about a third of canadian adults say they get flu vaccine oct 22, 2012 as flu vaccination campaigns get underway this flu season, provincial and territorial health ministers are promoting flu shots. “ by getting the flu shot, you are protecting not just yourself but the people around you, the people you love, ” ontario health minister deb matthews said before rolling up her sleeve for a shot in toronto on monday. british columbia announced plans to make it mandatory for health care workers who come into contact with patients during flu season to either get a flu shot or wear a mask. in may, a poll by ipsos reid for the quebec and british columbia lung associations suggested 36 per cent of canadians adults said they were vaccinated. on the other hand, respondents who did not get the shot gave reasons such as lack of time and fear of needles for why they declined. the flu shot can give you a sore arm and aches. each year ’ s vaccine is only designed to protect against the strains it includes. fever occurs infrequently after vaccination, according to the public health agency of canada. a nasal spray version of the vaccine is approved for use in canada. provincial health plans may not cover the cost. a review of studies from 1967 to 2012 concluded that standard injectable influenza vaccines containing three strains protect healthy adults aged 18 to 64 at a rate of about 59 per cent. michael osterholm, an infectious disease expert at the university of minnesota and the report ’ s lead author. “ during some influenza seasons vaccination offers substantially more protection for most of the population than being unvaccinated ; however, influenza vaccine protection is markedly lower than for most routinely recommended vaccines and is suboptimal, ” the report concluded. osterholm said current flu vaccines play a role in reducing flu illnesses but called the status quo in vaccine research and development unacceptable. nasal spray containing live attenuated influenza vaccine protects children aged six months to seven years at a rate of about 83 per cent, according to the review. pharmacists in four provinces — british columbia, ontario, alberta and new brunswick, can give flu shots. official regulations for pharmacists are pending in manitoba, quebec and nova scotia, said jeff morrison of the canadian pharmacists association. matthews said that by expanding the scope of practice for pharmacists gives people more options to get immunized, such as coming in for a flu shot during their lunch break. getting immunized during pregnancy protects women and infants for the first


well, if it isn ' t our favorite student... need a login tutor? first day? welcome! true or false : you ' re ready to achieve your higher education and career goals? that ' s what we thought. and that ' s what we ' re here for. from college to career - we ' ve got you covered. so get going! your future ' s waiting. college | about the act what is the act and why is it important? created by act inc., the act is an entrance exam used by most colleges and universities to make admissions decisions. the idea ( in theory, at least ) is to provide colleges with one common criterion that can be used to compare all applicants. the weight placed on act scores varies from school to school. other important factors that schools consider in their admissions decisions are your high school gpa, academic transcripts, letters of recommendation, interviews and personal essays. for more specific information on the importance of act scores at the schools you ' re interested in, contact the admissions offices directly. the act is offered nationally every year in september, october, december, february *, april and june. what specifically does the act test? the act has four sections : english, reading, math and science, as well as an optional 30 - minute writing test. some schools may require the writing test, so be sure to ask before you take it. more about what ' s on the different sections of the act. should i take the sat or the act? sat versus act. is one harder? is one better? more prestigious? more useful? if only it were that simple. more about the sat vs. the act. how is the act scored? you ' ll earn one act score ( 1 to 36 ) on each test ( english, math, reading and science ) and a composite act score, which is an average of these four tests. usually, when people ask about your score, they ' re referring to your composite act score. the composite score falls between 1 and 36. the national average is about 21. if, for example, you scored 31 on the english, 30 on the math, 29 on the reading and 30 on the science, your composite act score would be 30. you ' ll receive subscores in english, math and reading that range between 1 and 18. these scores provide you with more detail about your performance, but they are not actually used by colleges or universities. the act includes an optional essay, known as the writing test. if you take


english, math and reading that range between 1 and 18. these scores provide you with more detail about your performance, but they are not actually used by colleges or universities. the act includes an optional essay, known as the writing test. if you take the writing test, you will receive a writing test subscore and a combined english / writing score. visit www. act. org for detailed information about how your act writing test will be scored. how do i know if my score is good enough to get me into my dream school? good question. check out the can i get in function in our school search. when should i take the act? students have traditionally taken the act in the spring of their junior year and, if necessary, again in the fall of their senior year. however, more and more students are choosing to take their first act earlier, such as during the fall of their junior year. this gives them more flexibility to retake the act test one or more times, or to take the sat or sat subject tests. how do i register? registration deadlines fall approximately five weeks before each act test date. you can get registration materials from your school ' s guidance counselor, or call act, inc. at 319 – 337 – 1270 and they ' ll send you a registration packet. you can also register online at www. act. org. how can i prepare? we can help. we have act prep courses for every student and every budget. * no test centers are scheduled in new york for the february test date. ©2013 tpr education ip holdings, llc. all rights reserved. the princeton review is not affiliated with princeton university.


help on question about human genome - ( mar / 12 / 2012 ) in february 2001, celera corp. and the human genome project ( hgp ) independently published the first " draft " of the human genome sequence. how did the two sequences differ? did the differences between them affect any of the biological conclusions that were drawn? in april 2003, a " finished " sequence of the human genome was released by hgp. in what ways did this differ from what had been released in 2001? in october 2004, another " finished " sequence of the human genome was released and a paper was published in nature. then, in may 2006, another paper appeared in nature reporting on the " finished " dna sequence of the last human chromosome ( # 1 ). how and why did these different versions differ? why it is important to have as accurate a sequence as possible? do you expect to see yet more " finished " versions of the reference human genome sequence in the coming years? when will it really be completely can someone possibly give me some hints on how to reply my final exam? i am really missing there! thanks you so much! if you tell us your ideas rather than just posting the question, you will get some help - it is homework for you to learn, not for us to supply answers! thanks for suggestion! you are absolutely right. it is my final essay. i didn ' t get started yet. right i am actively searching for materials for reading and organizing my idea. the reason i post here is to try to get some good materials for reading. as you know, there is tons of publications about this. some in good quality, some not. since i am not in this field, i would like to get some expert opinions about the materials i do need to read besides what i got by myself. thanks!


we are on a roll, so lets keep it up. up to now we have a functioning receiver. we have audio coming out of u3, but it needs filtering and lots of amplification. let ' s build the gather the following components : u4 ne5532 and socket c19. 033 microfarad c20. 1 microfarad c21. 01 microfarad c22 150 pf c23 150 pf install the components and check your work. turn on the rig and look at pin one of u4 with a scope when you key up. hey, what ' s wrong here? i had much more signal at the output of u3 than i have here. what gives? well, u4 is an amplifier, but it also has some limiting diodes in the feedback circuit, d3 and d4. these limit the output swing of the amplifier as to not saturate q1, the mute fet ( not remember that up till now we are cheating with the receiver. we are using the transmit signal as a signal source to test our receiver. in the real world we would never have such a large signal on our antenna. this section provides 30db gain and is differentially driven ( like t2 at the output of u5 ) to take advantage of the greater signal voltage. it also acts as a low pass filter, rolling off frequencies that are over r4 dc biases pin 3 of u4. c23 and c22 lower the gain of the stage as the lets get a dc and ac analysis of this stage. here are my questions : 1 ) how can we calculate the dc voltages of this stage. opamps should be easy, right ; - ) 2 ) how do we calculate the gain of this stage. the manual says 30db. what is the voltage gain? 3 ) why is c21 smaller than c20? 4 ) what is the purpose of c19? is this a terminator of some kind?


ipad / digital texts pilot : phase ii rcds will continue to pilot ipads and digital texts during the 2012 - 2013 academic year. preliminary findings and new questions that emerged from the 2011 - 2012 phase of the pilot suggested that another year of exploration is warranted before making recommendations regarding the use of ipads and digital texts at rcds. what are the goals of phase ii? the guiding questions for phase ii are as follows : - how can ipads be used in lower school classrooms to differentiate learning, support academic choice, and support the curriculum? - what will be the role of ipads ( or other e - readers ) in our k - 12 curriculum? in what ways is our intended use of ipads different from our intended use of laptops in the classroom? - how useful are ipads with e - texts? are they workable for note taking, smartboard use, etc? are they useful in flipped classroom situations? - are e - texts a viable option for students? for whom would e - texts be an appropriate choice? - what is the relative ease of e - text use across the board : reading, note taking and sharing, searching, testing / evaluation, grading / commenting, etc.? will students prefer e - texts or printed texts after exposure? - what are the relative costs of digital texts? - how will learning change with digital texts? will be see an improvement or not? - how will teaching change with digital texts? how will interactions with students change? - what technical support will be required for this additional layer? will we have bandwidth issues for internet access? does our current in - class technology support the integration of ipads? what will phase ii entail? all courses, including every class in the lower school, are eligible to participate in the pilot in one of three ways : - ipads only ( to explore apps, content creation, internet use, etc. ) - e - texts on laptops only - e - texts on ipads and laptops there is no set timeframe for participation. teachers may participate anywhere from one day up to several weeks at a time. feedback will be gathered from every class that participates. if you have any questions about either phase i or phase ii of rcds ’ s digital text pilot, please contact meredith dechabert, assistant head of school, at 914 - 925 - 4613.


cool green, ruby red, or deep purple grapes make a sweet, nutritious snack and great jellies, as well as elegant sauces and season : year - round ; peak in fall. how to choose grapes look for fruits that are plump, unblemished, evenly colored, and firmly attached to a flexible stem. avoid those that are wrinkled, brownish, or white at the stem end. grapes range from pale green ( like the common thompson seedless variety ) to blue - black ( like tart concords, which are often used for jam ) and are grown with or without seeds. ripe green ( aka white ) grapes should have a yellowish cast, while red and purple ones should have no green areas. some grapes may have a white coating on the skin, called a bloom ; it ’ s a harmless natural substance that protects the fruit from moisture loss and decay. buy organic if possible ; conventionally grown grapes ( especially imported ones ) can have a high percentage of pesticide residue. how to store grapes store grapes unwashed ( moisture speeds decay ) in a ventilated plastic bag in the refrigerator for up to 5 days, though they ’ re best within the first 3 days. they will shrivel, and even start to ferment, at room temperature. just before eating or cooking with them, pluck the fruit from the stem, give it a thorough rinse, and gently pat dry. how to use grapes grapes can be roasted with poultry, veal, and pork ( add them to the pan during the last 15 to 20 minutes ). when frozen, they make a refreshing snack or fruity “ ice cubes. ” real simple grape recipes : - roasted sausage and grapes - toast with ricotta and grapes - roasted brussels sprouts and grapes - chicken with wild rice and grapes - halibut wrapped in grape leaves fruits and vegetables at their peak right now. find out what ' s in season in your area right now, then locate a farmers ' market near you.


the daily facts interviewed him for our 125th anniversary of redlands video series. he was so chock full of interesting facts about redlands, and stories from the city ' s history, that the interview went almost three times longer than the others had taken. this week ' s video is more than 45 minutes long. this legacy for atchley began during a college project, when he had to read early editions of the citrograph, a newspaper in town a century ago. he indexed and organized the articles. after the project, he kept going, folding the redlands daily facts into his research and ending up with a full and illustrated documentation of redlands and surrounding areas. we filmed on one of the stone bridges at sylvan park that goes over the zanja, which proper redlanders pronounce " sanky. " atchley has written a book on that irrigation ditch. he said people are right when they say it was built by an indian tribe, but the rumor that they used shoulder blades from oxen for lack of tools is false. they used shovels, purchased right here in the inland empire. he told us sylvan park was originally the lugonia heights dump. those rolling hills? trash with lawn on top. in order to turn it into a park, the redlands high school classes of 1910 - 15 were commissioned with planting trees, one per graduate, as a senior project. each graduating class had about 20 students. the south side of sylvan was designed as a campground for transients heading to the mountains. atchley said the whole town was called lugonia for a time, named after the lugo family, who were among the founders of this community. he talked about sarah morey, for whom the morey house was built, and her role in bringing the orange industry to redlands. the redlands district had 26 packinghouses. we were the naval orange capital of the world. because of a national tariff passed by then - sen. william mckinley, the price of oranges was high and redlanders became wealthy. when then - president mckinley visited redlands in 1901, the streets were covered in rose petals. in the five years it took for the orange trees to grow a harvestable crop, redlands exported celery. the 1913 freeze here, atchley said, was worse than the great depression. we not only lost the orange crops, but snow birds opted not to winter here. atchley said there used to be three train


is the practice of - acquiring goods and services in a restrained manner, and - resourcefully using already owned economic goods and services, to - achieve a longer term goal. strategies for frugality of frugality include the reduction of waste, curbing costly habits, suppressing instant gratification by means of fiscal self - restraint, seeking efficiency, avoiding traps, defying expensive social norms, embracing free ( as in gratis ) options, using barter, and staying well - informed about local circumstances and both market and product / service realities. frugality in the context of certain belief systems, is a philosophy in which one does not trust, or is deeply wary of " expert " knowledge, often from commercial markets or corporate cultures, claiming to know what is in the best economic, material, or spiritual interests of the individual. different spiritual communities consider frugality to be a virtue or a spiritual discipline. the religious society of friends and the puritans are examples of such groups. the basic philosophy behind this is the idea that people ought to save money in order to allocate it to more charitable purposes, such as helping others in need. there are also environmentalists who consider frugality to be a virtue through which humans can make use of their ancestral skills as hunter - gatherers, carrying little and needing little, and finding meaning in nature instead of man - made conventions or religion. henry david thoreau expressed a similar philosophy in walden, with his zest for self - reliance and minimal possessions while simply living in the woods.


australian heatwave sign of climate change sydney ( reuters ) - a heatwave scorching southern australia, causing transport chaos by buckling rail lines and leaving more than 140, 000 homes without power, is a sign of climate change, the government said on thursday. the bureau of meteorology is forecasting a total of six days of 40 - plus celsius ( 104 fahrenheit ) temperatures for southern australia, which would equal the worst heatwave in 100 years. climate change minister penny wong said the heatwave, which started on wednesday, was the sort of weather scientists had been warning about. " eleven of the hottest years in history have been in the last 12, and we also note, particularly in the southern part of australia, we ' re seeing less rainfall, " wong told reporters. " all of this is consistent with climate change, and all of this is consistent with what scientists told us would happen. " the maximum temperature in southern australia on thursday was 46 degrees celsius ( 114. 8 fahrenheit ) in four towns. while uncomfortable for residents in towns and some of australia ' s biggest cities, the heatwave was seen as having little effect on australia ' s commodities - driven economy, with the worst of the weather away from the nation ' s grain belt. health officials in south australia and victoria states have advised people to stay indoors, use air conditioners and keep up fluid intake. more than 140, 000 homes were without power in southern australia as the heat took its toll on the power grid. national power regulator nemco told electricity companies to start load - shedding, temporarily taking customers off power to lighten the load. in melbourne, which recorded its hottest day in 70 years at 44 degrees celsius ( 111 fahrenheit ) on thursday, rail lines buckled and trains were canceled, stranding thousands of hot and angry commuters. free bottled water was handed out to train travelers in adelaide to help them cope with the delays and heat. the heatwave forced the australian open tennis tournament in melbourne to suspend outside matches, with officials closing the retractable roof over the main stadium for the past two days. australia is one of the most vulnerable nations to climate change due to its hot, dry climate and is already gripped by drought. fire bans have been declared in southern australia to prevent major bushfires but small fires are already burning. the extreme temperatures were threatening melbourne ' s parks and gardens, said mayor robert doyle, who announced an increase in water supplies to counter a 40 percent


corrected - warming temperatures could multiply katrina - like hurricanes - study ( corrects that ipcc assesses but does not run computer simulations, and expands range of warming, paragraph 5 ) * extreme storms most sensitive to rising temperatures * number of strong hurricanes could increase seven - fold by environment correspondent deborah zabarenko washington, march 18 ( reuters ) - the number of atlantic storms with magnitude similar to killer hurricane katrina, which devastated the u. s. gulf coast in 2005, could rise sharply this century, environmental researchers reported on monday. scientists have long studied the relationship between warmer sea surface temperatures and cyclonic, slowly spinning storms in the atlantic ocean, but the new study attempts to project how many of the most damaging hurricanes could result from warming air temperatures as well. the extreme storms are highly sensitive to temperature changes, and the number of katrina - magnitude events could double due to the increase in global temperatures that occurred in the 20th century, the researchers reported in the journal proceedings of the national academy of sciences. if temperatures continue to warm in the 21st century, as many climate scientists project, the number of katrina - strength hurricanes could at least double, and possibly rise much more, with every 1. 8 degree f ( 1 degree c ) rise in global temperatures, the researchers said. computer projections assessed by the u. n. intergovernmental panel on climate change suggest that global temperatures could rise by between 1. 8 degrees and 10. 8 degrees f ( 1 degree and 6 degrees c ) by century ' s end. to figure out how many of the most extreme hurricanes these higher temperatures might spawn, aslak grinsted of the centre for ice and climate at the university of copenhagen and his co - authors looked at storm surges, which are often the most damaging aspect of these monster storms. a storm surge is the abnormal rise in water, over and above normal high tide, pushed toward shore by the winds whipping around a big cyclonic storm. much of the damage from hurricane katrina, an estimated $ 108 billion, was caused by high storm surges across a wide area of the gulf of mexico coast, according to the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ). superstorm sandy, which plowed into the northeastern u. s. coast with hurricane - strength winds last year, cost an estimated $ 75 billion, noaa said. the researchers looked at storm surges going back to 1923, and related those to how warm air temperatures were when the surges occurred. then, using computer models, they projected how storm surges might


an estimated $ 75 billion, noaa said. the researchers looked at storm surges going back to 1923, and related those to how warm air temperatures were when the surges occurred. then, using computer models, they projected how storm surges might be influenced by future warming. storm surges can be a more accurate gauge of a hurricane ' s severity than wind speed, like those on the saffir - simpson hurricane wind scale, grinsted said by phone from denmark. " when people talk about ( hurricane ) intensity normally, then they mean wind speed, " he said. " but that is not what is causing the most damage only. sometimes it ' s about how fast it is traveling. " he said that was the case with sandy, which traveled so slowly and stretched over such a wide area that its impact was intense, even though wind speeds abated somewhat by landfall. previous research on the link between climate change and hurricanes has suggested that there may be fewer hurricanes overall but more stronger ones as global temperatures rise. this study indicates there will be an increase of hurricanes of all magnitudes, but the increase will be greatest for the most extreme events. ( reporting by deborah zabarenko ; editing by ros krasny, jackie frank and eric beech ) - tweet this - share this - digg this


pediatric aids : introduction pediatric aids : pediatric aids is an immune system disease in infants or children caused by the hiv virus. aids is a term used when a person infected with hiv has a cd4 + t cell count below 200 or 14 % of lymphocytes. aids is an advanced form of hiv. to be classified as aids the person must also have an aids - related condition such as opportunistic infections. symptoms in children are similar to those of an adult but their susceptibility to various aids - related conditions varies e. g. children are less susceptible to kaposi sarcoma, taxoplasmosis and cryptococcosis than adults. more detailed information about the symptoms, causes, and treatments of pediatric aids is available below. symptoms of pediatric aids see full list of 69 symptoms of pediatric aids treatments for pediatric aids - there is no cure but treatment is aimed at slowing the progression of the disease and managing any opportunistic infections or other aids - related conditions as they arise. the mainstay of treatment is antiretroviral medications - the aims of hiv treatment in children are similar to those in adults and include : - restoration and preservation of immune function - improvement in quality and length of life - resolution of symptoms of hiv including diarrhoea, lethargy and weight loss - more treatments... » read more about treatments for pediatric aids home diagnostic testing home medical testing related to pediatric aids : - child behavior : home testing - child general health : home testing wrongly diagnosed with pediatric aids? pediatric aids : complications review possible medical complications related to pediatric aids : causes of pediatric aids read more about causes of pediatric aids. pediatric aids : undiagnosed conditions commonly undiagnosed diseases in related medical categories : - sexual disorders & stds - - serious diseases often undiagnosed : - child health disorders - - serious medical disorders that may be undiagnosed : - more undiagnosed conditions... » misdiagnosis and pediatric aids mild worm infections undiagnosed in children : human worm infestations, esp. threadworm, can be overlooked in some cases, because it may cause only mild or even absent symptoms. although the most common symptoms are... read more » mesenteric adenitis misdiagnosed as appendicitis in children : because appendicitis is one of the more feared conditions for a child with abdominal pain, it can be... read more » blood pressure cuffs misdiagno


##teric adenitis misdiagnosed as appendicitis in children : because appendicitis is one of the more feared conditions for a child with abdominal pain, it can be... read more » blood pressure cuffs misdiagnose hypertension in children : one known misdiagnosis issue with hyperension, arises in relation to the simple equipment used to test blood pressure. the " cuff " around the arm to measure... read more » children with migraine often misdiagnosed : a migraine often fails to be correctly diagnosed in pediatric patients. these patients are not the typical migraine sufferers, but migraines can also occur in... read more » read more about misdiagnosis and pediatric aids pediatric aids : research doctors & specialists research related physicians and medical specialists : other doctor, physician and specialist research services : hospitals & clinics : pediatric aids research quality ratings and patient safety measures for medical facilities in specialties related to pediatric aids : hospital & clinic quality ratings » choosing the best hospital : more general information, not necessarily in relation to pediatric aids, on hospital performance and surgical care quality : evidence based medicine research for pediatric aids medical research articles related to pediatric aids include : click here to find more evidence - based articles on the trip database prognosis for pediatric aids prognosis for pediatric aids : death usually occurs between 6 and 19 months after diagnosis of aids if not treatment is utilized. strict adherence to treatment plans ( usually antiretroviral medications ) can significantly improve long - term outcomes. a number of people will develop a resistance to treatment therapies if they have been on them for more than two decades. more about prognosis of pediatric aids research about pediatric aids visit our research pages for current research about pediatric aids treatments. pediatric aids : broader related topics types of pediatric aids user interactive forums read about other experiences, ask a question about pediatric aids, or answer someone else ' s question, on our message boards : contents for pediatric aids : » next page : what is pediatric aids? medical tools & articles : tools & services : forums & message boards - ask or answer a question at the boards :


cicada wing surface biomimicry could lead to anti - bacterial surfaces while many research groups throughout the world seek for better ways to fight bacteria, an international research group of researchers australia ’ s swinburne university of technology and spain ’ s universitat rovira i virgili investigated cicada insect and came up with a discovery that may lead to a surface able to destroy bacteria solely through its physical structure. the clanger cicada ( psaltoda claripennis ) is a locust - like insect whose wings are covered by a vast hexagonal array of nanopillars which aid in insect ’ s fight against bacteria – one of the first natural surfaces found to do so. although it seems as the texture layout could be puncturing bacteria, this bed of nails made of nanopillars actually does not puncture the bacterial cells on first contact. when a bacterium settles on the wing surface, its cellular membrane gets “ grabbed ” by these nanopilars, thus sticking to the surface. after sticking to the surface of nanopillars, the surface of bacterium stretches into the gaps between them. as you can see in the video bellow, bacteria membrane ruptures if its surface is soft and thin enough. “ the rupturing effect is more like the stretching of an elastic sheet of some kind, such as a latex glove. if you take hold of a piece of latex in both hands and slowly stretch it, it will become thinner at the center, [ and ] will begin to tear ”, said elena ivanova, professor of bionanotechnology at the swinburne university of technology and lead author of the study. ivanova and her team irradiated bacteria with microwaves to generate cells that had different levels of membrane rigidity in order to test their hypothesis that the more rigid bacteria would be less likely to rupture between the nanopillars. the results confirmed the model and demonstrated that the cicada ’ s nanopillar defense couldn ’ t be used for general fight against bacteria, but rather a fight against bacteria with sufficiently soft membranes. swinburne university of technology researchers claim that they need to study cicada ’ s wing before its physical - defense properties can be mimicked in man - made materials. these materials could be used on public surfaces that commonly harbor disease, such as bus railings, thus significantly cutting costs for maintenance and environmental impact of detergents uses during their cleaning. once further researched and perfect


there ’ s a point on the inca trail when you suddenly forget the accumulated aches and pains of four days ’ hard slog across the andes. you ’ re standing at inti punku, the sun gate, the first golden rays of dawn slowly bringing the jungle to life. down below, revealing itself in tantalizing glimpses as the early - morning mist burns gradually away, are the distinctive ruins of machu picchu, looking every bit the lost inca citadel it was until a century ago. the hordes of visitors that will arrive by mid - morning are still tucked up in bed ; for the next couple of hours or so, it ’ s just you, your group and a small herd of llamas, grazing indifferently on the terraced slopes. that first unforgettable sunrise view from inti punku is just the start : thanks to its remote location – hugging the peaks at 2500m and hidden in the mountains some 120km from cusco – machu picchu escaped the ravages of the spanish conquistadores and remained semi - buried in the peruvian jungle until hiram bingham, an american explorer, “ rediscovered ” them in 1911. which means that, descending onto the terraces and working your way through the stonework labyrinth, you ’ ll discover some of the best - preserved inca remains in the world. sites such as the temple of the sun and the intihuatana appear exactly as they did some six hundred years ago. the insight they give us into the cultures and customs of the inca is still as rewarding – the former ’ s window frames the constellation of pleiades, an important symbol of crop fertility – and their structural design, pieced together like an ancient architectural jigsaw, is just as incredible.


on oct. 2, in a nod to railroad history, union pacific said that the new railroad bridge would retain the name of the railroad legend. spanning the des moines river, the new bridge - - 2, 813 feet long and 190 feet high - - was designed for two trains to cross simultaneously at 70 mph. the new bridge runs parallel to the 1901 kate shelley high bridge, where trains were limited to 25 mph. for one of the world ' s busiest rail corridors with 60 to 70 trains passing daily, the new bridge is a much - needed improvement. " there ' s lots of history there, " union pacific chairman and ceo jim young said at the commemoration. " that ' s one of the great things about our business. when you ' ve been in business almost 150 years, there are some great stories, and i think the story with kate shelley is one of the best i ' ve heard in our business here. " in july 1881, 15 - year - old kate shelley was at her home near the moingona railroad station when she heard a horrible noise over the din of a violent storm. a bridge across honey creek had washed out, and a train traveling westbound on the tracks had plunged into the creek. grabbing a lantern, she ran to the scene, finding the wreckage. kate knew an eastbound chicago & north western railway train was headed toward the washed - out bridge around midnight. the storm had extinguished her lantern. guided only by the light of sporadic lightning, she took off. crossing a rickety wooden bridge over the des moines river, kate crawled on her hands and knees. across the bridge she ran another half - mile to the station to inform the station agent. the train stopped before reaching the washed - out bridge, and kate was credited with saving hundreds of passengers. when a new steel bridge was constructed across the des moines river in 1901, it was named in her honor. more than a century later, the bridge was in dire need of replacement. in 2006, union pacific announced plans for a new bridge. " when we sat down to design this bridge, we knew that we had to make it something truly magnificent in terms of what it was replacing, " young said. the bridge cost union pacific more than $ 50 million to construct and took more than three years to complete. john jerome, union pacific special projects manager, said the project has been difficult but rewarding. " it ' s been a long road, " jerome said. " mother nature had a lot of doozies in store for us while we


gazebos are an outdoor pavilion or tent like structure which are usually round, square or octagonal in shape. a gazebo is a familiar sight, found just about anywhere, in parks, gardens, back yards, on a lake or seashore, outdoor restaurants, etc. gazebos are usually roofed but open on the sides, sometimes with railings or balustrades and sometimes screened in. the gazebo floor might be grass, stone, concrete, brick or raised wood deck. the gazebo ' s base or deck and the optional railing usually follow along the bottom outline of the gazebo roof ( round - square - octagonal - etc ). a gazebo is oftentimes free standing in an open area or can be attached to another building or connected by decorative wall or path. gazebos are popular spots, especially in warm weather, to rest, entertain, eat, relax and socialize. a gazebo provides shelter, shade and often seating and tables. gazebos are unusually appealing structures and provide a most attractive and ornamental feature to a property ' s architecture and landscaping. the most common gazebo is built out of wood with ordinary roofing shingles used on the roof. a simple metal or copper roof cap with finial might be found on top. a gazebo upgrade might involve a small cupola perched on top of the gazebo roof, once again with a roof finial crowning the very top. the ultimate gazebo roof is a copper roof made from copper tile or copper panels. a copper gazebo roof may be conical in shape, bell shaped, octagonal, pentagonal, pyramidal, domed or any number of different shapes.


- what is barrett ' s esophagus? - why is there so much interest in barrett ' s esophagus? - what causes barrett ' s esophagus? - who develops barrett ' s esophagus? - what is the specific abnormality in the inner lining ( epithelium ) of barrett ' s esophagus? - what about the cancer that occurs in barrett ' s esophagus? - what is dysplasia in barrett ' s esophagus? - what is the risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the esophagus in barrett ' s? - what are the symptoms of barrett ' s esophagus? - how is gerd with or without barrett ' s esophagus treated? - why is it important to screen patients with gerd to diagnose barrett ' s esophagus? - why is it critical to be accurate in the diagnosis of barrett ' s esophagus? - what does endoscopic biopsy surveillance in barrett ' s esophagus involve? - how is high grade dysplasia managed? - how is low grade dysplasia managed? - what are the experimental approaches for treatment of high grade dysplasia? - what experimental options are there for barrett ' s esophagus without dysplasia? - what does the future hold for barrett ' s esophagus? - barrett ' s esophagus at a glance - patient comments : barrett ' s esophagus - experience - patient comments : barrett ' s esophagus - symptoms and signs - find a local gastroenterologist in your town what is barrett ' s esophagus? barrett ' s esophagus is a complication of chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease ( gerd ), primarily in white men. gerd is a disease in which there is reflux of acidic fluid from the stomach into the esophagus ( the swallowing tube ). it most commonly causes heartburn. there are two requirements for the diagnosis of barrett ' s esophagus. the requirements necessitate an endoscopy of the esophagus. during endoscopy, a long flexible tube with a light and camera at its tip ( an endoscope ) is inserted through the mouth and into the esophagus to view and biopsy ( sample tissue from ) the lining of the esophagus


did you know you can get funding for existing energy saving measures and new energy saving improvements? we can advise you on what you ' re entitled to. energy saving tips join our newsletter to receive news and special offers direct to your inbox. solar is a clean was of producing both electric ( pv ) or hot water ( thermal ). photovoltaic solar electricity systems capture the sun ' s energy using photovoltaic ( pv ) cells. the cells convert the sunlight into electricity, which can be used to run household appliances and lighting. pv cells don ' t need direct sunlight to work - you can still generate some electricity on a cloudy day. feed in tariff - the tariffs and how they work you want to reduce your carbon footprint and your energy bills, become more self - sufficient in energy, and earn some extra income. the feed - in tariffs are a new government - backed measure to make it worth your while to produce renewable electricity. there are three separate ways that the tariffs help you make money from generating your own energy : the generation tariff : you earn a fixed income for every kilowatt hour of electricity you generate and use in your property. the export tariff : you earn an additional fixed income for every kilowatt hour of electricity you generate and sell back to the grid. the bit you still buy from your electricity supplier : when you can ' t generate enough electricity for your needs ( if the wind don ' t blow and the sun don ' t shine ) you still buy electricity from your utility company at the normal rates but it ' ll be much less electricity than you currently buy. the average benefit for a standard 3 or 4 bedroom house would be just less than £1000 per year - based on 4, 500kwh usage and the installation of 2. 5kw solar pv panels. electricity generated would return approx £800. 00 per year, and the saving on the electricity bill would reduce the average bill from £500. 00 per year down to £300. 00 per year, thus an electricity saving of approx £200. 00


aug. 7, 2001 scientists from the university of newcastle upon tyne are making the most accurate measurements ever of the rapidly receding british coastline, using satellites, a microlight aircraft and advanced computer technology. a team of researchers from the university ' s department of geomatics are conducting a uk pilot project on the north yorkshire coastline at filey bay, which is estimated to be eroding by 25cm each year. coastal erosion is a huge problem nationally and internationally. in britain coastal protection work costs central government and local authorities millions of pounds each year - and the cost is rising. with the current measuring methods, experts are generally only able to provide annual estimates as to how much the coast is eroding. but researchers dr jon mills and simon buckley, a phd student, are using new technology to create a highly accurate 3d computer model which will illustrate the pattern of erosion and detail when it is most likely to occur and by how much. their methods have the potential to be applied to the rest of the british coastline. three types of readings are taken to obtain data to feed into the 3d model. small changes to the coastline are recorded each month by satellite technology provided by the european space agency, whereas more detailed results are gained ' in the field ' by global positioning system ( gps ) equipment and by taking digital aerial photographs from a microlight aircraft. the researchers are taking the readings over two years and will visit the 8 - mile stretch of coast at filey three times. the project, carried out in collaboration with scarborough borough council, started after simon, who hails from burniston, near scarborough, spent a university summer vacation working for the council department in charge of coastal management. scarborough borough council manages approximately 50 - miles of north yorkshire coastline, which includes the area where cliff instability caused the holbeck hall hotel to slip into the sea in june 1993. more accurate figures on erosion could help local authorities decide when and where limited and costly resources for coastal management should be directed. dr jon mills, a lecturer in the department of geomatics, said : " coastal change is a huge problem nationally - places like beachy head, in east sussex, and holderness, east yorkshire, are suffering similar problems to those found in filey. " in some cases the coastal stretches governed by a single authority will be large and monitoring methods relatively crude, making the provision of an up to date database of coastal change time consuming and inefficient. " in scarborough borough this is not the case as the council has spent a great deal of


single authority will be large and monitoring methods relatively crude, making the provision of an up to date database of coastal change time consuming and inefficient. " in scarborough borough this is not the case as the council has spent a great deal of time and money in obtaining the very best data on which to base future coastal defence management. howver, filey is an ideal research site to test this new high - tech approach which could prove valuable for all authorities in the future. " by integrating a number of geomatics techniques, we aim to provide a more accurate and effective solution to the monitoring of coastal areas. we chose filey bay as a test site for this work due to the wide variety of coastal processes occurring. " erosion at filey bay is due to both the sea and the rain making a " two - pronged attack " on the cliffs, which are made of boulder clay, a mixture of sand, stones, and soil which becomes soft when wet. the cliffs sometimes break off in chunks, or landslides can cause the clay to slump onto the beaches. simon said : " it is unlikely that a coastline erodes at a uniform amount each year, or each month. it is more likely that much of the erosion occurs during the winter, when the sea pounds against the base of the cliffs, and when there is more rain, which causes the cliffs to soften. " " until recently there has beenlimited means of measuring the exact pattern of erosion, but our methods should be able to establish more accurately the trends at certain locations. " a spokesman for scarborough borough council said : " we are very pleased to collaborate with newcastle university in this research. scarborough borough council is at the forefront of coast protection work and our involvement in projects like this demonstrates the partnership approach necessary to deliver sustainable coastal management. " the engineering and physical sciences research council ( epsrc ) has provided funding for the project. a full set of results should be available in late 2003. for more detailed information about the research, see : http : / / geomatics. ncl. ac. uk / research / projects / filey / filey. htm other social bookmarking and sharing tools : the above story is reprinted from materials provided by university of newcastle upon tyne. note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.


may 5, 2003 new orleans - - dr. william gallaher, professor of microbiology, immunology, and parasitology at louisiana state university ( lsu ) health sciences center in new orleans, with collaboration from dr. robert garry, professor of microbiology and immunology at tulane university health sciences center, has developed a model of a critical surface protein of the virus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome ( sars ) that could pave the way for new effective antiviral drugs to treat it. dr. gallaher, who previously discovered how both the ebola ( 1996 ) and human immunodeficiency viruses ( 1988 ) invade cells, and dr. garry have arranged for the model to be posted on the website, all of virology on the www, www. virology. net so that scientists around the world working on sars will have immediate and full access to it. as a result of worldwide collaboration among hospitals, laboratories, universities and public health officials, the causative agent of sars has been recently identified as a new strain of human virus in the family of coronaviruses. the protein on the surface of the virus, called the spike glycoprotein, has been identified as the protein responsible for entry of the virus into susceptible cells. certain regions of this protein have previously been identified as particularly critical to the process of fusion that melds the viral membrane to the cell membrane. prior to the sars outbreak, drs. gallaher and garry began a research project to integrate what was known of the coronavirus spike protein into a model of its overall structure. when the genetic sequence of the sars coronavirus was announced, they were uniquely positioned to analyze that sequence and develop a model that covers the last 314 amino acids of the spike glycoprotein just before the protein is anchored into the viral envelope. this portion has a high propensity to form a pair of helical fibers that comprise the stalk of the lollipop - like structure of the viral surface spikes. " despite a great deal of diversity in their molecular structure, the fusion glycoproteins of the viruses causing sars, hiv and ebola are all kissing cousins from the point of view of overall structure and function, " said dr. gallaher, " so we know quite a bit about the sars coronavirus. we are designing drugs, such as peptide analogues or peptidomimetics of this structure, that are predicted to have significant antivira


" said dr. gallaher, " so we know quite a bit about the sars coronavirus. we are designing drugs, such as peptide analogues or peptidomimetics of this structure, that are predicted to have significant antiviral activity. " ( peptidomimetics are small molecules that mimic the key features, but are more stable, more easily formulated as well as cheaper and easier to produce than peptides. ) " our studies over the past twenty years have put us in the position to design predicted inhibitors of the sars coronavirus in a short time frame, " said dr. garry. the research team is currently investigating and testing such peptides as antiviral fusion inhibitors against coronaviruses in a manner that does not pose a biohazard to human beings. they are also investigating and testing current reagents such as human monoclonal antibodies as well as already licensed antiviral drugs that may have efficacy against sars. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : the above story is reprinted from materials provided by louisiana state university health science center. note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.


jan. 22, 2005 taking stock of the stuff between the stars - the all - important dust and gases that are the building blocks of new stars - has never been easy. the interstellar medium, as scientists know it, is a murky, nebulous place that defies easy measurement. yet probing the space between the stars and the star - building materials that reside there is increasingly important as astrophysicists seek to add precious detail to their pictures of how stars are born, live and die. now, with help from a novel new device, a team of astrophysicists has successfully developed a method for sampling the interstellar medium, specifically to take the temperature of and explore the pockets of ionized oxygen interspersed between the stars of the milky way. " this is a first for studies of our galaxy, " says ron reynolds, a professor of astronomy and an authority on the chemical soup of elements that permeates the space between the stars. with colleagues john harlander of st. cloud state university and edwin mierkiewicz, uw physics professor fred roesler constructed and deployed a new type of instrument capable of sampling wide swaths of the sky and exploring the vast clouds of ionized oxygen that well up from the plane of the galaxy. the new device was built with support from the national science foundation ( nsf ). data from the first observations using the new spectrometer, which is attached to a small telescope at uw - madison ' s pine bluff observatory, were presented by merikiewicz here today ( jan. 13, 2005 ) at a meeting of the american astronomical society ( aas ). the new observations, taken by mierkiewicz during the past year, reveal enormous chimneys of ionized gas that rise from the galactic plane into the far corners of the milky way. " the galaxy seems to be full of channels or chimneys of ionized hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen gas, " says reynolds. " the source is down in the muck where stars are born, but these channels seem to extend into the nooks and crannies of the galaxy. " that discovery, according to mierkiewicz and roesler, is intriguing because it provides insight not only to the patchwork of elements that make up the interstellar medium, but also to a class of rare stars that seems to be primarily responsible for the heating and churning that creates the chimneys of gas. the stellar culprits, known as " o stars, " are the most massive and luminous of stars, shining as much as a


class of rare stars that seems to be primarily responsible for the heating and churning that creates the chimneys of gas. the stellar culprits, known as " o stars, " are the most massive and luminous of stars, shining as much as a million times brighter than the sun. " o stars are the only known stars that can create that much ionization, " says reynolds. " these are very rare stars - one in 10 million stars is an o star - but we see that they have a large influence on the interstellar medium. at this point, if there were other objects creating that much ionization, we ' d know about them. " the picture that is emerging, according to roesler, is that the o stars, which tend to occur in clusters near stellar nurseries, act as galactic blenders of sorts : " they are responsible for the ionization - the stripping of electrons from atoms - and the stirring up of the oxygen. " the spatial heterodyne spectrometer, the new spectrometer developed by the wisconsin team, looks at ultraviolet light, which is invisible to the unaided eye, but is laden with information for astrophysicists. the new technique, says mierkiewicz, is especially useful as a temperature probe, and gives scientists a new way to take the temperature of the invisible clouds of gas that permeate space. teasing out the details of the interstellar medium is important, the scientists say, because each new finding helps fill in the picture of the life cycle of stars and, ultimately, of galaxies like the milky way. in addition to mierkiewicz, roesler, harlander and reynolds, k. p. jaehnig of uw - madison contributed to the work presented at the aas meeting. the new wisconsin spectrometer was developed with support from nsf ' s advanced technology instrumentation program. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.


apr. 17, 2007 an intriguing study, conducted in mice and supported by an ongoing examination of breast cancer patient records, suggests a link between the pulmonary inflammation seen in asthma and increased risk of lung metastasis. the study, conducted by researchers at mayo clinic arizona, suggests that breast cancer patients who have asthma could reduce their risk of cancer spread by using readily available inhaler medications. " a link between pulmonary inflammation and lung metastasis would not only have significant effects on patient diagnosis and care, but will also immediately affect the way breast cancer patient are treated, " said anna taranova, m. d., a senior research fellow in the laboratory of james lee, ph. d. at mayo. " those with asthma might be able to reduce their risk of lung metastasis, and increase their survival, with aggressive corticosteroid treatment. " furthermore, the findings could prove to be relevant to asthma patients diagnosed with other cancers that metastasize to the lungs, according to dr. taranova. " we suspect that the relationship between lung inflammation and metastasis will not be limited to breast cancer patients, " dr. taranova said. the researchers say these results, along with findings from their other recent research, offer a biological link : activation of cells that line blood vessels is required both for the movement of pro - inflammatory white blood cells into lung tissue ( as occurs in asthma ) and for the movement of circulating cancer cells from the blood into lung tissue. in this study, mice were exposed to an aerosolized allergen commonly used in mouse asthma studies and then were injected with melanoma cells. three other groups of mice were also studied : control mice ; mice that received the human corticosteroid allergy and asthma therapeutic agent budesonide after exposure to the allergen ; and mice treated with an antibody to eliminate cd4 + t cells before exposure to allergen. ( cd4 + t cells orchestrate immune responses to allergens and are largely responsible for the lung inflammation that occurs in asthma. ) metastasis was continually assessed in all groups. the researchers found that allergen - induced pulmonary inflammation was associated with an almost 400 percent increase in lung metastasis in the mice. but in mice treated with either an antibody to deplete cd4 + t - cells or budesonide to reduce their allergic lung inflammation, the rate of metastasis fell to that seen in mice that were not exposed to allergen. " the treatments wiped out the


an antibody to deplete cd4 + t - cells or budesonide to reduce their allergic lung inflammation, the rate of metastasis fell to that seen in mice that were not exposed to allergen. " the treatments wiped out the increases in the rate of metastasis induced by allergic inflammation, reducing the observed rates of metastasis to those found in mice that never experienced the allergen, " dr. taranova said. the researchers are now working with epidemiologists at mayo clinic rochester to determine if breast cancer patients with lung metastasis had higher than normal rates of asthma. to date, they have found " productive and provocative results, " dr. taranova says : over 20 percent of women with breast cancer who developed lung metastasis also appear to have had a previous diagnosis of asthma. the typical frequency of asthma occurrence in u. s. women is, at most, eight percent, she said. " our long term goal is to continue this detailed retrospective study of breast cancer patients, eventually translating these studies into a multi - center prospective examination of cancer patients, " dr. taranova said. " we want to define the specific parameters that link lung metastasis and pulmonary disease. " the researchers say that many questions need to be answered, including whether asthmatics who regularly use anti - inflammatory corticosteroids experience a side benefit of reduced risk for lung metastasis, and whether people who have allergies, but not asthma, are at the same risk. dr. taranova believes these findings are surprising, as the researchers originally suspected that patients with asthma would have limited lung metastasis. " however, as in most things in science, we have learned much more from studies disproving our flawed hypotheses than from studies confirming our preconceived ideas, " she said. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.


dec. 31, 2009 the presence of the streptococcus pneumoniae in samples that can be easily obtained in clinics and emergency rooms may predict risk of severe disease in h1n1 pandemic influenza. reports that h1n1 pandemic influenza in argentina was associated with higher morbidity and mortality than in other countries led investigators in the center for infection and immunity ( cii ) at the mailman school of public health of columbia university, their colleagues at argentina ' s national institute of infectious diseases ( inei ), and roche 454 life sciences to look for viral mutations indicative of increased virulence and for co - infections that could contribute to disease. complete genome sequencing of nasopharyngeal samples representing severe or mild disease revealed no evidence of evolution toward a more virulent phenotype or development of antiviral resistance. however, masstag pcr, a method for sensitive, simultaneous surveillance and differential diagnosis of infectious diseases, found a strong correlation between the presence of streptococcus pneumoniae and increased risk for severe disease. the findings, which suggest a new strategy for identifying and treating these patients, are currently online in the publication plos one. the scientists examined nasopharyngeal samples representing 199 cases of h1n1 pandemic ( h1n1pdm ) influenza virus infections from argentina. the sample set included 39 cases classified as severe and 160 cases categorized as mild. " we used a combination of 454 pyrosequencing and classical sanger sequencing methods to test for viral evolution toward increased virulence. comparison of viral sequences from argentina with those obtained from other parts of the world provided no clues to the increase in severity of disease, " said gustavo palacios, phd, assistant professor of epidemiology at cii, and a lead and corresponding author. " however, masstag pcr allowed us to find a new risk factor, independent of obesity, asthma, diabetes or chronic illness. s. pneumoniae was present in the majority of severe cases. " specimens were tested for the presence of 33 viral and bacterial respiratory pathogens. " the presence of streptococcus pneumoniae in individuals between the age of 6 and 55, those most affected by the current pandemic, was associated with a 125 - fold increased risk of severe disease, " said mady hornig, md, associate professor of epidemiology and a co - first author of the paper. " whereas the association of s.


pandemic, was associated with a 125 - fold increased risk of severe disease, " said mady hornig, md, associate professor of epidemiology and a co - first author of the paper. " whereas the association of s. pneumoniae with morbidity and mortality had been established in current and previous influenza pandemics, this study is the first to demonstrate that the diagnosis of s. pneumoniae, when it is still actionable, might have an impact on clinical management. " " three practical implications emerge from our study, " said cii director w. ian lipkin, md, john snow professor of epidemiology, and professor of neurology and pathology at columbia university. " first, s. pneumoniae is important in the pathogenesis and prognosis of h1n1pdm - associated disease. whether this effect is associated with all s. pneumoniae or only with specific serotypes remains to be determined. second, easily accessible samples such as nasopharyngeal swab samples may be used as an index to risk of severe disease. third, multiplex diagnostic methods like masstag pcr can enable rapid detection of a broad spectrum of viral and bacterial agents and inform clinical care. " other social bookmarking and sharing tools : the above story is reprinted from materials provided by columbia university ' s mailman school of public health, via eurekalert!, a service of aaas. - palacios et al. streptococcus pneumoniae coinfection is correlated with the severity of h1n1 pandemic influenza. plos one, 2009 ; 4 ( 12 ) : e8540 doi : 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0008540 note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.


may 25, 2010 a new study shows that saving rainforests and protecting land in national parks and reserves reduced poverty in two developing countries, according to research by a georgia state university professor. paul j. ferraro, associate professor of economics in gsu ' s andrew young school of policy studies, with four co - authors, looked at the long term impacts of the poor living near parks and reserves established in 1985 or earlier in costa rica and thailand. the logic goes against the conventional wisdom that says taking away resources, such as farm land and forests, exacerbates poverty. " the results are surprising, " ferraro said. " most people might expect that if you restrict resources, people on average will be worse off. " the research, entitled " protected areas reduced poverty in costa rica and thailand, " was published in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america journal. the authors speculate that the conservation of biodiverse areas may have helped the poor because of tourism and infrastructure, such as new roadways, which may have provided new economic opportunities. while costa rica and thailand are not representative of all developing nations, ferraro said the results are promising. he said the study can be replicated elsewhere in the world to look at the impacts of efforts to protect the environment and reduce poverty, two of the united nations millennium development goals. ferraro ' s co - authors are kwaw andam of the international food policy research institute, katharine r. e. sims of amherst college, margaret b. holland of the university of wisconsin, and andrew healy of loyola marymount university in los angeles. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - k. s. andam, p. j. ferraro, k. r. e. sims, a. healy, m. b. holland. protected areas reduced poverty in costa rica and thailand. proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 2010 ; doi : 10. 1073 / pnas. 0914177107 note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.


nov. 14, 2012 neuroscientists studying the link between poor sleep and schizophrenia have found that irregular sleep patterns and desynchronised brain activity during sleep could trigger some of the disease ' s symptoms. the findings, published in the journal neuron, suggest that these prolonged disturbances might be a cause and not just a consequence of the disorder ' s debilitating effects. the possible link between poor sleep and schizophrenia prompted the research team, led by scientists from the university of bristol, the lilly centre for cognitive neuroscience and funded by the medical research council ( mrc ), to explore the impact of irregular sleep patterns on the brain by recording electrical brain activity in multiple brain regions during sleep. for many people, sleep deprivation can affect mood, concentration and stress levels. in extreme cases, prolonged sleep deprivation can induce hallucinations, memory loss and confusion all of which are also symptoms associated with schizophrenia. dr ullrich bartsch, one of the study ' s researchers, said : " sleep disturbances are well - documented in the disease, though often regarded as side effects and poorly understood in terms of their potential to actually trigger its symptoms. " using a rat model of the disease, the team ' s recordings showed desynchronisation of the waves of activity which normally travel from the front to the back of the brain during deep sleep. in particular the information flow between the hippocampus - - involved in memory formation, and the frontal cortex - - involved in decision - making, appeared to be disrupted. the team ' s findings reported distinct irregular sleep patterns very similar to those observed in schizophrenia patients. dr matt jones, the lead researcher from the university ' s school of physiology and pharmacology, added : " decoupling of brain regions involved in memory formation and decision - making during wakefulness are already implicated in schizophrenia, but decoupling during sleep provides a new mechanistic explanation for the cognitive deficits observed in both the animal model and patients : sleep disturbances might be a cause, not just a consequence of schizophrenia. in fact, abnormal sleep patterns may trigger abnormal brain activity in a range of conditions. " cognitive deficits - - reduced short term memory and attention span, are typically resistant to medication in patients. the findings from this study provide new angles for neurocognitive therapy in schizophrenia and related psychiatric diseases. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - keith g. phillips, ullrich bartsch, andrew p. mccarthy, dale m. edgar, mark d. tricklebank,


more 60 - second science what does an 800 - pound gorilla eat? if you said : “ anything it wants, ” you ’ re not thinking like a scientist. a scientist would say, “ let me analyze the isotopic composition of its excreta and i ’ ll get back to you. ” because a new study shows that the ratio of carbon isotopes found in mountain gorilla feces reveals how much fruit the apes have consumed. the scoop ’ s in the latest issue of the proceedings of the national academy of sciences. [ scott a. blumenthal et al., detecting intraannual dietary variability in wild mountain gorillas by stable isotope analysis of feces ] knowing what animals nosh on in the wild and how that diet fluctuates can offer a key to their health and the overall health of the species. but not all beasties like to dine al fresco, at least not where scientists can watch. so researchers decided to reach for the scat. as a test case they focused on four mountain gorillas in a park in uganda, because they could actually see what these apes ingested. different plants have different ratios of carbon ’ s common isotopes. so for 10 months the researchers measured the carbon in the plants that went into the gorillas and then what came back out. and they found that the dung don ’ t lie, at least when it comes to what ’ s been on koko ’ s menu. [ the above text is a transcript of this podcast. ]


small groups and seminars example of possible learning activity small class teaching, including seminars and tutorials learning in small groups forms an important part of advanced education and training. it is important that disabled students should be able to participate as fully as others, but these situations can often pose particular problems for them. you will need to consider the environment in which the session takes place, the way in which it is structured and delivered and the content of the session in order to ensure disabled students can fully participate. it can be useful to seek suggestions from disabled students themselves, as they are experts on their own disabilities. approaches to inclusion consider the physical environment and whether it allows the disabled student to participate fully as a member of the group. in any small group situation, make sure that all participants can see each other clearly. a semi - circle is ideal for this. it may be important for hearing impaired students to be able to sit with their backs to the daylight for lip - reading purposes. deaf students will need a clear view if sign language interpreters are used. wheelchairs take up a lot of space, so make sure that there is room and that users can place themselves within the group. consider where the room is situated. are there easily accessible routes to it? students with mobility impairments may take longer to get to it. it is helpful to be away from any noisy environments as this will disadvantage hearing impaired students. ensure that the session is well chaired, that everyone participates and that each person indicates when they are to speak. students with visual and hearing impairments will find this useful and it can help the former if a visible object ( like a relay baton ) is passed from speaker to speaker. tiredness can be an issue for students with dyslexia, me or a sensory disability as their concentration levels may need to be higher. consider breaking sessions up into a number of different activities. if a student is to lead a session, consider asking them to provide their presentation notes in advance and make sure that they are aware of the communication needs of their audience. be aware that using video material can exclude some disabled students. consider providing transcripts and alternative sources of similar information. when using powerpoint or overhead projection presentations, it is important to consider the number of slides used, the amount of information on each one and the pace of delivery. consider providing these in advance. some disabled students have problems with multi - tasking. for example, a hearing impaired student cannot be lip - reading, and reading or writing at the same time. consider the location of disabled students


lesson plan class nº 2. 2 periods : simple present ( affirmation and basic questions ).. 2010. level : 7º : - the student recognizes grammatical structure of simple present. - the student produces sentences in simple present properly. whiteboard – handout ( simple present ) - student ’ s body ( tpr ) - teacher ’ s voice – student ’ snotebook 10 min. - greetings - call the row - ask students to go back to their seats - etc - the ( permanent ) teacher talks with the class and explains them why the test isnot going to be today. - the teacher asks the class to organize the sits in a semi - circle. - teacher tells students they are going to play “ symon says ”. make sure allstudents know how to play it by asking them about the rules of it. the teacher clarifies the vocabulary for the play using mnemonics, and asksthe students to stand up. - then, the students should response the commands ( tpr ). - the ones that do not response or make some mistakes should sit down. the teacher asks students if they know why it is “ symon says ” and not “ symon say ”. - then, she gives them a worksheet with a conceptual map which explains therule for 3 singular person in simple present. - the students should read it carefully. - the teacher explains students about the exceptions ( goes, does, has, is, etc ). and ask students to take notes about that in their notebooks. - the teacher explains them about the structure for making questions ( do notuse twice the “ s ” : ex. does / likes ) and asks them to take notes about that intheir notebooks also. the teacher asks them to interview their partners about likes and dislikes usingthe verbs learnt last week and write down the information in their notebooks. the teacher provides them an example in the whiteboard. - the teacher adds some other verbs also such as have and to be. ( ex. do you have brothers or sisters? ) students should report what they have written down about their partnersusing simple present properly. - the teacher gives them feedback of their work by checking one by one thegrammatical mistakes orally. teacher asks students to say what they learn today. - teacher congratulates students for the disposition in the class and say themgood bye.


if you run for the house of representatives you need x million dollars. you have fundraisers and entertain special interest groups who " give " you money. therefore, you will be closely watched to see if you are voting to further the fortunes of those special interests. you vote according to the wishes of those who funded your campaign. you begin to think how to get money to be re - elected in two short years. to get votes, you add earmarks to any ( or the next ) bill proposed. you keep government subsides flowing to certain constituents. lobbyists introduce you to more special interests. in fact, much of your term is actually spent raising money for your next election. imagine if members of congress did not owe their votes to the pacs and special interests. they could vote for what is best for the country! this calls for term limits! how? two - thirds of the state legislatures have to call for a convention to propose limits. then that amendment has to be ratified by three - fourths of the states. we also need to change the length of terms. then one could serve, say, four years as representative and, perhaps, eight years as senator. you would only have to raise x million dollars twice in your career! these limits are similar to those in the missouri legislature. after 12 years you go back to being ordinary citizens living under the laws you have passed. betty landre, cape girardeau


essential fatty acids - flax seed omega 3 oils for healthy fats essential fatty acids are a type of polyunsaturated fat that cannot be made by the body. they must be obtained from food sources. polyunsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature and when chilled. molecularly speaking, polyunsaturated fats are fatty acids that have more than one double - bonded ( unsaturated ) carbon in the molecule. to compare, saturated fats have no double bonded carbons and are consequently solid at room temperature. polyunsaturated fats can have a beneficial effect on your health when consumed in moderation and when used to replace less heart healthy saturated fats or trans fats. polyunsaturated fats can help reduce cholesterol levels in your blood and lower your risk of heart there are only two essential fatty acids in human nutrition : omega - 6 and omega - 3. omega - 6 and omega - 3 play a crucial role in brain function and in the normal growth and development of your body. omega - 6 fatty acids are also known as linoleic acid ( la ). it can break down into arachadonic acid. omega - 6 has inflammatory properties and is the precursor for pro - inflammatory agents called eicosanoids. the eicosanoid family includes prostaglandins, thromboxanes, prostacyclins and leukotrienes. your body can easily metabolize and use these compounds when eaten in moderation. omega - 6 fatty acids help with skin and renal function, but if you ingest too much, detrimental effects may result. studies have shown that asthma, arthritis, and lupus may have a connection to the inflammatory response. dietary sources include nuts, cereals, whole grain breads, most vegetable oils ( corn, safflower, sunflower, palm, and peanut ), eggs and poultry. fatty acids are also known as alpha - linolenic acid ( ala ). it can be broken down into eicosapentaenoic acid ( epa ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( dha ). omega - 3 has anti - inflammatory properties and may lower the risk for heart disease and certain cancers. can also be made from omega - 3 fats, but often have opposing functions to those made from omega - 6 fats ( anti - inflammatory rather than inflammatory ). if both omega - 3 and omega - 6 are present in the body, they will compete


be made from omega - 3 fats, but often have opposing functions to those made from omega - 6 fats ( anti - inflammatory rather than inflammatory ). if both omega - 3 and omega - 6 are present in the body, they will compete to be used, so the ratio of omega - 3 : omega - 6 directly affects the type of eicosanoids that are produced. the best thing to do would be to consume more omega - 3 and fewer omega - 6 fatty dietary sources include flaxseed, walnuts, cold water oily fish ( wild salmon, herring, mackerel, anchovies, sardines ), eggs and meat from grass fed animals. grass fed animals tend to have higher levels of omega - 3 fatty acids than grain fed animals. flax is a good source of omega - 3 fatty acids, especially ala. flaxseed contains approximately three times as much omega - 3 as omega - 6 fatty acids which is a good ratio. in north america, we use the term flax when it is eaten by humans and the term linseed when it is used for industrial purposes. linseed oil is flax ' s vegetable oil. it is okay for human consumption if it is fresh, refrigerated and unprocessed. are two types of flaxseed : yellow and brown. brown has been found to be higher in omega - 3 fatty acids. yellow flax can be broken down into solin and a new product developed for the food industry called ' omega '. the ' omega ' flax is as high in omega - 3 ' s as brown, while solin is very low in omega - 3 fatty acids. both brown and yellow flaxseed ( except for solin ) provide the same nutritional benefits. flaxseeds contain vitamins c, e, thiamine, riboflavin and carotene. the seeds also contain iron, zinc, and trace amounts of potassium, magnesium, phosphorus and calcium. its other benefits include phytochemicals, lignans, fiber lignans are plant compounds that act as antioxidants. lignans aid in ridding the body of excess estrogen which in turn may lower the risk for estrogen related diseases like breast cancer. flaxseeds are more nutritious than their oil, yet, most consumers prefer simply using the oil for its omega - 3 fatty acids and not having to bother with grinding the seeds. by amy lowy


arriba! the history of flight in mexico, central america, south america, and the caribbean august 31, 1998 - november 30, 1998 museum : air and space museum location : air transportation, gallery 102, 1st floor, west wing 35 photographs & 8 models chronicle the development of aviation in latin america. the exhibition covers such topics as early aviation pioneers, women aviators, military aviation, and the development of commercial aviation and reveals the little - known stories of the colorful individuals who gave flight to latin america. - alberto santos - dumont, a brazilian who designed, built and tested more than 20 aerial craft including balloons, airships, biplanes and monoplanes. - jorge chavez, a peruvian pilot, who made the first aerial crossing of the alps between switzerland and italy. - aida d ' acosta, a cuban - american, who became the first woman of latin american descent to solo an airship in 1903, when she flew santos - dumont ' s dirigible no. 9. - emma catalina encinas, a dance school owner from mexico, who became the first licensed female pilot in the country. encinas soloed at mexico city on nov. 20, 1932, before a crowd of 4, 000. - sonora, the glenn martin pusher biplane that was piloted by capt. gustavo salinas. it became the first aircraft to carry out an aerial attack against a warship. the action took place at guaymas, mexico, on may 10, 1913. - scadta junkers f 13, one of the first commercial airlines in colombia. scadta ( now known as avianca ) is the oldest, continuously operating airline in the western hemisphere. - brazil ' s 1º grupo de aviacao de caca ( 1st fighter group ), a brazilian fighter group that served with distinction alongside the u. s. 350th fighter group during world war ii. the unit flew republic p - 47d thunderbolts into combat in italy and earned a u. s. presidential unit citation.


doing their research : siskiyou county officials study coos bay salmon project by john bowman siskiyou daily news, yreka, ca by john bowman updated feb. 18, 2013 @ 4 : 36 pm coos bay, ore. by john bowman updated feb. 18, 2013 @ 4 : 36 pm » social news recently, siskiyou county supervisor michael kobseff and county natural resource policy specialist ric costales made the nearly five - hour drive to coos bay, ore. to watch partially developed salmon eggs being planted in the gravel of coastal streambeds. the trip was part of the county ' s effort to implement the same process in the shasta river in an attempt to aid the recovery of coho salmon there. since the coho salmon was listed by the federal government as threatened in the southern oregon and northern california coastal region in 1997, the fish has been a flashpoint in the water politics of the region and a driving force behind regulation and river restoration projects. nearly five years ago – around the same time the california department of fish and wildlife ( cdfw ) declared coho to be " functionally extinct " in the shasta river – the county learned of a process called eyed - egg injection and decided to lobby fish and wildlife agencies for permission to try the technique on the shasta. eyed - egg injection is a process by which salmon eggs are incubated for several months in a hatchery ( or other controlled setting ) until the eggs begin to develop an eye – an indicator that the egg is within a few weeks of becoming a free swimming fish – and then taken to a stream and planted under gravel in the natural streambed where it will finish its development. the process was pioneered by fisheries biologists in alaska as a method to help rebuild decimated fish populations, and has shown relatively high success rates there. salmon hatcheries have a long history on the west coast and a substantial impact on the genetics of its salmon populations. conventional hatchery operations collect eggs and milt from returning hatchery fish, fertilize and incubate the eggs, then raise the juvenile fish in tanks or raceways until they are nearly ready to migrate downstream to the ocean which, for coho, takes nearly a year. many biologists have alleged that this process not only concentrates a fish population ' s gene pool, eliminating healthy genetic diversity, but also robs the juveniles of survival skills necessary in the wild. proponents of eyed - egg injection say the technique retains the benefits of higher egg hatch rates through


process not only concentrates a fish population ' s gene pool, eliminating healthy genetic diversity, but also robs the juveniles of survival skills necessary in the wild. proponents of eyed - egg injection say the technique retains the benefits of higher egg hatch rates through controlled incubation while allowing nature to play a vital role in gene and behavior selection – resulting in a stronger fish with higher odds of returning to natural streams to produce self - sustaining populations, provided that the in - stream habitat can support them. paul merz, a veteran commercial salmon fisherman based in coos bay along with oregon department of fish and wildlife ( odfw ) biologist gary vanderhoe began planting eyed eggs in coos bay tributaries for the first time this year. the project is one of many being undertaken as part of odfw ' s salmon and trout enhancement program ( step ), which has utilized volunteer efforts to bolster the agency ' s salmonid restoration efforts across the state since 1981. merz has been a volunteer participant in the program since the beginning. as a fisherman who ' s livelihood depends on healthy salmon runs, he has chosen to take a hands - on approach to improving west coast salmon populations. merz says he has been in contact with officials in siskiyou county for nearly five years and has made at least five visits to the county to collaborate on the local salmon supplementation efforts. after all, merz says between 40 and 80 percent of the salmon harvest off the central oregon coast is made up of fish from northern california rivers. he also worked on an effort a few years ago to implement an eyed - egg injection project for spring chinook on siskiyou county ' s salmon river. that project was ultimately denied by state and federal biologists. current county efforts to implement the procedure on the shasta river appear to have a better chance of acceptance by biologist and regulators. cdfw director charlton bonham recently told the daily news that he is impressed by the county ' s broad supplementation partnership with the nature conservancy, california trout, the siskiyou county farm bureau and the shasta valley resource conservation district. bonham said the coalition ' s level of cooperation has given him hope that supplementation in the shasta river can work. in addition, the same coalition organized the upper klamath river coho salmon workshop in february of 2012. the event held in yreka brought together more than 50 prominent fisheries biologists, geneticists and restorationists to explore the idea of coho supplementation in the shasta river and


klamath river coho salmon workshop in february of 2012. the event held in yreka brought together more than 50 prominent fisheries biologists, geneticists and restorationists to explore the idea of coho supplementation in the shasta river and the upper klamath. during the workshop ' s closing discussion, virtually all members of the panel agreed that – based on the imminent threat of complete extirpation of coho on the shasta river – a supplementation program there would be justified. while eyed - egg injection is only one method of salmon supplementation, siskiyou county officials say they find it appealing because of its relatively low cost, simplicity of implementation and high rate of effectiveness in alaska. planting the eggs kobseff and costales began their visit to coos bay at the noble creek hatchery where merz explained how eggs were taken from wild coho, fertilized and then incubated. merz and vanderhoe then extracted the eggs from the hatch box where they had been incubating and placed them in a small cooler for travel to the injection sites. three miles from the hatchery, on catching slough, costales volunteered to shoulder the gas powered backpack pump equipped with an intake hose to draw water from the creek, and an output hose connected to a length of metal pipe, open on one end, with a funnel on the other. the apparatus serves the dual purposes of pumping water into the streambed to blast out excess sand and sediment while acting as a funnel to direct the eggs 12 inches deep into the gravel. kobseff carried the hoses and merz carried the cooler full of 6, 500 potential coho salmon while the crew hiked a mile upstream to find the best stretches of streambed. when a potential site with suitable gravel was selected, the lower end of the metal pipe was worked down into the gravel while the backpack pump forced water into the streambed pushing the fine grain sediments out of the streambed, leaving the larger gravel in place. once an area of approximately two feet in diameter had been cleaned of fine sediment, the bottom end of the pipe was inserted approximately 12 inches into the cleaned gravel. the pump was then shut off and salmon eggs were poured into the top funneled end of the pipe and directed down into the streambed. after the eggs had been planted, the crew used their hands to gather additional clean gravel and piled it lightly on top of the man - made redd ( salmon nest ) to provide additional protection for the eggs. after


graduate education represents mastery of an academic discipline. as distinct from undergraduate education, graduate education provides advanced knowledge in a field of study that is characterized by specialized training in the discipline ’ s theory, research methodology, and critical analysis. specialization, however, is not narrow or limited. specialized training means concentrated learning in the depth and breadth of the discipline. since graduate education is concentrated, learning is more self - directed, and involves more individualized instruction and mentoring than does learning for a baccalaureate degree. a master ’ s degree provides a student with the skills necessary to generate new knowledge and to apply existing knowledge. it also provides the student with the professional ethics and values of the discipline. master ’ s degrees may have a variety of orientations or goals. some degree programs stress the traditional orientation of emphasizing theory and basic research. other programs are designed to meet professional goals and emphasize theory, skills, and applied research. regardless of the purpose and goals of a master ’ s degree, all graduate programs share common characteristics. the following characteristics help define a quality program : 1. clarity of purpose : a high - quality master ’ s program is centered on the collective understanding among faculty and students of the purpose and goals of the program. this unity of purpose develops a sense of collective ownership of and commitment to the program. this mutual understanding shapes the values and customs of the program. it also builds effective professional relationships among the faculty and students. 2. supportive learning environment : • program : high - quality programs provide a supportive learning environment. such programs nurture an ethic of cooperation and substantially enrich the learning experience for faculty and students. a supportive learning environment means the faculty have shared expectations for intellectual rigor in which students are encouraged to challenge the limits of their knowledge. • institutional : quality programs require institutional support. sufficient institutional resources supporting facilities and equipment, e. g. laboratories, computers, library resources, equipment, and supplies, directly affect the quality of the learning environment. institutional support is also critical in establishing and setting the expectation for high academic standards, including those for accreditation. 3. academic experiences : • core knowledge : a core of knowledge provides the theoretical underpinnings and the research practices and methodologies of the discipline. a solid core, the foundation for advanced knowledge in the discipline, supports the entire learning experience for students. a core helps define the understanding of the knowledge, skills, and practices the faculty expect the students to learn. a core of knowledge helps insure that the program is a coherent learning experience rather than a simple collection of courses. •


experience for students. a core helps define the understanding of the knowledge, skills, and practices the faculty expect the students to learn. a core of knowledge helps insure that the program is a coherent learning experience rather than a simple collection of courses. • course content : courses should lead to specialized knowledge in the discipline. they should teach students the skills, tools, and methods of the discipline. all courses must have advanced disciplinary content and be intellectually rigorous. the courses should teach students how new knowledge is created, how existing knowledge is applied, and how to evaluate the issues and the literature in the field of study. lastly, courses should develop students ’ oral and written communication skills. • immersion : the entire curriculum should be designed to involve students in intense learning experiences. graduate education requires that students become deeply engaged in the discipline. part - time as well as the full - time students need to be immersed in the learning experiences. these experiences engender creativity, dedication, cooperation, and collegiality. • critical dialog : the curriculum should be centered on encouraging students to critically engage the faculty and each other in dialog about the assumptive foundations, structure, and consequences of the knowledge they are learning, applying, and creating. graduate education is characterized by a dialectical approach to learning that emphasizes the necessity of collegial and collaborative confrontation about ideas, methods, and skills. • application : the graduate program should provide students with an opportunity to apply the knowledge they have gained. this application can be in the form of internships, practica, theses, papers, fieldwork, laboratories, and assistantships. these experiences promote and foster effective learning experiences for students. • mentoring : mentoring of students helps teach students the ethics and conventions of the discipline. it helps immerse the students in the field of study and helps ensure that individual learning needs are addressed. individualization of instruction also provides the guidance needed for students to learn how to acquire, create, and apply knowledge independently. • product : students must have a culminating experience in which they are required to integrate the knowledge and skills they have been taught. a final product, in the form of a thesis, project, recital, exhibit, exam, or internship, allows the student to apply the theory, skills, and methods of the discipline. a high - quality graduate program must have a faculty that are actively engaged in research. the faculty must be active learners themselves in order to be effective in the instruction of the students. to be active learners, the faculty must be involved in


lesson plan jackie miller lesson title : bullying related lessons : conflict resolution high school grades define, discuss, and utilize interactive sites on bullying content standards jackie miller 10. 3. 3. c – analyze and apply strategies to avoid or manage conflict and violence during adolescence. analyze by : effective negotiation assertive behavior describe by : anger management described by : anger management peer mediation reflective listening negotiation recognize conflict by : walk away i - statements refusal skills adult intervention content standards jackie miller iste standards jackie miller communication and collaboration critical thinking, problem solving and decision making technology operations and concepts digital citizenship instructional objectives jackie miller students will define the term bullying. students will demonstrate and participate with 80 % accuracy. students will discuss bullying in understanding bullying and its effects. before class preparation jackie miller begin with a general definition of bullying. generate student definitions for this term using a small board with a graphic organizer. show an example of bullying by playing a scenario on the olweus bullying prevention program teacher guide dvd and cd - rom. identify bullying from an interactive website on a smart board. arrange classroom in a horseshoe shape setting. prepare a handout on different types of bullying. prepare an acknowledgement sheet for students to sign, that he / she understands the topic. during class jackie miller instructional activities begin with a general definition of bullying generate student definition for this term using smart board. include an example of an interactive website on smart board. e : teens against bullying. mht “ cyberbullying : feathers in the wind ” ( part 1 of 3 ) http : / / www. netsmartz. org / resources / reallife. htm instructional activities jackie miller refer to the graphic organizer and the interactive site on white board. what are the prevalent types of bullying based on the students perceptions. request students to describe how they felt when they were bullied or when they were bullying. students will choose a type of bullying from the interactive website, using their laptops. they will observe and utilize videos, games or puzzles on the website. ticket out door, student will sign an acknowledgement sheet committed to the understanding and prevention of bullying http : / / www. nsteens. org / videos / cyberbullying / lesson reflections jackie miller students are evaluated through group participation in class discussion, class reflections and the use of the interactive website on their laptops. using video scenarios as a teaching tool can : provide a common language for students to comfortably talk about bullying behaviors and incidents of bullying that students may encounter. provide concrete examples for students to visualize bullying behaviors from multiple perspectives


interactive website on their laptops. using video scenarios as a teaching tool can : provide a common language for students to comfortably talk about bullying behaviors and incidents of bullying that students may encounter. provide concrete examples for students to visualize bullying behaviors from multiple perspectives and to assume points of view different from their own. this opens discussions about how bullying affects individuals and is particularly effective in empowering bystanders to consider ways to address bullying. provide concrete opportunities to discuss school rules, expectations about students ’ behavior, and the role of adults in helping to stop bullying. rulesjackie miller our school ’ s anti - bullying rules we will not bully others. we will try to help students who are bullied. we will try to include students who are left out. if we know that somebody is being bullied, we will tell an adult at school and an adult at home. acknowledgement sheet jackie miller from the office of : ms. jackie miller, behavior specialist strong vincent high school 1330 west 8th street erie, pa. 16502 phone : ( 814 ) 874 - 6500 fax : ( 814 ) 874 - 6507 bullying acknowledgement agreement i understand what the term bullying means and i will not bully others. student signature : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ date : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _