to those in prison, and many charges in court were dropped in honor of christ ’ s passion. in the middle ages, all secular business was prohibited, and the time was spent in recollection and prayer. often, kings and rulers secluded themselves in monasteries. during some eras, no servile work was allowed during the triduum, and the faithful were to be present at all liturgies. in 1642, pope urban viii, because of the changing conditions of social life, rescinded this obligation. in most countries, real palms are unattainable for passion sunday, so a variety of other branches are used. centuries ago, not only branches but flowers were blessed, and in some countries the day is called “ flower sunday. ” ( the term pascua florida, which in spain originally meant just palm sunday, was later applied to the entire festive season of easter week or octave. the state of florida received its name when ponce de leon first sighted the land on easter sunday of 1513 and named it in honor of the great feast. ) in central europe, large clusters of plants interwoven with ribbons and flowers arefastened to a top of a wooden stick and are called palm bouquets. the main plant used, however, is the pussy willow bearing its catkin blossoms. in latin countries and in the united states, palm leaves are often shaped into little crosses or other symbolic designs. the faithful reverently keep these in their homes during the year. this custom was originated by a suggestion in the ceremonial book for bishops that “ little crosses of palm be attached to the boughs wherever true palms are not available in sufficient quantity. ” in the early christian centuries, the bishop celebrated three masses on


. this custom was originated by a suggestion in the ceremonial book for bishops that “ little crosses of palm be attached to the boughs wherever true palms are not available in sufficient quantity. ” in the early christian centuries, the bishop celebrated three masses on holy thursday. the first, the mass of the penitents, was for the reconciliation of public sinners. the second, the mass of chrism, featured the blessing of holy oils and consecration of sacred chrism. the third commemorated the last supper of christ and the institution of the eucharist. today, after the mass of the lord ’ s supper on holy thursday, the altar is stripped, and all decorations except those at the repository shrine are removed in symbolic representation of the body of christ, which was stripped of its garments. good friday has been celebrated from the earliest centuries as a day of mourning, fasting, and prayer. after the solemn ceremonies of good friday are concluded, the altar is stripped again, the tabernacle is left open, no lights are left burning in the sanctuary, and only the crucifix takes the place of honor in front of the empty tabernacle. on this day the cross is venerated by genuflection rather than a bow. traditionally, holy saturday has been a time of preparing at home for the easter celebration. copyright © 2003 our sunday visitor publishing division, our sunday visitor, inc. all rights reserved. this excerpt is from encyclopedia of catholic devotions and practices by ann ball. universal devotions and worldwide practices are examined and explained, in addition to ethnic and regional customs and traditions. ( hispanic, filipino, vietnamese, russian, irish, italian, and more! ) 720 pages, hardback, $ 39. 95 plus s & h. order here


belize is justifiably proud of its natural heritage. although a small country by geography and population, belize is home to the largest barrier reef in the western hemisphere – a centerpiece of a marine area rich in species and ecosystems, and a strong attraction for tourists from around the world. at the same time, belize ’ s land based ecosystems support an unrivaled richness of scenery and wildlife and an exciting destination area for belizeans and visitors. belize ’ s archaeological treasures are generously sprinkled around the country, and include some world - class sites with international importance both for their beauty, but also the information they contain about our human past. recognizing the importance of its national heritage, belize began establishing its protected areas system in the 1960s. the legislative base prior to the establishment of the protected areas conservation trust ( pact ) included the forest act, the national parks system act, the fisheries act, the ancient monuments and antiquities ordinance, the national lands act, and the land utilization act. this effort has been supported by an active non - government organizational network and by communities around the country. the generous designation of protected areas has now made belize one of the most environmentally advanced countries in the world, with extensive areas of the national territory now designated as protected areas. these areas range from strict “ no take ” areas to multiple use areas with conservation objectives. the protected areas conservation trust ( pact ) is belize ’ s national trust. pact provides funds for supporting conservation and promoting environmentally sound management of belize ' s natural and cultural resources to foster sustainable development. pact is a bold and innovative strategy for non - traditional revenue generation. pact is primarily financed from the collection of a conservation fee of bz $ 7. 50 ( us $ 3. 75 ) paid in by visitors to belize upon their departure and a 20 % commission from cruise ship passenger fees. no less than 5 % of all revenues are deposited into an endowment fund. pact also welcomes donations by individuals and corporations. pact was established in 1995 as a statutory body after several years of consultation and meetings with various non - government organizations, government departments, private sector and international conservation organizations. having been formally endorsed through the usaid ' s project in belize on developing a national protected areas system plan ( narmap 1995 ), pact opened its doors in june of 1996. learn more about pact...


historians recently discovered a strange footnote in the history of world war ii. it seems that a few months before adolf hitler ordered 4. 5 million troops to invade the soviet union, the foreign office in berlin ordered its diplomats in finland to gather evidence against finnish businessman tor borg for possible insults against the german reich. borg had a dog named jackie with an unusual way of raising its paw in the air, similar to the german greeting that accompanies the cry of “ heil hitler! ” borg ’ s wife josefine, a german citizen with anti - nazi sentiments, nicknamed the dog “ hitler. ” after an investigation by the german vice consul in helsinki, borg was ordered to the german embassy and questioned about the dog ’ s unusual paw - raising reaction to the command “ hitler. ” borg claimed that the salute only happened a few times shortly after hitler came to power, but more ministries became involved in the investigation, including the foreign office, the economy ministry and hitler ’ s chancellory. they began a campaign to ruin borg by financially destroying his pharmaceutical wholesale company. in the end, the campaign faltered because of the unwillingness of witnesses to testify. borg ’ s company, tampereen rohduskuppa oy, eventually became tamro group, the leading wholesale company for pharmaceuticals in the nordic countries.


- living history : retracing the evolution of the pc and < i > pc magazine < / i > - 1982 : hello, world - 1983 : the ibm standard takes over - 1984 : the shape of things to come - 1985 - 86 : the interface race - 1987 - 1989 : ibm strikes back - 1990 - 1992 : windows wakes up - 1993 - 1994 : everyone online - 1995 : windows 95 and multimedia - 1996 - 99 : the dot - com revolution - 2000 - 2002 : back to basics by 1995, 32 - bit processors had been a major part of the pc landscape for some time. the motorola 68000 that powered the original macintosh back in 1984 was a 32 - bit processor, and intel had moved the pc - compatible world into the 32 - bit era with the introduction of the 386 in 1985. but ten years later, most pc users were still running 16 - bit applications such as dos, os / 2, and windows. it was high time a 32 - bit operating system became the standard. windows 95 proved to be the operating system that would fill that need. ibm and microsoft had independently talked about 32 - bit oss for years. indeed, at one point, microsoft had promised one would be out by 1992. instead, the industry kept waiting for the system, code - named chicago, for years. ibm tried to use the delays to push its latest version of os / 2, which it called warp, but without much success in gaining the critical mass of applications a new operating system needs. following what may have been the largest, most successful marketing campaign in the pc business, microsoft finally introduced windows 95 in august 1995. it quickly became the standard for end user computing. windows 95 allowed for full 32 - bit applications and supported plug and play, preemptive multitasking, and a variety of new e - mail and communications protocols. it also included the basics of the user interface windows uses to this day, such as a start menu and an explorer window with folders and icons. pc magazine did extensive testing of windows 95 and os / 2 warp, because they were the two main systems to compare. from 1996 on, however, the comparisons to be made were between new versions of windows and old ones. windows 95 was a change in the way many people viewed operating systems ; they realized oss weren ' t about loading individual applications but about accessing data easily, a concept microsoft ' s bill gates had been talking about since 1990. microsoft would follow windows 95 less than a year later with windows nt 4.


operating systems ; they realized oss weren ' t about loading individual applications but about accessing data easily, a concept microsoft ' s bill gates had been talking about since 1990. microsoft would follow windows 95 less than a year later with windows nt 4. 0, which incorporated the same user interface and ran most of the same applications using the win32 programming interfaces. corporate it managers embraced windows nt 4. 0 ' s more stable design. together these two systems became the standards for computing for the rest of the nineties. other companies had similar ideas in this period. in the early nineties, apple and ibm were supporting a joint venture called taligent. this project resulted in a fairly extensive series of frameworks for developers to use in creating object - based applications, but it was too complex for typical users. steve jobs ' next computer was promoting an object - oriented os, which targeted corporate customers. new systems such as java and linux were beginning to get some attention, but their success would be in the future. instead, microsoft windows would solidify its dominance of the computing world. that world was also becoming more engaging as multimedia made its way into everyday computing. almost from their beginning, computers could play audio files and display graphics, but the early capabilities were limited. by the early nineties, pcs included decent sound systems and graphics. all this was helped along tremendously by the appearance of the cd - rom drive. with a cd - rom drive, developers could create programs with up to 660mb of sound and video clips. initial applications included compton ' s encyclopedias and soon after, microsoft encarta, as well as a series of cd - roms that were somewhat the equivalent of coffee - table books, such as microsoft musical instruments. in the processor world, speed continued to increase while prices declined. amd and, for a while, cyrix, emerged with chips that finally began to compete with intel ' s. graphics chips got faster as well, with companies like ati technologies, matrox graphics, and s3 pushing the envelope of delivering more frames per second. the combination of faster processors, the win32 standard, and cd - roms created a growth spurt in pc gaming, led by titles such as doom, myst, and quake, which offered much more realistic graphics and game play than their predecessors. the business world was slower to adopt multimedia. still, things such as microsoft powerpoint presentations became commonplace, and audio speakerslong shunned by it departments as not businesslike, became a standard part


after delay, spacex rocket launches successfully after several false starts, the spacex falcon 9 rocket successfully launched the dragon spacecraft from cape canaveral this morning and is en route to the international space station ( iss ). the falcon 9, which carried the dragon spacecraft to orbit, launched at 3 : 44 a. m. et, making spacex the first commercial company ever to send a spacecraft to the iss. dragon is expected to arrive at its destination within three days, at which time a number of navigation and other system tests will be performed before it moves closer to the iss and is nabbed by astronauts via robotic arms. " there ' s still a thousand things that have to go right, but we are looking forward to this exciting mission, " said alan lindemoyer, manager of nasa ' s commercial crew and cargo program. spacex has been working with nasa on commercial spaceflight efforts since last year, when the space agency awarded it a $ 75 million contract to further develop its dragon spacecraft. nasa ended its space shuttle program last year after more than 30 years ( see slideshow below ) in order to focus more heavily on deep - space exploration. as a result, iss journeys in the u. s. will be handled by private firms in the years to come. " i would like to start off by saying what a tremendous honor it has been to work with nasa. and to acknowledge the fact that we could not have started spacex, nor could we have reached this point without the help of nasa, " spacex ceo elon musk said in a statement. " when it worked, and dragon worked, and the solar arrays deployed, people saw their handiwork in space operating as it should. there was tremendous elation. for us it is like winning the super bowl, " musk continued. in a statement, john p. holdren, assistant to the president for science and technology, congratulated the spacex team. " every launch into space is a thrilling event, but this one is especially exciting because it represents the potential of a new era in american spaceflight, " he said. " this expanded role for the private sector will free up more of nasa ' s resources to do what nasa does best tackle the most demanding technological challenges in space, including those of human space flight beyond low earth orbit. " the launch was originally scheduled for may 19, but was shut down seconds before takeoff after the spacecraft ' s flight computer detected slightly high pressure in the engine 5 combustion chamber. " we obviously have to


those of human space flight beyond low earth orbit. " the launch was originally scheduled for may 19, but was shut down seconds before takeoff after the spacecraft ' s flight computer detected slightly high pressure in the engine 5 combustion chamber. " we obviously have to go through a number of steps to berth with the space station, but everything is looking really good and i think i would count today as a success no matter what happens with the rest of the mission, " musk said today. according to nasa, dragon is carrying about 1, 200 pounds of supplies for the iss crew - most of which is food and clothing - as well as student - designed experiments. the spacecraft can actually hold up to 7, 300 pounds of supplies, but nasa and spacex are taking it slow and limiting the amount of cargo on this first run to only critical items. the spacex rocket was also carrying some extra cargo of a sentimental nature. the ashes of 308 deceased people - including star trek actor james doohan - were contained in a special pod that was designed to separate from the falcon 9 rocket nine minutes into its flight, according to the telegraph. the dragon will remain docked at the iss for about three weeks while cargo is unloaded. astronauts will then remove it using the robotic arm, at which point it will return to earth via parachutes and land in the pacific ocean off the california coast. for more from chloe, follow her on twitter @ chloealbanesius. blog comments powered by disqus


types of pulmonary hypertension the term pulmonary hypertension refers to high blood pressure in the lungs. while in regular hypertension ( also known as high blood pressure ), the arteries throughout the body are constricted, ph affects only the blood vessels in the lungs and the right side of the heart. ph vs. pah : what ’ s the difference? pulmonary hypertension ( ph ) is a general term used to describe high blood pressure in the lungs from any cause. pulmonary arterial hypertension ( pah ) is a chronic and currently incurable disease that causes the walls of the arteries of the lungs to tighten and stiffen. in someone with pah, the right side of the heart has to work harder to push blood through narrowed arteries in the lungs. eventually, the extra stress causes the heart to enlarge and become less flexible, compromising the heart ' s ability to push blood out of the heart, through the lungs, and into the rest of the body. major types of pulmonary arterial hypertension in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension, the cause of pah is unknown. heritable pah, formerly known as familial or genetic pah, is a form of pah that can be inherited. heritable pah is relatively uncommon. of the small percentage of people who do carry the ph gene, only a small number of carriers will develop the disease. learn more about heritable pah | learn what genetics can teach us about pah in associated pulmonary arterial hypertension, the pah is associated with another disease or condition. pah is commonly associated with connective tissue diseases ( such as scleroderma, crest syndrome and lupus ), congenital heart disease, chronic liver disease, hiv, drugs and toxins, and more. there are some other types of pulmonary arterial hypertension, but they aren ’ t quite as common. other types of pulmonary hypertension chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension ( cteph ) is a form of pulmonary hypertension caused by old blood clots in the lungs ( pulmonary embolism ). learn more about cteph explore the classifications of ph below for more information about the other types of ph. classifications of pulmonary hypertension the world health organization ( who ) first defined the classifications of pulmonary hypertension in 1973 and the classifications have been revised over the years. the classifications of ph were most recently updated in dana point, california, in 2008. updated clinical classification of ph ( dana point 2008 ) 1. pulmonary arterial hypertension


classifications of pulmonary hypertension in 1973 and the classifications have been revised over the years. the classifications of ph were most recently updated in dana point, california, in 2008. updated clinical classification of ph ( dana point 2008 ) 1. pulmonary arterial hypertension ( pah ) 1. 2. 2. alk1, endoglin ( with or without hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia ) 1. 3. drug - and toxin - induced 1. 4. associated with : 1. 4. 1. connective tissue diseases 1. 4. 2. hiv infection 1. 4. 3. portal hypertension 1. 4. 4. congenital heart diseases 1. 4. 6. chronic hemolytic anemia 1. 5. persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn 1 ’. pulmonary veno - occlusive disease ( pvod ) and / or pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis ( pch ) 2. pulmonary hypertension owing to left heart disease 2. 1. systolic dysfunction 2. 2. diastolic dysfunction 2. 3. valvular disease 3. pulmonary hypertension owing to lung disease and / or hypoxia 3. 1. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 3. 2. interstitial lung disease 3. 3. other pulmonary diseases with mixed restrictive and obstructive pattern 3. 4. sleep - disordered breathing 3. 5. alveolar hypoventilation disorders 3. 6. chronic exposure to high altitude 3. 7. developmental abnormalities 4. chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension ( cteph ) 5. pulmonary hypertension with unclear multifactorial mechanisms 5. 1. hematologic disorders : myeloproliferative disorders, splenectomy 5. 2. systemic disorders : sarcoidosis, pulmonary langerhans cell histiocytosis, lymphangioleimoyomatosis, neurofibromatosis, vasculitis 5. 3. metabolic disorders : glycogen storage disease, gaucher disease, thyroid disorders 5. 4. others : tumoral obstruction, fibrosing mediastinitis, chronic renal failure on dialysis


race, science, and photography in nineteenth - century america. by molly rogers. foreword by david w. blight. yale university press, 352 pp., 37 black & white illustrations, 7x9 ". in 1850 seven south carolina slaves were photographed at the request of the famous naturalist louis agassiz to provide evidence of the supposed biological inferiority of africans. lost for many years, the photographs were rediscovered in the attic of harvard ’ s peabody museum in 1976. in the first narrative history of these images, molly rogers tells the story of the photographs, the people they depict, and the men who made and used them. weaving together the histories of race, science, and photography in nineteenth - century america, rogers explores the invention and uses of photography, the scientific theories the images were intended to support and how these related to the race politics of the time, the meanings that may have been found in the photographs, and the possible reasons why they were “ lost ” for a century or more. each image is accompanied by a brief fictional vignette about the subject ’ s life as imagined by rogers ; these portraits bring the seven subjects to life, adding a fascinating human dimension to the historical material. this item is currently unavailable from photo - eye, however we have located copies for you to purchase immediately through amazon or amazon marketplace. we will receive credit for these orders if you use our ordering system. we will also receive credit for any other purchases you make while on amazon ' s site. thank you for supporting photo - eye!


enrolling your dog in a training class will help build strong, respectful relationships between your dog and your family. most trainers use positive reinforcement training methods and offer a fun setting for you and your dog to bond, learn and acclimate to the world that lies beyond your backyard. the benefits of training are endless. training provides much - needed mental and physical exercise. it helps to socialize dogs with other dogs, strangers, car rides and new experiences. in addition, training offers effective ways to teach basic commands like " come. " it teaches loose - leash walking and name recognition. lastly, it helps to problem solve issues like house training, chewing, jumping up and barking. basic obedience training concepts : basic obedience training is all about directing your dog ’ s choices about what to chew on, what to lie on and where to use the bathroom. the more time you have to spend with your dog to direct his choices, the easier and faster the training process. it is important that you are consistent, both with the language you use and your reaction to his behaviors. your reaction, both verbal and physical - - to a wrong choice should be the same each time he offers this behavior. for example, if your puppy puts his paws on people and you want to train him not to, every time he puts his paws on you, use the off command and then direct him to sit instead. give lots of praise when he sits. in this way, you ’ ve told him what displeases you ( his feet on you ) and also told him how he can please you ( by sitting ). if you allow him to put his feet on you sometimes, but reprimand him at other times, he may never understand what it is you ’ re trying to communicate. common training terms - encouragements and reprimands : put your bottom on the floor. this is an encouragement. be sure to deliver it in a positive tone and offer lots of praise when you are teaching it. stay where i put you until i call for you to come. this should never be a reprimand. usually follows a sit command. for safety reasons, sit, stay, and come are commands that your dog needs to follow instantly, so he shouldn ’ t associate them with your displeasure. come directly to me. this should never be a reprimand. your dog should never feel hesitant to come to you for fear that you are displeased. keep your paws on the floor. it is usually a reprimand. use this command when


me. this should never be a reprimand. your dog should never feel hesitant to come to you for fear that you are displeased. keep your paws on the floor. it is usually a reprimand. use this command when you want your dog to get off the furniture, off the bed, or off you. lay down. do not use down when you mean off. this can be either an encouragement or a reprimand depending on the situation and your tone of voice. - drop it let me have the object you have in your mouth. usually a reprimand. - take it take this object into your mouth. usually follows drop it as an alternative to what he had in his mouth previously. for example, if your dog has a shoe in his mouth, say drop it and then offer him a chew toy, saying " take it " with encouragement. - leave it leave that alone. this is a reprimand. follow it with come or take it ( with an alternative object ) and lots of praise. - get busy or go potty please do your business quickly. this command is always an encouragement. - good boy / girl you did just what i wanted you to do. good job! top tips for a harmonious household : - socialize your puppy with other friendly, vaccinated dogs until it can attend puppy class. - invest in some really good, interactive dog toys for your puppy to play with and chew. the " kong " is ideal. this rubber toy can be filled with yummy food treats, which your puppy has to work on to get out. - dogs learn by finding out what gets rewarded and what does not! laughter, attention and eye contact are no. 1 rewards on most dogs ' lists. even negative attention - shouting or spanking - is better than no attention to most dogs. ignoring is one of the most effective ways to eliminate an unwanted behavior. - many people think their dogs feels guilty when it has done something they didn ' t want it to do. this is because the owner misinterprets the dog ' s body language as, " knowing he ' s done wrong. " hanging the head, folding the ears back, tucking the tail under the body and licking the lips are all signs that a dog is showing fear or anxiety - not that it is feeling guilty. - prevent fear of thunderstorms and other loud noises by having a party! food treats, laughter and fun games with your puppy during the noise will help to give it a positive


choosing the right tree the decision about what type of tree to plant is an important one. most trees will outlive the people who plant them, and trees can require a steady investment of time and expense over their lifespan. when choosing a tree, several essential steps will help you select the proper tree. considering site conditions and constraints, the appropriate maintenance needs for the tree, and your overall expectations for the tree will help you make the right choice. taking these steps will help focus your search to a list of candidate trees that will grow successfully on your property and meet your needs. for additional information : choosing the right tree questions you might ask when buying a tree : - does the tree need full sun, partial shade, or complete shade? - will the tree withstand cold and hot weather? - is the tree especially susceptible to diseases or to damage by insects? - deciduous or evergreen? - does it need a dry area or a wet area? - how big will the tree grow and how fast? ( most important! ) - should it be planted close to a building or to other trees, or does it need open space? - can i plant flowers under the tree? ( no! ) - does it need special care the first few years? - will it produce nuts, fruit, cones, or colorful leaves or flowers that i can use? - will it give good shade in summer and winter? - is the tree more smog resistant than other trees? - how far should i plant it from a sewer or drain line, sidewalk or driveway? - can it serve as a windbreak, noise barrier, or visual screen? - will it encourage wildlife and birds to live in the area? - will it drop many seeds in the area, causing a crop of sprouts come spring? - is it noted for shedding leaves year round? - will it fit in well with the area ’ s landscaping? - is it a fire - adapted plant? - how sensitive is it to fire?


in this section we provide you with key documents in the field of multilingualism dealing with language policies and language research. please contact us if you have suggestions of documents we could add to this selection. e - clil games for students the student site holds all the games that a teacher wants a student to use. the teacher will select these games either by : - selecting from all the previously created, available games on the platform ( teacher site ) - creating new games for the student ( by the teacher on the teacher site ). e - clil is european union funded project to develop and build resources and a resource centre for the use of content language integrated learning ( clil ). it focuses on language learning, learning strategies, multilingualism and multiculturalism. clil is dual - focused instruction during which language is taught at the same time as content from a different school subject. it has already been established as a valuable approach to both teaching foreign languages and specific subjects. the project is being completed over 3 years and includes partners with a wide - experience of how to create clil content and the issues around clil. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19... e - clil resource centre for teachers the eclil resource centre is designed to link to two types of web resources : - clil resource sites that either have more information on the use of clil or further links to more clil resources - specific clil resources that can be used by teachers in the classroomsome of these resources have been further divided by language. the individual resources are categorised by subject area. the uws e - clil games engine has been developed to provide teachers of clil ( content and language integrated learning ) with an easy - to - use tool that will allow them to create simple educational games in one or more languages that their students can play online. games created by teachers are freely available for other teachers to use and adapt to suit their own teaching purposes. teachers can select the games that they want their students to play from the growing list of games that the platform will support. the teacher site allows teachers to create their own games that suite the particular needs of the curriculum or select from existing games on the platform. the teacher can then assign or take away any game for the use of their students ( created or available ).


the world ' s fastest bicycle mr lachlan thompson fieaust. research leader sports technology, department of aerospace royal melbourne institute of technology, melbourne, australia australian track cyclists won impressive victories at the 1995, ' 96 and ' 97 world track championships and the 15th commonwealth games. the australian team used with stunning effect a unique carbon fibre monocoque bicycle designed and built by a project team from the royal melbourne institute of technology ( rmit university ) and the australian institute of sport ( ais ). developed in consultation with charlie walsh, the national track cycling coach, this new bicycle, the ' ais / rmit superbike ', has allowed the australian riders like shane kelly to set new records. continued development has resulted in over twelve world championship titles and four world records. including the world record for the kilometre individual time trial set by shane kelly development and application of new wind tunnel testing techniques have resulted in a fifteen per cent reduction in power over the traditional diamond frame. extensive use of a water tunnel and wind tunnel have enabled the team to optimise the frame profile for minimum aerodynamic interference from the rider ' s leg motion. structural design loads were derived from track testing with strain gauged frames. finite element analysis techniques were validated through extensive material testing. throughout the development program extensive use was made of validated performance simulation. the simulation provided evaluation of stiffness, aerodynamics and weight. these simulations enabled rapid assessment of concepts. track testing with power meters and strain gauged frames were used to refine design data and wind tunnel test techniques. order to produce the resulting bicycle new manufacturing techniques had to be developed. unlike most equipment used by elite athletes the ais / rmit ' superbike ' has been designed for low cost, high volume manufacture. the hollow frame is moulded as a single unit in a one shot process suitable for automation. the frame was designed to accept standard group sets and wheels. the ais and rmit university has lodged patents on the unique features of the manufacturing process. bicycle technologies pty ltd ( australia ) has commenced commercial manufacture of track and road variants. the new zealand national track cycling team has selected the ' superbike ' for the 1997 and 1999 seasons. it is anticipated that the technology will enable a new manufacturing industry to be developed in australia. engineering development has resulted in the project winning an engineering excellence award from the institution of engineers australia, two innovation awards and the 1995 velo news award for " best technical development for 1995 in road or track ". this paper discuses the engineering techniques,


engineering development has resulted in the project winning an engineering excellence award from the institution of engineers australia, two innovation awards and the 1995 velo news award for " best technical development for 1995 in road or track ". this paper discuses the engineering techniques, research and project management required to create the australian superbike. stunning ride by chris boardman on the lotus bicycle ( 1 ) in the barcelona olympics heralded a dramatic change in olympic track cycling. the uci ' s rule change opened the door for the monocoque bicycle to show its potential. unlike the much later lotus sport, boardman ' s bicycle was a one - off with highly specialised components. his ride did however set the stage for a new era in competitive cycling chris boardman rode to olympic gold the rmit and ais project team set out to build a ' superbike '. the rmit - ais team sought a design that optimises weight, stiffness and aerodynamics while conforming to the rules of the union cyclist internationale ( uci ). the university was at the time seeking a suitable project to demonstrate new low cost advanced composite manufacturing techniques. the project team included engineers, technicians and students from rmit aerospace engineering, the ais and rmit industrial design. olympic track cycling coach charlie walsh defined the initial design criteria with the project team in late 1992. the resulting bicycle must use a conventional group set of standard ( 3, 6 ) cranks, bearings, brakes, wheels, forks, handlebars, seat, etc. further criteria imposed by rmit was that the design must equal or exceed the structural stiffness of a steel bicycle while offering lower aerodynamic drag and weight without compromising reliability. it was also desirable for commercial purposes that the resulting design be suitable for low cost, high volume deg. ±0. 05 deg. deg. ±0. 05 deg. bracket shell height mm ±1. 0 below rear axle of plane twist tolerances ( 6 ) used in developing the ' superbike ' this project the needs of the end user were paramount to the success of the end product. competition bicycles are made to the rider ' s individual specific requirements. the client specifications were defined and completely fulfilled. these specifications included critical geometry as shown below and certain subjective characteristics as ride and comfort. stiffness, strength, reliability and use of standard components were systems engineering approach was adopted for the project. a requirement analysis was undertaken to establish the design criteria and project milestones. the project plan and budget were developed using the findings of this analysis. riding


for induced forces due to moment couples. in the development of the ' superbike ' the rider was replaced with a pair of lightweight styrofoam® legs. a similar lightweight torso, head and arms could also be fitted. the rear wheel was driven by an electric motor beneath the wind tunnel floor. a simple belt drive under the floor also drove the front wheel. by having the motor and drive system part of the bicycle accurate and repeatable drag measurement was possible. may 1993 the project team arrived at a basic conceptual design for a carbon fibre monocoque bicycle. a prototype of this design was built for initial testing. wind tunnel testing was carried out to refine the aerodynamic shape. the instrumented prototype was evaluated on the track by world champion sprint cyclist gary neiwand. this testing allowed the engineers to determine handling characteristics and the loads encountered during competition. the data obtained was used to optimise prototypes for testing and competition has resulted in the ' superbike ' meeting or exceeding all of the design criteria. independent tests on the 1994 variant by dr. neil craig of the south australian institute ( 6 ) of sport at the adelaide superdrome showed the ' superbike ' to require 5 % less power than the then current steel ais olympic tubular frame. improvement was made possible by designing a new wind tunnel balance. the use of a ' hover board ' bicycle mounting eliminated balance interactions. this technique allowed further refinement and development of the ' superbike. 2 : moving artificial legs simulates the disturbed airflow around the bicycle. performance ( 6 ) improvement of rmit - ais ' superbike '. xvth commonwealth games carbon fibre blade forks and wing handlebars world championships integrated fork - handlebars world championships manchester the requirement study showed that a one - size monocoque shell could be developed to suit a wide range of rider size. one single size of the ' superbike ' can accommodate riders from 1600 mm to 1900 mm in height. ' superbike ' is unique in that it has been designed from the outset to be of a shape and structure that can be easily and cheaply produced in high volume ( 3 ). this manufacturing feature, a ' one size fits all concept ', removes the necessity for multiple and expensive tooling. the use of a complete monocoque shell gives lower weight and greater stiffness than achieved in previous racing bicycle designs. this shell is completely hollow and requires no additional core material. careful structural optimisation has allowed thin non - buckling skins to be used. of


complete monocoque shell gives lower weight and greater stiffness than achieved in previous racing bicycle designs. this shell is completely hollow and requires no additional core material. careful structural optimisation has allowed thin non - buckling skins to be used. of the manufacturing technique has allowed patents ( 7 ) on the process to be lodged. the superbike is in production at bike technologies pty ltd, melbourne australia. continued success in international competition has assisted the project world cup colorado springs usa, 17 aug 94 watt 1st 3000 m ind pursuit 3 : 41 : 91 second best ever career time commonwealth games, victoria bc, canada, september 94 watt 1st 3000 m ind pursuit 3 : 48 : 52 games record by over 3 sec mcgee 1st 4000 m ind pursuit 4 : 31 : 37 games record by over 5 sec o ' grady 3rd 4000 m ind pursuit 4 : 35 : 20 games o ' grady, 1st 4000 m team pursuit 4 : 10 : 14 games record by over 7 sec aitken, woods & junior championships italy, 1995 roberts 1st 3000 m ind pursuit petersen 1st 2000 m ind pursuit championships, colombia, september 1995 kelly 1st 1000 m tt 1 : 00 : 613 mcgee, o ' grady, 1st 4000 m pursuit 4 : 05 : 10 r. mcgee, o ' shanessey. adelaide october 1995 meany, world record junior team championships, manchester, uk, august 1996 kelly 1st 1000 m tt neiwand, hill 1st 200 m olympic tt world record. results for the superbike ( 6, 8 ). the ' superbike ' for the 1995 world championships has the provision for the flush mounting of instrumentation used in performance trials. this allowed for an accurate assessment of the athlete and equipment without the need to apply corrections for the aerodynamic drag of the sensors. the ability to access track test and race data for a pool of top athletes formed an integral part of the development program ( 6 ). data from riders such as bradley mcgee, kathryn watt, narelle petersen, garry niewand and shane kelly ensured that the configuration was one that would benefit a diverse range of riders and riding positions, further developing the mathematical performance use was made of computer aided drawing ( cad ) to input data to both finite element analysis ( 3, 4, 5 ) ( fem ) and computer aided machining ( cam ) of production tools. software used in the project included cadkey97 and strand6 as well as the in - house performance model. 3 : strand6, fem analysis assisted lay - up optimisation. element modeling (


##ining ( cam ) of production tools. software used in the project included cadkey97 and strand6 as well as the in - house performance model. 3 : strand6, fem analysis assisted lay - up optimisation. element modeling ( 3, 4 ) was used to assist in the optimisation of the structure. this was validated against the instrumented test bicycles, which were ridden in competition conditions. static strength and fatigue life was of importance, as an ais track frame will average 10, 000 kilometres of use per annum. the same bicycle being used in training as well as in competition. modal analysis has been introduced as a means of ensuring that each frame is of consistent quality. further development of this method of inspection 4 : kathryn watt wins ' superbike ' s ' first ever race at 1994 uci world cup colorado springs usa. continued successful development ( 6 ) of the ' superbike ' is not due to any one factor being superior. instead the credit goes to the application of a validated mathematical performance model that can rapidly evaluate structural, aerodynamic requirements and riding position. r. d. ' the design and development of the lotus sport pursuit bicycle ', proceedings of the institution of mechanical engineers, pages 285 to 294, volume 207, 1993, t. ' push to the limit ', the australian way, pages 84 to 87, november 1996, australia. m. ' super roo sets an olympic pace ', overseas trading, october 1995, pages 6 to 9, australia. australian students design championship racing bicycle frame ', mscworld, pages 12 to 14, volume 5, number 3, november 1996, usa. d. ' will the ' superbike ' be the catalyst for an aussie made revival? ' bicycle industry news, page 29, september l. and mclean, b. ' super roo bicycle ', institution of engineers australia, victorian division, engineering excellence awards, paper, september 1995, rmit. l. a. ' bicycle frame ', patent pct / au95 / 00444, september r. ' australia dominates worlds ', bicycling australia, pages 44 to 45, november 1995, australia.


it may not seem like using a compact fluorescent light bulb or fixing a leaky faucet will do much to reduce your energy costs - or protect the environment. but if every household practiced just a few simple conservation ideas like the 101 easy ways to save below, we could reduce energy consumption by a significant amount. all it takes is a few minutes each month, and you ' ll notice a difference - and make a difference! 1. do a home energy audit. this survey analyzes your home ' s structure, appliances and insulation, as well as your family ' s lifestyle. alliant energy offers customers a free online energy audit called my home comfort check up that provides a personalized report detailing specific ways to save energy throughout your home. heating your home 2. change or clean your furnace filter once a month. dust and dirt can quickly clog vital parts, making your furnace run harder and eventually break down. 3. have your heating system inspected regularly - especially if it ' s natural gas. a $ 50 - 100 annual tune - up can help reduce your heating costs by up to five percent. 4. if you have a forced - air furnace, do not close heat registers in unused rooms. your furnace is designed to heat a specific square footage of space and can ' t sense a register is closed - it will continue working at the same pace. in addition, the cold air from unheated rooms can escape into the rest of the house, reducing the effectiveness of all your insulating and weatherizing. 5. install a programmable thermostat. if you use it to set back the temperature by 10 degrees for eight hours every night, you ' ll lower your heating bills by 10 percent. a $ 50 digital thermostat can pay for itself in energy savings in less than a year. 6. don ' t set the thermostat higher than you actually want it. it won ' t heat your home any faster, and it will keep your furnace running longer than necessary. 7. vacuum registers and vents regularly, and don ' t let furniture and draperies block the air flow. inexpensive plastic deflectors can direct air under tables and chairs. 8. if your home has a boiler system, avoid covering radiators with screens or blocking them with furniture. it ' s also a good idea to add a reflecting panel behind radiators - you can purchase one at a home center or make one yourself with a plywood panel and aluminum foil. 9. if your home has electric baseboard heating


furniture. it ' s also a good idea to add a reflecting panel behind radiators - you can purchase one at a home center or make one yourself with a plywood panel and aluminum foil. 9. if your home has electric baseboard heating, be sure to keep furniture and draperies away from the heaters, and leave at least a three - inch clearance under the heating unit. 10. keep curtains and blinds closed at night to keep cold air out, but open them during the day to let the sun warm the room. 11. avoid using space heaters, including electric, kerosene or propane models. not only are they expensive to operate, they ' re also very dangerous. 12. if you have hardwood or tile floors, add area rugs to keep your feet warm. 13. if you ' ll be going on vacation, lower the thermostat to 55 degrees. this will save energy while preventing water pipes from freezing. 14. if you have a wood - burning fireplace, have the chimney cleaned and inspected regularly, and burn only fully dried hardwoods to produce the most heat output. 15. check the seal on the damper by closing it off and holding a piece of tissue paper inside the firebox. if drafts blow the tissue around, repair or replace the damper. 16. when using the fireplace, turn down the furnace to 55 degrees. if you don ' t, all the warm air from the furnace will go right up the chimney, wasting energy and money. 17. add fireproof caulk where the chimney meets the wall, inside and outside. 18. when the fireplace is not in use, make sure fireplace dampers are sealed tight, and keep the glass doors closed. if you never use your fireplace, plug the chimney with fiberglass insulation and seal the doors with silicone caulk. insulating your home 19. check insulation levels throughout your house. measure attic insulation with a ruler, and check behind switch plates for sidewall insulation. 20. install more attic insulation. upgrading from three inches to 12 inches can cut heating costs by 20 percent, and cooling costs by 10 percent. 21. add pieces of batt insulation to the rim joists - the area along the top of the foundation where it meets the exterior walls. 22. if your basement is unheated, install blanket insulation in between exposed floor joists. 23. choose the new " no - itch " or poly - wrapped insulation products. they ' re much easier to handle and safer to


walls. 22. if your basement is unheated, install blanket insulation in between exposed floor joists. 23. choose the new " no - itch " or poly - wrapped insulation products. they ' re much easier to handle and safer to work with - making them worth the extra cost. 24. install additional attic insulation at right angles to the previous layer. you don ' t have to use the same type of insulation - it ' s fine to use batts or blankets over loose - fill, or vice versa. 25. when using loose - fill, be sure to distribute the insulation evenly. any inconsistencies can reduce the insulating value. 26. while shopping for insulation, remember that r - value measures the amount of thermal resistance. the higher the r - value, the better the insulation. 27. never cover attic vents or recessed light fixtures with insulation, and allow a three - inch clearance around chimneys and flue pipes to prevent overheating and avoid the risk of fire. 28. have a leaky roof repaired and make sure your basement is waterproofed. wet insulation is worthless. air conditioning your home 29. maintain your central air conditioner by cleaning the outside compressor with a garden hose ( be sure to shut off power at the fuse or breaker first ). keep plantings at least one foot away for adequate airflow. 30. during late afternoon and early evening, turn off unnecessary lights and wait to use heat - producing appliances. it ' s also a good idea to shade south - and west - facing windows during the hottest part of the day. 31. plant a tree. one well - placed shade tree can reduce your cooling costs by 25 percent. for maximum benefit, place leafy shade trees to the south and west, and evergreens to the north. 32. use ceiling fans to help circulate air throughout the house, and make sure your attic is properly ventilated. a ceiling fan should run clockwise during the summer, and counter - clockwise during the winter. 33. set the fan on your central air conditioner to " on " rather than " auto. " this will circulate air continuously, keeping the temperature more even throughout the house and aiding in dehumidification. 34. make sure your window air conditioner is the proper size. it ' s better to get one that ' s too small than too large - a larger unit will start up and turn off more frequently and won ' t do as good a job dehumidifying the air. 35


new glazing. if the glass is loose, replace the putty holding the pane in place. most types of window glazing require painting for a proper seal. 45. if drafts sneak in under exterior doors, replace the threshold. if that ' s not practical, block the drafts with a rolled - up towel or blanket. 46. seal the edges of unused doors and windows with rope caulk. don ' t seal them shut permanently - you might need quick ventilation or escape during an emergency. 47. choose the right kind of caulk for the job. use latex or acrylic caulk inside - it ' s easy to clean and more forgiving if you ' re a beginner. silicone caulk is great for outside use because it lasts longer and seals virtually any type of surface. 48. don ' t forget to weatherize the attic access. secure batt insulation to the back of the hatch or door, and use weatherstripping to seal the opening. 49. set the water heater temperature at 120 degrees - about halfway between low and medium. this will help save energy and prevent scalding, while keeping unhealthy bacteria from growing. 50. install a water - saving showerhead. don ' t worry - it won ' t reduce your water pressure. a family of four, each taking a five - minute shower a day, can save $ 250 a year in water heating costs by switching to a low - flow showerhead. 51. fix leaky faucets, especially if it ' s a hot water faucet. one drop per second can add up to 165 gallons a month - that ' s more than one person uses in two weeks. 52. use aerators on kitchen and bathroom sink faucets. if you have hard water, clean aerators and showerheads with vinegar regularly to reduce deposits and build - up. 53. take showers, not baths. a five - minute shower will use about 7. 5 gallons of hot water, while filling a bathtub can use up to 20 gallons. 54. if your water heater is more than 15 years old, install an insulating wrap to reduce " standby " heat loss. it ' s also a good idea to insulate hot water pipes where they ' re accessible. in the kitchen 55. use smaller kitchen appliances whenever possible. microwaves, toaster ovens and slow - cookers can use 75 percent less energy than a large electric oven. 56.


to insulate hot water pipes where they ' re accessible. in the kitchen 55. use smaller kitchen appliances whenever possible. microwaves, toaster ovens and slow - cookers can use 75 percent less energy than a large electric oven. 56. vacuum the refrigerator coils about twice a year to keep the compressor running efficiently. 57. as your mother always told you, don ' t leave the refrigerator door open. every time it ' s opened, up to 30 percent of the cooled air can escape. the same rule holds for the oven, too. 58. keep the refrigerator temperature about 36 - 38 degrees, and the freezer at 0 - 5 degrees. 59. don ' t overload the refrigerator or freezer. the cold air needs to circulate freely to keep foods at the proper temperature. 60. make sure the refrigerator is level, so the door automatically swings shut instead of open. if the floor isn ' t level, use shims to prop up the front of the refrigerator. 61. don ' t worry about placing hot leftovers in the refrigerator. it won ' t affect energy use significantly, and cooling food to room temperature first can increase the chance of food - borne illnesses. 62. check the seal on your refrigerator door by closing it on a dollar bill. if you can pull the bill out easily, it ' s time to replace the gaskets. you can purchase a replacement kit from an appliance dealer or a home center. 63. use your oven ' s self - cleaning feature immediately after cooking, while the oven is still hot. this will reduce a lengthy warm - up time. 64. use lids on pots and pans to reduce cooking times, and don ' t put a small pan on a large burner. 65. keep the grease plates under range burners clean to reflect heat more efficiently. 66. run the dishwasher only with full loads, and use the air - dry cycle. if your dishwasher has a " booster " water heater, use it ; this will heat the water to the 140 degrees recommended by manufacturers, while maintaining an energy - saving 120 degrees on your primary water heater. in the laundry room 67. wash only full loads of clothes, and be sure to set the water level appropriately. 68. use hot water only for very dirty loads, and always use cold water for the rinse cycle. 69. clean the lint screen on the dryer every time you use the machine. a clogged lint screen can make


. 68. use hot water only for very dirty loads, and always use cold water for the rinse cycle. 69. clean the lint screen on the dryer every time you use the machine. a clogged lint screen can make your dryer use up to 30 percent more energy - and it can be a fire hazard. 70. remove clothes from the dryer while they ' re still damp and hang them up. this will save energy, prevent static and reduce wrinkles and shrinkage. 71. dry one load of clothes immediately after another. this will minimize heat loss, reducing warm - up and drying times. lighting your home 72. switch to compact fluorescent light bulbs. these bulbs use 75 percent less energy than typical incandescents, and they last 10 times longer. 73. look for a compact fluorescent wattage that ' s about one - third of the incandescent wattage you usually use. 74. use lighting control devices like dimmers, motion detectors, occupancy sensors, photocells and timers to provide light only when you need it. 75. keep lamps away from thermostats ; the heat produced can cause your furnace to run less than needed or your air conditioner more than needed. 76. dust light fixtures regularly. a heavy coat of dust can block up to 50 percent of the light output. 77. use only a single bulb in a multi - socket fixture. be sure to check the maximum wattage the fixture allows. 78. replace an incandescent outdoor light or high - intensity floodlight with a high - pressure sodium fixture. the bulbs will last longer, use less energy, and handle temperature extremes better. 79. use low - voltage lighting kits to light walkways, patios and decks. the soft light will also attract fewer annoying insects. 80. decorate with pale colors on walls, ceilings and floors. soft tones reflect more light, so you can use lower wattage bulbs and delay turning on lights until later in the day. using high - gloss paint can help as well. 81. read light bulb packages carefully. watts measure the amount of energy needed ; lumens measure how much light a bulb produces. energy - saving bulbs produce more lumens per watt of electricity used. other energy savers 82. get rid of spare refrigerators or freezers. an extra appliance can add more than $ 100 to your energy bills every year, and it ' s a safety hazard for small children. 83. keep outdoor hot tubs


savers 82. get rid of spare refrigerators or freezers. an extra appliance can add more than $ 100 to your energy bills every year, and it ' s a safety hazard for small children. 83. keep outdoor hot tubs covered when not in use. if you have a pool, use a solar cover to use the natural warmth of the sun to heat the water. 84. keep waterbeds covered with quilts or blankets to help retain their heat. you might also want to insulate the bottom with a sheet of rigid foam insulation. 85. keep the garage door closed, especially during the winter. 86. if you need a new lawn mower, consider an electric model. they ' re less expensive to operate ( about three cents of electricity per use ), 75 percent quieter, and they significantly reduce toxic emissions. 87. instead of air - polluting and expensive charcoal or propane, try an electric or natural gas grill. they ' re more economical and more convenient - you ' ll never run out of fuel. 88. unplug any electrical device that ' s not being used. many appliances, especially computers, televisions and vcrs draw power even when turned off. 89. place humidifiers and dehumidifiers away from walls and bulky furniture. these appliances work best when air circulates freely around them. be sure to clean the unit often to prevent unhealthy mold and bacteria from developing. 90. if your home has no sidewall insulation, place heavy furniture like bookshelves, armoires and sofas along exterior walls, and use decorative quilts as wall hangings. this will help block cold air. 91. when you take a vacation, don ' t forget to give your appliances a rest too. turn off and unplug everything you can, set your water heater to the lowest setting and shut off the water supply to the dishwasher and washing machine. buying new appliances 92. remember that it pays to invest in energy efficiency. in some cases, the money you save in energy costs can pay back the purchase price in just a few years. 93. always read the energy guide label carefully, and make sure you ' re comparing " apples to apples. " energy use can range significantly even within a single brand. 94. choose the capacity that ' s right for your family. whether it ' s a furnace or a refrigerator, it doesn ' t pay to purchase a unit that ' s too large or too small. 95. in almost


within a single brand. 94. choose the capacity that ' s right for your family. whether it ' s a furnace or a refrigerator, it doesn ' t pay to purchase a unit that ' s too large or too small. 95. in almost every case, a natural gas appliance is more economical to use than an electric model. the $ 50 - 75 price difference can be paid back in energy savings in less than a year. 96. replace inefficient appliances - even if they ' re still working. an aging water heater or refrigerator could be costing you much more than you think. if your central air conditioner is more than 10 years old, replacing it with a high - efficiency new unit will cut your summer electric bills by about one - third. 97. shop during the off - season. many heating and cooling manufacturers offer significant rebates during seasonal sales promotions, and dealers may charge less for installation. 98. investigate new technology carefully. some innovations, like convection ovens or argon - filled windows, may save energy and make life more convenient ; others, such as commercial - grade kitchen appliances, might be merely expensive cosmetic enhancements. 99. look for the " energystar " logo. this designation from the environmental protection agency means that the appliance exceeds minimum federal energy - use standards, usually by a significant amount. 100. don ' t forget to ask about warranties, service contracts, and delivery and installation costs. 101. be sure to choose a reputable and knowledgeable dealer. a good dealer should be able to help you calculate energy savings and the payback period, and he or she should offer you a range of brands and prices.


father ' s day sermon outline topics " the position and authority of the father as the head of the family are expressly assumed and sanctioned in scripture, as a likeness of that of the almighty over his creatures " - smith ' s bible dictionary four fathers from the bible enoch, a father who walked with god as a great man of faith. noah, who was concerned about saving his children, he taught them about righteousness. he also walked with god, leaving a great example to follow. abraham, who was given the title " father of all of them that believe ". he trained them as mentioned in genesis 18 : 19. joshua, who trusted god when others would not. joshua didn ' t care what other fathers were doing, he and his family were going to serve the lord! father ' s day bible verses psalm 103 : 13 ( niv ) as a father has compassion on his children, so the lord has compassion on those who fear him ; my son, do not despise the lord ' s discipline and do not resent his rebuke, because the lord disciplines those he loves, as a father the son he delights in. proverbs 23 : 22 ( niv ) listen to your father, who gave you life, and do not despise your mother when she is old. proverbs 23 : 24 ( niv ) the father of a righteous man has great joy ; he who has a wise son delights in him. ephesians 6 : 4 ( niv ) fathers, do not exasperate your children ; instead, bring them up in the training and instruction of the lord colossians 3 : 21 ( niv ) fathers, do not embitter your children, or they will become discouraged. hebrews 12 : 7 ( niv ) endure hardship as discipline ; god is treating you as sons. for what son is not disciplined by his father? if you, then, though you are evil, know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will your father in heaven give good gifts to those who ask him! joshua 24 : 15 ( esv ) and if it is evil in your eyes to serve the lord, choose this day whom you will serve, whether the gods your fathers served in the region beyond the river, or the gods of the amorites in whose land you dwell. but as for me and my house, we will serve the lord. " deuteronomy 6 : 6 - 9 ( esv ) and these words that


region beyond the river, or the gods of the amorites in whose land you dwell. but as for me and my house, we will serve the lord. " deuteronomy 6 : 6 - 9 ( esv ) and these words that i command you today shall be on your heart. you shall teach them diligently to your children, and shall talk of them when you sit in your house, and when you walk by the way, and when you lie down, and when you rise. you shall bind them as a sign on your hand, and they shall be as frontlets between your eyes. you shall write them on the doorposts of your house and on your gates. psalms 127 : 3 - 5 ( esv ) behold, children are a heritage from the lord, the fruit of the womb a reward. like arrows in the hand of a warrior are the children of one ' s youth. blessed is the man who fills his quiver with them! he shall not be put to shame when he speaks with his enemies in the gate. psalm 44 : 1 ( nkjv ) " god, we have heard with our ears, our fathers have told us, what deeds you performed in their days, in the days of old : " proverbs 17 : 6 ( nkjv ) " grandchildren are the crown of the aged, and the glory of children is their fathers. " proverbs 23 : 24 ( nkjv ) " the father of the righteous will greatly rejoice ; he who fathers a wise son will be glad in him. " 1 timothy 3 : 5 ( kjv ) " for if a man know not how to rule his own house, how shall he take care of the church of god? " proverbs 22 : 6 ( esv ) " direct your children onto the right path, and when they are older, they will not leave it. " proverbs 20 : 7 ( kjv ) " the just man walketh in his integrity : his children are blessed after him. " genesis 18 : 19 ( esv ) for i have chosen him, that he may command his children and his household after him to keep the way of the lord by doing righteousness and justice, so that the lord may bring to abraham what he has promised him. " 1 timothy 3 : 12 - 13 ( kjv ) let the deacons be the husbands of one wife, ruling their children and their own houses well. for they that have used the office of a


to abraham what he has promised him. " 1 timothy 3 : 12 - 13 ( kjv ) let the deacons be the husbands of one wife, ruling their children and their own houses well. for they that have used the office of a deacon well purchase to themselves a good degree, and great boldness in the faith which is in christ jesus. father ' s day sermon topics god is our " father " and we are his " children ". god seems to love being called " father " more than any other name — he uses it is to describe himself all throughout the new testament. so when god lets man be called " father ", he is giving him a special honor, and with that honor god gives a special responsibility. possible father ' s day sermon topics : - the role of the father - the spiritual head of the home - children and their blessing - biblical fathers - creating a legacy - setting a good example - not discouraging children - having compassion on children preachit ' s database of over 4, 000 sermons has everything you need to build an father ' s day message, even if you have limited time, limited inspiration and limited room for study. some of the father ' s day messages in the preachit database ( links will only work for members of preachit. org - you must be logged in. ) a good name preparing the son fathers who carry arks fathers who carry arks father knows best lessons from the field god ' s idea of a great dad father ' s day – the prodigal son a message to men over 600 powerpoint slides in the database... can you use some more material? preachit ' s monthly membership starts at only 13. 94 per month and you have 7 full days to request a refund if you don ' t find the materials to be the best you ' ve ever seen! bonus - there ' s also over 150 small group edifications... search around the database for one that might match perfectly with a small group you ' re thinking of starting. bonus - there ' s ministry job descriptions if you ' re thinking of hiring or requesting a volunteer for a specific responsiblity within the church, this resource may be the one thing that makes your trial of our service worth every minute of your effort. finding the right person the first time can make or break that portion of your ministry.... but wait! there ' s more! the 96 question spiritual gift survey and answer sheet this incredible resource allows you to have someone fill out