{"text": "[ btw : i updated the sbg prompts below with some answers from the comments. ] in addition to the material i facilitated on instructional design, the staff at colchester high school wanted to work on their implementation of standards - based grading. happily, they had already agreed on the fundamentals : - we should assess students on what they know now, as opposed to what they knew when we first assessed them. - assessment should be atomized to the point that it empowers teachers and students in their remediation. this left me all the creative, interesting parts. we talked about reporting methods for keeping students apprised of their progress, both individually and as a class. we talked about the effect of sbg on retention. then we picked a concept and had pairs come up with a score of 1, 2, and 3. we debated productively about marginal scores \u2014 when a 2 turns into a 3, specifically \u2014 and concluded that, in a system this forgiving, we ' d rather underestimate a student ( who could return to improve her score whenever, wherever ) than overestimate her. we discussed, afterwards, how to construct valid, manageable assessments. i gave them four test questions, each of which, in its own way, invalidated what it claimed to measure or was unmanageable at scale. i ' ll leave them here. feel free to kick them around in the comments. the trouble with the two - step equation problem is that it \u2019 s also an intimidating decimal arithmetic question. if a student fails it, you don \u2019 t know which skill needs work. the issue with the law of sines / cosines problem is that you do not have to use the law of sines / cosines to solve it. a student can get those right without using the law of sines / cosines, especially the 30 - 60 - 90. also, the concept is too broad. if a student has a 2 / 4 on \" law of sines / cosines, \" how do you know which one to remediate? \" quadrilaterals \" is also too broad a concept. if a student has a 3 / 4 on \" quadrilaterals, \" do you know what the student knows about quadrilaterals? which ones she understands and doesn ' t? we decided \" linear pairs of angles \" is too small a concept. if every concept were this granular, we ' d have several hundred concepts to manage by semester ' s end", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5493781321023452, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:26.534908"} {"text": "the nation lost an inspirational figure when bob mccall died on friday, february 26. as an artist, bob invited people around the globe to share his optimistic dreams of a human future in space. a native of columbus, ohio and a graduate of the columbus school of fine arts, mccall came out of the army air forces at the end of ww ii and established himself as a successful advertising illustrator with a number of magazine covers to his credit. but it was the notion of flying through air and space that truly inspired him. beginning in the 1950s, he produced over forty works for the u. s. air force art collection. when james webb, administrator of nasa, created an agency art program in the 1960s, bob mccall was one of the first artists invited to participate. he became a favorite with hollywood, as well, producing major paintings and posters for films such as 2001 : a space odyssey, and tora, tora, tora. mccall was perhaps best known for his murals. the space mural \u2014 a cosmic view ( 1976 ), which he painted on a south lobby wall of the national air and space museum, is perhaps the best known of all of his works. it was the first of several major murals that mccall produced for other museums and nasa facilities. in addition, his paintings appeared on a dozen u. s. postage stamps commemorating space feats. \u201c there \u2019 s a great pleasure in designing something so many people are collecting, \u201d he once remarked. \u201c my art may fade into oblivion, but the stamps and murals will last. \u201d lester cooke, curator of painting at the national gallery of art, once noted that bob mccall had \u201c \u2026 the quality and scope of imagination to travel in space, and carry us along with him. \u201d without artists like mccall, he explained, events in space which ordinary citizens could not see or experience \u201c \u2026 would remain in the realm of words, mathematical formulae and electronic signals. \u201d there was no danger of that, as long as bob mccall was around. tom crouch is senior curator for aeronautics at the national air and space museum.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5004458042194906, "token_count": 419, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:26.541257"} {"text": "tag | risk of heart disease how many numbers do we remember each day? phone numbers, alarm codes, passwords, bank account balances, birthdays. none of these is as important as knowing your health numbers. an up - to - date knowledge of your health numbers can literally save your life. brenda watson discusses knowing your numbers and how you can test them at home in her revolutionary heart of perfect health pbs special airing nationwide on pbs stations throughout march. the show covers the myths about cholesterol, the nutrients you need to get your health back on track and reduce your risk of heart disease, how to check your health numbers, and the simple, transformative steps you can take every day to reverse america \u2019 s # 1 killer, heart disease. the 3 numbers you must know the three top signs of heart disease risk are also the three top signs of silent inflammation, a chronic pre - disease state in the body that many of us have without knowing it. research is linking silent inflammation to the root of heart and cardiovascular disease, not to mention conditions such as diabetes, arthritis, alzheimer \u2019 s, and even certain cancers. the good news is you can reverse your silent inflammation by knowing your health numbers and taking the necessary steps to get these numbers within a healthy range. the 3 health numbers you need to know are : - cholesterol, which should be no higher than 200mg - blood pressure, which should be no higher than 120 over 80 - blood sugar ( fasting blood glucose ), which should be no higher than 85 high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and high blood sugar are the top 3 signs your body is in a state of silent inflammation, and they are major heart health risk markers. together these high numbers double your risk of cardiovascular disease by causing the arteries to harden and thicken, by stimulating plaque build - up along blood vessels, and by increasing bad ldl cholesterol. you should be testing yourself more often than once a year to see where your numbers are and you can perform these tests at home. you can get your cholesterol checked at lab sites online, buy your own blood pressure cuff for at - home use, and find a do - it - yourself glucose meter at your local drugstore to monitor your blood sugar levels. there is no need to wait for your annual doctor \u2019 s visit when you should know these numbers throughout the year to see how well you are doing in keeping them within a healthy range. check back in the next couple of days to learn more about the # 1 nutrient", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4641658216619523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:26.551972"} {"text": "need to wait for your annual doctor \u2019 s visit when you should know these numbers throughout the year to see how well you are doing in keeping them within a healthy range. check back in the next couple of days to learn more about the # 1 nutrient that helps reduce your risk of heart disease and helps keep your cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood sugar healthy! belly fat is usually detectible \u2014 people generally have a good idea if they tend to accumulate fat in their midsection, as opposed to their hips and bottom. but how do you know if your liver is fat? well, abdominal fat and liver fat often go hand in hand. in fact, fat from the liver can be sent to the belly, and vice versa. often, an underlying feature of both of these is inflammation, which may come from the gut. nutrients and other substances \u2014 including fat, toxins and inflammatory compounds \u2014 are absorbed from the small intestine and travel straight to the liver via the portal vein. a recent study found that obese individuals with high amounts of abdominal fat and liver fat are at increased risk for heart disease. the researchers found that liver fat is strongly associated with increased secretion of very - low - density lipoproteins ( vldl ), which contain the highest amounts of triglycerides, known to increase heart disease risk. it has long been known that abdominal fat can be dangerous. the increasing knowledge about the dangers of liver fat adds to the story, as these two go hand in hand, each setting the body up to be more susceptible to metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and heart disease. together, belly and liver fat mean trouble. both liver and abdominal fat can be reduced with exercise and weight loss. these steps, in addition to addressing any underlying gut dysfunction that may be contributing inflammation to the liver, can help reverse these metabolic precursors to heart disease. gut imbalance may be addressed by taking probiotics, the beneficial bacteria naturally found in the gut.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4313402569908552, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:26.552868"} {"text": "unless you \u2019 re taking a philmont trek in summer, when you can set your watch by the afternoon thunderstorms, it \u2019 s almost impossible to predict the weather. but don \u2019 t give up on becoming the unofficial office meteorologist just yet. simply absorb some easy - to - remember weather folklore to increase your odds of an accurate forecast. you can learn it all from learn from the handbook \u2014 on page 238, to if you step outside and see any of these signs, pleasant weather is on the way : - \u201c red sky at night, sailor delight. \u201d dust particles in dry air make the sunset glow red. - \u201c swallows flying way up high mean there \u2019 s no rain in the sky. \u201d high - pressure systems carry insects up into the air, and swallows follow their food aloft. - \u201c if smoke goes high, no rain comes by. \u201d smoke going straight up from your campfire means there \u2019 s no wind to bring storms - \u201c when dew is on the grass, rain will never come to pass. \u201d cool, clear, dew - forming nights bring nice weather the next if you see any of these signs, however, better pack an - \u201c red sky at morning, sailor take warning. \u201d don \u2019 t expect much \u201c delight \u201d if the dry, dusty air moving toward the rising sun causes a reddish sunrise. that could mean that moist air is approaching from the west. - \u201c swallows flying near the ground mean a storm will come around. \u201d heavy, moist wings cause swallows to fly lower. - \u201c when grass is dry at morning light, look for rain before the light. \u201d the opposite is also true of dewy grass. - \u201c mackerel scales and mares \u2019 tails make lofty ships carry low sails. \u201d \u201c scales \u201d and \u201c tails \u201d mean rare cirrus cloud formations that alert you to changing weather. chime in : know any other weather sayings? share them in the comment box below.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4541144774964988, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:26.554836"} {"text": "majestic trumpeter swans are dying of lead poisoning in unusually high numbers, the northwest raptor & wildlife center, a sequim - based wildlife rescue and rehabilitation organization reported wednesday. \u201c we have personally treated at least six cases of fatal lead poisoning in olympic peninsula trumpeter swans just this winter, which is likely only a fraction of the number of poisoning cases in the wild, \u201d said matthew randazzo of the center. \u201c all of these swans were shown to have ingested lead ammunition, which is poisonous across a wide range of species. if these swans had died in the wild, it \u2019 s likely that their carcasses would have been consumed by scavengers such as bald eagles, who then could have been poisoned as well. trumpeter swans are migratory winter residents of the olympic peninsula. they are on average the largest native species of bird in north america. they were once hunted nearly to extinction, but have been successfully reintroduced in canada and the united states despite a widespread prevalence of lead poisoning within the species. swan - watching draws crowds of photographers to the skagit valley, and to the reifel bird sanctuary in british columbia \u2019 s fraser delta, each winter. a homesteading family at remote lonesome lake in b. c. \u2019 s coast range, the turners, helped restore trumpeter swans by feeding them during winter months. \u201c the northwest raptor & wildlife center was founded by lifelong hunters and gun owners and we are extremely thankful to all of the responsible sportsmen and women who make donations of venison, salmon and grouse for our animals \u2019 diet, \u201d said the center \u2019 s director - founder jayne moore. \u201c we are not anti - hunter at all. we just want to inform the public that there are many ammunition options available to all hunters, and we advise all gun lovers and sportsmen to avoid toxic lead ammunition completely and get it out of the food chain. and, added randazzo, \u201c the side effects of lead ammunition use include the slow, painful and pathetic deaths of unintended animals such as swans and eagles. that is an outcome that no one, from vegans to trophy hunters, wants to see. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39980015053654694, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:26.557055"} {"text": "here \u2019 s the second of three posts on the shifting ethics of climate change, timed with recent events in durban. the first, about the changing facts of cumulative emissions, and what this means for historical arguments for action, is here. this post considers arguments for action that employ talk of emissions rights or the call for equal per capita shares. some moral arguments for action on climate change depend not on the past but the present. they get us past a certain sort of recrimination \u2013 an objection to historical arguments on the grounds of a lack of foreknowledge on the part of the west \u2013 and move us all in the direction of equality with a clear and green conscience. you might think, for example, that however we got to where we are, the benefits and burdens associated with using fossil fuels ought now be shared out equally. that \u2019 s what human beings ought to do with a limited, scarce and common resource. maybe this is something you think follows from reflection on distributive justice or fairness. maybe it has to do with emissions rights, which follow in a way from the rights that some argue all human beings have \u2013 rights to a secure and free life, for example. if there are \u2018 safe \u2019 emissions levels, if we can think clearly about the planet \u2019 s sinks as common resources to be divided up equally, then it follows pretty sharply that everyone on the planet has an equal right to emit within those safe limits. perhaps you think in terms of a greenhouse budget, that some maximum concentration of greenhouses gasses in the atmosphere is acceptable, and we must divvy up the shares that remain equally, and take care to stay under that limit. ( here \u2019 s peter singer, arguing for a \u2018 fair deal on climate change \u2019 ; you can read more details in \u2018 one atmosphere \u2019 in his book, one world. ) whichever of these lines you choose to take, given the enormous levels of emission per capita in the west, it \u2019 s been argued on almost all sides that the west has an obligation to reign in its consumption, bringing it down and in line with others whose use of the planet \u2019 s common resources is less reckless. this, anyway, is part of the thinking behind such things as the contraction and convergence model, advocated with gusto by aubrey meyer and the global commons institute and endorsed by a very large number of people and organizations, as a means to stabilize greenhouse gas emissions equitably. the idea is that some safe global emissions ceiling is set, everyone has an equal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4915797773776444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:26.569042"} {"text": "expanding economies could be on board the global climate negotiations scheduled for 2009. \u201d angela merkel president of germany 2008 but, again, the facts are changing. around ten years ago, this was, and some places it still is, the model used for thinking about contraction and convergence : the idea is that, fairly rapidly after 2000, developed countries have a steep drop in emissions to make, while china, india and the rest of the world can grow a bit, meeting us in 2030, where we all cruise downwards, eventually to nearly preindustrial levels in one hundred years or so. ( edit : note that the gci has new models, updated for the current state of play, with new, challenging emissions reductions. you can see those, and the gci \u2019 s dim view of the durban platform, here. ) the trouble is that, in 2012, the world looks much different than it did just ten or even five years ago. the developed world has not undertaken a programme of rapid per capita emissions reduction, and china, india and the rest have not just grown a bit, with their emissions likely to flatten out and on course to meet us on the way down in 2030. while it is a mixed bag, with some countries taking steps to lower emissions rates, and indeed emissions dipping in places during the recession, the trend in global emissions has always been upwards \u2013 the global increase is now 45 % on 1990 levels, coincidentally the date of the ipcc \u2019 s first assessment report. according to a report published by the european commission in september and another by the international energy agency this year, 2010 was a record year in terms of increasing emissions. the long term annual average increase in emissions from 1990 is 1. 9 %, but in 2010 the increase was 5. 8 %, the largest jump ever recorded. this was driven partly by increases in china of 10 % and india of 9 %, as well as rises in the developed world, notably the usa. how far have we strayed from the lines on that graph? the usa \u2019 s emissions have not dropped sharply, but increased by 11 % on 1990 levels. china did not slowly grow, but passed the us as the world \u2019 s biggest emitter of carbon dioxide in 2006. amazingly, again according to the european commission, china \u2019 s per capita emissions could equal us levels by 2017 \u2013 it \u2019 s thought china has already overtaken france and spain. china has promised not to let itself reach us levels, and its investment in renewables is huge, but it is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4736375992008361, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:26.571331"} {"text": ", china \u2019 s per capita emissions could equal us levels by 2017 \u2013 it \u2019 s thought china has already overtaken france and spain. china has promised not to let itself reach us levels, and its investment in renewables is huge, but it is astonishing to think that a country with a billion more people in it could match the united states in its bloated per capita emissions rates in just 5 years. it \u2019 s growth on an extraordinary scale. the trouble with the moral equation and present emissions is not just this mess of facts, but the time we have left between now and 2030. it made sense at the start of this century to talk about emissions rights and equal per capita shares, which we might divvy up and keep under a safe emissions limit. as we move closer to the point of convergence, the 2030 deadline and the so called safe threshold, our ability to do the right thing, our room for moral manoeuvring, wanes. emissions rates, on this model, should have begun falling rapidly in the west 5 or 10 years ago, but they have generally increased. per capita emissions in the developing world had a bit of breathing room, but were not expected to rocket up past our own, already excessive levels. kant \u2019 s dictum, ought implies can, is something worth reflecting on in this connection. it makes sense to say that we ought to do something only if we actually can do it. it makes sense to call for climate justice, to demand that emissions be shared out equally among the people of the world beneath some safe threshold, only if this is something we in fact can do. there is now at least the possibility that it is now too late to do the right thing \u2014 it might already be too late for the lcds and small island states, who are calling for an immediate deal and even tougher targets. as the space on the graph between us and 2030 compresses, and the lines we have to contemplate riding out become steeper and steeper and therefore further and further from the realm of the physically possible, the possibility that it \u2019 s too late is genuinely before us. facts here intrude on morality, and sometimes the possibility of doing the right or just or equitable thing can slip beyond our grasp if we let it. this kind of thing isn \u2019 t entirely outside our experience. suppose you \u2019 re at an office party, your friend has been drinking, and you know he \u2019 s going to make a fool of himself as he walks towards the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4285862795167625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:26.572288"} {"text": "if we let it. this kind of thing isn \u2019 t entirely outside our experience. suppose you \u2019 re at an office party, your friend has been drinking, and you know he \u2019 s going to make a fool of himself as he walks towards the boss. you \u2019 ve got a few moments to grab his arm and save him from trouble he doesn \u2019 t deserve. but in that moment, at a certain point, it becomes too late for you to act, and in a single quiet breath, all your inner reflection about what you ought to do changes, passes from a live practical question to something theoretical, to a moot discussion of what you might have done or should have done. maybe it becomes regret. we \u2019 ve all felt that, that sense of a chance slipping away. it \u2019 s possible to have that feeling about sharing out emissions rights. it \u2019 s possible to have that feeling about this part of the moral dimension of climate change. we \u2019 ll turn to sustainability arguments, which depend on the future, not the past or present, in the next post. meanwhile, i \u2019 d like to know what you think about arguments for equal emissions rights. what i \u2019 m contemplating is that calls for equal rights to emit will at some point bang up against so called \u2018 safe emissions thresholds \u2019. what do we do when it \u2019 s too late to for \u2018 climate justice \u2019? there are further thoughts to be had about morality in extremis. as it gets harder and harder to do the right thing, as \u2018 safe \u2019 emissions pathways get more and more steep, is there room to excuse ourselves, and say that equal emissions rights are just beyond us? i \u2019 d say no, but it \u2019 s hard to square that with other things that seem true.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.503028840561685, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:26.572954"} {"text": "recently, i visited bangladesh to find out how you feed a country that has half the population of the united states squeezed into an area the size of the state of iowa. one thing is for certain : no one can do it alone. during my trip, i witnessed how partnerships among a broad range of stakeholders \u2014 the rome - based un agencies, the government of bangladesh, donor countries, civil society and the private sector \u2014 are coming together to change the way we address chronic hunger. the u. s. government is supporting partnerships that deliver food, including fortified vegetable oil, in conjunction with health and other interventions that help ensure our programs translate into better nutrition outcomes. good nutrition is crucial during the first 1, 000 days \u2014 from the mother \u2019 s pregnancy through the child \u2019 s second birthday \u2014 because it affects lifelong mental and physical development, iq, school achievement, and, ultimately, work capacity and income generation. thus, nourishing children not only enables individuals to achieve their full potential, but creates the conditions for nations to grow and prosper. this is one of the reasons why nutrition is the critical link between feed the future and the global health initiative, the game - changing presidential initiatives that address global hunger and maternal and child health as part of a broader strategy to drive sustainable and broad - based growth. we know that we have to look at child malnutrition in new ways to accelerate progress toward the first millennium development goal of halving poverty and hunger by 2015. we know that better targeting and implementation of nutrition programs can greatly increase the effectiveness of our assistance and, most importantly, the ability of all children to thrive. we also know, as secretary hillary rodham clinton stated at the \u201c 1, 000 days : change a life, change the future \u201d event in new york last month, that prevention is better, and less expensive, than treatment. the u. s. government is leading programs that focus on preventing malnutrition before it occurs. core components of this new approach aim at improving the quality and use of health services, caretaker behaviors and dietary intake. pregnant women and lactating mothers attend monthly pre - and post - natal services and nutrition education sessions while children up to 24 months are weighed and provided with basic care. sick or malnourished mothers and children are treated or referred for additional care. mothers and babies receive supplementary food in addition to a household food ration. as the international community recognizes, we need comprehensive approaches that draw from a broad toolbox in order to prevent and treat malnutrition effectively.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4747711485622302, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:26.581069"} {"text": "or referred for additional care. mothers and babies receive supplementary food in addition to a household food ration. as the international community recognizes, we need comprehensive approaches that draw from a broad toolbox in order to prevent and treat malnutrition effectively. in addition to working to improve our programs on the ground, we are increasing the quality and scope of our food assistance commodities. we recently established a pilot effort to introduce and field - test new or improved micronutrient - fortified food aid products. we are also pursuing innovation around the nutritional content, product composition, and packaging of food products delivered through humanitarian assistance programs. congress made $ 14 million available to support these two efforts in fiscal year 2010. the american people will continue to provide emergency food aid assistance to vulnerable populations. and we are working with top researchers to help ensure that the food aid provided has a high nutritional value. with tufts university \u2019 s school of nutrition, we are examining nutritional needs and how we can best meet those needs \u2014 be they in bangladesh or the great lakes of central africa \u2014 where i \u2019 ve seen incredible work being done. the study includes a scientific review of current enrichment and fortification technologies, a review of methods for delivery of micronutrients and an active consultative process that involves industry, academic and operational experts. ultimately, it will provide recommendations on how to meet the nutritional needs of vulnerable populations with food aid assistance in a cost - effective manner. while we expect that some time will be necessary to implement the recommendations, make the necessary changes in formulations, and test new products, our purpose is clear : we are committed to delivering high - quality, nutritious food assistance to people in need. as reaffirmed in the committee on world food security nutrition side event last week, nutrition science has pointed the way to interventions that are basic, low - cost and effective. there is political will to scale up nutrition, align our efforts and measure our results. as secretary clinton has emphasized, we must use this remarkable opportunity to make a measurable impact on child hunger and malnutrition.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4966098800004229, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:26.582826"} {"text": "what \u2019 s cooking wednesday : holiday sugar spike have you visited our exhibit \u201c what \u2019 s cooking, uncle sam? \u201d don \u2019 t wait! the exhibit closes on january 3, 2012. are you in a sugar coma yet? if not, there \u2019 s still time to make some sweet desserts straight from the records of the national archives. these favorite cookie recipes ( below ) come from the 1966 forest service fire lookout cookbook, part of the holdings of the national archives at seattle. they look pretty delicious \u2014 let us know if you try any of them! lucky for you, we are not sharing the forest service \u2019 s recipe for peanut butter and mayonnaise sandwiches topped with grated carrot. these aren \u2019 t the only holiday - ready recipes in the national archives. americans love their sweets and we \u2019 ve got lots of dessert recipes. even during hard times, when sugar was rationed to six tablespoons per day, americans found ways to cook something sweet. in 1918, the u. s. food administration recommended using \u201c molasses, corn syrup, maple syrup, glucose, maple sugar, corn sugar, honey, raisins, dates or figs. \u201d a recipe for \u201c war time strawberry shortcake \u201d uses three cups of strawberries but only three tablespoons of sugar. in the records of the u. s. department of agriculture is a recipe for \u201c fruit cake, \u201d published in aunt sammy \u2019 s radio recipes, a popular book for housewives who listened to the radio show. this recipe called for raisins, currants, citron, sugar, cider, jelly, sour cream, and molasses \u2014 so it was pretty sweet! there were 16 ingredients total, including 1 / 2 pound of butter. by the 1930s, recipes also tried to make more with less, so the \u201d inexpensive christmas cake \u201d had only 10 ingredients \u2014 one of those was boiling water. and, rather oddly, 1 / 2 pound of salt pork. things get even sweeter with the presidents. the truman family pound cake has one pound of sugar in it... and one pound of butter. this is just for the cake and doesn \u2019 t include the icing! we have a recipe for \u201c praline ice cream bombe \u201d from president ford that has only 5 ingredients : ice cream, whipping cream, praline paste, hazelnuts, and chocolate. and president carter enjoyed \u201c peanut brittle, \u201d which featured his beloved peanuts and three cups of sugar and one cup of white corn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42736913059660886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:26.594934"} {"text": "panama \u2019 s san lorenzo forest reserve is around the size of manhattan. for two years, this small area was host to 102 scientists, working together to count everything that crept and crawled. they came from 17 countries, and converged upon a half - hectare of the forest, about the size of half a rugby pitch. they dug into the soil, and ascended into the 40 - metre - tall treetops with ropes, balloons, and a giant crane. they unleashed fogs, set up sticky traps, and hacked into pieces of wood. together, they were part of the largest ever systematic attempt to answer a disarmingly simple question : in a patch of tropical rainforest, how many species of insects and other arthropods are there? after collecting the critters in 2003 and 2004, and analysing the material for eight years, they got an answer : 6, 144 species in that patch of forest. using computer simulations to scale that up, they estimate that the entire 6, 000 - hectare manhattan - sized forest is home to around 25, 000 arthropod species. when the fruit bat pteropus allenorum was finally described by scientists, it was already extinct. one specimen of the bat was shot in samoa in 1856, skinned, stored in alcohol, and shipped to the united states. it spent the next 153 years, inconspicuous and ignored, on a shelf in the academy of natural sciences in drexel university. when bat specialist kristofer helgen visited the museum, he immediately recognised that it was a new species. sadly, it was too late. there are no fruit bats in samoa nowadays, so the jar on the shelf represents our only encounter with this now - extinct animal. the fruit bat \u2019 s story isn \u2019 t an original one. the beetle meligethes salvan was collected from the italian alps in 1912 and sat in frankfurt \u2019 s senckenberg museum until it was described in 2003. in the intervening time, the valley from which it came had been almost entirely destroyed in the process of building a hydroelectric power plant. biologists searched in the nearby valleys but couldn \u2019 t find it. the beetle may be extinct. these examples show that the shelves and drawers of the world \u2019 s museums are among the planet \u2019 s most diverse habitats \u2014 ecosystems brimming with different species, many of which have never been seen before. people often think that discoveries are made when biologists see new species in the field, and immediately recognise them as such. that \u2019 s largely not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43713785791592186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:26.645176"} {"text": "most diverse habitats \u2014 ecosystems brimming with different species, many of which have never been seen before. people often think that discoveries are made when biologists see new species in the field, and immediately recognise them as such. that \u2019 s largely not true. field biologists often collect their specimens en masse, taking them back to their respective institutions, and keeping them in storage until they get a chance to peer at them properly. this means that many of the planet \u2019 s new species are sitting pretty in jars and drawers, gathering dust while they wait to be formally described. how long is this shelf life? for the bat, it was 153 years, and for the beetle, 92. on average, it \u2019 s around 21 years, according to a new study from benoit fontaine from the natural history of museum in paris. a. ervi attacks a pea aphid, by alexander wild in a british lab, a wasp has become ( locally ) extinct. and then, another wasp follows it into oblivion. that \u2019 s odd because these two insects are not competitors. they don \u2019 t attack one another, and they don \u2019 t even eat the same food. they do, however, remind us that it \u2019 s very hard to predict how the decline of one species will affect those around it. some consequences are obvious. if an animal goes extinct, its loss will cascade up and down the food web, so that its predators will suffer but its prey will probably thrive. but food webs are webs for a reason, rather than a set of isolated linear \u201c food chains \u201d. consequences can ripple across, as well as up and down. if wasps didn \u2019 t exist, picnics would be a lot more fun. but the next time you find yourself trying to dodge a flying, jam - seeking harpoon, think about this : without wasps, many of your ingredients might not exist at all. irene stefanini and leonardo dapporto from the university of florence have found that the guts of wasps provide a safe winter refuge for yeast \u2013 specifically saccharomyces cerevisiae, the fungus we use to make wine, beer and bread. and without those, picnics would be a lot less fun. s. cerevisiase has been our companion for at least 9, 000 years, not just as a tool of baking and brewing, but as a doyen of modern genetics. it has helped us to make tremendous scientific progress and drink ourselves into stupors, possibly at the same time. but despite its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4762194874435536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:26.647795"} {"text": "9, 000 years, not just as a tool of baking and brewing, but as a doyen of modern genetics. it has helped us to make tremendous scientific progress and drink ourselves into stupors, possibly at the same time. but despite its significance, we know very little about where the yeast came from, or how it lives in the wild. the wild strains do grow on grapes and berries, but only found on ripe fruits rather than pristine ones. and they \u2019 re usually only found in warm summery conditions. so, where do they go in the intervening months, and how do they move around? they certainly can \u2019 t go airborne, so something must be carrying them. stefanini and dapporto thought that wasps were good candidates. they \u2019 re active through the summer, when they often eat grapes. fertilised females hibernate through the winter and start fresh colonies in the spring, feeding their new larvae with regurgitated food. in the digestive tracts of wasps, yeasts could get a ride from grape to grape, from one wasp generation to the next, and from autumn to spring. when rachel carson wrote her famous book silent spring, she envisioned a world in which chemical pollutants killed off wildlife, to the extent that singing birds could no longer be heard. pesticides aside, we now know that humans have challenged birds with another type of pollution, which also threatens to silence their beautiful songs \u2013 noise. a man - made world is a loud one. between the din of cities and the commotion of traffic, we flood our surroundings with a chronic barrage of sound. this is bad news for songbirds. we know that human noise is a problem for them because some species go to great lengths to make themselves heard, from changing their pitch ( great tits ) to singing at odd hours ( robins ) to just belting their notes out ( nightingales ). we also know that some birds produce fewer chicks in areas affected by traffic noise. now, julia schroeder from the university of sheffield has found one reason for this. she has shown that loud noises mask the communication between house sparrow mothers and their chicks, including the calls that the youngsters use to beg for food. surrounded by sound, the chicks eat poorly. \u201c city noise has the potential to turn sparrow females into bad mothers, \u201d says schroeder. even though most spiders are harmless to us, many people suffer from a crippling fear of them. imagine then, what a grasshopper must feel. the threat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47931674964655707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:26.648876"} {"text": "the potential to turn sparrow females into bad mothers, \u201d says schroeder. even though most spiders are harmless to us, many people suffer from a crippling fear of them. imagine then, what a grasshopper must feel. the threat of venomous fangs isn \u2019 t something that the insects can shrug off. it \u2019 s a perpetual danger that chemically alters their bodies, triggering changes that ripple through an entire ecosystem. now, dror hawlena from yale university has found just how far - reaching these changes can be. in an elegant experiment, he showed that the fear instilled by spiders can extend into the very soil, affecting how quickly leaf litter decays. hawlena raised red - legged grasshoppers in outdoor enclosures, half a metre wide. half the enclosures contained a single nursery - web spider, whose mouthparts had been glued shut, so they couldn \u2019 t actually kill any of the hoppers. their presence, however, was felt. last september, i travelled to peru to meet a fascinating scientist who is mapping the amazon by plane. the piece was published in wired uk earlier this year, and i \u2019 m reprinting it here now. this was one of the most enjoyably things i got to write last year. i hope you enjoy it too a small, twin - propeller plane flies over the amazon rainforest in eastern peru. the scale of the vegetation is extraordinary. the tree canopy stretches as far as the eye can see \u2014 an endless array of broccoli florets bounded only by haze and horizon. greg asner, 43, has seen the rainforest from this vantage point many times before, but he still stares out of the window in rapt fascination. this patch of forest in the tambopata national reserve is rich with life, even by the amazon \u2019 s standards. a 50 - hectare patch of forest \u2014 the size of as many rugby pitches \u2014 contains more plant species than the whole of north america. \u201c we might as well be exploring mars, \u201d says asner. \u201c these are areas where no human has ever been. there \u2019 s no access. \u201d access isn \u2019 t a problem for asner. behind him are three state - of - the - art sensors of his own devising which, as the plane flies along, take the forest \u2019 s measure. \u201c we \u2019 re trying to do something really new, \u201d he says. \u201c this world is changing and it requires science that isn \u2019 t incremental. \u201d using the technology he \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.449632051667343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:26.650293"} {"text": "the plane flies along, take the forest \u2019 s measure. \u201c we \u2019 re trying to do something really new, \u201d he says. \u201c this world is changing and it requires science that isn \u2019 t incremental. \u201d using the technology he \u2019 s developed, asner is mapping the shape and size of the trees, down to individual branches, from two kilometres above. he can measure the carbon stored in trunks, leaves and soil. he can even identify individual plant species based on the chemicals they contain. with wings and lasers, asner is conducting one of the most ambitious ecology studies ever staged. he accumulates more data in a single hour than most ecologists glean in a lifetime. with this data, he aims to influence governments, steer the course of climate - change treaties and save the forests over which he soars. it turns out that if you unleash giant snakes into a place that didn \u2019 t previously have giant snakes, the other local animals don \u2019 t fare so well. that seems obvious, but you might be surprised at just how badly those other animals fare. since 2000, burmese pythons have been staging an increasingly successful invasion of florida. no one knows exactly how they got there. they normally live in south - east asia and were probably carried over by exotic wildlife traders. once in america, they could have escaped from pet stores or shipping warehouses. alternatively, overambitious pet owners could have released when they got too large for comfort. either way, they seem to be thriving. with an average length of 12 feet ( 4 metres ), the pythons are formidable predators. they suffocate their prey with powerful coils, and they target a wide variety of mammals and birds. the endangered key largo woodrat and wood stork are on their menu. so are american alligators ( remember this oft - emailed photo? ). conservationists are trying to halt the spread of the giant snakes, out of concern that their booming numbers could spell trouble for local wildlife. michael dorcas from davidson college thinks they are right to be concerned. in the first systematic assessment of the pythons \u2019 impact, dorcas has found that many of florida \u2019 s mammals have plummeted in numbers in places where the snakes now live. a leaf falls from the rainforest canopy, but it never hits the ground. instead, it becomes trapped by nets of sticky fungi. while other lost leaves litter the forest floor, this one has joined the jungle \u2019 s mezzanine level \u2013 a layer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4409805878138226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:26.651238"} {"text": "a leaf falls from the rainforest canopy, but it never hits the ground. instead, it becomes trapped by nets of sticky fungi. while other lost leaves litter the forest floor, this one has joined the jungle \u2019 s mezzanine level \u2013 a layer of litter suspended in mid - air and hanging by a thread. the fungi belong to a single genus called marasmius, which extend networks of root - like filaments through the air. they act like a web that catches falling matter from the branches above. they have gone unappreciated, but jake snaddon from the university of oxford has found just how important they can be. by snaring leaves, the fungi provide room and board to insects, spiders and other canopy creepy - crawlies that might otherwise be confined to the ground. when snaddon removed the fungi, the numbers of these animals plummeted by 70 percent. i \u2019 ve got a new piece in nature about a newly discovered species of \u201c yeti crab \u201d that farms bacteria on its arms, then eats them. it lives in the deep ocean, near seeps that belch out methane. the bacteria living on its bristly arms ( hence the name \u201c yeti crab \u201d ) feed off the seeping gases, and the crab encourage the bacteria to grow by rhythmically waving their arms. go to nature to read the full piece. meanwhile, i loved this quote from lead author andrew thurber, which gets across how much there is left to discover about the oceans : \u201c it was a big surprise. there \u2019 s a tonne of them, they \u2019 re not small, and they \u2019 re six hours off a major port in costa rica. \u201d ( photos by andrew thurber )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4658129152696154, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:26.651890"} {"text": "14 pages matching indefinite article in this book what people are saying - write a review review : cohesion in englishuser review - soraia ferreira - goodreads well it ' s a good book, they explain every thing in a really detailed way. can ' t say i enjoyed it because it ' s about grammar but it ' s content is good read full review all 6 reviews \u00bb review : cohesion in englishuser review - ara - goodreads that was really dense. historical importance aside, there are probably more accessible ways to get this information now. read full review other editions - view all adjectives adjunct adverbs alice anaphoric anaphoric reference answer cataphoric chapter clausal ellipsis clausal substitution cohesive relation conjunctive relations context of situation contrast deictic demonstrative discourse distinction element elliptical clause elliptical form elliptical group endophoric english environment epithet example exophoric reference explicit expressed fact finite functioning as head going grammatical hence hypotactic hypotaxis indefinite article instances interpretation j. b. priestley john kind language lexical cohesion lexical ellipsis lexical item lexical verb lexicogrammatical linguistic mass nouns meaning modal modifier negative nominal group nominal substitute non - elliptical non - finite noun numerative occur operator ellipsis paratactic particular patterns plural polarity possible preceding text prepositional present presupposed clause presupposed group presupposed item presupposition pro - verb pronoun reference item referential repudiated semantic relation sense sequence simply speaker specific speech substitution and ellipsis tense textual texture thing tion tonic types of cohesion typically verbal ellipsis verbal group verbal substitute whereas word from google scholar william \u0441 mann, sandra a thompson michael canale, merrill swain - applied linguistics edward gibson - 1998 - cognition all scholar search results \u00bb jane morris, graeme hirstt - computational linguistics jstor : cohesion in english cohesion in english, halliday & hasan cohesion in english citeulike : cohesion in english ( english language ) who is the author of \" cohesion in english \"? - - britannica online... building coherence and cohesion : task - oriented dialogue in english... connector usage in the english essay writing of native and non... english teaching forum online \u2013 bureau of educational and cultural... hausarbeiten. de : a functional perspective of cohesion in english...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.552493217349726, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:26.655172"} {"text": "as i continuously promote, it is critical that children have the opportunity to learn, play and explore outdoors. as adults we need to do all we can to ensure that children have opportunities to develop their brains in healthy, natural and safe environments. there are numerous benefits to brains of all ages as a result of spending time in nature as i have shared in your brain needs nature and this fun one that includes a video called, nature deficit disorder by kqed quest. it is especially important and beneficial for young developing brains to experience and learn outdoors. for this reason i am thrilled to share the following article from audubon magazine. it is a great pleasure to work with the extremely talented and dedicated people and spend time at the schlitz nature audubon nature center. it has been a particularly great honor to collaborate on a project to create the naturally developing young brains packet with lorna hilyard and pattie bailie, mentioned in this article. i am certain you will enjoy reading the experience expressed by one dad after his son spent only two weeks in the nature preschool. the center is remarkable. the best part is, they serve as a model and help other programs implement nature into programing. in fact 10 % of the proceeds from the sale of the nature brain packets goes directly toward increasing nature preschool experiences for more children. an exciting nature - based curriculum for preschoolers developed at the schlitz center in wisconsin is spreading to classrooms across the country \u2014 and even to sesame street. by susan cosier published : january - february 2012 \" bailie, a 20 - year veteran of early childhood and environmental education, says, \u201c there \u2019 s such a connection between spending time in the natural world and the developing brain. \u201d recent research bears her out, though it \u2019 s an understudied field. noticing differences between objects, like seeds and burrs, helps wire the brain, nurturing initial math and pre - reading skills that develop from the ages of one through four. \u201c they learn observation skills after just a few months, \u201d says bailie. \u201c parents will tell me, \u2018 i can \u2019 t believe what my child sees now. \u2019 \" studies also show that just 20 minutes spent outdoors improves concentration in children with attention - deficit hyperactivity disorder as much as, if not more than, medication. that \u2019 s in addition to the physical benefits of exercise and exposure to vitamin d ( which helps build strong bones ). \" read more it would be great to hear your experiences with children as a result of spending time outdoors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49950089580849766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:26.657626"} {"text": "melnea a. cass ( 1896 - 1978 ) melnea cass boulevard in lower roxbury is named for one of boston \u2019 s most beloved and effective advocates for african americans in boston. she was relentless in her pursuit of educational and economic opportunities and racial justice for her community. known as the \u201c first lady of roxbury, \u201d melnea cass \u2019 s activities ranged from volunteering on committees, serving on boards, and accepting city - appointed commissions, to giving money to students who graduated from school. born in richmond, virginia in 1896, melnea agnes jones \u2019 s father worked as a janitor, her mother as a domestic worker. melnea \u2019 s father wanted a better life for his children, including a proper education, so he moved the family to boston \u2019 s south end when melnea was five years old. she attended the boston public schools. three years later, her mother died and the children \u2019 s \u201c aunt ella \u201d stepped in to take care of them. she soon moved the girls to newburyport, massachusetts, under the care of amy smith where melnea attended grammar school. melnea returned to boston to attend girls \u2019 high school for one year when aunt ella, recognizing her niece \u2019 s striking intelligence, found the money to send melnea to st. frances de sales convent school in rock castle, virginia, a catholic school for african american and native american girls. melnea jones graduated in 1914 as the valedictorian of her class. returning to boston, melnea looked for work as a salesgirl. denied opportunities because she was african american, she took a position as a domestic worker until her marriage in 1917 to marshall cass, a soldier in the army during world war i. their first child, marshall, was born while marshall sr. was away on duty ; when melnea \u2019 s husband returned from the war, the casses had two more children, marianne and melanie. at about this time, melnea cass became involved in her community as an activist. with her mother - in - law \u2019 s encouragement, when women achieved the right to vote in 1920 melnea helped organize african american women to register and cast their first vote. at the same time, she encountered william monroe trotter, one of boston \u2019 s most militant civil rights activists. melnea cass was deeply influenced by his lectures, protest meetings, and his newspaper, the guardian. she joined the naacp and volunteered what time she could while raising her children. by the 1930s, melnea cass was a force for positive change in rox", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3661318532451029, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:26.664474"} {"text": "today is the second day of the urban agriculture summit 2013 \u2019 transformative solutions on how we feed people in the urban era \u2019 currently being held in linkoping, sweden ( 29 - 31 january ). so why this specific gathering on urban agriculture? a recent un report estimated that the earth \u2019 s population will increase by 40 % and exceed 9 billion people by the year 2050. simultaneously, 80 % of the world \u2019 s population will live in cities. this rapid urbanization goes together with a rapid increase in urban poverty and urban food insecurity. with traditional farming practices and increases in consumption, the earth \u2019 s arable land will soon no longer be sufficient to produce enough food for the growing population. urban agriculture can provide a complementary strategy to reduce urban poverty and food insecurity and enhance urban environmental management. urban agriculture is primarily concerned with seven specific matters : - the transformation of an area from rural to urban farming practices ahead of actual urban physical expansion ; - the efficient use of vacant and under - used land at the urban core and within - the increase in individual and community food security within urban neighbourhoods and urban regions - the generation of jobs and small enterprises in urban areas ; - the reuse of urban waste for food, fuel and greening ; - the greening of the city through tree - planting, community gardens and other such landscape uses ; and - the expansion of the sense of community in urban areas. the contribution of urban agriculture to food security and healthy nutrition is probably its most important asset. urban agriculture in the dakar region of senegal alone generated 450 million dollars in 2011, supplying 45 percent of the city \u2019 s food supply and in lubumbashi, congo, one hectare of market gardens provides livelihoods for 20 producers, 70 labourers and 150 small - scale vegetable traders who, in turn, supply 10, 000 consumers. food production in any city is in many cases a response of the urban poor to inadequate, unreliable and irregular access to food, and the lack of purchasing power. growing your own food can save household expenditure ( poor people in poor countries generally spend a substantial part of their income ( 50 \u2013 70 % ) on food ). although urban agriculture may function as an important strategy for poverty alleviation, it also has a social role to play with impacts on social integration and community building. the city of sydney currently has 15 community gardens which are run by the community and used for growing herbs, flowers, vegetables and fruit and for conserving rare plants and seeds. the capital growth programme, funded by the mayor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46512426629891546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:26.670550"} {"text": "integration and community building. the city of sydney currently has 15 community gardens which are run by the community and used for growing herbs, flowers, vegetables and fruit and for conserving rare plants and seeds. the capital growth programme, funded by the mayor of london and the big lottery, and run by london food link has helped get around 99, 000 people growing on 2, 012 new community food gardens, with 82 % in the more deprived parts of london. women too constitute an important part of urban farmers, since agriculture and related processing and selling activities, among others, can often be more easily combined with their other tasks in the household. although in most cities in developing countries an important part of urban agricultural production is for self - consumption, surpluses are being traded. often the more perishable and relatively high - valued vegetables and animal products and by - products are favoured. in urban agriculture, production and marketing tend to be more closely interrelated in terms of time and space than for rural agriculture, thanks to greater geographic proximity and quicker resource flow. a third role for urban agriculture is its part in the urban ecological system. a growing city will produce more and more wastewater and organic wastes. for most cities the disposal of wastes has become a serious problem. urban agriculture can help to solve such problems by turning urban wastes into a productive resource. farmers may use wastewater for irrigating their farms when they lack access to other sources of water or because of its high price. technologies such as hydroponics or organoponics, drip irrigation, zero tillage etc. substantially reduce water needs and health risks and are very interesting for the urban environment and can indeed be found in many cities. urban agriculture may also positively impact upon the greening and cleaning of the city by turning derelict open spaces into green zones and maintaining buffer and reserve zones. whilst not a panacea for the world ' s food problems, urban agriculture does seem to have a role to play in one way or another ( be it economic, social or environmental ) in both developed and developing countries. 1. fao, rome 2012. growing greener cities in africa. first status report on urban and peri - urban horticulture in africa. 2. united nations department of economic and social affairs / population division, new york 2012. world urbanization prospects : the 2011 revision", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4552924278776273, "token_count": 476, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:26.671547"} {"text": "to those unfamiliar with christian apologetics and the lingo that often goes with it, when the subject comes up it is not uncommon that the uninitiated get the proverbial deer in the headlights look over what is being discussed. presuppositionalism? evidentialism? cumulative case? one could ask, \" i thought apologetics had to do with defending the faith? \" therefore, for the uninitiated, this article will deal with the various methods of apologetic practice by defining them first, and then by providing some exponents of each method. three of the methods have already been given above, to which will be added classical apologetics, as well as the reformed variety. the method termed classical apologetics really amounts to a two - stage defense which starts with the existence of the person of god, and then when that is successfully established, stage two proceeds to provide rational evidences for other subjects under consideration. the respected roman catholic theologian thomas aquinas is a prime example of one who espoused a classical approach to the defense of the christian faith. he began his defense with the \" five ways \" to argue for god ' s existence starting with \" argument from motion, \" and then ( 2 ) \" the nature of efficient cause, \" ( 3 ) \" possibility and necessity, \" ( 4 ) \" the gradation to found in things, \" and ( 5 ) \" the governance of the world. \" 1 afterward he would spend the next five volumes of his magnum opus arguing about topics ranging from the substance of angels to the essence of law to the plurality of wives. in the nineteenth century another classical apologist would emerge whose arguments for god ' s existence and special creation continue to be cited unto the present. the british philosopher william paley argued that it was one thing to be walking along and stub one ' s foot upon a stone and ask why it was there, and to be walking along and stumble upon a watch and ask the same question. in the former instance no one necessarily question where the stone came from, given that there is nothing extraordinary about seeing a rock out in the open. conversely, in the latter instance finding a watch where one would not otherwise suspect a watch to be would not only raise questions of why it was there, but where it came from, and who ultimately made it. when all things are considered, \" the inference, we think, is inevitable ; that the watch must have had a maker ; that there must have existed, at sometime, and at some place", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5308539374457557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:26.769417"} {"text": "but where it came from, and who ultimately made it. when all things are considered, \" the inference, we think, is inevitable ; that the watch must have had a maker ; that there must have existed, at sometime, and at some place or other, an artificer or artificers, who formed it for the purpose which we find it actually to answer ; who comprehended its construction, and designed its use. \" 2 perhaps the most recognized and respected classical apologist in modern times is none other than theologian and philosopher william lane craig. 3 craig ' s approach to classical apologetics is similar, and yet different, than previous apologists in the respect that his two - fold approach incorporates the role of the holy spirit in his \" knowing \" and \" showing \" defense of the faith. to craig the holy spirit is the self - authenticating person who confirms to the believer that what he subscribes to by placing his faith in the christian message is true. then the roles of argument and evidence are used in subsidiary ways to reasonably help the adherent understand what it is that he believes. according to craig, when a christian is asked by a non - believer why it is that he believes what he does, the believer should respond by saying that he knows christianity is true because of the abiding presence of the spirit, and that he can show the non - believer that it is true by external argument and evidence. nevertheless, the latter is non - effective without the former doing a work in the life of the non - believer first. yet, it is up the non - believer to accept god ' s invitation to allow that work to take place, and then solidify the decision by the evidence. 4 the classical approach to christian apologetics has much in common with other apologetic methods, including evidential and cumulative case apologetics. its strengths are its reliance ' s upon both the holy spirit ' s work to confirm internal truth to the believer, as well logical argumentation ( e. g., the kalam cosmological, design, moral, and teleological ) to develop understanding. several respected christian apologists have been and are classical apologists, and their work should be considered when developing one ' s own personal apologetic. evidential apologetics amounts to what the title implies : real, tangible, historical, archaeological evidence are the prerequisites necessary for establishing the truth claims of christianity. one difference it has with the classical method of apologetics is assertion that it is a one - step approach to defending the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5197366225436677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:26.771427"} {"text": "title implies : real, tangible, historical, archaeological evidence are the prerequisites necessary for establishing the truth claims of christianity. one difference it has with the classical method of apologetics is assertion that it is a one - step approach to defending the faith, rather than the two - step approach. rather than arguing for god ' s existence first, and then proceeding to other apologetic issues, the evidentialist merely allows the evidence to speak for itself, given the situation. moreover, the evidentialist relies heavily on probability, \" since absolute certainty lies only in the realms of pure logic and mathematics, where, by definition, one encounters no matters of fact at all. \" 5 gary habermas, a proponent of evidential apologetics sums up the position by giving seven tenets which the evidentialist generally follows. 6 first and foremost, the evidentialist ' s \" chief interest \" is \" the postulating and developing of historical evidences ( one species of propositional data ) for the christian faith. \" 7 in habermas ' case, he abides by a \" minimal facts strategy, \" whereby he attempts to assert the veracity of the christian faith by finding minimal areas of agreement with the unbeliever that is accepted as true, and then expanding upon those facts. second, the evidentialist differentiates between history and brute facts, and allows the latter to interpret themselves according to the context. third, the evidentialist has not problem in engaging in \" negative \" apologetics, which seeks to counter the claims of those making false or misleading statements about christianity. fourth, the evidentialist, like the classicist, admits the fundamental role of the holy spirit to change the mind of the non - believer. if the spirit is not present, then no amount of evidence presented will make a difference. fifth, evidentialists assume that there is common epistemological ground between believers and unbelievers, which is why an unbeliever can be challenged to change his mind based on the evidence. sixth, the role of the holy spirit not affects the unbeliever, but the believer as well in strengthening his understanding of the faith. seventh, most evidentialist are flexible, if not \" eclectic, \" in their approach to dealing with unbelief. evidential apologetics, like classical apologetics, offers many valuable tools to help the believer break down the barriers of those who have erected empirical walls as the standard necessary to convince the unbeliever of christian claims.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5102485018701857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:26.818231"} {"text": "with unbelief. evidential apologetics, like classical apologetics, offers many valuable tools to help the believer break down the barriers of those who have erected empirical walls as the standard necessary to convince the unbeliever of christian claims. habermas ' the historical jesus and robert van voorst ' s jesus outside the new testament ought to be in every christian ' s personal libraries to assist them when attacks are made against jesus ' existence. in fact, when it comes to historical evidence, the evidential apologist would be the person to consult to garner information to counter the critical claims of those who oppose christian theism and the historicity of jesus. the cumulative case method for doing apologetic work amounts to multi - pronged approach to presenting one valid argument. in other words, depending on the question or criticism, which does not necessarily have to begin with god ' s existence, will also depend on which approaches to take to provide an answer. the end result of combining, in cumulative sense, all the propositions is thought to provide one solid answer or rebuttal. in short, cumulative case apologetics is as eclectic, if not more so, than the evidentialist approach to apologetics. four elements seem to characterize the cumulative position beginning with the idea that \" the argument for theism and christianity is an informal one, not a formal one. \" 8 put otherwise, one is not likely to find a logical syllogism being offered to defend any particular belief. instead, one will find the cumulative apologist presenting a broad range of information addressing the subject, with the express hope that combination of all information will provide a sufficient response. second, and commensurate with the previous point, cumulative case apologetics \" is a broadly based argument that is drawn from a number of elements in our experience, which in turn either require explanation or point beyond themselves. \" 9 third \u2014 which also demonstrates what appears to be the disorganization inherent in the approach \u2014 \" none of the elements that constitute this case has any priority over any other. \" 10 again, depending on the question or criticism will also depending on where the defense begins to make its case. fourth, the cumulative case \" is not simply a defense of god ' s existence or theism, it is an apologetic for christianity. \" 11 again, depending on the argument will depend on where the apologetic argument begins. although several well - known individuals have embraced a cumulative approach to christian apologetics, 12 of the five most common methods, it seems to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5143909386140985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:26.844168"} {"text": "is an apologetic for christianity. \" 11 again, depending on the argument will depend on where the apologetic argument begins. although several well - known individuals have embraced a cumulative approach to christian apologetics, 12 of the five most common methods, it seems to present the most difficulties at actually making a defense, if for no other reason than its lack of coherency. on the other hand, there is something to commend this approach, and that stems from the fact that despite the seeming disjointed prongs in the method, each prong is intended to work to strengthen any potential weaknesses than any given contributor to the argument might have. there is no doubt that truth is its ultimate object, but arriving at that destination may be more difficult than other apologetic approaches where there is a definitive starting point and fewer indirectly related contributors that could sidetrack the journey. presuppositional apologetics is distinctly different from the previous methods already discussed. whereas the former allude to scripture and then argue from various philosophical or evidential points of view in an effort to persuade the non - believer of the validity of the christian worldview, the presuppositionalist explicitly starts his argument by presupposing the truthfulness of the bible and then proceeds to make his case. any knowledge, evidence, or wisdom ultimately must have biblical sanction, otherwise it is considered something that does not glorify god, much less is absolutely true to reality. cornelius van til is the one credited with the development of this method. a later exponent of the presuppositional method was greg bahnsen. just prior to his death in 1995 summed up presuppositionalism in his book always ready. his words are worth quoting in their entirety to further explain just what this kind of apologetic represents and strives to accomplish. he wrote : one thing that ought to be remembered about presuppositionalism is that it does not frown upon the use of evidence to defend the christian faith. in fact, presuppositionalists encourage it. it is that evidence, philosophy, and logical argumentation are to be placed beneath the authority of scripture, which is deemed as a declaration of the mind of god, who ultimately gives meaning to evidence found to support the christian discovery of the truth. believing in the existence of god by disregarding the demand by some to provide tangible evidence is perhaps the best way to describe reformed apologetics in its fundamental form. it ' s not that the reformed apologists frowns upon the use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4751249624853897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:26.849639"} {"text": "discovery of the truth. believing in the existence of god by disregarding the demand by some to provide tangible evidence is perhaps the best way to describe reformed apologetics in its fundamental form. it ' s not that the reformed apologists frowns upon the use of evidence to support god ' s existence ; it ' s that he does not find it necessary. his position is that one is perfectly rational for believing in god without having to actually prove it by resorting to external, empirical means to do so. this method postulates at least three reasons to support its rationality : ( 1 ) the impracticality of evidence for the majority of true believers ; ( 2 ) intuitive awareness of god ' s presence in the believer ' s life ; and ( 3 ) the quality of postivie belief in god versus the negative belief in doubt. the impracticality of evidence for the majority of true believers simply means that very few believers have the ways or means to validate their belief, and yet they still believe. at all ages, from young to old, those who believe in god do so despite the fact that none of them have read the great philosophers of the past, nor have considered the latest arguments and \" science, \" which according to some should be examined in order to make such a rational decision. yet, many of those believers are normal, reasonable, productive citizens of society, who if someone was to charge them with being irrational, simply because they asserted their belief in god, would be thought to be irrational themselves. to have an intuitive awareness of god ' s presence in one ' s life is something that cannot be measured by empirical means. it is something that is perfectly normal, given that god himself cannot be measured empirically, given that he is a metaphysical being. it is because of the intuition \u2014 which is at times greater in some people than others, simply because of the maturity of the person \u2014 or interaction of god with the human soul, as god regenerates and sanctifies the person unto himself, that the person concludes that what is happening is beyond the physical realm. it is supernatural, and the supernatural is personal. physical evidence merely affirms the experience, yet without it no harm is done. commensurate with intuitive awareness is the positive belief in a personal god rather than the negative belief in doubt. the idea here is to work in reverse from that which is commonly done in scientific laboratories, where skepticism and doubt rule the day, as they deal with inanimate objects rather than persona beings. since", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5555368437133094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:26.851572"} {"text": "personal god rather than the negative belief in doubt. the idea here is to work in reverse from that which is commonly done in scientific laboratories, where skepticism and doubt rule the day, as they deal with inanimate objects rather than persona beings. since personal qualities and attributes cannot be measured in a petri dish, and since god is a personal, to the reformed apologist it only makes sense to deal with persons as persons rather than impersonal things. and since that requires the other person ' s involvement in the discovery, then to short - circuit the process through a one - way inquiry based on skepticism and doubt is certainly not the way the normal person would treat other relationships. this article has attempted to explain the five major ways that christian apologists conduct their craft. each one contributes something of value to the quest to not only provide an answer to the questions and attacks upon the christian faith, as well as obey the divine mandate found in 1 peter 3 : 15 to do so. as far as capro is concerned it would lean in the direction of the presuppositional method. but, that in no way discounts the validity of the other methods as well. it merely asserts what it believes is the proper starting place for apologetics, and then alludes to other more evidential means when necessary. ultimately, though, it is up to the individual to decide for himself where he will begin. the key to remember, though, is that one must being somewhere. and by doing so not only will the christian be in obedience to god ' s command to give an answer for what he believes, he will enjoy the blessing, satisfaction, and challenge of probing more deeply into that which so many christians have neglected, namely their faith. 1 thomas aquinas, summa theologica, 5 vols. ( new york : benzier bros., 1948 ), 1 : 13 - 14. 2 william paley, natural theology ( boston : gould and lincoln, 1860 ), 6. 3 others of equal notability are r. c. sproul, alister mcgrath, j. p. moreland, and ravi zacharias. 4 william lane craig, reasonable faith ( wheaton : crossway, 1994 ), 48. 5 john warwick montgomery, history, law, and christianity ( edmonton : canadian institute for law, theology, and public policy, inc., 2002 ), 64. 6 i say generally because as habermas notes, \" like the other methods, evidentialism can be rather eclectic in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5153571402400116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:26.859480"} {"text": "it starts in the laboratory our laboratory was established over 35 years ago and was one of the first in the us to clone orchids. hundreds of thousands of orchid seedlings and clones are produced by our laboratory each year. by producing our own plants we are able to assure you that they are true to name and virus free. our \u201c shoot - proliferation \u201d method takes a longer time to produce an orchid plant, but greatly reduces the chance of any mutations in our clones. in order to keep our laboratory as clean as possible, it is only open to laboratory personnel. then the growing room this is but one section of shelves in the \u201c growing room \u201d of the laboratory. plants are carried through three stages - seed flask, transplant flask, and final flask. we do not have lists of flasks for sale, but we can sometimes supply your needs. the inventory constantly changes, so contact us regarding your needs. final step - the greenhouse once they leave the laboratory, our orchid plants are cared for in one of our 18 greenhouses. ( the greenhouses are open to the public, so please stop by and visit us. ) as each plant grows it is periodically repotted to allow it to reach maturity. the following is an estimate of the time until flowering for standard cattleya orchid plant : - 2. 5 \" pot - 2 to 3 years - 3 \" pot - 2 years - 3. 5 \" pot - 1 to 2 years - 4 \" pot - near blooming size - 12 to 18 months - 5 \" pot - blooming size - within 12 months", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44773711093173657, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:26.867394"} {"text": "a 5th century medallion showing what is perhaps the only portrait we have of galla placidia ( 388 - 450 c. e. ), the last ( and the only ) western roman empress. the inscription says \" domina nostra, galla placidia, pia, felix, augusta, \" that is \" our lady, galla placidia, pious, blessed and venerable. \" a contemporary of such figures as saint augustine, saint patrick, attila the hun, and \u2013 perhaps \u2013 king arthur, placidia had the rare chance of being able to do something that past roman emperors never could do ; take the empire to its next stage which was to be, unavoidably, its demise. as i was preparing this essay on empress galla placidia, i found myself giving an impromptu talk on the subject to my students in chemistry on the last lesson before christmas. later on, i thought that i could write my essay in the form of that talk. so, here it is. it is much expanded in comparison to what i said to my students on that occasion, but still it maintains the essence of it. i have added headings and some figures. introduction : chemistry of an empire i think there won ' t be a lecture in chemistry, today. we are close to christmas, there are just a few of you, and so it is better to skip a long and boring lecture ; we ' ll have it after the pause for the holidays. so, we could simply leave for a coffee but, maybe, we could use this time we have in a different way. you know, there is a subject that i work on when i have some free time : roman history. so, i was thinking that, instead of giving you a lecture in chemistry, i could speak to you about that. how would you like to hear the story of a roman princess who married a barbarian king and then became empress of rome? now, i see from your faces that - yes - you would like to be told this story! but note that perhaps it is a subject that is not so far from chemistry as you might think. you see, civilizations can be seen as huge chemical reactions and you know that chemical reactions tend to flare up and then subside ; it is what we call \" chemical kinetics, \" you have studied that. the same happens for empires ; they tend to flare up and then disappear ; that ' s what happened to the roman empire, as you know. so, civilizations and chemical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4711347762057505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.133622"} {"text": "it is what we call \" chemical kinetics, \" you have studied that. the same happens for empires ; they tend to flare up and then disappear ; that ' s what happened to the roman empire, as you know. so, civilizations and chemical reactions can be studied using similar methods ; it is a field of science that goes under the name of \" system dynamics \". in a sense, there are forces pushing people to do things just like there are forces pushing molecules to react. in chemistry we call those forces \u201c chemical potentials \u201d, about people we might use the term \u201c destiny \u201d or \" karma \" or something like that. but perhaps the difference is not so great. but don ' t worry about equations. i said that today i was going to tell you a story, and i am going to do it. it is the story of galla placidia ; born a roman princess, then queen of the goths, and, in the end, empress of rome. it is a great story of love, sex, and war. so, let ' s start! the fall of rome. now, i am asking you to close your eyes and forget for a moment where you are. forget that you are in a classroom, forget that you are students of chemistry, forget that you live in the 21st century. try to imagine something that existed way back in time : ancient rome in the first years of the 5th century of our era, fifteen hundred years ago. yes, rome, the eternal city, the center of the world, the cradle of civilization, the place all the roads lead to. at the beginning of the 5th century, rome is still the largest city of europe ; the capital of the western roman empire. think of the city as stretched over its seven hills ; surrounded by the massive aurelian walls, full of marble palaces, markets, amphitheaters, gardens, and fountains. the roman senate still holds sessions in the curia and gladiators still fight in the arenas, as they have been doing for centuries. but, with the 5th century, things have changed a lot for the empire. the victorious armies of old are gone ; the emperor himself doesn ' t even live in rome any longer. he stays in the small town of ravenna, protected by the marshes that surround it. and, in 410 a. d., rome is under siege. imagine that : outside the walls of rome there is a whole nation : men, women, children, horses and cattle. tens of thousands of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5812800569425234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.134765"} {"text": "protected by the marshes that surround it. and, in 410 a. d., rome is under siege. imagine that : outside the walls of rome there is a whole nation : men, women, children, horses and cattle. tens of thousands of people who have marched there all the way from the north : the visigoths. they are led by their king, alaric, and now they are besieging rome. while the emperor, honorius, is hiding in ravenna, the only barrier that keeps the barbarians out of the city is the circle of the ancient aurelian walls. but that cannot last forever. without an army to defend the walls, the outcome of the siege could be only one. in august of 410, the barbarians broke in and they sacked rome. that date was to be remembered in history : the most powerful city in the world, the \u201c eternal \u201d city, had fallen. the shock for the event reverberated for centuries. among other things, it inspired augustine ' s \" the city of god, \" still well known today. now, how was that the largest city in the world, the eternal city, had ended up taken and sacked by a band of barbarians? it was just the final point of a decline that had been going on for centuries. you know that the peak of the roman empire had been at some moment in the second century a. d. after that period, it had been all downhill : civil wars, barbarian invasions, epidemics, famines and all that. not a smooth process, of course. there had been very difficult periods and periods when the empire seemed to be able to recover. on the whole, the western empire had managed to remain all in one piece up to the end of the 4th century. but, with the 5th century, things were to change and, this time, the empire would never really recover. edward gibbon gives us an especially poignant report of these events in his \u201c decline and fall of the roman empire \u201d. in the year 405 ( perhaps ), europe saw a very cold winter \u2013 so cold that it froze the waters of the rhine river. that river had been the eastern border of the empire for centuries. it had been chosen after that the romans had been defeated by the germans at teutoburg, long before. but when it froze, a great number of barbarians crossed over. that was the end of the border fortifications ; the romans simply couldn ' t defend them any more. the walls were abandoned and left to crumble", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44130318088170956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.136602"} {"text": "at teutoburg, long before. but when it froze, a great number of barbarians crossed over. that was the end of the border fortifications ; the romans simply couldn ' t defend them any more. the walls were abandoned and left to crumble to dust for ever and ever. it was an epochal change ; from then on, the barbarians were inside the empire and they would stay there. in the great turmoil of those years, a large band of barbarians marched directly towards rome. in 406 ad, they were met at the foot of the appennini mountains, at the city of faesulae, by what gibbon calls \" the last army of the republic \". the romans had gathered there all the forces they could muster and they succeeded in stopping the barbarians. trapped in a narrow valley, the barbarians were nearly all killed or taken prisoners and sold as slaves. their king, radagaisus, was captured and beheaded. these events are still remembered as legends in the area where the battle was fought. it was a great victory for rome and in particular for the general who had been leading the roman army : flavius stilicho, magister militum, commander in chief of all the imperial forces. but there was a problem : successful generals are never liked by suspicious emperors. besides, stilicho was a barbarian himself, a vandal, and that didn ' t make him popular with the romans. so, soon after the battle, emperor honorius had stilicho executed for treason. that was a big mistake, a very big one ; you might say that honorius had shot himself in the foot with his crossbow. by then, the roman army was composed mainly of barbarians and, with their chief, stilicho, betrayed and killed, most of them deserted. the army melted away and many of those who had deserted joined the army of king alaric. now, you can understand how it was that rome was left undefended and it ended up falling to the barbarians. galla placidia : roman princess what i have been telling to you is the history of the fall of rome as we can read it in the texts of the chroniclers. actually, very little is left of those events in terms of contemporary sources ; most of what we have was written decades, if not centuries, after the events. so, we need to put together all the sources we have to try to understand what was exactly happening. and there is a human side to the events that goes beyond the fact that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4423143744942488, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.139038"} {"text": "we have was written decades, if not centuries, after the events. so, we need to put together all the sources we have to try to understand what was exactly happening. and there is a human side to the events that goes beyond the fact that rome was in decline and that it eventually fell. we can just barely imagine what was the atmosphere in rome during the two years of the siege, what people thought and how they saw an event that - by all means - they must have found incredible ; actually impossible. rome had not been besieged for a thousand years, it was the greatest city in the known world. that it would fall to a petty barbarian lord, that was.... come on. it just couldn ' t be! the problem is that when people face something that doesn ' t fit with the way they think the world should be, they tend to ignore it. if they can ' t, they may go crazy. and the romans went crazy. they tried whatever they could think of. they raised a new emperor, someone named priscus attalus, with all the pomp involved. but the barbarian king was unimpressed. then, they sent to him a delegation of senators, and they told the king how numerous the romans were. to that, alaric answered, solemnly ( i figure ) \u201c the thicker the hay, the easier it is mowed \u201d now, tell me if this is not the stuff legends are made of! at this point, the romans really went crazy. yes, they went nuts, bananas, watermelons, whatever you like to call that condition. they started looking for a culprit, a scapegoat, someone to blame. now, you remember that emperor honorius had accused his general flavius stilicho of treason ; that is, of being colluded with the barbarians. that was already an effect of rampaging paranoia. but, in the besieged rome, paranoia went up of a few notches. someone noticed that stilicho ' s widow, serena, was in rome. if her husband had been a traitor, well, she had to be a traitoress. serena was the cousin of emperor honorius, a noblewoman of high rank. but when paranoia becomes the rule, it generates pure evil. serena was accused of treason, sentenced to death by the senate, and executed by strangling. it is at this point that we have the first appearance of galla placidia in history as an adult, she was around", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46050641593071445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.140868"} {"text": "generates pure evil. serena was accused of treason, sentenced to death by the senate, and executed by strangling. it is at this point that we have the first appearance of galla placidia in history as an adult, she was around 20 years old at that time. we are told by the chronicler zosimus that the execution of serena was done \" with galla placidia ' s consent. \" we have a little story to tell, here. let ' s go back of a few years, when placidia ' s father, theodosius 1st, \" the great \" was the last roman emperor to rule over both the eastern and the western part of the empire. he had two male children, arcadius and honorius, to whom he left the empire. arcadius took the east and honorius the west. but theodosius had also a younger daughter, galla placidia, who got nothing. then as now, being female is not an asset when it is question of inheriting an empire. but theodosius may have understood that his two male children would not make good emperors ( they didn ' t ) and so he kept placidia in reserve, sort of ; something that turned out to have been a smart move. theodosius left placidia in care of his best general, flavius stilicho, who raised her in his household, with his wife serena who was also theodosius ' niece. so, in the years of the siege, placidia was in rome, probably staying with her foster mother, serena. now, we can barely imagine a situation in which the senate decides to sentence to death the cousin of the emperor, as serena was. but placidia was of even higher rank in terms of nobility. she had the title of \" puella nobilissima. \" i think you know enough latin to translate this as \" most noble girl, \" which is, of course, the equivalent of what we call \" princess \" today. so, in a sense, the senators got cold feet with their idea of killing serena and they asked to the highest rank noble in rome, placidia, to take the responsibility of what was, in effect, a legalized murder. and they were asking her to agree on the murder of someone who was both her foster mother and a close relative. we can ' t say, of course, what passed in placidia ' s mind at that time. we can ' t", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.461037048867567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.142353"} {"text": ". and they were asking her to agree on the murder of someone who was both her foster mother and a close relative. we can ' t say, of course, what passed in placidia ' s mind at that time. we can ' t even be sure that she actually approved anything. we know about this story only from a line written by zosimus, a greek who wrote more than a century after the events. but, if it did happen, it was the first political decision taken by placidia in her life ; something that may give us some idea of her way of thinking. possibly, she simply cracked under the stress of the moment. but she may also have reasoned that opposing the senate would have made no difference. they had already decided on that crazy idea of killing serena, what was to stop them if they were to get even more crazy and decide to kill also placidia? after all, she was stilicho ' s foster daughter ; she could have been a traitoress, too. so, maybe placidia just didn ' t try to fight a battle she couldn ' t win. it was her style : don ' t fight the unavoidable. we ' ll see that it will resurface more than once, later on. placidia could be flexible, adapt and thrive even in very difficult situations. with the execution of serena, the supposed traitoress, we may imagine that the romans expected that the visigoths would vanish in a puff of smoke. but, of course, that didn ' t happen. in 410 a. d. the visigoths broke in, they sacked rome, and not just that : they took a very big prize : galla placidia herself ; puella nobilissima, half sister of the ruling emperor. the chroniclers don ' t mention anything like placidia being dragged away from her palace, kicking and screaming \u2013 actually they are totally silent on this point. probably, that means something. we don ' t have to think that placidia was happy to join the barbarians but, again, she didn ' t try to avoid the unavoidable. we can ' t even exclude that she may have felt safer with the barbarians than with the treacherous roman senators. at least, as far as we know, the visigoths treated galla placidia with all the honors due to a puella nobilissima, a roman princess. the visigoths stayed in rome for just three days. as sack", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39828804462517664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.143709"} {"text": "least, as far as we know, the visigoths treated galla placidia with all the honors due to a puella nobilissima, a roman princess. the visigoths stayed in rome for just three days. as sackings go, theirs was rather mild. they burned and sacked a few buildings but, mainly, they ransacked what gold and silver they could find and then they left, heading south, with the idea of reaching africa and of settling there. they were taking galla placidia with them. after a long and slow trip, they arrived to the southernmost tip of the italian peninsula, but they couldn ' t cross to africa because a storm destroyed the ships they had assembled on the coast. then, king alaric died and legend has that he was buried under the riverbed of the busento river, together with his share of the gold sacked in rome. another event that rings of legend. people are still looking for that treasure, today! at this point, stranded in southern italy and short of food, the visigoths had no choice but to go back, slowly retracing their road. they were led by their new king, athaulf, half brother of alaric. the travel to southern italy had weakened them considerably and, when they arrived close to rome, they couldn ' t even dream to sack the city again. they kept moving on and, eventually, they stopped in southern france, by then largely abandoned by the roman empire. and, on the way, placidia married athaulf, perhaps in italy, or perhaps in narbonne, in france. that was in 414, four years after the fall of rome. placidia was around 25 at that time. the royal marriage so, we have arrived to the royal marriage ; it is something that most of us seem to be very interested in! i think you are all visualizing the galla placidia and athaulf getting married and, indeed, it must have been something special. it was celebrated with great pomp and high roman festivities. we even have a description of the magnificent gifts that were given to placidia from the booty that the goths had captured in rome. the wedding speech was given by a roman senator, priscus attalus, who had been claiming the title of emperor from the time of the siege of rome. attalus even sang a song at the wedding ; you know, that was something : think of having an emperor singing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40567309678731533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.146657"} {"text": "senator, priscus attalus, who had been claiming the title of emperor from the time of the siege of rome. attalus even sang a song at the wedding ; you know, that was something : think of having an emperor singing at your wedding! galla placida, the roman princess, now gladly took for herself the title of \u201c queen of the goths \u201d. i say \u201c gladly \u201d because she never reneged that title later in life, no matter what happened to her \u2013 and we ' ll see that a lot of things happened. but why that? i mean, she already had the title of roman princess, she had good possibilities to marry a would - be emperor and become empress herself. why would she want to become queen of a barbarian nation? in addition, think that athaulf was the brother of alaric, the king who had sacked rome. if you can imagine the daughter of an american president marrying the brother of osama bin laden, well, then you can get some idea of what kind of decision placidia took. of course, 1500 years after the event, we can ' t say what passed in galla placidia ' s mind and we can ' t exclude that there was a romantic element in her decision. that brings up the question of whether athaulf was a handsome man, but we have no portraits of him. we don ' t even know how old he was at the time of this marriage. we know that he had been married before, he had four children from his first wife, but we have no idea of what happened to her. so, we can only say that, probably, he was older than placidia, but that ' s about it. we know much more about placida, but we don ' t have a portrait that we can attribute to her, either. nevertheless, if we want to understand this story, we have to figure out in our minds the faces of these characters. i am sure that you have been \u201c seeing \u201d in your minds both placidia and athaulf \u2013 our minds are made in this way ; we can ' t avoid that. think of when you speak over the phone with someone you never met \u2013 you can ' t avoid to build up a portrait of him or her in your mind. but we do know something about placidia ' s face. we can see it in some coins minted during her later reign as empress. the problem is that these portraits are anything but realistic.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4397332981141856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.148286"} {"text": "a portrait of him or her in your mind. but we do know something about placidia ' s face. we can see it in some coins minted during her later reign as empress. the problem is that these portraits are anything but realistic. it is the same problem we have with cleopatra, the egyptian queen. we tend to think of cleopatra as a very beautiful woman, but we don ' t have a portrait that we can attribute to her for sure. so, looking at her face on coins, well, she looks frankly ugly. but, of course, those portraits on coins were not supposed to be anything realistic and we can happily continue imagining cleopatra with the face of elizabeth taylor, who interpreted her in an old hollywood movie. now, about placidia, it is the same problem we have for cleopatra. if placidia looked the way she is shown on some coins, well, ahem...... we might pity poor athaulf who had to marry her. but, as for cleopatra, these coins are not supposed to be realistic. actually, different coins show different faces for placidia ; so we can reasonably be sure that, in most cases, whoever made the portrait didn ' t have a chance to see the empress in the face. in the end, the closest thing we have to a portrait of placidia is a gold medallion ; one of a couple, the other showing her half brother, honorius. i think we can say that it gives us at least some idea of what placidia looked like. looking at it, we see that she had fine features and a slender neck under her elaborate hairdo. surely, we have good reasons to imagine her as a beautiful woman ; after all, her mother, galla, had been said to be the \u201c fairest woman in the roman empire. \u201d in the end, if you like to imagine her as audrey hepburn playing the role of the princess in that old movie, \" roman holiday, \" i ' d say, why not? so, let ' s go back to the imperial marriage. we have two handsome people getting married : athaulf and placidia, but, of course, that can ' t be the whole story. what we can say is that people do things for many reasons : sometimes because of logic, sometimes they act on impulse. but don ' t forget that real life is not a fairy tale. you know that love is a chemical reaction and that chemical reactions have a way to go on by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4781267988535535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.150700"} {"text": "do things for many reasons : sometimes because of logic, sometimes they act on impulse. but don ' t forget that real life is not a fairy tale. you know that love is a chemical reaction and that chemical reactions have a way to go on by themselves if there is a chemical potential driving them. and, as we said before, this potential is something that we may call \u201c destiny \u201d if we like. and i think that in this case there was a very strong potential that was leading athaulf and placidia to react with each other, to marry. king arthur and placidia now, i would like to ask you a question. can you think of another figure who was trying to do something similar to what placidia was doing, just in that period ; that is, a roman marrying a barbarian? it takes a small jump of imagination to connect galla placidia to this figure. can you make it? think about that for a moment and the name will come to your mind. that name you know very, very, well : it is king arthur! yes, king arthur, the legendary hero. we can ' t say for sure that he actually existed. at least, historians say that there is no proof that he ever existed. but that doesn ' t mean that he didn ' t exist and if he existed there is a reasonable chance that he was a contemporary of galla placidia, during the 5th century. at that time, britain had ceased to be part of the roman empire and it is likely that placidia never came to know the name of a petty barbarian king \u2013 arthur \u2013 who ruled part of a remote northern island. arthur, on his part, surely knew little of the events that took place in the far away roman empire. but, curiously, arthur and placidia \u2013 contemporary or not \u2013 may have followed similar paths in their lives. i am mentioning this movie to you just to show how we can still \u201c feel \u201d quite a lot about an age as remote as the 5th century. the arthurian cycle pervades our culture still today even though, as i said, we can ' t even be sure that a king named arthur ever existed. but the fifth century was a great generator of legends. think of the nibelungenlied, the saga of the nibelungs. you know that story ; you know the names of the characters : siegfried, hagen, kriemhild. it comes from the same period, the 5th century ad and it echoes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47233570413586723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.152079"} {"text": "do that as long as her half brother, honorius, was alive, but honorius was childless. so, placidia must have had something in mind when she named her son \" theodosius \", the same name of his grand - father, theodosius \u201c the great. \u201d from what the chroniclers tell us, it seems clear that placidia ' s idea was nothing less than taking over the throne from her half - brother, honorius, and starting a gothic - roman dynasty that would have ruled the empire. a bold plan, if ever there was one. but there was much more in placidia ' s plans than simply ruling an empire. you see, the fifth century looks like our times for many reasons ; one was the great migrations. it was a time when people marched on and on, searching for a place to settle, and that brought many contrasts, battles and wars. for the romans, the people who had entered their empire were invaders or, in some case, immigrants ; that was what the term \" barbarian \" meant : simply \" foreigner \". legal or illegal as they could be, immigrants they were looked with suspicion \u2013 just like today we look at our immigrants. at that time, just like today, there were people who wanted to send the immigrants back home, or just get rid of them one way or another. but that wasn ' t easy and, as we saw, the immigrants had become numerous and powerful enough that they had been able to sack rome. so, the romans would have had to learn how to live with their barbarian immigrants ; but at the time of placidia many romans just couldn ' t resign to the idea they had to do that. as i said, there are remarkable similarities with our times! in a way, what was happening was a big chemical reaction : the two \u201c reactants \u201d, barbarians and romans, had come together on that fated winter of 405, when the border fortifications of the empire had collapsed. now, there was nothing that could be done : the reactants were mixed together, the reaction was going on. it could not be stopped and placidia ' s idea was to favor it. again, we see her style : don ' t fight the unavoidable, let it happen. in this case, the unavoidable meant anticipating something that in actual history would take several centuries to happen : the merging of the roman and german peoples in europe. placidia was taking this merging on herself by marrying a barbarian and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4285033547404341, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.154483"} {"text": "happen. in this case, the unavoidable meant anticipating something that in actual history would take several centuries to happen : the merging of the roman and german peoples in europe. placidia was taking this merging on herself by marrying a barbarian and bearing a child to him. according to the chroniclers, it was she who convinced her husband, athaulf, of this idea. athaulf is reported to have said that initially he had planned to destroy rome and the romans, but after that he had met placidia, he wanted to live in peace with them. maybe it is a fancy story, but it gives us some idea of what was passing in the minds of the characters of this story. it would be nice, at this point, to say that athaulf and placida lived happily ever after and that their son, theodosius, became emperor of the romans and, at the same time, king of the goths. but things didn ' t go that way, of course. it was a beautiful dream, but also an impossible one. the military situation was changing. the romans had managed to re - organize and rebuild an army under the leadership of a new commander in chief : constantius. he seems to have been a competent general ; he never fought big battles but almost always he obtained what he wanted. the visigoths started feeling the pressure and they had to leave southern france and move to spain. their retreat must have been rather hasty, since they had to abandon attalus, the usurper who had sung at placidia ' s marriage. he was captured by costantius and sent to ravenna, where he suffered the humiliation of having a hand cut off before being sent to exile. in spain, the visigoths settled in barcelona, which a that time was a fortified stronghold. there, everything went wrong. little theodosius died before being one year old. then, athaulf was killed in a conspiracy. maybe it was the result of the loss of prestige that he had suffered with the retreat from southern france. surely, there were visigoths much more aggressive than athaulf in the way they thought they should deal with the romans ; there may well have been something like a \u201c war party \u201d. the new king was one of them. he was named sigeric and, just to give some idea of what he had in mind, let me tell you that he forced placidia to march for miles on foot, while following her, riding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4394071109090302, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.155635"} {"text": "the new king was one of them. he was named sigeric and, just to give some idea of what he had in mind, let me tell you that he forced placidia to march for miles on foot, while following her, riding his horse. fortunately, as i said, she was strong and in good health. but sigeric ruled for just one week ; i think that the goths were afraid of what he was planning to do \u2013 and correctly so ; as i said, the romans were now much stronger than they had been at the time of the siege of rome. so, someone got rid of sigeric and a new, more diplomatic king was installed - someone named wallia. the new king started negotiations with costantius and, eventually, he sent placidia back to ravenna in exchange for food and a peace treaty. that was the end of placidia ' s time with the goths. for all her life, she maintained the title of \u201c queen of the goths \u201d, but she would never be with them again. galla placidia : the empress the story of galla placidia seems to have been conceived from the beginning as the plot of an adventure movie. it is full of events and it swings up an down as a rollercoaster. so, we saw that placidia started as a princess, then she was prisoner of the goths, then she became their queen, then she was again their prisoner. a series of oscillations that was to go on for quite some time. with placidia back to ravenna, things changed again. it seems that constantius had something in mind about her ; actually he may have been an early suitor of hers. anyway, the two got married soon after arriving in ravenna. we can ' t say whether placidia was happy about that but, as usual, she didn ' t fight the unavoidable and she followed opportunities when she saw one. the couple had two children and, later on, constantius, as the husband of a member of the imperial family, managed to be raised to the title of \u201c co - emperor \u201d of the western empire. at this point, placidia obtained the title of \" augusta. \" it was not exactly the same title as \u201c imperator \u201d which means \u201c commander \u201d and has to do with leading armies. but, for all practical purposes, she was empress of rome. you see? a big swing upward of the roller", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3944867735205705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.156837"} {"text": "\" it was not exactly the same title as \u201c imperator \u201d which means \u201c commander \u201d and has to do with leading armies. but, for all practical purposes, she was empress of rome. you see? a big swing upward of the rollercoaster. now, there is a lot to say about placidia ' s life as empress and the rollercoaster was to go through a few more swings up and down. but let me go quickly with the story because, as you perhaps have heard, \u201c the art of boredom consists in telling everything. \u201d so, constantius died a few months after having been raised to the imperial purple and the situation in ravenna evolved into a squabble where honorius and placidia, emperor and empress, started behaving as the characters of old western movies ; you know, when they say, \" this town ain ' t big enough for both of us. \" there are many curious details about the fight of honorius against placidia. one is that placidia was accused of incest with her half brother ; that may have been just bad press against her but, who knows, maybe she was using all the means she had to try to control him. that ' s a curious facet of placidia ' s personality, considering that she was a devout catholic and she was always said to be an exemplary spouse and a chaste widow. was this one true or false? we ' ll never know. then, there is mention of placidia ' s gothic bodyguards. they had accompanied her since the time when she was queen of the goths ( which she still was \u2013 she never wanted to abandon that title! ). so, the fight got ugly in the streets of ravenna and, no matter how brave placidia ' s bodyguards were, her brother honorius managed to get the upper hand. and here we have another swing down of the rollercoaster. placidia, thrown out of ravenna, could only take refuge in costantinople ; the capital of the eastern empire. there, her nephew had become emperor with the name of theodosius ii. placidia arrived in front of him with little more than the clothes she had on. but the rollercoaster swung up again : while placidia was there, honorius died and an usurper took his place. at this point theodosius ii thought that he couldn ' t lose the western empire ; so he gave to placidia a whole army to go", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4147462474727131, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.157902"} {"text": ": while placidia was there, honorius died and an usurper took his place. at this point theodosius ii thought that he couldn ' t lose the western empire ; so he gave to placidia a whole army to go back to italy and reconquer ravenna. the usurper didn ' t have a chance, poor guy. he was defeated, captured, had one hand cut off, then he was paraded around on a donkey, and finally beheaded. we don ' t know if placidia ordered that herself, but those were hard times and if you wanted to be an emperor ( or an empress ) you had to take the risks involved. no one ever said that placidia was ms. nice girl, anyway. then, in 425 ad, placidia took the title of augusta for herself alone, although theoretically on behalf of her son, valentinian. that was the end of her rollercoaster ride in life \u2013 no more swings up and down from now on. she was to rule as empress for 12 years and she maintained a strong influence at court as empress mother for 13 more years ; until her death, in 450 ad, when she was 62 years old. ruling an empire. now, let ' s play a little game, a game that i think all of us have played inside our minds. if you were the absolute ruler of the world, the emperor of earth, what would you do to solve the world ' s problems? i am sure you have plenty of ideas that you would put into practice ; you know, how eliminate hunger, reduce pollution, stop global warming, make everyone happy - all that. of course, that is only a dream for us, but there have been people in the past who really had tremendous power in their hands. not on the whole world, of course, no single person has ever ruled it. but there existed people who ruled sizable parts of the world and their power was absolute and subjected to no rules. the roman emperors of the last period of the empire were of that kind. they were called porphirogenites, \u201c born in the purple, \u201d they were semi - divine rulers. you know, if you were emperor at that time, you couldn ' t turn your head left or right when you walked ; your subjects could speak to you only if you addressed them first, you had to wear heavy clothes all the time, and god knows what else the imperial protocol would impose on you. there is a curious detail about constantius", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.414652086663899, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.160167"} {"text": "or right when you walked ; your subjects could speak to you only if you addressed them first, you had to wear heavy clothes all the time, and god knows what else the imperial protocol would impose on you. there is a curious detail about constantius, placidia ' s second husband, who said that becoming emperor had been a terrible experience for him : too much protocol! that was the price of absolute power. actually, \u201c absolute power \u201d is an exaggeration. galla placidia, as any emperor before and after her, had limits to what she could do. one of these limits was that she couldn ' t lead armies herself. she had to rely on generals and that was big problem : as it always happens in history, successful generals tend to take all the power for themselves and, of course, unsuccessful generals are totally useless. so, during her career as empress, placidia ' s main problem was to control her generals by balancing one against the other. one of these generals was named aetius, you may have heard the name. he was quite a character, he was a roman but he had been raised with the huns, so they were his allies and they would fight for him when he needed ( not that he didn ' t need to pay them, though ). but aetius was also the general who led the roman army that stopped attila the hun from invading europe at the famous battle of chalons, in 452 ad. anyway, the story of placidia as empress would take an entire book but, as i said, the secret of boredom is to tell everything, so let ' s just say that placidia managed to keep the empire more or less together as long as she was empress. one of her achievements was securing the supply of grain to rome from africa. that was despite the fact that north africa had been taken by the vandals ; yes, but they kept shipping grains to rome as long as placidia was empress. after the death of placidia, they stopped sending grain and not just that ; they took rome and sacked it. i think it means that placidia made a difference as long as she was in ravenna ; she was not just a doll wearing expensive clothes. but, from our viewpoint, we know that the western empire was doomed and that it would disappear a few decades after placidia. the question that we may ask ourselves is whether she understood that the empire was going to fall. if she did, what did", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45138941785186043, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.162053"} {"text": "from our viewpoint, we know that the western empire was doomed and that it would disappear a few decades after placidia. the question that we may ask ourselves is whether she understood that the empire was going to fall. if she did, what did she do to avoid that? think of being in her shoes : if you were placidia, what would you do to save the empire? so, let ' s see if we can understand in what kind of troubles, exactly, was the western roman empire at the time of placidia. we said before that empires are like chemical reactions and chemical reactions subside when they run out of reactants. in the 5th century, the roman empire had been running out of reactants. it had been growing on the profits made from military campaigns but, at some point around the 2nd century, it had reached its limits. with no more easy conquests in sight, the empire had to live on its own resources and it never really learned how to do that. the empire, simply, could not tax its subjects high enough to support the troops it kept. over and over, the empire continued to spend more than it could afford for defense. it is typical of empires all over history : empires destroy themselves by spending too much for their military apparatus. managing any large structure is difficult and we tend to do it badly ; a whole empire may be an especially difficult case. to do it well, we would need to use a method that i mentioned before : system dynamics ; which is a way to describe systems and the relation of the various elements that compose them. but it is rare that people can understand systems in this way. what happens instead is that, in most cases, we understand what are the critical points ( \" levers \" ) that are causing troubles, but we tend to act on them in the wrong way. it is something that we learned in our times from donella meadows ( like placidia, a strong woman, although not an empress ) who has taught us a lot about system dynamics. it is a very general trend : almost always we pull the levers in the wrong direction and we worsen the problems that we are trying to solve. that is even too clear for the case of the roman empire, at least from our viewpoint. during the decline phase, roman emperors struggled to keep the empire safe from barbarian invasions and they understood that their problem was that they didn ' t have enough resources to do that. but their answer was always the wrong one : they kept trying to raise", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4918737912088238, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.165427"} {"text": ". during the decline phase, roman emperors struggled to keep the empire safe from barbarian invasions and they understood that their problem was that they didn ' t have enough resources to do that. but their answer was always the wrong one : they kept trying to raise as many troops as they could. that was a self - defeating idea : every time that the romans fought the barbarians, they could win or lose, but each battle made the empire a little poorer and a little weaker. the empire was using resources that could not be replaced ; non renewable resources, as we would say today. so, wasn ' t there a solution for the troubles of the roman empire? well, there was one if you think in terms of system dynamics. it is a question of pulling the levers in the right direction. by raising troops and fighting battles, the roman emperors were pulling the levers in the wrong direction. they had to invert the direction : the solution was not more troops but less troops. it was not more imperial bureaucracy but less, not more of a tax burden but less. in the end, the solution was right there and it was simple : it was middle ages. middle ages meant getting rid of the suffocating imperial bureaucracy ; transforming the expensive legions into local militias ; having people paying taxes locally, in short transforming the centralized empire into a decentralized constellation of small states. without the terrible expenses of the imperial court and of the imperial bureaucracy, these small states had a chance to rebuild their economy and start a new phase of prosperity, as indeed it happened during the middle ages. the empire was going there ; it was unavoidable and one could as well favor that road. of course, when the empire was still strong and powerful, no emperor had the power of disbanding the legions, nor the imperial bureaucracy. but that was happening anyway during the 5th century and what an emperor ( or empress ) could have done was to give to the events just a little push in the right direction. don ' t fight the change, ease it. it is the way of pushing the levers in the right direction. could placidia have done just that? incredibly, perhaps she did. what placidia could do as an empress was, mainly, to enact laws. the empire still had a functioning bureaucracy and so the edicts from ravenna were not ignored, at least in the regions that the empire could still control. so, law was the playground of placidia and she did enact a number of laws,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42250204992838164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.167073"} {"text": "empire still had a functioning bureaucracy and so the edicts from ravenna were not ignored, at least in the regions that the empire could still control. so, law was the playground of placidia and she did enact a number of laws, many of which are still existing in the \u201c codex theodosianus, \u201d a collection of laws compiled on behalf of placidia ' s nephew, the emperor of the east, theodosius the 2nd. the codex theodosianus is an unbelievable mass of data ; there are some 2500 laws in it. well worth giving a look, because it is full of hints and glimpses of what was life in the roman empire at that time. but it is impossible to go into any depth in it unless you are a specialist in this matter \u2013 it is just too much. so, i learned about placidia ' s laws mainly from the report written by stewart oost, who wrote her biography in 1966. now, as i said, it is a complex matter and very often we cannot say who was exactly the mind behind a certain law. but there seems to be some logic in what the imperial court in ravenna was doing. that logic looked a bit like the policy of mikhail gorbachev for the soviet union \u2013 let ' s call it \u201c soviet empire. \u201d gorbachev consistently refused to use force to keep together an empire that was disintegrating \u2013 although he could have done that. the court of ravenna, it seems, took the same approach during the first half of the 5th century. the roman empire still had an army, they could have used to try to destroy the barbarian nations that had settled within the empire ' s borders. but that would have meant only squandering away those few resources that the empire still had. it would only have greatly hastened collapse. it seems that placidia was acting according to her style ; ease the unavoidable, don ' t fight it. not that she knew system dynamics but, after all, system dynamics is just formalized common sense and it seems that placidia had plenty of it. so, consistently, we see the tendency of reducing the power of the imperial court. you see it in some details, such as when she gave back to the senate, in rome, the gift of gold that was customary for the senators to present to the emperor every year. but she did much more than that. placidia forbade the coloni, the peasants bound to the land, to enlist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43666985006472614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.168660"} {"text": "to the senate, in rome, the gift of gold that was customary for the senators to present to the emperor every year. but she did much more than that. placidia forbade the coloni, the peasants bound to the land, to enlist in the army. that deprived the army of one of its sources of manpower and we may imagine that it greatly weakened it. another law enacted by placidia, allowed the great landowners to tax their subjects themselves. this deprived the imperial court of its main source of revenues. all that meant just one thing : middle ages. if the purpose of placidia really was to take the empire to the middle ages, we can say that she was successful. after that she was gone, the empire melted away. her son, valentinian managed to get killed a few years after the death of her mother. then, rome was sacked by the vandals and that was a deadly blow. for a few decades, there were still individuals in ravenna who claimed the title of western emperor, but we don ' t care much about their names just as, probably their contemporaries did not. we only remember the name of the last emperor, romolus augustulus, who was deposed in 476, and that is just because he was the last. after that, it was officially middle ages \u2013 the destination where the western empire was going in any case. this is just a possible interpretation of what placidia did and i am the first to say that it is just speculation. these laws may have been enacted simply because the imperial court was forced to, or it had no other choices. and, of course, we will never know what passed in placidia ' s mind. she left us only some letters that miraculously survived in the vatican ' s archives, but nothing that we could use to penetrate her inner thoughts. we can only say that staying with the goths, although for just a few years, could have opened her mind enough that she could have a vision that no emperor, before or after her, could have. and so she did something that no emperor, before or after her, could do. push the empire towards its destiny, fulfilling its chemical potential, if you like. in a way, placidia was the catalyser that made it happen. galla placidia ' s legacy now, i ' ll ask you another little feat of imagination. close your eyes again for a moment and imagine something that took place a long, long time ago ; 15 centuries before", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4428451647781141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.169758"} {"text": "just fantasy, but i am mentioning to you stars for a reason. you see, i said that placidia left us almost nothing in terms of written worlds. at least nothing that we can use to understand what she thought. but she left us a message that is perhaps even clearer than a written diary. it is the mausoleum that takes her name in ravenna ; and it is there that you can find a triumph of stars in the mosaics of the ceiling. big, bright, fantastic stars that remind to us a little those that vincent van gogh painted in that famous painting of his. you know, those stars in placidia ' s mausoleum always reminded to me of \" christmas \", in the sense of the way we celebrate it today. not, of course, the commercial holiday that it has become nowadays, but the atmosphere of the \" nativity scene \" that is still commonplace in southern europe and south america. of course, in the mausoleum you won ' t find the baby jesus and not even the virgin mary. these figures would became commonplace much later. at the time of galla placidia, christianity was something different than it is for us. but there is no doubt that placidia was a convinced christian ; she was a believer and she always saw christianity as an important part of her life. the mausoleum is just part of this attitude of hers. i told you that the art of boredom consists in telling everything, so i won ' t tell you the details of the decoration of the building and how each detail fits so well with placidia \u2019 s story. i ' ll let you just imagine that and, if one day you ' ll have a chance to go there and visit that mausoleum ; do it in silence and listen. it is a faint, faint voice, but you can hear it if you pay attention. after all, a latin poet who lived centuries before placidia, terence, said that, \" nothing human is alien to us. \" placidia was one of us. in her 62 years of life, placidia was princess, queen and empress. she did reasonably well in these roles and, during her reign as empress, the western empire remained relatively safe and the romans had the food they needed. she had defects ; for sure. she failed to save her foster mother from death when, perhaps, she had a chance to do that. she was ruthless with her enemies and her way of being christian may have veered on the verge of bigotry. but she played her role", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45870931737325266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.172413"} {"text": "click the study aids tab at the bottom of the book to access your study aids ( usually practice quizzes and flash cards ). study pass is our latest digital product that lets you take notes, highlight important sections of the text using different colors, create \" tags \" or labels to filter your notes and highlights, and print so you can study offline. study pass also includes interactive study aids, such as flash cards and quizzes. highlighting and taking notes : if you ' ve purchased the all access pass or study pass, in the online reader, click and drag your mouse to highlight text. when you do a small button appears \u2013 simply click on it! from there, you can select a highlight color, add notes, add tags, or any combination. if you ' ve purchased the all access pass, you can print each chapter by clicking on the downloads tab. if you have study pass, click on the print icon within study view to print out your notes and highlighted sections. to search, use the text box at the bottom of the book. click a search result to be taken to that chapter or section of the book ( note you may need to scroll down to get to the result ). view full student faqs 3. 4 review and practice in this chapter we have examined the model of demand and supply. we found that a demand curve shows the quantity demanded at each price, all other things unchanged. the law of demand asserts that an increase in price reduces the quantity demanded and a decrease in price increases the quantity demanded, all other things unchanged. the supply curve shows the quantity of a good or service that sellers will offer at various prices, all other things unchanged. supply curves are generally upward sloping : an increase in price generally increases the quantity supplied, all other things unchanged. the equilibrium price occurs where the demand and supply curves intersect. at this price, the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied. a price higher than the equilibrium price increases the quantity supplied and reduces the quantity demanded, causing a surplus. a price lower than the equilibrium price increases the quantity demanded and reduces the quantity supplied, causing a shortage. usually, market surpluses and shortages are short - lived. changes in demand or supply, caused by changes in the determinants of demand and supply otherwise held constant in the analysis, change the equilibrium price and output. the circular flow model allows us to see how demand and supply in various markets are related to one another. - what do you think happens to the demand for pizzas during the super bowl? why? which of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5212334721487081, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.187103"} {"text": ", change the equilibrium price and output. the circular flow model allows us to see how demand and supply in various markets are related to one another. - what do you think happens to the demand for pizzas during the super bowl? why? which of the following goods are likely to be classified as normal goods or services? inferior? defend your answer. - used cars - used clothing - books reviewed in the new york times - macaroni and cheese - legal services which of the following pairs of goods are likely to be classified as substitutes? complements? defend your answer. - peanut butter and jelly - eggs and ham - nike brand and reebok brand sneakers - ibm and apple macintosh brand computers - dress shirts and ties - airline tickets and hotels - gasoline and tires - beer and wine - faxes and first - class mail - cereal and milk - cereal and eggs a study found that lower airfares led some people to substitute flying for driving to their vacation destinations. this reduced the demand for car travel and led to reduced traffic fatalities, since air travel is safer per passenger mile than car travel. using the logic suggested by that study, suggest how each of the following events would affect the number of highway fatalities in any one year. - an increase in the price of gasoline - a large reduction in rental rates for passenger vans - an increase in airfares - children under age 2 are now allowed to fly free on u. s. airlines ; they usually sit in their parents \u2019 laps. some safety advocates have urged that they be required to be strapped in infant seats, which would mean their parents would have to purchase tickets for them. some economists have argued that such a measure would actually increase infant fatalities. can you say why? the graphs below show four possible shifts in demand or in supply that could occur in particular markets. relate each of the events described below to one of them. - how did the heavy rains in south america in 1997 affect the market for coffee? - the surgeon general decides french fries are not bad for your health after all and issues a report endorsing their use. what happens to the market for french fries? - how do you think rising incomes affect the market for ski vacations? - a new technique is discovered for manufacturing computers that greatly lowers their production cost. what happens to the market for computers? - how would a ban on smoking in public affect the market for cigarettes? - as low - carb diets increased in popularity, egg prices rose sharply. how might this affect the monks \u2019 supply of cookies or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5379450020999632, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.188605"} {"text": "happens to the market for computers? - how would a ban on smoking in public affect the market for cigarettes? - as low - carb diets increased in popularity, egg prices rose sharply. how might this affect the monks \u2019 supply of cookies or private retreats? ( see the case in point on the monks of st. benedict \u2019 s. ) - gasoline prices typically rise during the summer, a time of heavy tourist traffic. a \u201c street talk \u201d feature on a radio station sought tourist reaction to higher gasoline prices. here was one response : \u201c i don \u2019 t like \u2019 em [ the higher prices ] much. i think the gas companies just use any excuse to jack up prices, and they \u2019 re doing it again now. \u201d how does this tourist \u2019 s perspective differ from that of economists who use the model of demand and supply? - the introduction to the chapter argues that preferences for coffee changed in the 1990s and that excessive rain hurt yields from coffee plants. show and explain the effects of these two circumstances on the coffee market. - with preferences for coffee remaining strong in the early part of the century, vietnam entered the market as a major exporter of coffee. show and explain the effects of these two circumstances on the coffee market. - the study on the economics of obesity discussed in the case in point in this chapter on that topic also noted that another factor behind rising obesity is the decline in cigarette smoking as the price of cigarettes has risen. show and explain the effect of higher cigarette prices on the market for food. what does this finding imply about the relationship between cigarettes and food? - in 2004, the new york times reported that india might be losing its outsourcing edge due to rising wagesnoam scheiber, \u201c as a center for outsourcing, india could be losing its edge, \u201d new york times, may 9, 2004, p. bu3. the reporter noted that a recent report \u201c projected that if india continued to produce college graduates at the current rate, demand would exceed supply by 20 % in the main outsourcing markets by 2008. \u201d using the terminology you learned in this chapter, explain what he meant to say was happening in the market for indian workers in outsourcing jobs. in particular, is demand for indian workers increasing or decreasing? is the supply of indian workers increasing or decreasing? which is shifting faster? how do you know? - for more than a century, milk producers have produced skim milk, which contains virtually no fat, along with regular milk, which contains 4 % fat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.431334249204933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.189645"} {"text": "the supply of indian workers increasing or decreasing? which is shifting faster? how do you know? - for more than a century, milk producers have produced skim milk, which contains virtually no fat, along with regular milk, which contains 4 % fat. but a century ago, skim milk accounted for only about 1 % of total production, and much of it was fed to hogs. today, skim and other reduced - fat milks make up the bulk of milk sales. what curve shifted, and what factor shifted it? - suppose firms in the economy were to produce fewer goods and services. how do you think this would affect household spending on goods and services? ( hint : use the circular flow model to analyze this question. ) problems 1 \u2013 5 are based on the graph below. - at a price of $ 1. 50 per dozen, how many bagels are demanded per month? - at a price of $ 1. 50 per dozen, how many bagels are supplied per month? - at a price of $ 3. 00 per dozen, how many bagels are demanded per month? - at a price of $ 3. 00 per dozen, how many bagels are supplied per month? - what is the equilibrium price of bagels? what is the equilibrium quantity per month? problems 6 \u2013 9 are based on the model of demand and supply for coffee as shown in figure 3. 10 \" changes in demand and supply \" you can graph the initial demand and supply curves by using the following values, with all quantities in millions of pounds of coffee per month : | price | | quantity demanded | | quantity supplied | - suppose the quantity demanded rises by 20 million pounds of coffee per month at each price. draw the initial demand and supply curves based on the values given in the table above. then draw the new demand curve given by this change, and show the new equilibrium price and quantity. - suppose the quantity demanded falls, relative to the values given in the above table, by 20 million pounds per month at prices between $ 4 and $ 6 per pound ; at prices between $ 7 and $ 9 per pound, the quantity demanded becomes zero. draw the new demand curve and show the new equilibrium price and quantity. - suppose the quantity supplied rises by 20 million pounds per month at each price, while the quantities demanded retain the values shown in the table above. draw the new supply curve and show the new equilibrium price and quantity. - suppose the quantity supplied falls, relative to the values given in the table above, by 20", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.530322043890942, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.190771"} {"text": "at each price, while the quantities demanded retain the values shown in the table above. draw the new supply curve and show the new equilibrium price and quantity. - suppose the quantity supplied falls, relative to the values given in the table above, by 20 million pounds per month at prices above $ 5 ; at a price of $ 5 or less per pound, the quantity supplied becomes zero. draw the new supply curve and show the new equilibrium price and quantity. problems 10 \u2013 15 are based on the demand and supply schedules for gasoline below ( all quantities are in thousands of gallons per week ) : | price per gallon | | quantity demanded | | quantity supplied | - graph the demand and supply curves and show the equilibrium price and quantity. - at a price of $ 3 per gallon, would there be a surplus or shortage of gasoline? how much would the surplus or shortage be? indicate the surplus or shortage on the graph. - at a price of $ 6 per gallon, would there be a surplus or shortage of gasoline? how much would the surplus or shortage be? show the surplus or shortage on the graph. - suppose the quantity demanded increased by 2, 000 gallons per month at each price. at a price of $ 3 per gallon, how much would the surplus or shortage be? graph the demand and supply curves and show the surplus or shortage. - suppose the quantity supplied decreased by 2, 000 gallons per month at each price for prices between $ 4 and $ 8 per gallon. at prices less than $ 4 per gallon the quantity supplied becomes zero, while the quantities demanded retain the values shown in the table. at a price of $ 4 per gallon, how much would the surplus or shortage be? graph the demand and supply curves and show the surplus or shortage. - if the demand curve shifts as in problem 13 and the supply curve shifts as in problem 14, without drawing a graph or consulting the data, can you predict whether equilibrium price increases or decreases? what about equilibrium quantity? now draw a graph that shows what the new equilibrium price and quantity are.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4904201954282399, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.191651"} {"text": "related links are organized by the following eleven categories : child welfare system, step by step \u2014 the path a child takes through a state child welfare system can be confusing for those unfamiliar with it. the pew commission on children in foster care has recently developed an online resource, \" a child \u2019 s journey through the child welfare system, \" that provides a step - by - step flow chart of the process. users can click on any part of the flow chart and be linked to text that describes that key decision point, or they can read a text overview of the entire system. of successful youth mentoring : a guidebook for program development \u2014 mentoring has become a popular strategy for helping youth stay on track, but setting up and sustaining a successful program takes some thought and know - how, according to this new guidebook from the national mentoring center. the manual includes checklists to gauge the strength of your efforts, and a timeline for setting up new programs. back to top - a report to the governor and the legislature on the educational status of the state ' s schools \u2014 chapter 655 of the laws of 1987 ( which amended section 215 - a of state education law ) requires the board of regents and the state education department to submit an annual report to the governor and the legislature with respect to \" enrollment trends ; indicators of student achievement in reading, writing, mathematics, science, and vocational courses ; graduation, college attendance and employment rates ;... ( and ) information concerning teacher and administrator preparation, turnover, in - service education and performance. \" the complete report is printed in two volumes. the first volume is titled new york, the state of learning : statewide profile of the educational system and is a 200 page book in six chapters, with illustrative figures, charts, and tables. the second volume is titled new york, the state of learning : statistical profiles of public school districts and is a book with more than 300 pages containing tabular presentations of these data by school district within - the alliance project \u2014 the alliance project is funded by the federal office of special education programs ( osep ). a major emphasis of the alliance project is to increase the success rate of special education and related services departments in acquiring grants from the osep division of personnel preparation. alliance engages in technical assistance and information services for the preparation of dpp grant proposals and for institutional development. activities include : grant writing workshops, mentorships and best practice seminars. for health and health care in schools mental health page \u2014 mental health services in schools background info, financing issues, and state and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4638174316628981, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.210809"} {"text": "of dpp grant proposals and for institutional development. activities include : grant writing workshops, mentorships and best practice seminars. for health and health care in schools mental health page \u2014 mental health services in schools background info, financing issues, and state and local initiatives. resource mapping : a strategy for promoting successful transition for youth with disabilities \u2014 community mapping can help put a community ' s resources in the neighborhoods where they are most needed. this national center on secondary education and transition brief includes a detailed explanation of community resource mapping, a list of the benefits of mapping for youth with disabilities, examples of mapping efforts, and related contacts and resources. council for exceptional children \u2014 the council for exceptional children is the \" largest international professional organization dedicated to improving educational outcomes for individuals with exceptionalities, students with disabilities, and / or the gifted. \" site includes eric clearinghouse on disabilities and gifted education ; links to the eric database and to exceptional child education resources ; digests, fact sheets and frequently asked questions ; public policy and legislative information. - families and advocates partnership the families and advocates partnership for education ( fape ) project is a strong partnership that aims to improve the educational outcomes for children with disabilities. it links families, advocates, and self - advocates to communicate the new focus of the individuals with disabilities education act ( idea ). the project represents the needs of 6 million children with disabilities. fape created the guide listed below : mental health in schools : issue brief \u2014 this brief background paper explores why integrated efforts are important, what is involved, and how to do it. the presentation covers : integrating mental health activity to maximize resource use and effectiveness ; developing mechanisms to promote integration and address challenges ; creating an integrated continuum ; and some key references coalition for parent involvement in education \u2014 ncpie was founded in 1980, at the initiative of what was then the national school volunteer program ( now national association for partners in education ), with funding from the ford foundation and union carbide. from the outset, the participating organizations included parent organizations and advocacy groups as well as national education organizations representing teachers and administrators. the group meets monthly to monitor legislation, initiate projects, and share information and ideas about research, programs, and center for mental health in schools \u2014 the school mental health project was established in 1986 in the department of psychology at ucla to pursue theory, research, practice, and training related to addressing mental health and psychosocial concerns through - federal office of special education programs \u2014 the office of special education and rehabilitative services ( osers ) provides a wide array of supports", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5081931142131966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.212165"} {"text": "ucla to pursue theory, research, practice, and training related to addressing mental health and psychosocial concerns through - federal office of special education programs \u2014 the office of special education and rehabilitative services ( osers ) provides a wide array of supports to parents and individuals, school districts and states in three main areas : special education, vocational rehabilitation a site containing a wealth of information for parents, attorneys, advocates, and educators on special education law and regulations pertaining to the individuals with disabilities education act ( idea ). hearing process for students with disabilities \u2014 an impartial hearing is a more formal process to resolve disputes. this document should assist all parties to understand their responsibilities relating to impartial hearings so that disputes over special education services are resolved in a timely manner. effective september 2001, the regulations of the commissioner of education were amended relating to impartial hearings to address the qualifications of impartial hearing officers, ensure school districts initiate an impartial hearing in a timely manner, and ensure impartial hearings are completed within the required time periods. the state education department is monitoring the impartial hearing system through impartial hearing officer training, the ongoing collection and review of hearing data, quality assurance reviews and complaint investigations so that timely hearing decisions are rendered. - learning disabilities online \u2014 this website provides families, teachers and other concerned adults with information on a variety of learning disabilities that affect young people. this is an excellent site for parents to become more educated on the issues that may affect their children. health, schools and working together for all children and youth : toward a a concept paper from the national association of state mental health program directors and the policymaker partnership for implementing idea at the national association of state directors of special education. center on secondary education and transition ( ncset ) \u2014 coordinates national resources, offers technical assistance, and disseminates information related to secondary education and transition for youth with disabilities in order to create opportunities for youth to achieve successful futures. the site has many useful subdivisions, including : - iep & transition information on developing a student ' s individual education plan ( iep ) and transition plan, including frequently asked questions, related research, emerging practices, web sites, and additional resources. - national idea data \u2014 this web site provides public access to the most recent data about children with disabilities served under the individuals with disabilities education act ( idea ). these data are collected annually by the u. s. department of education, office of special education programs in accordance with section 618 of idea education system residential placement process \u2014", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4869901881690651, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.213932"} {"text": "about children with disabilities served under the individuals with disabilities education act ( idea ). these data are collected annually by the u. s. department of education, office of special education programs in accordance with section 618 of idea education system residential placement process \u2014 a description of the process, as well as a flow chart that summarizes the steps required for special education placements in new york state. - pacer center parent advocacy coalition for educational rights \u2014 the mission of pacer center is to expand opportunities and enhance the quality of life of children and young adults with disabilities and their families, based on the concept of parents helping parents. - seri : special education resources on the internet : \" a collection of internet accessible information resources of interest to those involved in the fields related to special education. \" comprehensive in its links to resources and information. education in new york state for children ages 3 \u2013 21 : a parent \u2019 s this document provides information for parents, guardians and other family members about laws, regulations and policies affecting special education programs and services. - positive behavior interventions and supports ( pbis ) \u2013 office of special education programs \u2014 the technical assistance center on positive behavioral interventions and supports ( pbis ) has been established by the office of special education programs, us department of education to give schools capacity - building information and technical assistance for identifying, adapting, and sustaining effective school - wide disciplinary practices. the office of vocational and educational services for individuals with disabilities ( vesid ) within the state education department ( sed ) is charged with meeting the needs of people with disabilities from early childhood through adulthood and into the workplace. vesid oversees special education services for students, ages 3 - 21, in public and private schools and the vocational rehabilitation services for individuals, beginning at age 16 through adulthood. law \u2013 special education resources \u2014 up - to - date information about special education law and advocacy for children back to top - center for effective collaboration improving services for children and youth with emotional and behavioral problems through creating effective schools and supporting local, state and national level collaborations. also see the center \u2019 s section on wraparound planning. center for evidence - based practice : young children with challenging behavior \u2014 a great source for resources and links. trends databank \u2014 the databank has \u201c what works \" information as well as youth well - being indicators. based on child trends ' reviews of evaluation research on programs using academic achievement, mentoring, civic engagement, and employment - related strategies, the databank now provides organized online access to programs that do and do not work in affecting a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4534616745536534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.215083"} {"text": "well - being indicators. based on child trends ' reviews of evaluation research on programs using academic achievement, mentoring, civic engagement, and employment - related strategies, the databank now provides organized online access to programs that do and do not work in affecting a wide range of outcomes for youth. \" what works \" information is provided for more than 40 indicators on the databank. - guide to effective programs for children and youth \u2014 over the past several years, child trends has built an extensive knowledge base about programs that \" work \" to enhance children ' s development. this guide offers a way of presenting this knowledge in a user - friendly format for policy makers, program designers, and funders. based on conversations with these groups, we have developed a visual representation of the stages of childhood and paired these stages with effective programs. this approach is built on the concept that child development is a cumulative process that begins before birth and continues into young adulthood. this \" life course \" model visually shows that varied program approaches can contribute to children ' s development, that different approaches are appropriate at different ages, and that developmental inputs build on one another over time, as a child grows. the model also illustrates that development unfolds over time and benefits from investment at all ages. thus, there is no one \" critical stage \" where development is set. the guide was built with the understanding that most program providers and funders face a concrete challenge - such as a need to prepare preschoolers for elementary school or a need to improve the physical fitness of middle school children. the electronic guide to effective programs for children and youth provides users with an easy reference for programs that work, influencing a variety of outcomes over a child ' s back to top federal grant planning guides issues discussion guide \u2014 this guide explores several of the guiding principles that underlie systems of care development. these principles include family partnership, cultural competence, inter - agency collaboration, community investment, and individualized care. - technical assistance plan worksheet \u2014 the worksheet is organized by the guiding principles of a system of care and designed to capture their relationship to the process of building a system of care, e. g. infrastructure development, evaluation, information management, etc. the worksheet asks you to brainstorm ways in which technical assistance could help you operationalize the principles into the daily work of systems back to top university center for child and human development \u2014 the georgetown university center for child and human development was established over four decades ago to improve the quality of life for all children and youth, especially those with, or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.522041611846007, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.216287"} {"text": "principles into the daily work of systems back to top university center for child and human development \u2014 the georgetown university center for child and human development was established over four decades ago to improve the quality of life for all children and youth, especially those with, or at risk for, special needs and their families. technical assistance center for children ' s mental health \u2014 special areas of emphasis and expertise include strategic planning, leadership development, evaluation, interagency mis, interagency collaboration, cultural competence, family partnerships, policy development, prevention and early intervention, managed care and financing. and : - national information center for children and youth with disabilities \u2014 nichcy is the national information center that provides information on disabilities and disability - related issues. on - line information about : special education and related services for children in school ; individualized education programs ; parent materials ; disability organizations ; professional associations ; education rights and what the law requires ; early intervention services for infants and toddlers ; transition to adult life. practices network \u2014 highlights programs and practices that credible research indicates are effective in improving outcomes for children, youth, and families. the information offered is organized around three major areas : proven and promising programs, research in brief, and strengthening service delivery. - research and training center for children ' s mental health ( tampa, fl ) \u2014 the research and training center for children ' s mental health at usf ' s louis de la parte florida mental health institute was initiated in 1984 to address the need for improved services and outcomes for children with serious emotional / behavioral disabilities and their families. the center \u2019 s eight integrated field research projects focus on enhancing our understanding of policy development and implementation as it pertains to improving outcomes for children with emotional disturbances and their families. - research and training center on family support and children ' s mental health ( portland, or ) \u2014 the research and training center on family support and children ' s mental health was established in 1984 at portland state university, portland, oregon. the center is dedicated to promoting effective community - based, culturally competent, family - centered services for families and their children who are, or may be affected by mental, emotional or behavioral disorders. arch national respite network and resource center site has many publications to choose from in the area of respite work. - samhsa ( federal ) children \u2019 s mental health services site \u2014 the child, adolescent, and family branch of the federal center for mental health services promotes and ensures that the mental health needs of children and their families are met within the context of community - based", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.508984566989351, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.217776"} {"text": "council on disability \u2014 addressing the needs of youth with disabilities in the juvenile justice system : the current status of evidence - based research. over the past several years, ncd has recognized that children and youth with disabilities have increasingly become over represented in the juvenile justice system. a significant proportion of youth in the juvenile justice system has education - related disabilities and is eligible for special education and related services under the individuals with disabilities education act ( idea ). factors associated with the disproportionate representation of youth with disabilities in juvenile corrections are complex \u2014 but the available information suggests that school failure, poorly developed social skills, and inadequate school and community supports greatly increase the risks for arrest and incarceration. ncd believes, therefore, that delinquency prevention is a critical feature of any service or support system that is used to address the needs of all youth, especially youth with disabilities and special education needs. - the office of juvenile justice and delinquency prevention ( ojjdp ) \u2014 ojjdp is responsible for administering the juvenile accountability incentive block grants ( jaibg ) program, made possible by public law 105 \u2013 119 and subsequent appropriations acts. this bulletin, which is the overview of ojjdp \u2019 s jaibg best practices series, discusses key aspects of adolescent development, documents examples of developmentally appropriate accountability, provides an overview of the underlying legislation, and highlights best practices as reported in other bulletins in this series. back to top back to top for youth upstate center for excellence \u2014 act for youth \u2014 assets coming together for youth \u2014 aims to strengthen community partnerships that promote positive youth development and prevent risky and unhealthy behaviors among young people, aged 10 to 19. the act for youth initiative is a project of the new york state department of health, and was developed in cooperation with the partners for children, a collaboration of public and private sector organizations committed to improving the health and education of children and adolescents throughout new york state. - the children ' s health fund \u2014 the children \u2019 s health fund is committed to providing health care to the nation \u2019 s most medically underserved children and their families through the development and support of innovative primary care medical programs, response to public health crises, and the promotion of guaranteed access to appropriate health care for all children. virginia cooperative extension \u2019 s site to provide a better understanding of family health with respect to family life, finances, and nutrition and food safety. - links digest \u2014 as part of the family to family health care information & education center, parent - to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4747250314694143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.219945"} {"text": ". virginia cooperative extension \u2019 s site to provide a better understanding of family health with respect to family life, finances, and nutrition and food safety. - links digest \u2014 as part of the family to family health care information & education center, parent - to - parent of nys provides information related to the issues of health care and parenting children with special health care needs. some links are specific to new york state, but there are many that will be helpful to everyone. - medicaid / medicare resource \u2014 contains a vast array of information and resources on medicare and medicaid. back to top defense fund \u2019 s children \u2019 s mental health resource kit \u2014 \u201c please use this resource kit to educate yourself and others about the mental health care needs of children and to learn about opportunities for improving access to mental health screens and assessments for children through medicaid and the children \u2019 s health insurance program ( chip ). if you share the children \u2019 s defense fund \u2019 s vision for improved access to mental health care for children, please use this resource kit to work toward this goal in your community and state. \u201d - framework for supporting the social - emotional development of young children \u2014 the vision of encouraging a public health approach set forth in the children \u2019 s plan laid the foundation for representatives of the council on children and families, department of health, office of children and families and office of mental health to establish the social and emotional development work group tasked with developing recommendations for social and emotional development consultation in early childhood settings. - the finance a comprehensive clearinghouse of information and technical assistance resources to support decision - making that produces and sustains good results for children, families, and communities. collaborative assessment of capacity instrument \u2014 assessment tool to help localities identify the strengths and weaknesses of their local collaborative efforts. - american academy of family physicians series - child & adolescent bipolar foundation \u2014 early intervention and treatment offers the best chance for children with bipolar disorder to achieve stability, gain the best possible level of wellness, and grow up to enjoy their gifts and build upon their strengths. proper treatment can minimize the adverse effects of the illness on their lives and the lives of those who love them. \".... from \" about early - onset bipolar disorder \" institute of mental health ( nimh ) brochures and information sheets, reports, press releases, fact sheets, and other educational materials. this web site offers you some solutions and guidelines on how to deal with an adolescent who is having severe problems, including those diagnosed with attention deficit disorder ( add ), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4497108705876937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.221166"} {"text": "press releases, fact sheets, and other educational materials. this web site offers you some solutions and guidelines on how to deal with an adolescent who is having severe problems, including those diagnosed with attention deficit disorder ( add ), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ), oppositional defiant disorder ( odd ), conduct disorder and bipolar disorder. i \u2014 wraparound : stories from the field \u2014 explores the ever - burgeoning conviction in a growing community of providers, advocates, and families that wraparound is a simply better, cheaper, and more humane than conventional service delivery processes for families with children with serious emotional disturbance. through the stories of six families who have received individualized services and supports through a wraparound process, we see \u2014 how this process worked to support their strengths and meet their needs. back to top new york state resources ccsi partner agencies additional new york resources - kids \u2019 well - being indicators the new york state council on children and families is pleased to present children ' s health, education and well - being indicators as a means to help assess needs, design and improve programs, and sharpen the focus on outcomes. kwic uses the touchstones framework that provides expectations about the future as well as snapshots of the status of children and - new york state citizens ' coalition for children \u2014 incorporated in 1975, the coalition is an organization of concerned citizens and 150 volunteer adoptive and foster parent groups in every region of new york state. guided by a belief in the right of every child to a permanent, loving family, the coalition ' s goals are to : improve services available to children at risk of or in out of home care ; increase citizen involvement in local service planning and delivery ; require greater public accountability of the nys office of children and family services, & other systems providing out of home care for children, including local agencies ; represent the citizen ' s viewpoint in advocating for improved adoption and foster care services. the coalition is concerned primarily with system - change advocacy and individuals taking responsibility for influencing and changing the systems affecting their lives and the lives of their - nys home and community based waivers and contact - nys home and community based waivers : documents that explain the various hcbs waiver programs in new york. - nys medicaid services \u2013 benefits, populations and reimbursement \u2014 table ( with additional web links ) describing the services, eligibility, and payment structures of new york \u2019 s medicaid program. - new york yellow pages for kids with disabilities \u2014 includes many resources - government programs, grassroots organizations, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4730026401830627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.222239"} {"text": "kids could see more snow days this school year accuweather. com predicts storms this fall that will spawn more snow this winter. with the new chartiers valley school year rapidly approaching, students are likely already wondering how lucky they ' ll get with snow days. good news for them ( maybe not so much for school administrators ) is that accuweather. com reports that those students will likely get more snow days this school year than they did during the last one. last winter, at least nine of the country ' s snowiest cities had less than 60 percent of their average snowfall ( according to usa today ). how is this intensity of this winter being measured? \" the presence of el nino or la nina \u2014 and their strength \u2014 is used to project how active the winter season is going to be, \" accuweather. com reports. and accuweather. com long - range meteorologists are projecting a weak to moderate el nino by late in the summer. for kids praying to hear school ' s out for a snow day, the weaker the el nino, the better. weak el ninos have brought snow - packed winters to most major northeast cities in the past, said accuweather. com expert senior meteorologist jack boston. \" historically, both strong la ninas and weak el ninos have produced higher - than - average snowfall in the northeastern u. s., \" boston said. in contrast, \" weak la ninas and strong el ninos historically bring lower - than - average snowfall. \" a weak el nino in 2009 led to record december snowfall in philadelphia, which got slammed with 23. 2 inches of snow \u2014 a year ' s worth of snow in one day for the city that usually receives 20. 5 inches in an average year, according to the national oceanic and atmospheric administration. what else is in store? the accuweather. com long - range forecasting team is predicting an average season of about five hurricanes and 12 tropical storms \u2014 less active than last year ' s seven hurricanes and 19 tropical storms. hurricane season peaks in september and officially runs until nov. 30. the atlantic hurricane season affects the southern coast from texas to florida, as well as a large portion of the eastern coast from florida all the way up through north carolina, and can even impact cities as far north as new york or boston.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4102547606979942, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.224674"} {"text": "april 19, 2012 - - measles cases are spiking sharply in the u. s., the cdc reported today. the 222 cases and 17 outbreaks seen in 2011 are nearly four times the median of 60 cases and four outbreaks per year seen over the last decade. a third of patients were hospitalized. the surge in cases is largely due to people who have not been vaccinated with the measles / mumps / rubella ( mmr ) vaccine, the cdc says. a significant percentage of these people are children and teens whose parents exempted them from school vaccination requirements. \" unvaccinated people put themselves and others at risk - - particularly infants too young to be vaccinated, who can have the most severe complications, \" anne schuchat, md, director of the cdc ' s national center for immunization and respiratory diseases, said at a news conference held to announce the new report. vaccine refusal is more common in europe than in the u. s. the result : more than 37, 000 measles cases in europe last year. five countries account for 90 % of the cases : france, italy, romania, spain, and germany. nine out of 10 u. s. measles cases could be linked either to a u. s. resident who was infected in a foreign country or to foreign visitors to the u. s. many of these travelers imported measles from europe. thanks to high vaccination rates in the 1990s, the u. s. eliminated year - round measles transmission in 2000. but the current spike in cases threatens that achievement. schuchat pointed to france, which was down to about 40 measles cases per year. suddenly that went to 604 cases in 2008, over 5, 000 cases in 2010, and over 15, 000 cases in 2011. \" you can go from a small number to a very large number of measles cases very quickly, \" schuchat warned. fortunately there were no measles deaths in the u. s. in 2011, although one infant in intensive care had a narrow brush with death. before the measles vaccine came along in 1957, there were one to three deaths for every 1, 000 cases. worldwide, measles kills 164, 000 people a year. while u. s. measles vaccination rates remain high, pockets of unvaccinated children offer a foothold to the virus. and that ' s all this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4468433456948913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.229797"} {"text": "slave coffle, central africa, 1861 [ image ] this image shows children and adults making their way from the african interior to the coast in a slave coffle. while some may think that children were given special treatment because of their age, and some may have, this image suggests that this was not always the case. teachers should caution students that this is also an image commissioned by abolitionists, who often used children to make a point. this does not mean that children did not travel in coffles as is pictured here, but abolitionists used images like these to gain support for their cause. livingstone, david, and charles livingstone. narrative of an expedition to the zambesi and its tributaries ; and of the discovery of the lakes shirwa and nyassa, 1858 - 1864. london, 1865, facing, 356. reprinted new york, 1866, facing, 376. in handler, jerome s., and michael l. tuite, jr. \" advertisement for sale of newly arrived africans, charleston, july 24, 1769. \" the atlantic slave trade and slave life in the americas : a visual record, http : / / hitchcock. itc. virginia. edu / slavery / details. php? categorynum = 3 & categoryname = capture % 20of % 20slaves % 20and % 20coffles % 20in % 20africa & therecord = 7 & recordcount = 41. annotated by colleen a. vasconcellos. how to cite this source \" slave coffle, central africa, 1861 [ image ], \" in children and youth in history, item # 150, http : / / chnm. gmu. edu / cyh / primary - sources / 150 ( accessed may 21, 2013 ). annotated by colleen a. vasconcellos", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44060977994696104, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.234246"} {"text": "why is the shamash on a pedestal? the chanukah menorah is such a beautiful sight! every night we add a new flame until we have eight in a straight row. the shamash is also part of the chanukiyah, yet it \u2019 s not next to all the other flames. it has a unique placement. it \u2019 s not permitted to be in the same row as the rest, and many chanukiyot are designed with the shamash higher than the rest. why the special treatment? to better understand the uniqueness of the shamash, we need to know what the word \u201c shamash \u201d means. the best way to understand what a word means is by looking at the first time the word is mentioned in the torah. at the covenant between the parts between god and abraham ( bereshit 15, 12 ) we read, \u201c vayehi hashemesh lavo \u201d \u2013 and the shemesh was setting. this is the first time the torah refers to that \u201c great light to rule by day \u201d ( bereshit 1, 16 ) \u2013 the sun \u2013 as the shemesh. how strange! the word shemesh literally means a servant. why is the torah referring to the mighty great light that rules by day as a servant? more importantly, why does the torah refer to the sun as the shemesh in relation to a covenant that god made with abraham? abraham lived in a pagan world that attributed divinity to anything that exerted power over mankind. abraham \u2019 s contribution to the world was that he understood that no matter how powerful anything may be \u2013 even if it is a \u201c great light \u201d that rules by day, that heats up and illuminates the entire solar system and provides photosynthesis, enabling life on earth \u2013 it \u2019 s still a shemesh, a servant of god. abraham understood that everything in the universe has a purpose through its connection to serving god to make the world a place where the divine presence can reside. everything has the ability to mirror the kindness of god in this world. abraham \u2019 s entire life was a manifestation of being the ultimate human shemesh, as he introduced kindness to the world. when everything in the universe is perceived by mankind as a servant of god \u2019 s kindness to the world, then the world has achieved its purpose. disconnecting powerful things from the ultimate source leads to paganism. abraham succeeded to such an extent that god desired to make an eternal covenant with him and promised him the land of israel. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48240423509848496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.238343"} {"text": "the world, then the world has achieved its purpose. disconnecting powerful things from the ultimate source leads to paganism. abraham succeeded to such an extent that god desired to make an eternal covenant with him and promised him the land of israel. this is the best time to introduce to the world what the most powerful force in our universe really is \u2013 a shemesh, a servant. the chanukah story involves the battle between the pagan forces of greece and the jewish belief that everything serves god. the chanukiyah is a symbol of jewish victory, that god indeed runs the world and can make oil miraculously burn for eight days, hence the eight flames. but those eight flames cannot represent anything if there \u2019 s nothing to serve them and enable them to illuminate. the shamash fits that role. there \u2019 s no mitzvah to light a shamash, but without its dutiful sole existence of serving god to enable the mitzvah to be done, we would have no light at all. something or someone that focuses on the will of god alone deserves special treatment, and, yes, to even be higher than all the rest. rabbi yossi michalowicz is spiritual leader of the westmount shul in thornhill, ont.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.512063374955256, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.238884"} {"text": "a set of 50 photographs and associated handwritten descriptive notes, acquired from the imperial russian geographical society in st. petersburg. the complete notes, \" 1904 view of great tibet \", are available at : http : / / collections. lib. uwm. edu / u? / tibet, 94 potala from ssw. [ z. ] this view has been taken by ts ' ibikov [ tsybikoff ] during the festival he calls ts ' og ch ' od ( 1 ) [ tsog chod ] celebrated on the 29th day of the second moon of the tibetan year ( 18 / 5 april 1901 ). the huge pictures hang on the palace wall beneath the nam - gyal ch ' oide [ namgyal ch - oide ], the monastery of the palace represent jakya muhi [ sakya - muni ] ( on the right one ) and tara or doma ( on the left ). crowds of people cover the slope of the hill and stand at the foot of the picture. obs. 1 ) sung ch ' o rockhill l. c. p. 8 footnote. \" in the first moon of the year the lamas of potala, as well as all those from the various temples and convents of lhasa, and those from anterior and ulterior tibet, amounting in all several myriads, assemble at the jok ' ang to read the sacred books for twenty days. in the second moon of the year there is another gathering for the same purpose at the jok ' ang, lasting eight days ( 1 ). [ \u2026 ] ) ( 1 ) this feast is called sung ch ' o ( gsung ch ' s ) in tibetan. ( p. 8 ) rockhill, w. w. ( 1890 ). tibet : a geographical, ethnographical, and historical sketch derived from chinese sources. london : royal asiatic society.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4950147588089636, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.241860"} {"text": "a recent trend which is emerging with learning spanish software is voice recognition. these voice recognition tools are designed to help you with pronunciation. they allow you to repeat the word and then attempt to grade or evaluate your pronunciation. article source : http : / / ezinearticles. com / 6541593. a recent trend is emerging with spanish learning software is voice recognition. these speech recognition tools are designed to help with pronunciation. they allow you to repeat the word and then try to grade or evaluate your pronunciation. from a marketing perspective, are a great way for software companies to differentiate their products from competition. they can also be a good way to justify charging more for their product! so from the standpoint of software companies, voice recognition tools for learning spanish is an excellent idea. that big sound in the marketing material and looks like a feature to have! of course, everyone has completed the purchase options for our cars, it seemed desirable and even indispensable in the car dealership. only to discover that rarely used in the real world! does the same apply to speech recognition tools to learn spanish? there is no doubt in my mind that these tools can help with the pronunciation of individual words. and get the correct pronunciation or better is certainly one of the elements of learning spanish. however, the big question is where it fits into the overall scheme of things. is it a problem? or is it just one of the components involved in the process? the truth is that there is a better strategy for mastering the pronunciation. no matter what language to speak to experts all say the same. the best way to learn a new language is to live the language. in other words, immerse yourself in the language spoken, of course, the best strategy. and when you \u2019 re dipping is doing more listening than talking! listen to the natives and their pronunciation is much more effective than other speech recognition tools for learning spanish. you \u2019 re immersed in the flow of language. you \u2019 re soaking in the structure of language. and he is learning the pronunciation in context. the problem with these tools is they do not provide that context. and the context of a word can change the inflection of the speech in different circumstances. therefore one could argue that these tools really stops. in my opinion, that will definitely have to focus on an area less important, to the detriment of the most important! the most effective way to learn pronunciation is to start using the language itself. use language to learn! the use of spanish in the context of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4628041993850931, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.244671"} {"text": "since independence, chad has experienced decades of civil war and dictatorship. in more recent years, events between 2004 and 2011 created an acute security crisis in the country. the 2011 drought is the latest in a cycle of drought and other shocks. since 1996, chad has faced drought and humanitarian crises, draining peoples ' ability to respond and adapt to shocks and stresses. chad has scarce natural resources, and the population faces a variety of shocks to their agricultural livelihoods, including violent conflict, influxes of refugees and internally displaced people, erratic rainfall, desertification and sub - standard harvest. latest stories from chad view all stories \u00bb \u00bb chantal ' s husband regularly beat her until a program in a chadian camp for refugees began counseling him and authorities started arresting abusers. \u00bb \u00bb in chad, the simple task of gathering fuel is complicated by scarcity and the risk of sexual assault. \u00bb \u00bb | population : | | 10, 975, 648 ( july 2012 est. ) | | size : | | 495, 755 sq mi ; slightly more than three times the size of california | | people served : | | 260, 197 ( 2012 est. ) | catholic relief services has been working in chad since 1985 when it based its programming in the crs cameroon office in yaounde. in 2002, crs signed an agreement with the republic of chad and opened an office in the capital, n ' djamena. currently crs ' development efforts are localized in southern chad and eastern chad for emergency and food security activities. crs chad implements projects through 12 local partners. secours catholique du developpement ( secadev ) commission national justice et paix ( cnjp ) civil society and governance hiv and aids", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.388503322371587, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.251226"} {"text": "our local news station, ny1, has regular \" the world outside new york, \" segments. well, every now and then, with your permission, i will post issues having to do with the world outside ny. this particular one deals with an issue that i consider particularly critical : the impending extinction of our closest relatives, the great apes. no the fate of the great apes is not something that will win us an election or save our jobs or get us out of iraq. but there are moral and practical reasons for being concerned about our closest cousins. the reason i am highlighting this issue right now is that two species of great apes are literally on the verge of extinction ( see below ). so timing is critical. two species of our closest relatives could be extinct within 5 - 10 years. as a molecular biologist, i am very familiar with the field of genetics. it is in this context that i first became interested in the plight of the great apes when i learned that humans differ from chimps and bonobos by only 1. 6 % of our dna. that means we are more than 98 % identical to these animals in our dna. this is an extraordinary similarity and it means that in an evolutionary sense, chimps and bonobos are in a very real sense our brothers. when i learned this i felt as if some of our distant ancestors such as the neanderthals still lived with us today. gorillas are like us in more than 97 % of our dna, making them, if not our brothers, at least our cousins. read more \u00bb interesting diary posted at daily kos : : new york city to propose lower voting age wednesday - hillary may attend : new york city council member gale brewer will introduce a bill to lower the voting age to 16 in america ' s largest city! a news conference on the steps of city hall is planned for 11 : 30 a. m. wednesday to announce the bill. later, at about 1 p. m., the bill will be formally proposed to the council. among those who may attend is u. s. senator hillary leading the movement to lower the voting age in new york city is the national youth rights association ( nyra ), a youth - led civil rights organization of over 5, 000 members nationwide. the assumption being that if 16 year - olds have to pay taxes, they should have a say as to how the government spends its money, especially concerning education. the diary is provocative. from the stand - point of an old fogey, i get that knee - jerk reaction that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4667043411053714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.256692"} {"text": "year - olds have to pay taxes, they should have a say as to how the government spends its money, especially concerning education. the diary is provocative. from the stand - point of an old fogey, i get that knee - jerk reaction that kids don ' t know any better. then i have to remind myself that 51 % of adult voters in this country voted shrub in for a second term. and if they can be enlisted to go to war, they should be able to have full voting rights as early as possible. the thought of \" freedom fighters \" spreading democracy yet not having ever been involved themselves in the democratic process is, well, scary. read more \u00bb if you have lived in nyc for a few years, watching the way real estate deals are cut here, by both city agencies and state agencies, you can become very frustrated by the way business is run, prompting an intrepid blogger such as myself to forget all other responsibilities and write the mother of all articles that will finally reveal the great truths and set the people free. fortunately it has already been writen and i can go back to focusing on something more mundane like bicyclists civil rights. city journal in an article how not to develop the far west side, covers most everything that is wrong with bloomberg ' s plans for the west side railyards and more broadly the overall backward management of nyc development policy. i do have to put a caveat here : city journal is very free market oriented, so some of their solutions must be considered with a critical ear, for example they praise the current development of times square ; and anyone who has even been to the new times square would question such an assessment ; and they clearly are anti - union and pro - developer first, not necessarily pro - average person. never the less, city journal ' s overall critique speaks volumes to the way properties are being gift wrapped as secret - santa exchanges with developers and how executive ego is running roughshod over development opportunities for the city. summer, sex and spirits! wednesday, june 29th 6 - 9 p. m. slainte, 304 bowery ( at 1st avenue ) tickets are only $ 20! and what do you get : a\u00a4 a free drink ticket! a\u00a4 great drink specials! a\u00a4 a fabulous raffle with amazing prizes! please join us for this happy hour benefit to help raise important funds for planned parenthood of new york city ' s ( ppnyc ) vital mission of clinical services, education and advocacy. when you buy tickets to this event, you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4228839797156704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.257776"} {"text": "amazing prizes! please join us for this happy hour benefit to help raise important funds for planned parenthood of new york city ' s ( ppnyc ) vital mission of clinical services, education and advocacy. when you buy tickets to this event, you are helping us to continue to help the thousands of new yorkers who count on us each year. let ' s celebrate the summer together with a toast, all the while supporting a great cause! sign up at : http : / / www. ppaction. org / ppnyc / events / summer / details. tcl the battle against republican corruption continues. generally i focus my efforts on several particularly corrupt republicans, like mike oxley ( oh ), roy and matt blunt ( mo ) and conrad burns ( mt ). but most people are focusing on that most scandal ridden and nastiest of republicans, tom delay. so i want to push several efforts that represent a renewed attack on delay ' s corruption. you can get the latest information on tom \" corruption \" delay from the daily delay. the public campaign action fund is conducting a phone call campaign to urge two ranking members of the house ethics committee to investigate delay ' s scandals. please take a minute and make two telephone calls today to these members to respectfully request that they act without delay. recent news coverage, historical precedent, and the fact that delay ' s pac has made donations to 226 or the 232 republican members of the house all call for an outside counsel to be appointed in a matter such as this. there is no impartial jury pool of members of congress from which to launch an investigation. period. call ethics chairman doc hastings in his district office in pasco, wa at 509 - 543 - 9396, or his washington, dc office at 202 - 225 - 5816. call ranking democratic rep. alan mollohan at his district office in wheeling, wv at 304 - 232 - 5390, or his washington, dc office at 202 - 225 - 4172. read more \u00bb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4478423576519801, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.258610"} {"text": "posted on 29 / 3 / 07 by tim koschutzki what are prototypes? prototypes are generally used to test an idea in an existing system or before a real system is established. the goal of the prototype is to prove whether the components that will also be in the final system will work together as expected. think of car manufacturing. most people use computer models to test things there, without the need to build the final product - the car. we build software prototypes due to the same reasons. on the one hand to fix problems with a lot less hassle and on the other hand to test things in advance. the real essence of prototypes lies in the things you learn building it. different forms of prototypes when people think of software prototypes they think about source code. that is of course true, but only to a certain degree. a prototype in the php world could be a small script that checks whether the database, the php script and the ajax request will work together as expected. you could also think of a typical model view controller setup. your prototype could be a simple setup of the pattern to check if the controller, the model and the view operate together as expected and whether they are encapsulated as expected. you wouldn ' t want to build an entire application around your implementation of the model - view - controller - pattern only to decide after 6 months that your system is not flexible or scalable enough. these two examples focus on prototypes being a source code product. however, prototypes need not be source code at all. when you do webdesign and you make a mock up of your website in photoshop, then that ' s of course a prototype. when you are making a graphical user interface for another language, like java and not for php, you can use sketches on post - it - sheets, which will ultimately be a prototype of one form or the other too. cakephp ' s scaffolding is a good example of prototypes used in php webdevelopment. the scaffolding in php is basically a source code generator - a prototype generator. the goal of prototypes prototypes are required to answer questions only, that ' s why they are cheaper to produce. they can ignore unimportant details without which the actual product would be senseless. details which aren ' t important for you now, but will be for the future users of your application. for example, when you are making a prototype for a website interface you don ' t need to have correct data. you can even live without that bad user interface when you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5269087708817339, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.263623"} {"text": "important for you now, but will be for the future users of your application. for example, when you are making a prototype for a website interface you don ' t need to have correct data. you can even live without that bad user interface when you are making prototypes for your performance tests. the essence of using prototypes lies in what your learn building them. what do prototypes investigate? put simply, prototypes need to investigate all risky things. everything nobody has tried before and things that are absolutely critical to the final application. these things could be critical changes made to the database - something that i had to do last week - develop a password encryption system that encrypts all passwords in our current live database. also i had to change all client code that operates on the passwords, like password resetting functionality. besides that, you can use prototypes on everything you feel uncomfortable with. think of the following : - new functionality in an existing system - buildup and contents of external data - tools, frameworks, libraries, etc. from external parties. - graphical user interfaces - critical changes to the database the value of prototypes is not in the source code you produce, but in the things you learn from it. that ' s the most important thing you need to remember about prototypes. how to use prototypes which details can be ignored with prototypes ( most of the time )? - correctness - you can use fictive data with prototypes - completeness - it could be that the prototype needs to work only with a specific input - error - checking - if you don ' t use the correct path, your prototype might explode. that ' s okay. - documentation - yes, most prototypes don ' t need much documentation. when using prototypes, make sure that everybody involved knows, that you are writing something for the trash bin. you can skip to the end and add a comment. this post is too old. we do not allow comments here anymore in order to fight spam. if you have real feedback or questions for the post, please contact us.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5021240588290199, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.264682"} {"text": "it \u2019 s a common parental dilemma : conjuring up easy, nutritious school lunches that your child will actually eat. ideally, you \u2019 d send your children off each day with a wild - caught salmon fillet, a scoop of barley risotto, and a crisp salad ; in real life, that wholesome lunch would likely come home each day, well, still whole. to raise your lunch - box success ratio, we \u2019 ve gathered grocery - shopping and preparation tips to keep kids satisfied \u2014 and well fueled \u2014 until the last bell rings. during weekly or twice - weekly shopping trips, load your basket with foods that will feed your child \u2019 s brain, says coralee thompson, md, coauthor of healthy brains, healthy children ( barmore, 2009 ). if your kitchen is stocked with convenient, whole foods, you ( and your kids ) will be less likely to rely on processed, packaged foods or whatever the school cafeteria is serving that day. plan dinners and lunches will follow. heat up leftover soups, stews, or whole - grain pastas ( if necessary ) and pack them in an insulated stainless - steel container. top extra baked or sweet potatoes with favorite veggies and grated cheese. cut leftover cooked chicken, red meat, or fish, into kid - friendly cubes ; pack them solo or use them in sandwiches and wraps, suggests thompson. or choose lean and lower - sodium lunchmeats. some fruits and veggies become brown or slimy if you cut them too far in advance, but others \u2014 grapes, cherry tomatoes, carrots, jicama slices \u2014 can be washed and bagged days ahead. other tried - and - true prep - and package - ahead menu items : hard - boiled eggs ; homemade trail mixes ( nuts, seeds, dried fruits, unsweetened coconut flakes ) ; natural applesauce mixed with cinnamon, walnuts, and raisins ; plain yogurt blended with honey, berries, and nuts ; and dips such as hummus, black bean dip, salsa, and yogurt. slice foods into easy - to - handle strips or cubes ( lightly brush apples and pears with lemon juice to prevent browning ) and package them with tasty dips. or combine multicolored fruits or veggies in one reusable container for eye appeal. wrap foods in tortillas, and cut sandwiches into triangles. for younger kids, send a note declaring certain days to be \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4243958112305718, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.268395"} {"text": "( last update : dec 21 ) over at the dodecad blog, i have been tracking a mysterious \" dagestan \" genetic component in south asia and europe. this component is modal in populations of dagestan : dargins from urkarah, lezgins, and kumyks from stalskoe. dargins and lezgins are northeast caucasian speakers, and while kumyks are turkic, this is probably due to a small east eurasian component in their ancestry, and it ' s a fair guess that they too are natives to the region who underwent language shift. surprisingly, this component occurs at a high frequency in some south asian populations, including telugu and tamil brahmins from south india. these are believed to be descended from indo - aryan speakers from north india and to have maintained a genetic distinctiveness vis a vis the native inhabitants of south india. there are two reasons why i think i am picking a really meaningful signal : - differentiation between tamil and andhra pradesh brahmins and non - brahmin populations from the same states - the levels of the component in india are as high as any other eurasian populations save for the dagestanis immediate neighbors in the caucasus indeed, if you inspect the project members ' results on this component, you will see that the \" dagestan \" component is found at many south asians who belong to other populations than those available in the public references. without giving anything away, it ' s clear that the \" dagestan \" component is found frequently in many parts of india. indo - aryans outside india the question of the origin of the indo - aryans is obviously very difficult, and attempts at tracing their origin use either a type of \" geolinguistic trigonometry \" to make them fit in the broader context of indo - european dispersals, or rely on archaeological interpretation of the material culture of sites such as arkaim or the bmac. i ' ll leave these speculations to those competent to make them, and i will turn to the concrete : the mitanni of syro - anatolia. here we have what seems to be indo - aryan personal / deity names, as well as numerals in what appears to have been a largerly hurrian - speaking population. the kingdom of the mitanni flourished in the 2nd millennium bc, a time also generally considered to be that of the earliest indo - aryan linguistic monument, the rigveda. what is most interesting, however, is that hurrian, like urart", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5023862417422813, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.275149"} {"text": "kingdom of the mitanni flourished in the 2nd millennium bc, a time also generally considered to be that of the earliest indo - aryan linguistic monument, the rigveda. what is most interesting, however, is that hurrian, like urartian are part of the hurro - urartian language family, which has been linked by some linguists to northeast caucasian. i won ' t comment on whether such a link exists, but a relationship between hurro - urartian and northeast caucasian coupled with the known proximity of indo - aryans with hurrians would immediately supply an explanation for the \" dagestan \" component : it might be the legacy of an absorption of hurrian elements by the ancestors of the indo - aryans while the latter were still in the near east. by the 2nd millennium bc, the indo - aryan element seems to have been well on its way to disappearance in the region, and we find no trace of it after the demise of the mitanni. a millennium later came the disappearance of urartian, replaced by various types of indo - european ( such as armenian and iranian ), and semitic. we are fortunate that the indo - aryans of syro - anatolia left traces of their existence before their demise. the bactria - margiana archaeological complex was excavated by viktor sarianidi ( here is a trailer for a documentary about it, and a discover magazine article ). according to sarianidi, it is at least indo - iranian ( if not specifically indo - aryan ) and can be traced to the syro - anatolian region. the formation of the bmac begins in the 3rd millennium bc, and it ends its existence in the 2nd, at around the time when indo - aryans are said to have made their appearance in the subcontinent. the geographical region of the bmac ( aka oxus river civilization ) is pictured on the left. whether we trace it to anatolia, or, more modestly, to iran, the likely western origin of the bmac would almost certainly mean that it could have served as a conduit for the dispersal of the mystery \" dagestan \" component to india. non - indo - europeans of pakistan the scenario i have outlined above derives the indo - aryans from the transcaucasus where they pick up the \" dagestan \" component, south of the caspian, to the oxus river civilization ( bmac ) of turkmenistan, to afghanistan, and then via the khyber pass to pakistan. the mitanni are seen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4280602056728918, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.277171"} {"text": "published in proceedings of the symposium on flow measurement in open channels and closed conduits : gaithersburg, md, february 23, 1977, pages 471 - 477. note : at the time of publication, the author william durgin was not yet affiliated with cal poly. laser doppler anemometers are non - invasive, linear, and inherently precise. calibration, in the usual sense, is not necessary ; length and frequency measurements suffice to establish velocity at a spatial point. measurements were made at points in the cross - sections of two square ducts containing water flow. the points were selected in conformance with a numerical integration scheme to be used for volumetric flow rate determination from the velocity measurements. the experiments were performed in a primary calibration facility at flows up to 1. 25 m3 / sec using ducts with sides 46 and 92 cm. the anemometer, operating in forward scatter differential mode with a 15 mw he ne laser, was positioned with a special traversing frame. windows in the ducts allowed transmission of the beams into the flow and reception of scattered light. two grid patterns, 4 x 11 and 11 x 11, were used so that 44 and 121 velocities were measured for each test. a total of eight tests were conducted covering a reynolds number range from 1. 1 to 3. 9 x 108. after accounting for errors due to the discreet integration scheme of 0. 61 % and 0. 13 % for the 4 x 11 and 11 x 11 schemes, respectively, comparison with the calibration facility indicated extreme errors of + 0. 81 / - 0. 16 and + 0. 84 / - 0. 61. the major limitation of the set - up used was the time required to move the anemometer and obtain a new velocity value. it was pointed out that either better mechanical positioning or optical scanning could be employed to reduce the time required for a flow determination.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5202146502592908, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.281981"} {"text": "introduction to concentration one very important property of solutions that must be addressed is concentration. concentration generally refers to the amount of solute contained in a certain amount of solution. to deal with concentration you must keep in mind the distinctions between solute, solvent and solution. because varying amounts of solute can be dissolved in a solution, concentration is a variable property and we often need to have a numerical way of indicating how concentrated a solution happens to be. over the years a variety of ways have developed for calculating and expressing the concentration of solutions. that can be done with percentages using measurements of weight ( mass ) or volume or both. it can also be done using measurements that more closely relate to ways that chemicals react with one another ( moles ). in the pages that follow, several types of concentration will be presented. they include volume percent, weight percent, weight / volume percent, molarity ( the workhorse of chemical concentrations ), and normality ( presented only briefly here, more about it in another lesson ). you will get experience with more than one way of establishing the concentration of solutions. you can prepare a solution from scratch and measure each of the components that go into the solution. you can prepare a solution by diluting an existing solution. if an existing solution is colored, you can determine its concentration by measuring the intensity of color using colorimetry. there is also a connection between concentration and the equilibrium of saturated solutions that we will consider in this lesson. that involves the solubility product constants ( ksp ) for ionic compounds. distance learning questions clackamas community college", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5747753844805841, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.283753"} {"text": "field guide to maryland ' s turtles ( order testudines ) eastern musk turtle photo of eastern musk turtle courtesy of john white 2 - 4\u00bd inches. record - 5 inches. photo of eastern musk turtle courtesy of scott a. smith also known as \u201c stinkpot \u201d, its fetid smell aids in identification. photo of habitat for eastern musk turtle courtesy of rebecca chalmers found in most permanent bodies of water with slow current and soft bottoms, including ponds, lakes, swamps, streams and rivers. it is not found in brackish waters. often climbs slanting trees on swamp and marsh edges, where they occasionally fall onto boaters. how to find look in shallow water areas from april to september, particularly areas of still water. it is chiefly nocturnal, resting on the bottom during the day. it can sometimes be observed through binoculars basking on trees. may be ill - tempered if handled. distribution in maryland can be found throughout maryland but more common on the coastal plain. - discover maryland ' s herps - maryland herp history - maryland herp checklist - survey techniques, collecting ethics, safety and the law - problems with buying frogs and tadpoles for wild release - technical guide : a key to the reptiles and amphibians of maryland - 86. 3 mb pdf file - maryland amphibian and reptile atlas ( mara ) project - natural heritage program - wildlife & heritage home \" a joint project of the natural history society of maryland, inc. and the maryland department of natural resources \" to see older newsletters, please visit the mara resource page. the maryland herpetology field guide is a cooperative effort of the md natural heritage program and the md biological stream survey within the department of natural resources and their partners. we wish to thank all who contributed field records, text, and photographs, as well as support throughout its development.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.39810186836501077, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.286551"} {"text": "loggerhead sea turtle - photographer dubose griffin sea turtles are among the largest reptiles in the world and inhabit almost every ocean. fossil evidence indicates sea turtles shared the earth with dinosaurs over 210 million years ago. sea turtles are cold - blooded, air breathing, egg laying reptiles that deposit their eggs on dry, sandy beaches. sea turtles differ from freshwater turtles because they have flippers instead of feet, cannot retract their heads and spend all of their life in salt water, except when females come ashore to lay eggs. there are seven species of sea turtles in the world. they are the loggerhead, kemp ' s ridley, green, leatherback, australian flatback, hawksbill and olive ridley. the loggerhead, kemp ' s ridley, green and leatherback sea turtles can be found in south carolina ' s near shore waters april through november or nesting on our beaches from may through october. loggerheads are the most common sea turtle found in our state ' s coastal waters and nesting on our beaches. sea turtle nests and strandings in south carolina can be followed in real time on the scdnr sea turtle program web site : http : / / www. dnr. sc. gov / seaturtle /. loggerhead hatchling - photographer barbara bergwerf all sea turtles have a similar life history. since loggerheads are the most common species found in south carolina, the following life history information is specific to this species. the reproductive season begins when males and females mate in early spring. females crawl onto the beach at night, 30 days after breeding, from may to august and deposit an average of 120 white, leathery eggs similar in appearance and size to a ping pong ball. they deposit these eggs in a nest cavity that is approximately 18 inches deep. the cavity is dug with their hind flippers in the dry sand above the high tide line. each female will nest, on average, four times per season with two week intervals between each nesting event. the eggs incubate for approximately 60 days and during this time are susceptible to predation by raccoons, feral hogs, coyotes and ghost crabs. the temperature of the nest during the second trimester of incubation will determine the sex of the hatchlings. hatchlings emerge from the nest at night and crawl towards the ocean using several cues, primarily celestial light reflecting off the ocean, to find their way. please click here for video footage of this emergence : http : / / www. dnr. sc. gov / seat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4405908588185323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.295016"} {"text": "the nest at night and crawl towards the ocean using several cues, primarily celestial light reflecting off the ocean, to find their way. please click here for video footage of this emergence : http : / / www. dnr. sc. gov / seaturtle / videos / julyvideo _ logger. wmv. once they reach the ocean, they swim continuously for about 36 hours to escape predators that may prey on them in coastal waters. they swim offshore in search of large clumps of sargassum seaweed where they are camouflaged while feeding on a variety of small invertebrates. during the next 10 \u2013 12 years they lead a pelagic existence and float actively and passively in the north atlantic ocean gyre. once they reach approximately 20 inches in shell length, they move back into coastal waters along the continental shelf and begin feeding on bottom prey such as crabs and mollusks. they spend the rest of their juvenile and adult lives in these shelf waters. sea turtles face many natural and human - caused threats during all stages of their life cycle. the primary natural predator of juvenile and adult sea turtles is the shark. a significant threat is accidental capture in commercial fisheries. long line fishing, gill nets and bottom trawling can result in the lethal capture of sea turtles. the use of turtle excluder devices ( teds ) by shrimpers has reduced the occurrence of sea turtle deaths. however, these species still face many challenges for survival. collisions with boats, including propellers, are becoming a significant problem as coastal areas continue to develop. artificial light visible from the beach is harmful because it disorients adults and hatchlings, causing them to wander away from the ocean. disoriented hatchlings are more susceptible to nocturnal predators. pollution can cause sea turtle mortality. for example, plastic bags may be mistaken as food and ingested, and sea turtles can become entangled in monofilament line. beachfront development interferes with the natural erosion and accretion along dynamic barrier islands which results in the loss of nesting habitat. climate change is a threat to sea turtles, especially when coupled with beachfront development. rising oceans move dynamic beaches landward. when this occurs on developed beaches, nesting habitat is lost when sand cannot migrate landward because of infrastructure or when beaches are armored to protect property. warming temperatures can also alter the natural ratio of male to female turtles that are produced in a nest. all four species of sea turtles found in south carolina are protected by state and federal law, principally by the us endangered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42615501465675476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.297839"} {"text": "beaches are armored to protect property. warming temperatures can also alter the natural ratio of male to female turtles that are produced in a nest. all four species of sea turtles found in south carolina are protected by state and federal law, principally by the us endangered species act of 1973. additionally, all species of sea turtles are protected by the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ). they are also listed as endangered or vulnerable by the international union for the conservation of nature ( iucn ). endemic sea turtles loggerhead sea turtle - photographer tom murphy loggerheads ( caretta caretta ) are the most widespread and commonly found sea turtle that nests in the southeastern united states. they were designated as the official south carolina state reptile in 1988. loggerheads are named for their massive heads and powerful jaws that enable them to feed on hard - shelled prey, such as whelks, crustaceans and conch. loggerhead turtles have an oval - shaped carapace that is dark reddish - brown while their flippers and lower plastron are light yellow. adult loggerheads can weigh as much 300 pounds and reach up to four feet in shell length. loggerhead nesting has been well documented and has averaged 3, 378 nests per year over the last 10 years in south carolina. for more specific information on loggerhead sea turtles, please visit the following web pages : kemp ' s ridley sea turtle - photographers phil and kemp ' s ridleys ( lepidochelys kempii ) are the smallest and rarest of the seven sea turtle species, weighing approximately 100 pounds and as adults, growing to two feet in shell length. adults have a round grayish - black to olive carapace ( which lightens in color as the turtle ages ) that is as wide as it is long. they feed on fast swimming crabs, such as blue crabs ( callinectes sapidus ). kemp ' s ridleys nest primarily near rancho nuevo, mexico. they do not typically nest in south carolina but can be found in inshore and near shore waters from april through november. however, a kemp ' s ridley nest was recorded on litchfield by the sea in 1992 and south litchfield in 2008 ( less than a mile from the 1992 nest site ). for more specific information on kemp ' s ridley sea turtles, please visit the following web pages : green sea turtle - photographer barbara bergwerf green sea turtles ( chelonia mydas ) are the largest hard - shelled sea turtle species. their common", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4282145390573734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.298994"} {"text": "more specific information on kemp ' s ridley sea turtles, please visit the following web pages : green sea turtle - photographer barbara bergwerf green sea turtles ( chelonia mydas ) are the largest hard - shelled sea turtle species. their common name is derived from the green fat, or calipee, in their body due to their herbivorous diet. they have a serrated jaw for tearing grass, weigh approximately 300 - 350 pounds as adults and average five feet in shell length. in september 1996, the first documented green turtle nest was laid on south island in south carolina. since 1996, green nesting has become more frequent. although green turtles do not typically nest in south carolina, juvenile turtles consistently utilize south carolina \u2019 s inshore and near shore waters as foraging grounds from april through november. for more specific information on green sea turtles, please visit the following web pages : leatherback sea turtle - photographer matthew godfrey leatherbacks ( dermochelys coriacea ) are the largest and widest ranging sea turtles. these sea turtles are unique because they do not have a hard shell, but a leathery shell with distinct longitudinal ridges. although cold blooded, they can maintain a body temperature warmer than ambient. they range from 800 - 1, 300 pounds and reach six feet in shell length. leatherbacks feed on jellyfish in south carolina near shore waters in the spring and fall while migrating between nova scotia feeding grounds to tropical nesting beaches. in 1996, the first south carolina record for a leatherback nest was documented on st. phillip \u2019 s island. since 1996, leatherback nesting has become more frequent. for more specific information on leatherback sea turtles, please visit the following web pages : - sea turtles are revered in many cultures. around the world there are numerous indigenous tales and legends that depict turtles as guardians or creators of life on earth. in hawaii, the turtle is a symbol of good luck and a hindu symbol depicts the world as resting on the back of a turtle. - leatherbacks dive deeper than any other turtle species with recorded dive depths of up to 4, 000 feet. given the pressure and temperature at this depth, this is a remarkable dive for any air breathing vertebrate. - loggerhead hatchlings born on the beaches of south carolina, north carolina, florida and georgia live the first years of their lives in the pelagic environment off the west coast of africa. - it takes loggerheads 25 \u2013 30 years to mature and reproduce. you cannot age a turtle and no one knows exactly how long they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42712347517374005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.300474"} {"text": "and georgia live the first years of their lives in the pelagic environment off the west coast of africa. - it takes loggerheads 25 \u2013 30 years to mature and reproduce. you cannot age a turtle and no one knows exactly how long they live. - about 100 species of animals and plants have been recorded living on one single loggerhead, making them an entire mobile, living, breathing ecosystem. - the smallest sea turtle is the kemp \u2019 s ridley. the largest recorded leatherback was found stranded on the coast of wales in 1988 and weighed roughly 2, 020 pounds. biologists urge the public to assist with sea turtle conservation by reporting all dead or injured sea turtles to 1 - 800 - 922 - 5431. additionally, the following tips are useful : - never disturb a sea turtle crawling to or from the ocean. - once a sea turtle has begun nesting, observe her only from a distance. - do not shine lights on a sea turtle or take flash photography. - turn out all lights visible from the beach, dusk to dawn, from may through october. - turn off all outdoor and deck lighting to reduce disorientation for nesting adults and hatchlings. - close blinds and drapes on windows that face the beach or ocean. - fill in holes on the beach at the end of each day as adults and hatchlings can become trapped. - do not leave beach chairs, tents etc. on the beach overnight. - never attempt to ride a sea turtle. this publication was made possible in part with funds from scdnr endangered species appropriations, scdnr check - off for wildlife funds, scdnr endangered species license plate sales, us fish and wildlife service and noaa fisheries endangered species act section 6 funding. - carr, archie. so excellent a fishe. the natural history press, garden city, new york. 1967. - carr, archie. the windward road. university of florida press, tallahassee florida. republished 1979. - national research council. decline of the sea turtles : causes and prevention. national academy press, washington, dc. 1990. - safina, carl. voyage of the turtle : in pursuit of the earth \u2019 s last dinosaur. henry holt and co., llc, new york, new york. 2006. for more information about sea turtles in south carolina, visit the web sites below : - scdnr sea turtle conservation program web site : http : / / www. dnr. sc. gov / seaturtle / - sea turtle outreach and educational", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3999501767007578, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.301489"} {"text": "one of the things that makes groovy different than most compiled languages is that you can create functions that are first class objects. that is you can define a chunk of code and then pass it around as if it were a string or an integer. check out the following code : the curly braces around the expression \" it * it \" tells the groovy compiler to treat this expression as code. in the software world, this is called a \" closure \". in this case, the designator \" it \" refers to whatever value is given to the function. then this compiled function is assigned to the variable \" square \" much like those above. so now we can do something like this : and get the value 81. this is not very interesting until we find that we can pass this function \" square \" around as a value. there are some built in functions that take a function like this as an argument. one example is the \" collect \" method on arrays. try this : this expression says, create an array with the values 1, 2, 3 and 4, then call the \" collect \" method, passing in the closure we defined above. the collect method runs through each item in the array, calls the closure on the item, then puts the result in a new array, resulting in : for more methods you can call with closures as arguments, see the groovy gdk documentation. by default closures take 1 parameter called \" it \", you can also create closures with named parameters. for example the method map. each ( ) can take a closure with two variables, to which it binds the key and associated value : more closure examples here are a few more closure examples. this first one shows a couple of things. first, the closure is interacting with a variable outside itself. that is, the closure ' s purpose is to put together the parts of a stock order held in the array orderparts, by adding ( appending ) it to the variable fullstring. the variable fullstring is not in the closure. the second thing that is different about this example is that the closure is \" anonymous \", meaning that it is not given a name, and is defined in the place where the each method is called. you can probably guess what this prints out. the next example is another anonymous closure, this time, summing up the values stored in a map. dealing with files reading data from files is relatively simple. first create a text file, and call it myfile. txt.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4799533189246891, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.305789"} {"text": "out. the next example is another anonymous closure, this time, summing up the values stored in a map. dealing with files reading data from files is relatively simple. first create a text file, and call it myfile. txt. it doesn ' t matter what ' s in it, just type some random text into it and save it on your c : drive in the \\ temp directory. then type the following code in the groovyconsole : this should print out every line in the file prefixed with \" file line : \". the first two lines of the code simply declare variables to specify where the file is located. the variable names don ' t have any special significance, and as you can see, all we do is combine them when we use them. note that because the backslash character has special meaning in groovy, you have to use two of them to tell it that you ' ' ' really ' ' ' mean a backslash. the next line that starts \" myfile = \" creates a new file object. an object is simply a collection of related methods and data. for example, a file object might have data describing its location, in this case \" c : \\ temp \\ myfile. txt \", and maybe a method to delete the file if it exists. in this case the only method we are going to use is the eachline method, which we call in the last line of code. the line before that is a simple closure definition, that you have seen several times by this point. dealing with strings strings in groovy have all the same functionality of java strings. that is, a groovy string is just a java string with a few extra things added to it. because of that, we can refer to the java documentation for the string class to find out some of the interesting things we can do with it. for example, look in the section entitled ' ' ' method summary ' ' ' at the description for the ' ' ' split ' ' ' method. this method does something very useful, which is to split a string based on a regular expression. we will talk more about regular expressions later, but for now the only thing you have to know is that the simplest regular expression is a single character. so let ' s say that we want to split up the components of the date \" 2005 - 07 - 04 \", so that we can add one to the year to get the date of next fourth of july. we might", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5115295640873139, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.306786"} {"text": "a risk factor is something that increases your likelihood of getting a disease or condition. it is possible to get an infection in pregnancy even if you do not have risk factors. risk factors for infection in pregnancy vary depending on the type of infection. general risk factors for infection during pregnancy include : viruses and bacteria that cause infections are passed through person - to - person contact. you are at higher risk of spreading and getting infections caused by bacteria and viruses if you : - do not wash your hands. - touch your nose, mouth, and eyes with contaminated fingers. sexually transmitted diseases ( stds ) such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, herpes simplex virus, and hiv are passed from person to person during sexual contact. your risk for stds is higher if you have had : - many sex partners - sex with someone who has had many partners - sex without using condoms germs that cause infections such as listeriosis and toxoplasmosis have been found in : - uncooked meats - undercooked meat ( such as rare beef ) from infected animals - uncooked vegetables - unpasteurized milk - foods made from unpasteurized milk ( eg, certain cheeses ) - processed foods your risk for these infections is higher if you eat these foods. lifestyle risk factors include : - having close contact with someone who has an infection - using household items that were used by an infected person and not properly cleaned - handling cat litter or soil where there is cat feces having a job that involves contact with bodily fluids, such as a : - childcare worker - first aid or emergency worker - funeral director - healthcare worker - dental assistant - police personnel - reviewer : andrea chisholm - review date : 09 / 2012 - - update date : 00 / 93 / 2012 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4949325782623604, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.308731"} {"text": "- dottech - http : / / dottech. org - the 411 on process virtual machines posted by samuel on november 8, 2011 @ 12 : 20 pm in computer programming | 6 comments most everyone uses ones of these every day and don \u2019 t know it. some that do know either don \u2019 t understand it or, even worse, misunderstand it. yet if anyone ever ran a java program or a. net based program they \u2019 ve used one. at its most basic, a process virtual machine ( pvm ) is somewhat like the virtual machines ( think virtualbox ) that run whole operating systems. the main difference between the two being pvms only virtualize processes, not whole operating systems. the main idea of a pvm is to simplify the creation of programs as well as making programs easy to use for the end user. java and. net both have their own systems, but the basic idea remains the same : a coder can make a code once and the pvm deals with making it run on different computers. in java \u2019 s case, this means that a programmer can make one code that will run on windows, mac, unix, linux, and even mobile phones. in the case of. net, a programmer can target any windows based device and have the code work with little or no changes. this helps developers target very large groups of people with minimal expense in terms of time and money. furthermore, pvms makes programming easier since a lot of things that a programmer normally has to worry about, things they would usually have to code manually, can be easily called instead of created. continuing on that trend, pvm based programs are also safer since the program is running in a virtual machine, making it harder to mess up the system ( though not impossible, trust me, i know = d ). on the flip side not everything is rosy in pvm park. for starters you need to have the pvm installed on your computer, though in the case of. net if you keep your computer up to date odds are you will have. net ( or, depending on what windows you have, you may not even need to download it from anywhere because various versions of. net come with windows vista and win7 ). if you don \u2019 t have the pvm or even the correct version ( in general having a new version is ok ) the program won \u2019 t run. and the pvm is not always that small \u2013 the installer for. net 3. 5 sp1 is 250 mb. pvms are also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5077955049621485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.315007"} {"text": "even the correct version ( in general having a new version is ok ) the program won \u2019 t run. and the pvm is not always that small \u2013 the installer for. net 3. 5 sp1 is 250 mb. pvms are also controversial. pvms are considered to be cheating by some since the programmer has the pvm doing a lot of the work for him or her. however, that also hurts the programmer since if something is not in the pvm they have to access native ( or non pvm ) code to do it, which can be very hard sometimes. finally, though this is more true with. net than java, a pvm program will only run if the pvm is supported on the os in question. i personally am a pvm programmer. my \u201c native \u201d programming language is visual basic (. net pvm ), but i know visual c # (. net pvm ), and am in the process of learning java ( java pvm ). i also plan to learn to code natively in the future. though i admit that using pvms has some problems, i believe that just because a program uses them doesn \u2019 t make them any worse than a program that \u2019 s written natively. however, in the end i suppose that \u2019 s your call. article printed from dottech : http : / / dottech. org url to article : http : / / dottech. org / 11118 / the - 411 - on - process - virtual - machines / urls in this post : samuel : http : / / dottech. org / author / samuel ashraf : http : / / dottech. org / author / ashraf \u00a9 2008 - 2012 dottech. org | all content is the property of its rightful owner.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4379657511385323, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.315844"} {"text": "methods : in 2000 an unidentified hospital staff member placed a 24 oz plastic flask of nestle coffeemate ( hazelnut flavor ) into a nursing station refrigerator on the 8th floor of local hospital. a regional neurologist has casually noted the movements of the flask of proto - dairy product at intermittent intervals over time while scavenging for diet coke. the flask has been consistently identified over time by it ' s original expiration date ( february, 2002 ) stamped on the rim. findings : the coffeemate bottle has now been in the refrigerator for over 10 years. careful observation ( okay, lifting and shaking it a little from time - to - time ) showed that its weight gradually decreased in the first several months of it ' s presence, then stabilized. while weight can vary depending on local gravity, the earth ' s gravitational force has not changed substantially during this time, nor has the hospital been relocated to a planet with lesser gravity. the contents have not been directly inspected by the author during this time. the bottle has remained on the same shelf ( center shelf, refrigerator door ) since its original placement. its specific location on the shelf has varied ( sometimes next to the ranch dressing, at other times between the ketchup and mustard, and once briefly near a bottle of banana - based ketchup that a filipino traveling nurse brought ). overall its location has been reasonably predictable within the limitations of the heisenberg uncertainty principle and schrodinger ' s cat. results : it ' s still there. discussion : there have been a number of postulates to explain this sort of object persistence. while local changes in brownian kinetics or gravity are possible, the most likely cause of the flask ' s roughly unchanged location is attributable to the nature of homo sapiens. this local species appears to be disinterested in removing objects that are not the direct property of a given individual. therefore, it ' s likely that only the specific animal which originally placed the coffeemate on the shelf will be inclined to retrieve it, regardless of its current condition. its persistence, in spite of clearly being empty for several years, is likely due to one or more of the following possibilities : 1. the original owner no longer works at the hospital, or at least not on that floor. 2. the original owner has forgotten it ' s theirs, and therefore isn ' t touching it. 3. people are lazy. it should be noted that item # 3 is actually a unifying theorem for # 1 & # 2. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5803793648468705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.320473"} {"text": "dsss : determining chemical and microbial fe ( ii ) oxidation kinetics in situ : how well do organisms compete with chemical oxidation? - who : george w. luther, ph. d., university of delaware - what : download the file ( pdf ) - where : building 66, auditorium - when : 10 : 30 am to 12 : 00 noon, february 8, 2013 - why : about the distinguished scientist seminar series my interests cover a wide range of areas including redox reactions in the environment, trace element speciation in marine waters and sediments including metal - ligand complexes, biogeochemical processes, in situ electrochemistry and microelectrode technology. our group also emphasizes research that interfaces chemistry with biology with the view that chemistry drives biology. abstract : the oxidation of aqueous fe ( ii ) to fe ( iii ) solids is of great significance to earth history including banded iron formation ( bifs ) and the rise of o2 in waters and the atmosphere. the chemical oxidation of aqueous fe ( ii ) in air saturated solutions is facile at circumneutral ph, but o2 arises mainly from photosynthetic activity. there are currently three theories on how microbes could have contributed to fe ( iii ) precipitation : ( 1 ) oxygenic photosynthesis, coupled to abiotic fe oxidation, ( 2 ) aerobic ( anerobic? ) fe oxidation by iron oxidizing bacteria ( feob ), and ( 3 ) anoxygenic photosynthesis, with fe as an electron donor ( photoferrotrophs ). using kinetic data obtained in the field as well as in the laboratory with in situ microelectrode techniques developed in our lab, it is now possible to discriminate between chemical fe ( ii ) oxidation and these microbially based processes in real time. field data will be shown from diverse sites including yellowstone national park where groundwater, rich in fe ( ii ) and mn ( ii ) but with little or no o2, enter oxygenated systems. in the case of feob, their importance in fe ( ii ) oxidation increases at low o2 concentrations. thermodynamic calculations for the first electron transfer between the metal ions, fe ( ii ) and mn ( ii ), with o2 over ph gives insight to the distribution of these metals in bifs and their biogeochemical behavior.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.531026192323007, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.322912"} {"text": "teachers like to think that no matter how useless their lessons appear, they are \" teaching their students how to think. \" under the heading of \" transfer of learning, \" educational psychologists have spent over a century looking for evidence that this sort of learning actually occurs. especially important to learning theory and educational practice because very often the kinds of transfer hoped for do not occur. the classic investigation of this was conducted by the renowned educational psychologist e. l. thorndike in the first decades of the 20th century. thorndike examined the proposition that studies of latin disciplined the mind, preparing people for better performance in other subject matters. comparing the performance in other academic subjects of students who had taken latin with those who had not, thorndike ( 1923 ) found no advantage of latin studies whatsoever. in other experiments, thorndike and woodworth ( 1901 ) sought, and generally failed to find, positive impact of one sort of learning on another... thorndike ' s early and troubling findings have reemerged again and again in other investigations... most educational psychologists are dismayed by what they ' ve discovered about transfer of learning. ( here ' s one eloquent example ). after reviewing the national assessment of adult literacy, though, i realized that researchers ' moping is premature. despite everything, the glass is half full. how so? well, the naal finds that american adults ' literacy and numeracy is shockingly low. many high school graduates have trouble correctly interpreting a t. v. guide or calculating the total savings from $. 05 / gallon savings on 140 gallons of oil. if knowledge reliably transferred, we would have to conclude that most american adults are simply unemployable. after all, if people readily generalize from specific knowledge to general knowledge, their lack of general knowledge strongly suggests their lack of specific knowledge. the reality is happily different. despite their low literacy and numeracy, americans perform a wide variety of jobs competently. how? step 1 : specialize. step 2 : practice, practice, practice. if they work for the post office, they learn how to correctly sort mail. if they work at mcdonald ' s, they learn how to make fries and make change. if they install automatic garage door openers, they learn lots of details about garage doors. the result : we get mail, food, and convenient access to our garages. wouldn ' t it be better if this task - specific competence naturally blossomed into across - the -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5081405802574309, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.326262"} {"text": "\u00bf hablas ingles? ban co noi tieng anh? \u0432\u044b \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e - \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438? \u0647\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 when we think about learning a language, we generally think about language taught as an add - on \u2013 like an esl class for non - native english speakers or a class that is separate from academic content instruction. you learn german, spanish or french in your language class, and knowledge and skills are taught in the native language. for example, math and history are taught in english here in the us or in the native language in other countries. but this approach, bilingual education, has been controversial since 1960s and is all about effective strategies for teaching and learning language. speaking in tongues, a film by ken schneider and marcia jarmel explored this issue. in a time where 31 states have passed \" english only \" initiatives, one urban school district is exploring the provocative notion that speaking a foreign language can be a national asset. speaking in tongues follows four diverse students and their families as they encounter the challenges and delights of becoming fluent in two languages. witness how speaking more than one language changes them, their families, their communities, and maybe even the world. the film was presented on kqed ' s truly california. here ' s the trailer : in a dual - language english immersion program, all instruction is given in english and teachers adjust the english level to the proficiency level of the class. students develop language skills as they learn subject material. similarly with mandarin or spanish \u2013 students would be taught math and other subjects in mandarin or spanish. the important difference is that the immersion teacher is able to speak the non - english native language, so that the teacher can tell if problems arise from understanding the language or from content. they can then use this language to explain further. the california department of education estimates that there are 318 bilingual immersion programs in the state, up from 201 in 2006, with \u201c about 50, 000 students enrolled in dual - language programs \u2026 and about half of them are english learners. ninety percent of the programs offer spanish as the second language, followed by mandarin ( 4 percent ), korean ( 3 percent ) and other languages ( 3 percent ). \u201d - eleanor yang su, kqed \u2019 s mindshift ( march, 2012 ) \u201c we have more research now that shows students who develop two or three languages to a high level have certain cognitive advantages, \u201d said julie", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49774373160546476, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.330137"} {"text": "in the lead up to the election, and since, there has been discussion about the role of consent in teenage sexual behaviour and sexual health outcomes. a recent research report was published suggesting a strong association between sexual coercion and teenage pregnancy. meanwhile the government seems committed to addressing consent issues : ' to help stop sexual violence before it occurs, we will ensure that the school curriculum includes teaching young people about sexual consent ' \u2013 conservative party election manifesto 2010 '... working with schools to teach young people about sexual consent and respect in relationships ' \u2013 theresa may at womens aid conference in 2010. i welcome any educational initiatives that reinforce mutual respect and consent as the basis of sexual relationships. however, in case anyone thinks it is an opportunity to promote conservative messages about adolescent sexuality i would sound a cautionary note. convenient as it would be to believe that sex amongst teenagers was just happening because of peer pressure, coercion and at worst violence, the fact is it isn \u2019 t. sex is happening because it \u2019 s natural, it feels good physically and emotionally, because it is fun, because it is exciting and adventurous, because young people fall in love and for a whole load of other positive reasons as well as all the scary negative stuff. it is important that we acknowledge that as our starting point. it is also vital that we consider what consent means in its broadest sense and once we have defined consent, what the implications of that are for educators and service providers. we can probably take it for granted that everyone agrees both parties should \u2018 consent \u2019 to sex, but i bet we \u2019 d find a very wide range of views of what constitutes consent amongst both policy makers, lawyers and sexually active people of all ages. i think that these two things are essential pre - requisites of consent : i ) an absence of coercion : the real possibility of saying no if you want to, or saying yes to some things / activities and no to others, or yes now and no later... ii ) the capacity, education and skills to make an informed choice : to understand the risks ( physical, emotional ) that you are taking, to be able to predict a range of positive and negative outcomes and to be able to balance these and make a choice here are just some of the things that need to be in place in order to meet those pre - requisites so that consent is the norm in sexual relations amongst people of all ages : \u2022 an understanding that coercion is a spectrum of behaviour from persuasion to persistence, to incentives to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.490933362445349, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.335152"} {"text": "need to be in place in order to meet those pre - requisites so that consent is the norm in sexual relations amongst people of all ages : \u2022 an understanding that coercion is a spectrum of behaviour from persuasion to persistence, to incentives to insistence, to threats, to force and even more shades of behaviour in between and that true informed consent is not possible in any of these scenarios \u2022 an opportunity to explore the association between gender, age, wealth, power and sexual coercion \u2022 an ability to recognise and decipher information presented on the internet and in the mainstream media in order to understand and critically evaluate messages, conventions and representations of sexual relationships \u2022 an opportunity to consider the role of pornography in influencing people \u2019 s expectations of their own and their sexual partners desire, physique and performance \u2022 a full understanding of all the possible consequences of having sex including the risks of contracting stis with all the immediate and long - term health implications \u2022 a full understanding of the risk of pregnancy, a consideration of all the decisions that can lead to and result from an unintended pregnancy and an understanding of all pregnancy options \u2022 a full understanding of the positive reasons that people have sex, including the emotional and physical pleasure it can bring \u2022 a full understanding of the range of sexualities and sexual preferences that exist and understanding that people of different sexualities have the same right to personal safety and bodily integrity \u2022 an understanding that the onus is on the coercer to listen to and hear their partner and not just on the coercee to be assertive and confident enough to keep saying no there \u2019 s a lot more, but this would be a start. even with this brief list it looks pretty much like a comprehensive sex and relationships curriculum! i am glad the government is looking at consent issues. i hope they \u2019 ve learned the lessons of the past and they know that it \u2019 s not enough to teach us \u2018 just say no \u2019.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4755742757689933, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.335962"} {"text": "argument to moderation | | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( april 2008 ) | argument to moderation ( latin : argumentum ad temperantiam ; also known as [ argument from ] middle ground, false compromise, gray fallacy and the golden mean fallacy ) is an informal fallacy which asserts that the truth can be found as a compromise between two opposite positions. this fallacy ' s opposite is the false dilemma. as vladimir bukovsky puts it, the middle ground between the big lie of soviet propaganda and the truth is a lie, and one should not be looking for a middle ground between disinformation and information. according to him, people from the western pluralistic civilization are more prone to this fallacy because they are used to resolving problems by making compromises and accepting alternative interpretations, unlike russians who are looking for the absolute truth. an individual demonstrating this false compromise fallacy implies that the positions being considered represent extremes of a continuum of opinions, and that such extremes are always wrong, and the middle ground is always correct. this is not always the case. sometimes only x or y is acceptable, with no middle ground possible. additionally, the middle ground fallacy allows any position to be invalidated, even those that have been reached by previous applications of the same method ; all one must do is present yet another, radically opposed position, and the middle - ground compromise will be forced closer to that position. in politics, this is part of the basis behind overton window theory. it is important to note that this does not mean the middle ground position is a bad strategy, or even incorrect ; only that the fact that it is moderate cannot be used as evidence of its truthfulness. - \" some would say that hydrogen cyanide is a delicious and necessary part of the human diet, but others claim it is a toxic and dangerous substance. the truth must therefore be somewhere in between. \" - \" bob says we should buy a computer. sue says we shouldn ' t. therefore, the best solution is to compromise and buy half a computer. \" - \" should array indices start at 0 or 1? my compromise of 0. 5 was rejected without, i thought, proper consideration. \" \u2014 stan kelly - bootle - \" the choice of 48 bytes as the atm cell payload size, as a compromise between the 64 bytes proposed by parties from the united states and the 32 bytes proposed by european parties ; the compromise was made for entirely political reasons, since it did not technically favor either of the parties. \" -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5142604603208182, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.340916"} {"text": "atm cell payload size, as a compromise between the 64 bytes proposed by parties from the united states and the 32 bytes proposed by european parties ; the compromise was made for entirely political reasons, since it did not technically favor either of the parties. \" - \" the fact that one is confronted with an individual who strongly argues that slavery is wrong and another who argues equally strongly that slavery is perfectly legitimate in no way suggests that the truth must be somewhere in the middle. \" see also - fallacy : middle ground, the nizkor project ( accessed 29 november 2012 ) - vladimir bukovsky, the wind returns. letters by russian traveler ( russian edition, \u0431\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0438 \u0432. \u043a. \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440. \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430. ) moscow, 1990, isbn 5 - 235 - 01826, page 345. - stevenson, d. ( 1993 ). \" electropolitical correctness and high - speed networking, or, why atm is like a nose \". asynchronous transfer mode networks. proceedings of tricom ' 93. new york : plenum press. isbn 0 - 306 - 44486 - 0. - susan t. gardner ( 2009 ). thinking your way to freedom : a guide to owning your own practical reasoning. temple university press.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5686951064586638, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.341672"} {"text": "however, the growing reputation of mazarin impeded the ambition of the plotters, and marcillac ' s 1645 liaison with duchess of longueville made him irrevocably a frondeur ( member of an uprising ). he was a conspicuous figure in the siege of paris, fought in many of the frequent military engagements, and was seriously wounded at the siege of mardyke. in the second fronde, marcillac allied himself with conde. he used the occasion of his father ' s funeral in 1650 to urge the attending provincial nobility to help him attack the royalist garrison of saumur. in the battle of the faubourg saint - antoine, in 1652, he was shot through the head. it was feared that he would lose his sight, but he recovered after a year ' s convalescence. for some years thereafter, he retired to his country estate of verteuil. although his fortune had been reduced markedly, in time he was able to restore it to some extent thanks chiefly to the fidelity of gourville, who had been in his service and who, passing into the service of mazarin and of conde, had acquired both wealth and influence. la rochefoucauld did not return to court life until just before mazarin ' s death, when louis xiv was about to assume absolute power, and the aristocratic anarchy of the fronde was over. he wrote his memoirs during this time, as did many of his prominent contemporaries. salon participation somewhat earlier, la rochefoucauld had taken his place in the salon of madeleine de souvre, marquise de sable, a member of the marquise de rambouillet coterie, and the founder of a kind of successor to it, whose special literary work was the writing of sentences and maximes. in 1662, the dutch firm, elsevier, surreptitiously published what purported to be his memoirs, which brought him both trouble and fame. many of his old friends were offended. these memoires were not a faithful copy of what he had written, and while he hastened to deny their authenticity, this was not generally believed. three years later, in 1665, he anonymously published the maximes, ( maxims ) which established his position among the men of letters of the time. at about the same date, his friendship with marie - madeleine pioche de la vergne, comtesse de la fayette began, which lasted for the rest of his life. the glimpse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.35570336388240753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.353651"} {"text": "his position among the men of letters of the time. at about the same date, his friendship with marie - madeleine pioche de la vergne, comtesse de la fayette began, which lasted for the rest of his life. the glimpses which we have of him henceforward are chiefly from the letters of madame de sevigne, and though they show him suffering from gout, are on the whole pleasant ones. he had a circle of devoted friends and was recognized as a top - ranking moralist and man of letters. his son, the prince de marcillac, to whom he gave his titles and honors in 1671, enjoyed a considerable position at court. but above all la rochefoucauld was recognized by his contemporaries, including the king, as an exemplar of the older noblesse, the nobility that existed under the great monarch before the brilliance of his reign faded. this reputation he has retained to the present day. la rochefoucauld ' s ethical views have given rise to attacks upon his works by pious moralists of later eras. like his contemporaries, he saw politics as a chessboard for powerful players, rather than as a struggle of ideologies or a means for achieving broad social goals. he appears to have been unusually scrupulous in his personal conduct, and his lack of success in the aristocratic struggles arose more from this than from anything else. he died of gout in paris on 17 march 1680. literary works the memoirs are of high interest and literary merit. a book purporting to be la rochefoucauld ' s memoirs was published in the dutch republic from whence, despite the author ' s protest, it continued to be reprinted for some thirty years. it has now been proved to been pieced together from the work of half a dozen men, with scarcely a third of it being la rochefoucauld ' s. some years after la rochefoucauld ' s death, a new recension appeared, still largely adulterated but with some errors corrected. this work went unchallenged for more than a century. only in 1817 did anything like a genuine, if still imperfect, edition appear. however, the pithy, elegant maximes, ( maxims ) had no such fate. the author made frequent alterations and additions to them during his life and a few were added after his death. it is usual now to publish them in their totality of 504. the majority consist of just two or three lines, and hardly any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4274403502988661, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.354588"} {"text": ". the author made frequent alterations and additions to them during his life and a few were added after his death. it is usual now to publish them in their totality of 504. the majority consist of just two or three lines, and hardly any exceed half a page. la rochefoucauld reflects on the conduct and motives of mankind, from the point of view of a man of the world who intends not to sugar - coat his observations. in fact, in his introduction, he advises, \"... the best approach for the reader to take would be to put in his mind right from the start that none of these maxims apply to himself in particular, and that he is the sole exception, even though they appear to be generalities. after that i guarantee that he will be the first to endorse them and he will believe that they do credit to the human spirit. \" here are a few examples : ii. self - love is the greatest of all flatterers. viii. sincere enthusiasm is the only orator who always persuades. it is like an art the rules of which never fail ; the simplest man with enthusiasm persuades better than the most eloquent with none. xiv. men are not only subject to losing all recollection of kindnesses and injuries done them, they even hate those to whom they are obliged and cease to hate those who have harmed them. the effort of repaying the kindness and avenging the evil seem to them a servitude to which they are unwilling to submit. xxx. if we had no faults, we would not take so much pleasure in noticing those of others. cclxi. flirtatiousness is fundamental to a woman ' s nature, but not all put it into practice because some are restrained by fear or by good sense. cdxi. there hardly exist faults which are not more pardonable than the means by which one tries to hide them. cdxxxiii. the truest mark of having been born with great qualities is to have been born without envy. his letters number more than one hundred, and they are of both biographical and literary value. la rochefoucauld ' s thoughts on human nature concern, among a broad range of topics, pride and self - love, the passions and the emotions, love, sincerity, conversation, and politics. nearly all the great french critics of the 19th century wrote to some extent about la rochefoucauld. for a recent assessment of la rochefoucauld ' s thought and his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4667785201368485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.355479"} {"text": "passions and the emotions, love, sincerity, conversation, and politics. nearly all the great french critics of the 19th century wrote to some extent about la rochefoucauld. for a recent assessment of la rochefoucauld ' s thought and his place in modern culture see john farrell, paranoia and modernity : cervantes to rousseau ( cornell up, 2006 ), chapter nine. philosopher, friedrich nietzsche, greatly admired la rochefoucauld and was influenced not only by his ethics, but also his style. the editions of la rochefoucauld ' s maximes ( as the full title runs, reflexions ou sentences et maximes morales ) published in his lifetime bear the dates 1665 ( editio princeps ), 1666, 1671, 1675, 1678. the most handsome separate edition of the maximes is the so - called edition des bibliophiles ( 1870 ). see the english version the moral maxims and reflections of the duke de la rochefoucauld by george h. powell ( 1903 ). | | this article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. ( may 2009 ) | - this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : chisholm, hugh, ed. ( 1911 ). encyclop\u00e6dia britannica ( 11th ed. ). cambridge university press. - montadon, alain, collectif sous la direction de. dictionnaire raisonne de la politesse et du savoir - vivre, du moyen age a nos jours. editions de seuil, paris. 1995. - bremond d ' ars, guy ( vicomte de ), le pere de madame de rambouillet, jean de vivonne : sa vie et ses ambassades pres de philippe ii et a la cour de rome, e. plon, nourrit & cie, imprimeurs - editeurs, paris, 1884, p. 387 : - \" armory of old regime ( pre - 1789 ) french peerage \" - prof. langfors, membre de l ' institut [ academie des inscriptions et belles lettres ] & professor at the ecole des hautes etudes at sorbonne 1919 - 20 - la rochefoucauld, de, francois. les maximes ; preface. ernest flammarion, editeur. paris. 1817. - la rochefoucauld, de, francois. les maximes. ernest fl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4288874393787593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.356336"} {"text": "| | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( august 2012 ) | iconoclasm is the deliberate destruction within a culture of the culture ' s own religious icons and other symbols or monuments, usually for religious or political motives. it is a frequent component of major political or religious changes. the term does not generally encompass the specific destruction of images of a ruler after his death or overthrow ( damnatio memoriae ), for example akhenaten in ancient egypt. people who engage in or support iconoclasm are called \" iconoclasts \", a term that has come to be applied figuratively to any individual who challenges established dogma or conventions. conversely, people who revere or venerate religious images are ( by iconoclasts ) called \" iconolaters \". in a byzantine context, they are known as \" iconodules \", or \" iconophiles \". iconoclasm may be carried out by people of a different religion, but is often the result of sectarian disputes between factions of the same religion. in christianity, iconoclasm has generally been motivated by people who adopt a literal interpretation of the ten commandments, which forbid the making and worshipping of \" graven images or any likeness of anything \". the degree of iconoclasm among christian sects greatly varies. major instances - most of the polytheistic religious deities and texts of pre - western americas, oceania, and africa, were destroyed by christian missionaries and their converts. - in judaism, king hezekiah purged solomon ' s temple in jerusalem and the land of israel of figures, including the nehushtan, as recorded in the second book of kings. his reforms were reversed in the reign of his son manasseh. - during the process of christianisation under constantine, groups destroyed the images and sculptures expressive of the roman empire ' s polytheist state religion. - the eastern orthodox church had a period of byzantine iconoclasm during the late medieval years, in which some groups destroyed the church ' s religious imagery. - during the protestant reformation and the european wars of religion, known as the beeldenstorm in the netherlands, protestants destroyed traditional catholic images in churches, including paintings, sculptures and other representations. in some instances, protestants destroyed the imagery of other protestants. - most of the moai of easter island were toppled during the 18th century in the iconoclasm of civil wars. - during the french revolution, people widely destroyed religious and monarchical imagery", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48908528954471503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.394153"} {"text": "some instances, protestants destroyed the imagery of other protestants. - most of the moai of easter island were toppled during the 18th century in the iconoclasm of civil wars. - during the french revolution, people widely destroyed religious and monarchical imagery. - during and after the russian revolution, widespread destruction of religious and secular imagery took place, as well as destruction of imagery related to the czar. - during and after the xinhai revolution in china, as well as during the later cultural revolution, there was widespread destruction of religious and secular imagery in china, including in tibet. - after the second vatican council in the late twentieth century, some roman catholic parish churches discarded much of their traditional imagery, art, and architecture. - during the 1956 hungarian revolution in budapest, and through the fall of communism in 1989, protesters often attacked and took down sculptures and images of joseph stalin, leader of the ussr. - the taliban destroyed two ancient statues of buddha at bamyan in afghanistan. - in 2003 a statue of saddam hussein was pulled down by a united states tank in baghdad ' s main square. this was broadcast live around the world. byzantine iconoclasm in the byzantine empire, government - led iconoclasm began with emperor leo iii, following what seems to have been a long period of rising opposition to the use or misuse of images. the religious conflict created political and economic divisions in byzantine society. it was generally supported by the eastern, poorer, non - greek peoples of the empire who had to deal frequently with raids from the new muslim empire. on the other hand, the wealthier greeks of constantinople, and also the peoples of the balkan and italian provinces, strongly opposed iconoclasm. within the byzantine empire, which included both christians and muslims, the government had likely been adopting christian images more frequently. one notable change came in 695, when justinian ii ' s government added a full - face image of christ on the obverse of imperial gold coins. the change caused the caliph abd al - malik to stop his earlier adoption of byzantine coin types. he started a purely islamic coinage with lettering only. a letter by the patriarch germanus written before 726 to two iconoclast bishops says that \" now whole towns and multitudes of people are in considerable agitation over this matter \" but there is little written evidence of the debate. the first iconoclastic period : 730 \u2013 787 sometime between 726 and 730, the byzantine emperor leo iii the isaurian began the iconoclast campaign. he ordered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44645618072524873, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.395275"} {"text": "over this matter \" but there is little written evidence of the debate. the first iconoclastic period : 730 \u2013 787 sometime between 726 and 730, the byzantine emperor leo iii the isaurian began the iconoclast campaign. he ordered the removal of an image of jesus prominently placed over the chalke gate, the ceremonial entrance to the great palace of constantinople, and its replacement with a cross. some of those assigned to the task were murdered by a band of iconodules. over the years conflict developed between those who wanted to use the images, claiming that they were \" icons \" to be \" venerated \", and the purists who claimed they were simply idols. pope gregory iii \" convoked a synod in 730 and formally condemned iconoclasm as heretical and excommunicated its promoters. the papal letter never reached constantinople as the messengers were intercepted and arrested in sicily by the byzantines \". the byzantine emperor constantine v convened the council of hieria in 754. the 338 bishops assembled concluded, \" the unlawful art of painting living creatures blasphemed the fundamental doctrine of our salvation - - namely, the incarnation of christ, and contradicted the six holy synods.... if anyone shall endeavour to represent the forms of the saints in lifeless pictures with material colours which are of no value ( for this notion is vain and introduced by the devil ), and does not rather represent their virtues as living images in himself, etc.... let him be anathema \". this council claimed to be the legitimate \" seventh ecumenical council \". second council of nicaea 787 in 780, constantine vi ascended the throne in constantinople, but being a minor, was managed by his mother empress irene. she decided that an ecumenical council needed to be held to address the issue of iconoclasm and directed this request to pope hadrian i ( 772 \u2013 795 ) in rome. he announced his agreement and called the convention on 1 august 786 in the presence of the emperor and empress. the initial proceedings were interrupted by the violent entry of iconoclast soldiers faithful to the memory of the prior emperor constantine v. this caused the council to be adjourned until a reliable army could be assembled to protect any proceedings. the council was reassembled at nicaea 24 september 787. during those proceedings the following was adopted :... we declare that we defend free from any innovations all the written and unwritten ecclesiastical traditions that have been entrusted to us", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43656583961606454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.396315"} {"text": "proceedings. the council was reassembled at nicaea 24 september 787. during those proceedings the following was adopted :... we declare that we defend free from any innovations all the written and unwritten ecclesiastical traditions that have been entrusted to us. one of these is the production of representational art ; this is quite in harmony with the history of the spread of the gospel, as it provides confirmation that the becoming man of the word of god was real and not just imaginary, and as it brings us a similar benefit. for, things that mutually illustrate one another undoubtedly possess one another ' s message.... we decree with full precision and care that, like the figure of the honoured and life - giving cross, the revered and holy images, whether painted or made of mosaic or of other suitable material, are to be exposed in the holy churches of god, on sacred instruments and vestments, on walls and panels, in houses and by public ways ; these are the images of our lord, god and saviour, jesus christ, and of our lady without blemish, the holy god - bearer, and of the revered angels and of any of the saintly holy men. the more frequently they are seen in representational art, the more are those who see them drawn to remember and long for those who serve as models, and to pay these images the tribute of salutation and respectful veneration. certainly this is not the full adoration in accordance with our faith, which is properly paid only to the divine nature, but it resembles that given to the figure of the honoured and life - giving cross, and also to the holy books of the gospels and to other sacred cult objects. ( note : see also for the original pretranslation text of this council in greek and latin ) views in byzantine iconoclasm accounts of iconoclast arguments are largely found in iconodule writings. to understand iconoclastic arguments, one must note the main points : - iconoclasm condemned the making of any lifeless image ( e. g., painting or statue ) that was intended to represent jesus or one of the saints. the \" epitome of the definition of the iconoclastic conciliabulum \" ( synod of hiereia ) held in 754 declared : supported by the holy scriptures and the fathers, we declare unanimously, in the name of the holy trinity, that there shall be rejected and removed and cursed one of the christian church every likeness which is made out of any material", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4853843557160977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.398186"} {"text": "held in 754 declared : supported by the holy scriptures and the fathers, we declare unanimously, in the name of the holy trinity, that there shall be rejected and removed and cursed one of the christian church every likeness which is made out of any material and colour whatever by the evil art of painters.... if anyone ventures to represent the divine image ( \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1, charakter ) of the word after the incarnation with material colours, let him be anathema!.... if anyone shall endeavour to represent the forms of the saints in lifeless pictures with material colours which are of no value ( for this notion is vain and introduced by the devil ), and does not rather represent their virtues as living images in himself, let him be anathema! - for iconoclasts, the only real religious image must be an exact likeness of the prototype \u2014 of the same substance \u2014 which they considered impossible, seeing wood and paint as empty of spirit and life. thus for iconoclasts the only true ( and permitted ) \" icon \" of jesus was the eucharist, which was believed to be his body and blood. - any true image of jesus must be able to represent both his divine nature ( which is impossible because it cannot be seen nor encompassed ) as well his human nature. but by making an icon of jesus, one is separating his human and divine natures, since only the human can be depicted ( separating the natures was considered nestorianism ), or else confusing the human and divine natures, considering them one ( union of the human and divine natures was considered monophysitism ). - icon use for religious purposes was viewed as an innovation in the church, a satanic misleading of christians to return to pagan practice. satan misled men, so that they worshipped the creature instead of the creator. the law of moses and the prophets cooperated to remove this ruin.... but the previously mentioned demiurge of evil... gradually brought back idolatry under the appearance of christianity. the chief theological opponents of iconoclasm were the monks mansur ( john of damascus ), who, living in muslim territory as advisor to the caliph of damascus, was far enough away from the byzantine emperor to evade retribution, and theodore the studite, abbot of the stoudios monastery in constantinople. john declared that he did not venerate matter, \" but rather the creator of matter \". however he also declared, \" but i also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4825467588338025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.399378"} {"text": "emperor to evade retribution, and theodore the studite, abbot of the stoudios monastery in constantinople. john declared that he did not venerate matter, \" but rather the creator of matter \". however he also declared, \" but i also venerate the matter through which salvation came to me, as if filled with divine energy and grace \". he includes in this latter category the ink in which the gospels were written as well as the paint of images, the wood of the cross, and the body and blood of jesus. the iconodule response to iconoclasm included : - assertion that the biblical commandment forbidding images of god had been superseded by the incarnation of jesus, who, being the second person of the trinity, is god incarnate in visible matter. therefore, they were not depicting the invisible god, but god as he appeared in the flesh. this became an attempt to shift the issue of the incarnation in their favor, whereas the iconoclasts had used the issue of the incarnation against them. - further, in their view idols depicted persons without substance or reality while icons depicted real persons. essentially the argument was \" all religious images not of our faith are idols ; all images of our faith are icons to be venerated \". this was considered comparable to the old testament practice of offering burnt sacrifices only to god, and not to any other gods. - moses had been instructed by god according to exodus 25 : 18 \u2013 22 to make golden statues of cherubim angels on the lid of the ark of the covenant, and according to exodus 26 : 31 god instructed moses to embroider the curtain which separated the holy of holies in the tabernacle with cherubim. - regarding the written tradition opposing the making and veneration of images, they asserted that icons were part of unrecorded oral tradition ( paradosis, sanctioned in orthodoxy as authoritative in doctrine by reference to 2 thessalonians 2 : 15, basil the great, etc. ). - arguments were drawn from the miraculous acheiropoieta, the supposed icon of the virgin painted with her approval by st. luke, and other miraculous occurrences around icons, that demonstrated divine approval of iconodule practices. - iconodules further argued that decisions such as whether icons ought to be venerated were properly made by the church assembled in council, not imposed on the church by an emperor. thus the argument also involved the issue of the proper relationship between church and state. related to this was the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46454827930094467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.400380"} {"text": "such as whether icons ought to be venerated were properly made by the church assembled in council, not imposed on the church by an emperor. thus the argument also involved the issue of the proper relationship between church and state. related to this was the observation that it was foolish to deny to god the same honor that was freely given to the human emperor. muslim iconoclasm in general, muslim societies have avoided the depiction of living beings ( animals and humans ) within such sacred spaces as mosques and madrasahs. this opposition to figural representation is not based on the qur ' an, but rather on various traditions contained within the hadith. the prohibition of figuration has not always extended to the secular sphere, and a robust tradition of figural representation exists within muslim art. however, western authors have tended to perceive \" a long, culturally determined, and unchanging tradition of violent iconoclastic acts \" within islamic society. start of iconoclasm the first act of muslim iconoclasm was committed by muslims in 630, when the various statues of arabian deities housed in the kaaba in mecca were destroyed. there is a tradition that muhammad spared a fresco of mary and jesus. this act was intended to bring an end to the idolatry which, in the muslim view, characterized jahiliyya. the destruction of the idols of mecca did not, however, determine the treatment of other religious communities living under muslim rule after the expansion of the caliphate. most christians under muslim rule, for example, continued to produce icons and to decorate their churches as they wished. a major exception to this pattern of tolerance in early islamic history was the \" edict of yazid \", issued by the umayyad caliph yazid ii in 722 \u2013 723. this edict ordered the destruction of crosses and christian images within the territory of the caliphate. researchers have discovered evidence that the order was followed, particularly in present - day jordan, where archaeological evidence shows the removal of images from the mosaic floors of some, although not all, of the churches that stood at this time. but, yazid ' s iconoclastic policies were not continued by his successors, and christian communities of the levant continued to make icons without significant interruption from the sixth century to the ninth. historical acts of iconoclasm certain conquering muslim armies have used local temples or houses of worship as mosques. an example is hagia sophia in istanbul ( formerly constantinople ), which was converted into a mosque in 1453. most icons were desecrated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40976816756290513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.401442"} {"text": "of iconoclasm certain conquering muslim armies have used local temples or houses of worship as mosques. an example is hagia sophia in istanbul ( formerly constantinople ), which was converted into a mosque in 1453. most icons were desecrated whilst the rest were covered with plaster. in the 1920s, hagia sophia was converted to a museum, and the restoration of the mosaics was undertaken by the american byzantine institute beginning in 1932. more dramatic cases of iconoclasm by muslims are found in parts of india where hindu and buddhist temples were razed and mosques erected in their place ( for example, the qutub complex and babri mosque ). another notable iconoclast was mughal ruler aurangzeb ( reigned 1658 \u2013 1707 ), who destroyed the famous hindu temples at varanasi and mathura. recent events certain muslim denominations continue to pursue iconoclastic agendas. there has been much controversy within islam over the recent and apparently on - going destruction of historic sites by mecca ' s wahhabist authorities, prompted by the fear they could become the subject of \" idolatry \". a recent act of iconoclasm was the 2001 destruction of the giant buddhas of bamyan by the then taliban government of afghanistan. the act generated world - wide protests and was not supported by other muslim governments and organizations. it was widely perceived in the western media as a result of the muslim prohibition against figural decoration. such an account overlooks \" the coexistence between the buddhas and the muslim population that marveled at them for over a millennium \" before their destruction. the buddhas had twice in the past been attacked by nadir shah and aurengzeb. according to the art historian f. b. flood, analysis of the taliban ' s statements regarding the buddhas suggest that their destruction was motivated more by political than by theological concerns. taliban spokespeople have given many different explanations of the motives for the destruction. in 2005, the muhammad cartoon controversy sparked worldwide controversy and rioting. in december 2010, a group of iconoclasts were arrested as they were about to attack the jyllands - posten newspaper ' s office. reformation iconoclasm some of the protestant reformers, in particular andreas karlstadt, huldrych zwingli and john calvin, encouraged the removal of religious images by invoking the decalogue ' s prohibition of idolatry and the manufacture of graven ( sculpted ) images of god. as a result, individuals attacked statues", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4614572521530688, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.402443"} {"text": "what work was here! what clattering of glasses! what beating down of walls! what tearing up of monuments! what pulling down of seats! what wresting out of irons and brass from the windows! what defacing of arms! what demolishing of curious stonework! what tooting and piping upon organ pipes! and what a hideous triumph in the market - place before all the country, when all the mangled organ pipes, vestments, both copes and surplices, together with the leaden cross which had newly been sawn down from the green - yard pulpit and the service - books and singing books that could be carried to the fire in the public market - place were heaped together. ' william dowsing was commissioned and salaried by the government to tour the towns and villages of east anglia to destroy images in churches. his detailed record of his trail of destruction through suffolk and cambridgeshire survives : we broke down about a hundred superstitious pictures ; and seven fryars hugging a nunn ; and the picture of god and christ ; and divers others very superstitious ; and 200 had been broke down before i came. we took away 2 popish inscriptions with ora pro nobis and we beat down a great stoneing cross on the top of the church. protestant christianity was not uniformly hostile to the use of religious images. martin luther, initially hostile, came round to the view that christians should be free to use religious images as long as they did not worship them in place of god. lutheran scholar jeremiah ohl writes : zwingli and others for the sake of saving the word rejected all plastic art ; luther, with an equal concern for the word, but far more conservative, would have all the arts to be the servants of the gospel. \u201c i am not of the opinion \u201d said [ luther ], \u201c that through the gospel all the arts should be banished and driven away, as some zealots want to make us believe ; but i wish to see them all, especially music, in the service of him who gave and created them. \u201d again he says : \u201c i have myself heard those who oppose pictures, read from my german bible. \u2026 but this contains many pictures of god, of the angels, of men, and of animals, especially in the revelation of st. john, in the books of moses, and in the book of joshua. we therefore kindly beg these fanatics to permit us also to paint these pictures on the wall that they may be remembered and better", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4932686986254571, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.404532"} {"text": "of animals, especially in the revelation of st. john, in the books of moses, and in the book of joshua. we therefore kindly beg these fanatics to permit us also to paint these pictures on the wall that they may be remembered and better understood, inasmuch as they can harm as little on the walls as in books. would to god that i could persuade those who can afford it to paint the whole bible on their houses, inside and outside, so that all might see ; this would indeed be a christian work. for i am convinced that it is god \u2019 s will that we should hear and learn what he has done, especially what christ suffered. but when i hear these things and meditate upon them, i find it impossible not to picture them in my heart. whether i want to or not, when i hear, of christ, a human form hanging upon a cross rises up in my heart : just as i see my natural face reflected when i look into water. now if it is not sinful for me to have christ \u2019 s picture in my heart, why should it be sinful to have it before my eyes? \u201d \u2014 ohl, pp. 88 \u2013 89 political and revolutionary iconoclasm revolutions and changes of regime, whether through uprising of the local population, foreign invasion, or a combination of both, are often accompanied by the public destruction of statues and monuments identified with the previous regime. this may also be known as damnatio memoriae, the ancient roman practice of official obliteration of the memory of a specific individual. stricter definitions of \" iconoclasm \" exclude both types of action, reserving the term for religious or more widely cultural destruction. in many cases, such as revolutionary russia or ancient egypt, this distinction can be hard to make. examples of political destruction of images include : - all public references to the \" heretical \" pharaoh akhenaten were destroyed soon after his death in about 1334 bc ; a very laborious process with stone - carved reliefs and inscriptions. - several roman emperors and other political figures were subject to decrees of damnatio memoriae, including sejanus, publius septimius geta, and domitian. - during the american revolution, the sons of liberty pulled down and destroyed the gilt lead statue of george iii of the united kingdom on bowling green ( new york city ), melting it down for use as musket balls against the british army. similar acts have accompanied the independence of most ex -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5070853905015016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.405507"} {"text": "pulled down and destroyed the gilt lead statue of george iii of the united kingdom on bowling green ( new york city ), melting it down for use as musket balls against the british army. similar acts have accompanied the independence of most ex - colonial territories. sometimes relatively intact monuments are moved to a collected display in a less prominent place, as in india and also post - communist countries. - during the french revolution, the statue of king louis xv, in the paris square which until then bore his name, was pulled down and destroyed. this was a prelude to the guillotining of his successor louis xvi in the same site, renamed \" place de la revolution \" ( at present place de la concorde ). - the statue of napoleon on the column at place vendome, paris was the target of iconoclasm several times : destroyed after the bourbon restoration, restored by louis - philippe, destroyed during the paris commune and restored by adolphe thiers. - the october revolution in 1917 was accompanied by destruction of monuments of past tsars, as well as russian imperial eagles, at various locations throughout russia. \" in front of a moscow cathedral, crowds cheered as the enormous statue of tsar alexander iii was bound with ropes and gradually beaten to the ground. after a considerable amount of time, the statue was decapitated and its remaining parts were broken into rubble \". - the chinese cultural revolution included very widespread destruction of historic artworks in public places and private collections, whether religious or secular. objects in state museums were mostly left intact. - the fall of communism in 1989 was followed by destruction or removal of statues of vladimir lenin and other communist leaders in the former soviet union and in other soviet block countries. particularly well - known was the destruction of \" iron felix \", the statue of felix dzerzhinsky outside the kgb headquarters, and another one of his on warsaw square of his name ( now plac bankowy ). iconoclasm against hindus during muslim conquest records from the campaign recorded in the chach nama record temple demolitions during the early 8th century, when the umayyad governor of damascus, hajjaj, mobilized an expedition of 6, 000 cavalry under muhammad bin - qasim in 712 ce. the historian, upendra thakur records the persecution of hindus and buddhists :... muhammad triumphantly marched into the country, conquering debal, sehwan, nerun, brahmanadabad, alor and multan one after the other in quick", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4606707811543562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.406673"} {"text": "in 1375 ad, the temple was once again destroyed by muzaffar shah i, the sultan of gujarat. in 1451 ad, the temple was once again destroyed by mahmud begda, the sultan of gujarat. in 1701 ad, the temple was once again destroyed by mughal emperor aurangzeb. aurangzeb built a mosque on the site of the somnath temple, using some columns from the temple, whose hindu sculptural motifs remained visible. mahmud of ghazni was an afghan sultan who invaded the indian subcontinent during the early 11th century. his campaigns across the gangetic plains are often cited for their iconoclastic plundering and destruction of temples such as those at mathura and he looked upon their destruction as an act of \" jihad \". he sacked the second somnath temple in 1026, and looted it of gems and precious stones and the famous shiva lingam of the temple was destroyed. historical records compiled by muslim historian maulana hakim saiyid abdul hai attest to the iconoclasm of qutb - ud - din aybak. the first mosque built in delhi, the \" quwwat al - islam \" was built after the demolition of the hindu temple built previously by prithvi raj and certain parts of the temple were left outside the mosque proper. this pattern of iconoclasm was common during his reign, although an argument goes that such iconoclasm was motivated more by politics than by religion. another ruler of the sultanate, shams - ud - din iltutmish, conquered and subjugated the hindu pilgrimage site varanasi in the 11th century and he continued the destruction of hindu temples and idols that had begun during the first attack in 1194. no aspect of aurangzeb ' s reign is more cited \u2014 or more controversial \u2014 than the numerous desecrations and even the destruction of hindu temples. during his reign, tens of thousands of temples were desecrated : their facades and interiors were defaced and their murtis ( divine images ) looted. in many cases, temples were destroyed entirely ; in numerous instances mosques were built on their foundations, sometimes using the same stones. among the temples aurangzeb destroyed were two that are most sacred to hindus, in varanasi and mathura. in both cases, he had large mosques built on the sites. the kesava deo temple in mathura, marked the place that hindus believe was the birthplace of shri krishna.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3645618558539284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.408592"} {"text": "most sacred to hindus, in varanasi and mathura. in both cases, he had large mosques built on the sites. the kesava deo temple in mathura, marked the place that hindus believe was the birthplace of shri krishna. in 1661 aurangzeb ordered the demolition of the temple, and constructed the katra masjid mosque. traces of the ancient hindu temple can be seen from the back of the mosque. aurangzeb also destroyed what was the most famous temple in varanasi \u2013 the vishwanath temple. the temple had changed its location over the years, and in 1585 akbar had authorized its location at gyan vapi. aurangzeb ordered its demolition in 1669 and constructed a mosque on the site, whose minarets stand 71 metres above the ganges. traces of the old temple can be seen behind the mosque. centuries later, emotional debate about these wanton acts of cultural desecration continues. aurangzeb also destroyed the somnath temple in 1706. hindu nationalists claim that mughals destroyed the ram mandir in ayodhya, located at the birthplace of rama, and built the babri masjid on the holy site, which has since been a source of tension between the hindu and muslim communities. writer fernand braudel wrote in a history of civilizations ( penguin 1988 / 1963, pp. 232 \u2013 236 ), islamic rule in india as a \" colonial experiment \" was \" extremely violent \", and \" the muslims could not rule the country except by systematic terror. cruelty was the norm \u2013 burnings, summary executions, crucifixions or impalements, inventive tortures. hindu temples were destroyed to make way for mosques. on occasion there were forced conversions. if ever there were an uprising, it was instantly and savagely repressed : houses were burned, the countryside was laid waste, men were slaughtered and women were taken as slaves. \" in a two - volume book by sita ram goel, arun shourie, harsh narain, jay dubashi and ram swarup, hindu temples \u2013 what happened to them, includes a list of 2000 mosques that it is claimed were built on hindu temples in the first volume, which it is asserted is based primarily on the books of muslim historians of the period or the inscriptions of the mosques. the second volume excerpts from medieval histories and chronicles and from inscriptions concerning the destruction of hindu, jain, and buddhist temples. the authors claim that the material presented in this book are only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4144730983072057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.410600"} {"text": "books of muslim historians of the period or the inscriptions of the mosques. the second volume excerpts from medieval histories and chronicles and from inscriptions concerning the destruction of hindu, jain, and buddhist temples. the authors claim that the material presented in this book are only the tip of an iceberg. during goa inquisitions diago de boarda, a priest, and his advisor vicar general, miguel vaz, had made a 41 - point plan for torturing hindus. under this plan viceroy antano de noronha issued in 1566, an order applicable to the entire area under portuguese rule : i hereby order that in any area owned by my master, the king, nobody should construct a hindu temple and such temples already constructed should not be repaired without my permission. if this order is transgressed, such temples shall be, destroyed and the goods in them shall be used to meet expenses of holy deeds, as punishment of such transgression. in 1567 the campaign of destroying temples in bardez met with success. at the end of it 300 hindu temples were destroyed. in 1583 hindu temples at assolna and cuncolim were destroyed through army action. \" the fathers of the church forbade the hindus under terrible penalties the use of their own sacred books, and prevented them from all exercise of their religion. they destroyed their temples, and so harassed and interfered with the people that they abandoned the city in large numbers, refusing to remain any longer in a place where they had no liberty, and were liable to imprisonment, torture and death if they worshipped after their own fashion the gods of their fathers \". wrote filippo sassetti, who was in india from 1578 to 1588. an order was issued in june 1684 eliminating the konkani language and making it compulsory to speak portuguese language. following that law all the symbols of non - christian sects were destroyed and the books written in local languages were burnt. contemporary iconoclasm against hindus in india in june 2010, during rioting in sangli, people threw stones inside a ganesh mandal. the 2010 deganga riots began on 6 september when mobs resorted to arson and violence over a disputed structure at deganga, kartikpur and beliaghata under the deganga police station area. the violence began late in the evening and continued throughout the night into the next morning. the violence finally calmed down on 9 september after hundreds of business establishments and residences were looted, destroyed and burnt, dozens of people were severely injured and several places of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40779623664018794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.411800"} {"text": ". the violence began late in the evening and continued throughout the night into the next morning. the violence finally calmed down on 9 september after hundreds of business establishments and residences were looted, destroyed and burnt, dozens of people were severely injured and several places of worship desecrated and vandalized. in june 2011 at asansol market area, a hindu temple, under construction led by bastim bazaar sarbojanin durga puja committee was and approved by adm on 12 april 2011, was attacked by an islamic mob. in bangladesh in bangladesh atrocities including targeted attacks against temples and open theft of hindu property have increased sharply in recent years after the jamat - e - islami joined the coalition government led by the bangladesh national party. hindu temples in bangladesh have also been vandalised. in pakistan several hindu temples have been destroyed in pakistan. a notable incident was the destruction of the ramna kali mandir in former east pakistan. the temple was bulldozed by the pakistani army on march 27, 1971. the dhakeshwari temple was severely damaged during the indo - pakistani war of 1971, and over half of the temple ' s buildings were destroyed. in a major disrespect of the religion, the main worship hall was taken over by the pakistan army and used as an ammunitions storage area. several of the temple custodians were tortured and killed by the army though most, including the head priest, fled first to their ancestral villages and then to india and therefore escaped death. in 2006 the last hindu temple in lahore was destroyed to pave the way for construction of a multi - story commercial building. the temple was demolished after officials of the evacuee property trust board concealed facts from the board chairman about the nature of the building. when reporters from pakistan - based newspaper dawn tried to cover the incident, they were accosted by the henchmen of the property developer, who denied that a hindu temple existed at the site. several political parties in pakistan have objected to this move, such as the pakistan people ' s party and the pakistani muslim league - n. the move has also evoked strong condemnation in india from minority bodies and political parties, including the bharatiya janata party ( bjp ), the congress party, as well as muslim advocacy political parties such as the all india muslim majlis - e - mushawarat. a firm of lawyers representing the hindu minority has approached the lahore high court seeking a directive to the builders to stop the construction of the commercial plaza and reconstruct the temple at the site", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.399717585738339, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.414043"} {"text": "the all india muslim majlis - e - mushawarat. a firm of lawyers representing the hindu minority has approached the lahore high court seeking a directive to the builders to stop the construction of the commercial plaza and reconstruct the temple at the site. the petitioners maintain that the demolition violates section 295 of the pakistan penal code prohibiting the demolition of places of worship. on june 29, 2005, following the arrest of an illiterate christian janitor on allegations of allegedly burning qur ' an pages, a mob of between 300 and 500 muslims destroyed a hindu temple and houses belonging to christian and hindu families in nowshera. under the terms of a deal negotiated between islamic religious leaders and the hindu / christian communities, pakistani police later released all previously arrested perpetrators without charge. in malaysia between april to may 2006, several hindu temples were demolished by city hall authorities in the country, accompanied by violence against hindus. on april 21, 2006, the malaimel sri selva kaliamman temple in kuala lumpur was reduced to rubble after the city hall sent in bulldozers. many hindu advocacy groups have protested what they allege is a systematic plan of temple cleansing in malaysia. the official reason given by the malaysian government has been that the temples were built \" illegally \". however, several of the temples are centuries old. on may 11, 2006, armed city hall officers from kuala lumpur forcefully demolished part of a 60 - year - old suburban temple that serves more than 1, 000 hindus. in saudi arabia in fiji in fiji according to official reports, attacks on hindu institutions increased by 14 % compared to 2004. this intolerance of hindus has found expression in anti - hindu speeches and destruction of temples, the two most common forms of immediate and direct violence against hindus. between 2001 and april 2005, one hundred cases of temple attacks have been registered with the police. the alarming increase of temple destruction has spread fear and intimidation among the hindu minorities and has hastened immigration to neighboring australia and new zealand. organized religious institutions, such as the methodist church of fiji, have repeatedly called for the creation of a theocratic christian state and have propagated anti - hindu sentiment. state favoritism of christianity, and systematic attacks on temples, are some of the greatest threats faced by fijian hindus. despite the creation of a human rights commission, the plight of hindus in fiji continues to be precarious. chinese iconoclasm during the northern expedition, in 1926 in guangxi, kuomintang muslim general bai chongxi led his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4348977173752941, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.415075"} {"text": "despite the creation of a human rights commission, the plight of hindus in fiji continues to be precarious. chinese iconoclasm during the northern expedition, in 1926 in guangxi, kuomintang muslim general bai chongxi led his troops in destroying buddhist temples and smashing idols, turning the temples into schools and kuomintang party headquarters. it was reported that almost all of buddhist monasteries in guangxi were destroyed by bai in this manner. the monks were removed. bai led a wave of anti - foreignism in guangxi, attacking american, european, and other foreigners and missionaries, and generally making the province unsafe for foreigners. westerners fled from the province, and some chinese christians were also attacked as imperialist agents. the three goals of the movement were anti - foreignism, anti - imperialism, and anti - religion. bai led the anti - religious movement against superstition. muslims do not believe in polytheism ( see shirk ( islam ) ) and his religion may have influenced bai to take action against the images in the temples and the practices denounced as superstitious in the campaign. huang shaoxiong, also a kuomintang member of the new guangxi clique, supported bai ' s campaign. huang was not a muslim, and the anti - religious campaign was agreed upon by all guangxi kuomintang members. see also - censorship by organized religion - gregory berns, author of the book iconoclast - lost artworks - natural theology references and notes - literally, \" image - breaking \", from ancient greek : \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd and \u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c9. iconoclasm may be also considered as a back - formation from iconoclast ( from greek \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 ). the corresponding greek word for iconoclasm is \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u2013 eikonoklasia. - \" you shall not make for yourself a carved image, or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. 5 you shall not bow down to them or serve them.... \" ( exodus 20 : 4 - 5a, esv. ) - such as during the spanish conquests of the aztec and inca empires. - chessman, stuart. \" the society of st. hugh of cluny \u00bb post topic \u00bb hetzendorf and the iconoclasm in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4684565430457942, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.416068"} {"text": "esv. ) - such as during the spanish conquests of the aztec and inca empires. - chessman, stuart. \" the society of st. hugh of cluny \u00bb post topic \u00bb hetzendorf and the iconoclasm in the second half of the 20th century \". sthughofcluny. org. retrieved 2013 - 04 - 30. - auyezov, olzhas ( january 5, 2011 ). \" ukraine says blowing up stalin statue was terrorism \". reuters. retrieved 9 april 2011. - \" afghan taliban leader orders destruction of ancient statues \". rawa. org. retrieved 2013 - 04 - 30. - \" saddam hussein still causing trouble : iraq demands return of statue \u2019 s buttock \". inquisitr. com. 2013 - 04 - 09. retrieved 2013 - 04 - 30. - \" byzantine iconoclasm \". retrieved 2013 - 04 - 30. - cyril mango, the oxford history of byzantium, 2002. - mango, 2002. - robin cormack, writing in gold, byzantine society and its icons, 1985, george philip, london, isbn 0 - 540 - 01085 - 5. - c mango, \" historical introduction \", in bryer & herrin, eds., iconoclasm, pp. 2 - 3., 1977, centre for byzantine studies, university of birmingham, isbn 0 - 7044 - 0226 - 2. - cf. ( ed. ) f. gioia, the popes \u2013 twenty centuries of history, libreria editrice vaticana ( 2005 ), p. 40. - see theophanes, chronographia. - cf. 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( 1973 ). kerala under haidar ali and tipu sultan p187. kerala history association : distributors, paico pub. house. p. 322. - \" hindu temples - what happened to them - vol ii \". bharatvani. org. retrieved 2013 - 04 - 30. - \" ban this book \". voiceofdharma. com. retrieved 2013 - 04 - 30. - \" the goa inquisition by christian historian dr. t. r. de souza \". vgweb. org. retrieved 2013 - 04 - 30. - sangli rages with riots, mid day infomedia, date : 2009 - 09 - 06. - \" communal clash near bangla border, army deployed \". kolkata : the times of india. september 8, 2010. retrieved september 11, 2010. - \" army out after deganga rioting \". kolkata : the times of india. september 8, 2010. retrieved september 11, 2010. - \" curfew in bengal district, army called in \". kolkata : indian express. september 8, 2010. retrieved september 11, 2010. - bose, raktima ( september 8, 2010 ). \" youth killed in group clash \". chennai, india : the hindu. retrieved september 11, 2010. - samhati, hindu. \" frenzied muslims make brutal attacks on hindus in asansol to stop temple construction \". hindu samhati. south bengal herald. retrieved 10 june 2011. - \" bhbcuc - usa home \". bhbcuc - usa. org. 2010 - 08 - 01. retrieved 2013 - 04 - 30. - \" bangladesh - human rights congress for bangladesh minorities \". hrcbm. retrieved 2013 - 04 - 30. - mujtaba, syed ali ( 2005 ). soundings on south asia. sterling publishers pvt. ltd. p. 100. isbn 978 - 1 - 932705 - 40 - 9. - gupta, jyoti bhus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39485313620283796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.419672"} {"text": "mujtaba, syed ali ( 2005 ). soundings on south asia. sterling publishers pvt. ltd. p. 100. isbn 978 - 1 - 932705 - 40 - 9. - gupta, jyoti bhushan das ( 2007 ). science, technology, imperialism, and war - history of science, philosophy, and culture in indian civilization. volume xv. science, technology, and philosophy ; pt. 1. pearson education india. p. 733. isbn 978 - 81 - 317 - 0851 - 4. - \" hindu temples \". archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 01. retrieved 2006 - 08 - 26. - frank pallone ( 2004 - 05 - 17 ). persecution of hindus in bangladesh ( article mirrored from the us library of congress ). retrieved 2006 - 08 - 26. - \" hindu temple attacked, idols destroyed in b ' desh : official \". the times of india. february 6, 2010. - \" destruction of hindu temples in bangladesh ( 1989 ) \". mayerdak. com. retrieved 2013 - 04 - 30. - another temple is no more, dawn. - hindu temple in lahore demolished, rediff. com. - only hindu temple in lahore demolished, times of india. - india protests demolition of hindu temple in pak, times of india. - order for temple ' s reconstruction sought, gulf news. - \" us department of state international religious freedom report 2006 \". state. gov. retrieved 2013 - 04 - 30. - temple row \u2013 a dab of sensibility please, malaysiakini. com. - muslims destroy century - old hindu temple, gatago. com - hindu group protests \" temple cleansing \" in malaysia, financial express. - marshall, paul. saudi arabia ' s religious police crack down. freedom house. - \" hindus in south asia and the diaspora : a survey of human rights 2005 \". hafsite. org. retrieved 2013 - 04 - 30. - diana lary ( 1974 ). region and nation : the kwangsi clique in chinese politics, 1925 - 1937. cambridge university press. p. 98. isbn 0 - 521 - 20204 - 3. retrieved 2010 - 06 - 28. - don alvin pittman ( 2001 ). toward a modern chinese buddhism : taixu ' s reforms. university of hawaii press. p. 146. isbn 0 - 8248 - 2231 - 5. retrieved 2010 - 06 - 28. - diana lary ( 1974 ). region and nation :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48016743521334554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.420537"} {"text": "modern chinese buddhism : taixu ' s reforms. university of hawaii press. p. 146. isbn 0 - 8248 - 2231 - 5. retrieved 2010 - 06 - 28. - diana lary ( 1974 ). region and nation : the kwangsi clique in chinese politics, 1925 - 1937. cambridge university press. p. 99. isbn 0 - 521 - 20204 - 3. retrieved 2010 - 06 - 28. - diana lary ( 1974 ). region and nation : the kwangsi clique in chinese politics, 1925 - 1937. cambridge university press. p. 99. isbn 0 - 521 - 20204 - 3. retrieved 2010 - 06 - 28. further reading - barasch, moshe ( 1992 ). icon : studies in the history of an idea. university of new york press. isbn 0 - 8147 - 1172 - 3. - besancon, alain ( 2009 ). the forbidden image : an intellectual history of iconoclasm. university of chicago press. isbn 978 - 0 - 226 - 04414 - 9. - bevan, robert ( 2006 ). the destruction of memory : architecture at war. reaktion books. isbn 978 - 1 - 86189 - 319 - 2. - freedberg, david ( 1977 ). in a. bryer and j. herrin. the structure of byzantine and european iconoclasm. university of birmingham, centre for byzantine studies. pp. 165 \u2013 177. isbn 978 - 0 - 7044 - 0226 - 3. - freedberg, david ( 1985 ; reprinted in public, toronto, 1993 ). iconoclasts and their motives ( second horst gerson memorial lecture, university of groningen ). maarssen : gary schwartz. isbn 978 - 90 - 6179 - 056 - 3. - gamboni, dario ( 1997 ). the destruction of art : iconoclasm and vandalism since the french revolution. reaktion books. isbn 978 - 1 - 86189 - 316 - 1. - gwynn, david m. from iconoclasm to arianism : the construction of christian tradition in the iconoclast controversy [ greek, roman, and byzantine studies 47 ( 2007 ) 225 \u2013 251. - ivanovic, filip ( 2010 ). symbol and icon : dionysius the areopagite and the iconoclastic crisis. pickwick. isbn 978 - 1 - 60899 - 335 - 2. - lamb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.515385226076686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.421443"} {"text": "- this article is about the ghetto in minsk. for a ghetto in minsk mazowiecki during the german nazi occupation of poland, see minsk ghetto. the minsk ghetto was created soon after the german invasion of the soviet union. it was one of the largest in eastern europe, and the largest in the german - occupied territory of the soviet union. it housed close to 100, 000 jews, most of whom perished in the holocaust. the ghetto was created soon after the german invasion of the soviet union and capture of the city of minsk, capital of the belorussian ssr, on 28 june 1941. on the fifth day after the occupation, 2, 000 jewish intelligentsia were massacred by the germans ; from then on, murders of jews became a common occurrence. about 20, 000 jews were murdered within the first few months of the german occupation, mostly by the einsatzgruppen squads. on 17 july 1941 the german occupational authority, the reichskommissariat ostland, was created. on the 20th, the minsk ghetto was established. a jewish council ( judenrat ) was established as well. the total population of the ghetto was about 80, 000 ( over 100, 000 according to some sources ), of which about 50, 000 were pre - war inhabitants, the remainder ( 30, 000 or more ), refugees and jews were forcibly resettled by the germans from nearby settlements. in november 1941 a second ghetto was established in minsk for jews deported from the west. they were mostly from germany and the protectorate of bohemia and moravia ; at its height it had about 35, 000 inhabitants. little contact was permitted between the inhabitants of the two ghettos. as in many other ghettos, jews were forced to work in factories or other german - run operations. ghetto inhabitants lived in extremely poor conditions, with insufficient stocks of food and medical supplies. in march 1942 approximately 5, 000 jews were killed nearby where \" the pit \" memorial to the minsk ghetto now stands. by august fewer than 9, 000 jews were left in the ghetto according to german official documents. the ghetto was liquidated on 21 october 1943, with many minsk jews perishing in the sobibor extermination camp. several thousands were massacred at maly trostenets extermination camp ( before the war, maly trostenets was a village a few miles to the east of minsk ). by the time the red army retook the city on 3 july 1944, there were only a few jewish survivors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41220986232936563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.425054"} {"text": "##mination camp ( before the war, maly trostenets was a village a few miles to the east of minsk ). by the time the red army retook the city on 3 july 1944, there were only a few jewish survivors. the minsk ghetto is notable for its large scale resistance organization, which cooperated closely with soviet partisans. about 10, 000 jews were able to escape the ghetto and join partisan groups in the nearby forests. barbara epstein estimates that perhaps a half of them survived, and notes that all together, perhaps as many as 30, 000 people tried to escape the minsk ghetto to join the partisans ( but 20, 000 of them could have died along the way ). the story of the minsk ghetto was not well researched until the late 20th century. officials of the belorussia communist party did not organize any evacuation of the town ' s inhabitants before fleeing the german advance. they later collaborated in creating a false story that such an evacuation did happen. they also tried to discredit the minsk resistance as having ties with the nazis. in the united states, research into communist resistance was not a priority during the cold war, and jewish historiography did not wish to concentrate on the issue of communist jewish partisans ( see also red scare ). see also further reading - barbara epstein, the minsk ghetto 1941 - 1943 : jewish resistance and soviet internationalism, university of california press, 2008, isbn 978 - 0 - 520 - 24242 - 5 ( ) - hersh smolar, the minsk ghetto : soviet - jewish partisans against the nazis, holocaust library, 1989, isbn 0 - 89604 - 068 - 2 - map of the minsk ghetto at ushmm - minsk ghetto photographs - 1943 minsk ghetto list - political controversy marks anniversary of minsk ghetto ' s destruction, radio free europe, october 22, 2008 - ' interviews from the underground : the minsk ghetto resistance '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4644287120710881, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.425785"} {"text": "| | this article may contain improper references to self - published sources. ( october 2012 ) | | | this article ' s tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on wikipedia. ( august 2009 ) | | part of a series on | participatory economics, often abbreviated parecon, is an economic system proposed in the 1990s primarily by activist and political theorist michael albert and radical economist robin hahnel, among others. it uses participatory decision making as an economic mechanism to guide the production, consumption and allocation of resources in a given society. proposed as an alternative to contemporary capitalist market economies and also an alternative to centrally planned state - socialism, it is described as \" an anarchistic economic vision \", and is a form of socialism, since in a parecon the means of production are owned in common. the underlying values that parecon seeks to implement are equity, solidarity, diversity, workers ' self - management and efficiency. ( efficiency here means accomplishing goals without wasting valued assets. ) it proposes to attain these ends mainly through the following principles and institutions : - workers ' and consumers ' councils utilizing self - managerial methods for making decisions - balanced job complexes - remuneration according to effort and sacrifice - participatory planning albert and hahnel stress that parecon is only meant to address an alternative economic theory and must be accompanied by equally important alternative visions in the fields of politics, culture and kinship. the authors have also discussed elements of anarchism in the field of politics, polyculturalism in the field of culture, and feminism in the field of family and gender relations as being possible foundations for future alternative visions in these other spheres of society. stephen r. shalom has begun work on a participatory political vision he calls \" par polity \". both systems together make up the political philosophy of participism, which has significantly informed the interim international organization for a participatory society. decision - making principle one of the primary propositions of parecon is that all persons should have a say in decisions proportionate to the degree to which they are affected by them. this decision - making principle is often referred to as self - management. in parecon, it constitutes a replacement for the mainstream economic conception of economic freedom. work in a participatory economy | part of a series on | democratic work life workers in a participatory economy would make decisions about what to do in the workplace according to the above decision making principle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5079975695560709, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.447348"} {"text": "mainstream economic conception of economic freedom. work in a participatory economy | part of a series on | democratic work life workers in a participatory economy would make decisions about what to do in the workplace according to the above decision making principle, where workers have say in proportion to how much they are affected by a decision. workplace decisions might be through majority vote, requiring 50 % majority. sometimes a higher percentage, such as a 2 / 3 majority, or 80 %, or even consensus might be needed. for instance, upgrades to a plant that would require a great deal of time and effort for all workers might need greater than 50 % vote, as workers would be affected adversely by the decision. another example is when a decision might have advantages but involves some risk, such as raising a heavy beam while building a bridge that might endanger some workers, but will make the bridge be built faster. such a decision would seem to require consensus among the affected workers, giving any one worker veto power due to the danger. personal decisions of any one worker, such as where to place pictures on their desk, do not require a vote at all, as they affect only one individual. balanced job complexes some tasks and jobs are more desirable than others, and some tasks and jobs are more menial than others. so, to achieve an equitable division of labour, it is proposed that each individual do different tasks, which, taken together, bring an average desirability and an average level of empowerment. the main goals are to dissolve economic hierarchy and achieve one class of workers, and to empower all to make contributions to the workplace. hahnel and albert argue that without balanced job complexes, those with empowering jobs, such as accounting or management, would be able to formulate plans and ideas, while others, such as janitors, would not develop the capacity to do so, neither would they have the training. without balanced job complexes, most workers would most likely end up merely ratifying the proposals of empowered workers, and would have little reason to attend meetings. compensation for effort and sacrifice albert and hahnel argue that it is inequitable and ineffective to compensate people on the basis of their birth or heredity. therefore, the primary principle of participatory economics is to reward for effort and sacrifice. for example, mining work \u2014 which is dangerous and uncomfortable \u2014 would be more highly paid than office work for the same amount of time, thus allowing the miner to work fewer hours for the same pay, and the burden of highly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5703469507068701, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.448477"} {"text": "for effort and sacrifice. for example, mining work \u2014 which is dangerous and uncomfortable \u2014 would be more highly paid than office work for the same amount of time, thus allowing the miner to work fewer hours for the same pay, and the burden of highly dangerous and strenuous jobs to be shared among the populace. additionally, participatory economics would provide exemptions from the compensation for effort principle. people with disabilities who are unable to work, children, the elderly, the infirm and workers who are legitimately in transitional circumstances, can be remunerated according to need. however, every able adult has the obligation to perform some socially useful work as a requirement for receiving reward, albeit in the context of a society providing free health care, education, skills training, and the freedom to choose between various democratically structured workplaces with jobs balanced for desirability and empowerment. the starting point for the income of all workers in participatory economics is an equal share of the social product. from this point, incomes for personal expenditures and consumption rights for public goods can be expected to diverge by small degrees reflecting the choices that individual workers make in striking a balance between work and leisure time, and reflecting the level of danger and strenuousness of a job as assigned by their immediate peers. allocation in a participatory economy | this section does not cite any references or sources. ( january 2012 ) | consumers ' and producers ' councils albert and hahnel proposed the creation and organization of consumers ' and producers ' councils to implement the decision making principle. these would be similar to workers ' councils, and many individuals would be eligible for participation on both sides of the principle. consumers ' councils would act as decision - making bodies for consumption planning, and producers ' councils - which are agglomerations of several workers ' councils - act as decision - making bodies for production planning. geographically, consumers ' councils could be nested within the same neighborhood councils, ward councils, city or regional councils and a country council used for political decision - making through parpolity - parecon ' s political counterpart. decisions would be achieved either through consensus decision - making, majority votes or through other means compatible with the principle. the most appropriate method would be decided on by each council. the producers ' councils would probably correspond to workplace councils in each workplace and similar workplaces would group into nested councils on successively larger geographical scales. facilitation boards in a proposed participatory economy, key information relevant to converging on an economic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5064796062645687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.449545"} {"text": "councils would probably correspond to workplace councils in each workplace and similar workplaces would group into nested councils on successively larger geographical scales. facilitation boards in a proposed participatory economy, key information relevant to converging on an economic plan would be made available by iteration facilitation boards ( ifbs ), which, based on proposals from worker / consumer councils and economic data, present indicative prices and economic projections at each round of the planning process. the ifb has no decision - making authority. in theory, the ifb ' s activity can consist mainly of computers performing the ( agreed upon ) algorithms for adjusting prices and forecasts, with little human involvement. at later stages of the planning process, the ifbs could present a number of annual plans consistent with the participatory planning results, to be chosen by a popular vote. the facilitation boards should function according to a maximum level of radical transparency and only have very limited powers of mediation, subject to the discretion of the participating councils. the real decisions regarding the formulation and implementation of the plan are to be made in the consumers ' and producers ' councils. participatory planning the proposed participatory planning procedure would be a periodic ( probably either annual, bi - annual or quarterly ) event where citizens participate to determine which and how many goods to produce. this would result in new base prices, which could be adjusted between planning events by facilitation boards according to established guidelines to account for unforeseen circumstances. the process would begin with facilitation boards first announcing a set of indicative prices which workers and consumers would use, individually and through their councils at each level, to decide on their production and consumption proposals. proposals could be made either collectively through a local consumer council, or individually on a computer ; or any combination of the two. personal consumption proposals would be a prediction by each citizen of what goods and services they plan to consume the next year. collective consumption proposals would be created by citizens making proposals for a wider geographical area ( e. g. a new recreation center at the community level or a new power plant at the provincial level ) and interested parties would be able to vote on collective consumption proposals affecting their region. workers ' councils and producers councils would respond with production proposals outlining the outputs they propose to produce and the inputs they believe are required to produce them. individual workers would indicate their proposed hours of work, and workers will be able to propose upgrades and innovations for their workplace. when the proposals are all in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5031977879119132, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.450650"} {"text": "proposals outlining the outputs they propose to produce and the inputs they believe are required to produce them. individual workers would indicate their proposed hours of work, and workers will be able to propose upgrades and innovations for their workplace. when the proposals are all in, the ifbs aggregate all the production and consumption proposals for the different categories of goods and services \u2013 inputs into all the production processes as well as consumer goods \u2013 to see if proposed supply and demand are equal. if they are not equal for every good and service the ifb revises the set of indicative prices and the process is repeated through successive rounds until a consistent set of production and consumption proposals is arrived at. the facilitation boards then implement these final proposals by setting new prices and organizing production plans. pareconomists believe it would be possible for planning iterations to converge on a feasible plan within an acceptable time delay, and claim this method would lead to prices representing the estimated marginal social opportunity cost for all goods and services. money in a participatory economy pareconomists propose replacing conventional money with a personal voucher system which would be non - transferable between consumers, and would be only usable at a store to purchase goods. the proposed electronic \" credits \" awarded to workers based on their perceived level of effort and sacrifice would simply be deducted from the workers account when used to make a purchase, disappearing rather than transferring the credit to the vendor. people would be able to borrow credits if approved by an appropriate board, but no interest would be charged. albert and hahnel claim the non - transferability of parecon credits would make it impossible to bribe or even beg for money. and monetary theft would be impossible. people would still be free to barter their individual goods with each other, e. g. exchange a couch for a stereo, but any attempt to create an exchangeable currency would likely be discouraged, as this might lead to attempts to reinstate money and capitalism. credits might be shareable amongst family members, depending on how the parecon is set up. albert and hahnel did not clarify how a currency of this form would be used in international trading with non - parecon countries. if a capitalist country refuses to be paid for their bought goods in this way, it is likely that a parecon nation would use money for international trading, but keep its unique credit currency for internal purposes. albert - hahnel class theory when analyzing the subject of class and how individuals stratified into them interact with each other, albert", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5753486429857925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.451726"} {"text": "likely that a parecon nation would use money for international trading, but keep its unique credit currency for internal purposes. albert - hahnel class theory when analyzing the subject of class and how individuals stratified into them interact with each other, albert and hahnel came to the conclusion that marxian class theory and views of class among capitalist economists were inadequate to assess how economies of all kinds are divided along class lines. while both agree with many leftist theories of class that view wage - labor as resulting from the inequality of bargaining power between those who own the means of production in the economy ( owner class ) and those who operate them and produce wealth ( working / producer class ), they criticize theories which they claim fail to acknowledge a third class in - between labor and capital ; the professional - managerial class or coordinator class. the coordinator class, they claim, are neither owners of the means of production nor producers of wealth but rather \" monopolizers of empowering work \" whose main function is to act as middle - men between ownership and production. the interests of the coordinator class are seen as distinct from both workers and owners ; this class ' s ideal is neither pure capitalism or worker self - management but a managerial state. similar to the new class theory, it is this class albert and hahnel claim which usurped power in former communist states rather than the working class and rearranged economic power - structures in their favor. | working class | | coordinator class | | owner class | | producers of economic wealth perform rote and unempowering work subordinated to the other two classes. perform mainly empowering work involving managerial decision - making have interests distinct from both labor and capital | owners of the means of production | opposition to central planning and capitalism | part of a series on | | part of a series on | robin hahnel has argued that \" participatory planning is not central planning \", stating \" the procedures are completely different and the incentives are completely different. and one of the important ways in which it is different from central planning is that it is incentive compatible, that is, actors have an incentive to report truthfully rather than an incentive to misrepresent their capabilities or preferences. \" unlike historical examples of central planning, the parecon proposal advocates the use and adjustment of price information reflecting marginal social opportunity costs and benefits as integral elements of the planning process. hahnel has argued emphatically against milton friedman ' s a priori tendency to deny the possibility of alternatives : friedman assumes away the best solution for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.541570239868497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.452820"} {"text": "and adjustment of price information reflecting marginal social opportunity costs and benefits as integral elements of the planning process. hahnel has argued emphatically against milton friedman ' s a priori tendency to deny the possibility of alternatives : friedman assumes away the best solution for coordinating economic activities. he simply asserts \" there are only two ways of coordinating the economic activities of millions \u2014 central direction involving the use of coercion \u2014 and voluntary cooperation, the technique of the marketplace. \" [... ] a participatory economy can permit all to partake in economic decision making in proportion to the degree they are affected by outcomes. since a participatory system uses a system of participatory planning instead of markets to coordinate economic activities, friedman would have us believe that participatory planning must fall into the category of \" central direction involving the use of coercion. \" albert and hahnel have voiced detailed critiques of centrally - planned economies in theory and practice, but are also highly critical of capitalism. hahnel claims \" the truth is, capitalism aggravates prejudice, is the most inequitable economy ever devised, is grossly inefficient \u2014 even if highly energetic \u2014 and is incompatible with both economic and political democracy. in the present era of free - market triumphalism it is useful to organize a sober evaluation of capitalism responding to friedman ' s claims one by one. \" critique of markets a primary reason why advocates of participatory economics perceive markets to be unjust and inefficient is that only the interests of buyer and seller are considered in a typical market transaction, while others who are affected by the transaction have no voice in it. for example when vehicles using fossil fuels are manufactured, distributed and sold, others outside the transaction end up bearing costs in the form of pollution and resource depletion. the market price of vehicles and fuel does not include these additional costs, which are referred to as externalities, resulting in prices which will not accurately reflect aggregate opportunity costs. mainstream economists largely acknowledge the problem of externalities but believe they can be addressed either through coasian bargaining or the use of pigovian taxes - extra taxes on goods that have externalities. according to economic theory, if pigovian taxes are set so that the after - tax cost of the good is equal to the social cost of the good, the direct cost of production plus cost of externalities, then quantities produced will tend toward a socially optimal level. hahnel observes, \" more and more economists outside the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5530438463281054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.453889"} {"text": "after - tax cost of the good is equal to the social cost of the good, the direct cost of production plus cost of externalities, then quantities produced will tend toward a socially optimal level. hahnel observes, \" more and more economists outside the mainstream are challenging this assumption, and a growing number of skeptics now dare to suggest that externalities are prevalent, and often substantial \". or, as e. k. hunt put it, externalities are the rule rather than the exception, and therefore markets often work as if they were guided by a \" malevolent invisible foot \" that keeps kicking us to produce more of some things and less of others than is socially efficient. \" as long as a market economy is in place, albert and hahnel favour pigovian taxes over other solutions to environmental problems such as command and control or the issuance of marketable permits. however, hahnel, who teaches ecological economics at american university, argues that in a market economy businesses try to avoid the \" polluter pays principle \" by shifting the burden of the costs for their polluting activities to consumers. in terms of incentives he argues this might be considered a positive development because it would penalize consumers for \" dirty \" consumption. however it also has regressive implications since tax incidence studies show that ultimately it would be poor people who would bear a great deal of the burden of many pollution taxes. \" in other words, many pollution taxes would be highly regressive and therefore aggravate economic injustice. \". he therefore recommends that pollution taxes be linked to cuts in regressive taxes such as social security taxes. hahnel argues that pigovian taxes, along with associated corrective measures advanced by market economists, ultimately fall far short of adequately or fairly addressing externalities. he argues such methods are incapable of attaining accurate assessments of social costs : \" markets corrected by pollution taxes only lead to the efficient amount of pollution and satisfy the polluter pays principle if the taxes are set equal to the magnitude of the damage victims suffer. but because markets are not incentive compatible for polluters and pollution victims, markets provide no reliable way to estimate the magnitudes of efficient taxes for pollutants. ambiguity over who has the property right, polluters or pollution victims, free rider problems among multiple victims, and the transaction costs of forming and maintaining an effective coalition of pollution victims, each of whom is affected to a small but unequal degree, all combine to render market systems incapable of eliciting accurate information from pollution victims about the damages they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4935395123513554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.454895"} {"text": "victims, and the transaction costs of forming and maintaining an effective coalition of pollution victims, each of whom is affected to a small but unequal degree, all combine to render market systems incapable of eliciting accurate information from pollution victims about the damages they suffer, or acting upon that information even if it were known. critique of private ownership and corporations advocates of parecon say the basis of capitalism is the concept of private ownership of resources and corporate entities, which confers upon every owner the right to do with their property as they please, even though decisions relating to some property may have unwanted effects on other people. they believe in a capitalist system people outside a corporation have limited ability to interfere with owners ' activities while they abide by the law. whilst consumers can influence corporations through their own market interactions, or through buying and selling of their goods, services, or even shares, advocates of parecon are unsatisfied with this limited influence, especially as organization of collective consumer action is difficult in a market economy. promoters of parecon hold that corporate lobbying, bribery, and propaganda campaigns enable pursuit of private profit and power and are not in the interest of the majority of citizens. critique of tendency towards efficiency hahnel has also written a detailed discussion of parecon ' s desirability compared to capitalism with respect to incentives to innovate. in capitalism, patent laws, intellectual property rights, industry structures, and barriers to market entry are institutional features that reward individual innovators while limiting the use of new technologies. hahnel notes that, in contrast, \" in a participatory economy all innovations will immediately be made available to all enterprises, so there will never be any loss of static efficiency. \". innovation is sometimes the outcome of cumulative creativity, which pareconomists believe may not be legitimately attributed to individuals. | part of the politics series on | although participatory economics is not in itself intended to provide a general political system, clearly its practical implementation would depend on an accompanying political system. advocates of parecon say the intention is that the four main ingredients of parecon be implemented with a minimum of hierarchy and a maximum of transparency in all discussions and decision making. this model is designed to eliminate secrecy in economic decision making, and instead encourage friendly cooperation and mutual support. this avoidance of power hierarchies puts parecon in the anarchist political tradition. stephen shalom has produced a political system meant to complement parecon, called parpolity although parecon falls under", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5700891758833473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.455990"} {"text": "encourage friendly cooperation and mutual support. this avoidance of power hierarchies puts parecon in the anarchist political tradition. stephen shalom has produced a political system meant to complement parecon, called parpolity although parecon falls under left - wing political tradition, it is designed to avoid the creation of powerful intellectual elites or the rule of a bureaucracy, which is perceived as the major problem of the economies of the communist states of the 20th century. parecon advocates recognize that monopolization of empowering labor, in addition to private ownership, can be a source of class division. thus, a three - class view of the economy ( capitalists, coordinators, and workers ) is stressed, in contrast to the traditional two - class view of marxism. the coordinator class, emphasized in parecon, refers to those who have a monopoly on empowering skills and knowledge, and corresponds to the doctors, lawyers, managers, engineers, and other professionals in present economies. parecon advocates argue that, historically, marxism ignored the ability of coordinators to become a new ruling class in a post - capitalist society. while many types of production and consumption may become more localised under participatory economics, the model does not exclude economies of scale. david schweickart suggests participatory economics would be undesirable even if it was possible, accusing it of being : - \" a system obsessed with comparison ( is your job complex more empowering than mine? ), with monitoring ( you are not working at average intensity, mate - - get with the program ), with the details of consumption ( how many rolls of toilet paper will i need next year? why are some of my neighbors still using the kind not made of recycled paper? \" participatory economics would create a large amount of administrative work for individual workers, who would have to plan their consumption in advance, as well as creating a new bureaucratic class. proponents of parecon argue that capitalist economies are hardly free of bureaucracy or meetings, and a parecon would eliminate banks, advertising, stock markets, tax returns, and long - term financial planning. albert and hahnel claim it is probable that a similar number of workers will be involved in a parecon bureaucracy as in a capitalist bureaucracy, with much of the voting achieved by computer rather than meeting, and those who are not interested in the collective consumption proposals would not be required to attend. critics suggest that proposals require consideration of an unfeasibly large set of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5591773071317395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.456966"} {"text": "in a capitalist bureaucracy, with much of the voting achieved by computer rather than meeting, and those who are not interested in the collective consumption proposals would not be required to attend. critics suggest that proposals require consideration of an unfeasibly large set of policy choices, and that lessons from planned societies show that peoples ' daily needs cannot be established well in advance simply by asking people what they want. albert and hahnel note that markets themselves hardly adjust prices instantaneously, and suggest that in a participatory economy facilitation boards could modify prices on a regular basis. according to hahnel these act according to democratically decided guidelines, can be composed of members from other regions, and are impossible to bribe due to parecon ' s non - transferable currency,. however, takis fotopoulos argues that \" no kind of economic organisation based on planning alone, however democratic and decentralised it is, can secure real self - management and freedom of choice. \" loss of efficiency parecon might reduce efficiency in the workplace. for one, expert and exceptional workers ( e. g. exceptional surgeons and scientists ) would not be performing their tasks full - time. participatory economics would expect them to share in \" disempowering work \" and would not offer opportunities to seek additional compensation for their high ability or finding solutions to problems. theodore burczak argues that it is impossible for workers to give the unbiased assessments of the \" largely unobservable \" characteristics of effort proposed as the basis for salary levels, and the absence of market exchange mechanisms likewise makes calculating social costs of production and consumption impossible. see also - albert, michael parecon : life after capitalism chapter 19 individuals / society - michael albert and robin hahnel, \" looking forward \" pp. 18 - 21. - albert, michael parecon : life after capitalism part ii, chapter 7 : remuneration pp. 112 - 117. - michael albert and robin hahnel, \" looking forward \" pp. 92 - 93. - economic justice and democracy : from competition to cooperation, p. 221, hahnel, routledge, 2005. - economic justice and democracy : from competition to cooperation p. 81, hahnel, routledge, 2005. - economic justice and democracy : from competition to cooperation ch. 4, hahnel, routledge, 2005. - economic justice and democracy : from competition to cooperation, 85. - economic justice and democracy : from competition to cooperation, 274. - robin hahnel, ( 2004 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5054322030079426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.457985"} {"text": "from competition to cooperation ch. 4, hahnel, routledge, 2005. - economic justice and democracy : from competition to cooperation, 85. - economic justice and democracy : from competition to cooperation, 274. - robin hahnel, ( 2004 ). \" protecting the environment in a participatory economy \". retrieved february 13, 2006. - economic justice and democracy : from competition to cooperation p. 241, hahnel, routledge, 2005. - economic justice and democracy : from competition to cooperation p. 240, hahnel, routledge, 2005. - schweickart, david ( january 2006 ). \" michael albert ' s parecon : a critique \". retrieved 2012 - 07 - 08. - michael albert and robin hahnel, \" looking forward \" pp. 86 - 89. - \" participatory economics by michael albert | znet article \". zcommunications. 2008 - 11 - 19. retrieved 2010 - 08 - 17. - takis fotopoulos ( 2003 ), \" inclusive democracy and participatory economics \", democracy & nature, volume 9, issue 3 november 2003, pp. 401 - 425. - michael albert, \" parecon : life after capitalism \", p. 282. - burczak, theodore a. socialism after hayek. pp. 143 \u2013 4. further reading - a quiet revolution in welfare economics, albert and hahnel, princeton university press, 1990. - looking forward : participatory economics for the twenty first century, albert and hahnel, south end press, 1991. - the political economy of participatory economics, albert and hahnel, princeton university press, 1991. - moving forward : program for a participatory economy, albert, ak press, 1997. - parecon : life after capitalism, albert, verso books, 2003. - economic justice and democracy : from competition to cooperation, hahnel, routledge, 2005. - realizing hope : life beyond capitalism, albert, zed press, 2006. - real utopia : participatory society for the 21st century, chris spannos ( ed. ), ak press, 2008. - takis fotopoulos ( 2003 ), \" inclusive democracy and participatory economics \", democracy & nature, volume 9, issue 3 november 2003, pages 401 - 425 - comparison with inclusive democracy - rameez rahman, michel meulpolder, david hales, johan pouwelse, henk sips ( 2009 ),", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5116649240885902, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.458863"} {"text": "in digital circuits, a shift register is a cascade of flip flops, sharing the same clock, in which the output of each flip - flop is connected to the \" data \" input of the next flip - flop in the chain, resulting in a circuit that shifts by one position the \" bit array \" stored in it, shifting in the data present at its input and shifting out the last bit in the array, at each transition of the clock input. more generally, a shift register may be multidimensional, such that its \" data in \" and stage outputs are themselves bit arrays : this is implemented simply by running several shift registers of the same bit - length in parallel. shift registers can have both parallel and serial inputs and outputs. these are often configured as serial - in, parallel - out ( sipo ) or as parallel - in, serial - out ( piso ). there are also types that have both serial and parallel input and types with serial and parallel output. there are also bi - directional shift registers which allow shifting in both directions : l\u2192r or r\u2192l. the serial input and last output of a shift register can also be connected to create a circular shift register. serial - in, serial - out ( siso ) destructive readout these are the simplest kind of shift registers. the data string is presented at ' data in ', and is shifted right one stage each time ' data advance ' is brought high. at each advance, the bit on the far left ( i. e. ' data in ' ) is shifted into the first flip - flop ' s output. the bit on the far right ( i. e. ' data out ' ) is shifted out and lost. the data are stored after each flip - flop on the ' q ' output, so there are four storage ' slots ' available in this arrangement, hence it is a 4 - bit register. to give an idea of the shifting pattern, imagine that the register holds 0000 ( so all storage slots are empty ). as ' data in ' presents 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 ( in that order, with a pulse at ' data advance ' each time \u2014 this is called clocking or strobing ) to the register, this is the result. the left hand column corresponds to the left - most flip - flop ' s output pin, and so on. so the serial output of the entire register is 10110000. as you can see if we were to continue to input data", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5438906912322254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.466455"} {"text": "the result. the left hand column corresponds to the left - most flip - flop ' s output pin, and so on. so the serial output of the entire register is 10110000. as you can see if we were to continue to input data, we would get exactly what was put in, but offset by four ' data advance ' cycles. this arrangement is the hardware equivalent of a queue. also, at any time, the whole register can be set to zero by bringing the reset ( r ) pins high. this arrangement performs destructive readout - each datum is lost once it has been shifted out of the right - most bit. serial - in, parallel - out ( sipo ) this configuration allows conversion from serial to parallel format. data is input serially, as described in the siso section above. once the data has been input, it may be either read off at each output simultaneously, or it can be shifted out and replaced. in cases where the parallel outputs should not change during the serial loading process, it is desirable to used a latched output. in a latched shift register ( such as the 74595 ) the serial data is first loaded into an internal shift register, then upon receipt of a load signal the state of the shift register is copied into a set of output registers. parallel - in, serial - out ( piso ) this configuration has the data input on lines d1 through d4 in parallel format. to write the data to the register, the write / shift control line must be held low. to shift the data, the w / s control line is brought high and the registers are clocked. the arrangement now acts as a siso shift register, with d1 as the data input. however, as long as number of clock cycles is not more than the length of the data - string, the data output, q, will be the parallel data read off in order. the animation below shows the write / shift sequence, including the internal state of the shift register. one of the most common uses of a shift register is to convert between serial and parallel interfaces. this is useful as many circuits work on groups of bits in parallel, but serial interfaces are simpler to construct. shift registers can be used as simple delay circuits. several bidirectional shift registers could also be connected in parallel for a hardware implementation of a stack. sipo registers are commonly attached to the output of microprocessors when more output pins are required than are available. this allows several binary devices to be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5020436411797207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.467507"} {"text": "| | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( september 2007 ) | terere ( of guarani origin ) is an infusion of yerba mate ( in spanish ) / erva - mate ( in portuguese ), similar to mate but prepared with cold water rather than with hot, and in a slightly larger vessel. it is originally from paraguay, and is found also in northeastern argentina and southern and western brazil. when hot ( mate ), the guarani people call this infusion ka ' ay, where ka ' a means herb and y means water. the scientific name of yerba mate is ilex paraguariensis. the vast majority of people in paraguay take their terere with water - infused herbs such as mint \" menta - i \" or lemongrass. when not prepared with plain cold water, citrus fruit juices are usually used, although this practice varies depending on the region. while mixing fruit juices with terere is common in northeastern argentina, brazil and paraguay, lime and orange juices are used in argentina and paraguay ; lime and pineapple juice are more common in brazil. terere taken with juice is commonly called \" terere ruso \" ( i. e., russian terere ) because this practice is more common with slavic immigrants in the southeast of paraguay and northeast of argentina, than with spanish - and guarani - speaking paraguayan people. in some parts of argentina, terere is seen as a lesser form of mate, and its drinking hardly ever follows the traditional drinking mate ritual. in paraguay, by contrast, terere is considered preferable to mate on a hot day. first invented by the guarani ( guarani, in portuguese language ) natives who lived in paraguay and western brazil ( mato grosso do sul ) territory that used to belong to paraguay before the war of the triple alliance, terere was spread by the dwellers of that region, and for centuries was a social beverage. people usually prepare one jar of natural water and a \" guampa \" ( spanish ) / \" cuia \" ( portuguese ) with a \" bombilla \" ( spanish ) / \" bomba \" ( portuguese ) which is shared among the group of people. since paraguay and mato grosso do sul have a very hot climate, this drink is excellent to refresh the body and can be considered a very low - calorie, non - alcoholic beverage. additionally, it is an important ritual signifying trust and communion. guampas / cuias are gourds that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46617197697358453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.471839"} {"text": ", this drink is excellent to refresh the body and can be considered a very low - calorie, non - alcoholic beverage. additionally, it is an important ritual signifying trust and communion. guampas / cuias are gourds that can be made from animal horns, usually made from ox horns. the new cuia or the one not used for some time needs to be watered before use, because the lower part of the cuia is usually capped with a round piece of leather. by filling the cuia with water the leather expands, covering all leaks in the cuia. many cuias are capped using a wooden cork as well. cuias are also made from wood and covered in leather or steel. in a pinch a simple drinking cup can serve as a cuia. bombillas / bombas are metal straws with a filter at the end. erva - mate / yerba is placed at the bottom of the cuia, and as water is added the bomba drinks from the cuia the clear green liquid. terere in paraguay and brazil terere is a typical drink from paraguay and certain regions of brazil. it is very popular among young and old people. it is common to see students going to school with a guampa and their thermos underneath their arms filled with plenty of ice and water, for summer temperatures can reach 40\u00b0 to 45\u00b0c ( 104\u00b0 to 113\u00b0f ). see also | wikimedia commons has media related to : terere |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43790811415364306, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.472424"} {"text": "catholic encyclopedia ( 1913 ) / dualism ( from lat. duo, two ). like most other philosophical terms, has been employed in different meanings by different schools. first, the name has been used to denote the religious or theological system which would explain the universe as the outcome of two eternally opposed and coexisting principles, conceived as good and evil, light and darkness, or some other form of conflicting powers. we find this theory widely prevalent in the east, and especially in persia, for several centuries before the christian era. the zend - avesta, ascribed to zoroaster, who probably lived in the sixth century b. c. and is supposed to be the founder or reformer of the medo - persian religion, explains the world as the outcome of the struggle between ormuzd and ahriman. ormuzd is infinite light, supreme wisdom, and the author of all good ; ahriman is the principle of darkness and of all evil. in the third century after christ, manes, for a time a convert to christianity, developed a form of gnosticism, subsequently styled manichaeism, in which he sought to fuse some of the elements of the christian religion with the dualistic creed of zoroastrianism ( see manichaeism and zoroaster ). christian philosophy, expounded with minor differences by theologians and philosophers from st. augustine downwards, holds generally that physical evil is the result of the necessary limitations of finite created beings, and that moral evil, which alone is evil in the true sense, is a consequence of the creation of beings possessed of free wills and is tolerated by god. both physical and moral evil are to be conceived as some form of privation or defect of being, not as positive entity. their existence is thus not irreconcilable with the doctrine of theistic monism. second, the term dualism is employed in opposition to monism, to signify the ordinary view that the existing universe contains two radically distinct kinds of being or substance - - matter and spirit, body and mind. this is the most frequent use of the name in modern philosophy, where it is commonly contrasted with monism. but it should not be forgotten that dualism in this sense is quite reconcilable with a monistic origin of all things. the theistic doctrine of creation gives a monistic account of the universe in this sense. dualism is thus opposed to both materialism and idealism. idealism, however, of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6070252432264333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.487248"} {"text": "forms of a dual origin of the world which erected matter, or evil, or any other principle into a second eternal being coexistent with god, and it taught the monistic origin of the universe from one, infinite, self - existing spiritual being who freely created all things. the unfamiliar conception of free creation, however, met with considerable opposition in the schools of philosophy and was abandoned by several of the earlier heresies. the neo - platonists sought to lessen the difficulty by emanastic forms of pantheism, and also by inserting intermediate beings between god and the world. but the former method implied a materialistic conception of god, while the latter only postponed the difficulty. from the thirteenth century, through the influence of albertus magnus and still more of st. thomas aquinas, the philosophy of aristotle, though subjected to some important modifications, became the accredited philosophy of the church. the dualistic hypothesis of an eternal world existing side by side with god was of course rejected. but the conception of spiritual beings as opposed to matter received fuller definition and development. the distinction between the human soul and the body which it animates was made clearer and their separability emphasized ; but the ultra - dualism of plato was avoided by insisting on the intimate union of soul and body to constitute one substantial being under the conception of form and matter. the problem of dualism, however, was lifted into quite a new position in modern philosophy by descartes ( q. v. ). indeed, since his time it has been a topic of central interest in philosophical speculation. his handling of two distinct questions, the one epistemological, the other metaphysical, brought this about. the mind stands in a cognitional relation to the external world, and in a causal relation to the changes within the body. what is the precise nature of each of these relations? according to descartes the soul is res cogitans. its essence is thought. it is simple and unextended. it has nothing in common with the body, but is connected with it in a single point, the pineal gland in the centre of the brain. in contrast with this, the essence of matter lies in extension. so the two forms of being are utterly disparate. consequently the union between them is of an accidental or extrinsic character. descartes thus approximates to the platonic conception of charioteer and chariot. soul and body are really two merely allied beings. how then do they interact? real reciprocal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5193932545923179, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.489521"} {"text": "the union between them is of an accidental or extrinsic character. descartes thus approximates to the platonic conception of charioteer and chariot. soul and body are really two merely allied beings. how then do they interact? real reciprocal influence or causal interaction seems impossible between two such disparate things. geulincx and other disciples of descartes were driven to invent the hypothesis of occasionalism and divine assistance, according to which it is god himself who effects the appropriate change in either body or mind on the occasion of the corresponding change in the other. for this system of miraculous interferences leibniz substituted the theory of pre - established harmony according to which god has coupled pairs of bodies and souls which are destined to run in parallel series of changes like two clocks started together. the same insoluble difficulty of psycho - physical parallelism remains on the hands of those psychologists and philosophers at the present day who reject the doctrine of the soul as a real being capable of acting on the body which it informs. the ultra - dualism of descartes was immediately followed on the continent by the pantheistic monism of spinoza, which identified mind and matter in one infinite substance of which they are merely \" modes. \" the cognitional question descartes solves by a theory of knowledge according to which the mind immediately perceives only its own ideas or modifications. the belief in an external world corresponding to these ideas is of the nature of an inference, and the guaranteeing of this inference or the construction of a reliable bridge from the subjective world of thought to the objective world of material being, was thenceforth the main problem of modern philosophy. locke similarly taught that the mind immediately apprehends only its own ideas, but he assumed a real external world which corresponds to these ideas, at least as regards the primary qualities of matter. berkeley, accepting locke ' s assumption that the mind immediately cognizes only its own ideas, raised the question : what grounds have we for believing in the existence of a material world corresponding to those ideas? he concludes that there are none. the external cause of these ideas is god who awakens them in our minds by regular laws. the dualistic opposition between mind and matter is thus got rid of by denying an independent material world. but berkeley still postulates multitude of real substantial minds distinct from each other and apparently from god. we have thus idealistic pluralism. hume carried berkeley ' s scepticism a step farther and denied the existence of permanent spiritual substances,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6204293505964558, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.490546"} {"text": "world. but berkeley still postulates multitude of real substantial minds distinct from each other and apparently from god. we have thus idealistic pluralism. hume carried berkeley ' s scepticism a step farther and denied the existence of permanent spiritual substances, or minds, for grounds similar to those on which berkeley rejected material substances. all we know to exist are ideas of greater or less vividness. kant repudiates this more extreme scepticism and adopts, at least in the second edition of his chief work, a form of dualism based on the distinction of phenomena and noumena. the mind immediately perceives only its own representations. these are modified by innate mental forms. they present to us only phenomena. but the noumena, the things - in - themselves, the external causes of these phenomenal representations, are beyond our power of cognition. fichte rejected things - in - themselves outside the mind, and reduced the kantian dualism to idealistic monism. the strongest and most consistent defenders of dualism in modern philosophy have been the scotch school, including reid, stuart, and hamilton. among english writers in more recent times martineau, mccosh, mivart, and case have carried on the same tradition on similar lines. the problem of dualism, as its history suggests, involves two main questions : - does there exist a material world outside of our minds and independent of our thought? - supposing such a world to exist, how does the mind attain to the cognition of it? the former question belongs to epistemology, material logic, or general philosophy ; the latter to psychology. it is true that dualism is ultimately rejected by the materialist who reduces conscious states to functions, or \" aspects \" of the brain ; but objections from this standpoint will be more suitably dealt with under materialism and monism. the idealist theory since berkeley, in all its forms, maintains that the mind can only know its own states or representations, and that what we suppose to be an independent, material world is, in the last analysis, only a series of ideas and sensations plus belief in the possibility of other sensations. our conviction of the objective reality of a vivid consistent dream is analogous to our conviction of the validity of our waking experience. dualism affirms, in opposition to all forms of idealism, the independent, extramental reality of the material world. among its chief arguments are the following : - our belief in the existence of other minds is an inference from their bodies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5985924844535473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.491535"} {"text": ". dualism affirms, in opposition to all forms of idealism, the independent, extramental reality of the material world. among its chief arguments are the following : - our belief in the existence of other minds is an inference from their bodies. consequently the denial of an external material world involves the rejection of all evidence for the existence of other minds, and lands the idealist in the position of \" solipsism \". - physical science assumes the existence of a material world, existing when unperceived, possessing various properties, and exerting various powers according to definite constant laws. thus astronomy describes the movements of heavenly bodies moving in space of three dimensions, attracting each other with forces inversely proportioned to the square of the distance. it postulates the movement and action of such bodies when they are invisible as well as when they are visible through long periods of time and over vast areas of space. from these assumptions it deduces future positions and foretells eclipses and transits many years ahead. observations carried out by subsequent generations verify the predictions. were there not an extramental world whose parts exist and act in a space and time truly mirrored by our cognitions and ideas, such a result would be impossible. the branches of science dealing with sound, light, heat, and electricity are equally irreconcilable with idealism. - the teachings of physiology and psycho - physics become peculiarly absurd in the idealist theory. what, for instance, is meant by saying that memory is dependent on modifications in the nervous substance of the brain, if all the material world, including the brain, is but a collection of mental states? - psychology similarly assumes the extramental reality of the human body in its account of the growth of the senses and the development of perception. were the idealist hypothesis true its language would be meaningless. all branches of science thus presuppose and confirm the dualistic view of common sense. granted, then, the truth of dualism, the psychological question emerges : how does the mind come to know the material world? broadly speaking there are two answers. according to one the mind immediately perceives only its own representations or ideas and from these it infers external material objects as the cause of these ideas. according to the other, in some of its acts it immediately perceives extended objects or part of the material world. as hamilton says : \" what we directly apprehend is the non - ego, not some modification of the ego \". the theory which maintains an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6232870917183484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.492470"} {"text": "other, in some of its acts it immediately perceives extended objects or part of the material world. as hamilton says : \" what we directly apprehend is the non - ego, not some modification of the ego \". the theory which maintains an immediate perception of the non - ego he calls natural dualism or natural realism. the other, which holds a mediate cognition of the non - ego, as the inferred cause of a representation immediately apprehended, he terms hypothetical dualism or hypothetical realism. the doctrine of immediate or presentative perception is that adopted by the great body of scholastic philosophers and is embodied in the dictum that the idea, concept, or mental act of apprehension is non id quod percipitur sed medium quo res percipitur - - not that which is perceived but the medium by which the object itself is perceived. this seems to be the only account of the nature of knowledge that does not lead logically to idealism ; and the history of the subject confirms this view. but affirmation of the mind ' s capacity for immediate perception of the non - ego and insistence on the distinction between id quod and id quo percipitur, do not dispose of the whole difficulty. modern psychology has become genetic. its interest centres in tracing the growth and development of cognition from the simplest and most elementary sensations of infancy. analysis of the perceptive processes of a later age, e. g. apprehension of size, shape, solidity, distance, and other qualities of remote objects, proves that operations seemingly instantaneous and immediate may involve the activity of memory, imagination, judgment, reasoning, and subconscious contributions from the past experience of other senses. there is thus much that is indirect and inferential in nearly all the percipient acts of mature life. this should be frankly admitted by the defender of natural dualism, and the chief psychological problem for him at the present day is to sift and discriminate what is immediate and direct from what is mediate or representative in the admittedly complex cognitional operations of normal adult life. in favour of natural dualism : - - rickaby, first principles of knowledge ( new york and london, 1901 ) ; case, physical realism ( new york and london, 1881 ) ; ueberweg, logic, tr. ( london, 1871 ) ; hamilton, metaphysics ( edinburgh and london, 1877 ) ; mccosh, exam. of mill ( new york, 1875 ) ; martineau, a study of religion (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6353206959624503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.493369"} {"text": "the buff - tailed bumble bee is an efficient commercial pollinator for several reasons : it is widely distributed ; it produces large colonies ; and it is adaptable to artificial conditions and diverse climatic conditions, habitats, and flower types. although these bees are efficient pollinators, they also are known to be nectar robbers - when they find a flower with nectar too deep for them to reach they bite a hole near the base of the corolla and drink the nectar through the hole. when the bees collect nectar this way, they do not necessarily pollinate the flower. since the late 1980 ' s, this species has been used for commercial pollination of greenhouse - grown tomato crops throughout europe and in countries where the species is not native, such as new zealand and japan. in 1995 and 1996 shipments of the buff - tailed bumble bee were allowed into mexico. shortly after this importation, the internal bumble bee parasite nosema bombi ( a microsporidian or very small species of fungi ) was discovered in shipments of the buff - tailed bumble bee and all imported colonies were destroyed and importation permits retracted. many countries have concerns about importing these non - native bees. in addition to outbreaks of disease, other concerns include : threatening the relationships between native plants and pollinators ; introducing new diseases ; and disrupting genetic adaptations by hybridizing with native species. because of these concerns, restrictions on importation of the buff - tailed bumble bee exist in the canary islands, norway, japan, china, south africa, new south wales, and australia. the importation of the buff - tailed bumble bee is prohibited in the united states, canada, and mexico. however, even with these restrictions, close to one million buff - tailed and eastern bumble bee ( b. impatiens ) colonies are reared commercially each year in 16 countries in europe, asia, south america, and australia each year ( velthuis, h. h. et al., 2006 ). - bombus terrestris and lucorum, laura brodie, university of aberdeen, http : / / www. bumblebee. org / - importation of non - native bumble bees into north america : potential consequences of using bombus terrestris and other non - native bumble bees for greenhouse crop pollination in canada, mexico, and the united states, k. winter, l. adams, r. thorp, d. inouye, l. day, j. ascher, and s. buchmann", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45444176551835025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.498341"} {"text": "winter forecast, part i : the woolley bear prediction according to legend, the severity of the upcoming winter can be judged by examining the pattern of brown and black stripes on woolly bear caterpillars - - the larvae of isabella tiger moths. if the brown stripe between the two black stripes on either end of the caterpillar is thick, the winter will be a mild one. a narrow brown stripe portends a long, cold winter. some traditional forecasters say that the 13 segments on the caterpillar ' s body correspond to the 13 weeks of winter. the hagerstown, maryland woolley bear forecast the hagerstown, maryland town and country almanack has been publishing weather forecasts and weather lore for 211 years. the almanack sponsors an annual woolly bear caterpillar event, where local school children in hagerstown collect woolly bears. a panel of judges examines the collected specimens and issues a woolly bear forecast for the upcoming winter. the results of this year ' s contest, which ended october 31 : \" from the small number of woolly bears, the consensus is that the winter will be very mild. the woolly bears predicted this by their three ( 3 ) bands of which the front band ( representing the first half of winter and black in color ) was shorter in length and normal. the back band ( representing the second half of winter ) was very small, thus indicating the mild winter prediction. as a result of those markings, which were similar in all woolly bears, the sponsors were able to make the predictions. \" oil valley vick naturally, this forecast only applies to the hagerstown, maryland area, so other locales will need to do their own woolly bear work to gauge the local winter forecast. in oil city, pennsylvania, just 150 miles northwest of hagerstown, organizers of the pumkin bumkin festival have located the lair of \" oil valley vick \", a woolly bear caterpillar of unknown forecasting ability, but great potential. in his inaugural forecast on october 23 this year, oil valley vick wowed the crowd at the pumkin bumkin festival when he crawled out of his log. the black stripes covering fully 2 / 3 of oil valley vick ' s body left no doubt that he expected a cold, severe winter for northwestern pennsylvania. figure 1. kelly the woolly bear caterpillar with her owner, six - year - old kurstin hartsell of ansonville, nc. image credit : jim morton", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4695371128641548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.503165"} {"text": "no doubt that he expected a cold, severe winter for northwestern pennsylvania. figure 1. kelly the woolly bear caterpillar with her owner, six - year - old kurstin hartsell of ansonville, nc. image credit : jim morton, avery county chamber of commerce. the banner elk, north carolina woolly bear forecast in banner elk, nc it ' s the fastest woolly bear caterpillar which is judged to be the best forecaster. after successfully out - sprinting hundreds of other woolly bears, this year ' s winner of the 31st annual woolly worm festival race was kelly the woolly worm, raced by six - year - old kurstin hartsell of ansonville, nc. kelly the woolly worm ' s official forecast for the winter of 2008 - 2009 calls for the first four weeks to be cold and snowy, followed by three weeks of seasonably cold weather, followed by six weeks of snowy and cold weather ( severely cold in week 11, march 1 - 7 ). a study of the predictions of the banner elk woolly bears between 1978 and 2000 revealed that \" woolly worm winter predictions were exactly on target eight times out of 23, or 34. 8 %. woolly worm predictions were close ( 4. 0 - 4. 9 ) another five times ( 21. 7 % ). woolly worm predictions were right in some areas, wrong in others ( 3. 0 - 3. 9 ) six times ( 26. 1 % ). woolly worm predictions were wrong more than they were right ( 2. 0 - 2. 9 ) four times ( 17. 4 % ). put another way, the woolly worms were close or completely right 57 % of the time, and more than half right 82. 6 % of the time \". other studies of woolly bear forecast accuracy several scientific studies have been done on woolly bear caterpillar forecasts, including one by the american museum of natural history. none of these studies has shown any correlation between woolly bear markings and the severity of the upcoming winter. according to the old farmer ' s almanac, dr. charles curran, curator of insects at the american museum of natural history in new york city, studied woolly bear markings between 1948 - 1956 in bear mountain state park, 40 miles north of new york city. he found some preliminary results that seemed to indicate that the thickness of the bands might indicate the severity of the upcoming winter. however, dr. curran gave up the study in 1955 after finding two groups of cater", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4468791671107876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.504341"} {"text": "( courtesy of and adapted with modifications from the university of wisconsin ) under most conditions, insects are not perennially serious pests of currants and gooseberries ; however, certain insects occasionally will become abundant enough to cause serious damage if left uncontrolled. the currant aphid, cryptomyzus ribis ( l. ), overwinters in the egg stage on plant stems. eggs hatch in early spring, and the insects feed by sucking out the plant juices, which results in stunted and distorted new growth. as leaves continue to develop, they will be crinkled with downturned edges. areas between veins on the upper leaf surface may be reddened. as the aphids feed, they excrete excess sugar and water in small droplets called honeydew. ants may feed on this, and a black fungus ( sooty mold ) often grows on it. the aphids themselves are small ( up to about 2 millimeters ), green, and usually found in colonies. other aphid species also occasionally feed on currants and gooseberries. aphids often are kept under good natural control by predators such as ladybugs, small parasitic wasps, and even some insect diseases. in some areas or during certain years, these natural controls may not be adequate, and you might choose to use a chemical spray. dormant sprays are effective, as are summer horticultural oil or insecticidal soap if applied when the aphids are first seen. the damaging stage of the currant borer, synanthedon tipuliformis ( clerk ), is a pale, yellow, wormlike larva that tunnels through the pith of the cane. a member of the clear - winged moth family, the wasp - like adult lays its eggs on the canes in early june. after hatching, the worm enters the cane and feeds all season. it overwinters in the larval stage in the cane, emerging as the adult moth the following spring. feeding damage will kill the cane ; the first symptom is yellowing foliage on individual canes in late spring. red currants are attacked most frequently. cut out and destroy infested canes as early as possible. once the larvae bore into canes, chemical control is not possible. imported currant worm the imported currant worm, nematis ribesii ( scopoli ), is the most serious insect pest of currants and gooseberries, with the latter being the favored host. foliage is consumed by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37831922488809777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.509543"} {"text": "not possible. imported currant worm the imported currant worm, nematis ribesii ( scopoli ), is the most serious insect pest of currants and gooseberries, with the latter being the favored host. foliage is consumed by several small, spotted, caterpillar - like larvae. the adults are sawflies about the size of a housefly. two generations hatch each year, causing damage in the spring and again in late summer. bacillus thuringiensis - based products and / or a broad - spectrum insecticide should control this insect. start looking for damage shortly after the leaves have fully expanded. the second generation usually is less severe than the first and does not require treatment. currant stem girdler adult sawflies, janus integer ( norton ), make numerous punctures in canes during egg laying in spring, resulting in drooping and wilting of new shoots in late spring. further damage occurs as the larvae tunnel through the canes. this insect also attacks poplar and willow trees, and damage usually is more severe near stands of these trees. removing and destroying infested canes at the first sign of wilting is the best control. fourlined plant bug the fourlined plant bug, poecilocapsus lineatus ( fabricus ), is yellowish green with four dark stripes on its back. it is quite active and runs and flies readily. it sucks plant juices from leaves and young stem growth, causing deformed and brown foliage. older leaves will be spotted with many tiny, light spots. this insect feeds on numerous wild hosts, and damage occurs most frequently when such plants are allowed to grow near currants and gooseberries. in areas where plant bugs have been a problem, they can be controlled by an early season application of pyrethrum - based or pyrethroid compounds. the larval stage of the gooseberry fruitworm, zophodia convolutella ( hubier ), is a greenish worm with darker stripes along the sides. the worms feed by hollowing out the insides of the fruit of both currants and gooseberries ; each worm consumes several berries. the adult is a moth. bacillus thuringiensis - based products and / or a broad - spectrum insecticide should control this insect. make two applications 10 days apart, starting at early fruit development. currant fruit fly fruits infested by the currant fruit fly, epochra canadensis ( loew ), drop early and have dark", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42611477532257724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.510464"} {"text": "in the early spring of 2011, in the middle of the conflict in libya, 72 desperate sub - saharan men, women and children tried to get to lampedusa. instead, they were left to die in a small, overcrowded inflatable rubber dinghy as their calls for help went unheeded. when things first started to go wrong and fuel and food supplies were dwindling, a call was made from a satellite phone to father zerai, a contact person whose number they had been given in case of an emergency and who subsequently notified the italian coast guard. by that time, the boat was drifting with little fuel left and taking in water. the phone call enabled the italian coast guard to establish the boat \u2019 s location. a helicopter was sent to drop some drinking water and food. the boat was now drifting in the middle of the mediterranean. rough waters threw some people overboard and currents sent the boat back to libya. fishing boats in the vicinity ignored the vessel. on the 5th day at sea, people started dying onboard. a large military vessel also failed to assist. on the 15th day, only 11 people were still alive. on april 10th, the boat stranded on the libyan coast. the 11 survivors were arrested. one died in custody due to lack of care. here \u2019 s an animated map depicting the events : those who ignored the boat could possibly be facing judicial action.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4343679997768911, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.515767"} {"text": "so why do people keep shaming others to \" help \" them lose weight? you probably have heard about children ' s healthcare of atlanta ' s campaign to fight obesity ( overview here and discussion here. ) i was outraged from the start of this campaign because my large clients tell me their experiences in our world where shame has led them to promote self hate not health. now, disney has thrown in its influence, money, and cartoonists to promote body shame and bullying. they just started this habit heroes online campaign and interactive epcot exhibit to fight obesity. i am close to tears reading what this campaign has to offer although thankful that blogger yoni feedhoff brought it to my attention. the eye - opening post can be found here. this is just another campaign showing the skinny heroes saving those dumb enough to be fat ( please read my pissed off sarcasm ). there is no way this campaign or any like it will promote long term health. even more, those who are not large can be harmed by this message too. they are taught skinny people are better, stronger, and automatically healthy. these campaigns lay the foundation for bullying and a negative relationship with food. those in the fight against obesity often admit, although a tough pill to swallow, maybe shaming is okay because it will get people to make changes. i want to provide some insight as to why this does not work. what shaming leads to : - not wanting to move one ' s body because one wants to hide it ( thus less exercise ) - not wanting to fuel one ' s body in a way that feels good during and after eating ( thus less fruit, veggie consumption and eating more forbidden foods ) - more negative self talk and then more depression - weight gain after consulting with experienced colleagues and finishing a master ' s degree in counseling, i have learned empowerment promotes health. empowering interactions help people find intrinsic motivation to encourage a healthy life. what empowerment leads to : - moving one ' s body more because one enjoys it and it feels good ( thus more exercise ) - wanting one ' s body to feel strong and able to do this movement ; also wanting food to make the body feel good during and after eating ( thus more fruits, veggies ; \" forbidden \" foods eaten with less frequency ) - more positive self talk and less depression - healthy bodies and minds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4813733571801403, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.519103"} {"text": "in december 1858 the british colonist newspaper reported that the fraser river was frozen all the way across below the mouth of the harrison river. at port douglas, the new town at the north end of harrison ' s lake - - at the south end of the new harrison lillooet trail to the goldfields - - the snow fell for three days before the sky cleared and the thermometer plunged to 5 degrees below zero. a party of one hundred twenty miners came downriver from fort yale in canoes ; when they struck ice at the mouth of the harrison river they took to their feet and walked downriver toward fort langley. they supposed the hbc fort was a mere fifteen miles away - - but they were wrong. the journey would have taken them three days, but they had provisions for only one. their trail had to be made though ten inches of snow over a high mountain, and in places the men waded waist deep sloughs and pushed their way through the thick underbrush that clogged the valley floor in those years. but many were rescued by the captain of the steamer, enterprise, who pushed his way up and down the fraser river, continuously sounding his horn and stopping to pick up anyone he found. the people he rescued were in terrible shape when found - - the december 15 gazette tells us that he rescued \" the large number of persons scattered around, and who, after two days suffering from intense cold, sleet and snow, without food, and almost without clothing, having been forced to throw away our blankets, rifles and other arms ( from being able to carry them along further through fatigue and exhaustion ) and denude ourselves of our drenched clothing... \" does it sound colder than it should be to you? do you think that the fraser river should freeze over in mid - winter? it doesn ' t anymore - - but it did then. as you know if you have read my book, there are at least two very bad winters mentioned in it - - the winter of 1847 - 1848, and that of 1861 - 62. the frozen winter of 1858 was just a normal year - - those of 1847 - 48 and 1861 - 62 were abnormally cold! my source for the stories that follow is jason allard, son of the ovid allard who worked at fort langley and fort yale under james murray yale. this is what he has to say about fraser river ' s mid - winter weather, in his reminiscences [ e / c / al5a, bca ) : \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4866013477916992, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.524775"} {"text": "worked at fort langley and fort yale under james murray yale. this is what he has to say about fraser river ' s mid - winter weather, in his reminiscences [ e / c / al5a, bca ) : \" weather conditions in the fraser valley since the early days of the gold rush up the fraser has greatly changed. \" at yale in early days the first snow fall usually took place in the begining [ sic ] of november - - october and november were always wet so was march april and may. \" it was nothing unusual for a rain fall for weeks at a time particularly in the lower fraser valley \" it was a regular event for the fraser to freeze over in december and remain closed until the month of march. \" since the coming of the whites to the fraser valley - - there has been two very severe winters - - 1847 and 1861 / 2. \" an old indian chief of yale who was aged about 90 yrs at the time i speak of in 1858. \" the chief tal - tal - wheet tza said he remembered a severe winter in yale when the river opposite yale was frozen over - - \" goats and deer and other game died of starvation and were completely wiped out. \" mountain goats & deer came down to the valley and stood around, and also on top of the indians subterranean houses for warmth. \" they were so tame that they were killed with clubs. \" the old indian said it was pitiful to listen to the cries of the deer for mercy when being clubbed. \" as a matter of fact it got so that the indians would not kill them - - and besides their meat become unfit food through starvation. \" so that is the cold winter weather in yale in 1858 - - he goes on to describe the winter of 1847 - 48 at fort hope and fort langley : \" the winter of 1847 / 8 was a remarkable cold winter. \" the river was frozen from hope to langley. \" mr. chief trader h. n. peers a h. b. co ' s officer skated from hope to langley on the ice - - \" the severe weather and deep snow killed nearly all the hudson ' s bay co ' s cattle at fort langley. \" those cattle that did not die of starvation were drowned in crossing them on to island where there were bull rushes. \" a few head were saved by the indians, who gathered rushes for the starving cattle - - my old nurse rose told me that the snow in langley was three ft. deep early in may and the run of ul", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4738286174241505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.526449"} {"text": "island where there were bull rushes. \" a few head were saved by the indians, who gathered rushes for the starving cattle - - my old nurse rose told me that the snow in langley was three ft. deep early in may and the run of ull - a - chons ( small fish ) died on top of the ice. \" i remember well the severe winter of 1861 / 2. \" it was at first a pretty open winter and owing to the low stage of the water in the fraser the st [ eame ] r col moody maade [ sic ] her last trip to yale for the time being in decr. \" it was on the morning of the 4th of february - - 1862 that i was awakened by my father ovid allard who was then in charge of the hudson ' s bay co ' s business in yale... \" as soon as i was awakened - - i heard the wind blowing and when i looked out the drift snow was half way up the roof - - the very same day the river was partly frozen over on both sides of the river leaving a narrow channel where it was swift current. \" i engaged two indians to take the board of management ' s letter to ft. langley & thence on to its destination... \" yale was completely snowed under. \" a few who had snow shoes broke roads on the side walk of the one business street. \" communication with the lower fraser and victoria was at a stand still and travelling was laborious and dangerous on account of the ice.... \" business and transportation were on a stand still until the 14th day of april when the steamer \" flying dutchman \" capt. bill moore blasted the ice at union bar above ft. hope in order to reach yale. \" there was good sleighing on the ice between ft. langley and sapperton. \" hay & grain was in great demand and prices were high - - at yale a hundred dollars was asked for hay & none could be got at that price. \" i am more or less taking a day off - - well, i am doing work i have delayed doing and am also looking for documents that i have lost and that i need to find! my house has been packed up twice in the last few months, and unpacked - - these documents could have gone anywhere [ and probably have ]. i am also putting together my costume for the st. stephens talk - - it will be anything but genuine but i am, after all, a writer, not a re - en", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45467431129536706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.527331"} {"text": "the head on side viewfor this first lesson, he explains us his method to simply draw a side head of a horse. in a further lesson we will have a look at other parts of the body of this amazing animal... step i start first by sketching a trapezium : step ii following this first step, you will draw two dotted lines passing through the middle of each side ( see image ). then, sketch a little arrow ( in blue ) composed of two small lines at the top of the trapezium ( bottom left on the image ). finally, for this second step, create the location of the jaw by drawing a light cercle ( the location is important ). step iii in the top half of the trapezium, create a line from side to side, by joining the two quarters of its length. here you don ' t know why it stands for but you are lacating the space reservation for the eye... finish by drawing the last construction lines as shown on the image bellow. step iv when the construction lines are finished, we are going to better detail our sketches... draw the general basis ( the eye in the rectangle previously prepared, the ear the following one, the nastril ). step v delete the construction lines and start the details... you will start fist with the external outlines. don ' t try to find the pecfection right now, you will refine them later... let you be guided by the sketches you have previously created. you will notice that the top of the circle aims at the location of the mane et the bottom at the jaw... step vi notice that the mouth is being precised as well as the cheek and the jaw... you can now start to place the veins and the shadows ( on the ear, on the neck and from the nostril to the eye ), then the back bone of the jaw. step vii at this step, we could think that we draw the bones... but it ' s not the case! these are the shadows again. you have to know that in paintings, what creates the reality is generally due to the lights and the shadows. step viii now you should stop for a while in order to sharpen your pencil... when you are ready, refine the outlines and detail more the eye ( eyelid and glints ), the nastril and the ear. carry on with the shadows ( on top of the eye and in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.446290976147627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.530800"} {"text": "it \u2019 s allergy season and if you suffer from allergies, you \u2019 re not alone. over 50 million americans \u2014 at least one in five, maybe more \u2014 have allergies, leaving many folks off balance. here \u2019 s a little background on allergies. in 1905 austrian pediatrician clemens pirquet first used the term allergy, which is derived from the greek word allos, meaning different or changed and the word ergos, meaning work or action. in essence, allergy is an altered reaction \u2014 and it \u2019 s a pervasive and costly one, too. we \u2019 ve already noted that allergies affect over 50 million americans, but its effects hit the pocketbook as well. in fact, the cost of allergies in the u. s. is more than $ 10 billion annually. allergic rhinitis ( nasal allergies ) is present in about 35 million americans \u2014 six million of those being children. likewise, asthma affects 15 million americans \u2014 with five million of those children. the number of cases of asthma, incidentally, has doubled over the last 20 years. that \u2019 s a whole lot of rough breathing, sneezing, sinus congestion and itchy eyes, leading millions of people to look for relief. what causes allergies? certain foods, dust mites, molds, pollens and animal dander ( from dogs and cats, for example ) are often to blame for these allergic reactions, and they prompt your immune system to attack these foreign substances as dangerous invaders. here \u2019 s what happens : your immune system sends out antibodies to attack the intruders known as allergens. one type of the antibodies generally associated with allergies is immunoglobulin e ( ige ). interestingly, receptor cells for ige are dotted throughout the body including areas near the sinuses, nose, eyes and throat. ( do those areas sound familiar? ) when the allergens enter the body, ige antibodies go to work in the tissues surrounding the sinuses, nose, eyes and throat and link up with mast cells to release powerful natural chemicals known as histamines and leukotrienes, both of which bring on inflammation \u2014 an over - the - top inflammation response, to be exact. common allergic reactions include sneezing, watery eyes, itchiness, runny nose, hives, asthma and more. for many, allergic symptoms occur throughout the sinus system and appear to be all in their head.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48448395364580027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.533548"} {"text": "one of the cool things about working at argonne national laboratory is exploring new ideas. i \u2019 ve worked on a lot of combustion technologies, including hydrogen, but right now i \u2019 m doing something really unusual \u2014 burning gasoline in a diesel engine. the first question you \u2019 re probably asking is, \u201c why in the world do you want to do that? \u201d well, i got the idea after talking to some colleagues who have been working on similar concepts. we \u2019 re working on a combustion system that \u2019 s not traditional diesel combustion but not spark - ignition combustion either. most researchers call this approach low temperature combustion, or ltc. several types have been explored, such as hcci ( homogeneous charge compression ignition ), m - k ( modulated kinetics or smokeless rich ) and unibus ( uniform bulky stratified ) combustion. why, you ask, would we explore this alphabet soup of technologies when when traditional diesel and spark ignition have served us well for more than a century? because traditional diesel combustion spews a lot of particulate matter and oxides of nitrogen ( nox ). and spark - ignition gasoline combustion has a significant efficiency problem due to the throttle, which is needed to control power output. because of the nature of these two systems, there \u2019 s really no significant improvement that can be achieved with either one. we decided to look for something that was a cross between the two. this new system is more like traditional diesel combustion than spark ignition but uses a fuel and combustion approach that minimizes the emissions problems associated with diesels. it cuts nox more than particulate matter but has advantages for both. we wanted to eliminate the throttle so we could retain efficiency while avoiding what we call \u201c mixing controlled \u201d combustion. mixing controlled combustion occurs when diesel jets squirt fuel into the engine, resulting in almost immediate ignition. it requires diffusing fuel from the center of the jet to the reaction zone and the diffusion of air from the outside into the reaction zone as combustion progresses. this diffusion is what produces particulates and nox. our approach is to use a fuel injector \u2014 in this case a diesel fuel injector \u2014 but use fuel that is difficult to auto - ignite. in this case, gasoline. the advantage is we can inject fuel rather early in the compression stroke without it igniting immediately. in fact, we can inject fuel two or three times during the compression stroke and it won \u2019 t ignite until the piston is very close to the top of the cylinder", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5458490664476612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.537357"} {"text": "inject fuel rather early in the compression stroke without it igniting immediately. in fact, we can inject fuel two or three times during the compression stroke and it won \u2019 t ignite until the piston is very close to the top of the cylinder, a position called top dead center, or tdc. this approach also lets us place ignition exactly where we want it because we can control the precise timing of injection events. using a fuel that is difficult to auto - ignite allows a long delay between injection and ignition, providing the opportunity to get all the fuel into the combustion chamber before ignition. this is important because this is how we can avoid particulate and nox production. there is no liquid fuel to \u201c coke up \u201d because all of it is somewhat mixed with air before ignition. there also is little air present that does not have fuel near it, so the availability of air to heat up and dissociate into nox is drastically reduced. using exhaust gas recirculation lets us reduce nox further. the next question you may ask is, \u201c ok, this sounds great. now what do you need to give up to get high efficiency and clean emissions? \u201d the answer is power density. because we are reducing the \u201c violence \u201d with which the combustion reactions occur, peak power will drop roughly 25 percent. however, the standard operation of vehicles in the united states rarely requires engines be operated at peak power. how often do you have the accelerator pedal mashed to the floor? if your answer is \u201c often, \u201d i \u2019 d ask if you drive in nascar. besides \u2014 the torque profile of the new system is essentially the same as a conventional diesel and it provides excellent performance in the powerband where most people actually drive. the impact on drivers will be negligible. one thing we \u2019 re doing differently than others who \u2019 ve explored this area is we \u2019 re using gasoline with a slightly lower octane than pump gasoline. we \u2019 re burning fuel in the 80 to 85 ron, or research octane number, range. it \u2019 s a little easier to auto - ignite than pump gasoline, yet provides energy companies with an easier target to hit when refining a barrel of petroleum. this is one reason energy companies like bp and conocophillips are monitoring our work and providing some advice. regardless of fuel, the real trick to this approach is the careful control of fuel injection into the cylinder \u2014 the number of injections, the fuel pressure, the timing of each injection and so forth. the system is not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4389043806678954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.538321"} {"text": "synthetic biology is getting a boost. so far, most researchers have designed their synthetic circuits using transcription factors found in bacteria. however, these don \u2019 t always translate well to nonbacterial cells and can be a challenge to scale. now, researchers have come up with a new method to design transcription factors for nonbacterial cells \u2014 specifically yeast. their initial library of 19 new transcription factors should help overcome the existing bottleneck that has limited synthetic biology applications, says timothy lu, m. d., assistant professor of electrical engineering and computer science and a member of mit \u2019 s research laboratory of electronics. the project is part of a larger, ongoing effort to develop genetic \u201c parts \u201d that can be assembled into circuits to achieve specific functions. through this endeavor, dr. lu and his colleagues hope to make it easier to develop circuits that do exactly what a researcher wants. \u201c if you look at a parts registry, a lot of these parts come from a hodgepodge of different organisms. you put them together into your organism of choice and hope that it works, \u201d says dr. lu. recent advances in designing proteins that bind to dna gave the researchers the boost they needed to start building a new library of transcription factors. in many transcription factors, the dna - binding section consists of zinc finger proteins, which target different dna sequences depending on their structure. the researchers based their new zinc finger designs on the structure of a naturally occurring zinc finger protein. \u201c by modifying specific amino acids within that zinc finger, you can get them to bind with new target sequences, \u201d dr. lu says. the researchers attached the new zinc fingers to existing activator segments, allowing them to create many combinations of varying strength and specificity. they also designed transcription factors that work together, so that a gene can only be turned on if the factors bind each other. such transcription factors should make it easier for synthetic biologists to design circuits to perform tasks such as sensing a cell \u2019 s environmental conditions. the researchers built some simple circuits in yeast, but they plan to develop more complex circuits in future studies. \u201c we didn \u2019 t build a massive 10 - or 15 - transcription factor circuit, but that \u2019 s something that we \u2019 re definitely planning to do down the road, \u201d dr. lu says. \u201c we want to see how far we can scale the type of circuits we can build out of this framework. \u201d the researchers are also planning to try their new transcription factors in other species of yeast, and eventually in mammalian cells including human cells. \u201c what we \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5193771635120645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.541214"} {"text": "if you want to make programs go faster on parallel hardware, then you need some kind of concurrency. right? in this article i \u2019 d like to explain why the above statement is false, and why we should be very clear about the distinction between concurrency and parallelism. i should stress that these ideas are not mine, and are by no means new, but i think it \u2019 s important that this issue is well understood if we \u2019 re to find a way to enable everyday programmers to use multicore cpus. i was moved to write about this after reading tim bray \u2019 s articles on concur. next : while i agree with a lot of what \u2019 s said there, particularly statements like exposing real pre - emptive threading with shared mutable data structures to application programmers is wrong it seems that parallelism and concurrency are still being conflated. yes we need concurrency in our languages, but if all we want to do is make programs run faster on a multicore, concurrency should be a last resort. first, i \u2019 ll try to establish the terminology. a concurrent program is one with multiple threads of control. each thread of control has effects on the world, and those threads are interleaved in some arbitrary way by the scheduler. we say that a concurrent programming language is non - deterministic, because the total effect of the program may depend on the particular interleaving at runtime. the programmer has the tricky task of controlling this non - determinism using synchronisation, to make sure that the program ends up doing what it was supposed to do regardless of the scheduling order. and that \u2019 s no mean feat, because there \u2019 s no reasonable way to test that you have covered all the cases. this is regardless of what synchronisation technology you \u2019 re using : yes, stm is better than locks, and message passing has its advantages, but all of these are just ways to communicate between threads in a non - deterministic language. a parallel program, on the other hand, is one that merely runs on multiple processors, with the goal of hopefully running faster than it would on a single cpu. so where did this dangerous assumption that parallelism = = concurrency come from? it \u2019 s a natural consequence of languages with side - effects : when your language has side - effects everywhere, then any time you try to do more than one thing at a time you essentially have non - determinism caused by the interleaving of the effects from each operation. so in side -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5175577324889453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.546850"} {"text": "effects : when your language has side - effects everywhere, then any time you try to do more than one thing at a time you essentially have non - determinism caused by the interleaving of the effects from each operation. so in side - effecty languages, the only way to get parallelism is concurrency ; it \u2019 s therefore not surprising that we often see the two conflated. however, in a side - effect - free language, you are free to run different parts of the program at the same time without observing any difference in the result. this is one reason that our salvation lies in programming languages with controlled side - effects. the way forward for those side - effecty languages is to start being more explicit about the effects, so that the effect - free parts can be identified and exploited. it pains me to see haskell \u2019 s concurrency compared against the concurrency support in other languages, when the goal is simply to make use of multicore cpus ( edit : ted followed up with a clarification ). it \u2019 s missing the point : yes of course haskell has the best concurrency support, but for this problem domain it has something even better : deterministic parallelism. in haskell you can use multicore cpus without getting your hands dirty with concurrency and non - determinism, without having to get the synchronisation right, and with a guarantee that the parallel program gives the same answer every time, just more quickly. there are two facets to haskell \u2019 s determinstic parallelism support : - par / pseq and strategies. these give you a way to add parallelism to an existing program, usually without requiring much restructuring. for instance, there \u2019 s a parallel version of \u2018 map \u2019. support for this kind of parallelism is maturing with the soon to be released ghc 6. 12. 1, where we made some significant performance improvements over previous versions. - nested data parallelism. this is for taking advantage of parallelism in algorithms that are best expressed by composing operations on ( possibly nested ) arrays. the compiler takes care of flattening the array structure, fusing array operations, and dividing the work amongst the available cpus. data - parallel haskell will let us take advantage of gpus and many - core machines for large - scale data - parallelism in the future. right now, dph support in ghc is experimental, but work on it continues. that \u2019 s not to say that concurrency doesn \u2019 t have its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5256021981812126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.549181"} {"text": "gpus and many - core machines for large - scale data - parallelism in the future. right now, dph support in ghc is experimental, but work on it continues. that \u2019 s not to say that concurrency doesn \u2019 t have its place. so when should you use concurrency? concurrency is most useful as a method for structuring a program that needs to communicate with multiple external clients simultaneously, or respond to multiple asynchronous inputs. it \u2019 s perfect for a gui that needs to respond to user input while talking to a database and updating the display at the same time, for a network application that talks to multiple clients simultaneously, or a program that communicates with multiple hardware devices, for example. concurrency lets you structure the program as if each individual communication is a sequential task, or a thread, and in these kinds of settings it \u2019 s often the ideal abstraction. stm is vitally important for making this kind of programming more tractable. as luck would have it, we can run concurrent programs in parallel without changing their semantics. however, concurrent programs are often not compute - bound, so there \u2019 s not a great deal to be gained by actually running them in parallel, except perhaps for lower latency. having said all this, there is some overlap between concurrency and parallelism. some algorithms use multiple threads for parallelism deliberately ; for example, search - type problems in which multiple threads search branches of a problem space, where knowledge gained in one branch may be exploited in other concurrent searches. sat - solvers and game - playing algorithms are good examples. an open problem is how to incorporate this kind of non - deterministic parallelism in a safe way : in haskell these algorithms would end up in the io monad, despite the fact that the result could be deterministic. still, i believe these kinds of problems are in the minority, and we can get a long way with purely deterministic parallelism. you \u2019 ll be glad to know that with ghc you can freely mix parallelism and concurrency on multicore cpus to your heart \u2019 s content. knock yourself out", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5381691610133579, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.550084"} {"text": "introduction : la piscine, a splendid art deco building in roubaix, part of greater lille, houses the musee d \u2019 art et d \u2019 industrie. it \u2019 s one of the most exciting surprises in the nord region, housing an impressive collection of 19th - and 20th - century art. the museum covers fine and applied art ( a concept more english than french ), and displays painting, sculpture, textiles, ceramics, and glass by both local and artists and internationally known names. the building and the background la piscine was just that, a swimming pool built for the well - to - do and the principal bath house for the poor in roubaix. one of france \u2019 s major textile centers, roubaix grew hugely in the 19th century as workers flooded in to work in the factories and mills. the houses they occupied were basic, with no running water and no electricity. the idea was to provide the poor with a place where they could wash, so this \u2018 temple of hygene \u2019 was built by the forward - thinking mayor. la piscine was an utopian dream, welcoming, practically and very beautiful. la piscine was designed by albert baert and built from 1927 - 1932 in flamboyant art deco style. it was modeled around the abbey of cluny with a cloister and garden in the center and a chapel and restaurant, reflecting the old refectory idea. the centre of the building is an olympic - sized swimming pool, decorated with mosaic tiles that were inspired by the waves depicted in so many images by the japanese artist hokusai, and lit by a huge stained glass window at one end. the pool particularly was full of freemasonry motifs. the pool runs from north to south ; the window depicts the rising sun ; the eye of knowledge is depicted everywhere. when la piscine was converted into a museum, the architects filled in much of the pool but left a long stream running down the middle to evoke its previous existence. small changing rooms, which house some of the art, lead off the pool with corridors running in front and behind them where more exhibits are displayed. it \u2019 s beautiful and as you walk into the main area you \u2019 re taken back to its original purpose by a soundtrack of children, now long gone, happily splashing about in the water. the original collection came from the industrial museum of roubaix which was housed in the building opposite ( now the high school of art and industry ). a rich and unusual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47836896989429245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.553166"} {"text": "soundtrack of children, now long gone, happily splashing about in the water. the original collection came from the industrial museum of roubaix which was housed in the building opposite ( now the high school of art and industry ). a rich and unusual mix of pattern books and textile samples from coptic egyptian up to contemporary work, it symbolises the connection between roubaix and the textile industry. today the collections have hugely expanded. on display around the pool itself are sculptures that take in 19th - century neo - classical works by the likes of henri fantin latour, rodin and others, and 20th - century works by bonnard, vlaminck, van dongen and other leading artists. a series of small rooms takes you through the grand 19th century tradition of painting through a series of themes like local painters, the realists and an oriental room. there \u2019 s also a small but impressive collection of ceramics, showing superb examples from the works of the porcelain factory, through the likes of picasso and raoul dufy to contemporary works by the italian designer of the memphis group, ettore sotsass, rembrandt bugatti, the frenchman philippe starck and others. for practical information on la piscine, roubaix, see the next page.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40735822439994934, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.553639"} {"text": "in august 1912, american photographer alfred stieglitz published gertrude stein \u2018 s word portraits of pablo picasso and henri matisse in a special issue of camera work. most scholars agree that these word portraits inspired the invention of the object portrait in the american visual arts. marius de zayas, francis picabia, marsden hartley, man ray, elsa von freytag - loringhoven, arthur dove, charles demuth, and georgia o \u2018 keeffe explored the genre as members of american artistic circles from 1912 through the 1930s. as the genre developed, these artists drew simultaneously upon the semantic and syntactic play of cubist collage, photomontage, dada language experiments, assemblage, and traditional fine art practices. the identification of stein \u2018 s word portraits of picasso and matisse as the source of inspiration for object portraiture is secure in scholarly literature. yet, the theoretical relationship between the two over time remains unexplored. moreover, scholars have failed to consider other literary experiments by stein, such as tender buttons : objects, food, rooms ( 1914 ) and the word portraits produced after 1911, as contributing factors in the genre \u2018 s development. steinian scholarship primarily attributes her portrait theory to the application of the american psychologist william james \u2018 system of characterology, which addresses the mental phenomena of simultaneity, stream of consciousness, and a continuous present. as stein created a linguistic correspondence to jamesian perception, she employed an alternative language system that made use of repetition, fragmentation, metaphor and metonymy, word play, punning, word heap ( or a conscious, volitional emptying of words ), nonsense, and sound associations. in so doing, stein questioned and attacked traditional modes of identity construction in her experimental writing. her primary objective was to capture modern character and personality as revealed through modern experiences. i argue that the development of the object portrait genre as practiced by the artists listed above must be considered in light of the profound impact of gertrude stein \u2018 s portrait theory, embedded in the cultural interest in personality and psychology, as demonstrated progressively over the course of her literary career. like stein, the artists believed that traditional visual language systems based on mimesis were incapable of describing modern personality and alternative lifestyles. instead, they employed an alternative visual language of objects associated with their subjects to replace portraiture \u2018 s traditional reliance on physical resemblance as an indicator of character. thus, they invented a new means of conveying essential personality traits. i argue further that stein \u2018 s development of an alternative language", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5484498815124309, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.556588"} {"text": "that weather - related catastrophes cause a lot of destruction is well known. but the prospect that increasing floods, droughts and storms will prompt many millions of people to migrate to safer areas is still poorly understood and anticipated, according to a forthcoming report from the asian development bank. \u201c in the past year alone, extreme weather in malaysia, pakistan, the people \u2019 s republic of china, the philippines and sri lanka has caused temporary or longer - term dislocation of millions, \u201d the organization, which is based in manila, said on monday, citing the study, which is to be released in early march. \u201c this process is set to accelerate in coming decades as climate change leads to more extreme weather. \u201d no international cooperation mechanism has been set up to manage these migration flows, the bank warned, and protection and assistance plans remain \u201c inadequate, poorly coordinated and scattered. \u201d it urged national governments and the international community to urgently address this issue. forecasts of global migration related to environmental factors range from 150 million to 300 million people by the middle of this century, the asian development bank said monday, and the asia - pacific region is expected to be at the epicenter of this trend. in a report in october, the bank warned that asia \u2019 s coastal megacities would \u201c flood more often, on a larger scale and affect millions more people, \u201d if climate change brings rising sea levels, more intense tropical cyclones and storm surges. of the 10 most populous cities with heavy exposure to coastal flooding in 2005 that were cited in that report, five were in asia : mumbai ; kolkata, also known as calcutta ; shanghai ; ho chi minh city, vietnam ; and guangzhou, china. by 2070, nine of the top 10 cities in terms of population are expected to be in developing countries in asia. the resultant migration flows need to be addressed with \u201c greater urgency \u201d and receive \u201c more attention from the region \u2019 s decision - makers, \u201d the bank said on monday. \u201c we still have an opportunity to get ahead of the curve on this issue in asia and the pacific, \u201d said bob dobias, head of the asian development bank \u2019 s climate change team.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4064865109317285, "token_count": 436, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.558819"} {"text": "agence france - presse \u2014 getty images the khumbu glacier in nepal in the himalayas. last year, the united nations intergovernmental panel on climate change ended up with a bit of mud on its face when it had to retract an alarming claim in its landmark 2007 assessment : that the probability of himalayan glaciers \u201c disappearing by the year 2035 and perhaps sooner is very high. \u201d climate skeptics pilloried the panel for including what proved to be an unsubstantiated and, glaciologists said, unlikely figure. rajendra k. pachauri, the head of the panel, called the inclusion of the statistic a \u201c regrettable error. \u201d in fact, there is still a paucity of scientific information about the himalayan glaciers, whose melt supplies water to hundreds of millions of mostly poor people in asia. while historical photographs clearly indicate that some glaciers are retreating in a striking pattern, there is no verifiable sense of how fast this is occurring, which parts of the himalayas are at greatest risk and what factors influence the melt most, and how. a paper published recently in nature geoscience sets out to systematically and scientifically answer these questions. using new remote sensing methods and satellite images, bodo bookhagen of the university of california at santa barbara and dirk scherler of the university of potsdam found that different parts of the himalayas were reacting differently. an update from andy revkin at dot earth : the chairman of the intergovernmental panel on climate change has retreated from his request that participating scientists keep a distance from the media. after months of controversy, a review of the workings of the united nations \u2019 main scientific body on climate change has just gotten under way in amsterdam. over the next few months, a 12 - member panel of scientific experts will analyze the makeup, procedures and conduct of the body, known as the united nations intergovernmental panel on climate change. the review, organized by britain \u2019 s interacademy council, was requested at a meeting of the united nations environment program in february, and the findings are due in august. as you may recall, the panel found itself in hot water about six months ago when critics accused it of scientific sloppiness. they also accused the panel \u2019 s chairman, rajendra pachauri, of conflicts of interest because he served on some corporate boards. yet many noted that the most serious charges originated with a camp that denies that global warming is even under way, even though mainstream scientists agree that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4592539108173222, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.562518"} {"text": "\u2019 s chairman, rajendra pachauri, of conflicts of interest because he served on some corporate boards. yet many noted that the most serious charges originated with a camp that denies that global warming is even under way, even though mainstream scientists agree that human - caused climate change is a reality. read more \u2026 harold t. shapiro, a former president of princeton university and the university of michigan, will lead a 12 - member panel that will review the practices of the united nations intergovernmental panel on climate change, which has been criticized for errors. dr. shapiro, an economist, will lead a group that was assembled by the interacademy council, an organization of the world \u2019 s leading scientific academies, at the request of the united nations secretary general, ban ki - moon. it will look into the management and review policies of the i. p. c. c. that led to errors in the panel \u2019 s most recent report, including a faulty estimate of the rate of melting of the himalayan glaciers and several smaller mistakes. the new york times harold t. shapiro \u201c we approach this review with an open mind, \u201d dr. shapiro said in a statement. \u201c i \u2019 m confident we have the experts on this committee necessary to supply the u. n. with a stronger process for providing policy makers the best assessment of climate change possible. \u201d the i. p. c. c. has been faulted for failing to consider alternate views of climate science, sloppy citation of sources and for reliance on some research that was not properly peer - reviewed. the panel will make recommendations on how to avoid such problems and how to identify and quickly correct errors in future reports. read more \u2026", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4472239314102702, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.563560"} {"text": "would you like a guide tailored to your sociology course and assignments? please email me and i would be happy to help! example of linguistics course guides : key reference works - international encyclopedia of linguistics encompasses the full range of topics in linguistics, including such areas as historical, comparative, formal, mathematical, functional, philosophical, and sociolinguistics. - encyclopedia of language & linguistics an authoritative, and up - to - date international reference source. - cambridge encyclopedia of language a collection of concise and readable essays on the many subfields of linguistics, and covers both theoretical and applied approaches to the subject. - encyclopedic dictionary of language and languages defines hundreds of terms connected with language. includes the names of languages, language groups, or countries ; topics such as writing systems, punctuation, and poetics ; and terms from phonetics, language typology, transformational grammar, and neurolinguistics. - compendium of the world ' s languages a general survey covering a wide spectrum of the world ' s languages and shows how each language has its own characteristic profile, and illustraties how it works. - the world atlas of language structures contains full - color maps and in - depth discussions of each map ' s content by a specialist in the field. the maps present more than 58, 000 data points and more than 200 languages. - concise languages of the world comprehensive electronic resource for 370 of the world ' s major languages, language families and classification systems and disputes. - dictionary of linguistics and phonetics defines words and senses about newer models of linguistic theory. - handbook of english linguistics covers all methodological issues, syntax, phonetics and phonology, lexis and morphology, and variation, discourse, stylistics, and usage. - companion to linguistic anthropology summarizes past and contemporary research and includes bibliography of over 2000 entries designed as a guide to the literature of linguistic anthropology. - handbook of applied linguistics seeks to unify practical experience and theoretical understanding of language development and language in use. - handbook of language variation and change presents views of linguistic variation in the diverse contexts that give it meaning and significance. lilly library 108", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5415141097413677, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.566605"} {"text": "peanut allergy! peanuts are among the top eight allergy foods! the peanut is native to brazil where they have been cultivated for 2000 years. they came to north america by way of africa with the slaves. peanuts grow in a peculiar way. the white blossoms are fertilized and then the pods lowered several inches on strings where they enter the ground. the \u2018 nut \u2019, actually a bean, is developed under ground where it is harvested by pulling up the plant. a plant will have many such strings hanging to the ground as the plant matures. although peanuts are generally considered to be a healthful food, peanuts are among the eight most common foods that produce allergic reactions. two percent of the population is allergic to them, so peanuts and peanut products should be introduced cautiously to it is best to not expose children to peanuts until they are four years old. such small amounts ; as the residue from an improperly cleaned utensil is sufficient to trigger a violent reaction. even the smell of peanuts is sometimes enough to evoke the problem. peanuts and honey are two of the few foods that are generally considered to be healthful, but that should not be given to babies. peanuts and peanut products are used in so many food products, baked goods, and as fillers in processed foods. this makes the process of keeping peanuts from small children a difficult task, requiring home preparation of foods a wise choice until the child is old enough to safely try peanuts in a small amount before admitting them to the child \u2019 s diet. this may seem to be an over emphasized problem, but the reactions can be very severe, even leading to death. peanuts are a quarter to a third protein and up to half fat, making them an energy powerhouse.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4261588763919323, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.569581"} {"text": "i have always been really interested in sustainable gardening and growing as much of my own food as possible and in our current economic situation it only makes sense to produce food from home. producing fruit and veg from home is beneficial for so many different reasons primarily you can obtain the freshest produce whilst monitoring what actually makes contact with the food. this means you can control the pests and diseases in a manner that suits you, so if you want to eat organically producing your own is a great way to do this. my favourite organic tip is to mix ground chilies with water to produce a spray that can be used against all manner of insects especially aphids. just apply to the leaves of an effected plant. secondly, it is a great way to help the environment by reducing your carbon footprint. the less a product has to travel to get to you the less of an effect it has on the environment. try to think of a carrot in a field : not only does it need machinery to remove it from the ground, but it then has to go through various ports of calls along its travels to get to you... all of which pollute the environment in some way, not to mention you driving to the supermarket to buy it! thirdly, it ' s a great feeling to grow, harvest and consume food that you have produced by yourself. clients of mine that i have installed veggie patches for call me to let me know it ' s their favourite part of the garden and that it is a great way to get the kids involved with the garden. strawberries are at the top of the leader board for a favourite kid friendly plant at the moment. i understand that growing vegies and fruits can be time consuming and a bit daunting so i recommend starting with herbs and a few fruit trees as these can all be grown in pots. there are a few tips for starting a veggie patch and i have listed them below : 1. start with a raised bed - all fruits and veggies need good draining soil and a raised bed will aid this. 2. use a top quality potting / soil mix with a high organic content. 3. pick a spot in the garden that receives at least 6 - 8 hours of direct sunlight a day as a shady spot will lead to a poor harvest. 4. mulch well with a sugar cane or pea straw mulch - this breaks down quickly and helps feed the plants as well as all the other benefits mulch provides. 5. rotate your crops - constantly growing one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4444746929271745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.574620"} {"text": "the dickinson college class of 1860 \u2019 s graduation marked for many students the beginning of a necessary transition into an divided country. given that thirteen students hailed from slave states and eleven from free states, the transition differed for each student as they returned to their homes on both sides of the mason - dixon line. this dynamic map features several notable alumni that served, and perished, on both sides of the battlefield during the civil war. while some did not enlist in the military, more than half of the class members noted on this map served either the confederate or union armies in some way. george baylor, born in jefferson county, virginia, entered dickinson college in 1857 and graduated with the class of 1860. he initially returned home and became an assistant teacher after graduation, but once the war began he enlisted in the 2nd virginia infantry. by 1863 baylor engaged union forces in the shenandoah valley, was taken prisoner, and incurred various battle wounds. his reputation grew as a practical military leader and effective director of confederate raids through virginia in 1864. one such raid secured baylor as a dickinson legend. while in combat in trevilan, virginia, a union soldier shot baylor in the chest. because baylor wore his union philosophical society badge in battle as a reminder of the organization he belonged to at dickinson, the bullet did not penetrate his skin and he survived. the war ended soon thereafter, and baylor sought out a profession in law. john henry grabill followed a similar trajectory, for once the civil war began he enlisted in the 33rd virginia volunteer infantry centered near his birthplace in mount jackson, virginia. in 1862 grabill, at the age of twenty - two years old, recruited and trained his own unit of soldiers in the shenandoah valley. this unit went on to fight during the retreat to appomattox court house in 1865. grabill fought in several key battles himself including the battle of brandy station and battle of the wilderness. he elaborated on these engagements as part of his general service in the army in diary of a soldier of the stonewall brigade ( 1909 ). after the war grabill entered the field of education as a superintendent in shenandoah county. baylor, grabill, and their classmates offered several stories that contribute much to one \u2019 s understanding of the civil war and its lasting impact on dickinson college and the surrounding area of carlisle, pennsylvania. this dynamic map is one of several projects utilizing modern tools to examine these local and personal responses to the war.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4459735975342133, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.577689"} {"text": "approximate colors can be assigned to areas on the cie chromaticity diagram. these are rough categories, and not to be taken as precise statements of color. the boundaries and the color names are adapted from brand fortner, \" number by color \", part 5, scitech journal 6, p32, may / june 1996. any attempt to depict the gamut of human color vision on a computer monitor must be accompanied by numerous qualifications and exceptions. in the first place, you cannot display the range of human color perception on an rgb monitor - the gamut of normal human vision covers the entire cie diagram while the gamut of an rgb monitor can be displayed as a triangular region within the cie diagram. another qualification is that the hue and saturation associated with a given color name can vary over a considerable range. add to that the variations with different kinds of display monitors, and you rightly conclude that an accurate rendition is impossible. with all those excuses, however, it still might be instructive to provide a rough idea of the regions of the cie diagram associated with common color names. the display here was created by choosing representative rgb values for the color regions from a rendition of the 1976 cie chromaticity diagram provided by photo research, inc. note that one representative value in about the middle of the hue and saturation ranges was chosen for each section of the diagram. the point chosen was just a visual judgment of a representative color in the range. the rgb values obtained are listed in the table at right. a different observer would likely have chosen different points to represent the color names, but at least these values might provide a starting point for preferred variations. one characteristic of the commonly used 1931 cie chromaticity diagram that is evident even from this crude portrayal is that the green takes up far too much of the landscape compared to the number of visually different colors in the region. that was one of the shortcomings that the 1960 and 1976 revisions sought to address. | color name | | red | | green | | blue | | red | | 191 | | 27 | | 75 | | pink | | 245 | | 220 | | 208 | | reddish orange | | 216 | | 119 | | 51 | | orange pink | | 240 | | 204 | | 162 | | orange | | 228 | | 184 | | 29 | | yellowish orange | | 231 | | 224 | | 0 | | yellow | | 234 | | 231 | | 94 | | greenish yellow | | 235 |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5114109001061159, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.582783"} {"text": "| 204 | | 162 | | orange | | 228 | | 184 | | 29 | | yellowish orange | | 231 | | 224 | | 0 | | yellow | | 234 | | 231 | | 94 | | greenish yellow | | 235 | | 233 | | 0 | | yellow green | | 185 | | 214 | | 4 | | yellowish green | | 170 | | 209 | | 60 | | green | | 0 | | 163 | | 71 | | bluish green | | 24 | | 162 | | 121 | | bluegreen | | 95 | | 164 | | 190 | | greenish blue | | 110 | | 175 | | 199 | | blue | | 92 | | 138 | | 202 | | purplish blue | | 88 | | 121 | | 191 | | bluish purple | | 92 | | 102 | | 177 | | purple | | 246 | | 85 | | 158 | | reddish purple | | 196 | | 64 | | 143 | | purplish pink | | 243 | | 208 | | 219 | | red purple | | 175 | | 35 | | 132 | | purplish red | | 209 | | 65 | | 136 | | white | | 255 | | 255 | | 255 |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48015678636963466, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.583199"} {"text": "new delhi : indian scientists have mapped the mycobacterium tuberculosis genome, a first of its kind achievement that gives hope of discovering a cost effective drug for the disease that kills at least 330, 000 indians every year. \" our scientists along with over 100 science students from several universities have done this within a few months. we hope within 18 - 24 months we will be able to take one molecule to the clinical trial stage, \" council for scientific and industrial research ( csir ) chief samir bramhachari told ians. \" i am too excited. what we have not done so far has been achieved. i thank all those students who have helped it become a reality. we are doing this through open source drug discovery ( osdd ) and anyone across the world is free to join the effort, \" bramhachari told ians. scientists said that though 1. 7 million people die of tb every year globally, there has not been any new drug discovery for last the four to five decades. \" osdd is a completely new formula across the world. here we are making all our progress available to public. anyone can take advantage and develop a drug based on our research. the aim here is not patents but drug discovery for a neglected disease, \" said rajesh gokhle, a senior scientist associated with the project.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44711833256348593, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.585409"} {"text": "on june 15, 2012, the obama administration announced that it will offer \u201c deferred action \u201d to immigrants who were brought to the united states as children and meet other specific requirements. hailed by immigrant - rights advocates as a bold response to the broken immigration system, the move temporarily eliminates the possibility of deportation for many youths who would qualify for relief under the dream act \u2014 thereby giving congress the space needed to craft a bipartisan solution that gives permanent residence to qualifying young people. this q & a guide outlines basic facts about the \u201c deferred action for childhood arrivals \u201d ( daca ) initiative, including eligibility requirements and important information on process and timing. additional information may be obtained from u. s. citizenship and immigration services ( uscis ) by calling ( 800 ) 375 - 5283 or visiting www. uscis. gov / childhoodarrivals. attorneys and other legal representatives may also wish to consult the practice advisory from the american immigration council \u2019 s legal action center, deferred action for childhood arrivals. what is deferred action? when an immigrant is granted \u201c deferred action, \u201d it means the department of homeland security ( dhs ) has deemed the individual a low priority for immigration enforcement and has chosen to exercise its discretion and not deport the individual. deferred action provides temporary relief from enforcement but may be revoked at any time. deferred action is not amnesty or immunity. it does not provide lawful immigration status or a path to a green card or citizenship. it does not extend to any family members of the person granted deferred action. who will be eligible for deferred action? individuals may request deferred action if they : - came to the united states before their 16th birthday ; - were under age 31 and had no valid immigration status on june 15, 2012 ; - have continuously resided in the united states between june 15, 2007 and the present ; - are currently in school, graduated from high school, obtained a ged, or were honorably discharged from the armed forces ; - have not been convicted of a felony, a \u201c significant \u201d misdemeanor, or three or more other misdemeanors, and do not otherwise pose a threat to national security or public safety. requests for deferred action will only be considered for immigrants who are 15 or older, unless they are currently in removal proceedings or have a final order of removal or voluntary departure, in which case they may apply if they are under 15. how long does deferred action last", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45664398638448045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.593913"} {"text": "will only be considered for immigrants who are 15 or older, unless they are currently in removal proceedings or have a final order of removal or voluntary departure, in which case they may apply if they are under 15. how long does deferred action last? under the childhood arrivals initiative, deferred action will be granted for a two - year period, after which recipients may request a renewal. according to dhs, individuals will be eligible for future renewals of deferred action so long as they were under age 31 on june 15, 2012. can a person who is granted deferred action work legally in the u. s.? yes. under existing regulations, individuals with deferred action may receive an employment authorization document ( ead ). individuals who wish to request an extension of deferred action after two years will also have to apply for a renewal of their ead. can eligible individuals also request deferred action for their parents and siblings? no. one family member cannot request deferred action on behalf of another. to receive deferred action, individuals must submit their own request. how and when can people request deferred action? individuals may request deferred action by submitting a series of forms and supporting documentation to uscis. requests and supporting documentation may not be submitted in person or online, but instead must be mailed to the uscis \u201c lockbox \u201d assigned to the state in which the applicant resides. ( see this website for the appropriate location. ) once uscis determines the request is complete, it will issue a receipt notice and schedule an appointment for the individual to have his or her fingerprints taken. the only individuals who may not directly request deferred action from uscis are those who are currently in immigration detention. such individuals should contact their deportation officer or the immigration and customs enforcement ( ice ) office of the public advocate at ( 888 ) 351 - 4024 or eropublicadvocate @ ice. dhs. gov. what forms must individuals submit to be considered for deferred action? individuals requesting deferred action must submit three forms : - form i - 821d, consideration of deferred action for childhood arrivals ; - form i - 765, application for employment authorization ; and - form i - 765ws, form i - 765 worksheet applicants will want to consult the instructions for form i - 821d and the instructions for form i - 765. applicants wanting to be notified by e - mail or text", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39012028652901265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.594819"} {"text": "form i - 765ws, form i - 765 worksheet applicants will want to consult the instructions for form i - 821d and the instructions for form i - 765. applicants wanting to be notified by e - mail or text message that their forms have been accepted should also submit form g - 1145, e - notification of application / petitioner acceptance. how much will it cost to submit a request for deferred action? according to uscis, individuals requesting deferred action must pay $ 465 in fees. this amount reflects an $ 85 biometric fee for a background check and a $ 380 fee for an ead. importantly, the request for deferred action under this program will not be processed without the ead application and accompanying worksheet. in limited circumstances, uscis may grant fee exemptions for impoverished individuals what evidence must be submitted with a request for deferred action? individuals requesting deferred action must submit supporting documentation to demonstrate their eligibility. however, the type of evidence that may be submitted varies by eligibility requirement. applicants should consult the instructions for form i - 821d to determine the precise types of documentation that may be submitted. what will happen if uscis finds supporting evidence insufficient? if uscis is unable to determine whether an individual is eligible for deferred action, it may issue a \u201c request for evidence \u201d ( rfe ) asking for the submission of additional documentation. the failure to respond to an rfe within the prescribed time limit may result in a request being denied. should i pay someone to help me request deferred action? immigration laws are complicated and this is a new initiative. there are likely to be many questions about eligibility, documentation, and the potential consequences of applying for deferred action. for these reasons, applicants should consider seeking the advice of attorneys or accredited representatives. beware of scam artists, notarios, and others who guarantee they will obtain deferred action for you ( for the right price ) or who try to take advantage of the public. will information in deferred action requests be kept confidential? according to dhs, any information individuals provide about themselves in a deferred action request will not be used in immigration enforcement proceedings, unless the individual meets the existing criteria for referral to ice or issuance of a notice to appear ( nta ) in immigration court. ( see below. ) information individuals provide about their family members or guardians will not be used in immigration enforcement proceedings. however, information about request", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3974431118439448, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.596752"} {"text": "criteria for referral to ice or issuance of a notice to appear ( nta ) in immigration court. ( see below. ) information individuals provide about their family members or guardians will not be used in immigration enforcement proceedings. however, information about requesters and their family members may be used for other purposes, including criminal investigations. will individuals who are denied deferred action be placed in removal proceedings? according to dhs, the administration will follow existing policies regarding the initiation of removal proceedings for immigrants who are denied benefits for which they affirmatively applied. under a november 2011 memo, such persons will only be placed in removal proceedings if they engaged in fraud during the application process ; have been convicted of an offense making them removable from the united states ; are under investigation or have been arrested for an \u201c egregious public safety \u201d criminal offense ; or pose a threat to national security. is there a deadline for filing a request for daca? according to the administration, there is no deadline to submit requests for deferred action under the initiative. under certain circumstances, however, qualified immigrants may wish to act as soon as possible. for example, immigrants facing imminent removal are advised to immediately contact ice \u2019 s law enforcement support center ( 855 - 448 - 6903 ) or the ice office of the public advocate ( 888 - 351 - 4024, eropublicadvocate @ ice. dhs. gov ). in addition, because of existing provisions of the immigration laws, qualified individuals could avoid future legal problems by submitting their requests prior to their 18th birthday and having their requests approved no later than 180 days after their 18th birthday. does any departure from the united states between june 15, 2007, and august 15, 2012, break the \u201c continuous residence \u201d requirement for daca? no, if the departure is considered \u201c brief, casual, and innocent. \u201d to meet this standard, a departure must have been ( 1 ) \u201c short and reasonably calculated \u201d for the purpose of the travel, ( 2 ) not the result of a removal order or order of voluntary departure, and ( 3 ) not made for unlawful purposes. however, this standard only applies to foreign travel completed before august 15, 2012. unless an individual has already received deferred action, any departure from the united states after august 15, 2012, will break the continuous residence requirement and result in the denial of a pending or subsequent request. what does \u201c currently in school \u201d mean? to qualify for deferred action, applicants must be enrolled on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45899555755175614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.597952"} {"text": "from the united states after august 15, 2012, will break the continuous residence requirement and result in the denial of a pending or subsequent request. what does \u201c currently in school \u201d mean? to qualify for deferred action, applicants must be enrolled on the date of the application in ( 1 ) elementary school, middle or junior high school, or high school ; ( 2 ) an education, literacy, or career training program ; or ( 3 ) a program to assist students in obtaining a high school diploma ( or its equivalent ) or passing a general educational development ( ged ) or other equivalent state - authorized exam. will individuals who receive deferred action be permitted to travel outside the country? yes, but only if they first apply for and receive a special travel document known as \u201c advance parole. \u201d generally, advance parole is only granted for travel relating to humanitarian, educational, or employment purposes, and requires payment of a $ 360 application fee. by departing the country, however, immigrants who were unlawfully present for more than 180 days after their 18th birthday could face legal obstacles re - entering the country or obtaining lawful permanent residence ( i. e. a \u201c green card \u201d ) in the future. in addition, uscis advises that immigrants who are subject to a final order of removal should seek to have their cases reopened before traveling outside the country. what is a \u201c felony \u201d? for purposes of the deferred action initiative, a felony is any federal, state, or local criminal offense punishable by imprisonment for more than one year. thus, offenses that are considered misdemeanors under state or local law may qualify as felonies if the maximum punishment is more than a year in prison. what is a \u201c misdemeanor \u201d? for purposes of the deferred action initiative, a misdemeanor is any federal, state, or local offense punishable by more than five days but one year or less in jail. what is a \u201c significant \u201d misdemeanor? dhs will deem significant any misdemeanor for which an individual received a sentence of more than 90 days in jail, not including suspended sentences and time held pursuant to an immigration detainer. regardless of the sentence imposed, dhs will also deem significant any misdemeanor involving burglary, domestic violence, sexual abuse or exploitation, unlawful possession of firearms, driving under the influence or drug distribution or trafficking. are there any exceptions to the criminal grounds of ineligibility? yes. minor traffic offenses will not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5131465833447035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.599053"} {"text": "##anor involving burglary, domestic violence, sexual abuse or exploitation, unlawful possession of firearms, driving under the influence or drug distribution or trafficking. are there any exceptions to the criminal grounds of ineligibility? yes. minor traffic offenses will not be considered misdemeanors under the initiative, even if punishable by more than five days in jail. in addition, convictions for immigration - related offenses created by state laws ( e. g. arizona sb 1070 ) will not be considered. finally, expunged and juvenile convictions will be considered on a case - by - case basis. can individuals who do not qualify for deferred action still receive a favorable exercise of prosecutorial discretion? yes. immigrants who are currently in removal proceedings but do not qualify under the deferred action for childhood arrivals process may still request a favorable exercise of prosecutorial discretion from ice. requests should be sent to the local ice field office director or the ice office of the public advocate. will recipients of deferred action be eligible for driver \u2019 s licenses and other state benefits? while deferred action confers temporary permission to remain in the country, it does not necessarily mean that recipients will be eligible for driver \u2019 s licenses, reduced tuition, or other state benefits. the answer may depend on the law of the state, and additional information on these issues is expected to be released as recipients of deferred action attempt to access state services. for more information on deferred action or the dream act, please visit our resource pages : - prosecutorial discretion and executive authority : a resource page - the dream act : a resource page published on : fri, aug 17, 2012 | download file", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45738846419932694, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.599733"} {"text": "nonlinear complex resistivity complex resistivity ( nlcr ) is a geophysical method of stimulating materials with an electrical current sine wave of variable frequency and measuring the voltage response. the ratio of the amplitudes of the voltage to the current normalized by the geometry of the electrodes is the magnitude of the resistivity. the shift in time between the stimulus current and response voltage is a phase shift. deconvolved response by stimulus and summed root mean square harmonics are the total harmonic distortion. deviation of the real and imaginary parts of the complex resistivity transfer function versus frequency from the hilbert transform expectation are hilbert distortions. both distortions are measures of nonlinearity. complex resistivity measurements as a function of frequency from 0. 001 hz to 1, 000 hz are useful in a variety of applications where remote measurements of active chemical processes are important. as all chemical reactions involve electron charge movement, nlcr can measure or observe nearly all chemical processes ( some are too fast or too slow ). nlcr is used in the laboratory, in boreholes, between boreholes or between holes and the surface, from the surface and inside tunnels. it requires contact with the ground to inject a current and has not been successfully employed from airborne platforms. it has applications to the study of corroding metals, ore exploration and delineation, clay - organic reactions for petroleum exploration, environmental characterization and monitoring, ground water, archaeology, and agriculture. < more to come > copyright 1999 by gary r. olhoeft. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5898135376446006, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.601412"} {"text": "by kathryn kauffman, registered dietitian, dixie regional medical center the recently released \u201c 2010 dietary guidelines for americans \u201d reveals that obesity rates in america increased for adults from 15 percent to 34 percent between 1970 and 2008, and from 4 to 20 percent for children ages 6 - 11 years during the same period. the study also shows that not a single state had an adult obesity prevalence rate of more than 25 percent in 1990, and by 2008, 32 states had earned that distinction. obesity is clearly becoming an epidemic. why the rising obesity rates? numerous factors figure into the increase in obesity rates : super - sizing of meals, lack of physical activity, consumption of high fat foods, and an ever increasing consumption of sugar sweetened beverages. according to the u. s. department of agriculture, regular soda consumption climbed from 22 to 46 gallons per person per year between 1970 and 2000 and the numbers are still climbing. what \u2019 s wrong with soft drinks? soft drink consumption often leads to an increased consumption of sugar and calories, which negatively affect the intake of various essential nutrients. \u201c today \u2019 s dietitian \u201d states that heavy soft drink consumption has been linked to low intake of vitamin c, riboflavin, vitamin a and d and magnesium, as well as a high intake of fat, calories and refined carbohydrates. nancy rogers, rd, says \u201c there is a link between increased sugar consumption and elevated markers that increase the risk of heart disease and diabetes ( higher triglycerides, lower high - density lipoproteins, and possibly increased insulin resistance ), along with increased body weight. \u201d how much is too much sugar? the american heart association recently recommended that women consume no more than 100 calories of added sugar per day ( 6 teaspoons ) and men shouldn \u2019 t have more than 150 calories ( 9 teaspoons ). they also suggest that we consume no greater than 450 calories ( 36 ounces ) per week of sugar sweetened beverages. despite those guidelines, a recent survey by the centers for disease control and prevention finds that most americans consume 22. 2 teaspoons of sugar per day ( 355 calories ). what about diet soda and those sugar substitutes? the \u201c american dietetic association position paper \u201d says that the most common sweeteners used in the united states include aspartame, stevia, saccharin, sucralose, and acesulfame - k \u2014 all of which are approved by the food & drug administration and are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4022538393071925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.604846"} {"text": "that the most common sweeteners used in the united states include aspartame, stevia, saccharin, sucralose, and acesulfame - k \u2014 all of which are approved by the food & drug administration and are non - carcinogenic. some people choose not to use these for a variety of reasons, but unless you have pku all are considered safe. none of these sugar substitutes have been proven to cause overeating, hyperactivity or trigger insulin release, so diet sodas may be a reasonable alternative for some people but should be used in moderation. the caloric need for women age 19 - 50 that are moderately active is 2, 000 per day with men needing 2, 600 calories per day. one 32 - ounce soda fountain beverage equates to approximately 400 calories and 93 milligrams of caffeine, or 15 to 20 percent of daily caloric intake. just one 32 - ounce soda per day can equate to an extra 2, 800 calories per week from sugar alone, which converts to an extra three - quarters of a pound per week \u2014 adding up to 39 pounds per year! the bottom line : both regular and diet soft sodas are not nutrient dense and contain many additives, so moderation is key. simply limiting sugary drinks can have a substantial effect on your health and your weight. so whether your vice is regular or diet soft drinks, consider keeping your consumption at only one 12 - ounce soda daily, retire the 32 - ounce soda fountain cup, and hydrate with the free stuff \u2014 water!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.417268402099557, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.605444"} {"text": "the amygdala is popularly referred to as the brain ' s \" fear center, \" due to the central role it plays in regulating the body ' s fear response. so pivotal is this small, almond - shaped structure ' s involvement, that s. m. ( a woman whose amygdala has been ravaged by a rare condition known as urbach \u2013 wiethe disease ), has been said not to suffer feelings of panic whatsoever \u2014 even in extreme, potentially life - threatening situations. but newly published research suggests that the brain has more than one way to process and experience terror \u2014 even in people dispossessed of their supposed fear centers. over at nature news, mo costandi examines the latest findings of neuropsychologist justin feinstein ( much of whose work has involved s. m. ), which show \" the fear response may occur even in people who do not have a working amygdala \" : feinstein and his team had been studying a 44 - year - old woman with an extremely rare genetic condition called urbach - wiethe disease, in which the amygdala hardens and shrivels up2. the woman, known as s. m., showed only minimal levels of fear when shown clips from horror films and when exposed to large spiders, snakes and other things that many people find terrifying. one situation in which the amygdala triggers fear and panic attacks is when it detects unusually high concentrations of carbon dioxide - a sign of possible suffocation - by sensing increased acidity in the blood. this may occur even if co2 is inhaled in concentrations that are not lethal. feinstein and his colleagues therefore predicted that patients with damaged amygdalas would not feel fear after inhaling the gas. to test this, they asked s. m., two other patients with urbach - wiethe disease, and 12 healthy controls to inhale 35 % carbon dioxide through a mask. to their surprise, the researchers found that the brain - damaged patients did experience fear immediately after inhalation - and, in fact, became even more fearful and panicky than did the healthy volunteers. read more about this surprising find over at nature news.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4918504371517535, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.607758"} {"text": "download these brochures : oasis english oasis french oasis inuktitut oasis cree not much is known about the chemistry in the air over the arctic ocean, and what happens to important chemicals is hardly studied by the scientific community because of the difficulty of working in this cold, inhospitable environment. there is some evidence that many important processes occur right at the ice surfaces and ice / open water regions of the arctic ocean. this has to be confirmed and understood if we are to explain how chemicals are deposited from the air to the ice or water and how that might affect fish, marine mammals and eventually human health. for example, mercury ( a toxic pollutant which can affect health ) and ozone ( an important gas causing chemical reactions ) can change properties when exposed to salt from sea water in the arctic. carbon dioxide ( co2 ), one of the most important greenhouse gases can be trapped by the arctic ocean. cloud covers the sky above the arctic ocean and this is influenced by chemicals emitted from the ocean. it is clear that changes in these processes will affect the arctic and those who live within it in many ways ( e. g. clouds change the temperature which can change the ice cover ). and change is happening : climate change is occurring at an accelerated rate in the arctic, and this is especially evident over the arctic ocean. and there are many feedbacks between climate change and the arctic system that we need to understand. the oasis program was developed to face this challenge. during the international polar year, the goal of oasis is to collect information on the chemistry in the air over the arctic ocean itself. buoys ( floating platforms ) will be used on the frozen ocean to make it possible, for the first time, to measure the chemicals in the air year round, and study what happens to them directly over the arctic ocean. furthermore research vessels ( ice breakers ) will be joined providing the unique opportunity to collaborate with researchers from different fields of expertise ( including social scientists ) to study the air, ice, ocean, and the life they contain as a whole. these studies will permit us to better determine the future impacts of climate change to the arctic ocean and the life it contains, ultimately improving our ability to forecast the impact of climate change on those living in the north, and the rest of the planet. what is ipy saturday, 30 december 2006 04 : 11 oasis - ipy : ocean - atmosphere - sea ice snowpack interactions and connections to climate changewritten by administrator login to post comments", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5154971222961051, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.610282"} {"text": "date of degree ms ( master of science ) civil and environmental engineering michelle m. scherer iron is ubiquitous in the environment mostly as stable iron hydr ( oxides ) such as hematite ( \u03b1 - fe2o3 ) and goethite ( \u03b1 - feooh ). the fe ( ii ) - fe ( iii ) redox couple plays a vital role in nutrient cycling, bacteria respiration, and contaminant removal. this redox couple, however, can be affected by external influences such as anion adsorption of sulfate, oxalate, and phosphate which can influence various goethite properties including the point of zero charge. this study attempts to determine the effect of phosphate sorption to a goethite surface and its subsequent influence on fe ( ii ) sorption. the objectives, specifically, were to quantify phosphate sorption on a goethite surface using colorimetric methods and to use mossbauer spectrometry to determine if electron transfer occurred after a layer of phosphate was adsorbed to the goethite surface. the hypothesis of this study is as follows : an adsorbed layer of phosphate on a goethite surface will inhibit the electron transfer between the fe ( ii ) and fe ( iii ) phases at the surface. the results of the study showed that phosphate follows typical anion sorption as seen in previous works, where more phosphate sorbed at lower ph values. in addition, with increasing aqueous phosphate concentrations there is increasing phosphate adsorption to the goethite surface. however, phosphate sorption was not significantly affected by reaction time after 20 hours or by changes in fe ( ii ) concentrations. fe ( ii ) sorption ph edges showed characteristic cation adsorption, where more fe ( ii ) sorbed at higher ph values. fe ( ii ) sorption was not affected by the presence or absence of phosphate, but was affected by an increase in the aqueous fe ( ii ) concentration. with increased fe ( ii ) there was a ph edge shift to a higher ph, which is consistent with ca2 + sorption results on goethite. an fe ( ii ) isotherm was also conducted and showed that as fe ( ii ) concentration increased so did fe ( ii ) sorption, however the isotherm appeared to be approaching a plateau where the goethite surface sites would be saturated, below this limit the surface sites where not saturated. moss", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5175980120229224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.614358"} {"text": "will redd make a difference? arild angelsen of the norwegian university of life sciences and cifor gives a \u2018 cynical optimist \u2019 s \u2019 view on whether redd will work. redd is not only a buzzword in climate negotiations. the mechanism \u2013 and the potentially large amount of money and policy reforms associated with it \u2013 might become the tallest landmark in modern forest conservation history. redd is based on a simple idea : reward individuals, communities, firms, projects and countries that reduce forest - related greenhouse gas ( ghg ) emissions. according to the proponents it has a huge potential ( one - fifth of current global ghg emissions ), is cheap ( many deforestation and degradation activities are only marginally profitable ), can be done quickly ( \u2018 stroke - of - pen \u2019 reforms and no new technologies needed ), and produce win - win - win outcomes ( climate, biodiversity and livelihood benefits ). contrast this optimism with the dismal record of the tropical forestry action plan, a very mixed history of forestry and forest conservation projects, continuously high deforestation over several decades, and the temptations ( read : corruption ) that big money tends to generate. the most important question to be asked about redd is thus : why should we succeed this time? to achieve the main aim \u2013 reduced emissions \u2013 redd must succeed at different levels. first, at the international level, sufficient funding must be mobilized, and sound mechanisms established to channel funding to countries. the post - 2012 climate protocol to be agreed on at cop 15 in copenhagen ( or at later meetings ), must include redd and significant funding mechanisms. although all countries may have an interest in minimizing climate change, the interests in the global negotiations are divergent. one common assumption is that rich countries should pay poor countries to reduce forestry emissions. looking at it cynically, as i \u2019 m trained to do as an economist, poor countries have an interest in maximizing funding received while doing as little as possible about their deforestation and degradation. rich ( annex i ) countries have the opposite interest : they want as much \u201c bang for their buck \u201d as possible, including some costs to be borne by redd countries themselves. rich countries also want to use redd ( and mitigation in poor countries generally ) to partially offset their domestic emissions reduction targets. this leads to a distributional game about \u2018 who will pay how much for what \u2019. should, for example, middle income countries such as brazil, mexico, gabon and malaysia not assume higher responsibilities and commitments than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4426180105831425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.618185"} {"text": "partially offset their domestic emissions reduction targets. this leads to a distributional game about \u2018 who will pay how much for what \u2019. should, for example, middle income countries such as brazil, mexico, gabon and malaysia not assume higher responsibilities and commitments than poor nations like drc, tanzania and laos? being labeled as poor ( non - annex i ) can be lucrative. this game is the most serious hurdle for progress in climate negotiations. second, at the national level, the redd money received must be used to undertake policy reforms and create incentive mechanisms that deliver real emissions reductions. many actors will be seeking redd rents \u2013 and \u2018 rent seeking \u2019 is the root cause of corruption. good governance reforms won \u2019 t come easy and we know from the aid and conditionality experience that aid is not effective as a means to buy political ( or policy ) reforms. redd success therefore hinges on domesticallydriven democratic reforms. effective redd policies must also be identified and designed. many foresee that redd can be simply an upscale of payment for ecosystem services ( pes ) systems, to make forest conservation profitable by paying those that reduce deforestation and degradation. but implementing pes down to village, household and firm levels is information - intensive and costly. more importantly, many deforestation hotspots are characterized by unclear land rights and weak access controls. who are to be paid in those situations? pes systems will therefore have to be complemented by old - fashioned forest conservation and broader policy reforms. will redd make a significant difference in climate change mitigation? i choose to be an optimist, and can see some grounds for this stance. first, increasing evidence of climate change impacts will make international negotiators and political leaders more focused on action than on who should pay. second, redd has sufficient momentum to generate substantial international funding. third, many watchdogs create awareness of any mismanagement, corruption and inefficient uses of redd money. fourth, international redd payment will \u2013 much more than development aid \u2013 be linked to performance and measureable results. and finally, many good brains and practitioners are working hard to find innovative ways of making redd come true. in 10 years, i think we will probably look back and say : in spite of \u2013 and partly because of - our sound initial skepticism, redd actually came to make a real difference!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4427464596926972, "token_count": 484, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.619080"} {"text": "child sexual abuse is a relentless cycle, impacting generation after generation of children, families and communities. over 500, 000 children are sexually abused each year. this cycle of abuse has existed uninterrupted for so long that it \u2019 s likely everybody knows someone who is a victim of child sexual abuse. to make matters worse, our response to child sexual abuse has been primarily victim - focused ; triggering a system response only after a child has been exposed. the joseph j peters institute ( jjpi ) believes that in addition to clinical services to treat the outcomes of abuse, there is a need for prevention and intervention programs to stop child sexual abuse before it occurs. in 1999, jjpi became a site sponsor for a national non - profit organization whose approach shifts the responsibility for the prevention of child sexual abuse from children to adults. while that collaboration worked well, jjpi still saw a need for a multi - dimensional curriculum of programs that address the issue of prevention and intervention across a broad spectrum of ages, developmental levels, populations and self - interests. in 2006, jjpi prevention services was created to serve that purpose. jjpi prevention services supports a focus on adult education to prevent child sexual abuse. we provide a continuous investment of time and materials in programs that educate adults how to recognize sexual behavior directed towards children, and how to act to stop it. that \u2019 s immediate real - time prevention. a more difficult task is how to prevent adults from directing sexual behaviors towards children in the first place. jjpi prevention services has created workshop programs and educational materials that invest in the healthy sexual development of the next generation \u2013 today \u2019 s children and adolescents. we look at the sexual and social development cycle of children to identify areas where intervention can most effectively correct inappropriate sexual behaviors before they become problematic sexual development. we also address the impact that sexual exposure and over - sexualized environments have on children. as adults it is our responsibility to educate ourselves and become comfortable talking about the issue of sex and sexuality. doing so allows us to provide our children with accurate knowledge, affirm and validate their individual stages of sexual development, and help them to make acceptable and healthy choices about their own sexual behavior. jjpi prevention services continues to provide community outreach with a broad curriculum of programs that support the capacities of individuals and communities to prevent child sexual abuse. our goal is to join with and facilitate community organizations in addressing the problem of child sexual abuse locally, by applying community - generated approaches and strategies. each community \u2019 s need, capacity, and resource structure is unique, so we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4800736497699461, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.622036"} {"text": "one minute, dan ' s voice sounds normal. the next minute, he can barely get through a sentence without his voice sounding like it ' s out of control : high one minute, low the next, then high again. it ' s not a cold or a sore throat. in fact, everything feels normal \u2014 but nothing sounds right. dan ' s voice is changing. it ' s one of the many developments that happen to both girls and guys when they reach puberty. a guy ' s voice gets way deeper than a girl ' s, though. what causes my voice to change? at puberty, guys ' bodies begin producing a lot of the hormone testosterone ( pronounced : tes - tahs - tuh - rone ), which causes changes in several parts of the body, including the voice. for starters, a guy ' s larynx ( pronounced : lar - inks ), also known as the voice box, grows bigger. the larynx, which is located in the throat at the top of the trachea ( pronounced : tray - kee - ah ) or windpipe, is like a hollow tube about 2 inches ( 5 centimeters ) high. the larynx is responsible for creating the sound of your voice. stretched across your larynx are two muscles, your vocal cords, which are kind of like rubber bands. when you breathe, your vocal cords relax against the walls of the larynx and completely open to allow air to get in and out of your lungs. when you speak, though, your vocal cords close together by stretching across the larynx. air from your lungs is then forced out between your vocal cords, causing them to vibrate and produce the tone of your voice. when you lower your voice, your vocal cords are relaxed and more floppy. when you make your voice higher, your vocal cords tighten. ( you can notice this difference in how they feel as you adjust your speech. ) as your larynx grows, your vocal cords grow longer and thicker. also, your facial bones begin to grow. cavities in the sinuses, the nose, and the back of the throat grow bigger, creating more space in the face that gives your voice more room to echo. all of these factors cause your voice to get deeper. think of a guitar. when a thin string is plucked, it vibrates and produces a high - sounding tone. when a thicker string is plucked, it sounds much deeper when it vibrates. that ' s kind of what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44404442661165544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.625840"} {"text": "voice to get deeper. think of a guitar. when a thin string is plucked, it vibrates and produces a high - sounding tone. when a thicker string is plucked, it sounds much deeper when it vibrates. that ' s kind of what happens to your voice. before your growth spurt, your larynx is relatively small and your vocal cords are relatively thin. so your voice is high and kid - like. but as bones, cartilage, and vocal cords grow, your voice starts to sound like an adult ' s. along with all the other changes in your body, you might notice that your throat area looks a little different. for guys, when the larynx grows bigger, it tilts to a different angle inside the neck. part of it sticks out in the part of the neck at the front of the throat and forms the adam ' s apple. for girls, the larynx also grows bigger but not as much as a guy ' s. that ' s why girls don ' t have adam ' s apples. while your body is getting used to these changes, your voice can be difficult to control. a guy ' s voice \" cracks \" or \" breaks \" because his body is getting used to the changing size of his larynx. fortunately, the cracking and breaking is only temporary. it usually lasts no longer than a few months. and even during that time, your voice won ' t crack every time you speak. some guys ' voices might drop gradually, whereas others ' might drop quickly. you may feel concerned, stressed, or embarrassed about the sound of your voice, but people usually understand \u2014 especially friends or brothers who ' ve gone through it, too. everyone goes through it, and once it happens, it takes a while to adjust to your larger larynx and the new sound of your voice. when will my voice change? you may have noticed that some of your friends have cracking and breaking voices, some might already have deep voices, and some still have the same voice they ' ve always had. everyone ' s timetable is different, so some voices might start to change earlier and some might start a little later. generally, a guy ' s voice will start to change somewhere between the ages of 11 and 15 \u2014 although it can be earlier or later for some. it all depends on when a guy goes through puberty, and some normal guys enter puberty earlier or later than others. how deep will my voice get? how deep a guy ' s voice gets depends on his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41497188938312074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.626710"} {"text": "bee, or honeybee, is the word many people use to describe any flying insect that has wings and a stinger. but honeybees are really only one of a group of insects that includes other bees, wasps, and ants. bees are fuzzy insects that feed on flowers. there are thousands of different types of bees worldwide, and they can be many different colors. the most familiar kind of bee is the honeybee. these bees build nests out of wax in old trees and manmade hives ( like the ones that beekeepers take care of ) and spend a lot of their time collecting nectar and pollen from flowers. then they turn the nectar into honey for food. wasps are closely related to bees, but instead of only feeding on pollen and honey, wasps eat animal food, other insects, or spiders. they are not fuzzy like bees, but seem kind of smooth and shiny, and they have skinnier bodies. there are also thousands of different types of wasps in the world. two common types of wasps are bald - faced hornets and yellow jackets. bald - faced hornets are black with white markings, and they build papery nests shaped like footballs in trees and shrubs. yellow jackets have yellow and black stripes on their bodies and are smaller than hornets and honeybees. they make their nests in the ground or in old tree stumps. ants are small insects that can be brown, black, or red. some have wings and others don ' t. some ants can sting, like the fire ant. fire ants are tiny and reddish - brown and live in nests under the ground. what a sting looks and feels like honeybees, wasps, hornets, fire ants, and yellow jackets may look different and have different homes, but they all sting when they are upset! if a person is stung by any of these insects, the sting will feel a lot like a shot at the doctor ' s office. the site of the sting will feel hot and it may itch. a red bump surrounded by white skin will develop around the sting, except for the sting of the fire ant, which turns into an itchy blister. wasps and many bees can sting more than once because they are able to pull out their stinger without injuring themselves. only honeybees have special hooks on their stinger that keep the stinger in the skin after a person is stung. the stinger gets torn out of the bee ' s body as it tries to fly away. as a result, the honeybee dies after stinging. if you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5003095467217182, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.631384"} {"text": "on their stinger that keep the stinger in the skin after a person is stung. the stinger gets torn out of the bee ' s body as it tries to fly away. as a result, the honeybee dies after stinging. if you think you have been stung by one of these insects, tell an adult immediately. some people are allergic to stings from insects. the symptoms of an allergic reaction include hives ( red patches on the skin that sting and itch ), nausea, dizziness, a tight feeling in the throat, or difficulty breathing. if these symptoms occur, the person needs medical attention right away. but more often, you can follow these steps after getting stung : have an adult help you remove the stinger, if one is left behind after a honeybee sting. ( it doesn ' t really matter how it ' s removed. what is important is that it ' s removed as quickly as possible. ) wash the area with soap and water. apply some ice to the area. ask your mom or dad for a pain reliever. what a doctor will do call the doctor if you or your parent have concerns about the redness, swelling, or itching. sometimes, the doctor will suggest giving a medicine called an antihistamine to control these symptoms. if someone has an allergic reaction to a bee sting, a doctor must immediately give a shot that fights the reaction. people who know that they are allergic to bee stings also sometimes carry emergency medicine that they can give to themselves to prevent a severe reaction from happening. how to avoid getting stung if you know you are allergic to bees or other insects, you ' ll want to take extra steps to avoid getting bitten or stung. you may want to avoid places where they spend time, like gardens or orchards in bloom. no one likes to get stung, so here ' s some advice for everyone : wear shoes outdoors. don ' t disturb hives or insect nests. don ' t wear sweet - smelling perfume, lotions, or hair products. avoid bright - colored or flower - printed clothing. cover food when eating outdoors. be careful when outside with open soda cans because yellow jackets like to climb inside for a sip. watch out for garbage cans because they attract bees and yellow jackets. if a bee or wasp flies around you, stay calm and don ' t swat at it. if you get stung, tell an adult and go indoors right away.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4163678530650915, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.632289"} {"text": "caused by the varicella - zoster virus ( vzv ), chickenpox used to be a common illness among kids in the united states ( particularly among those under age 12 ). an itchy rash of spots that look like blisters can appear all over the body and be accompanied by flu - like symptoms. chickenpox is very contagious, so an infected child should stay home and rest until the rash is gone. kids can be protected from vzv by getting the chickenpox ( varicella ) vaccine. the vaccine significantly reduces the chances of getting chickenpox. vaccinated kids who do get chickenpox tend to have milder cases and quicker recoveries compared to those who contract the virus and aren ' t immunized. chickenpox often starts with a fever, headache, sore throat, or stomachache. these symptoms may last for a few days, with fever in the 101\u00b0 - 102\u00b0f ( 38. 3\u00b0 - 38. 8\u00b0c ) range. chickenpox causes a red, itchy skin rash that usually appears first on the abdomen or back and face, and then spreads to almost everywhere else on the body, including the scalp, mouth, arms, legs, and genitals. the rash begins as multiple small red bumps that look like pimples or insect bites, usually less than a quarter of an inch wide. they appear in crops over 2 to 4 days and develop into thin - walled blisters filled with fluid. the blister walls break, leaving open sores, which finally crust over to become dry, brown scabs. the rash is very itchy, and cool baths or calamine lotion may help to manage the itching. a hallmark of chickenpox is that all stages ( red bumps, blisters, and scabs ) can appear on the body at the same time. the rash may be more extensive or severe in kids who have skin disorders like eczema, or weak immune systems. young kids tend to have a mild illness with fewer blisters than older children or adults. in rare cases, serious bacterial infections involving the skin, lungs, bones, joints, and the brain can occur. anyone who has had chickenpox is at risk for developing a skin condition called shingles ( herpes zoster ) later in life. that ' s because after an infection, vzv remains inactive in nerve cells near the spinal cord and reactivates later as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4693425084790852, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.639264"} {"text": "relieve the itchiness, fever, and discomfort of chickenpox : use cool wet compresses or give baths in cool or lukewarm water every 3 to 4 hours for the first few days. oatmeal bath products, available at supermarkets and drugstores, can help to relieve itching. ( baths do not spread the rash. ) pat ( don ' t rub ) the body dry. put calamine lotion on itchy areas ( but don ' t use it on the face, especially near the eyes ). serve foods that are cold, soft, and bland because chickenpox in the mouth can make drinking or eating difficult. avoid feeding your child anything highly acidic or especially salty, like orange juice or pretzels. ask your doctor or pharmacist about pain - relieving creams to apply to sores in the genital area. give your child acetaminophen regularly to help relieve pain if your child has mouth blisters. ask the doctor about using over - the - counter medication for itching. never use aspirin to reduce pain or fever in kids with chickenpox because aspirin has been associated with the serious disease reye syndrome, which can lead to liver failure and even death. as much as possible, discourage kids from scratching. this can be difficult for them, so consider putting mittens or socks on your child ' s hands to prevent scratching during sleep. in addition, trim fingernails and keep them clean to help lessen the effects of scratching, including broken blisters and infection. most chickenpox infections require no special medical treatment. but sometimes, there are problems. call the doctor if your child : has fever that lasts for more than 4 days or rises above 102\u00b0f ( 38. 8\u00b0c ) has a severe cough or trouble breathing has an area of rash that leaks pus ( thick, yellowish fluid ) or becomes red, warm, swollen, or sore has a severe headache is unusually drowsy or has trouble waking up has trouble looking at bright lights has difficulty walking seems very ill or is vomiting has a stiff neck call your doctor if you think your child has chickenpox and you have a question or are concerned about a possible complication. the doctor can guide you in watching for complications and in choosing medication to relieve itching. if you take your child to the doctor, let the office know in advance that your child might have chickenpox. it ' s important to try to avoid exposing other kids in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3886449615290035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.642228"} {"text": "\" come on! all of us are cutting math. who wants to go take that quiz? we ' re going to take a walk and get lunch instead. let ' s go! \" says the coolest kid in your class. do you do what you know is right and go to math class, quiz and all? or do you give in and go with them? as you grow older, you ' ll be faced with some challenging decisions. some don ' t have a clear right or wrong answer \u2014 like should you play soccer or field hockey? other decisions involve serious moral questions, like whether to cut class, try cigarettes, or lie to your parents. making decisions on your own is hard enough, but when other people get involved and try to pressure you one way or another it can be even harder. people who are your age, like your classmates, are called peers. when they try to influence how you act, to get you to do something, it ' s called peer pressure. it ' s something everyone has to deal with \u2014 even adults. let ' s talk about how to handle it. defining peer pressure peers influence your life, even if you don ' t realize it, just by spending time with you. you learn from them, and they learn from you. it ' s only human nature to listen to and learn from other people in your age group. peers can have a positive influence on each other. maybe another student in your science class taught you an easy way to remember the planets in the solar system or someone on the soccer team taught you a cool trick with the ball. you might admire a friend who is always a good sport and try to be more like him or her. maybe you got others excited about your new favorite book, and now everyone ' s reading it. these are examples of how peers positively influence each other every day. sometimes peers influence each other in negative ways. for example, a few kids in school might try to get you to cut class with them, your soccer friend might try to convince you to be mean to another player and never pass her the ball, or a kid in the neighborhood might want you to shoplift with him. why do people give in to peer pressure? some kids give in to peer pressure because they want to be liked, to fit in, or because they worry that other kids might make fun of them if they don ' t go along with the group. others go along because they are curious to try something new that others are doing. the idea that \" everyone ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5505800763391269, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.645895"} {"text": "to fit in, or because they worry that other kids might make fun of them if they don ' t go along with the group. others go along because they are curious to try something new that others are doing. the idea that \" everyone ' s doing it \" can influence some kids to leave their better judgment, or their common sense, behind. it is tough to be the only one who says \" no \" to peer pressure, but you can do it. paying attention to your own feelings and beliefs about what is right and wrong can help you know the right thing to do. inner strength and self - confidence can help you stand firm, walk away, and resist doing something when you know better. it can really help to have at least one other peer, or friend, who is willing to say \" no, \" too. this takes a lot of the power out of peer pressure and makes it much easier to resist. it ' s great to have friends with values similar to yours who will back you up when you don ' t want to do something. you ' ve probably had a parent or teacher advise you to \" choose your friends wisely. \" peer pressure is a big reason why they say this. if you choose friends who don ' t use drugs, cut class, smoke cigarettes, or lie to their parents, then you probably won ' t do these things either, even if other kids do. try to help a friend who ' s having trouble resisting peer pressure. it can be powerful for one kid to join another by simply saying, \" i ' m with you \u2014 let ' s go. \" even if you ' re faced with peer pressure while you ' re alone, there are still things you can do. you can simply stay away from peers who pressure you to do stuff you know is wrong. you can tell them \" no \" and walk away. better yet, find other friends and classmates to pal around with. if you continue to face peer pressure and you ' re finding it difficult to handle, talk to someone you trust. don ' t feel guilty if you ' ve made a mistake or two. talking to a parent, teacher, or school counselor can help you feel much better and prepare you for the next time you face peer pressure. powerful, positive peer pressure peer pressure is not always a bad thing. for example, positive peer pressure can be used to pressure bullies into acting better toward other kids. if enough kids get together, peers can pressure each other into doing what ' s right!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5048796544612603, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.648611"} {"text": "i ' m interested in learning the basics of nanotechnology, in particular, how nano - scale materials are constructed. what kinds of equipment are used? how are samples evaluated? etc. does anyone have any recommendations? asked jul 27 ' 11 at 14 : 43 according to bestintrobook. com it ' s fundamentals of microfabrication and nanotechnology, third edition by marc j. madou. answered aug 01 ' 11 at 19 : 41 nanotechnology by far is a insanely complex science, borderline artform. i have two recommendations for books which you can find as pdf downloads around the place : title : nano, the essentials, understanding nanoscience and nanotechnology by : t paradeep published : tata mcgraw - hill publishing, new delhi title : nano - engineering in science and technology, an introduction to the world of nano - design by : michael rieth published : world scientific the first book appears to touch on all points of ' nano ' in some depth, however the second book does a really good job at explaining what is happening on the atomic level. both books thus, talk about the machinery and applications of nanotech, but obviously there is no way they could tell you how to manufacture nanotech. honestly though, it is simply a watch - in - awe kind of science as actually doing anything in nanotech is technically impossible without serious financial backing ( and a degree : p ) answered aug 03 ' 11 at 02 : 32 the book that really worked for me, although an older tome, now, was k. eric drexler ' s \" engines of creation, the coming age of nanotechnology \". in this volume, unlike some of his subsequent publications, drexler gives a clear, and easy to understand background for nanotech. drexler takes great pains to discuss both the benefits and ( rather scary ) possible negative side - effects of nanotechnology. i ' ve purchased this book six or seven times, and passed it on to others, in hopes of kicking around the ideas therein... but it ' s never been returned. clearly, i find this book worth reading, and have read it many times. answered aug 05 ' 11 at 11 : 48 nanotechnology for dummies?? i haven ' t read it, but the dummies series books are generally good starter books. answered jan 19 ' 12 at 15 : 04", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5131284571819278, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.652474"} {"text": "july 7, 2008 bhopal 25 years later an article entitled \" decades later, toxic sludge torments bhopal \" in the new york times today by somini sengupta, discusses the continuing aftermath of the union carbide bhopal disaster. the failure to clean up the mess left by the disaster is attributed both to the failure of the company and that of indian government bureaucracy. the article reports : beyond who will pay for the cleanup here, the question is why 425 tons of hazardous waste \u2014 some local advocates allege there is a great deal more, buried in the factory grounds \u2014 remain here 24 years after the leak? there are many answers. the company was allowed to dump the land on the government before it was cleaned up. lawsuits by advocacy groups are still winding their way through the courts. and a network of often lethargic, seemingly apathetic government agencies do not always coordinate with one another. local children play in a \" pond \" filled with chemical sludge. the ground water tastes of chemicals and corrodes utensils. sungupta reports that dow chemical, which bought union carbide in 2001, denies successor liability for cleaning up the mess. the indian government is split as to what it wants dow to do, with some arms of the government wanting the company to put money towards cleanup, and others fearing that too much pressure on the company will quell other investments by the company in india. trackback url for this entry : listed below are links to weblogs that reference bhopal 25 years later :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41726155368968687, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.657509"} {"text": "the human body is designed to move the human body was designed to move. it is no wonder that people look and feel their best when they are eating and exercising on a routine basis. according to the ( cdc ) centers for disease control and prevention, regular physical activity helps improve your overall health and fitness, and reduces your risk for many chronic diseases. before beginning any fitness program, all adults ages 16 - 69 should take the ( acsm ) american college of sports medicine, ( par - q ) physical activity readiness questionnaire. once you \u2019 ve assessed your fitness levels and / or have the \u201c green light \u201d from your family doctor, it \u2019 s time to get moving! the ( cdc ) says that including regular exercise into your daily schedule may seem difficult at first, but the 2008 physical activity guidelines for americans are more flexible than ever, giving you the freedom to reach your physical activity goals through different types and amounts of activities each week. it ' s easier than you think! the let \u2019 s move outside! erie county recreational passport encourages residents and visitors to be a healthy tourist and promotes 10 of the county ' s walking / hiking trails. but erie county offers much more than ten outdoor adventures. search the let \u2019 s get moving webpage, where you \u2019 ll find ways to keep active all yearlong. there you \u2019 ll find listings of locally grown fresh food, parks and public playgrounds, annual walks / runs and much more. you won \u2019 t want to miss out on all of the ways you can enjoy recreation and fitness in erie county! courtesy of the erie county department of health", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4592707236959178, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.659496"} {"text": "... making linux just a little more fun! from jimmy o ' regan answered by : jason creighton, thomas adam, ben okopnik, kapil hari paranjape perl linux. a distribution where everything, except the kernel and perl, is written in perl. [ jason ] lufs ( linux userspace file systems ) : it ' s designed to allow you to write filesystem drivers for linux in userspace. ( you ' d never guess it from the name. ) bindings for python : i don ' t know of there ' s any for perl, but i wouldn ' t be surprised. [ ben ] wow. weird. i ' m very familiar with the perl power tools ( essentially, the gnu toolkit for unix reimplemented in perl ) - in fact, i recommend them to my students as a bunch of well - written code to study ; i also think it ' s a really good idea of the same kind as having a statically - compiled shell. an entire perl - based distro, though? is there a point to straining a camel through the eye of a needle? i mean, cool that it can be done... but you end up with pureed camel, and who wants that? messy. contrary to popular belief, the mascot ' s name is not \" ocaml \". sheesh. [ thomas ] depends how you say it. usually with perl, it is with heavy surprise with lots of skepticism thrown in for good measure. [ ben ] well, the way people seems to usually \" learn \" perl ( i. e., by looking at somebody ' s horrible code, figuring \" i can do that! \", and proceeding to do exactly that ), i ' d think it ' s more like \" prayerfully, with a quiver in the voice and tears running down the cheeks \". people who learn it the right way - i. e., by reading and following the documentation and learning from good examples ( e. g., ppt, nms ( http : / / nms - cgi. sourceforge. net ), etc. ) - say it with a rising inflection, sorta singing the last part, and usually follow it up with a whistle. \" o caaaa - mel! [ whistle ] heeere, camel - camel - camel! \" it always comes running and wagging its tail when properly invoked. beware the flea", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.50174774453655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.673816"} {"text": "last part, and usually follow it up with a whistle. \" o caaaa - mel! [ whistle ] heeere, camel - camel - camel! \" it always comes running and wagging its tail when properly invoked. beware the fleas, though. snipping some light - heartedness, somehow the topic changed to window managers. - - thomas adam [ thomas ] don ' t use kde, then. [ ben ] it ' s certainly one of the major reasons that i don ' t. my current machine has plenty of disk, memory, and cpu for kde to gratuitously throw in the trash ( oops - was that my ' out - loud ' voice? darn ), but i refuse to put up with the micr0s0ft - style blinkenlights philosophy of the interface ( \" fear not, small human creature ; kde has decided on everything you ' ll want and need, and will provide it for you. \" ). [ thomas ] it does have \" wizards \" or the equivalent so that even the complete clueless can give it a go. [ ben ] what, to handle the configuration end? nothing special there ; icewm, e. g., has \" icepref \" that does much the same thing. i ' m very much a fan of \" vi \" as a configuration wizard, myself, but others may differ. i dislike the standard redhat install for the same reasons ( it ' s a minor dislike, but that ' s the reason for it. ) [ thomas ] sigh. i agree. i liked it more when rh4 and the subsequent rh5 release used fvwm. they now use gnome, which is arguably better imo, than kde. qt is horrible. [ ben ] icewm is small, fast, and lacks nothing in features that i want from a wm. from thomas ' previous rantings, i gather that fvwm is much the same sort of thing. it ' s like having a spoon that you bought for a quarter ; [... ] [ thomas ] kind of. but there are a lot of things fvwm does that icewm does not, and while i am not going to outline the individual merits of each, you cannot, for instance, in icewm do event actions. and while i have used icewm, it just doesn ' t have..., well, it lacks something. [ ben ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48393699158038006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.674673"} {"text": "to outline the individual merits of each, you cannot, for instance, in icewm do event actions. and while i have used icewm, it just doesn ' t have..., well, it lacks something. [ ben ] epid. that ' s why i didn ' t say that kde was evil and should be wiped off the face, etc. - some people love it. and fvwm doesn ' t have a lot of things that icewm has ( i. e., a decent taskbar ; i could never stand that huge thing they use that takes up so much real estate. ) [ thomas ] actually, fvwm provides a taskbar ( fvwmtaskbar ) that takes up no more space than any \" normal \" task bar, plus it can autohide. you can also configure fvwmiconman to act as a taskbar. apart from the inherent motif theme that fvwm takes on by default ( \\ o / ), perhaps the other major attraction to it for me was the fact that you can define events based on actions. afaict this is an idiom unique to fvwm, and no other wm / desktop environment ( the module that provides this is known as ' fvwmevent ' ). perhaps another addition that you might appreciate ben is the fact that you can script commands to fvwm, using the underlying $ shell. there is even a full set of perl - bindings. the power that this gives, to allow complex things to be done simply, is quite amazing. not only that but fvwm has its own internal widget set ( fvwmscript ) so that you can define all kinds of things. [ ben ] perhaps i ' m just not visualizing a scenario where this would be useful, but i can ' t really see the advantage. what wm functions would you want to script, and why? [ thomas ] lots of reasons that are situation dependent. one is to do things like compute the distance between windows and slide a window in a given direction to sit beside the window. another is to take a snapshot of the window on iconify, and set the icon to the picture of the window. for example, i have a function in fvwm that displays the total number of windows that i have open, on the title for my pager. by \" open \", i mean those windows that are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4975523241571383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.675870"} {"text": "to the picture of the window. for example, i have a function in fvwm that displays the total number of windows that i have open, on the title for my pager. by \" open \", i mean those windows that are not iconified. you can see it here. you probably couldn ' t do that easily in anyother wm. whether or not you would want to, is another question entirely. [ ben ] yes. * that * ' is the question i ' m asking. if i really needed to, i ' d parse the output of \" xwininfo - root - tree \" and get the information, but i don ' t see how it would benefit me in either case. [ thomas ] / me comes down from his high horse. but it really does just depend. i ask of nothing visual from my wm in terms of eye candy. ick. the only thing i permit myself is xteddy. after all, a wm is just there to provide a means of being able to launch lots of rxvts. oh, i don ' t know. that one example of fvwm eyecandy you showed before was very impressive - and i like the idea of having a pretty desktop, although to me that means a nice background plus some good looking icons, not dancing rabbits that ( again ) waste my resources. don ' t forget the guis, now. i use mine to launch \" gmplayer \" and mozilla quite regularly. no matter how you improve the thing, it ' s still going to be a spoon, and the functionality of it will never be worth much more than that price. [ thomas ] that ' s where i diagree. the environment you work in is what you make it. and since fvwm is free, the amount of things i can do with it, and the extendability of it is immense. i joke not. there are over 1000 styles in all to fvwm. you can configure the minutest. [ ben ] yeah, you could theoretically make it out of gold and attach it to a gadget that will feed the baby, wipe up the spills, and go to the store to buy the products to replace the ones it used up... but it ' s neither a spoon any longer, nor is it nearly as useful as a spoon is if you move away from the home / baby / store metaphor. [ thomas ] given that all of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47305164948111655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.676778"} {"text": "to replace the ones it used up... but it ' s neither a spoon any longer, nor is it nearly as useful as a spoon is if you move away from the home / baby / store metaphor. [ thomas ] given that all of this is contained within fvwm, the need to add on any features are irrelevant. it ' s ironic to think that despite all i have said, given my needs, i could quite easily go back to using twm again.... - no, despite what you might have read. motif is not dying. it ' s very much alive, and i for one am grateful that it is. - rumours that i ' m working on fvwmruby, are very true indeed. [ ben ] have you seen the icewm theme packs lately? i wouldn ' t be surprised if there were a thousand or more of them available. i generally take one, hack it a little, and use it for six months or so, and i don ' t see myself running out anytime soon. [ kapil ] since we ' re onto desktop / window manager wars... my latest \" standard \" for how good such a thingy is has been : - can it emulate \" ratpoison \"? - can it improve on \" ratpoison \"? - can it do the above without bringing a low - end machine to a screeching, grinding, * thrashing * halt? it turns out that ( in combination with gnu \" screen \" ) fvwm, icewm and even ( surprise ) gnome2 + metacity can do this. i haven ' t tried with kde. some notes of explanation : - in combination with \" screen \" what this really means is that you should be able to maximize a window * without * title bars, menubars, borders, handles and all that fluff. this is what you * really * need when you are doing a deep hack or writing a paper. - means that you should be able to \" switch \" in and out of this ratpoison mode with some key combination ( don ' t touch that mouse yet! ). in the \" real \" gui mode you should be able to use gimp ( which is ratpoison disabled or vice versa ) and other such programs that require a mouse and / or graphical interface and non - mazimized windows. - is reasonably clear - - - low on memory usage for ( a ) but could use more memory in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4853218218572897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.677693"} {"text": "could there be a greenhouse gases plan? posted : 18 april 2009 in a landmark move that countered eight years of inaction by the bush administration, the environmental protection agency determined yesterday that greenhouse gases threaten public health and welfare because they contribute to climate change. the ruling set the stage for the agency to regulate emissions from a spectrum of sources, including automobiles, ships, airplanes, power plants, oil refineries, steel mills, and more. the finding, which includes carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases, is subject to a period of public comment, after which the agency has no timetable and broad leeway in how to proceed. \u201c this finding confirms that greenhouse - gas pollution is a serious problem now and for future generations, \u201d epa administrator lisa jackson said yesterday. sen. james inhofe ( r, okla. ), the ranking republican on the environment and public works committee and a leading skeptic on global warming, said the decision would \u201c unleash a torrent of regulations that will destroy jobs, harm consumers, and extend the agency \u2019 s reach into every corner of american life. \u201d the epa \u2019 s analysis also found that climate change has \u201c serious national - security implications \u201d because of the potential for political and social upheaval related to food shortages, environmental refugees, and clashes over fuel, water, and other resources. the obama admin has made a first step \u2026.. will they keep walking or is it just that \u2026 one lone step?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4731072406107356, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.682854"} {"text": "the united states has a unique legal and political relationship with indian tribes and a special relationship with alaska native entities as provided in the constitution of the united states, treaties, and federal statutes. these relationships extend to the federal government \u2019 s historic preservation activities, mandating that federal consultation with native american tribes be meaningful, in good faith, and entered into on a government - to - government basis. on september 23, 2004, president george w. bush issued executive memorandum government - to - government relationship with tribal governments recommitting the federal government to work with federally - recognized native american tribal governments on a government - to - government basis and strongly supporting and respecting tribal sovereignty and self - determination. mandates for the federal government \u2019 s unique policies and relationship with native american tribal governments are also codified in several executive orders : executive order 13007 indian sacred sites, issued by president clinton in 1996, directed federal agencies to accommodate access to and ceremonial use of native american sacred sites by native american religious practitioners, as well as avoid adversely affecting the physical integrity of such sacred sites. executive order 13175 consultation and coordination with indian tribal governments, issued by president clinton in 2000, recognized tribal rights of self - government and tribal sovereignty, and affirmed and committed the federal government to a work with native american tribal governments on a government - to - government basis. gsa \u2019 s policy toward native american and alaskan tribes ( adm 1072. 1 ) [ pdf, 90k ] was issued on november 17, 1999, by then - administrator david j. barram. the policy committed gsa to a government - to - government relationship with federally - recognized native american tribal governments. the policy further committed gsa to integrate guiding principles and practices of meaningful consultation and communication with native american tribal governments down to the agency \u2019 s regional and local levels. tribes and historic preservation law preservation and protection of native american historic resources, at least archeological resources, dates back to at least the antiquities act of 1906, usually seen as the first federal historic preservation law in the united states. more recent federal historic preservation laws mandate native american tribal government involvement and consultation. these include : - the native american graves protection and repatriation act ( nagpra ), passed in 1990, provides a process for museums and federal agencies to return certain native american cultural items \u2013 - - human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, and objects of cultural patrimony \u2013 - - to lineal descendants, culturally - affiliated native american tribes, and native hawaiian organizations. under section 3 of the law", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46851621014712774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.687797"} {"text": "american cultural items \u2013 - - human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, and objects of cultural patrimony \u2013 - - to lineal descendants, culturally - affiliated native american tribes, and native hawaiian organizations. under section 3 of the law, repatriation is mandated for native american cultural items excavated or discovered on federal land after november 16, 1990. - the archeological resources protection act ( arpa ) [ pdf, 158k ], passed in 1979, requires federal agencies to consult with tribal authorities before permitting archeological excavations on tribal lands. it also mandates the confidentially of information concerning the nature and location of archeological resources, including tribal archeological resources. - the american indian religious freedom act ( airfa ) [ pdf, 38k ], passed in 1978, affirms a national policy to protect and preserve for native americans their inherent right of freedom to believe, express, and exercise the traditional religions of indigenous america, including protecting and preserving access to sacred sites. - the national environmental policy act ( nepa ) [ pdf, 158k ], passed in 1969, calls for the federal government to invite the participation of any affected native american tribe in the environmental review process. - the national historic preservation act ( nhpa ) [ pdf, 639k ] of 1966, as amended in 1992, enhanced native american tribal roles in historic preservation and created the tribal historic preservation officer ( thpo ) program. federal agency obligation to consult with native american tribal governments under section 106 of nhpa. the shortcut to this page is www. gsa. gov / tribalconsultation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44197026177880727, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.688708"} {"text": "provided by : manpages - dev _ 3. 23 - 1 _ all feclearexcept, fegetexceptflag, feraiseexcept, fesetexceptflag, fetestexcept, fegetenv, fegetround, feholdexcept, fesetround, fesetenv, feupdateenv, feenableexcept, fedisableexcept, fegetexcept - floating - point rounding and exception handling int feclearexcept ( int excepts ) ; int fegetexceptflag ( fexcept _ t * flagp, int excepts ) ; int feraiseexcept ( int excepts ) ; int fesetexceptflag ( const fexcept _ t * flagp, int excepts ) ; int fetestexcept ( int excepts ) ; int fesetround ( int rounding _ mode ) ; int fegetenv ( fenv _ t * envp ) ; int feholdexcept ( fenv _ t * envp ) ; int fesetenv ( const fenv _ t * envp ) ; int feupdateenv ( const fenv _ t * envp ) ; link with - lm. these eleven functions were defined in c99, and describe the handling of floating - point rounding and exceptions ( overflow, zero - divide etc. ). the divide - by - zero exception occurs when an operation on finite numbers produces infinity as exact answer. the overflow exception occurs when a result has to be represented as a floating - point number, but has ( much ) larger absolute value than the largest ( finite ) floating - point number that is representable. the underflow exception occurs when a result has to be represented as a floating - point number, but has smaller absolute value than the smallest positive normalized floating - point number ( and would lose much accuracy when represented as a denormalized number ). the inexact exception occurs when the rounded result of an operation is not equal to the infinite precision result. it may occur whenever overflow or underflow occurs. the invalid exception occurs when there is no well - defined result for an operation, as for 0 / 0 or infinity - infinity or sqrt ( - 1 ). exceptions are represented in two ways : as a single bit ( exception present /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5497236229853633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.694268"} {"text": "occurs. the invalid exception occurs when there is no well - defined result for an operation, as for 0 / 0 or infinity - infinity or sqrt ( - 1 ). exceptions are represented in two ways : as a single bit ( exception present / absent ), and these bits correspond in some implementation - defined way with bit positions in an integer, and also as an opaque structure that may contain more information about the exception ( perhaps the code address where it occurred ). each of the macros fe _ divbyzero, fe _ inexact, fe _ invalid, fe _ overflow, fe _ underflow is defined when the implementation supports handling of the corresponding exception, and if so then defines the corresponding bit ( s ), so that one can call exception handling functions, for example, using the integer argument fe _ overflow | fe _ underflow. other exceptions may be supported. the macro fe _ all _ except is the bitwise or of all bits corresponding to supported exceptions. the feclearexcept ( ) function clears the supported exceptions represented by the bits in its argument. the fegetexceptflag ( ) function stores a representation of the state of the exception flags represented by the argument excepts in the opaque the feraiseexcept ( ) function raises the supported exceptions represented by the bits in excepts. the fesetexceptflag ( ) function sets the complete status for the exceptions represented by excepts to the value * flagp. this value must have been obtained by an earlier call of fegetexceptflag ( ) with a last argument that contained all bits in excepts. the fetestexcept ( ) function returns a word in which the bits are set that were set in the argument excepts and for which the corresponding exception is currently set. the rounding mode determines how the result of floating - point operations is treated when the result cannot be exactly represented in the signifcand. various rounding modes may be provided : round to nearest ( the default ), round up ( towards positive infinity ), round down ( towards negative infinity ), and round towards zero. each of the macros fe _ tonearest, fe _ upward, fe _ downward, and fe _ towardzero is defined when the implementation supports getting and setting the corresponding rounding direction. the fegetround ( ) function returns the macro corresponding to the current rounding mode. the fesetround ( ) function sets the rounding mode as specified by its argument and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5555519108448602, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.695282"} {"text": "is defined when the implementation supports getting and setting the corresponding rounding direction. the fegetround ( ) function returns the macro corresponding to the current rounding mode. the fesetround ( ) function sets the rounding mode as specified by its argument and returns zero when it was successful. c99 and posix. 1 - 2008 specify an identifier, flt _ rounds, defined in < float. h >, which indicates the implementation - defined rounding behavior for floating - point addition. this identifier has one of the following - 1 the rounding mode is not determinable. 0 rounding is towards 0. 1 rounding is towards nearest number. 2 rounding is towards positive infinity. 3 rounding is towards negative infinity. other values represent machine - dependent, non - standard rounding modes. the value of flt _ rounds should reflect the current rounding mode as set by fesetround ( ) ( but see bugs ). the entire floating - point environment, including control modes and status flags, can be handled as one opaque object, of type fenv _ t. the default environment is denoted by fe _ dfl _ env ( of type const fenv _ t * ). this is the environment setup at program start and it is defined by iso c to have round to nearest, all exceptions cleared and a non - stop ( continue on exceptions ) mode. the fegetenv ( ) function saves the current floating - point environment in the object * envp. the feholdexcept ( ) function does the same, then clears all exception flags, and sets a non - stop ( continue on exceptions ) mode, if available. it returns zero when successful. the fesetenv ( ) function restores the floating - point environment from the object * envp. this object must be known to be valid, for example, the result of a call to fegetenv ( ) or feholdexcept ( ) or equal to fe _ dfl _ env. this call does not raise exceptions. the feupdateenv ( ) function installs the floating - point environment represented by the object * envp, except that currently raised exceptions are not cleared. after calling this function, the raised exceptions will be a bitwise or of those previously set with those in * envp. as before, the object * envp must be known to be valid. these functions return zero on success and non - zero if an error these functions first appeared in glib", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5588642921078891, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.697935"} {"text": "##wise or of those previously set with those in * envp. as before, the object * envp must be known to be valid. these functions return zero on success and non - zero if an error these functions first appeared in glibc in version 2. 1. iec 60559 ( iec 559 : 1989 ), ansi / ieee 854, c99, posix. 1 - 2001. if possible, the gnu c library defines a macro fe _ nomask _ env which represents an environment where every exception raised causes a trap to occur. you can test for this macro using # ifdef. it is only defined if _ gnu _ source is defined. the c99 standard does not define a way to set individual bits in the floating - point mask, for example, to trap on specific flags. glibc 2. 2 supports the functions feenableexcept ( ) and fedisableexcept ( ) to set individual floating - point traps, and fegetexcept ( ) to query the state. int feenableexcept ( int excepts ) ; int fedisableexcept ( int excepts ) ; the feenableexcept ( ) and fedisableexcept ( ) functions enable ( disable ) traps for each of the exceptions represented by excepts and return the previous set of enabled exceptions when successful, and - 1 otherwise. the fegetexcept ( ) function returns the set of all currently enabled c99 specifies that the value of flt _ rounds should reflect changes to the current rounding mode, as set by fesetround ( ). currently, this does not occur : flt _ rounds always has the value 1. this page is part of release 3. 23 of the linux man - pages project. a description of the project, and information about reporting bugs, can be found at http : / / www. kernel. org / doc / man - pages /.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5270879237395526, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.698736"} {"text": "send your name to mars for all those who submitted your names, congratulations! your name was successfully etched onto a microchip and is officially on mars! how did nasa collect the names? more than 1. 2 million names were submitted on our web site over a one year period! some 20, 000 visitors to nasa \u2019 s jet propulsion laboratory, pasadena, calif., and nasa ' s kennedy space center, cape canaveral, fla., wrote their names on pages that were scanned and reproduced at microscopic scale onto two chips the size of a dime. how were the chips made? engineers etched the names onto a silicon wafer or microchip. they used an electron beam \u201c e - beam \u201d machine at jpl that specializes in etching very tiny features ( less than 1 micron, or less than the width of a human hair! ). they normally use this machine to make high - precision microdevices in jpl ' s microdevices laboratory. leonardo da vinci \u2019 s codex on bird flight, a document from about 1505 was reproduced on a microscopic scale and fastened to the chip on curiosity. leonardo \u2019 s self - portrait is also on the rover, along with some essays, drawings, and other submissions from finalists and semi - finalists who participated in the \u201c send your name to mars \u201d rover naming contest opportunity.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4671171462689791, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.700194"} {"text": "search journal of online mathematics and its applications : journal of online mathematics and its applications page 1 of 1 dealing with data : a ' simple ' linear fit [ note : the activities in this module make reference to the computer algebra system ( cas ) maple. any other cas can be used instead ( e. g., mathematica, mathcad, etc. ) as long as the user is familiar with that cas system. in other words, while preferred here, maple is not required for the use of this module. ] the first true test of any scientific theory is whether or not people can use it to make accurate predictions. calculus, being the study of quantities that change, provides the language and the mathematical tools to discuss and understand change in a precise, quantitative way. an important prerequisite to using calculus to analyze \" real - world \" situations is having a good understanding of the basic \" elementary \" functions : polynomials, logarithms, trigonometric functions, and all their compositions, inverses, etc. with an understanding of the calculus of the basic functions, it is often possible to formulate a mathematical model of ( an idealized version of ) a phenomenon in one of two ways : first, enough might be understood about the phenomenon so that a mathematical formulation of it is directly attainable. for example, newton ' s second law of motion - - force is the derivative of momentum, where momentum is the product of mass and velocity - - is such a model. at the other extreme are models which are derived purely empirically - - data are collected, and one searches for an appropriate formula to match the data with reasonable accuracy. many economic models are derived in this manner. more often, however, mathematical models are developed with a combination of the two approaches : one has some basic understanding of a phenomenon, enough to restrict the class of functions appropriate to model it. very often, one knows enough so that the functions are determined except for a few parameters, such as the coefficients of a polynomial, or some other kind of multiplicative factor. then, experimental data are used to determine the values of the missing parameters. many of the \" constants \", \" coefficients \" and \" numbers \" one encounters in science ( e. g., rate constants of chemical reactions, half - lives of radioactive elements, coefficients of thermal conductivity, the gravitational constant, etc. ) started out as the last unknown parameters in a mathematical model, which had to be determined by collecting experimental data. linear fits : in many situations,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5890785478099838, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.711143"} {"text": ", half - lives of radioactive elements, coefficients of thermal conductivity, the gravitational constant, etc. ) started out as the last unknown parameters in a mathematical model, which had to be determined by collecting experimental data. linear fits : in many situations, researchers want to understand how some quantity will change when another quantity is varied. a simple example of this might be the following sports - physics experiment : a basketball is dropped from different heights, and the height of the first bounce is measured each time. what is the relationship between the height of the drop and the height of the bounce? we can try a simple mathematical experiment to look at the problem. below is an interactive program that allows you to enter several data points ( possibly non - physical ) claiming to be data representing the starting height and subsequent bounce heights of a basketball. enter the x, y values for any points you like, then use the mouse to click on any two positions inside the graph area. the program draws a line between the two points and indicates the endpoints and the midpoints with circles. by clicking near the center of any of the circles, you can drag the line around. as you do so, you will see a display of the distance between the closest approach of the line to each data point. you also see at the bottom a display of a number which characterizes how \" badly \" the line fits the points. the smaller the \" badness \" number, the better the line should appear to represent the points. try it! dr. deturck collected the following data by dropping a basketball in his garage. after each drop, he measured the height of the first bounce : to get ready for our subsequent analysis, we use maple to make a list of the drop heights and the corresponding bounce heights : # make an ordered list of data points # drop : = [ 36, 40, 40, 44, 44, 48, 52, 56, 60 ] : bounce : = [ 25, 29, 28. 5, 31. 5, 32, 35, 38, 42, 46 ] : the square brackets indicate to maple that the set of numbers is an ordered list. the two statements end with colons, rather than semicolons, so that there will be no output from them ( because in this case, maple would just parrot back the input ). it will be helpful to have maple make what statisticians call a \" scatter plot \" of the data points. to plot points from a list, maple expects an ordered list containing the x - coordinate of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5924422636390387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.712354"} {"text": "would just parrot back the input ). it will be helpful to have maple make what statisticians call a \" scatter plot \" of the data points. to plot points from a list, maple expects an ordered list containing the x - coordinate of the first point followed by the y - coordinate of the first point, followed by the x - coordinate of the second point, etc. to transform our drop and bounce lists into ordered pairs, we enter the following command ( this is pretty advanced maple - speak, so don ' t worry if you wouldn ' t have thought of it ) : this defines the variable points to be the list of points we want to plot. be careful when you type this statement that you distinguish carefully between parentheses and square brackets. the variable points has the drop height and the corresponding bounce height right next to each other, for use with plot. so try plotting the data ( \" style = point \" and \" symbol = cross \" are to keep maple from connecting the dots ) : plot ( points, style = point, symbol = cross ) ; the data look pretty linear, but how do we find the line that \" best \" describes it? there are several different definitions of \" best \" in use. we will be using the so - called \" least - squares \" fit. for our drop - bounce data, the least squares line is obtained as follows : with ( stats, fit ) ; with ( fit, leastsquare ) ; leastsquare [ [ x, y ], y = a * x + b ] ( [ drop, bounce ] ) ; y =. 8502604294 x - 5. 567708941. now we can plot the data and the line to see how well maple did with fitting the data. since we want to combine two different kinds of plots, we will be using the display command. first, let ' s assign a name to the equation maple returned. fitlin : =. 8502604294 * x - 5. 567708941 ; now we can plot both the line and data and store those plots as variables. the names stand for what maple calls \" plot structures \", which are maple ' s internal directions for making plots. it is very important to use colons at the end of statements that assign plots to names. you defnintely do not want to see the plot structures! fitplot : = plot ( fitlin, x = 35.. 60 ) : pointplot : =", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49249836137704894, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.714643"} {"text": "colons at the end of statements that assign plots to names. you defnintely do not want to see the plot structures! fitplot : = plot ( fitlin, x = 35.. 60 ) : pointplot : = plot ( points, style = point, symbol = cross ) : we can display the plot commands we ' ve saved. before we do that, we have to have maple load the display command. fit this data with a least - squares line. what interpretation do you give to the slope of your line? using your linear model, predict the winning height in the 2000 olympics... in the 2096 olympics. according to your model, in what year will pole vaulters be able to \" leap tall buildings in a single bound \"? ( the empire state building is 1250 feet tall. ) comment on the reasonableness of your model ( including comments about the residuals ). problem 2. in a physics experiment, students measure the period of a pendulum ( i. e., the amount of time the pendulum takes to swing back and forth ) as a function of its length. one group of students obtained the following data : as you did in the first problem, find the least squares line that best fits this data. compute and plot the residuals - - these are the differences between the measured values of the period and the value predicted by the least squares equation for each measurement. explain why these indicate that a different model is needed. published july 2001 \u00a9 2001 by larry gladney and dennis deturck", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5261179988301466, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.715220"} {"text": "history of fractions date : 12 / 7 / 95 at 9 : 30 : 11 from : anonymous subject : history of fractions i have several math classes coming to our school media center next week to research the history of fractions. the problem is, our media center does not have the right resources to help students with their assignment. they are trying to find out how fractions developed and how they have been used in history. for example, how did the babylonians, ancient chinese, egyptians, greeks, or hindus use fractions? how were fractions written? which operations ( addition, subtraction, multiplication, division ), if any, could be carried out with fractions? how did they expand the use of fractions? we have a few books that cover what the numerals of these societies looked like, but nothing about the history of fractions in ancient cultures. our public library and our district high school library didn ' t have anything either. your help is greatly appreciated! date : 3 / 8 / 96 at 23 : 45 : 47 from : doctor jodi subject : re : history of fractions hi there! if you have access to a web browser, you ' ll find a detailed description of the babylonian and egyptian mathematical system, including some discussion of fractions, at http : / / www - groups. dcs. st - and. ac. uk / ~ history / histtopics / babylonian _ and _ egyptian. html briefly, the babylonians used base 60, rather than base 10. their fractional system survives in the hours minutes and seconds notation we still use. the chinese system is described at http : / / aleph0. clarku. edu : 80 / ~ djoyce / mathhist / china. html briefly, the chinese used a symbol for the numbers 1 - 10, 100, 1000, and 10000. 2034 would be written 2, 1000, 3, 10, 4 ( 2 * 1000 + 3 * 10 + 4 ) small bamboo counting rods were used for calculations. positions from left to right gave place value. fractions, as far as i can tell from this description, were like ours. you might find a better description in the original sources, development of mathematics in china and japan ( mikami ) and chinese mathematics, a concise history ( li yan and dushiran ). some of the resources from the bibliography at http : / / aleph0. clarku. edu : 80 / ~ djoyce / mathhis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5106296224775987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.717903"} {"text": "arcs, cevians, tangents theorem 4. 5 the lines tangent to the circumcircle of a triangle at its vertices cut the opposite sides in three collinear points. the proof in the text is as follows : let the tangent to the circumcircle at a meet line bc at l. then angle bal is congruent to angle c since each angle is measured by half of arc ab. * * * * * that would be fine, but i don ' t know how they determine this... * * * * *. also we have that angle lac = 180 - angle abc, since these angles are measured by halves of the two opposite arcs ac. * * * * * again, i am lacking the theorem which is used to deduce this * * * * * *.... the rest of the proof is trivial and i don ' t need help with it. can someone please give me the theorems they use for those parts of the proof. uploaded with imageshack. us it ' s elementary theorem that angles on the circumference of the circle ' looking ' at the same arc of that circle are themselves equal. ( the proof is a bit long but if necessary i can try to write it, try this circumferential angle is half corresponding central angle ; the theorem works for any circumferential angle. ) bal is ' looking ' at the arc ab but is degenerated. when you know this you can find the second part easily just observing the angles abc and the angle at a ' looking ' at arc ac. sorry if my english was bad.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45473955951418366, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.720464"} {"text": "| niche holding carved stone monument at the time of its discovery at zazacatla in the mexican highlands. photo courtesy inah - morelos. ( zoom ) | an early 1970s aerial photograph of one of the plots forming the site known as zazacatla, just outside cuernavaca in the mexican state of morelos, shows a large platform with a very large destruction hole in its southern portion. existence of an archaeological site there in the municipality of xochitepec was officially reported in the middle 1980s, although no exploration was carried out. nevertheless, knowledge of the presence of archaeological remains in this place must have existed since much earlier, given the fact that the original mexico city - acapulco road, built several decades ago, practically runs through the ancient site. in the early 1990s, when the old mexico city - acapulco road was enlarged to make way for the current superhighway linking these two cities, no better consideration was shown for the site. not only did it go unreported without any salvage archaeology ever conducted, but it was mercilessly bulldozed over, completely destroying what must have been a very interesting structure, lined with large stones, a few meters to the east of the site ' s two main platforms. in july, 2006, building of a parking lot started by the road leading into the town of xochitepec, barely 50 meters to the west of the superhighway, and almost right away the building crew came across remains of an ancient wall. archaeologist giselle canto intervened and the zazacatla archaeological salvage work was begun. by then, the site had been greatly destroyed not only by the road, but by housing, a gas station, a small commercial complex, and by the facilities of several private companies. the archaeological team, headed by canto and by victor m. castro, set out to conduct research in what was left of it, before urban sprawl obliterated it entirely. after consolidating the damaged wall hit by the building crew, they began extensive test pitting throughout much of the plot. thus, they were able to find a burial containing the remains of some ten to twelve individuals. ceramic data collected throughout the site allowed them to establish that it was occupied between 800 and 500 bc, during the middle formative period ( also known as the middle preclassic ), and they were also able to identify at least six different building phases. one of the last pits, undertaken to explore an area", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43956198799986795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.728026"} {"text": "was occupied between 800 and 500 bc, during the middle formative period ( also known as the middle preclassic ), and they were also able to identify at least six different building phases. one of the last pits, undertaken to explore an area not yet sampled, revealed a facade that was ultimately found to run along the northern edge of two adjacent platforms, placed along an east - west axis and separated by an earthen stair. the platforms were made of rammed earth and faced with stone lajas. the lower portion of much of the facade survived because it was sealed over in ancient times when a new floor was put in. along this facade, four sculpted figures were recovered in their original position inside niches. two of these figures display typical olmec iconography and poses. aside from the obvious importance of the figures found in their original context, the facade itself affords a rare and fascinating glimpse of middle - formative architecture. it is interesting to note in the context of the zazacatla discoveries that a remarkable figurine in olmec style was discovered some years ago only ten kilometers away in atlihuayan. also interesting to note among the excavation ' s preliminary results is the fact that obsidian from what appear to be numerous distinct sources has been found at the site. given the diversity of samples, this obsidian could have come from sites far away from both the site and each other, such as otumba, michoacan, cerro de las navajas, el chayal and pico de orizaba, to name a few. this suggests that the site must have been in the crossroads of important trade routes. to this day, pilgrims from guerrero going to the guadalupe shrine in mexico city pass a few meters from the ancient site, which underlines its nature as a natural place of passage between mexico ' s western coast and the central plateau. ( for more photographs see mesoweb resources. ) | members of the archaeological team as they prepare to take one of the sculpted stone figures from its nicheone of four such niches in the platforms ' facade. ( photo courtesy inah - morelos. ) | | a member of the archaeological team takes the first look at one of the four sculpted stones found inside the niches. the style of this possibly re - shaped rock cannot be readily identified as olmec, and it may have been a representation of a dog - like beast. both of the pieces whose style is not readily identifiable as olmec were heavily covered with red pigment, either", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4330670055693797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.729216"} {"text": "possibly re - shaped rock cannot be readily identified as olmec, and it may have been a representation of a dog - like beast. both of the pieces whose style is not readily identifiable as olmec were heavily covered with red pigment, either cinnabar or hematite. ( photo courtesy inah - morelos. ) | | the two olmec - style stone effigy figures side by side. the figure on the left is 46 cm. in height ; the one on the right is 58 cm. in height. ( photo courtesy inah - morelos. ) | | frontal view of the larger of the two olmec - style anthropomorphic effigies found in niches in the northern facade of the two platforms. the figure measures 58 cm. in height. ( photo courtesy inah - morelos. ) | | three - quarters view of the larger of the two effigy figures as seen from the effigy ' s right. ( photo courtesy inah - morelos. ) | | frontal view of the smaller of two olmec - style anthropomorphic figures found in the platforms ' facade niches. this figure is 46 cm. in height. ( photo courtesy inah - morelos. ) | | three - quarters view of the smaller of the two olmec - style effigies. ( photo courtesy inah - morelos. ) | | another three - quarters view of the smaller of the two olmec - style effigies. ( photo courtesy inah - morelos. ) | | the two olmec - style stone effigy figures, with people included for scale. ( photo courtesy inah - morelos. ) | | general view of the zazacatla platforms. in the foreground is the western one, showing the laja facade and one of four niches found so far. in the background, the elevation marks the place where the autopista del sol superhighway goes by. ( photo : jorge perez de lara / precolumbia mesoweb. ) | | in the foreground, the eastern platform, with the western to the right. in the middle, remains of an earthen stair. ( photo : jorge perez de lara / precolumbia mesoweb. ) | | northeastern corner of the eastern platform as liberated by excavation. ( photo : jorge perez de lara / precolumbia mesoweb. ) | | stratig", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4636533014169777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.730216"} {"text": "perez de lara / precolumbia mesoweb. ) | | northeastern corner of the eastern platform as liberated by excavation. ( photo : jorge perez de lara / precolumbia mesoweb. ) | | stratigraphic cut in front of the northern edge of the platforms. the clearly visible white band points out the floor that ultimately sealed and protected the lower portion of the platforms ' facades and its niches and sculptures. ( photo : jorge perez de lara / precolumbia mesoweb. ) | | detail of one of the niches where sculpted effigies were found. ( photo : jorge perez de lara / precolumbia mesoweb. ) | | archaeologist victor m. castro stands in front of the northern facade of the western platform. ( photo : jorge perez de lara / precolumbia mesoweb. ) | | remains of eastern facade of the eastern platform. note the use of diagonally - placed lajas. ( photo : jorge perez de lara / precolumbia mesoweb. ) | | a closer, lower view of the northeastern corner of the eastern platform as liberated by excavation. ( photo : jorge perez de lara / precolumbia mesoweb. ) | | ground level detail of the surviving facade of the eastern platform. ( photo : jorge perez de lara / precolumbia mesoweb. ) | | remains of a structure a few meters to the east of the eastern platform. this was almost completely obliterated by the passage of the mexico city - acapulco superhighway. ( photo : jorge perez de lara / precolumbia mesoweb. ) |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43188074909565255, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.730918"} {"text": "a double - stranded dna molecule containing one or more mispaired bases. a double - stranded dna in which the base sequences are not completely complementary due to recombination or mutation. a dna molecule that is formed by base pairing between strands that are derived from two dna molecules that are not identical in sequence. a double - helix formed where one strand is rna and the other is dna a double - stranded dna molecule or dna - rna hybrid, where each strand is of a different origin, and consequently containing one or more mismatched ( non - complementary ) base pairs. a dna duplex is prepared by the hybridization of single - stranded dna molecules derived from two different sources. where the two dnas have identical or very similar sequences, a double - stranded molecule will be established, whereas where the two dnas differ in sequence, single - stranded regions will remain. a heteroduplex will be revealed as single - strand \" bushes \" when dna is observed electron microscopically. a map of homologous and non - homologous regions of the two molecules may thereby be constructed. this process is known as heteroduplex mapping. hybrid structure formed by the annealing of two dna strands ( or an rna and dna ) that have sufficient complementarity in their sequence to allow hydrogen bonding. a double - stranded nucleic acid molecule in which each strand has been derived from a different individual. a heteroduplex is a double - stranded ( duplex ) molecule of nucleic acid originated through the genetic recombination of single complementary strands derived from different sources, such as from different homologous chromosomes or even from different organisms. one such example is the heteroduplex dna strand formed in hybridization processes, usually for biochemistry - based phylogenetical analyses.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6141756598975109, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.733268"} {"text": "what is mrsaid\u2122? mrsaid\u2122 is a novel, non - antibiotic system for nasal bacterial decolonization to reduce the incidence of hospital - acquired infections ( hai \u2019 s ). mrsaid\u2122 is based on the technology \u201c photodisinfection \u201d, and consists of the application of a topical photosensitizer solution in the nasal passages of individuals colonized with a pathogenic bacteria such as methicillin - resistant staphylococcus aureus ( mrsa ). this solution is subsequently activated locally using non - thermal visible light energy. the treatment is painless, does not lead to \u2026 mrsaid\u2122 treatment is based on the platform technology \u201c photodisinfection \u201d. photodisinfection involves the use of non - thermal light energy to activate a liquid photosensitizer formulation, leading to the generation of reactive oxygen - based molecules that are lethal to bacterial cells. these molecules are extremely short - lived, and destroy bacterial membranes via lipid peroxidation while causing little or no damage to surrounding tissue. photodisinfection has been shown to be effective against a wide range of bacteria ( including biofilm forms ), as well as \u2026 - vgh team wins bc quality award for ssi reduction results using photodisinfection prweb - february 28 - reducing surgical site infections with photodisinfection ucl eastman dental institute - january 4 - light therapy cuts post - surgery infections at vancouver general hospital ( with video ) vancouver sun - december 14", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5258421240891914, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.735839"} {"text": "new alias ( alias tab ) an alias is an alternate name that can be used to make a connection. the alias encapsulates the required elements of a connection string, and exposes them with a name chosen by the user. use the alias page on the alias - new dialog box to specify the elements of the connection string for an alias. to change the connection string of an existing alias, see < alias > properties ( alias tab ). all values in the properties grid do not have to be completed. valid combinations vary depending on the protocol selected. see the topics listed below for examples of valid combinations. by default, sql server connects to a local instance of sql server using the shared memory protocol, and to an instance of sql server on another computer using either tcp / ip or named pipes. create an alias when you are using tcp / ip, named pipes, or via, and you want to provide a customized connection string, or when you want to use a name other than the server name for the connection. sql server is not listening on the default tcp / ip port of 1433 so you want to provide a connection string with a different port number. sql server is not listening on the default named pipe so you want to provide a connection string with a different pipe name. an application expects to connect to a database on the server named acct, but that database has been consolidated as an instance named acct on a server named central. the application cannot easily be changed. create an alias named acct, with a connection string pointing to central \\ acct. see the following topics for a description and examples of valid combinations of alias properties :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5131199431926734, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.737762"} {"text": "testing a user interface this section describes in detail some of the tasks associated with testing a ui for a windows application. to fully determine the effectiveness and overall usability of an application ui, it must be tested. testing exposes how easy or difficult the ui is to use for the broadest possible audience. the time that it takes to test an application is well worth it. this topic focuses on three primary testing scenarios : general usability, accessibility, and automation. usability testing provides the opportunity to evaluate a product by studying how real users actually use the product. this analysis ensures that key assumptions about intended users and interface designs are supported ( or challenged ) with real data. only by gathering this empirical data can you find out how well the ui for a product fits your users ' needs and expectations. by observing user interaction with the product and listening to user feedback, important features that may be difficult to find and use are identified. based on these results, adjustments can be made to the ui as required. it is almost impossible to build a useful product without some level of usability testing as the results provide the basis for making better decisions about the product and improving the overall user experience. usability testing provides significant payback only when it is well integrated into the entire project lifecycle. a single usability study can identify issues, but without follow - up tests it is difficult to determine if the solutions have solved those problems or introduced new ones. the primary scenarios for usability testing are : - if you are a software product vendor, testing real users of your product means you are evaluating the design. based on how you have designed the application, can users complete the tasks they need to do? testing real users doing real tasks can also point out if the ui guidelines you are following are working within the context of your product, and when consistency helps or hinders the ability of a user to do their work. - if you are a software product purchaser, you can do usability testing to evaluate a product for purchase. for example, your company might consider buying a product for their twenty thousand employees. before the company spends its money, it wants to make sure that the product in question will really help employees do their jobs better. usability testing can also be useful to see if the proposed application follows published ui style guidelines ( internal or external ). it ' s best to use ui guidelines as an auxiliary, rather than primary, source of information for making purchase decisions. for more information, see usability in practice : usability testing. accessibility testing encompasses", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45245176325976644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.742387"} {"text": "it still is a huge challenge to treat neurodegenerative diseases such as alzheimer, parkinson or huntington, which are increasingly affecting our society as the average life - span of our population increases. one of the main obstacles for successful therapy of these disorders is safe and effective drug delivery to the central nervous system. tightly focused femtosecond laser pulses have been used to modify transparent dielectric materials, to form voids, and to polymerize resists and resins for more than a decade. a high sub - 100 - nm spatial resolution has now been reached making it potentially a nano - fabrication tool. researchers at the university of new mexico have demonstrated a new, simple, and facile approach to the fabrication of various nanopatterned films composed of nanoparticles. the findings could lead to nanoparticle sensors for both biological and chemical species. contouring measurement methods are important for high quality, high speed and productivity machining in order to achieve the high precision required. among the most commonly used methods, no measuring techniques have been available with nanometer resolution except for the grating encoder measurement system. researchers at cornell university have developed a novel quantitative nanoparticle - based sensor of chemical concentrations based on organic dye molecules covalently integrated into the matrix of silica nanoparticles. this is the first work that implements an optimized core - shell architecture for such sensor particles. gold nanoparticles have shown promise for cancer therapy by virtue of their ability to absorb laser light, heat up and thus kill the tumor. however, in order for the gold nanoparticles to have their therapeutic effect they need to be taken up specifically by tumor cells. researchers have now used targeted viral vectors as carriers to bring the gold nanoparticles to the location where they need to work. humidity is a measure of the moisture content of an environment. control of humidity is thus essential for maintaining the desired level of moisture in an enclosure be it in a hospital or in a semiconductor - processing unit or in a laboratory. for humidity control an efficient sensor is an absolute necessity. researchers in israel demonstrated a new technique for creating polymer microlenses. while current processes employed for manufacturing large microlens arrays are not compatible with the need to place single microlenses in very precise, strategic locations ( such as an intersection of two nanochannels, for example ) the israeli group ' s method is specifically designed to do so. they deposit small drops of monomer solution with a nanopipette,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.6068180678924407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.745119"} {"text": "women in the war zone hospital services in the first world war date of publication : april 2009 publisher : the history press in our collective memory, the first world war is dominated by men. the sailors, soldiers, airmen and politicians about whom histories are written were male, and the first half of the twentieth century was still a time when a woman ' s place was thought to be in the home. it was not until the second world war that women would start to play a major role both in the armed forces and in the factories and the fields. yet there were some women who were able to contribute to the war effort between 1914 and 1918, mostly as doctors and nurses. in women in the war zone, anne powell has selected extracts from first - hand accounts of the experiences of those female medical personnel who served abroad during the first world war. covering both the western and the eastern fronts, from petrograd to basra and from antwerp to the dardanelles, they include nursing casualties from the battle of ypres, a young doctor put in charge of a remote hospital in serbia and a nurse who survived a torpedo attack, albeit with serious injuries. filled with stories of bravery and kindliness, it is a book that honours the often unsung contribution made by the female doctors and nurses who helped to alleviate some of the suffering of the first world war.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4413065972962157, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.747539"} {"text": "natural gas 101 at colorado state university designed to give students an overview of important colorado industry increased demand for natural gas and greater public interest in gas drilling and production in colorado has led colorado state university to offer students a course on the \u201c fundamentals of natural gas \u201d for the first time. the interdisciplinary course this spring features an introduction to the natural gas industry including geology, exploration, production, transportation and environmental issues. the class exposes students to all aspects of the natural gas industry with a particular focus on unconventional gas extraction as it is being practiced in colorado. \u201c part of the significance of this course is that it \u2019 s multidisciplinary \u2013 we have students from economics and construction management in addition to geology and engineering students, \u201d said sally sutton, associate professor and geosciences department chair. \u201c it \u2019 s exciting to have so many different professors with different backgrounds, \u201d said jessica olsen, a senior in mechanical engineering who has already accepted a job with pioneer natural resources upon her graduation in may. about 30 students in a variety of disciplines are enrolled, but 50 routinely show up. some of the folks sitting in the front row are other faculty members teaching the course. tom sale, associate professor of civil and environmental engineering, and bryan willson, mechanical engineering professor, for example, have attended sutton \u2019 s lectures on the geology of shale. \u201c i \u2019 m having a load of fun in there, \u201d said willson, whose engines and energy conversion laboratory has done more than any group in the world to address impacts of natural gas pipelines and help industry partners reduce environmental effects of natural gas compression as well as improve efficiency. \u201c i \u2019 ve always been focused on the end use and haven \u2019 t studied the rock formations, and i find that pretty interesting. \u201d other instructors include ken carlson and tom sale. carlson is co - director of the colorado energy water consortium, a private - public partnership between csu and the natural gas industry that is focused on addressing water issues related to shale gas extraction and production. sale is a leader in solutions for petroleum impacted soil and groundwater with current funding from chevron, suncor energy, exxonmobil, shell, and the american petroleum institute. in addition, the class will draw on guest instructors such as former gov. bill ritter who is now director of csu \u2019 s center for the new energy economy. officials from industry and the environmental protection agency also have been invited to speak. the course addresses increased interest in natural gas production in colorado and around the nation, particularly with the anticipated future development of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3951022690899678, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.750860"} {"text": "recently, before our son went off to college, my wife and i debated how we could best protect his future health while living away from home for his studies. one of the more controversial issues we grappled with was whether he should be vaccinated against the human papilloma virus ( hpv ), a sexually transmitted virus that causes cancer. as you read this, you may be thinking, why a debate ; why the controversy? many parents we know worry that this uncomfortable discussion may promote the idea of promiscuity or speak to your moral compass when in reality this issue is about preventing cancer. the fact that hpv infection has serious consequences makes this an essential conversation that needs to happen in all households in the us. here are 8 things you need to know about hpv. 1. hpv is the most commonly diagnosed sexually transmitted infection in the united states resulting in a number of medical conditions ranging from genital warts to cancer. 2. hpv is spread by skin to skin contact, including sexual intercourse, oral sex, anal sex, or any other contact involving the genital area. 75 - 80 % of sexually active adults will acquire hpv infection before the age of 50, typically between the ages of 15 and 25 years \u2014 when many first become sexually active. the problem is that hpv exposure increases with the number of sexual partners that one has and the number of partners a partner has had. 3. condoms help but do not provide complete protection from hpv infection because condoms do not cover all exposed genital skin. people do not become infected with hpv by touching an object such as a toilet seat. 4. most people who are infected have no signs or symptoms. in 10 - 20 percent of women, however, the infection persists. in this situation there is a greater chance of developing cervical cancer, one of the most common types of cancer in women. it takes at least 20 years for hpv infection to cause cervical cancer. thus, regular cervical cancer screening and pap tests are important in detecting cervical abnormalities early before cancer develops. 5. although 100 types of hpv have been identified, researchers divide hpv viruses into two types, high or low risk, for causing cervical cancer. low risk hpv cause about 90 percent of genital warts and are considered low risk because they do not cause cervical cancer. it is important to know that persistent viral infection with high risk hpv types virtually cause all cancer ( 70 - 80 percent ) of the cervix and most cases of anal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4598186179030316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.754916"} {"text": "| el nic\u00b1o - southern oscillation the most common way of monitoring the el nic\u00b1o - southern oscillation phase is by looking at sea surface temperatures in the equatorial pacific ocean. the animated map below shows sea surface temperature anomalies over the past three months. warm / positive anomalies are associated with the el nic\u00b1o phase, while cool / negative anomalies are associated with the la nic\u00b1a phase. several climate models also provide enso forecasts, again based on sea surface temperatures over a specific region in the equatorial pacific ocean. the graph below shows the observed enso phase for the previous three - month period ( as a red circle near the left side of the image ), along with computer model forecasts for the next year - and - a - half. the light blue square represents the model consensus forecast. in north carolina, a warm / positive phase ( el nic\u00b1o ) event is often associated with cooler, wetter conditions and an increased chance of winter weather. likewise, a cool / negative phase ( la nic\u00b1a ) event often brings north carolina warmer and drier conditions. the impacts of enso on north carolina are most prominent during the winter. because enso conditions are generally slow to change, with a frequency on the order of months to seasons, we have some skill at issuing forecasts on a seasonal and even annual basis. for more information about enso, visit our information page or the climate prediction center ' s page that includes past, current and forecast conditions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4824002703979051, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.757480"} {"text": "there have been efforts for many decades to introduce religious beliefs about the beginning of life on earth into the science curriculum of the public schools. most recently, these efforts have included \" creation science \" and \" intelligent design. \" following a number of court decisions finding the teaching of creationism and intelligent design in the public school science curriculum to be unconstitutional, there have been efforts to introduce these beliefs into the social studies curriculum. although the national council for the social studies believes in the open and thoughtful discussion of ideas, public school classrooms are not the place for the teaching of religious beliefs. social studies is the forum for open analysis and discussion of historical, social, economic, geographic, political and global issues. thus our recommendations seek to include the study of intelligent design within that framework. the american heritage dictionary ( 2007 ) defines intelligent design as the \" belief that physical and biological systems observed in the universe result from purposeful design by an intelligent being rather than from chance or undirected forces. \" attempts to introduce this doctrine, originally termed \" creationism, \" then \" creation science, \" and most recently, intelligent design, \" into public school curricula have been found unconstitutional in state and federal courts. the first supreme court decision regarding the issue came in epperson v. arkansas in 1968, when the court ruled that an arkansas anti - evolution law was unconstitutional. twenty years later in edwards v. aguillard, the court held that a louisiana law which required equal time for the teaching of \" creation science \" along with the teaching of evolution, was unconstitutional. most recently, a district court in pennsylvania struck down an intelligent design policy adopted by the dover area school board in dover, pennsylvania ( kitzmiller v. dover area school district ). these decisions have struck down state attempts to interfere with the teaching of evolution in the public school science curriculum. in the kitzmiller decision, for instance, the judge found that the policy of the dover school board, which called for teachers to discuss problems with the theory of evolution and make students aware of intelligent design, failed the test of the establishment clause of the first amendment, since the policy ' s primary purpose was to advance a religious belief. because federal courts, to date, have ruled against the teaching of creationism and intelligent design in the science curriculum, an approach called \" critical analysis \" has been introduced to get around these decisions. this approach seeks to incorporate what the courts have ruled to be religious belief into the public school curriculum by contending that public schools should take a critical view of the theory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.558799518071093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.764714"} {"text": ", an approach called \" critical analysis \" has been introduced to get around these decisions. this approach seeks to incorporate what the courts have ruled to be religious belief into the public school curriculum by contending that public schools should take a critical view of the theory of evolution. in this critical view, particular attention is to be focused on any uncertainties in the fossil record as well as what are contended to be examples of \" irreducible complexity. \" this view then introduces intelligent design as an explanation addressing these uncertainties. this \" critical analysis \" approach to teaching intelligent design has attracted political support in several states and districts. it was a motivating force behind former senator rick santorum ' s unsuccessful attempt to include a statement that evolution was a controversial scientific theory into the original no child left behind legislation. it has also figured prominently in the much - publicized battle over the treatment of evolution in the kansas science standards. in ohio, the state board of education has suggested that although a critical analysis of the theory of evolution with the teaching of intelligent design should not be put into the science curriculum, \" social studies appears to be a good fit \" ( columbus dispatch, september 2002 ). rationale for recommendations social studies may, at first glance, seem to be a better fit for this approach to teaching intelligent design, but the same constitutional issues arise whether religious beliefs are taught in science or in the social studies curriculum. while the social studies classroom is the proper forum for the discussion of controversial issues, educators should be wary of being used to promote a religious belief in the public schools. this unintended outcome can be the result of teaching students that a scientific controversy exists between intelligent design and the theory of evolution when, in fact, no such controversy exists. teaching about religion in human society is an important component of many social studies courses ( see the ncss position statement \" study about religions in the social studies curriculum, \" revised and approved by the board of directors in 1998 ). however, teaching religious beliefs as the equivalent of scientific theory is not consistent with the social studies nor is it allowed under the first amendment. evolution is a scientific theory subject to testing by the scientific method. in contrast, religious teaching based on the existence of a supreme being does not allow for the scientific processes of hypothesizing, gathering evidence or questioning as they are based on faith, not scientific observations or experimentation. nonetheless, social studies may have to contend with these issues because of local or state mandates. the curricular recommendations that follow allow for substantive discussion of the issues surrounding intelligent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5717575457965018, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.765848"} {"text": "gathering evidence or questioning as they are based on faith, not scientific observations or experimentation. nonetheless, social studies may have to contend with these issues because of local or state mandates. the curricular recommendations that follow allow for substantive discussion of the issues surrounding intelligent design, while avoiding first amendment problems. most significantly, these recommendations prevent the social studies curriculum from being a repository for intelligent design instruction in the public schools, while still allowing students to analyze the political, legal, and historical issues involved. prior to teaching about intelligent design, social studies teachers should check their district ' s policies related to teaching controversial issues and teaching about religion. there are a number of ways in which social studies teachers might introduce the issues surrounding intelligent design in their curriculum. the following recommendations examine the issues from a social studies, rather than a religious, perspective. - constitutional perspective : a teacher using this approach would focus on court cases that consider policies requiring the teaching of intelligent design in public schools and the establishment clause of the first amendment. - historical perspective : a teacher adopting this perspective would focus on the historical conflict between science and religion since the middle ages, with particular attention to public debates over the teaching of evolution in the united states in the past century. - sociological perspective : a teacher using this lens would focus on competing organizations and social forces involved in the attempts to teach about intelligent design in the schools. - anthropological perspective : a teacher choosing this perspective would have students analyze creation stories and beliefs of many cultures as well as scientific theories dealing with the origin and development of human life. - public issues perspectives : a teacher using this approach would encourage students to research intelligent design and debate whether intelligent design should be taught in the public schools. the national council for the social studies believes that a free and open discussion of ideas is essential to a healthy democracy. however, the social studies classroom should not and cannot be used for teaching any specific religious belief, as this is antithetical to the first amendment. the national council for the social studies recommends analysis, and thoughtful discussion, not indoctrination.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5048871300670803, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.766873"} {"text": "dog lovers in search for the right canine are often faced with the challenge of choosing between a mutt and a pure breed. most of these people would never expect that their own curiosities are also shared by ecologists. hybrids are a symbol of complexity. for several decades these mixed species have challenged ecologists who study their role in ecological communities. ecologists are still asking themselves the question : are plant and animal hybrids viable contributors to ecosystems or just evolutionary blunders? the special feature in the march issue of ecology focuses on hybridization and the current research encompassing this issue. indeed, researchers are intrigued by the unique genetic makeup of hybrid species that merit evolutionary distinction from their parental generations. researchers at the university of georgia, department of genetics conducted a study challenging the existing paradigms that minimize the importance of hybridization in ecological settings. michael arnold et al. in their paper \" natural hybridization : how low can you go and still be important? \" state that hybrids are in fact viable evolutionary components of communities, and in some cases, more fit than their parents. because hybridization enhances genetic variation, arnold states, \"... hybrid genotypes can be more fit than parental genotypes in novel environments. \" in contrast, catherine moulia from the laboratoire de parasiologie compare in france presents a different scenario. her research on hybrid mice reveals that they are more prone to parasite attack than their parental counterparts ( mus mus musculus and m. m. domesticus ). her review of the parasitism of animal hybrids not only suggests an evolutionary implication of parasites. it also stresses that this implication of parasites is very similar in animal and in plant hybrids. according to some studies reviewed by moulia, \" by taking advantage of hybrid susceptibility, parasites could enhance their range and contact : alison gillespie ecological society of america", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.504289283833195, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.768979"} {"text": "you can probably expect cake and presents on your birthday, but you also have a good chance of kicking the bucket. a after analyzing 2. 4 million deaths over four decades, swiss researchers found that you \u2019 re nearly 14 percent more likely to die on your birthday than any other day of the year. why? a\u20acsmen have an increased risk of falling down or committing suicide on their birthday, presumably due to alcohol consumption, a\u20act says study author vladeta ajdacic - gross, ph. d., a research associate at the university of zurich. but boozing on your birthday isna\u20ac\u2122t the only time your lifea\u20ac\u2122s in danger. protect yourself on some other dangerous days throughout the yeara\u20ac \u201d herea\u20ac\u2122s how. ( plus, learn more ways toa break your date with death. ) the month of july if you \u2019 re having elective surgery, don \u2019 t go under the knife in july. new medical residentsa\u20ac \u201d recent med school gradsa\u20ac \u201d start work on july 1, hence the 4 percent spike in deaths throughout the month, according to a harvard study. inexperienced doctors are also more likely to administer the wrong medication, says a university of california, san diego study. of 62. 3 million hospital deaths, there are 10 percent more deaths attributed to a medication error in july. and if you have to visit the hospital, schedule a 9 a. m. surgery : duke university researchers found that operations at that time of day are the least likely to develop complications. ( want more great health and fitness insight delivered straight to your inbox? sign up for the daily dose newsletter. ) march 11, 2013, isn \u2019 t just another dreary mondaya\u20ac \u201d ita\u20ac\u2122s the first workday after rolling the clocks forward for daylight saving. and losing about 40 minutes of shuteye has consequences : researchers at michigan state university found that workplace injuries increase by 5. 7 percent the day after daylight saving time. a study in the new england journal of medicine found that the time shift also causes 5. 1 percent more heart attacks the following week due to increased inflammation in the body from sleep loss. your move : load up on 1, 000 milligrams of vitamin c a day before you turn the clocks backa\u20ac \u201d researchers at the university of california found the vitamin reduces levels of c - reactive protein, a marker of inflammation. which day has the most drunk driving deaths each year, thanksgiving, christmas, new year \u2019 s eve,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43782448329355583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.771784"} {"text": "new york \u2014 the diy enthusiasts involved in today ' s \" maker movement \" love experimenting with 3d printers to turn digital designs into real - life objects made of plastic, metal, even chocolate. but one of the leading do - it - yourself pioneers has come forth to explain why he really dislikes the 3d printing craze and sees it as just a steppingstone to something greater. modern 3d printers use lasers or squirt hot materials to build objects layer by layer from a computer design. they represent the latest in a long line of computer - controlled tools dating back to the 1950s \u2014 a more refined way of \" metal bashing metal, squirt squirt, \" said neil gershenfeld, director of mit ' s center for bits and atoms. \" the real revolution in digital fabrication isn ' t a computer connected to a machine \u2014 that ' s decades old, \" gershenfeld said. instead, the revolution would be \" putting the information into the material itself. \" the road to \" star trek \" computer - controlled machines marked the first stage of \" a road map to a \" star trek \" replicator where you make molecular assemblers that can make anything, \" gershenfeld explained at the world science festival ' s \" innovation square \" event june 2 in brooklyn. the second stage, he said, involved machines making machines. the third stage has computer codes serving as a blueprint for real - world materials made from building - block components. but gershenfeld wants to reach the fourth and final stage : programming materials to make them intelligent. imagine smart plastic or metal parts with the capabilities of dna. \" the last stage is we ' re actually making materials that themselves are programmable so that the materials can change shape in the same way biology does it, but we ' re doing it with materials that biology can ' t do, \" gershenfeld said. the massachusetts institute of technology physicist has done much toward making that diy future a reality. he founded the global fab lab network with field labs in locations such as afghanistan and the arctic circle. he also owns \" just about every known 3d printer \" as head of mit ' s center for bits and atoms ( a spinoff of the university ' s popular media lab ). [ us ready to bet $ 60 million on 3d printing ] what ' s wrong with diy gershenfeld had more on his mind than the limitations of 3d printing \u2014 he also took the opportunity to critique the do - it - yourself movement. \" i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4564194331815973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.775720"} {"text": "ready to bet $ 60 million on 3d printing ] what ' s wrong with diy gershenfeld had more on his mind than the limitations of 3d printing \u2014 he also took the opportunity to critique the do - it - yourself movement. \" i love the maker movement, \" gershenfeld told the world science festival audience. \" what i want to do is talk about what ' s wrong with it. \" diy enthusiasts could do better in learning from the past without rediscovering bad ways to solve problems, gershenfeld said. he wants people to look beyond basic tools such as the popular arduino microcontrollers that serve as tiny computers \u2014 he pointed out that the arduinos use an atmel avr processor that exists separately in many cheaper varieties. but the popularity of imperfect tools such as 3d printers or arduinos can still do well for the diy movement if they spur enthusiasm among more people. \" i ' m a big fan of bad standards at the right time, \" gershenfeld said. making a better reality so can the world combine the maker movement ' s enthusiasm with a smarter blueprint for getting things done? gershenfeld ' s fab lab network has come up with a fab academy program to teach students around the world in work groups with mentors. rather than just diy, it ' s do - it - together. similar approaches already exist in universities including mit, but gershenfeld hopes to scale the learning opportunity up beyond just a few thousand mit students. that is where long - distance learning through online education can combine with real - world teams of students and mentors. \" what ' s wrong with diy is if you do it by yourself, it ' s easy to do dumb things, \" gershenfeld said. \" if you learn with other people, you can do it better. a place like mit is organized but it doesn ' t scale. we want to scale to a few billion people on the planet and harness the enthusiasm of the maker movement, but don ' t want to reinvent dumb things. \" this story was provided by innovationnewsdaily, a sister site to livescience. you can follow innovationnewsdaily senior writer jeremy hsu on twitter @ sciencehsu. follow innovationnewsdaily on twitter @ news _ innovation, or on facebook. - 10 incredible 3 - d printed products - nasa looks to 3d printing for spare space - station parts - 10 sci", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44605482529336804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.776856"} {"text": "crab pulsar emits light at highest energies ever detected in a pulsar system, scientists report by kim derose october 06, 2011 category : research an international team of scientists has detected the highest energy gamma rays ever observed from a pulsar, a highly magnetized and rapidly spinning neutron star. the veritas experiment measured gamma rays coming from the crab pulsar at such large energies that they cannot be explained by current scientific models of how pulsars behave, the researchers said. the results, published today in the journal science, outline the first observation of photons from a pulsar system with energies greater than 100 billion electron volts \u2014 more than 50 billion times higher than visible light from the sun. \" this is the highest energy pulsar system ever detected, \" said rene ong, a ucla professor of physics and astronomy and spokesperson for the veritas collaboration. \" it is a completely new and surprising phenomenon for pulsars. \" data were acquired for 107 hours over the course of three years by veritas ' s ground - based gamma ray observatory, which is part of southern arizona ' s whipple observatory, a facility managed by the harvard \u2013 smithsonian center for astrophysics. veritas ( very energetic radiation imaging telescope array system ) observes gamma rays using a network of four telescopes, each 12 meters in diameter. ong noted that all previous observations of pulsars indicated that the radiation cuts off at the high energies the team observed. \" it means the radiation we detect must be a new component that was completely unexpected, \" he said. gamma rays, the most energetic type of electromagnetic radiation, cannot be directed by lenses or bounced off mirrors like ordinary visible light, ong said. because the rays are invisible to the human eye, the only way telescopes on earth can detect them is by observing the path they take as they are absorbed in the planet ' s atmosphere. gamma rays are ejected from the crab pulsar, and they smash into earth ' s atmosphere, causing \" the electromagnetic equivalent of a sonic boom, \" ong said. this collision creates a shower of visible light more than 6 miles above the ground that is recorded by veritas. \" the atmosphere is an integral part of our measurement system, which makes veritas different from conventional telescopes, \" ong said. one of the most widely studied astronomical objects in the northern hemisphere, the crab nebula, which is some 6, 500 light - years from earth, was formed when a massive star exploded in a supernova", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5598938758490141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.783742"} {"text": "different from conventional telescopes, \" ong said. one of the most widely studied astronomical objects in the northern hemisphere, the crab nebula, which is some 6, 500 light - years from earth, was formed when a massive star exploded in a supernova event that was observed on earth in the year 1054. while it is most typical for pulsars to be ejected from the stellar wreckage during a supernova, in the case of the crab system, the pulsar remained at its center, producing radiation that covers the entire electromagnetic spectrum, ong said. he calls the crab system the \" rosetta stone of astronomy, \" because astronomers and astrophysicists have observed this object at every conceivable wavelength of light. \" the crab pulsar is considered among the best understood systems in all of astronomy, yet here we have found something totally new, \" he said. \" it is astronomy in a completely new light ; we are seeing phenomena that you just can ' t explore with optical light or x - rays, or even low - energy gamma rays. \" the crab pulsar is a highly magnetized neutron star with a surface magnetic field a trillion times stronger than that of the earth. the star spins at the dizzying rate of about 30 times a second and emits gamma rays through \" curvature radiation, \" an effect that creates a lighthouse - like beacon that winks on when the beam faces the earth and off when the star pivots away. light detected by the veritas experiment cannot be explained by curvature radiation, however, and likely comes from regions well outside the high \u2013 magnetic field region close to the neutron star, ong said. while such energetic gamma rays have been observed elsewhere in the galaxy, the actual mechanism of how they are created in a pulsar is not fully understood. \" the pulse duration of the radiation we see is almost three times shorter than that seen at other gamma ray energies, \" he said. \" this was very surprising and means this new radiation is probably coming from a different physical region of the star ' s outer magnetosphere. \" the veritas experiment looks for radiation emanating from celestial objects such as pulsars, active galaxies, the center of the milky way and supermassive black holes. it has collected data for nearly 1, 000 hours every year since it began operating in 2007. \" we are trying to understand processes out in the cosmos that can create particles at these extreme energies, beyond what can be produced here on earth, \" ong said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5901691601497294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.784706"} {"text": "collected data for nearly 1, 000 hours every year since it began operating in 2007. \" we are trying to understand processes out in the cosmos that can create particles at these extreme energies, beyond what can be produced here on earth, \" ong said. \" we are also very interested in seeing if these processes indicate some sort of new physics. \" ong hopes his research may shed some light on the mystery of cosmic rays. \" we are bombarded by high - energy particles from all over the cosmos that reach unimaginable energies, \" he said. \" these cosmic rays are an important energy source in our galaxy, yet we have no clue where they are coming from. \" this measurement indirectly gives us clues to the highest energies in the cosmos, telling us about particles and energies that we can ' t generate here on earth but that nature ' s accelerators are able to create for us. \" ong is currently helping to plan the next - generation ground - based gamma ray observatory, called the cherenkov telescope array ( cta ). covering more than one - half square mile with dozens of telescopes, the cta will be 10 times more sensitive than veritas, allowing radiation from fainter and more distant objects to be accurately resolved. the 95 co - authors of the science paper on the crab pulsar include scientists from 26 institutions in five countries who are part of the veritas collaboration. ucla co - authors include vladimir vassiliev, an associate professor of physics and astronomy ; pratik majumdar, a postdoctoral scholar in physics and astronomy ; and timothy arlen, a graduate student. this research is supported by the u. s. department of energy, the u. s. national science foundation, the smithsonian institution, the national sciences and engineering research council of canada, the u. k. ' s science and technology facilities council, and the science foundation ireland. ucla is california ' s largest university, with an enrollment of nearly 38, 000 undergraduate and graduate students. the ucla college of letters and science and the university ' s 11 professional schools feature renowned faculty and offer 337 degree programs and majors. ucla is a national and international leader in the breadth and quality of its academic, research, health care, cultural, continuing education and athletic programs. six alumni and five faculty have been awarded the nobel prize.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.538280474193298, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.785702"} {"text": "deaths in moscow have doubled to an average of 700 people a day as the russian capital is engulfed by poisonous smog from wildfires and a sweltering heat wave, a top health official said today, according to the associated press. the russian newspaper pravda reported : \u201c moscow is suffocating. thick toxic smog has been covering the sky above the city for days. the sun in moscow looks like the moon during the day : it \u2019 s not that bright and yellow, but pale and orange with misty outlines against the smoky sky. muscovites have to experience both the smog and sweltering heat at once. \u201d \u201c russia has recently seen the longest unprecedented heat wave for at least one thousand years, the head of the russian meteorological center, \u201d the news site ria novosti reported. various news sites report that foreign embassies have reduced activities or shut down, with many staff leaving moscow to escape the toxic atmosphere. russian heatwave : this nasa map released today shows areas of russia experiencing above - average temperatures this summer ( orange and red ). the map was released on nasa \u2019 s earth obervatory website. nasa earth observatory image by jesse allen, based on modis land surface temperature data available through the nasa earth observations ( neo ) website. caption by michon scott. according to nasa : in the summer of 2010, the russian federation had to contend with multiple natural hazards : drought in the southern part of the country, and raging fires in western russia and eastern siberia. the events all occurred against the backdrop of unusual warmth. bloomberg reported that temperatures in parts of the country soared to 42 degrees celsius ( 108 degrees fahrenheit ), and the wall street journal reported that fire - and drought - inducing heat was expected to continue until at least august 12. this map shows temperature anomalies for the russian federation from july 20 - 27, 2010, compared to temperatures for the same dates from 2000 to 2008. the anomalies are based on land surface temperatures observed by the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer ( modis ) on nasa \u2019 s terra satellite. areas with above - average temperatures appear in red and orange, and areas with below - average temperatures appear in shades of blue. oceans and lakes appear in gray. not all parts of the russian federation experienced unusual warmth on july 20 - 27, 2010. a large expanse of northern central russia, for instance, exhibits below - average temperatures. areas of atypical warmth, however, predominate in the east and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44335678462640066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.789279"} {"text": "all parts of the russian federation experienced unusual warmth on july 20 - 27, 2010. a large expanse of northern central russia, for instance, exhibits below - average temperatures. areas of atypical warmth, however, predominate in the east and west. orange - and red - tinged areas extend from eastern siberia toward the southwest, but the most obvious area of unusual warmth occurs north and northwest of the caspian sea. these warm areas in eastern and western russia continue a pattern noticeable earlier in july, and correspond to areas of intense drought and wildfire activity. bloomberg reported that 558 active fires covering 179, 596 hectares ( 693 square miles ) were burning across the russian federation as of august 6, 2010. voice of america reported that smoke from forest fires around the russian capital forced flight restrictions at moscow airports on august 6, just as health officials warned moscow residents to take precautions against the smoke inhalation. posted by david braun earlier related post : russia burns in hottest summer on record ( july 28, 2010 ) talk about tough : these guys throw themselves out of 50 - year - old aircraft into burning siberian forests. ( national geographic magazine feature, february 2008 ) photo by mark thiessen join nat geo news watch community readers are encouraged to comment on this and other posts \u2013 and to share similar stories, photos and links \u2013 on the nat geo news watch facebook page. you must sign up to be a member of facebook and a fan of the blog page to do this. leave a comment on this page you may also email david braun ( email @ example. com ) if you have a comment that you would like to be considered for adding to this page. you are welcome to comment anonymously under a pseudonym.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46490934383421173, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.789975"} {"text": "romeo and juliet the son and heir of montague and lady montague. a young man of about sixteen, romeo is handsome, intelligent, and sensitive. though impulsive and immature, his idealism and passion make him an extremely likable character. he lives in the middle of a violent feud between his family and the capulets, but he is not at all interested in violence. his only interest is love and he goes to extremes to prove the seriousness of his feelings. he secretly marries juliet, the daughter of his father \u2019 s worst enemy ; he happily takes abuse from tybalt ; and he would rather die than live without his beloved. romeo is also an affectionate and devoted friend to his relative benvolio, mercutio, and friar lawrence. the daughter of capulet and lady capulet. a beautiful thirteen - year - old girl, juliet begins the play as a naive child who has thought little about love and marriage, but she grows up quickly upon falling in love with romeo, the son of her family \u2019 s great enemy. because she is a girl in an aristocratic family, she has none of the freedom romeo has to roam around the city, climb over walls in the middle of the night, or get into swordfights. nevertheless, she shows amazing courage in trusting her entire life and future to romeo, even refusing to believe the worst reports about him after he gets involved in a fight with her cousin. juliet \u2019 s closest friend and confidant is her nurse, though she \u2019 s willing to shut the nurse out of her life the moment the nurse turns against romeo. a franciscan friar, friend to both romeo and juliet. kind, civic - minded, a proponent of moderation, and always ready with a plan, friar lawrence secretly marries the impassioned lovers in hopes that the union might eventually bring peace to verona. as well as being a catholic holy man, friar lawrence is also an expert in the use of seemingly mystical potions and herbs. a kinsman to the prince, and romeo \u2019 s close friend. one of the most extraordinary characters in all of shakespeare \u2019 s plays, mercutio overflows with imagination, wit, and, at times, a strange, biting satire and brooding fervor. mercutio loves wordplay, especially sexual double entendres. he can be quite hotheaded, and hates people who are affected, pretentious, or obsessed with the latest fashions. he finds romeo \u2019 s romanticized ideas about love tires", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4135697670426178, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.797096"} {"text": "loves wordplay, especially sexual double entendres. he can be quite hotheaded, and hates people who are affected, pretentious, or obsessed with the latest fashions. he finds romeo \u2019 s romanticized ideas about love tiresome, and tries to convince romeo to view love as a simple matter of sexual appetite. juliet \u2019 s nurse, the woman who breast - fed juliet when she was a baby and has cared for juliet her entire life. a vulgar, long - winded, and sentimental character, the nurse provides comic relief with her frequently inappropriate remarks and speeches. but, until a disagreement near the play \u2019 s end, the nurse is juliet \u2019 s faithful confidante and loyal intermediary in juliet \u2019 s affair with romeo. she provides a contrast with juliet, given that her view of love is earthy and sexual, whereas juliet is idealistic and intense. the nurse believes in love and wants juliet to have a nice - looking husband, but the idea that juliet would want to sacrifice herself for love is incomprehensible to her. a capulet, juliet \u2019 s cousin on her mother \u2019 s side. vain, fashionable, supremely aware of courtesy and the lack of it, he becomes aggressive, violent, and quick to draw his sword when he feels his pride has been injured. once drawn, his sword is something to be feared. he loathes montagues. the patriarch of the capulet family, father of juliet, husband of lady capulet, and enemy, for unexplained reasons, of montague. he truly loves his daughter, though he is not well acquainted with juliet \u2019 s thoughts or feelings, and seems to think that what is best for her is a \u201c good \u201d match with paris. often prudent, he commands respect and propriety, but he is liable to fly into a rage when either is lacking. juliet \u2019 s mother, capulet \u2019 s wife. a woman who herself married young ( by her own estimation she gave birth to juliet at close to the age of fourteen ), she is eager to see her daughter marry paris. she is an ineffectual mother, relying on the nurse for moral and pragmatic support. romeo \u2019 s father, the patriarch of the montague clan and bitter enemy of capulet. at the beginning of the play, he is chiefly concerned about romeo \u2019 s melancholy. romeo \u2019 s mother, montague \u2019 s wife. she dies of grief after romeo is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4508615120915096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.798305"} {"text": "the patriarch of the montague clan and bitter enemy of capulet. at the beginning of the play, he is chiefly concerned about romeo \u2019 s melancholy. romeo \u2019 s mother, montague \u2019 s wife. she dies of grief after romeo is exiled from verona. a kinsman of the prince, and the suitor of juliet most preferred by capulet. once capulet has promised him he can marry juliet, he behaves very presumptuous toward, acting as if they are already married. montague \u2019 s nephew, romeo \u2019 s cousin and thoughtful friend, he makes a genuine effort to defuse violent scenes in public places, though mercutio accuses him of having a nasty temper in private. he spends most of the play trying to help romeo get his mind off rosaline, even after romeo has fallen in love with juliet. the prince of verona. a kinsman of mercutio and paris. as the seat of political power in verona, he is concerned about maintaining the public peace at all costs. a franciscan friar charged by friar lawrence with taking the news of juliet \u2019 s false death to romeo in mantua. friar john is held up in a quarantined house, and the message never reaches romeo. romeo \u2019 s dedicated servant, who brings romeo the news of juliet \u2019 s death, unaware that her death is a ruse. sampson and gregory two servants of the house of capulet, who, like their master, hate the montagues. at the outset of the play, they successfully provoke some montague men into a fight. montague \u2019 s servant, who fights with sampson and gregory in the first scene of the play. an apothecary in mantua. had he been wealthier, he might have been able to afford to value his morals more than money, and refused to sell poison to romeo. a capulet servant who invites guests to capulet \u2019 s feast and escorts the nurse to meet with romeo. he is illiterate, and a bad singer. the woman with whom romeo is infatuated at the beginning of the play. rosaline never appears onstage, but it is said by other characters that she is very beautiful and has sworn to live a life of chastity. the chorus is a single character who functions as a narrator offering commentary on the play \u2019 s plot and themes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3821066877378441, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.799737"} {"text": "medicines : one size does not fit all studies have shown that bad reactions to properly prescribed medicines cause a number of hospitalizations each year. researchers believe that many of these errors show that when it comes to taking medicines, \" one size does not fit all. \" for example, allergy medicines simply don ' t work for everyone who takes them. for some people, taking the standard dosage of a prescription pain reliever such as codeine offers no pain relief, and can even cause side effects that are uncomfortable or life - threatening. as the body ages, fat and muscle content change, affecting how the body absorbs and processes drugs. many other factors - - exercise habits, diet, and general state of health - - also influence how a person responds to medications. genes and proteins can affect your response to medicines another key factor is heredity - - the genes we inherit from our parents and other ancestors. genes can influence the way people respond to many types of medicines, such as tylenol # 3\u00ae, which is acetaminophen plus codeine ; antidepressants like prozac\u00ae, also called fluoxetine ; and many blood pressure and asthma medicines. video length : 4 min 18 sec click to watch this video your genes determine the shape and function of your proteins. as drugs travel through the body, they interact with dozens of proteins. everyone \u2019 s genes are slightly different, so everyone \u2019 s proteins are different. variations in some proteins can affect the way we respond to medicines. such proteins include those that help the body absorb, metabolize, or eliminate drugs. what is pharmacogenomics? many scientists around the country are conducting research to understand how genes affect the way people respond to medicines. this type of research is called pharmacogenomics. as pharmacogenomics research progresses, it will become increasingly important to identify all the possible variations in genes that play a role in drug response. to identify which versions of these genes a person has, researchers examine dna from that person. an easy, painless, and risk - free way to obtain dna is from mouth cells that stick to a cotton swab rubbed on the inside of a volunteer ' s cheek. uncovering differences in people ' s genetic backgrounds will help doctors prescribe the right medicine in the right amount for each person, making medicines more safe and effective for everyone. scientists will also better understand the role that genes play in causing or contributing to diseases including cancer, heart disease, diabetes, depression, and many others.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5178234495052827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.802447"} {"text": "when is earth day? we \u2019 ve been celebrating it on april 22 in the united states since 1970, and the un designated april 22 \u201c international mother earth day \u201d in 2009. the holiday ( sometimes stretched into a week - long earth week ) is celebrated in more than 175 countries every year. but really, we hope that one holiday isn \u2019 t necessary to raise awareness of our responsibility to the earth. be mindful of little things you can do every day to be kind to the environment. here are some reminders and craft ideas to help you celebrate earth day. your reward is knowing that our planet will be around for our kids \u2019 kids, too. earth day offers a great opportunity for families to take care of the earth together. \" kids and adults are out of touch with nature, \" says cherie ingraham, founder of the chuckie goodnight foundation for the environment in brewster, ny, a non - profit organization dedicated to providing environmental education for children and preserving green space. ingraham recommends that families try to make every day earth day, and to recycle everything they can, even if it requires some imaginative thinking : \" think about the things you can do every day in your life to make a difference. \" with that goal in mind, ingraham has some entertaining activities and crafts to get you and your family thinking green this earth day, including a recycling station, a container garden, recycled picture frames and more. as a parent, how can you grow an appreciation and awareness of nature in your children? we have 14 ideas for everyday activities and conversations you can share with your little ones to start them thinking - - and acting - - greener than ever.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42300564769409993, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.804706"} {"text": "the manned research submersible alvin. september 8 - october 1, 2001 the deep east expedition completed its field season on october 1. scientists explored three regions of the atlantic ocean, from maine to georgia, including the submarine canyons of georges bank and bear seamount off the new england coast ; hudson submarine canyon, an ancient extension of the hudson river valley that extends more than 400 nautical mi seaward from the new york - new jersey harbor ; and blake ridge off the georgia coast. even though these areas are very close to home, until now, little was known about the living and nonliving resources there. using the manned submersible alvin, scientists ventured to the bottom of the atlantic, collected video footage, measured the biological, geological, and chemical features of these areas, and collected biological and geological samples for further analysis. during the expedition, scientists examined deep - water corals and methane hydrates, and discovered previously unknown deep - sea resources and processes. background information about the expedition are found on the left side of this page. daily updates are included below. detailed daily logs of the expedition ' s activities are found on the right. read a summary of some of the preliminary findings from this fascinating expedition. on dec 12, npr marketplace ran a special feature on the deep east expedition. you can listen to it here ( click on realaudio link, then advance to 22 : 05 ). updates & logs leg 3 blake ridge click images or links below for detailed mission logs. the deep east expedition spanned 1, 000 mi, from georges bank to the blake ridge off the u. s. eastern seaboard. of the planned 15 dives, 11 descended to depths reaching 3, 000 meters - - more than a mile and a half below the ocean surface. the expedition ' s accomplishments included the collection of eggs and sperm packets from two deep - water species of anemone and coral. analysis of these samples will provide the first picture of invertebrate reproduction in deep - sea habitats. the preliminary results of geological studies showed an elevated methane signal throughout the hudson canyon region, indicating that active methane vents occur in the area. pending further analysis of samples collected at blake ridge, scientists expect to find several new species of sea creatures, including shrimps, worms, and clams. some of these organisms may harbor new symbiotic relationships that could change our fundamental understanding of the global web of life. winds are sustained at 37 kts with higher gusts and the seas are mess8 feet and continuing to build. weather predictions take", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4972417866555169, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.818209"} {"text": "of these organisms may harbor new symbiotic relationships that could change our fundamental understanding of the global web of life. winds are sustained at 37 kts with higher gusts and the seas are mess8 feet and continuing to build. weather predictions take the winds to 50 kts, and the captain says that the seas will probably reach 20 feet. the final alvin dive of the deep east voyage of discovery has been cancelled. the underwater transponders that have navigated alvin again and again to the site of our deep sea finds have been retrieved. dr. carolyn ruppel continues to gather the multibeam points to further expand our knowledge of the bathymetry at blake ridge. samples are being packed up and the atlantis has begun the task of getting her ready for the tours that will be part of noaas ocean exploration day in charleston. makes dive 3712 on area e on the blake ridge, the weather report reads \" developing gale, 33 n 70w moving ne 30 kts. forecast area of n winds 25 - 35 kt, seas 10 - 18 ft. within area s of 34nw of 75w associated with the gale center south of the area. \" although is approximately 60 nautical miles east - southeast the affected area, there is already an air of anticipation about whether tomorrows dive will be affected by seas kicked up by the developing system. students from around the country have been participating in the deep east web forum over the past four days. this online conversation concluded today with a very successful audio deep east web chat with students from as far away as washington and as close as south carolina posing questions live via a satellite phone to scientists on board the atlantis it is an overcast day and the seas are calm. as alvin makes dive 3, 711 the blake ridge, dr. joan bernhard and graduate student katie knick are experiencing the deep sea in a way that few of us ever will. dr. carolyn ruppel continues her work using the multibeam system to \" fill in \" details of blake ridge bathymetry with 120 measurements that are sent back to the ship with each ping of the multibeam instrument. and dr. joan bernhard discovers yet another new find on the blake ridge. is making its second dive on the blake ridge. dr. barun sen gupta and dr. paul aharon are in the submersible with pilot dudley foster as they explore for evidence of gas hydrates. dr. joan bernhard reported during the morning science meeting that microscopic examinations of sediment cores late last night revealed that, in fact, bacterial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.507207510207973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.819279"} {"text": "paul aharon are in the submersible with pilot dudley foster as they explore for evidence of gas hydrates. dr. joan bernhard reported during the morning science meeting that microscopic examinations of sediment cores late last night revealed that, in fact, bacterial mats of beggiatoa were collected yesterday, the first chemoautotrophic ( feeding on methane ) bacteria to be collected at this site. alvin returns to us after a full day of diving and delivers incredible video tapes of gas hydrates, mussels that are larger than the ones collected yesterday, and live clams - - yet another historic day of exploration on the deep seafloor of the blake ridge. made its first dive on the blake ridge to a depth of 2, 155 meters, almost a mile and a half under the surface of the ocean. today will be a memorable one in deep sea research as it goes down in history as being the first day that live samples were brought up from the deep ocean floor at blake ridge using the alvin. \" amazing, just amazing, \" says dr. cindy van dover. these are by far the biggest mussels i have ever arrived at the first station at approximately 1230 today. transponders were released to aid the alvin underwater navigation for tomorrows dive. an expendable bathythermograph ( xbt ) was deployed to measure temperature of the water column with depth. a multibeam survey is underway to create a plot of the bathymetry of the area. seas are calm and scientists and crew are busy preparing for the first dive on blake ridge scheduled to take place at 0800 tomorrow. the r / v atlantis continues on her way to the blake ridge. we are currently 47 miles due east of cape hatteras, north carolina. we have slowed in speed due to the presence of the gulf stream, which we are now crossing as it makes an eastward bend off the coast of north carolina. at the present speed of 11. 1 kts, our estimated time of arrival on station is 1200 ( noon ) tomorrow. the seas are calm, despite the fact that the tropical depression has now been upgraded to tropical storm humberto. predictions continue to take it from its current northern track to a more northeastern track over the next 12 hours. leg 2 hudson canyon we have packed up our gear and are ready for departure. much planning and organization went into our coming together for this leg of the deep east expedition, so in one sense, the trip was a culmination of the dreams and efforts of many people", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.482240416901083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.820423"} {"text": "we have packed up our gear and are ready for departure. much planning and organization went into our coming together for this leg of the deep east expedition, so in one sense, the trip was a culmination of the dreams and efforts of many people. in another way, the data we have collected, ideas we have exchanged, things we have learned, and questions we have raised make this a new beginning. we will leave the research vessel ( r / v ) atlantis with a tremendous sense of accomplishment, as well as new reasons and increased motivation to further explore the deep ocean and the dynamic ecosystems that characterize the hudson canyon. everyone woke to the excitement of having two alvin dives today. the first dive would carry a teacher, and the second, a graduate student. as teacher holly donovan approached her dive time, she was very nervous, but anxious to see the wonders of the sea. while waiting for the second dive, graduate student grant law sat in the computer lab playing the guitar. as both dives came aboard, anxious scientists gathered around to hear the stories, collect their samples, and reminisce about the past week. september 19 today, alvin dove to the northern edge of the hudson canyon. this region is located on the outer edge of the continental shelf, near the head of the canyon. during this dive, scientists fred grassle and ken able were able to identify 21 species of fish. one of the most striking sights was a variety of predators ( squid, hake, and crab ) feeding feverishly on thousands of lantern fish near the bottom of the canyon at a depth of about 200 m. the day started at 2 : 30 am, when the first box core was lowered into the ocean then departed at 8 : 30 on its way to the plume site. as alvin returned, a rumor spread that a large animal had been captured. as alvin into its \" garage, \" many scientists and others gathered around to see the sight - - a huge anemone. then the box cores, niskin bottles, and alvin push cores were all unloaded. the evening came to an end with three box cores over the side at 8 : 30 and 11 pm, and finally at 1 : 30 am on sept. 19. mud was flying everywhere. after our early morning attempt to launch the ctd rosette, which had been postponed due to weather conditions, we continued watching the wind speed and the size of the swells to determine whether our scheduled first dive with alvin would indeed occur. the initial launch time of 8 am was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4716811946842776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.821839"} {"text": "launch the ctd rosette, which had been postponed due to weather conditions, we continued watching the wind speed and the size of the swells to determine whether our scheduled first dive with alvin would indeed occur. the initial launch time of 8 am was postponed until 9 : 30, at which time the launch was successfully completed descended to the 106 - mi dumpsite. box cores, water samples, and core samples were taken to study the evolution of the ecology and geology of the site since the last sampling in 1996. after dinner, the ctd rosette was successfully launched and retrieved. its water samples will be tested later for methane. excitement was in the air as moving day approached. scientists scurried around moving on board, while crew members busily loaded and tied down all the equipment needed for the trip. as the r / v atlantis pulled away from the dock, most of the scientists ' paused to take one last look at land before heading out to sea. now they were ready to get to work. leg 1 georges bank canyons september 15 the first leg of deep east came to a close today, as we returned to dock in woods hole at 9 : 15 am. the weather is getting rougher, and all those aboard are relieved that leg 2 of deep east will disembark from woods hole instead of from staten island, ny, as planned. originally, the scientists participating in leg 2 were to board a transfer boat on staten island and come out to sea to meet the atlantis. when the two boats rendez - voused, leg 1 scientists would board the staten island transfer boat. when it became clear that the port of new york would be closed, however, woods hole became the exchange point. at long last, the wind and waves subsided enough to allow alvin to dive safely into hydrographer canyon. the benthic substrate of this canyon was considerably different from that of oceanographer canyon. instead of a rocky substrate, this canyon was steep and muddy. no corals were found in hydrographer canyon, but a rich community of fish and invertebrates was observed. the science team wrapped up this leg of deep east with an alvin ritual - - sending decorated styrofoam cups down on the submersible. the crushing hydrostatic pressure shrinks them into tiny miniatures. after four days at sea and only one dive day, the crew and science party once again woke to rough seas and high winds. some members of the science party kept busy editing digital video footage and still photos, while others caught up on missed sleep.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47648884353464654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.822983"} {"text": "after four days at sea and only one dive day, the crew and science party once again woke to rough seas and high winds. some members of the science party kept busy editing digital video footage and still photos, while others caught up on missed sleep. the r / v atlantis ' seabeam multibeam sonar system was pressed into service to map the depths of bear and physalia seamounts. the atlantis crew set a course for hydrographer canyon, with high hopes for low winds and calm seas for friday ' s planned alvin weather conditions at sea have forced the cancellation of the dive at bear seamount. the swells from hurricane erin, approximately 150 mi southeast of the r / v atlantis, can be felt aboard ship, and the captain has ordered all hands to remain inside until further notice. work continues aboard the ship, while the crew and science staff monitor news updates from the u. s. mainland. the r / v atlantis left woods hole at 12 noon and headed to oceanographer canyon, the first dive site. shortly after departure, we encountered the whoi vessel r / v oceanus to port. once south of the nantucket shoals, the crew and science staff participated in safety demonstrations and received advice on \" getting their sea legs. \" an evening meeting for the science staff will discuss the next days dive, and the status of hurricane erin. we ' ll also get to see slides of deep - sea coral species, courtesy of dr. barbara hecker. prior to the cruise, preparations for the deep east expedition took place on the dock at woods hole oceanographic institution ( whoi ) in woods hole, ma. science equipment, food, and other supplies lined the dock as the crew, scientists, educators, and whoi staff made a final inspection of the vessel and completed last - minute tasks. a deep east professional development institute was provided for educators on cape cod, which included a tour of the r / v atlantis. as the excitement and anticipation began to build, a new element was added to the mix - - hurricane erin, whose path will be closely monitored as departure time approaches. sign up for the ocean explorer e - mail update list.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44026594428515087, "token_count": 436, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.823885"} {"text": "from ohio history central during the early 1760s, neolin, a spiritual leader of the delaware indians, gained favor among many native societies in the ohio country. dismayed by the indians ' reliance on english and french manufactured goods, neolin called for the natives to adopt more traditional indian practices. rather than using the musket to hunt and fight, neolin encouraged his followers to use the traditional bow and arrow instead. he also demanded that his followers forsake alcohol. by turning their backs on their native customs, he said, keesh - she - la - mil - lang - up, the master of life, would not allow them to enter heaven. indians must return to their traditional ways if they hoped to receive the master of life ' s blessing and to succeed against the english settlers traveling into the ohio country at the end of the french and indian war. many scholars believe that neolin ' s message greatly influenced pontiac, a leader of the ottawa indians. pontiac agreed with neolin that native tribes needed to end their reliance on europeans and unite together against english settlers. but he refused to give up muskets. pontiac believed that there was little hope for the indians if they returned to more traditional means of fighting. in february 1765, neolin urged his fellow native americans to end an uprising that later came to be called pontiac ' s rebellion. according to neolin, the master of life had ordered the indians to lay down their arms. in the early 1800s, tenskwatawa, the shawnee prophet, spread a message similar to neolin ' s across the ohio country once again. - barrett, carole, harvey markowitz, and r. kent rasmussen, eds. american indian biographies. pasadena, ca : salem press, 2005. - hurt, r. douglas. the ohio frontier : crucible of the old northwest, 1720 - 1830. bloomington, in : indiana university press, 1996.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44508210437380047, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.825847"} {"text": "alan paton never won a nobel prize for cry, the beloved country, his landmark 1948 novel about a zulu minister who learns that his son has murdered the son of a white man. but his book may have had a greater impact on the struggle for racial justice in south africa than any by nadine gordimer, who did win. and it has had a strong readership in the u. s. for six decades, bolstered by two movie versions and its selection for oprah \u2019 s book club in 2003. why was cry, the beloved country so important? here \u2019 s an answer from doris lessing, the novelist and 2007 nobel laureate in literature, who was born in southern rhodesia ( now zimbabwe ) and wrote another book critical of south africa, the grass is singing, that appeared soon after paton \u2019 s : \u201c what you have to remember is that the whole of southern africa was seen as a very happy, fun place full of satisfied blacks \u2026. cry, the beloved country destroyed that vision. then along came the grass is singing, which helped to break it down even more. \u201d doris lessing as quoted by emily parker in \u201c provocateur \u201d in the weekend interview with doris lessing, the wall street journal, march 15 - 16, 2008. read a biography of paton at \u00a9 2008 janice harayda. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37953762124014245, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.827246"} {"text": "a romanticized view of a popular color honored by the american library association green. by laura vaccaro seeger. neal porter / roaring brook press, $ 16. 99. ages 2 \u2013 5. by janice harayda a half century ago, dr. seuss helped children learn about colors with his rhyming trochees : \u201c one fish / two fish / red fish / blue fish. \u201d laura vaccaro seeger takes a similar approach in her celebration of every environmentalist \u2019 s favorite color, which begins : \u201c forest green / sea green / lime green / pea green. \u201d this 32 - word book introduces different kinds of green by pairing thumping rhymes with boldly painted pictures and cutouts that, like windows, show a different view depending on whether you \u2019 re looking in or out ( or, in this case, at the first page on which they appear or the next ) : a cutout that defines a pea on one page turns into the eye of a tiger on the next. green has no rhymes like \u201c bile green / sickly green / vile green / prickly green, \u201d and its romanticized green - is - good subtext borders on an environmental cliche. but vaccaro seeger is a fine painter who can make impasto acrylics rest as lightly on the page as a firefly. you just wonder how may 2 - year - olds will come away with the idea that zebras have green stripes after seeing such a creature in the illustration for the final line of the quatrain : \u201c jungle green / khaki green / fern green / wacky green. \u201d best line / picture : the picture of the \u201c wacky green \u201d zebra is great even if drags the concept of the book sideways and the joke will sail over the heads of 3 - year - olds who have no idea what a zebra is. worst line / picture : all of the lines in the book begin with lower - case letters except for \u201c jungle green / khaki green \u2026 \u201d which begins, senselessly, with a capital j. and as others have noted, the one of the cutouts of fireflies on the \u201c glow green \u201d spread doesn \u2019 t line up perfectly with what it \u2019 s supposed to reveal. published : march 2012 furthermore : update : the american library association named green a 2013 caldecott honor book on jan. 30, 2013. green has emerged as a favorite for the caldecott medal ( which will be awarded jan. 28, 2013 ) in the mock", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45441935722844773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.832057"} {"text": "carbs get a bad rap because so many americans are eating the bad ones \u2014 refined carbohydrates in white bread, candy, cookies, sugary cereals, and all sorts of other junk food and drinks. in fact, research has shown that 95 percent of the grains we eat are refined. eating too many foods with these adulterated ingredients won \u2019 t just make you fat ; it \u2019 ll also raise your risk of heart disease and diabetes. and raise your levels of blood fats called triglycerides, putting you on the fast track for a heart attack or stroke. the good news is working the healthiest grains into your diet can help prevent or reverse these health problems. healthy, whole - grain foods are made from cereal grains that include the whole kernel. research shows they can protect you from ticker trouble, diabetes, colon cancer, and possibly asthma and alzheimer \u2019 s disease. photo : catherine sears this one is pretty easy, as long as you don \u2019 t let food marketers trick you. it can be readily found in bread and pasta products, but make sure the label says \u201c 100 percent whole wheat. \u201d terms like \u201c multigrain \u201d and \u201c wheat \u201d don \u2019 t cut it. as when you \u2019 re shopping for any whole - grain product, look at the ingredients and make sure the whole grain is at or near the top of the list. each serving should contain at least 2 or 3 grams of fiber. healthy recipe : summer wheat berry salad photo : ( cc ) cheeseslave / flickr oats are particularly rich in avenanthramide, an antioxidant that protects the heart. when you \u2019 re shopping for this whole grain, whether you see the word \u201c whole \u201d or not doesn \u2019 t matter, the way it does with wheat products. oats in the ingredients list means the product is made from whole oats. but if you are buying something like instant oatmeal, avoid those that contain high - fructose corn syrup. a study this year found that ingredient was a source of mercury contamination in oatmeal. we suggest sticking to the good old - fashioned unsweetened kind and mixing in a little fruit or honey. for all practical purposes, bulgur is considered a whole grain, even though up to 5 percent of its bran may be removed during processing. it \u2019 s so good for you, though, we \u2019 re putting it on the list. the grain, which is used to make tabbouleh salad, is a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41604667190180344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.837519"} {"text": "even though up to 5 percent of its bran may be removed during processing. it \u2019 s so good for you, though, we \u2019 re putting it on the list. the grain, which is used to make tabbouleh salad, is a great source of iron and magnesium. the fiber and protein powerhouse ( a cup contains nearly 75 percent of the dietary fiber you need for the day, and 25 percent of the protein you should get ) can be used in salads or tossed in soups. it \u2019 s ready in minutes. healthy recipe : tabbouleh with fruit photo : ( cc ) rooey202 / flickr when you choose white rice over brown, around 75 percent of rice \u2019 s nutrients \u2014 including nearly all the antioxidants, magnesium, phosphorus, and b vitamins contained in the healthy bran and germ \u2014 are left on the milling - room floor. always opt for brown rice, and that includes brown aromatic varieties like basmati and jasmine. get even more exotic with red and black rice, both of which are considered whole grains and are high in antioxidants. though technically a grass, wild rice is also considered a whole grain and is rich in b vitamins, such as niacin and folate. what ' s for dinner? grilled salmon with brown rice. photo : getty images eating a half - cup of whole barley regularly during a 5 - week period cut participants \u2019 cholesterol levels by nearly 10 percent when compared to other participants who went without barley in a usda study. add raisins or dried apricots to quick - cooking barley, and serve it as a side dish. just make sure it \u2019 s whole - grain barley, not \u201c pearled, \u201d which means the bran and germ have been removed. learn more : brew your own beer according to nutritional research from the nonprofit organic center, rye has more nutrients per 100 - calorie serving than any other whole grain. it has four times more fiber than standard whole wheat and provides you with nearly 50 percent of your daily recommended amount of iron. the problem is, most rye and pumpernickel ( made primarily from rye ) bread in this country is made with refined flours. be persistent ; look for \u201c whole rye \u201d topping the ingredients list to get the healthy benefits. photo : ( cc ) kristen taylor / flickr this common pancake whole grain is one of the whole grains many people living with celiac disease can tolerate ( others include quinoa, amara", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43197146615400484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.838531"} {"text": "\u201d topping the ingredients list to get the healthy benefits. photo : ( cc ) kristen taylor / flickr this common pancake whole grain is one of the whole grains many people living with celiac disease can tolerate ( others include quinoa, amaranth, and sorghum ). and it \u2019 s one of the best grain - based sources of magnesium, a wonder mineral that does everything from ease pms symptoms to improve nerve functioning, and manganese, which boosts brain power. and thank goodness for that, because who doesn \u2019 t enjoy a good buckwheat pancake from time to time! learn more : buckwheat as a summer cover crop photo : ( cc ) linda simon / flickr most of the couscous you see is a form of pasta, usually made from refined wheat flour. so when you \u2019 re eying the items in the aisle for the healthiest couscous pick, look for the whole - wheat kind, often most easily found in natural - food stores. skipping the refined version and going with the whole - grain type will gain you 5 additional grams of fiber. try this : orange couscous salad photo : ( cc ) timothy tsui yes, corn can be healthy for you when it \u2019 s whole! a good source of b vitamins, magnesium, and phosphorus, whole corn is also thought to increase healthy gut flora, which can ward off diabetes, heart disease, and chronic inflammation. yellow corn is also high in antioxidants. the easiest way to eat whole corn? popcorn! just skip the microwavable kinds that use harmful chemicals in the bags \u2019 nonstick lining. instead, buy organic popcorn kernels and make microwave popcorn in an ordinary paper bag, or do it the old - fashioned way on the stovetop. organic is important, as about 40 percent of the corn grown in the united states is genetically modified ( gm ) to withstand higher doses of pesticides. some studies are starting to link gm foods to allergies and other health problems. learn more : how to grow organic sweet corn photo : rob cardillo though it \u2019 s technically a seed and not a grain, this ancient south american power food is packed with more protein than any other grain, and each uncooked cup of the stuff ( about three servings ) has 522 milligrams of omega - 3 fatty acids. your family will likely enjoy its light, nutty flavor for a change of pace at the dinner table. creative quinoa recipe : lime bi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39527837909641006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.839426"} {"text": "the main risk is that when you post, you are aware of the present context and can ' t link it to the future - - because the future doesn ' t exist yet. but computers can. computer software can link a person ' s identity, the image of their face or name to every concept ( website, blogpost tag, other people, ideas they express, actions they take, etc ) they are seen with past or present. facial recognition software can link all the pictures of a person to each other, and to the concepts they are linked to. computers are great at search, and great at storing links between information. computers can make concept webs that link ideas, faces, names. here ' s one example of a man who realized the story of his life could be drawn with pure data he wasn ' t trying to tell his story with. even if you are careful to never post your picture with your name, if one of your friends does once, the pictures can be linked with the names. so, in summary, the risk is that you ' re telling a story that you can ' t see as you tell it. you ' re creating connections that allow agencies access to information that you or your child may not want them to have in the future. the fine print about the sites ' \" privacy \" policy also changes over time. even so, most sites maintain the right to share your data with agencies that your ( future ) child may not consent to. this makes the risks hard to see, because we can ' t see the links between the data. but your child ' s future employers, partners, friends, and coworkers may have access to them.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5327283979395652, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.841231"} {"text": "select the links below for specific information on parthia and its rulers. there was a district named partukka or partakka which was known to the assyrians as early as the seventh century b. c., and it may have formed a part of media. media was conquered by cyrus ( kurush ) the great, founder of the achaemenid empire. the achaemenids ruled iran from 550 b. c. to 330 b. c. and their authority extended from the danube river to the indus river at its zenith. under the achaemenids, there was a satrapy named parthava, probably gained by conquest between 546 and 539 b. c. during cyrus the great ' s campaign south and east of the caspian sea. ( debevoise, political history, 4 ) at that time the satrapy included hyrcania, which lay between the elburz mountains and the caspian sea. parthava revolted in 521 b. c., but was subdued and probably remained united with hyrcania at the death of darius. later it was apparently separated from hyrcania and then joined with chorasmia. in the army of xerxes, there was a contingent of parthians under the command of a certain artabazus son of pharnaces, probably the satrap of parthia. among the parthians killed in xerxes ' greek campaign was a cavalry leader named arsaces. ( aeschylus, persae, 4 ) the last ruler of the achaemenid line was darius iii condomannus who was defeated by alexander the great. the parthians fought on the side of the achaemenids against alexander at arbela and darius ' satrap of parthia, phrataphernes, surrendered to alexander in hyrcania. ( arrian, anabasis, iii ) after defeat by alexander, amminapses, a parthian from egypt, was made alexander ' s satrap of parthia, which had been joined with hyrcania. in 318 b. c. pithon, satrap of media, seized parthia and installed his brother eudamus. but other satraps became alarmed and united under peucestas of persis to drive pithon back to media. ( justin xiii, 4. 23 ) after 316 b. c. the province was apparently joined to bactria under the command of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39435481168849107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.847583"} {"text": "satraps became alarmed and united under peucestas of persis to drive pithon back to media. ( justin xiii, 4. 23 ) after 316 b. c. the province was apparently joined to bactria under the command of stasanor. but after nearly a century of macedonian greek rule by alexander and his seleucid successors, the nearly continuous war with egypt weakened the seleucids to the point that diodotus of bactria revolted and declared himself king circa 253 b. c. ( justin xli, 4. 5 ) the origins of the parthian people are clouded. strabo ( xi, 515 ) says the first arsaces was a scythian man with the semi - nomadic parni tribe, a part of the dahi, nomads who lived along the ochus ( tejend or lower oxus ) river, who invaded and conquered parthia. strabo also mentions those who claim arsaces was a bactrian who escaped from diodotus after a failed revolt. justin ( xli, 1 ) agrees arsaces was a scythian. frye ' s analysis is that we can believe the parni origins, but it was more likely a migration than an invasion that brought them, and arsaces, to parthia. ( history, p. 207 ) these people would not be known as parthians until they moved southward into the persian province of parthava sometime before 250 b. c. achaemenian and early greek references to \" parthians \" refer to earlier inhabitants of parthava, not the arsacid parthians. ( debevoise, political history, 2 ; w. m. montgomery, early empires ). the parthians took encouragement from diodotus ' success and in 247 b. c. rose against andragoras, satrap of parthia for antichus ii theos ( 261 - 247 b. c. ). this date is fixed by a double - dated tablet discovered by george smith ( assyrian discoveries, london, 1875 ). the revolt was led by the brothers arsaces and tiridates. arsaces became king and his name the honorific used by all subsequent parthian kings. during the second century b. c., the parthians were able to extend their rule to bactria, babylonia, susiana, and media, and under mithradates ii ( c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38906401190117834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.848341"} {"text": "used by all subsequent parthian kings. during the second century b. c., the parthians were able to extend their rule to bactria, babylonia, susiana, and media, and under mithradates ii ( c. 123 - 88 b. c. ), parthian conquests stretched from armenia to india. after the victories of mithradates ii, the parthians began to claim descent from both the greeks and the achaemenids. they spoke a language similar to that of the achaemenids, used the pahlavi script, and established an administrative system based on achaemenid precedents. the most confused period of parthian history is from the late years in the reign of mithradates ii ( ended c. 88 b. c. ) to the establishment of the sole rule of orodes ii c. 57 b. c. while mithradates ii was still in power, we have coins from gotarzes i ( c. 95 - 90 b. c. ), orodes i ( c. 90 - 80 b. c. ). and during the period immediately following the reign of mithradates ii, we see overlapping coinages of orodes i ( c. 90 - 80 b. c. ), an unknown king ( i ) c. 80 b. c., another unknown king ( ii ) ( c. 80 - 70 b. c. ), sinatruces ( c. 77 - 70 b. c. ), and darius of media atropatene ( c. 70 b. c. ). phraates iii appears to have consolidated control in the years around and following 70 b. c., and orodes ii took firm control c. 57 b. c. see the expanded discussion of this very confused period at the page on the dark age in parthian history. in 53 b. c. crassus and over 40, 000 roman troops were annihilated by the parthian forces of orodes ii and the peoples from the mediterranean to the indus understood the strength of parthia. but by 40 b. c. even rome had to acknowledge a parthia whose forces, under the joint command of pacorus i and q. labienus, a roman, had struck directly into the heart of the roman east and captured the provinces of asia, pamphylia, cilicia, and syria ; even as far south as petra, parthia ' s word was law. for two years", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4023238433915365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.849118"} {"text": ", a roman, had struck directly into the heart of the roman east and captured the provinces of asia, pamphylia, cilicia, and syria ; even as far south as petra, parthia ' s word was law. for two years this vast area, so vital to roman interests, was under parthian occupation. possession of the carian and perhaps the ionian coast by foreigners struck close to home as many romans were native to that part of the world or did business there. the occupiers were no sooner pushed out by ventidius than another roman army under anthony was defeated and barely escaped annihilation at parthian hands. [ debevoise, 208 ] the tug of war with rome on the western border of parthia continued almost without cease while parthia had to constantly see to other threats from the north and east. the western border between rome ' s dominions and parthia gradually stabilized on the banks of the euphrates, but war was always a threat and though major campaigns by the romans were seen in a. d. 116, 161, 195, 217 and 232, parthia was never conquered. the parthian landed nobility gained power and influence due to their their military power and increasing rights over the land and its peasants. as these grew, they were sufficient to allow the nobles to resist then defy the king, refusing to pay levies and failing to answer the call to arms that had been parthia ' s source of power. concurrently, the royal arsacids fell to internal disagreements over succession which often ended in murder and a continued slide in their power. the resulting disorganization and fragmentation of the empire made way for successful roman incursions into parthian territories where rich commercial centers and royal treasuries were plundered, and territories lost to invaders. petty kings rose to fill the power void ; this power redistribution culminated in a direct attempts to overthrow the monarchy. in a. d. 224, ardashir, parthian governor in the achaemenid home province of persis ( fars ), overthrew artabanus iv and established the sasanid dynasty. the last parthian king, vologases vi, issued his last dated coin in a. d. 228. the sasanians would rule iran until the islamic conquest in a. d. 641. the sasanians were ardent zoroastrians in conflict with their armenian subjects who originally were zoroastrians but subsequently embraced christianity. the years of sasani", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40273597474110756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.850000"} {"text": "tubbataha reef national marine park \" designated by unesco as world heritage site, one of three in the philippines ( the other being the puerto princesa subterranean river national park and banaue rice terraces \" it is home to nearly 400 species of fish and bird species, enough reason to declare tubbataha as a national marine park through proclamation no. 306 on august 11, 1998 this makes commercial fishing or the collecting of corals illegal within 33, 2000 hectares of its reefs and surrounding areas. in 1994, the united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization ( unesco ) designated tubbataha as world heritage site, one of three in the philippines ( the others being the puerto princesa subterranean river national park and banaue rice terraces ). tubbataha reef is located in the middle of the central sulu sea, 98 nautical miles southeast of puerto princesa city. it is composed of two large shallow reef platforms enclosing a sandy lagoon. on the seaward portions of the reef platform are steep, often perpendicular reef walls extending to 50 feet. most of the park area is submereged, with only a few permanent emergent sandy islands. the two atolls are named the north and south reefs or islets. the former is a large, oblong - shaped continous reef platform about 4 - 5 km wide and compeletely encloses a sandy lagoon. the reef is shallow and emergent in some places at extreme low tide. the south reef likewise is a small triangular - sahped reef about 1 - 2 km wide. like the north reef it consists of a shallow platform enclosing a sandy lagoon. on the souther tip of this reef is a 2 - 3 ha. coral line - sand island, the south islet where the lighthouse stands. this islet is a rookery site for birds and turtles. there are no permanent inhabitants except during fishing seasons, when fisherment from other parts of the philippines establish temporary shelters in the area. activities include traditional hook and line, commercial trawling for tuna, spear fishing, offshore long lines and aquarium fish collection. despite its remote location from puerto princesa city and an overnight voyage by ship, tubbataha has become a popular site for seasoned sport divers. underwater visibility can often exceed 30 - meter seascape with underwater caves and leges teem with marine life. tubbataha ' s trademark among the world divers is its coral walls with extensive colonies of fish. unfortunately, tubbataha ' s pristine and unspoiled nature also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4651403952375943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.852668"} {"text": "table of contents in this chapter, we won ' t focus on producing music yet, but rather on understanding the way that computers and pd handle data. we will be working with practical listening examples as often as possible to avoid unnecessarily abstract and dry technical explanations. however, the precise way in which computers produce sound will not be explained until chapter 3. you should build the sample patches yourself in pd. this first - hand experience will help solidify the concepts presented. starting in chapter 3, larger patches can be found at www. kreidler - net. de / pd / patches / patches. zip. once you have started pd, the main pd window appears on the monitor. open a new programming window by clicking the file menu and then new. a new window opens. add an object box under put object, or with the keypad, using the listed key command : ctrl - 1 ( this is for windows ; other platforms may have different key commands ).... you should see a blue box attached to the mouse cursor... then click somewhere on the blank white surface in the new window to decouple the mouse from the object box. type this into the box : \" osc ~ 440 \". to accept what you have typed into the box, click anywhere outside the box on the white surface : ( the sign \" ~ \" means \" tilde \" ; you ' ll need to use this often in pd. ) you now see a rectangular box with little black rectangles in the top and bottom corners. the upper rectangles are called \" inlets \", the bottom rectangle is an \" outlet \". if you place the cursor onto the outlet rectangle, it changes to a circle ( which resembles an open socket for a cable ). now click on the rectangle and move the mouse while keeping the mouse button pressed. this draws a line that can be thought of as a cable. but because you haven ' t created an object to which you can attach this cable yet, the cable vanishes when you release the mouse button. make another object just as you did the previous one and call it \" dac ~ \". position it below the \" osc ~ \" object by clicking it once so that it turns blue and moving the mouse with the mouse button held. then start a cable from the outlet on \" osc ~ \" and connect it to the left inlet on \" dac ~ \". the cursor changes into a circle when it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5223335136931448, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.860713"} {"text": "it turns blue and moving the mouse with the mouse button held. then start a cable from the outlet on \" osc ~ \" and connect it to the left inlet on \" dac ~ \". the cursor changes into a circle when it is over the inlet. release the mouse button. the \" cable \" now connects \" osc ~ 440 \" to \" dac ~ \". you should hear a tone. if not, verify in the pd main window that there is a check next to \" compute audio \" ( in linux : check if the field is red ). if not, check the box with a mouse click : ( the \" compute audio \" function allows you to program in pd without generating sound. this can save the computer much unnecessary processing power \u2014 though this is probably a non - issue with most computers these days. ) we hear a tone. to be specific, it is a4 ( a ' in the german system ), also called the a440, the standard concert tuning pitch that has a frequency of 440 hertz ( the meanings of \" frequency \" and \" hertz \" will be explained later ). now connect the outlet from \" osc ~ 440 \" with the right inlet of \" dac ~ \" as well. you should hear sound from both of the computer ' s speakers. now create a number box ( put number or with key command ctrl - 3 ) and attach its outlet to the inlet on the object named \" osc ~ \". then you need to change into what is called \" execute mode \" ( edit edit mode, or with key command ctrl - e ; the cursor turns into an arrow ). click on the number box, hold the mouse button, and move the mouse up and down : this changes the numbers and the pitch. the value should be at least 100 ; this range can be more finely adjusted by holding shift while clicking and moving the mouse as described above. another way to enter values into the number box is to click on the number box, enter a value on the keyboard, and press enter. now change back to the other mode, the \" edit mode \" ( edit edit mode, or key command ctrl - e ). move the cursor, which should have changed back to a hand, over the connection between \" osc ~ \" and \" dac ~ \". the cursor becomes an x. click on it, which will turn the cable blue. then go to edit cut or simply press backspace. this terminates the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4717490661850037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.861585"} {"text": ", over the connection between \" osc ~ \" and \" dac ~ \". the cursor becomes an x. click on it, which will turn the cable blue. then go to edit cut or simply press backspace. this terminates the connection. cut the other connection to \" dac ~ \" as well. now create a new object where the cables used to be : \" * ~ 0 \" and connect it to the other objects as shown : let ' s make some more room : enlarge the window by clicking on its lower right corner, holding the mouse button, and pulling it down and to the right. then click on the lower right part of the white background near the \" dac ~ \" object, hold the mouse button, and draw a rectangle that includes the \" dac ~ \" and the \" * ~ \" objects. this is how you select a part of a patch. ( you can also delete boxes this way. after selecting a portion of the patch, go to edit cut or simply press backspace. ) when you release the mouse button, both objects appear in blue. click on one of these selected objects, hold the mouse button, and pull them down to free up more space. to deselect these objects, just click anywhere on the white background. then create two \" message \" boxes ( put message or ctrl - 2 ) as below and enter \" 0 \" in one and \" 1 \" in the other. change back to execute mode ( edit edit mode or ctrl - e ) and click on the two message boxes in turn : clicking 1 turns the sound on, clicking 0 turns it off. the previous example covers most of the elements in pd. let ' s take a closer look at them \u2013 we used three different kinds of boxes : object, message, and number. object boxes are rectangular, message boxes have an indentation on the right side, and number boxes have a flat upper right corner. all of these boxes have inlets and outlets. the inlets are always on top, the outlets on bottom. you can always connect an outlet to an inlet ( in this order ). there is an edit mode and an execute mode. edit mode is for programming and execute mode is for running the program. you can tell which mode you ' re in by looking at the cursor : let ' s take a closer look : there are two kinds of \" cables \", thick and thin. a thin cable connects the number box to the \" osc ~ \" object", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.49812577218391757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.862516"} {"text": "which mode you ' re in by looking at the cursor : let ' s take a closer look : there are two kinds of \" cables \", thick and thin. a thin cable connects the number box to the \" osc ~ \" object and a thick cable runs out of the \" osc ~ \" object. thick cables transmit signals, while thin cables transmit only control data. with \" compute audio \" in the pd main window, we determine whether the signals should be sent by marking or removing the checkmark. moreover, all objects that produce signals or that work with signals as an input ( input = that which goes into an inlet ; output = that which comes out of an outlet ), have a tilde ( \" ~ \" ) after their name ; other objects don ' t have this! these two levels are called the \" control level \" ( where only control data flows, also called the \" message domain \" ) and the \" signal level \" ( where signals flow, also called the \" signal domain \" ). the first object you created was \" osc ~ 440 \", which is an \" oscillator \", and you heard a sine tone at 440 hertz ( the meaning of \" hertz \" will be explained later ). then you made a number box and entered new values there, which caused the frequency of the tone you heard to change. that is the basic structure in pd : an object has a name ( if it produces signals, a tilde follows the name ), then there is a space, and then one or several arguments follow ( in this case, the initial ' argument ' was \" 440 \" ). with most objects, the arguments can be replaced with new values that are connected to the inputs ( unlike with the \" osc ~ \" object here, the changed value usually goes into the far right inlet ). if new values are entered this way, the argument written in the object box is ignored ( in this example, 300 instead of 440 ). we can enter information in number boxes or message boxes. message boxes also allow letters, which are called symbols. all of this information is referred to as atoms. an atom appears in a message box or in a number box ( for more on atoms, see 2. 1. 5 ). another important term : the program that you write is called a patch. a patch first appears as a blank white background on which you write a program. this white background is also called a canvas. there are two modes : edit mode and execute mode", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.581239411292338, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.863462"} {"text": ". another important term : the program that you write is called a patch. a patch first appears as a blank white background on which you write a program. this white background is also called a canvas. there are two modes : edit mode and execute mode ( you switch between them with ctrl - e or under edit edit mode ). you program all the parts of a patch in edit mode and start all operations and sounds in execute mode. within a patch, there is the control level and the signal level ( control objects do not have a tilde after their names and are connected with thin cables ; signal objects have a tilde at the end and are connected with thick cables ). the signal level is only active if \" compute audio \" has been activated in the pd main window. the elements of a patch are objects, messages, and numbers. an object often has one or several arguments ( a. k. a. \" creation arguments \" ), which can be changed using an input. a message is a fixed value in execute mode and is stored with the patch. when a message box is clicked, its contents are sent to all objects connected to its outlet. in contrast, number boxes can be altered in execute mode and their values are not saved. a few additional things that can make your work in pd easier : if you click on the white surface ( \" canvas \" ) with the right mouse button and open the help menu, a list with all pd objects appears. if you right - click on an object, a pull - down menu opens where you can select the help file for that object for a detailed explanation. you will soon find it quite helpful to duplicate parts of patches. to do this, select an area so that the selected boxes appear in blue ( as described under 2. 1. 1 in the context of making more space ) and go to edit duplicate or ctrl - d. this duplicates the selected area and the copy appears as a selected area that you can move ( click on a selected box, hold, move to desired location with the mouse, release ). it is much faster and more comfortable to work if you use \" keyboard shortcuts \". many functions that you can select in the pull - down menus are also available as keyboard shortcuts. these key commands appear next to the function in the pull - down menu. programming can get complicated fast. to help remind you of the meaning of a certain patch, it is recommended that you add comments to your patch. comments can be added under put comment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5318251963978387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.864354"} {"text": "key commands appear next to the function in the pull - down menu. programming can get complicated fast. to help remind you of the meaning of a certain patch, it is recommended that you add comments to your patch. comments can be added under put comment ( or with ctrl - 5 ). here you can write whatever you like to explain your patch. if you ' ve understood everything thus far, then you understand the essential fundamentals of pd ' s user interface. now we can get into the structure of programming itself. a message for an object has two parts : a method designation ( selector ) and zero, one, or several values ( arguments ). for example, if the message is \" 5 \", then the actual message is \" float 5 \" and is comprised of the atoms \" float \" and \" 5 \". the message \" bang \" is comprised only of the selector \" bang \" and contains no arguments. the message \" 1 2 3 4 5 \" is actually the message \" list 1 2 3 4 5 \". there are three kinds of atoms : a number ( programming language = \" float \" ) with a 32 - bit value, a symbol, which is a string of letters, or a pointer, which is a kind of address ( this will be covered in chapter 5. 2. 3 ). the message \" float 5 \" is composed of the two type designations symbol and float. the type symbol has a value of \" float \" ( a string ) and the type float has a value of \" 5 \". the selector is always a symbol. since objects can react differently to different messages, the selector first makes a more precise preliminary determination.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5667756501870538, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.864931"} {"text": "tracing back to circa 1805, mt. diablo finds the origins of its name from a group of spanish military troops who chased and cornered escaped members of a tribe of chupcan mission indians. late that evening, as the spanish soldiers lie in wait, the chupcan people disappeared with no trace, right from under the noses of the spanish. confounded by the unnerving, supernatural vanishing, the spaniards dubbed the spot \" monte del diablo \" or \" thicket of the devil \". they were actually referring to a thicket of brush in which the chupcan were hiding. but, subsequently, english speaking arrivals to the area misunderstood the name as mountain of the devil. hence today the mountain is called \" mt. diablo. \" the name seems appropriate enough. for cyclists, hikers and outdoor enthusiasts alike, diablo is 3849 feet of climbing. through sometimes desert - like conditions, past low growing desert vegetation and red clay type soils 3849 long, vertical, feet. diablo challenges even the strongest cyclists with nearly 15 miles of climbing. the last 1000 feet of which guarantee an out - of - the - saddle effort. the road to the top corkscrews around the mountain with maddening switch backs ramping up the 3849 vertical feet to the summit. looking back over where you ' ve been, you see miles of twisty, vining, road far down below and trailing off, for what seems an infinite distance. every circuit of diablo offers a new vantage point from which you survey the vast valleys surrounding the mountain. this is the reward for suffering enough to climb all 46, 188 vertical inches of diablo, a view that is said to encompass 60 % of california. or perhaps, your final reward is to then turn around and rocket down all 3849 vertical, white - knuckling feet, at speeds limited only by your ability to stay on the road. but, this particular day we chose to descend only a few thousand feet turning off to extend our ride through the loosely charted, and rarely explored, morgan territory. disappearing down into the valley that sits in the shadow of diablo, briefly passing into and out of civilization, you quickly find yourself zipping through savannah - like grasslands that evoke visions of african desert landscapes. the low rolling hills give way to steeply sauntering cracked roads that carve a single lane through the chaparral of morgan territory. following along that meandering single track you climb roughly 3100 feet along the valley floor without any evidence of a gain in elevation beyond the lactic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4348738325549988, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.868315"} {"text": "sauntering cracked roads that carve a single lane through the chaparral of morgan territory. following along that meandering single track you climb roughly 3100 feet along the valley floor without any evidence of a gain in elevation beyond the lactic acid burning in your quads. along the way there are signs that tell you how far off the beaten path you are. cattle lazily sun themselves in the late afternoon heat while rickety single - lane bridges carry you past aged and corroded \" no trespassing \" signs emblazoned with the words \" no trespassing, no shooting. \" looking off the broken pavement upon which your labors are spent, you see a panorama of mostly undisturbed native plant species. morgan territory is so remote that a wildflower thought to be extinct for seventy years, resurfaced in the midst of the preserve right where no one had looked for it for the better part of a century. as you spin out of morgan territory past the last rolling foothills you realize that it is this untapped and unruffled beauty that makes morgan such a hidden gem. what better way to observe that natural phenomenon then on the back of a bike... a form of transportation ecological sound and environmentally undamaging. at the end of the day, after roughly seventy - five miles and close to 7000 feet of climbing you ' ll crawl back to your start point in a state of euphoria knowing that you ' ve seen so much beauty and left nothing behind but a few drops of swiftly evaporating perspiration.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4625676879545113, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.868894"} {"text": "most people know philadelphia as the birth place of liberty \u2014 the place where concepts like freedom of speech and democracy were perfected. but jay worrall of arch street friends meeting house in old city, points out that philadelphia is also the birth place of religious freedom. \u201c william penn and the quakers of pennsylvania were the only colony where multiple religions were tolerated, where it was an official act of law that anyone could come and establish any church of any kind in philadelphia. and that was not true in any other colony or, for that matter, in any other country in the world. and so, the whole notion of religious freedom and separation of church and state began in philadelphia from its very founding. \u201d visitors to the meeting house at fourth and arch streets will walk through historic halls and even sit on some, well, historic seats. \u201c some of these benches are almost three hundred years old and the cushions have the original stuffing. they were all done in 1811, and the stuffing is horse hair. and so, we have new covers put on them, but we still have the same horse hair cushions. \u201d besides some more - or - less ancient seat cushions, those taking a tour of the meeting house will learn about william penn, quakerism and the how the meeting house, which is made of mostly salvaged materials, embodies quaker beliefs. just a short walk from arch street friends is christ church, where many of the founding fathers worshipped \u2014 including george washington. christ church historian neil ronk says, the building transports visitors back to colonial times. \u201c you don \u2019 t have to hit people over the head with, \u201c this is the colonial era. \u201d the building was built in that era. its main features architecturally are from this era. and in a sense just walking through the building gives you that aesthetic sense. \u201d ronk says sites like christ church are living institutions. they provide a unique look into the past, present and future of the founding fathers \u2019 vision. \u201c the visitors want to be reassured in the essential decency of the history and of the nation that was founded. and that, i think, is the greatest : the proof positive of both the founding of the nation and our essential decency. \u201d other historic sacred places in philadelphia include : the cathedral basilica of saints peter and paul. the mother church of the archdiocese of philadelphia, the cathedral features many works of art and impressive architecture. benjamin franklin parkway & 18th street, philadelphia, pa 19103 mother bethel ame church. founded in 1794, it is the first black denomination", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4388909285361016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.871771"} {"text": "| abstract | | this outstanding book is a leading text for symbolic or formal logic courses. all techniques and concepts are presented with clear, comprehensive explanations and numerous, carefully constructed examples. its flexible organization ( all chapters are complete and self - contained ) allows instructors the freedom to cover the topics they want in the order they choose. | | keywords | | logic, symbolic and mathematical predicate ( logic | | buy the book | | $ 26. 00 used $ 50. 00 new $ 58. 35 direct from amazon amazon page | | call number | | bc135. b435 2003 | | through your library | | configure | similar books and articles geraldine brady ( 2000 ). from peirce to skolem : a neglected chapter in the history of logic. north - holland / elsevier science bv. j. l. bell ( 1977 ). a course in mathematical logic. sole distributors for the u. s. a. and canada american elsevier pub. co.. d. s. clarke ( 1973 ). deductive logic. carbondale, southern illinois university press. graeme forbes ( 1994 ). modern logic : a text in elementary symbolic logic. oxford university press. rene cori ( 2000 ). mathematical logic : a course with exercises. oxford university press. sorry, there are not enough data points to plot this chart. added to index2009 - 01 - 28 total downloads1 ( # 274, 652 of 549, 065 ) recent downloads ( 6 months ) 1 ( # 63, 185 of 549, 065 ) how can i increase my downloads?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6228117341364103, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.873250"} {"text": "shutter speed is one of the three pillars of photography, the other two being iso and aperture. shutter speed is where the other side of the magic happens \u2013 it is responsible for creating dramatic effects by either freezing action or blurring motion. in this article, i will try to explain everything i know about shutter speed in very simple language. 1 ) what is a camera shutter? before reading this article, i highly recommend reading about what a dslr is and what it consists of. simply put, a camera shutter is a curtain in front of the camera sensor that stays closed until the camera fires. when the camera fires, the shutter opens and fully exposes the camera sensor to the light that passes through the lens aperture. after the sensor is done collecting the light, the shutter closes immediately, stopping the light from hitting the sensor. the button that fires the camera is also called \u201c shutter \u201d or \u201c shutter button \u201d, because it triggers the shutter to open and close. 2 ) what is shutter speed? shutter speed, also known as \u201c exposure time \u201d, stands for the length of time a camera shutter is open to expose light into the camera sensor. if the shutter speed is fast, it can help to freeze action completely, as seen in the above photo of the dolphin. if the shutter speed is slow, it can create an effect called \u201c motion blur \u201d, where moving objects appear blurred along the direction of the motion. this effect is used quite a bit in advertisements of cars and motorbikes, where a sense of speed and motion is communicated to the viewer by intentionally blurring the moving wheels. slow shutter speeds are also used to photograph lightnings or other objects at night or in dim environments with a tripod. landscape photographers intentionally use slow shutter speeds to create a sense of motion on rivers and waterfalls, while keeping everything else in focus. motion can also be frozen to an extent with a camera flash, even at low shutter speeds. take a look at this example : it was getting dark and even after increasing the sensor sensitivity to iso 800, the camera still needed at least 1 / 250th of a second to properly expose this bird. if i had shot the bird at that speed, the bird would have turned out to be blurry, since it moved faster than 1 / 250th of a second. i used an external flash and fired the camera at 1 / 250th of a second and as you can see, it helped me to freeze motion, despite having a low shutter speed for a bird in flight. all of the above is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5417418099858919, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.878107"} {"text": "a second. i used an external flash and fired the camera at 1 / 250th of a second and as you can see, it helped me to freeze motion, despite having a low shutter speed for a bird in flight. all of the above is achieved by simply controlling the shutter speed. in summary, high shutter speeds freeze action, while low shutter speeds create an effect of motion. 3 ) how shutter speed is measured shutter speeds are typically measured in fractions of a second, when they are under a second. for example 1 / 4 means a quarter of a second, while 1 / 250 means one two - hundred - and - fiftieth of a second or four milliseconds. most modern dslrs can handle shutter speeds of up to 1 / 4000th of a second, while some can handle much higher speeds of 1 / 8000th of a second and faster. the longest shutter speed on most dslrs is typically 30 seconds ( without using external remote triggers ). 4 ) fast, slow and long shutter speeds fast shutter speed is typically whatever it takes to freeze action. for me, it is typically above 1 / 500th of a second for general photography and above 1 / 1000th of a second for bird photography. slow shutter speed is considered to be the slowest shutter speed that you can handle without introducing camera shake. some of the newer nikon lenses such as the nikon 70 - 200mm vr ii have special \u201c vibration reduction \u201d technologies within the lens that can handle shutter speeds of up to 1 / 10th of a second ( depending on photographer \u2019 s technique ), hand - held! how about long shutter speed? long shutter speeds are typically above 1 second, when you have to use a tripod to get acceptably sharp images ( for low - light / night photography or to capture movement ). 5 ) how to set shutter speed most cameras handle shutter speeds automatically through in - camera metering. when the camera is set to \u201c auto \u201d mode, both shutter speed and aperture are automatically selected by the camera. when you shoot in \u201c aperture priority \u201d mode, you set the lens aperture, while the camera automatically sets the shutter speed. there are two ways to manually set the shutter speed : a ) by setting the camera to \u201c shutter priority \u201d mode, where you set the shutter speed and the camera automatically selects the aperture. b ) by setting the camera to \u201c manual \u201d mode, where you set both shutter speed and aperture manually. i recommend letting the camera select the correct shutter speed for you.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5073588783100709, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.879439"} {"text": ", where you set the shutter speed and the camera automatically selects the aperture. b ) by setting the camera to \u201c manual \u201d mode, where you set both shutter speed and aperture manually. i recommend letting the camera select the correct shutter speed for you. i personally shoot in \u201c aperture priority \u201d mode 99 % of the time and i let my camera calculate the shutter speed for me. 6 ) how to find shutter speed do you know how to find out what your camera shutter speed is set to? it is typically very easy to find the shutter speed. on nikon dslrs that have a top panel, the shutter speed is typically located on the top left corner : if you look through the viewfinder, it should also be the number on the bottom left side of the screen. on most dslrs, you will not see the shutter speed as a fraction of a second \u2013 it will typically be a regular number. when the shutter speed is slower than or equals to one second, you will see something like 1 \u2033 or 5 \u2033 ( the \u201d sign indicates a full second ). if you still can \u2019 t find the shutter speed, set your camera to \u201c aperture priority \u201d mode, then look into the viewfinder and point at a really dark area. remember the numbers in the display, then switch to a very bright area and see what number changes. the number that changes is your shutter speed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4574905621667421, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.880636"} {"text": "as saturn ' s rings orbit the planet, a section is typically in the planet ' s shadow, experiencing a brief night lasting from 6 to 14 hours. however, once approximately every 15 years, night falls over the entire visible ring system for about four days. this happens during saturn ' s equinox, when the sun is directly over saturn ' s equator. at this time, the rings, which also orbit directly over the planet ' s equator, appear edge - on to the sun. during equinox, light from the sun hits the ring particles at very low angles, accenting their topography and giving us a three - dimensional view of the rings. \" the equinox is a very special geometry, where the sun is turned off as far as the rings themselves are concerned, and all energy comes from saturn, \" said dr. michael flasar of nasa ' s goddard space flight center in greenbelt, md. during saturn ' s latest equinox august 11, the rings reached a temperature of 382 degrees below zero fahrenheit, the coldest yet observed, as seen by the composite infrared spectrometer ( cirs ) instrument on board the cassini spacecraft in orbit around saturn. cirs was developed at nasa goddard, and flasar is the principal investigator for the instrument. \" the whole point of the cirs observations of saturn ' s rings, other than producing some cool pictures, is to learn something about the physical properties of the ring particles : their spin rates, how sluggish they are in storing and radiating heat ( a diagnostic of size and composition ), and their vertical distribution in the ring ' plane ', \" said flasar. although the rings are wide, they are only about 30 feet thick. they are made of particles that are mostly water - ice. scientists continue to debate the rings ' origin and age. some think they could be remnants of a shattered moon or captured comets, while others think they could have formed along with saturn from the primordial disk of gas and dust that gave birth to our solar system. \" at first glance, saturn ' s rings look broad and bland, but then we got close - up images from the voyager flybys, and our reaction was : oh, my gosh, there ' s structure everywhere - what ' s going on? \" said dr. linda spilker, of nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory ( jpl ), pasadena, calif. researchers have discovered that while most of the ring particles are as small", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5184552233344824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.886863"} {"text": "' s structure everywhere - what ' s going on? \" said dr. linda spilker, of nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory ( jpl ), pasadena, calif. researchers have discovered that while most of the ring particles are as small as dust and pebbles, there are a few chunks as big as mountains, and even some small moons several miles across embedded in the rings. instead of orderly orbiting around saturn, the particles clump together and drift apart, and the rings ripple and warp under the gravitational influence of saturn ' s swarm of more than 60 moons. \" the closer we look at the rings, the more complex they get, \" says spilker, deputy project scientist for the cassini mission and a co - investigator on cirs. she is leading the instrument team ' s investigation of the rings. \" because saturn ' s rings are so extended, going out to more than twice saturn ' s radius ( from the cloud tops ), the furthest rings get less heat from saturn than the innermost rings, so the ring temperatures at equinox tend to fall off with distance from saturn ' s center, \" said flasar. however, the cirs team discovered that the a - ring - the outermost of the wide, bright rings - did not cool off as much as expected during the equinox. this might give clues about its structure and evolution. \" one possibility is that the gravitational influence of moons outside the a - ring is stirring up waves in it, \" said spilker. \" these waves could be much higher than the typical thickness of the rings. since the waves rise above the ring plane, material in the waves would still be exposed to sunlight during the equinox, which would warm up the a - ring more than expected. \" \" but we have to carefully test this idea with computer models to see if it produces the temperatures we observed with cirs, \" adds spilker. \" that ' s the challenge with cirs. it ' s not like seeing a close - up picture of mars, which can tell you something about its geology right away. we have to look at the cirs data from different times and sun angles to see how the ring temperatures are changing, then make computer models to test our theories on what those temperatures say about the rings. \" the effort to understand the rings could help us understand our origin. \" our solar system formed from a dusty disk, so by understanding the dynamics in a disk like saturn ' s rings, we can gain insight into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5127673721100207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.887803"} {"text": "those temperatures say about the rings. \" the effort to understand the rings could help us understand our origin. \" our solar system formed from a dusty disk, so by understanding the dynamics in a disk like saturn ' s rings, we can gain insight into how earth and the other planets in our solar system were made, \" said spilker. the equators of both earth and saturn are tilted compared to their orbit around the sun. this tilt makes the sun appear to rise higher and lower in the sky throughout the year as earth progresses in its orbit, causing the seasons to change. likewise, saturn ' s tilt makes the sun appear higher and lower in the sky as saturn moves in its orbit, which takes about 29. 5 years to complete. saturn experiences two equinoxes per orbit, just as earth does, when the planet ' s equator lines up edge - on to its orbital plane, causing the sun to appear directly over the equator. for a viewer on saturn, the sun would seem to move from south to north around the time of the august 11 equinox. technically, the equinox is the instant when the sun appears directly over the equator, but saturn ' s situation gives the rings an extended twilight. saturn is about 10 times farther from the sun than earth. since saturn is farther from the sun ' s gravitational pull, it moves relatively slowly in its orbit compared to earth, which makes it take longer for the sun to noticeably appear higher or lower in the sky. also, even as far away as saturn, the sun is large enough to appear as a disk, not a point, according to spilker. so, before the august 11 equinox, a viewer embedded in saturn ' s rings would have seen sunlight fade as the top edge of the solar disk appeared to touch the rings first. this would be followed by darkness around the equinox as the solar disk slowly crossed the ring plane. full sunlight would have returned when the sun ' s bottom edge rose above the ring plane, about four days from when the sunlight first began to fade. source : jpl / nasa ( news : web ) explore further : nasa launching experiment to examine the beginnings of the universe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48105177001740984, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.889864"} {"text": "new study finds mrsa on the rise in hospital outpatientsnovember 24th, 2009 in medicine & health / diseases, conditions, syndromes the community - associated strain of the deadly superbug mrsa - - an infection - causing bacteria resistant to most common antibiotics - - poses a far greater health threat than previously known and is making its way into hospitals, according to a study in the december issue of emerging infectious diseases. the new threat is easily picked up in fitness centers, schools, and other public places and has increased the overall burden of mrsa within hospitals, the report found. the study, which analyzed data from more than 300 microbiology labs serving hospitals all over the united states, found a seven - fold increase in the proportion of \" community - associated \" strains of methicillin - resistant staphylococcus aureus, or mrsa, in outpatient hospital units between 1999 and 2006. according to study authors, this increase threatens patient safety because doctors and patients often move back and forth between inpatient and outpatient units of a hospital. \" this emerging epidemic of community - associated mrsa strains appears to add to the already high mrsa burden in hospitals, \" said ramanan laxminarayan, principal investigator for extending the cure, a project that examines policy solutions to the growing problem of antibiotic resistance based at the washington, d. c. think - tank, resources for the future. extending the cure is supported by the robert wood johnson foundation ' s pioneer portfolio, which funds innovative ideas that may lead to breakthroughs in the future of health and health care. over the length of the study, researchers found that the proportion of mrsa increased more than 90 percent among outpatients with staph and now accounts for more than 50 percent of all staphylococcus aureus infections. the findings suggest that this was due almost entirely to an increase in community - associated strains, which jumped from 3. 6 percent of all mrsa infections to 28. 2 percent \u2014 a seven - fold jump from 1999 to 2006. similar increases in inpatients suggest that these strains are spreading rapidly into hospitals as well. mrsa kills an estimated 20, 000 people in the united states each year. the superbug, which is resistant to most common antibiotics, can attack wounds and trigger potentially lethal blood stream infections. community - associated strains, while generally less virulent and susceptible to more antibiotics, can still cause significant morbidity and mortality. \" mrsa has generally been a significant problem only in hospitals,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46001873030662016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.894202"} {"text": "attack wounds and trigger potentially lethal blood stream infections. community - associated strains, while generally less virulent and susceptible to more antibiotics, can still cause significant morbidity and mortality. \" mrsa has generally been a significant problem only in hospitals, \" said eili klein, the report ' s lead author and researcher at resources for the future. \" but the findings from this study suggest that there is a significant reservoir in the community as well. \" this community reservoir leads to a dangerous spread of community - associated strains from outpatient units into hospitals, according to klein. to curtail this spread, hospitals will need to step up infection control procedures, including those practiced in outpatient units. this study and others suggest that the most effective way of containing mrsa and other superbugs is by employing surveillance and infection control on a regional basis. \" the movement of community - associated strains into the hospital also points to the urgent need for rapid tests that can identify the strain of mrsa, \" klein said. some mrsa strains, particularly those coming into the outpatient departments, are vulnerable to a wider range of cheap antibiotics. with a rapid test, a hospital doctor could prescribe a cheaper, but still effective drug to combat an infection \u2014 a strategy that might reduce health care costs and help preserve the nation ' s supply of antibiotics, according to authors. source : burness communications \" new study finds mrsa on the rise in hospital outpatients. \" november 24th, 2009. http : / / phys. org / news178264346. html", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43637491600829376, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.894932"} {"text": "ion strings make brilliant beams aug 15, 2001 physicists have long struggled to combat heating in the ion beams used in high - energy experiments. laser cooling can be used to reduce collisions between the ions, which create heat and reduce the energy of the beam. now ulrich schramm and colleagues at the university of munich have created the first ' crystalline ' ion beam, which is virtually free from collisions. \" the crystalline beam is the ultimate state for an ion beam in terms of brilliance and stability \", schramm told physicsweb. \" it represents a different phase and has its own properties \" ( t schatz et al 2001 nature 412 717 ). collisions in high - energy ion beams reduce the beam intensity and can be remedied by extra focusing devices or the use of low - density beams. however, physicists predicted 20 years ago that in a sufficiently cool beam, the ions would not collide because their coulomb repulsion would outweigh their kinetic energy. such ' crystallization ' has been achieved before in ion traps - in which the ions are stationary - but it is more difficult in a circulating beam because of the motion of the ions and interactions between the beam and the storage ring. these problems affect both large storage rings - such as the relativistic heavy ion collider at brookhaven - and smaller ones. schramm and co - workers injected magnesium ions into their 0. 36 - metre circumference storage ring, pallas - the paul laser cooling acceleration system. the beam was laser - cooled and its fluorescence monitored. the team found that, at a certain laser wavelength, the diameter of the beam fell and the fluorescence peaked sharply. this pinpoints the transition to the crystalline state, during which the range of ion velocities drops by 75 %. the fluorescence measurements showed that the ring contained around 18 000 ions, and the temperature of the beam fell from 30 to 0. 4 kelvin as the crystalline state emerged. in this new phase, the ions reach a speed of 2800 metres per second - corresponding to a beam energy of 1 electron volt - and resemble a one - dimensional thread. the beam can perform over 3000 revolutions of their storage ring without further cooling according to schramm, the technique could be used for a wide range of experiments. \" crystalline ion beams could aid inertial confinement fusion - which mimics stellar nuclear reactions - while precise experiments with relativistic beams could test special relativity \", he says. about the author katie", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6248581819875876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.899895"} {"text": "lutherans are members of a protestant tradition flowing from the life and thought of martin luther, the sixteenth - century german monk turned theologian, pastor, and family patriarch. lutherans became a major religious group in the great plains of north america in the latter half of the nineteenth century, and as the twenty - first century began, they continued to color the society and culture of various locales in the plains and their borderlands. theologically, lutherans have identified themselves as evangelical in that luther in his break with roman catholicism stressed the gospels and the evangel of justification by faith in the gracious work of god in jesus christ. an individual ' s ultimate standing before god, in other words, is not gained by moral works or by keeping god ' s law ; rather, it is by sola gratia ( grace alone ) and sola fides ( faith alone ). sola scriptura ( scripture alone ) has also been a key affirmation of lutherans, indicating that the canonical books of the bible, not any church office, institution, or theological tradition, are the ultimate norm for christian life and thought. nevertheless, confessionalism has always been a strong component in lutheran identity. next to the ecumenical creeds of the early church, the two most important confessional documents for lutherans have been the augsburg confession ( 1530 ) and luther ' s small catechism ( 1529 ). these and other documents were gathered in 1580 into the book of concord, a collection that remains formally important for lutheran theology. lutheran immigrants to the great plains brought with them not only a strong theological tradition but also conceptions of church order and elements of an ethos that shaped the social and cultural institutions they constructed. in the german and scandinavian states from which the vast majority of great plains lutherans came in the nineteenth century, lutheranism was formally established. in the plains of north america, however, legal nonestablishment, together with the vastness of the region, reinforced the primacy of the local congregation in lutheran life. at the local level, lutheran leadership is still formally embodied in the pastorate and also in elected lay officials. the office of bishop has become widespread among lutheran groups, but as a useful administrative office rather than one representing apostolic succession. above this local level, lutherans organized regional synods based largely on differences in ethnicity. only in the latter half of the twentieth century, as ethnicity has softened, has the plethora of lutheran synodical bodies represented in the great plains begun to significantly diminish through", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47315098530000077, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.906596"} {"text": "lutherans organized regional synods based largely on differences in ethnicity. only in the latter half of the twentieth century, as ethnicity has softened, has the plethora of lutheran synodical bodies represented in the great plains begun to significantly diminish through mergers. since 1988 the vast majority of plains lutherans are affiliated with either the evangelical lutheran church of america ( elca ) or the lutheran church, missouri synod ( lcms ), the former theologically and socially more pluralist than the latter. an important aspect of a lutheran ethos in the north american plains has been pietism, a diffuse revitalization movement of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that was later reinforced by similar revitalization movements in the nineteenth century. this pietist stream reinforced among many lutherans a stress on personalizing belief. it also stressed the embodiment of such commitment through \" godly \" practices and the avoidance of \" worldly \" practices. also worth noting in a lutheran ethos are the patriarchal family, enacted by luther himself and carried on symbolically through the present by the local pastor and his family, and lutheran corporate worship, which has consistently stressed the proclamation of the word, the importance of the sacraments of baptism and the lord ' s supper, and the role of music, particularly chorales, in engaging the participation of the entire community. the arrival of lutherans in the plains began with major migrations of germans and, to a lesser extent, scandinavians to the central and upper portions of the mississippi river basin in the 1840s and 1850s. the political and economic upheavals of an industrializing and liberalizing europe were factors that prompted emigration, but economic opportunity, particularly land, was the most pervasive pull. by the time the american civil war began in 1861, wisconsin, minnesota, missouri, and a section of texas had received thousands of these lutheran emigrants. the englishspeaking descendants of colonial - era lutherans, primarily concentrated in pennsylvania, and the more recent german - speaking lutherans centered in ohio held relatively little appeal for these newly arriving lutherans. instead, the emigrants formed new synods, most notably the missouri synod ( 1847 ), but also hauge ' s synod ( norwegian, 1846 ), the texas synod ( german, 1851 ), the norwegian synod ( 1853 ), and the augustana synod ( swedish, 1860 ). the founding of augustana college in sioux falls ( now south dakota ) in 1860 foreshadowed what this planting of lutheranism in the eastern borderlands of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44280627742696327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.907602"} {"text": "norwegian synod ( 1853 ), and the augustana synod ( swedish, 1860 ). the founding of augustana college in sioux falls ( now south dakota ) in 1860 foreshadowed what this planting of lutheranism in the eastern borderlands of the u. s. great plains would bring once the civil war ended. lutherans secured their initial planting in the plains proper with two phases of settlement after 1865. the earlier phase was in the northern plains between roughly 1865 and 1900. the regional shape and depth of this migration is suggested by the establishment of lutheran institutions of higher education. by 1900, in addition to augustana college, the following had been founded : bethany college ( augustana synod ) and saint john ' s college ( missouri synod ) in kansas ; dana college ( united danish ), midland college ( general synod ), and concordia teachers college ( missouri synod ) in nebraska ; and texas lutheran college ( texas synod ). the second phase was the spilling over of this migration into the canadian prairie provinces between 1890 and 1914. the lutheran population swelled enough so that in 1915 the general council of lutherans organized the saskatoon theological seminary, saskatchewan. lutheran communities in the great plains have received their finest literary depiction to date in the novels of ole rolvaag, who lived and worked on a farm in south dakota for three years in the late 1890s before attending augustana college. prior to world war i, lutherans in the great plains were comparatively isolated geographically and insulated culturally. whether in block corners, kansas, dalesburg, south dakota, or some other german or scandinavian enclave in the plains, community life for observant lutherans was centered around church and school. the pastor and, in the most conservative communities, the lutheran schoolteacher provided the theological, social, and cultural leadership locally that was integral to sustaining ethnic as well as religious identity until well into the twentieth century. the church building, and sometimes a separate school building, provided a material center for community life, which was expressed formally in corporate worship, in congregational and school events such as picnics and mission festivals, and, by the turn of the nineteenth and into the twentieth century, women ' s groups and youth groups as well. home missions by various lutheran synods, while similar in most respects to those undertaken by various anglophone protestant denominations, were limited to organizing congregations among the sending group ' s ethnic compatriots rather than seeking to evangelize outside the ethnic group. the twentieth century ' s world wars and economic depression were major catalysts for undermining isolation and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43143459063763323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.908591"} {"text": "denominations, were limited to organizing congregations among the sending group ' s ethnic compatriots rather than seeking to evangelize outside the ethnic group. the twentieth century ' s world wars and economic depression were major catalysts for undermining isolation and insulation. lutheran ethnicity has not disappeared, however ; it has merely softened its tone and expanded and blurred its borders. radio storyteller garrison keillor ' s norwegian lutherans, while fictional and nostalgic, are evocative of a persistent ethos as much lutheran as it is ethnic, and lake wobegon is a place almost as much plains as it is prairie. as of 1990 the political units of the great plains with the largest percentages of the population expressing a lutheran a. liation are north dakota ( 36 percent ), south dakota ( 30 percent ), and nebraska ( 16 percent ). such proportions suggest that, whatever changes may come to plains lutherans as a collective religious tradition and community, they will remain a significant element in the region. see also literary traditions : rolvaag, o. e. douglas firth anderson northwestern college, orange city, iowa coburn, carol k. life at four corners : religion, gender, and education in a german - lutheran community, 1868. 1945. lawrence : university press of kansas, 1992. gjerde, jon. the minds of the west : ethnocultural evolution in the rural middle west, 1830 - 1917. chapel hill : university of north carolina press, 1997. nelson, e. clifford, ed. the lutherans in north america. philadelphia : fortress press, 1975.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45600072975310424, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.909175"} {"text": "notes to being and becoming in modern physics 1. as translated in wheelwright ( 1960 ). the quote by parmenides in what follows is also from this volume. 2. many recent papers on these issues are collected in oaklander and smith ( 1994 ). gale ( 1967 ) has some good older papers and a useful bibliography. 3. there are many excellent non - technical introductions to the special theory. two fine books that are currently available are mermin ( 1968 ) and born ( 1962 ). a more demanding introduction mathematically is taylor and wheeler ( 1963 ). an excellent philosophical discussion is chapter iv of friedman ( 1983 ). all the concepts needed for the present discussion are outlined briefly in the opening paragraphs of section 4 of shimony ( 1993 ), but there is no substitute for working through in detail at least one presentation of the special theory at whatever level of mathematical sophistication one is equipped to handle. 4. while most popular presentations of special relativity explicitly employ only these two assumptions, friedman ( 1983 ) points out that another assumption of a more technical nature, the flatness of minkowski spacetime, is needed in order to derive all the characteristic results of the theory. we will ignore this refinement here. one should note, however, that the two assumptions explicitly made are assumptions concerning invariance \u2014 the invariance of the speed of light and the laws of physics. that certain other quantities classically thought to be invariant turn out not to be so in special relativity has sometimes obscured the fact that there is a fundamental invariant special relativisic four - dimensional quantity called the spacetime interval that will enter our considerations in due course. 5. hans reichenbach indicated the same view in 1925. see grunbaum ( 1973, p. 318 ). 6. whether this suggested distinction overlaps or is independent of the distinction between tensed and tenseless uses of \u2018 is \u2019 invoked above in the section on newtonian spacetime is an open question. questions about the viability of this distinction are connected to deep questions in ontology and philosophy of language on which carnap, quine, and sellars differed. see the discussion in jay rosenberg ' s entry in this encyclopedia, wilfrid sellars. 7. minkowski spacetime is a time orientable manifold. if one chooses one of the two lobes of the light cone at a point o to be, say, future, that choice can be extended smoothly throughout the whole of the spacetime. we say nothing as to how this choice is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6676653631617172, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.914666"} {"text": "orientable manifold. if one chooses one of the two lobes of the light cone at a point o to be, say, future, that choice can be extended smoothly throughout the whole of the spacetime. we say nothing as to how this choice is to be made in this entry, but we assume that it has been, somehow, made. 8. the three are free to choose o as the origin of each of their coordinate systems and to assign it spatial coordinate ( 0, 0, 0 ) and temporal coordinate 0. but what position and time values are assigned by each of them to other spacetime points now follows rigorously from the rules, the lorentz transformations, of special relativity. 9. it is the fact the rietdijk - putnam - penrose argument for the fixity of the future does not rely on features of natural laws or causation that leads me to call the thesis chronogeometric fatalism rather than chronogeometric determinism. determinist and fatalist arguments have the same conclusion, that the future is somehow fixed and not within our control, but the former do so from causal or nomological considerations while the later do not. 10. briefly, rxy iff ( y < x or y < < x ). clifton and hogarth ( 1995 ) point out the relation betwen x and each point in ( but not on ) its past light cone also satisfies all the criteria of adequacy specified in the text. 11. this result is implicit in the proofs offered by stein and by clifton and hogarth. it is made explicitly in callender ( 2000 ). 12. following winnie ( 1977 ), i suggest calling this set alex ( e0, e1 ), since it is an open subset in the alexandrov topology. richard arthur, as far as i know, was the first philosopher to use these sets to account for temporal becoming. see arthur ( 2006 ) and savitt ( 2005 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6251288456370508, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.915378"} {"text": "- for a gallery of examples for invulnerability, see here. brit ( image comic universe ) punching a metal robot without being scraped or cut. defy all forms of physical injury - impenetrable skin / impervious skin the user is immune or highly resistant to all forms of conventional external physical damage, unable to feel physical pain, is immune to bleeding or loss of limb. death due to old age ( as opposed to preemptive death ) is seemingly the only cause of death to the user. - atomicity : to never be physically divided. - bulletproof durability : a form of invulnerability that only applies to gunfire. - density manipulation : increase one ' s density to make it much harder and more difficult to be harmed. - elasticity : users body simply absorbs attacks. - enhanced regeneration : heal rapidly from any wound - immutability : the ability to be impervious to all forms of external physical change. - impact absorption : absorb mechanical and physical impacts. - intangibility : becoming intangible to allow all offensive attacks to phase through. - mobile invulnerability : a form of invulnerability that only works if the holder of the power is in motion - reactive invulnerability : a form of invulnerability that only works if the user is in danger. - selective invulnerability : a form of invulnerability that only works on a certain attack, similar to evolution. - supernaturally dense tissue : users body - tissue is supernaturally dense making them incredibly hardy. - temporary invincibility : a form of invulnerability that only works for a limited period of time. - absolute defense - reflective immutability - self - molecular manipulation - may be vulnerable to certain conditions, substances or simply have a place that is vulnerable to damage. - may become immobile. - doesn ' t mean immortality unless otherwise bestowed. - may require learning defenses to particular dangers. - may be vulnerable to telepathic abilities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6007876329784447, "token_count": 419, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.918253"} {"text": "- high school - number & quantity - statistics & probability - language arts - social studies - art & music - world languages - your life draw, construct, and describe geometrical figures and describe the relationships between them. 7. g. 1solve problems involving scale drawi... more solve problems involving scale drawings of geometric figures, including computing actual lengths and areas from a scale drawing and reproducing a scale drawing at a different scale. 7. g. 2draw ( freehand, with ruler and protr... more draw ( freehand, with ruler and protractor, and with technology ) geometric shapes with given conditions. focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides, noticing when the conditions determine a unique triangle, more than one triangle, or no triangle. 7. g. 3describe the two - dimensional figures... more describe the two - dimensional figures that result from slicing three - dimensional figures, as in plane sections of right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids. solve real - life and mathematical problems involving angle measure, area, surface area, and volume. 7. g. 4know the formulas for the area and c... more know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems ; give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle. 7. g. 5use facts about supplementary, compl... more use facts about supplementary, complementary, vertical, and adjacent angles in a multi - step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure. 7. g. 6solve real - world and mathematical pr... more solve real - world and mathematical problems involving area, volume and surface area of two - and three - dimensional objects composed of triangles, quadrilaterals, polygons, cubes, and right prisms. major cluster will be a majority of the assessment, supporting clusters will be assessed through their success at supporting the major clusters and additional clusters will be assessed as well. the assessments will strongly focus where the standards strongly focus. now creating a new plan you ' ll be able to add text, files and other info to meet your student ' s needs. you ' ll be redirected to your new page in just a second. moving games. just a moment...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5518257446538435, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.920687"} {"text": "innes national park please, login to help us hey friend, could you provide us a wikipedia url with a good description of this protected area? please, be sure that you are suggesting an english language wikipedia url ( http : / / en. wiki.... ) mark it as wrong innes is a national park on the southwest tip of yorke peninsula in south australia ( australia ), 160 km west of adelaide. innes is the largest area of native vegetation remaining on the yorke peninsula, providing habitat for 115 species of conservation significance. the narungga people occupied the yorke peninsula for thousands of years. they consisted of four clans, the kurnara of the north, the windera of the east, the wari of the west and the dilpa of the south. european colonisation of the area began in 1846 with sheep grazing near cape spencer. crops were grown on a small scale in the 19th and early 20th century. innes national park was named after william innes, who discovered commercial quantities of gypsum in the early 1900s and founded the mining town of inneston in 1913, which had a population of around 500 at its peak. gypsum was mined until 1930 when the great depression made it uneconomical, and in 1970 the town and surrounding land was sold to the south australian government, creating innes national park. some gypsum mining still continues at nearby marion bay. some of the buildings at inneston have been restored and are available as basic hire accommodation. a number of gypsum lakes are with the area of the park, but excluded so they can still be mined for gypsum if required. the park also contains a spectacular rugged coastline which contains the sites of several historic shipwrecks and two lighthouses. the sailing barque ethel, which ran aground on 2 january 1904, was well - preserved on the beach for many years but little now remains. innes national park was first proclaimed in 1970 when the first ranger in charge, mr bruce macreth was assigned to manage the park. since that time a number of rangers have served the area well including mr peter tomlin ( 1973 - 77 ), mr pearce dougherty ( 1977 - 89 ), ms katherine stephens, mr ross allen, mr colin waters, mr bryn troath, ms caroline paterson and more recently mr aaron smith. the park headquarters are located in stenhouse bay and visitors can obtain information on the park and obtain entry and camping permits at this location", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41621304938072895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.925096"} {"text": "ross allen, mr colin waters, mr bryn troath, ms caroline paterson and more recently mr aaron smith. the park headquarters are located in stenhouse bay and visitors can obtain information on the park and obtain entry and camping permits at this location. innes national park has 9 camping ground in the park. pondalowie campground is the main campground and has fifty sites situated in coastal mallee and sheoak vegetation. caravans and generators are permitted in the western end of the campground. casuarina campground is a quiet, tranquil campground ideal for families. eight sites located behind a locked gate require bookings and collection of the gate key from the visitor centre. access to the beach. surfers campground has ten sites located close to the pondalowie boardwalk providing access to the popular surf beach and viewing platform. shell beach campground has eight sites in this shady campground. the lovely shell beach is only a short walk from this campsite. browns beach campground has ten sites nestled amongst natural vegetation and bordered by a steep sand dune. this site is popular with people who come to fish for australian salmon at nearby browns beach. gym beach campground, accessed from the corny point road, this campground at the northernmost boundary of the park has four sites offering solitude and beach access. jollys beach campground is a small coastal camping area with approximately four sites. there are no facilities provided. stenhouse bay campground has twenty - five sites in close proximity to the beach, visitor centre, innes trading post. cable bay campground has eight sites with easy access to the beach and great views of the offshore islands. heritage accommodation is available at the historic lodges at inneston. in addition, the stenhouse bay hall is available for group bookings ( up to 30 ) and shepherds hut at shell beach accommodates four people. the main surf break at pondalowie is a popular quality wave. it consists of a combination left and right peak that breaks over a reef and snad bottom. the left is good up to about 4 '. the right starts to become good from between 3 ' to 8 ' plus. a second smaller right hand reef break known as ' richards reef ' is located 250 metres further north along the beach. it was named in honour of mr richard thomas a long time local surfer and resident of the area. not far from stenhouse bay is a break known as ' chinamans '. this is a powerful and hollow left hand reef break which breaks in shallow water and washes over a rock shelf.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41490805674279185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.925987"} {"text": "the cause of insulin - dependent, permanent, diabetes in newborn babies may be a deficiency in the enzyme pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum kinase ( perk ) during a critical period of development before birth, according to a new hypothesis put forward by a team of researchers from penn state university. in this most severe type of diabetes, individuals are unable to regulate glucose normally because they have few insulin - producing beta cells in their pancreas and the remaining cells do not produce enough insulin. using special strains of mice bred to be perk - deficient, the researchers demonstrated that the lack of this enzyme blocked the proliferation of beta cells, hampered the normal functioning of beta cells, and also kept beta cells from clustering into islets. \" what happens during fetal development predisposes people either to be able to maintain glucose levels normally or to have diabetes, \" says team leader douglas cavener, professor and head of the department of biology. the research results will be published in the journal cell metabolism on 6 december 2006. the team, consisting of graduate students wei zhang, yulin li and kaori iida, postdoctoral fellow daorong feng, and research assistant professor barbara mcgrath, made use of the lab ' s earlier discovery that mice deficient in perk show many parallels to human sufferers of walcott - rallison syndrome ( wrs ), in which diabetes is combined with skeletal and growth abnormalities. the research provided an experimental model for investigating the cause of permanent neonatal diabetes that was more revealing than cell culture studies. \" being able to develop special strains of mice that are perk - deficient in specific organs or tissues was vital to our research, \" says cavener. \" these mice allowed us to discover exactly how perk participates in the development and growth of the beta cells in the pancreas that secrete insulin. using genetics in this way lets the organism tell you what is important to normal function. \" normally, the beta cells of the pancreas respond to high levels of glucose in the blood by producing the precursor of insulin - - proinsulin - - in the endoplasmic reticulum. inside this and other organelles, the proinsulin is assembled and modified into insulin. then the hormone is exported from the cell to stimulate other tissues to take up glucose and generate energy. perk - deficient mice differ significantly from normal mice. at birth, perk - deficient mice have only about one - half the mass of beta cells that normal mice have. during the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4946503149186049, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.931789"} {"text": "stimulate other tissues to take up glucose and generate energy. perk - deficient mice differ significantly from normal mice. at birth, perk - deficient mice have only about one - half the mass of beta cells that normal mice have. during the first few weeks after birth, perk - deficient mice have fewer and fewer beta cells compared to normal mice and the remaining cells do not function normally in producing insulin. by three weeks after birth, the perk - deficient mice are fully diabetic and have only one - tenth the mass of beta cells as normal mice. until now, the dominant hypothesis of the cause of diabetes in mice and humans deficient in perk was developed by heather harding and david ron, of new york university medical center, in 2001. they suggested that too much proinsulin in the endoplasmic reticulum triggers a stress response and causes many beta cells to die. the shortage of beta cells in perk - deficient mice was thought to be caused by a high death rate of those cells. data collected by the cavener team casts doubt on this hypothesis. first, they found that mice deficient in perk made new beta cells at a much lower rate than normal mice. the mass of beta cells in deficient mice only doubled during the first few weeks of life, while that in normal mice increased twenty - fold. second, the penn state group found the rate of beta - cell death in perk - deficient mice was not significantly different from that in normal mice. finally, the team did not detect molecular markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the beta cells of their perk - deficient mice. the alternative hypothesis of the penn state team is that perk deficiency blocks both the proliferation of beta cells after birth and the differentiation of those cells into fully functioning units. they found that thirty to forty percent of the beta cells of perk - deficient mice are physically unusual. the most obvious abnormality is that proinsulin is found the endoplasmic reticulum, instead of being found in or around the nucleus. apparently, proinsulin is produced as usual, but the normal modification process is blocked, leaving large quantities of proinsulin trapped inside the enlarged and distended organelle. another important finding was that beta cells in these mice do not develop into organized clusters or islets within the pancreas. normally, the protein glut2 transports glucose across plasma membranes among the islets, triggering the secretion of insulin in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5173277682412161, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.932816"} {"text": "important finding was that beta cells in these mice do not develop into organized clusters or islets within the pancreas. normally, the protein glut2 transports glucose across plasma membranes among the islets, triggering the secretion of insulin in the beta cells. but without the islet architecture, communication among the beta cells breaks down and the cells fail to respond to glucose by secreting insulin. thus, perk - deficiency both hampers cell - to - cell signaling of glucose levels and greatly diminishes insulin production at the cellular level. the penn state team ' s understanding of the role of perk was advanced by additional experiments to pinpoint the time during development when perk is required. cavener ' s team found that perk must be expressed during a critical period between 13. 5 fetal days and 4 days after birth if the beta cells of the pancreas are to regulate glucose normally for the rest of the animal ' s life. perk may play an essential role in sensing fetal environment and modulating the development of beta cells in response to it. \" the genetic program of the fetus and the in - utero environment work together to set up the apparatus that regulates glucose in postnatal life, \" cavener explains. high - resolution images associated with this story are on the web at http : / / www. science. psu. edu / alert / cavener11 - 2006. htm last reviewed : by john m. grohol, psy. d. on 21 feb 2009 published on psychcentral. com. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5074127837916925, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.933404"} {"text": "the political basis of mughal culture in bengal miniature paintings of the seventeenth - century mughal court typically depict rows of nobles neatly arranged and ranked by status, their eyes riveted on the raised figure of the seated emperor, while the latter, his head enveloped in a luminous halo, gazes benevolently over the gathered flock ( see fig. 18 ). in our efforts to reconstruct the content of mughal culture, it is well to consider the model of order and hierarchy evoked in such paintings. for mughal culture as it evolved over the course of the sixteenth century was above all a courtly and imperial culture, one that, in the manner of those miniature paintings, focused on the person and charisma of the emperor. whereas the early delhi sultans tended to rule as foreigners over a subjugated indian population, the mughals, beginning with akbar ( 1556 \u2013 1605 ), sought to knit north india \u2019 s many religious and ethnic communities into a single political system. this policy, which crystallized around 1580 in the wake of the emperor \u2019 s abortive experiment in posing as \u201c king of islam, \u201d inclined the court to an extraordinarily accommodative, even syncretic style of politics. elaborated by akbar \u2019 s principal ideologue, abu \u2019 l - fazl, the model of imperial authority projected from the mughal court drew on both indian and perso - islamic notions of kingship. it also drew on a sasanian persian model of imperial authority, according to which virtue and order radiated outward and downward from an all - benevolent and semi - divine emperor, supported politically and ideologically by a hierarchically graded corps of soldiers - administrators, the mansabdars. while patronizing islamic institutions as was expected of any premodern muslim sovereign, akbar presented himself to his subjects in the radiant glow of an indian maharaja, appearing in public audience ( darbar ) seated on a raised platform ( jharokha ) in the manner in which traditional indian kings or images of hindu deities were presented for public viewing ( darsan ). as a result, when indian courtiers gazed upon the seated emperor, they could share a certain double vision, seeing either a pious muslim sultan or a traditional maharaja tinged with divine power, or both simultaneously. splendidly articulated at imperial courts in delhi, agra, or lahore, this hybrid model of political authority was duplicated in miniaturized form in mughal provinces. in dhaka, islam khan built a scaled - down replica of jahangir \u2019 s imperial court,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4730310565617598, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.943569"} {"text": "articulated at imperial courts in delhi, agra, or lahore, this hybrid model of political authority was duplicated in miniaturized form in mughal provinces. in dhaka, islam khan built a scaled - down replica of jahangir \u2019 s imperial court, complete with a jharokha. located in the inner garden adjoining the governor \u2019 s palace, his jharokha consisted of a window and enclosed space built on a platform elevated some twelve feet above the ground. behind the window and raised above those in the garden below, the seated governor received those admitted for private or public audience, or darbar. as a stage for enacting political rituals, the jharokha thus expressed themes central to mughal political culture : the subordination of all state servants ( i. e., both imperial appointees and bengali zamindars assimilated as imperial jagirdars ) to the governor, the corporate solidarity of the ruling class, and the precise position of each member relative to others in the graded hierarchy of state service. mimicking the court of jahangir, during formal review, officers would stand before the governor \u2019 s jharokha according to rank, the highest officers situated closest to the jharokha and the lowest officers furthest from it. fig. 18. \u201c shah jahan honors religious assembly. \u201d from stuart cary welch, imperial mughal painting ( new york : george braziller, 1978 ), 102, pl. 31. reprinted by permission of george braziller, inc. mughal political culture was also expressed in pervasive categories of thought. from the emperor down to the lowest servant, parties were bound together by mutual obligations articulated through the ideology of \u201c salt \u201d ( namak ), a semantically rich term expressing notions of protection and dependency that operated simultaneously at social, political, and superhuman levels. deeply embedded in the culture of the middle east, this ideology can be traced to the ancient mesopotamian world, where the akkadian phrase meaning \u201c to eat the salt of ( a person ) \u201d expressed the act of making a covenant with a person or of permitting a reconciliation with another individual. the ancient hebrews considered that they were tied to god by a \u201c covenant of salt, \u201d and that such a covenant legitimized and underwrote earthly kingship. the ancient persians, too, used the symbolism of salt in the sense of concretizing political covenants \u2014 in their case between the emperor and his corps of servants. officials serving artaxerxes i ( 465", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49700025353118676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.944624"} {"text": "imperial invasion of assam, for example, mughal troops once found themselves totally surrounded by the army of the ahom raja. on this occasion the commanding officer and his comrades wrapped their heads in shrouds and, preparing for death rather than surrender, cried out to the assamese : \u201c as we have taken the salt of jahangir, we consider martyrdom to be our blessings for both the worlds. \u201d this usage of the salt metaphor recalls f. w. buckler \u2019 s discussion, in a 1926 essay, of the importance of \u201c rituals of incorporation \u201d in the running of the mughal political system. the emperor, he wrote, within this conceptual framework, ingesting the salt of the emperor communicates the symbolic sharing in the body of the emperor, analogous to the christian ritual of communion, in which the believer ritually partakes of and thus shares in the body of christ. stands for a system of rule of which he is the incarnation, incorporating into his own body, by means of certain symbolical acts, the persons of those who share his rule. they are regarded as being parts of his body, membra corporis regis, and in their district or sphere of activity, they are the king himself \u2014 not servants of the king but \u201c friends \u201d or members of the king, just as the eye is the man in the function of sight, and the ear is the realm of hearing. finally, muslims in the imperial corps regarded salt as a substance binding them both to their emperor and to their religion, thereby combining the ancient persian sense of the \u201c salt of the palace \u201d with the ancient hebrew sense of god \u2019 s \u201c covenant of salt. \u201d in 1612, after defeating the last afghan chieftain in bengal to resist mughal authority, islam khan \u2019 s men faced the question of how to deal with their defeated muslim foes. \u201c it was decided, \u201d wrote mirza nathan, \u201c to extend hospitality to all the afghans in the first halting place and to distribute to them the salt of the emperor according to their status : because there was no heavier burden on the neck of a muslim than the burden of being true to the salt. \u201d here again clients were bound to their patron \u2014 now the emperor himself \u2014 by receiving his \u201c salt \u201d in what appears to have been a formal political ritual in which actual salt was distributed and consumed. but in the statement that there was \u201c no heavier burden on the neck of a muslim than the burden of being true to the salt, \u201d the ideology of salt is transposed to a religious context", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.50708469753255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.947746"} {"text": "political ritual in which actual salt was distributed and consumed. but in the statement that there was \u201c no heavier burden on the neck of a muslim than the burden of being true to the salt, \u201d the ideology of salt is transposed to a religious context in which the patron may be understood as god, imposing obligations of loyalty on his community of believers just as the emperor imposed such obligations on his subjects, or as lesser mughal officers did on their own clients. another mughal ritual of incorporation was the conferral of the imperial cloak ( khil \u2018 at ) upon a subject or former enemy. authority, buckler observes, \u201c was exercised in virtue of this incorporation into the royal person by means of succession established by physical contact through royal clothing. refusal to acknowledge this transmission of authority, by refusing the robe of honour was an act of independence, that is of treason to the king. \u201d this sort of ritual was dramatically enacted at the dawn of mughal rule in bengal, when daud karrani submitted to imperial forces in april 1575. before prostrating himself in the direction of akbar \u2019 s capital at fatehpur sikri, the defeated bengali sultan donned a mughal sword and an embroidered belt in addition to a cloak of akbar. all of this symbolized daud \u2019 s incorporation into akbar \u2019 s person as well as akbar \u2019 s empire. to be sure, as political symbols the jharokha, salt, and the khil \u2018 at were already present in pre - mughal bengal. both chinese and portuguese travelers to the bengal capital had described raised platforms on which the sultan sat and reviewed his officials in a manner not unlike governor islam khan chishti in his dhaka darbar. and we have noted the political usage of salt in the poetry of firdausi and amir khusrau. presumably, the early governors and sultans of bengal carried into the delta the same notions of statecraft and political legitimacy that had informed their persianized turkish forebears in khurasan and north india, including the ideology of salt. finally, the political use of the royal cloak, or khil \u2018 at, was also known to the bengal sultans. in the course of an interview with a portuguese mission in 1521, sultan nasir al - din nusrat shah embraced the european captain, laughed, and promised him favors. \u201c then, \u201d narrated the european interpreter, \u201c he turned to me and ordered that i be given a robe that he had worn. \u201d but in other respects mughal political culture in bengal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47134429953107193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.948675"} {"text": "shah embraced the european captain, laughed, and promised him favors. \u201c then, \u201d narrated the european interpreter, \u201c he turned to me and ordered that i be given a robe that he had worn. \u201d but in other respects mughal political culture in bengal can be sharply distinguished from that of the sultanate. down to the end of the sixteenth century, the mughal ruling class had been predominantly non - indian. in 1595, 61 percent of akbar \u2019 s nobility were ethnic iranians or turks, of whom the vast majority had migrated directly from iran or central asia. during the seventeenth century, however, the empire \u2019 s foreign character steadily diminished. by the end of that century, just over a third of the nobility were of known iranian or turkish ancestry, and fewer than a quarter of these were foreign - born immigrants. already by jahangir \u2019 s reign there had emerged in the imperial corps an important and growing section of muslims who, while claiming a paternal ancestry beyond the khyber, had been born in india of indian mothers. these persons not only spoke a form of vernacular hindi - urdu as their \u201c mother tongue \u201d ; they also carried with them deeply held assumptions about life and death that for several centuries had been nurtured in north india within the matrix of rajput culture. thus, for example, when the mughal governor qasim khan faced imminent defeat in a bitterly fought battle near dhaka in 1617, he personally beheaded his chief wives, after which many of his comrades similarly performed the rites of murdering their own families in one another \u2019 s presence. the practice of juhar, or the destruction of women and children as an alternative to suffering them to be captured by enemy forces, was a rajput rite assimilated into imperial culture through akbar \u2019 s policy of incorporating rajputs into the mughal corps and the inclusion of rajput women in the mughal harem. now it was carried into bengal. similarly, too, mughal officials in bengal preferred ayurvedic, or native indian, medical theory over the yunani, or greek ( \u201c yunani \u201d is a corruption of \u201c ionian \u201d ), medical system inherited by classical islamic civilization. the ailing islam khan, himself an indian muslim, requested an indian physician when he neared death. there not being one available, the governor only reluctantly accepted a muslim hakim, who was later blamed for having administered the wrong treatment and unnecessarily killing him. when the governor of bihar suffered from an illness that paralyzed half his body, the emperor jahangir sent him two", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4612041881334039, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.949627"} {"text": "a range of designs have been proposed for space habitats. some appear to be mostly artistic concepts, others are much more serious. they include : ( from wikipedia http : / / en. wikipedia. org / wiki / space _ habitat ) - bernal sphere - \" island one \", a spherical habitat for about 20, 000 people. - stanford torus - a larger alternative to \" island one. \" - o ' neill cylinder - \" island three \", the largest design. - lewis one a cylinder of radius 250m with a non rotating radiation shielding. the shielding protects the micro - gravity industrial space, too. the rotating part is 450 long and has several inner cylinders. some of them are used for agriculture. - kalpana one, reviseda short cylinder with 250 m radius and 325 m length. the radiation shielding is 10 t / m2 and rotates. it has several inner cylinders for agriculture and recreation. there are other well - known structures from science fiction literature, including - rama ( a 20x50km rotating cylinder ) from arthur c. clarke \u2019 s novel, rendezvous with rama - space station v ( from the movie 2001 : a space odyssey ) - babylon 5 of these, the most complete design is \u201c kalpana one, revised, \u201d which properly accounts for issues such as shielding and rotational stability. most designs presume that it is best to provide windows to admit natural sunlight, but there are many reasons to prefer artificial light sources, primarily involving heat, but also the need for shielding. for adequate shielding from radiation and meteors, the outer walls of the habitat must mass about ten tons per square meter. while transparent quartz windows could be built of this thickness, most designs involving natural sunlight use mirrors to deflect sunlight around shields of stone. but the admitted heat is the real problem ( discussed below ). in my previous posts, including our first colonies in space, life in an asteroid, and our homes, the comets, i assumed that we would tunnel into asteroids and comets, enclose and spin them for gravity if they were small enough, or build spinning structures inside them if they were too large. but while writing a sequel to my short story apophis 2029, i realized that the best choice was simply to build one or more space habitats from the raw materials of the asteroids and comets. i came to this conclusion because of considerations for effective use of space, the stresses of spinning large objects for gravity, and ( most importantly ) thermal dissipation. people consume energy in their homes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5340850321374806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.960195"} {"text": "from the raw materials of the asteroids and comets. i came to this conclusion because of considerations for effective use of space, the stresses of spinning large objects for gravity, and ( most importantly ) thermal dissipation. people consume energy in their homes, workplaces, and travel. much more important, food requires a large amount of energy in the form of light for growing crops. after extensive research on plant needs, high - intensity farming, and lighting technologies, i concluded that the minimum light levels needed requires 4 kilowatts of very - high - efficiency led lights to grow the food for one person ( assuming a primarily vegetarian diet \u2013 you need more to grow additional crops for livestock ). add to that the per - capita electric consumption in the u. s. a. of about 1. 5 kilowatts, add a little more for contingencies, and i realized we need to plan on 6 kilowatts of energy consumption for every human aboard the habitat. that \u2019 s not too bad, especially considering that readily available solar power can easily provide such levels and at a modest cost. but energy consumption turns into heat, and heat must be radiated away. the bottom line is that we must allot 19 square meters per person of surface area assuming black body radiation at a temperature of 0 degrees c. it does not help to plant little radiators all over the surface, as they interfere with each other. all that matters is the apparent size of the habitat from a distance, and how closely it approaches the ideals of a black body radiator. of course, we could use active cooling to heat radiators to much higher temperatures while cooling the interior, but i prefer passive techniques so that a failure of the cooling system doesn \u2019 t rapidly result in cooking the inhabitants. there goes my idea that a million people could thrive in a cubic kilometer of comet. there is plenty of room, more than enough materials. unfortunately, their waste heat would rapidly boil their home away. also, solar light has a large content of heat \u2013 and that excess, too, must be radiated away. sunlight is not energy efficient for growing crops in a thermos bottle ( which is what a habitat in space effectively is ). so, my revised plan calls for 20 square meters of surface per person. also, to provide radiation and meteor shielding equivalent to the earth \u2019 s surface requires 10 tons of shielding per square meter of surface \u2013 and thus 200 tons of shield mass per person ( regolith is fine, slag works well", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5249294066610125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.961142"} {"text": "surface per person. also, to provide radiation and meteor shielding equivalent to the earth \u2019 s surface requires 10 tons of shielding per square meter of surface \u2013 and thus 200 tons of shield mass per person ( regolith is fine, slag works well and is dense, ice is best as long as it doesn \u2019 t boil away ). but the needed surface area and shield mass per person are constants. my earlier thoughts on structure did not consider rotational stability, and the folks that designed kalpana one came up with some very strong arguments that a spinning cylinder is best, and that the width of the cylinder should be 1. 3 times the radius. thus, a cylinder of radius 100 meters ( spinning at 3 rpm for 1 g gravity along the outer rim ) should be 130 meters wide. that gives a 1 - g living area of a little over 80, 000 square meters, a total surface area of over 144, 000 square meters, and thus a maximum population of 7, 200. this structure provides 11. 25 square meters ( 121 square feet ) per person of 1 - g living space. is that enough? it \u2019 s comparable to the space provided ( per person ) in many hotel rooms and cruise ships. but few couples want to live in a 242 square foot efficiency for long, although 28 sm ( 300 sf ) studio apartments are common in many expensive cities. there is no need to live only on the outer 1 - g surface. assuming 3 - meter intervals, the next level up provides 97 % of a g. surely that is adequate. and now we have 22. 5 square meters per person of available living space, equivalent to 450 square feet per couple \u2013 or 900 square feet for a family of 4. a third living level raises the per - person space to over 33 square meters \u2013 675 sf per couple \u2013 1350 sf for a family of four. not spacious, but certainly comfortable. humans need space for living, working, and of course for growing food. we must allot some space for office space, work space, schools. a single level should suffice ( 11 square meters per person ), partly because some people will work in the farms, or in their homes, or outside the habitat entirely ( such as in the mines, the smelters, the steel mills, the solar power satellites, etc. ). each person requires approximately 64 cubic meters for crops, but crops don \u2019 t require 3 - meter ceilings. allocating 2 levels for agriculture may be tight, but 3 levels is more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5220333853397742, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.962132"} {"text": ", the steel mills, the solar power satellites, etc. ). each person requires approximately 64 cubic meters for crops, but crops don \u2019 t require 3 - meter ceilings. allocating 2 levels for agriculture may be tight, but 3 levels is more than enough and provides some excess capacity for the production of meat, milk, and eggs. we need a little more space for overhead : storage, aisles, conduits for air, water, sewage. so we add an 8th level for good measure. that still leaves an interior cylinder with a radius of 75 meters as a park or recreation area. it has 3 / 4ths of a g of gravity. the opposite side is more than 500 feet overhead \u2013 it will feel spacious enough, and 15 + acres of playgrounds, hiking paths, trees, and grass will provide a little bit of earth in space. but there \u2019 s no need to leave the end caps \u2013 the walls of our cylinder \u2013 as bare metal. we should build offices, low - gravity facilities ( perhaps hospitals ), hotels, etc. along those walls. allocating 15 meters of depth along each end - cap for such purposes still leaves a hundred - meter - wide park, now with only 12 acres of usable space, 100 meters wide by 470 meters around. the lowest level of the end caps is a perfect place for shops and restaurants. the above ramble describes the capacity of a 100 - meter radius cylinder, spinning at 3 rpm to provide earth - normal gravity. this spin rate is often considered the maximum for a rotating space habitat, as most people ( but not all ) can adjust to it. more people can adjust to 2 rpm, and essentially everyone has no problem with 1 rpm. so how much room do we get with these and larger structures? can they be built? this table shows the size, possible population, and mass ( in kilotons or kt ) of the external steel shell, the internal steel infrastructure, and the shield ( total mass of steel shell plus rock ). note that once the steel shell reaches a mass of 10 tons per square meter, additional shielding is not needed. for a reference point, the total mass of steel in a modern aircraft carrier is about 60, 000 tons, about 20 % less than the smallest habitat. the dimensions given are of the habitable volume ; the outer walls are assumed to be an extra 5 meters in thickness to provide the volume needed to contain the shield mass ( but that extra external area raises the maximum population as well ). the thickness of the outer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5286493686365408, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.964388"} {"text": "given are of the habitable volume ; the outer walls are assumed to be an extra 5 meters in thickness to provide the volume needed to contain the shield mass ( but that extra external area raises the maximum population as well ). the thickness of the outer steel shell is also given, in meters, and it ranges from 3cm ( 1. 2 inches ) in the 100 meter cylinder to 1. 31 meters ( 4 feet ) in the largest. the table also shows the percentage of the asteroid apophis needed to build this structure, or alternatively the minimum size of a rocky asteroid large enough to build it. * note that the largest structure would require a nickel - iron asteroid, as there is no rocky shield mass needed. | steel shell ( kt ) | | 38 | | 105 | | 385 | | 2, 092 | | 23, 258 | | 129, 560 | | 3, 154, 722 | | steel structure ( kt ) | | 36 | | 71 | | 168 | | 519 | | 2, 584 | | 8, 117 | | 68, 166 | | total mass ( kt ) | | 1, 653 | | 3, 273 | | 7, 769 | | 24, 018 | | 119, 664 | | 376, 078 | | 3, 222, 888 | | % apophis ( 27 mt ) | | 6. 12 % | | 12. 12 % | | 28. 78 % | | 88. 95 % | | 443. 20 % | | 1392. 88 % | | 11936. 62 % | it is clear that apophis contains enough raw materials to build habitats supporting 125, 000 colonists in up to 16 structures. it is interesting that a 1 - kilometer nickel - iron asteroid ( of which there are approximately 50, 000 in the main belt ) provides enough iron that ( adding the resources of a small carbonaceous chondrite for carbon, oxygen, and water ) a 9x6 kilometer cylinder could be built, supporting over 15 million people. still larger structures may be constructed ; steel has adequate tensile strength for structures large enough to support a billion people, but they become wildly inefficient, requiring nearly 10 times the steel per person. i plan additional posts providing details on farming in space, on solar power satellites, and on the economics of life in space. it is clear that space habitats are feasible, and that commerce based upon tourism and the construction and maintenance of solar power satellites", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4890691908526896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.965394"} {"text": ". i plan additional posts providing details on farming in space, on solar power satellites, and on the economics of life in space. it is clear that space habitats are feasible, and that commerce based upon tourism and the construction and maintenance of solar power satellites can pay for it. the obstacles are the difficulty of the bootstrap process : - capturing an asteroid such as apophis into earth orbit - launching the tools to mine the riches of the asteroid, the tools to smelt its ores into steel and other valuable materials, the tools to shape that steel into the plates, beams, and girders needed to build things - launching the people to make it possible with enough consumables to get past the bootstrap. - designing and implementing closed - system recycling facilities capable of efficiently converting human wastes ( and crop residues ) into food, oxygen, and water. once enough infrastructure is in place, the colony should not need the addition of oxygen, water, food, or structural materials. high tech tools will be needed, including whatever is needed to construct solar cells, but the raw materials would already be in place. the earth will export technology, tools, vitamins, pharmaceuticals, and people. in exchange, the earth will receive bountiful energy from the sun, with zero carbon footprint. but that, too, will take time, energy, and especially people. in the long run, the demand for people in orbit is likely to exceed our capabilities of putting them there. and that, too, is the subject of a future post.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5236904852865145, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.966024"} {"text": "\u201c \u201d conspicuous by their absence from rand ' s list of virtues are the \u201c virtues of benevolence, \u201d such as kindness, charity, generosity, and forgiveness. | \u2014 stanford encyclopedia of philosophy | \u201c \u201d how do you read fiction and come up with a political philosophy? it ' s fiction! objectivism is a \" philosophy \" formulated by novelist ayn rand. it has various tenets, but is best known for defining self - interest as a moral virtue. as one might imagine, objectivism is very popular amongst those who hold a me - first view of the world. it lets them say, \" hey, i ' m not being a selfish jerk, i ' m following a philosophy! \" objectivism has not met wide acceptance in academia. when they bother to comment on it at all, academic philosophers usually dismiss it as a rather juvenile imitation of a real philosophy. it is nevertheless very popular, and informs the beliefs of a great many libertarians and assorted whackjobs. although it shares some beliefs with conservatism, it has not had much influence on that branch of politics due to its radical, anti - traditional, atheist nature ; see, for example, whittaker chambers ' s criticisms of atlas shrugged. objectivism introduces religious elements that were previously accessible to atheists only via some forms of communism, viz., an inability to define any non - self - serving epistemology and a violent idiocy on the part of believers. it was called objectivism because, as rand was the single smartest person in the history of the world, anything she said had to be objective. objectivism has some life outside rand ' s shadow. while its largest faction is represented by the ayn rand institute, led by rand ' s pet chihuahua intellectual heir leonard peikoff, an \" open \" faction exists outside rand ' s circle, led by david kelley and his group, the atlas society. the debate over how much of objectivism is dependent on rand ' s writings and how far it can go beyond that is a fierce one that has engendered numerous purges and bitter catfights over the years. although it may not be striking, there is a difference between what people consider the philosophy of objectivism to be today and ayn rand ' s personal life four decades ago. no greater example of this can be seen than in the bitch - fighting between the ayn rand institute and the atlas society. paul ryan, the 2012 republican candidate for vice president, told a meeting of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.532709070706271, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.979091"} {"text": "depravity who make demands upon you, announcing that they have and seek no reasons, proclaiming, as a license, that they ' just feel it ' \u2014 or those who reject an irrefutable argument by saying : ' it ' s only logic, ' which means : ' it ' s only reality. ' | \u2014 galt speech, atlas shrugged | \u201c \u201d there is one word that is forbidden in this valley : the word ' give. ' objectivism holds, basically, that everyone should live by their own effort, neither accepting gifts from others nor giving them, as both actions are considered moral weaknesses. it attempts to apply the principles of laissez - faire to right and wrong. for rand the individual \u2019 s life has supreme value and self - interest determines ethics. therefore, objectivism holds that all forms of altruism are irrational and immoral, even if they are done voluntarily. for example, they consider mother teresa immoral ( just like christopher hitchens did, although for different reasons ). in situations like the prisoner ' s dilemma each objectivist will try to benefit at the expense of the other and both will lose out. rational individuals in prisoner ' s dilemma type positions should see cooperation and altruism is the better strategy. different people \u2019 s self - interest frequently conflict and it is in our long term self - interest to act altruistically. there will be times when we need other people to act altruistically towards us. not only this but it keeps no account of public goods or externalities or the fact that property is extremely hard to define. the closest known relative to objectivism is the sith code, which also sees giving to and loving other human beings as irrational. mercy and humility are also frowned upon, and rand went to lengths to alter the definitions of these words to prove it. there is a major contradiction in objectivist ethics : each person, according to rand, is correct in believing that he or she is the only thing of value in the world. logically, there cannot be more than one sole source of value - - but rand ' s followers barely ever use logic, anyway. \u201c \u201d the source of property rights is the law of causality. | \u2014 galt speech, atlas shrugged | objectivism holds that free - market capitalism is superior to any other economic system, partially because it holds property rights to be grounded in reason, and partially because capitalism is held to be the only system in which it is possible for laws to be objective (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5599774248079238, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.981127"} {"text": "objectivism holds that free - market capitalism is superior to any other economic system, partially because it holds property rights to be grounded in reason, and partially because capitalism is held to be the only system in which it is possible for laws to be objective ( because there is only one law allowed, aka. \" don ' t touch my stuff \" ). objectivist politics either disregard or are unaware of the iron law of institutions. in the case of the economy, this law states that when not constrained by regulation, people or corporations will gain money and influence at the expense of the economy as a whole ( e. g., goldman sachs, bear stearns, aig, fannie mae... the list goes on ). conflicts with science quantum physics and relativity some objectivists like david harriman and leonard peikoff actually seem to have a problem with modern physics, especially quantum mechanics due to its probabilistic nature. the breakdown of classical mechanics - style causality at the quantum level doesn ' t square with rand ' s vision of causality. this has led to declarations by objectivists that modern physics is \" corrupted \" or \" tainted \" by a \" kantian influence \" and \" bad philosophy \" in general, in addition to various crank \" refutations \" of quantum physics and denial of some theories like relativity ( which was petr beckmann ' s specialty ). realism in psychology rand ' s notion that we can observe reality directly ( known in philosophy as direct or naive realism ) is refuted by the current consensus in neuroscience, psychology, and the cognitive sciences ( which accepts various forms of indirect or representative realism ). in the cognitive sciences, raw input is called \" bottom - up perception \" and the way the brain interprets this input is called \" top - down perception. \" the visual, auditory, etc. cortices essentially \" reconstruct \" the input from their respective sense organs, meaning there is always some element of top - down interpretation of raw stimuli. thus, we do not experience reality directly but in some sense a perceptual facsimile of reality constructed by the brain. a simple example of this is the fact that the image formed on your eye ' s retina is upside - down, but the visual cortex flips it right - side up. there are numerous other examples as well, including hallucinations and cognitive illusions. ayn rand also expressed doubts about the validity of the theory of evolution. indeed, while objectivism itself shares much in common with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5812223140523427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.982238"} {"text": "flips it right - side up. there are numerous other examples as well, including hallucinations and cognitive illusions. ayn rand also expressed doubts about the validity of the theory of evolution. indeed, while objectivism itself shares much in common with social darwinism, what she didn ' t like ( that is, that according to the evolutionary theory, there is no real difference between human beings and animals, or that it might dilute or downplay personal responsibility ) reminds of other right - wing criticisms of evolution. environmental science because the magic of the free market can solve any problem, capitalism cannot cause environmental damage. and even if it did, nobody owns the environment, so caring about it would be immoral! thus, anti - environmentalism is a common position among randroids and they promote the usual associated pseudoscience and denialism on issues such as ddt, acid rain, and global warming. rand herself was also known for denying the link between smoking and cancer, then got a good taste of karma after being treated for lung cancer in 1974. strange definitions \u201c \u201d ' when i use a word, ' humpty dumpty said, in rather a scornful tone, ' it means just what i choose it to mean \u2014 neither more nor less. ' objectivists commonly take a word, change its meaning to fit their needs, and then complain that no one else is using their definitions. this has often led to confusion in debates, as neither side knew that they were both speaking two different languages. some commonly warped words include : - altruism : the objectivist definition is \"... that man has no right to exist for his own sake, that service to others is the only justification of his existence, and that self - sacrifice is his highest moral duty, virtue and value. \" it ' s based mainly upon auguste comte ' s ( who coined the term \" altruisms \" ) definition of altruism : \" self - sacrifice for the benefit of others. \" translated from the jargon, rand is trying to say that \" altruism \" is acting like a doormat and only working for others without consideration of one ' s own needs. naturally, few people have such a view on life ; even fewer do who actually practice it, and at that point only do to get something in return. in normal - speak, altruism is simply acting to benefit humanity. like most straw men, the \" altruist \" movement feared by randroids cannot defend itself because it doesn ' t", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5937945236993722, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.983205"} {"text": "at that point only do to get something in return. in normal - speak, altruism is simply acting to benefit humanity. like most straw men, the \" altruist \" movement feared by randroids cannot defend itself because it doesn ' t exist. while comte did advocate something like this ( \" live for others \" ), people declined to obey his dictum. - mercy : leonard peikoff defined mercy as \" unearned forgiveness. \" this basically means that if your enemy is on the battlefield, unarmed, and begging for mercy, it would be immoral to let him live. in this sense objectivism is diametrically opposed to the christian concept of salvation by unmerited grace. - reason : this one has actually at least two different meanings in objectivist writings. one is pretty close to the usual meaning of the term. but objectivism also argues that you must use your reason in order to be happy, which is kinda like trying to open your garage door with your driver ' s license. in this second, shifted ethical / political sense, it then roughly means \" absence of ethical concerns regarding one ' s decisions. \" outside the objectivist funhouse, people who have no concern for the ethics of their decisions are called \" sociopaths. \" - mind : the mind is an essential part of rand ' s justification of property rights. alas, her argumentation is weird ( it ' s basically bad locke ) and ends up bearing almost no relationship with the usual concept of mind. also, taxation and redistribution are \" mind enslavement, \" apparently. to avoid such peculiar, loaded rhetoric, many other libertarians such as nozick rather argue in terms of \" self - property \" than \" mind, \" the idea being the same but less hypocritical. - evil : because of the objectivist ethical system, this word is given a meaning that is at least slightly different from everyday use. but rand also used it to disparage thinkers she disagreed with, solely on the basis of their philosophical ideas. and then randians complain that she isn ' t taken seriously by academia. wacky positions many objectivists, at least during ayn rand ' s lifetime, more than three decades ago, held that cigarette smoking is a moral obligation. objectivism ' s views on art and music tend to reflect rand ' s own personal tastes, seriously constructing a philosophical basis in which the art and music rand liked is moral, while anything else is not. one wonders what some of them think", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5580104006882122, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.984311"} {"text": "obligation. objectivism ' s views on art and music tend to reflect rand ' s own personal tastes, seriously constructing a philosophical basis in which the art and music rand liked is moral, while anything else is not. one wonders what some of them think of rush ( the band ), whose drummer neil peart wrote lyrics inspired by rand but whose music was clearly not of the type approved by the ever - so - rational miss rand, even though she was alive when rush were making their best, most heroic, and most individualism - celebrating music. just for lulz and to confuse people ( including her dim - witted intellectual heir ), ayn rand decided she didn ' t like libertarians and declared that they plagiarized her ideas when it suited them and besmirched her name when it didn ' t. a criticism of ayn rand so obvious it ' s really kind of impressive that anyone follows her is based around a quote we already mentioned above : \u201c \u201d there is one word that is forbidden in this valley : the word ' give. ' again, ayn rand holds the position that it is immoral to give, or to receive aid to another of any kind. she explains this in an interview in 1959, where she specifically says that man must not live for others, and that altrusim is immoral. this can be criticized on several grounds. firstly, this means that it is immoral to be a child, or to raise a child, since a child requires constant attention and aid from the parents. this probably explains why rand never had children, and also means that if the human species adopted this, we would be gone after one generation. another criticism is that we are more - or - less not evolved to think this way. aside from her strange definition of altruism, rand would take a low position on evolutionary ethics, which is essentially the idea that we are evolved to act in the interest of the group as much as ourselves. this is why most people, cultures, and ethical systems don ' t consider self - sacrifice to be immoral, although randian philosophy says that it is. a stunning example of this problem, especially if you ' re finnish, is the case of simo hayha. hayha was a sniper in the finnish white army during the winter war against the soviet red army who killed 505 enemies, survived temperatures as low as - 40c and numerous attempts to kill him both by carpet bombing and by assaults of infantry and mechanized units. the actions of hayha were instrumental", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5185072815614942, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.985301"} {"text": "white army during the winter war against the soviet red army who killed 505 enemies, survived temperatures as low as - 40c and numerous attempts to kill him both by carpet bombing and by assaults of infantry and mechanized units. the actions of hayha were instrumental in preventing the finnish from losing the winter war, which prevented them from being taken over by the soviets. when asked to explain actions like these ( partly since actions like these happened in atlas shrugged ) randroids respond with a rather dehumanizing, and frankly insulting, response that the person is not acting out of group interest, but is instead expecting to survive and is trying to gain self - respect or popularity. but alas, if he didn ' t care enough to do such a thing finland would have gone red. and ol ' ayn wouldn ' t have liked that, would she. see also - neo - tech, one of objectivism ' s loony - fringe offshoots. - the video game bioshock, whose setting is an objectivist \" utopia \" gone horribly wrong. it contains so many ayn rand references that it may as well be considered a re - write of atlas shrugged, but as some would hold, far more realistic. discounting the splicers, plasmids, and giant men in diving suits protecting little girls that is. at the very least, it is far more fun. - laveyan satanism, which is essentially ayn rand in a goat mask. - ari watch - the atlasphere ( find the randroid of your dreams! ) - objectivism forums discuss \" the rationalwiki \" - apparently they don ' t like us either. ( note the lengthy and pointless catfight over the meaning of \" skepticism. \" ) - criticisms of objectivism - ayn rand contra human nature - a blog dedicated to refuting objectivism - the unlikeliest cult in history, skeptic article by michael shermer that appears as a chapter in his book why people believe weird things - massimo pigliucci : about objectivism part i : metaphysics, part ii : epistemology, part iii : ethics, part iv : politics - objectivism and the corruption of rationality, e - book by john scott ryan - \u2191 the green room with paul provenza \u2013 season 2, episode 4 - \u2191 but this might be an example of psychological projection, as many academics also have a problem understanding the importance of matching socks. - \u2191 http : / / www. nationalreview. com / flashback / flashback200", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5241779547125212, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.986317"} {"text": "\u2013 season 2, episode 4 - \u2191 but this might be an example of psychological projection, as many academics also have a problem understanding the importance of matching socks. - \u2191 http : / / www. nationalreview. com / flashback / flashback200501050715. asp - \u2191 the atlas society versus ayn rand institute - \u2191 is paul ryan for or against ayn rand? cnn. com, august 14, 2012. - \u2191 - \u2191 causality, ayn rand lexicon - \u2191 the ineffable carrot and the infinite stick an atheist ' s view of morality - \u2191 http : / / www. cbc. ca / world / story / 2008 / 10 / 23 / greenspan. html - \u2191 see david harriman ' s lecture the crisis in physics and its cause as well as peikoff ' s weird science. - \u2191 there is, of course, debate in these fields as to the exact implications of these phenomena on the philosophy of mind, however, they tend to flatly reject the naive form of realism. perception and hallucination by charles mccreery provides further explanation and counterexamples. see also ayn rand contra human nature ' s series the cognitive revolution and objectivism for more criticisms relating to psychology. - \u2191 ayn rand and evolution - \u2191 ayn rand institute on evolution - \u2191 reject environmentalism, not ddt, ari - \u2191 against environmentalism, ari - \u2191 altruism, aynrandlexicon. com - \u2191 definitions of altruism from the philosopher who coined the term. - \u2191 the sociology of the ayn rand cult, murray rothbard - \u2191 why don ' t more objectivists love the rock band rush? - \u2191 rush - 2112 - live 1976 - part 1 of 2 - \u2191 http : / / www. youtube. com / watch? v = 1ooksv _ sx4y - \u2191 this tactic is generally applied to any act of kindness. for example, saving your children from being hit by a car by throwing yourself in front of it is only moral because of your selfish desire to have your children live on, rather than concern for their own lives. it ' s essentially the objectivist version of goddidit. - \u2191 see the wikipedia article on laveyan satanism.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5849209004732845, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.987320"} {"text": "\u201c \u201d are you thinking what we ' re thinking? telepathy is the alleged transfer of information between individuals ' minds without any apparent detectable connection ( physical, electronic, electromagnetic ). despite considerable testing, \" telepathic \" individuals have been unable to show true telepathy. several governments have studied telepathy with the intention of either using it as a secure means of communication or as a method of obtaining information by \" reading minds \". telepathic mind - reading has often been performed as a stage act. many telepaths simply use suggestive questions to put ideas in the mind of their subjects ( as demonstrated by derren brown in numerous performances ). science fiction stories have used telepathy as a plot device countless times, but quite often it is electronically aided. the modern cell phone comes pretty close to doing the job. a simple explanation? in some cases, people may well think the same thing, due to the same external influences. for example, if one takes a busload of people on a trip through the countryside, it is likely that the individuals will share thoughts about fields, farms, livestock etc later in the day. this accounts for twins ' \" telepathy \", as they are often raised in the same environment, with the exact same influences and many shared experiences. affirmation bias also accounts for why people remember apparent \" telepathy \" and coincidence, but not the numerous examples to the contrary. - \u2191 interview with a techno - enabled telepathy believer. - \u2191 http : / / www. mindhacks. com / blog / 2009 / 05 / us _ military _ pours _ mi. html", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.6640991333937845, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.990379"} {"text": "each year the american government pays $ 5 billion in subsidies, known as \u201c direct payments, \u201d to rice, feed, cotton, and soybean farmers. as the economic downturn continues and washington \u2019 s budget troubles intensify, those payments have become harder to justify, especially since farmers have weathered the weak economy especially well : the u. s. department of agriculture estimated that net farm income in 2011 was the second highest on record. so in october top legislators on the house and senate agricultural committees proposed eliminating many of the subsidies, saving $ 23 billion during the next decade. just one catch : the plan would replace the old subsidies with a new one that could cost at least as much. as congress reduced the amount spent on direct payments, it would change a subsidy known as the average crop revenue election ( acre ) program. the new formula would modify a 2008 program designed to allow farmers to take additional subsidies for most of their crops by giving farmers more taxpayer money anytime per - acre revenues for certain crops fell below recent averages in their states. but as farm revenues boom, the prices of many crops covered by acre are breaking records. as montana state university agricultural economist vincent smith explained in a blog post for the american enterprise institute, that means \u201c taxpayers would pay already wealthy farmers to maintain record profits \u2014 at a time when millions of americans are jobless and not making a profit at all. \u201d and when prices went down, the payments would go even higher. \u201c add it up, \u201d smith noted, and \u201c over ten years, there would be no cuts from ag subsidies at all, just a switch in how they are received. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38266075269021105, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.993617"} {"text": "difference between siberian tiger and bengal tiger although many think that siberian and bengal tigers have their own species, they are actually subspecies of the panthera tigris. these tigers both eat some of the same animals and can eat a very large amount of meat each day. it would take humans weeks to consume the amount of food that they do per day. both of these tigers are very beautiful and have different colors and shades. one interesting notion is that they both have stripes on them and both are huge cats that pounce on their prey instead of chasing it. although these beautiful tigers look slightly the same to one another and are mistaken for the same, you can tell which is which by their location. this is one of the main and key differences between the two. bengal tigers can be found in india as well as burma and bangladesh. on the other hand siberian tigers can be found mostly in russia now, and a few in china and korea. the reason north korea ad china don \u2019 t have as many anymore is because they are being killed by illegal poachers. the habits of these two beautiful creatures are somewhat the same and yet very different. one thing we will discuss is their eating habits. both of these tigers eat a large amount of meat a day and siberians in particular can consume up to 200 pounds in one day. they both eat animals like pigs and deer, amongst other things. siberian tigers will kill bears when they can \u2019 t find their normal food, usually brown bears. bengal tigers like to stay in the brush, tropical jungles and tall grasses. siberian tigers enjoy being alone and mark their territory using their pee or scratches and also cover a huge territory of almost 400 acres. these tigers are in serious trouble of becoming extinct. not only is there a small number of these two tigers left, but they are also being shot down and poached for their fats, furs and bones to make chinese medicine. siberian tigers are thought or assumed to only exist in numbers of about 400 in the wild and only a mere 500 that are held captive in zoos and such. bengal tigers, on the other hand, are also endangered and there are known to be about 3, 000 tigers or so left. this means that shortly both species of tigers are set to disappear forever in relatively short span of time if nothing is done to save them from extinction. - both of these tigers consume a lot of meat each day, sometimes reaching 200 pounds of meat a day. - they both also commonly eat pigs and deer an avoid contact with humans. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4013895643124204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:27.996214"} {"text": "using a new measure of poverty which adjusts for area costs of living, in - kind benefits, health care costs and other factors, the census bureau released a new report today ( reported buy cialis - poverty / 51108410 / 1 \u2033 > here in usa today ) showing that the number of people in poverty is about 49. 1 million, 6 % higher than the 46. 2 million originally estimated in september. the demographics of poverty have shifted as well. fewer blacks and children live in poverty but the new numbers show more poverty among whites, asians, hispanics and the elderly. depending on what side of the political spectrum you are on, these numbers can be interpreted as an indictment that more federal and state poverty aid is needed, or that the current system, regardless of how generous it is, is not particularly effective at getting people out of poverty. of course, an unemployment rate hovering at 9 percent doesn \u2019 t help matters. but the debate about how to deal with poverty often centers around the question, \u201c what more should government be doing? \u201d more tax credits? more food stamps? new programs? free diapers? the more important, but often ignored question is, \u201c what should the government stop doing that creates barriers for the poor? \u201d earlier this year, ncpa published a report detailing the challenges faced by the poor in obtaining reasonably - priced services or using their own talents to provide income - producing services. these challenges are often a result of state or local restrictions and requirements that limit competition. for example : - licensing requirements for child care services make it difficult for low - income families to afford child care so they can work ; these requirements also create barriers to individuals who wish to earn an income through caring for children in their own homes. - zoning regulations that require minimum lot sizes, expensive building material, or prohibit modular homes make housing unaffordable for the poor. - regulations that prohibit transportation alternatives such as jitneys, or limit the number of cabs allowed in a city increase the cost of transportation for those without cars. these regulations also create barriers for individuals who wish to start their own transportation services as a source of income. the census report also found higher poverty rates in urban areas than in rural areas due to cost of living differences. this is not suprising considering that it is more common for large cities and suburbs to impose restrictions that limit access to affordable services for the poor. just as there are alternative ways of measuring poverty, there are also alternative ways ot addressing poverty. sometimes it can be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45617026935750116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.001492"} {"text": "migrants to the united states are a diverse population. this diversity, captured in various migration theories, is overlooked in empirical applications that describe a typical narrative for an average migrant. using the mexican migration project data from about 17, 000 first - time migrants between 1970 and 2000, this study employs cluster analysis to identify four types of migrants with distinct configurations of characteristics. each migrant type corresponds to a specific theoretical account, and becomes prevalent in a specific period, depending on the economic, social and political conditions. strikingly, each migrant type also becomes prevalent around the period in which its corresponding theory is developed. this paper studies the impact of internal migration and remittance flows on wealth accumulation and distribution in 51 rural villages in nang rong, thailand. using data from 5, 449 households, the study constructs indices of household productive and consumer assets with principal component analysis. the changes in these indices from 1994 to 2000 are modeled as a function of households \u2019 prior migration and remittance behavior with ordinary least squares, matching, and instrumental variable methods. the findings show that rich households lose productive assets with migration, potentially due to a reduction in the labor force available to maintain local economic activities, while poor households gain productive assets due to a reduction in the consumption burden and an influx of remittances. regardless of wealth status, households do not gain or lose consumer assets with migration or remittances. these results suggest an equalizing effect of migration and remittances on wealth distribution in rural thailand. background : human cadavers are crucial to numerous aspects of health care, including initial and continuing training of medical doctors and advancement of medical research. concerns have periodically been raised about the limited number of whole body donations. little is known, however, about a unique form of donation, namely co - donations or instances when married individuals decide to register at the same time as their spouse as whole body donors. our study aims to determine the extent of whole body co - donation and individual factors that might influence co - donation. methods and findings : we reviewed all records of registrants to the university of hawaii medical school \u2019 s whole body donation program from 1967 through 2006 to identify married registrants. we then examined the 806 married individuals \u2019 characteristics to understand their decision to register alone or with their spouse. we found that married individuals who registered at the same time as their spouse accounted for 38. 2 percent of married registrants. sex differences provided an initial lens to understand co - donation. wives were more likely to co - donate than to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5314418078900858, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.014991"} {"text": "spouse. we found that married individuals who registered at the same time as their spouse accounted for 38. 2 percent of married registrants. sex differences provided an initial lens to understand co - donation. wives were more likely to co - donate than to register alone ( p = 0. 002 ). moreover, registrants \u2019 main occupational background had a significant effect on co - donations ( p = 0. 001 ). married registrants ( regardless of sex ) in female - gendered occupations were more likely to co - donate than to donate alone ( p = 0. 014 ). female - gendered occupations were defined as ones in which women represented more than 55 percent of the workforce ( e. g., preschool teachers ). thus, variations in donors \u2019 occupational backgrounds explained co - donation above and beyond sex differences. conclusions : efforts to secure whole body donations have historically focused on individual donations regardless of donors \u2019 marital status. more attention needs to be paid, however, to co - donations since they represent a non - trivial number of total donations. also, targeted outreach efforts to male and female members of female - gendered occupations might prove a successful way to increase donations through co - donations. prior work has modeled individuals \u2019 migration and remittance behavior separately, and reported mixed empirical support for various remittance motivations. this study offers an integrated approach, and considers migration as a mechanism for selection in a censored probit model of remittance behavior. this approach leads to different conclusions about the determinants of remittance behavior in the thai internal migration setting. to the extent that these determinants capture different remittance motivations, as prior research has presumed, the analysis also provides varying support for these motivations. these results suggest that migration and remittance behavior are interrelated, and it is crucial for an analysis of remittance behavior to control for the selectivity of migration. students of social inequality have noted the presence of mechanisms militating toward cumulative advantage and increasing inequality. social scientists have established that in - \u2010 dividuals \u2019 choices are influenced by those of their network peers in many social domains. we suggest that the ubiquity of network effects and tendencies towards cumulative advant - \u2010 age are related. inequality is exacerbated when effects of individual differences are multi - \u2010 plied by social networks : when persons must decide whether to adopt beneficial practices ; network externalities, social learning, or normative pressure influence adoption decisions ; and networks are homophi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5222098697804693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.017182"} {"text": "is exacerbated when effects of individual differences are multi - \u2010 plied by social networks : when persons must decide whether to adopt beneficial practices ; network externalities, social learning, or normative pressure influence adoption decisions ; and networks are homophilous with respect to individual characteristics that predict such decisions. we review evidence from literatures on network effects on technology, labor markets, education, demography, and health ; identify several mechanisms through which networks may generate higher levels of inequality than one would expect based on dif - \u2010 ferences in initial endowments alone ; consider cases where network effects may amelior - \u2010 ate inequality ; and describe research priorities. to evaluate the distributional impact of remittances in origin communities, prior research studied how migrants \u2019 selectivity by wealth varies with migration prevalence in the community or prior migration experience of the individual. this study considers both patterns, and examines selectivity separately in low and high prevalence communities and for first - time and repeat migrants. based on data from 18, 042 household heads in 119 mexican communities from the mexican migration project, the analyses show that ( i ) first - time migrants in low prevalence communities come from poor households, while repeat migrants in high prevalence communities belong to wealthy households, and ( ii ) higher amounts of remittances reach wealthy households. these results suggest that repeat migration and remittances may be mechanisms for wealth accumulation in the study communities. descriptive analyses associate these mechanisms with increasing wealth disparities between households with and without migrants, especially in high prevalence communities. the study, similar to prior findings, shows the importance of repeat migration trips, which, given sustained remittances, may amplify the wealth gap between migrants and non - migrants in migrant - sending communities. the study also qualifies prior findings by differentiating between low and high prevalence communities and observing a growing wealth gap only in the latter. we describe a common but largely unrecognized mechanism that produces and exacerbates intergroup inequality : the diffusion of valuable practices with positive network externalities through social networks whose members differentially possess characteristics associated with adoption. we examine two cases, the first to explicate the implications of the model, the second to demonstrate its utility in analyzing empirical data. in the first, the diffusion of internet use, network effects increase the utility of adoption to friends and relatives of prior adopters. an agent - based model demonstrates positive, monotonic relationships, given externalities, between homophily bias and intergroup inequality in equilibrium", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5311341016515012, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.019068"} {"text": ", the diffusion of internet use, network effects increase the utility of adoption to friends and relatives of prior adopters. an agent - based model demonstrates positive, monotonic relationships, given externalities, between homophily bias and intergroup inequality in equilibrium adoption rates. in the second, rural / urban migration in thailand, network effects reduce risk to persons whose networks include prior migrants. using longitudinal individual - level migration data, we find that network homophily interacts with network externalities to induce inequality in migration rates among otherwise similar villages. sociological research often examines the effects of social context with hierarchical models. in these applications, individuals are nested in social contexts \u2014 like school classes, neighborhoods or villages \u2014 whose effects are thought to shape individual outcomes. although applications of hierarchical models are common in sociology, analysis usually focuses on inference for fixed parameters. researchers seldom study model fit or examine aggregate patterns of variation implied by model parameters. we present an analysis of thai migration data, in which survey respondents are nested within villages and report annual migration information. we study a variety of hierarchical models, investigating model fit with dic and posterior predictive statistics. we also describe a simulation to study how different initial distributions of migration across villages produce increasing inter - village inequality in migration. this paper studies how increasing migration changes the character of migrant streams in sending communities. cumulative causation theory posits that past migration patterns determine future flows, as prior migrants provide resources, influence, or normative pressures that make individuals more likely to migrate. the theory implies exponentially increasing migration flows that are decreasingly selective. recent research identifies heterogeneity in the cumulative patterns and selectivity of migration in communities. we propose that this heterogeneity may be explained by individuals \u2019 differential access to previously accumulated migration experience. multi - level, longitudinal data from 22 rural thai communities allow us to measure the distribution of past experience as a proxy for its accessibility to community members. we find that migration becomes a less - selective process as migration experience accumulates, and migrants become increasingly diverse in socio - demographic characteristics. yet, selectivity within migrant streams persists if migration experience is not uniformly distributed among, and hence not equally accessible to, all community members. the results confirm that the accumulation and distribution of prior migrants \u2019 experiences distinctly shape future migration flows, and may lead to diverging cumulative patterns in communities over time. this paper investigates how migrant social capital differentially influences individuals \u2019 migration and cumulatively generates divergent outcomes for communities. to combine the fragmented findings in the literature,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5633185719428827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.020511"} {"text": "shape future migration flows, and may lead to diverging cumulative patterns in communities over time. this paper investigates how migrant social capital differentially influences individuals \u2019 migration and cumulatively generates divergent outcomes for communities. to combine the fragmented findings in the literature, the paper proposes a framework that decomposes migrant social capital into resources ( information about or assistance with migration ), sources ( prior migrants ), and recipients ( potential migrants ). analysis of multi - level and longitudinal data from 22 rural villages in thailand shows that the probability of internal migration increases with the available resources, yet the magnitude of increase depends on recipients \u2019 characteristics and the strength of their ties to sources. specifically, individuals become more likely to migrate if migrant social capital resources are greater and more accessible. the diversity of resources by occupation increases the likelihood of migration, while diversity by destination inhibits it. resources from weakly - tied sources, such as village members, have a higher effect on migration than resources from strongly - tied sources in the household. finally, the importance of resources for migration declines with recipients \u2019 own migration experience. these findings challenge the mainstream account of migrant social capital as a uniform resource that generates similar migration outcomes for different groups of individuals or in different settings. in nang rong villages, depending on the configuration of resources, sources and recipients, migrant social capital leads to differential migration outcomes for individuals and divergent cumulative migration patterns in communities. a review of the sociological research about gender and migration shows the substantial ways in which gender fundamentally organizes the social rela - tions and structures influencing the causes and consequences of migration. yet, although a significant sociological research has emerged on gender and migration in the last three decades, studies are not evenly distributed across the discipline. in this article, we map the recent intellectual history of gender and migration in the field of sociology and then systematically assess the extent to which studies on engendering migration have appeared in four widely read journals of sociology ( american journal of sociology, american sociological review, demography, and social forces ). we follow with a discussion of these studies, and in our conclusions, we consider how future gender and migration scholarship in sociology might evolve more equitably. employing longitudinal data from thailand to replicate studies of cumulative causation, we extend current knowledge by measuring frequency of trips, duration of time away, level of network aggregation ( village or household ), and sex composition of migrant networks to estimate a model of prospective migration among men and women in thailand. we find that trips and duration of time away have distinct influences upon migration ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5173715941028074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.021992"} {"text": "creating great photographs can be a snap as long as you follow some of the key compositional rules and guidelines. in our composition & perspective course we not only reveal these rules, but we offer many tips and techniques for adding true creative touches to your photos. we will teach you how to break away from old habits and become more creative. - understanding and using the rule of thirds - using the focus and recompose technique - effective use of lines, angles, curves and negative space - recognizing patterns and making use of the full camera frame - how choice of lens affects perspective - fixing composition after you ' ve taken the shot this course is suitable for individuals looking to improve their photos through the use and understanding of better composition. - you may bring your camera along but it is not mandatory no one has rated this yet. why don ' t you be the first? in order to access the student notes for this course, please follow these steps : henry ' s school of imaging workshops are quick, informative programs covering a variety of imaging topics. find out more check out our tips and tricks blog for great insight on taking better photos no matter your experience level. view tips and tricks contact us toll free at 1 ( 888 ) 574 - 0250 or email @ example. com \u00a9 1996 - 2013 cranbrook glen enterprises ltd. all rights reserved. view your full shopping cart for taxes and shipping.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5264897372597463, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.023956"} {"text": "p. o. box 98199 washington, dc 20090 - 8199 the famous cambrian explosion - a rapid diversification of animal groups about 550 million years ago - assumes a rather diminished significance when mapped to the full tree of life. update : yes, i made the diagram myself, by modifying this. that \u2019 s a very nice illustration to put it in perspective. thanks! i have briefly seen videos on youtube about the subject of the cambrian explosion, and i had a question burning in my head. why was the cambrian explosion a threat to the darwinian theory? maybe, the cambrian explosion is just a metaphor for the evolution and advancement of new forms with complex body parts that simply are modified ontogenetically through natural selection and mutation. the reason why the cambrian event may be problematic for darwinian evolution is that within canonical darwinian theory is the assumption that phylotypic change occurs gradually, and is selected at each change. for the changes that occurred around the cambrian event, hundreds of millions of years would be required if later evolutionary changes scale linearly in time. niles eldridge et al proposed punctuated evolution which allows for rapid phylotypic change spaced with phylotypic stasis, one of the causes is hyppothesized to be geographical isolation which is often associated with an extinction event. the systematics plot above is a bit misleading in that the large blue branch is all bacteria. i don \u2019 t think that it would come as a shock to anyone that there are many more species of bacteria than metazoa. the cambrian event affected the multi - cell body plans, and in a very significant way. its effect on bacteria is not preserved in the fossil record. therefore, to indicate that the cambrain even affected only the branch indicated is not positively supported in the fossil record. after some consideration, i have decided to move myrmecos back to its original location : i apologize for \u2026 i \u2019 ve posted all i \u2019 m going to say about pepsigeddon here. and while you \u2019 re doing that, i have answered the monday mystery back at my tried and \u2026 eristalis, the drone fly easily mistaken for a bee, eristalis is in fact a clever mimic \u2026 i would like to point out that when an australian says \u201c pot plant \u201c, they mean house \u2026", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5479459814585461, "token_count": 476, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.028054"} {"text": "deep point of view refers to getting inside your character and writing almost from their first - person perspective. it \u2019 s pov that connects the reader to the character \u2019 s emotions, letting the reader become closer to the story, more involved. even without \u201c deep pov, \u201d you can tighten your writing by being aware that every word counts. each word, phrase, paragraph, scene, and chapter should work together to progress your story either by revealing gmc or dropping a clue that will help the reader understand something at a later point. deep pov ties emotion to actions and reactions, and connects the current action to what \u2019 s going on inside the character \u2019 s head ( introspection, emotion, reaction ). since people think in specifics, letting our characters think in specifics brings the reader closer to that character and why they \u2019 re thinking what they \u2019 re thinking at that exact moment. when you \u2019 re deep in a character \u2019 s pov, the character doesn \u2019 t keep secrets from himself ( a suzanne brockmann tip i learned many moons ago ). deep pov lets the reader experience the story... instead of someone telling them the story. very simple changes subtly change a sentence from \u201c telling \u201d into \u201c showing \u201d and bring us closer to the character, giving us insight into their world. as writers we \u2019 re consistently told to avoid using \u201c telling \u201d words and phrases : felt, saw, heard, just as, plus, because, knew, little does she know, without thinking, however, she continued, he thought, she realized, couldn \u2019 t help but, can \u2019 t help noticing. but why? as a writer, have you dissected your favorite type of book and looked at the type of sentence structure that excites you as a reader? she knew she had to run, but it felt like her feet were stuck in quicksand. run. now. make your quicksand feet move before you \u2019 re dead. the first sentence is very passive. ( very telling, as if i \u2019 m telling you how a third person felt. ) several years ago, the second example would have appeared in italics. it \u2019 s as if the character is talking to herself. let \u2019 s think about this for a minute. if we \u2019 re in a character \u2019 s pov, we \u2019 re already in their \u2026 you got it! we \u2019 re already in their thoughts. so write as if you \u2019 re thinking. when thinking, we \u2019 re not formal. we use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.511758806510852, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.038608"} {"text": "we \u2019 re in a character \u2019 s pov, we \u2019 re already in their \u2026 you got it! we \u2019 re already in their thoughts. so write as if you \u2019 re thinking. when thinking, we \u2019 re not formal. we use the same verbiage. we think in the same phrases. my writing \u201c style \u201d is to italicize for emphasis and when the character is directing a thought at themselves ( i. e. : i can run ). deep pov through setting if the description doesn \u2019 t impact the character, it won \u2019 t impact the reader. setting is more than just describing the landscape or type & color of the furniture. it \u2019 s the tone of your characters \u2019 surroundings and the attitude in which they think about it. if a man walks into a room and notices the paisley print curtains, he better be an interior designer or those curtains better look just like the set at his mother \u2019 s house. it \u2019 s not \u201c in - character \u201d for the average joe to notice curtains. the same goes for a heroine standing on her porch and describing the surroundings she sees every day. the author needs a reason for the heroine to be thinking about her surroundings. at least one of your characters will be very familiar and comfortable with their corner of the world. the other will be observing not only the new locale, but also the way another character moves through it. setting includes the observations about the actual way things look vs. the way things make a character feel. one or two words throughout a character \u2019 s thoughts can set the tone of your book and give you an excellent backdrop. a few quick examples : it rained on them. vs rain pelted them like ice shards. they got in the rental car trying to get warm. vs they were both soaked to the skin, making him wish he \u2019 d rented a car with warming seats. let the reader experience the story instead of telling them the story... when an author \u201c lists \u201d what a character is doing, they are viewing the scene from somewhere else - - meaning another character or an omniscient pov ( and the author usually ends up \u201c telling \u201d what \u2019 s happening instead of \u201c showing \u201d the action ). by \u201c list \u201d i mean what they do through the scene step - by - step. to get deep pov, the author concentrates more on emotion and / or why the character is consciously thinking about his own movements. combining action, emotion and scene pulls the reader in and keeps them turning pages.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49754381520713004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.039661"} {"text": "scene step - by - step. to get deep pov, the author concentrates more on emotion and / or why the character is consciously thinking about his own movements. combining action, emotion and scene pulls the reader in and keeps them turning pages. another outside character can \u2019 t know the true emotional reaction of what \u2019 s happening to the characters involved in the scene, and an omniscient pov places an interpretation upon the feelings the characters are experiencing. the following is from my new book dangerous memories ( title may change ) coming from harlequin intrigue. the first paragraph is how not to write an active scene, followed by what i actually wrote. not active, not deep pov levi watched while people ran to safety at the funeral. he needed to get joseph \u2019 s daughter to safety so he ran through the flower arrangements and tackled her to the ground. he watched the wreaths fall onto the casket as roses and rain pelted them. dangerous memories ( hopefully active and half - way decent ) levi hurdled a flower arrangement to get her to safety faster. he should have listened to himself earlier and stood next to her. he heard the shot. choices? either hit the dirt or run like those in his peripheral vision. he leapt in a flying tackle to take joseph \u2019 s daughter down with him. he \u2019 d pushed hard off the slippery grass, heavily landing on top of jolene. he turned as much as he could to take the brunt of the fall. their bodies slid off the fake - grass rug, into the mud. wreath stands fell onto the casket. roses and other flowers fell on their heads. rain pelted them like ice shards. levi rolled on top of her, keeping his weight on his elbows and knees, using the bullet - proof vest he wore to shield her heart. if it were only that easy. can you tell a difference? the first paragraph tells the same information, but doesn \u2019 t get my heart racing like the section from my book. there \u2019 s one last thing you need to know about \u201c telling \u201d - - always remember when it \u2019 s used correctly, it can be a good way to cut to the chase and get the information you need onto the page in the quickest fashion. bottom line? be aware of how you \u2019 re writing and manipulate how it affects the scene and what you want the reader to feel as a result of reading it. which example do you prefer? let me know in your comment and i \u2019 ll put your name in the hat for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4792867765417124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.040845"} {"text": "how you \u2019 re writing and manipulate how it affects the scene and what you want the reader to feel as a result of reading it. which example do you prefer? let me know in your comment and i \u2019 ll put your name in the hat for some texas magnets. i can \u2019 t include everything so \u2026 for more examples of \u201c deep pov \u201d go to my website article ( soon to be posted on my own updated website. ) angi morgan writes \u201c intrigues where honor and danger collide with love. \u201d she combines actual texas settings with characters who are in realistic and dangerous situations. hill country holdup went on sale the very night it won the rwa golden heart\u00ae award and is a bookseller \u2019 s best & romantic times best first series book nominee. her second harlequin intrigue\u00ae,. 38 caliber cover - up, is a gayle wilson award of excellence nominee. website connect on facebook fb fan page goodreads get lost in a story breathtaking romantic suspense a picture a day copyright 2012 angi morgan - - all rights reserved, please obtain written permission before use. today is another day of our march speedbo. find out more about speedbo and our exciting weekly prizes here. comment today for a chance to win! winners announced in the weekend edition.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5137523041117533, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.041465"} {"text": "classroom activities for teaching sedimentary geologythis collection of teaching materials allows for the sharing of ideas and activities within the community of geoscience teachers. do you have a favorite teaching activity you ' d like to share? please help us expand this collection by contributing your own teaching materials. subject : sedimentary geology - 1 match general / other - sedimentary textures - sedimentary structures - stratigraphy lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, sequence stratigraphy, seismic stratigraphy - depositional environments continental, marginal - marine, shelf - slope environment, deep marine environment - facies and facies models - techniques of sedimentary geology - sediment transport and deposition results 1 - 12 of 12 matches new approaches to field - based analysis of stratigraphic sections part of activities paul myrow, colorado college this is a field - based project that is designed to teach students how to interpret processes of deposition and paleoenvironments from outcrop. designing sedimentary geology courses around field projects with realistic scenarios part of activities bosiljka glumac, smith college sedimentary geology courses can be structured around field projects that take advantage of the local geology and are placed within realistic situations to demonstrate the relevance of the work that sedimentologists... identifying facies in a transgressive sequence from the mid - atlantic coast part of activities david krantz, university of toledo the transgressive coastal sequence will be explored by students in an activity based on high - resolution seismic profiles collected off assateague island, maryland and virginia. use of a lab - field couplet to link rock classification and facies interpretation part of activities allison tumarkin - deratzian, temple university students examine hand samples in the lab, then describe formations and interpret facies succession at a local outcrop. linked lab and field components doubly reinforce understanding of course concepts. designing a sedimentary geology course around field - based class projects that yield publishable research part of activities james ebert, suny college at oneonta field - based research projects can be the heart of a course in sedimentary geology. course content, organization, readings and laboratory experiences are dictated by the nature of the specific project. less content... from grains to basin : an example of a project - based sedimentology exercise part of activities fraka harmsen, california state university - fresno to help make the connection between thin - section and outcrop, students undertake a field oriented project in ridge basin, california. using field trips to local rivers to enhance student understanding of deposition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5526956806340473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.045522"} {"text": "of activities fraka harmsen, california state university - fresno to help make the connection between thin - section and outcrop, students undertake a field oriented project in ridge basin, california. using field trips to local rivers to enhance student understanding of depositional environments part of activities alex simms, oklahoma state university - main campus the purpose of this activity is to take advantage of modern rivers to teach basic principles in sedimentology and interpreting past deposits. the students first observe the sedimentological features of a modern... using data from the experimental earthscape facility ( jurassic tank ) to visualize basin - scale stratigraphic architecture part of activities tom hickson, university of st. thomas students use digital imagery from an experimental subsiding sedimentary basin to visualize the controls on basin - scale facies architecture, walther ' s law, and sequence stratigraphic concepts. students must... virtual field trip to the book cliffs part of activities ann holmes, university of tennessee - chattanooga, the problem - based learning techniques have been applied to geological datasets collected and published about the cretaceous book cliffs exposures in utah. using computer spatial technologies ( geoplus petra ) for subsurface geological analysis part of activities dave barnes, western michigan university the lab project is a culminating activity ( following work with conventional core and petrophysical logs ) in which the students compile a subsurface \" project \" using computer spatial technology software,... delta environments and paleogeography part of activities maya elrick, university of new mexico - main campus one of the most basic and useful aspects of stratigraphy is reconstructing paleogeography using correlated stratigraphic columns. this lab introduces students to the reconstruction of deltaic paleoenvironments... bedforms to facies to prediction : walther ' s law and sequence stratigraphic analysis, blackhawk formation, utah part of activities tom morris, brigham young university this field exercise challenges students to apply their knowledge of bedforms to interpret facies within a vertical section of the blackhawk formation, utah. the students draft a vertical succession of the outcrop...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5493824969594185, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.047939"} {"text": "background of the compost tea brewer there are two people who should be recognized for their involvement in this process : what we are exploring with the compost tea brewing system is very similar. it will dramatically change how we grow plants and how we perceive and interact with the earth. this is an exciting time to be living and involved in this search for solutions and understanding. some important ideas to always have in mind when thinking about and dealing with the brewing process and its application to plants and the soil are : 1. we are at the very beginning of the process of knowing and a lot of conclusions may be wrong \u2014 there is not yet enough data. the process that carl rubenberger began was one of taking compost plus food for microbes, placing it in clean water ( no contaminants i. e. chlorine, which kills bacteria ), and adding a machine. now this process of multiplying the population of biolife in the compost becomes a biological army to protect, extend the nutrients, water intake and change chemicals around the plant to a useable form. what is the process and why is it so effective? plants take energy from the sun during the process of photosynthesis and convert it into foods they need to sustain themselves. one of the very important recent findings was that 50 % of this food is used by the plant internally to grow and sustain itself. the other 50 % of foods ( sugars / carbohydrates ) coats the outside of its leaves, twigs, trunk and roots to feed an army of microbes to protect it from pathogens ( disease - causing army ) and extend its root system to pick up more nutrients. this is the natural process between plants, sunlight, micro and macro - organisms and the soil, etc. we have hybridized / changed plants from all over the world and for a number of reasons within this new environment, the plant is not naturally functioning at 100 %. now the plant is stressed either within the soil or above ground. because the new plant is not producing the foods it naturally needs, predators move in to eat this injured or starving, weak plant. with the preceding information you can see most of our plants are not functioning at 100 % either because of the soil or location. it \u2019 s very similar to people who aren \u2019 t getting enough food for nourishment or live in an area where war or natural disasters are occurring. they do not have the basic foods or environment they need to grow and sustain them without disease. if we have plants that are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49714491160887236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.052649"} {"text": "who aren \u2019 t getting enough food for nourishment or live in an area where war or natural disasters are occurring. they do not have the basic foods or environment they need to grow and sustain them without disease. if we have plants that are struggling, it is always a result of dead or poisoned soils, environmental conditions or our choice of plants. when we are doing a foliar spray with compost tea, we are resupplying the plant with an army supplied with foods to support and defend the plant against disease and insects. this is the natural process we are reinforcing through technology. aerated compost brewing is really a process of taking compost, adding foods for microbes, water, and a brewing machine. when all of these parts are very high quality what will be produced is a brewed tea that will inoculate the plant or soil with the army it naturally would surround itself. we are able to give plants or the soil the army of biolife with this new process they are not able to give themselves. quite simply, the brewing machines are a replicating machine. they replicate the number of microbes. because of this, the higher the quality of the compost, water, specific foods for specific microbes, machines and finally the delivery method are all parts of a process that determine the quality ( positive or negative ) of life for the soil or plants. from the beginning of the process to the very end, there are a number of ways we can create a strong army or an army that is ineffective or harmful. dr. ingham is constantly reminding us \u201c that you \u2019 ve got to think about this more! \u201d as i get more involved in this process i am amazed at how simple, yet how complicated it is. the perspective of stepping back and looking at the process, plants, soil and natural systems really helps. to be successful it is helpful to have an overview of the processes and critically look at all of the parts in this process. we must always be open to new information from data. we are in the very beginning of a new perspective about the natural world and our interactions as growers and gardeners. a very exciting time!!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5197855388700733, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.053547"} {"text": "when my oldest child was a little one, the thought of teaching her how to read hovered in my mind as a huge challenge. i don \u2019 t remember waking up at night, wondering if i would be able to teach her to tie her shoes or to drive a car ; but i do remember staring at the ceiling in the dark, wondering if i would be able to teach her to read. it can seem a daunting task, because so much of education depends on reading. the better a child can read, the easier his schooling will be. but let me assure you that most children will pick up reading quite naturally if raised in a language - rich environment where books are treasured. many people who grow up in such an environment cannot recall exactly how they learned to read, but learn they did. so relax, pour yourself a cup of your favorite beverage, and soak up charlotte mason \u2019 s gentle and natural approach to teaching your child to read \u2014 today \u2019 s addition to our subject - by - subject series. though charlotte did not start formal reading lessons until the child was at least six years old, she outlined many helpful informal activities we could do during the early years to lay the foundation. read a - b - c books together. get your child a set of letters that he can handle and play with, whether wooden blocks with letters or foam letters or magnetic letters. as he becomes familiar with each letter, allow him to locate the ones he knows on signs or pages of books. encourage his discoveries but don \u2019 t push. let him progress at his own pace. take your cues from his expressions of curiosity. learning the sounds the letters make comes next, again, accomplished informally as the child is ready. eventually you can start using those play letters to put sounds together to make short words that mean something to him, words like at, cat, bat, sat, fat, mat or dog, fog, log. as he becomes familiar with word - building, you can introduce blends into the mix and then expand to words with long - vowel sounds. basic phonics can be introduced at this point. but even these activities should be informal and done when the child expresses interest. once the beginning word - building foundation has been laid, formal reading lessons can begin. lessons should stay short ( no longer than 10 or 15 minutes ) and should contain variety to keep them interesting. following the charlotte mason principle of no twaddle, you would select a good children \u2019 s poem or fable and focus on one line or sentence to begin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47806330476984177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.060033"} {"text": "short ( no longer than 10 or 15 minutes ) and should contain variety to keep them interesting. following the charlotte mason principle of no twaddle, you would select a good children \u2019 s poem or fable and focus on one line or sentence to begin with. - introduce the word. \u2014 write on the board a new word from your selection. draw the child \u2019 s attention to it and tell him what the word is. discuss it a bit to help the child form a personal relation to it. - learn the word. \u2014 ask the child to look at the word carefully until he can see it in his mind even with his eyes closed. erase the word and see if he can spell it using letter tiles. ( no handwriting required. ) if he hesitates, write it again so he can see and copy the correct spelling. - find the word. \u2014 point out a pile of word tiles or slips that contains each word in your selection. see if the child can find the word he just learned in the pile. display a sheet of paper that has your selected poem or fable on it, and see if he can find the word on that page. - review all words. \u2014 write the word on one side of the board, starting a list of all the words he will learn today. as each word is learned, add it and review them all in varying orders. - read the words. \u2014 once all the words in your selected line or sentence have been learned in this way, have your child put together the word tiles in the correct order and read the whole line or sentence. then allow him to read it from the printed page. play with the word tiles to form other sentences or phrases. as more lessons are added, you can use all the words learned to form a multitude of sentences. - record the words. \u2014 last, add the words learned to a word book that you can use for other review activities. to add variety, charlotte would follow the sight - reading lessons ( outlined above ) with word - building lessons. here \u2019 s how. - review an old word. \u2014 write on the board one of the words learned last time. ask the child to read it. erase it and see if he can spell it with his letters. again, if he hesitates, give him the correct model to copy. - build more words. \u2014 using his letters, change the first letter of the word and see what new word it makes, just like he has been doing in his pre - reading activities of word building. this step will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5135105495293655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.061049"} {"text": "the correct model to copy. - build more words. \u2014 using his letters, change the first letter of the word and see what new word it makes, just like he has been doing in his pre - reading activities of word building. this step will reinforce basic phonics. - review the new words. \u2014 each new word can go on the board to be reviewed in varying orders as the lesson progresses. - read more words. \u2014 add these new words to the mix to create even more new sentences for your child to read and enjoy. - record the words. \u2014 last, add the words learned to his word book. continue in this fashion as you work your way through the children \u2019 s poem or fable, always keeping the lessons short and the attitude delightful, and soon your child will be reading with confidence and ease. you may find these other resources helpful as well : - the delightful reading kit \u2014 everything you need to teach reading the charlotte mason way ; covers the 100 most commonly used words, plus hundreds more. - a series of articles on teaching reading that goes a little more in depth. - two videos that demonstrate the charlotte mason approach to teaching reading and the difference between basic phonics and intensive phonics. - an article on teaching reading from our language arts series. charlotte mason seminar in fort mill, south carolina saturday, october 6, sonya will be leading a charlotte mason seminar in fort mill, south carolina ( near charlotte, nc ). if you have been wanting to learn more about charlotte mason \u2019 s methods, this seminar would be a great opportunity! here is what others who have attended this seminar had to say : \u201c today \u2019 s seminar was both informative and empowering! the \u2018 how - to \u2019 was invaluable, the materials were excellent, and the practice \u2014 letting us narrate \u2014 was eye opening!... i came in a \u2018 believer \u2019 in cm methods but left knowing i could be a confident \u2018 doer \u2019 \u2014 thank you! \u201d \u201c i only wish i had the opportunity to attend this seminar when i first began homeschooling using cm method. thank you for your work and time making charlotte \u2019 s method understandable and simple. \u201d \u201c i \u2019 ve been to a different seminar that had me feeling overwhelmed and inadequate. but i was energized and excited by what you shared and now can \u2019 t wait to begin this homeschool journey! \u201d online registration is now open for the all - day charlotte mason seminar. registration deadline is october 1 and seating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.508120096787784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.062127"} {"text": "costa rica is \u2014 and always has been \u2014 in the tropics, but the popular conception of the tropics has changed, altering the country itself in the process. the new idea of the tropics \u2014 essentially, a geographically unspecific blend of disparate tropical images \u2014 has transformed the image tourists and locals have of costa rica. about thirty years ago, the costa rican image of the tropics was largely self - created. few tourists came to costa rica, and most knew very little about what they would find once they reached the country. there were no websites about the country, few books about it that would reach an international audience and still fewer images of costa rica circulating outside its borders. everything costa ricans and their visitors knew about the costa rican tropics came from what they learned within the country itself. local and international scientists studied and wrote about the country \u2019 s own tropical attributes, although their publications only reached a limited readership. costa ricans enjoyed the country \u2019 s bountiful tropical fruits and vegetables and visited its parks and beaches. however, without the perspective of the foreign observer, costa rica \u2019 s early conception of the tropics was straightforward and relatively untainted. recently, this conception has become blurred by a more global and commercial sense of the tropics. visitors to the country have seen movies about the tropics or visited theme parks about this part of the world. all have their own conception of the rain forest, beaches and life in this particular latitude, and many have superimposed their tropical notions on the country. in the mid - 1990s, american surfers \u201c discovered \u201d costa rican beaches and brought with them their own sense of the tropics. surfboards, hawaiian shirts and an endless summer - style sensibility crept into costa rican beaches where soccer balls and ceviche were once the only attributes. a commercial caribbean influence soon emerged, bringing with it rastafarian imagery, bob marley music and the other aspects of a sort of pan - caribbean vision. most recently, the spa set has imposed its sense of the tropics on costa rica, bringing with it hibiscus - infused therapeutic baths and seaside massages. these new tropical conceptions, imposed from the outside, have little to do with one another and still less to do with the \u201c true \u201d costa rica, which has no past of surfing, steel drumming or therapeutic yoga. the image some newcomers have created is a sort of hodge - podge of the tropics, a blend", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4297501917919177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.069012"} {"text": "adaptive reuse of transportation systems to combat food deserts \u2013 the loop the grocery loop proposal for a better world by design 2010 challenge a collaborative project by risd graduate students erika tarte firstname. lastname @ example. org beth weaver email @ example. com lindsay kinkade firstname. lastname @ example. org the grocery loop is an innovative design solution to the pressing social problem of limited access to healthy food. built on the cost - effective and environmentally friendly model of adaptive reuse, the grocery loop is a public transportation system that provides access to nutrition, encourages community engagement, and promotes environmental sustainability. providence and many other cities are what michelle obama \u2019 s let \u2019 s move campaign calls a \u201c food desert \u201d \u2014 a place in which access to affordable, quality, and nutritious foods is limited. over 30, 000 households in the city of providence live without easy access to healthy food ( living over one mile from a grocery store ) and although this presents an opportunity to encourage non - vehicular transportation, such a solution neglects the physical and financial limitations of many ocean state residents. in a 2010 survey our group conducted of a cross - section of the current ripta ridership, interviews revealed widespread frustration with linear routes, the impracticality of riding multiple routes to visit multiple grocery stores, and the lack of proper amenities for transporting food on buses and at bus shelters. riders favored looping routes, such as the existing trolley, and expressed a desire for accurate schedules and comprehensive route maps. the grocery loop integrates amenity - based bus lines into the existing rhode island public transportation system ( ripta ). these low - emission, hybrid diesel buses run in a continuous loop stopping at a diverse selection of stores \u2014 from farmers markets, to specialty shops, to large grocery stores. both buses and bus shelters provide seating and storage that is optimized for transporting food. real - time gps tracking information is displayed to keep riders informed of arrivals and departures. once riders are on the grocery loop, they know exactly where they \u2019 re going : to the grocery store. kennedy plaza el rancho grande gr een loop red loop whole foods attentive to the evolving needs of the ridership, the grocery loop \u2019 s routes are informed by rider feedback. the grocery loop buses and website give riders the opportunity to suggest routes and schedules that fit into their busy lifestyle. additionally, the grocery loop website allows riders to share recipes, generate grocery lists, suggest and review grocery stores, and connect to their fellow riders through social networking services", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5257363168913023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.072635"} {"text": "and website give riders the opportunity to suggest routes and schedules that fit into their busy lifestyle. additionally, the grocery loop website allows riders to share recipes, generate grocery lists, suggest and review grocery stores, and connect to their fellow riders through social networking services. to further accommodate rider needs, the website will be optimized for personal computer and mobile use. the web and mobile component of the grocery loop is an incredible opportunity to connect rhode islanders to resources about health and nutrition. by creating an engaging online presence, the grocery loop aims to keep riders \u201c in the loop \u201d of healthful resources throughout rhode island. this project has received the generous support of risd with the award of a prestigious graduate studies grant. the grant period has allowed for further design and development of the grocery loop \u2019 s website so that it will son include functional social networking components. lindsay and erika will also begin a public outreach campaign to generate community interest and to organize community support. this ambitious project will require research, prototyping, and a pilot program. we are currently in the first stages ; throughout the 2010 \u2013 2011 academic year, we will focus of research, networking, and moving our project forward with political and commercial stakeholders. we will discuss the particular needs of store owners will be and we \u2019 ll find out how they will support the system through sponsorship and shared marketing. this project started in a weekend workshop with jake barton, one of the creators of storycorps, and principal of local projects.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48204869294305286, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.073223"} {"text": "after crushing the humanoids on jeopardy this week, ibm \u2019 s watson computer took home $ 1 million in prize money. instead of throwing it away on tiffany diamond - encrusted circuit boards or a lamborghini to show up other supercomputers, watson is showing that its silicon heart is in the right place. half the money will go to the world vision, a nonprofit that helps children in poverty, the other half to world community grid, ibm \u2019 s humanitarian supercomputer. as we chronicled last year, world community grid, or wcg, is an enormous volunteer computer network dedicated to scientific research. ordinary citizens donate their idle laptops and desktops to be used for crunching algorithms and conducting mathematical experiments that accelerate research on clean energy and high - yield rice crops as well as cures for cancer, aids, muscular dystrophy, and other diseases. ibm started the free, open - source lab in 2004 to make a virtual supercomputer available to researchers who couldn \u2019 t otherwise afford one. half of watson \u2019 s winnings, $ 500, 000, will be given to scientists who apply for grants to use the wcg. the publicity should only help the grid grow beyond the 535, 000 participants ( and 1. 7 million computers ) in more than 80 countries. yesterday, as word spread of the grid \u2019 s windfall, 1, 300 people signed up, seven times more than on a typical day. ( the daily septuple perhaps? )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5182443508060228, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.074627"} {"text": "end of summer fireworks ( august 31, 2012 ) hi - res tif ( 2. 9m ) the sun blasted out at least 16 coronal mass ejections ( cmes ) in eight days ( aug. 20 - 27, 2012 ) as observed by a coronagraph on the stereo ( ahead ) spacecraft. these came from several active regions on the sun. the cascading clouds of particles are visually impressive and impressive in scope : the average cme carries about a billion tons of particles into space at over one million miles per hour. this pace is another signal that the sun is approaching its maximum period of activity. the video clip consists of over 900 frames : a cadence of an image every 15 minutes. note : this view is from 2 / 3 of the way around the sun ' s right limb, as seen from earth, because of ahead ' s current position. soho began its weekly pick some time after sending a weekly image or video clip to the american museum of natural history ( rose center ) in new york city. there, the soho weekly pick is displayed with some annotations on a large plasma display. if your institution would also like to receive the same weekly pick from us for display ( usually in photoshop or quicktime format ), please send your inquiry to email @ example. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4690366277725211, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.076991"} {"text": "etched into the rustic wooden sign in front of southside presbyterian church in tucson, arizona, are symbols from the local american indians, the tohono o \u2019 odham \u2014 cacti, clouds, and a figure inside a circle \u2014 along with three crosses on a hill and the proclamation, \u201c serving all the people of god. \u201d like its sign, southside \u2014 a part of the presbyterian church ( usa ) \u2014 draws from surrounding cultures in its ministry and membership. \u201c we take care of each other and everyone else we possibly can, \u201d said linda ray, a church member and volunteer. southside \u2019 s roughly 230 members support a variety of church programs. a gospel choir enlivens sunday morning music. a program for the homeless and migrants opens church doors on weekdays to offer showers, a meal, and an occasional haircut. southside also believes it was the first church to be a haven for refugees fleeing central america \u2019 s civil wars in the 1980s, ray said, igniting the sanctuary movement, which grew to include hundreds of churches. the church works with local and national coalitions for immigration reform, an end to capital punishment, and a variety of other causes. southside was founded in 1906 as a mission church to the tohono o \u2019 odham. the church has gained in latino, african - american, and white membership as the character of its neighborhood changed, said associate pastor brandon wert. wert said there is a \u201c checkered history \u201d of white christian evangelism of american indians that must be acknowledged. yet, many o \u2019 odham families have stayed in the church for generations, and all the church \u2019 s cultures are represented in local presbyterian leadership, he said. the membership \u2019 s cultures also vitalize the church \u2019 s worship and fellowship. the sunday service is usually two hours long, both ray and wert said, because scripture is read in english and in spanish, and o \u2019 odham members read prayers of blessing in their language. when latino girls turn 15 years old, they often have their traditional quinceanera celebration with the congregation. the congregation has also held sending ceremonies for the spirits of o \u2019 odham elders \u2014 such as alice paul, an educator and church matriarch, who died in may 2005 \u2014 upholding the o \u2019 odham belief that the person \u2019 s spirit remains for a year after death, ray said. after discussion with nearby indigenous peoples, the church constructed an anasazi - style circular building \u2014 called a kiva \u2014 as their worship space", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38319010867863473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.079811"} {"text": "safe chemical use includes minimizing exposure to chemicals, proper training, understanding chemical hazards, proper labeling, proper storage and segregation, and proper transport. the best way laboratory personnel can protect themselves from chemical hazards is to minimize their exposure to them. in order to minimize chemical exposure : - substitute less hazardous chemicals in your experiments whenever possible. - always use the smallest possible quantity of chemical for all experiments. consider microscale experiments and activities. - minimize chemical exposures to all potential routes of entry - inhalation, ingestion, skin and eye absorption, and injection through proper use of engineering controls and personal protective equipment. - be sure to select the proper ppe and regularly inspect it for contamination, leaks, cracks, and holes. pay particular attention to gloves. - do not pipette or apply suction by mouth. - do not smell or taste chemicals. when it is necessary to identify a chemical ' s odor, lab personnel should hold the chemical container away from their face and gently waft their hand over the container without inhaling large quantities of chemical vapor. - do not underestimate the risk of exposure to chemicals - even for substances of no known significant hazard. - in order to identify potential hazards, laboratory personnel should plan out their experiments in advance. these plans should include the specific measures that will be taken to minimize exposure to all chemicals to be used, the proper positioning of equipment, and the organization of dry runs. - chemicals that are particularly hazardous substances require prior approval from your supervisor and special precautions to be taken. - when working with mixtures of chemicals, laboratory personnel should assume the mixture to be more toxic than the most toxic component in the mixture. - consider all substances of unknown toxicity to be toxic until proven otherwise. - request exposure monitoring to ensure the permissible exposure limits ( pels ) of osha and the current threshold limit values ( tlvs ) of the american conference of governmental industrial hygienists are not exceeded. - promptly clean up all chemicals spills regardless whether the chemical is considered hazardous or nonhazardous. when cleaning up spills, remember to clean up any splashes that may have occurred on the sides of cabinets and doors in the immediate area. - when working in cold rooms, keep all toxic and flammable substances tightly closed as cold rooms have recirculated atmospheres. - be aware of the potential asphyxiation hazard when using cryogenic materials and compressed gases in confined areas such as cold rooms and environmental chambers. if necessary, install an oxygen monitor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4913232528972143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.117694"} {"text": "tightly closed as cold rooms have recirculated atmospheres. - be aware of the potential asphyxiation hazard when using cryogenic materials and compressed gases in confined areas such as cold rooms and environmental chambers. if necessary, install an oxygen monitor / oxygen deficiency alarm and / or toxic gas monitor before working with these materials in confined areas. contact eh & s at 607 - 255 - 8200 for more assistance. - do not eat, drink, chew gum, or apply cosmetics in areas where hazardous chemicals are being used. - keep all food and drink out of refrigerators and freezers used to store chemicals. refrigerators used to store chemicals should be labeled as \" chemicals only \" \" no food \". refrigerators used to store food should be labeled as \" food only \" - no chemicals \". you can download these and other free labels at the eh & s signs and labels webpage. - always wash hands with soap and water after handling chemicals and especially before leaving the lab and eating - even if gloves were worn during chemical handling. - always remove personal protective equipment, such as gloves and lab coats, before leaving the lab. - do not attempt to scale up experiments until after you have run the experiment according to published protocols and you are thoroughly familiar with the potential hazards. when scaling up an experiment - change only one variable at a time, i. e. don ' t change the heat source, the volumes, and the glassware all at once. it is also advisable to let one of your other lab group members to check your setup prior to each run. chemicals pose both health and physical hazards. for the purposes of this document, health hazard will be used interchangeably with chemical hazard and health effects on the body will be used interchangeably with chemical effects on the body. according to osha, health hazard means \" a chemical for which there is statistically significant evidence based on at least one study conducted in accordance with established scientific principles that acute or chronic health effects may occur in exposed employees. the term \" health hazard \" includes chemicals which are carcinogens, toxic or highly toxic agents, reproductive toxins, irritants, corrosives, sensitizers, hepatotoxins, nephrotoxins, neurotoxins, agents which act on the hematopoietic system and agents which damage the lungs, skin, eyes, or mucous membranes \" according to osha, physical hazard means \" a chemical for which there is scientifically valid evidence that it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.566272962381827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.118759"} {"text": "questions on how to read msdss, or questions about the terminology or data used in msdss, you can contact eh & s at 315 - 787 - 2350 for more information. additional information, including how to read an msds, can be found in the msds faq and a glossary of terms used on msdss can be found in the \" hyperglossary \". information on the national fire protection association - nfpa diamond and the hazardous materials information guide and hazardous materials information system - hmig and hmis - is also available. it is the responsibility of principal investigators and laboratory supervisors to ensure that staff and students working in laboratories under their supervision have obtained required health and safety training and have access to msdss ( and other sources of information ) for all hazardous chemicals used in laboratories under their supervision. msdss must be accessible at all times. access to msdss can mean access to paper copies or electronic access via the internet. eh & s maintains links to a number of msds websites and other sites with chemical health and safety information. eh & s strongly encourages paper copies of msdss be kept in the laboratory, however, having msds websites bookmarked is acceptable as long as all employees in the workplace know where to find the msdss and are trained on the use of computers to access msdss. if a laboratory chooses to use electronic access, then eh & s recommends the msds website link be posted on the computer or in another conspicuous location. some departments maintain three ring binders - \" big red books \" - with msdss. check with your dsr for the location of the departmental msds collection. please note : any accidents involving a chemical will require an msds being provided to emergency response personnel and to the attending physician so proper treatment can be administered. the eh & s \" rule of thumb \" is that a person working in a laboratory should be able to produce an msds for any hazardous chemical found in the lab within five minutes. principal investigators will be responsible for ensuring that newly synthesized chemicals are used exclusively within their laboratories and are properly labeled. if the hazards of a chemical synthesized in the laboratory are unknown, then the chemical must be assumed to be hazardous and the label should indicate the potential hazards of that substance have not been tested and are unknown. the principal investigator must ensure a msds is prepared for newly synthesized chemicals if : the chemical is hazardous according to the osha definition of hazardous ( if the hazards are not known, then the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4950765526435061, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.122722"} {"text": "hazards of that substance have not been tested and are unknown. the principal investigator must ensure a msds is prepared for newly synthesized chemicals if : the chemical is hazardous according to the osha definition of hazardous ( if the hazards are not known, then the chemical must be assumed to be hazardous ) the newly created chemical or intermediate compound is going to be transferred to a different researcher or testing lab on or off of the cornell university campus, or the newly created chemical or intermediate compound is going to be kept in the lab for an on - going basis for use by current and / or future researchers in the lab where it was originally made, or the newly created chemical or intermediate compound is going to be provided to another research group at cornell university. the potential health effects that may result from exposure to chemicals depends on a number of factors. these factors include the properties of the specific chemical ( including toxicity ), the dose and concentration of the chemical, the route of exposure, duration of exposure, individual susceptibility, and any other effects resulting from mixtures with other chemicals. in order to understand how chemical hazards can affect you, it is important to first understand how chemicals can get into your body and do damage. the four main routes of entry are inhalation, ingestion, injection, and absorption through the skin and eyes. inhalation of chemicals occurs by absorption of chemicals via the respiratory tract ( lungs ). once chemicals have entered into the respiratory tract, the chemicals can then be absorbed into the bloodstream for distribution throughout the body. chemicals can be inhaled in the form of vapors, fumes, mists, aerosols and fine dust. symptoms of exposure to chemicals through inhalation include eye, nose, and throat irritation, coughing, difficulty in breathing, headache, dizziness, confusion, and collapse. if any of these symptoms are noted, leave the area immediately and get fresh air. seek medical attention if symptoms persist and complete an injury / illness report laboratory workers can protect themselves from chemical exposure via inhalation through proper use of a functioning fume hood, use of dust masks and respirators when a fume hood is not available, avoiding bench top use of hazardous chemicals, ensuring chemical containers are kept tightly capped, and ensuring all chemical spills are promptly cleaned up. chemical exposure through ingestion occurs by absorption of chemicals through the digestive tract. ingestion of chemicals can occur directly and indirectly. direct ingestion can occur by accidently eating or drinking a chemical ; with proper housekeeping", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5440816242536254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.123702"} {"text": "cleaned up. chemical exposure through ingestion occurs by absorption of chemicals through the digestive tract. ingestion of chemicals can occur directly and indirectly. direct ingestion can occur by accidently eating or drinking a chemical ; with proper housekeeping and labeling, this is less likely to occur. a higher probability of receiving a chemical exposure can occur by way of indirect ingestion. this can occur when food or drink is brought into a chemical laboratory. the food or drink can then absorb or adsorb chemical contaminants ( vapors or dusts ) in the air and result in a chemical exposure when the food or drink is consumed. this can also occur when food or drink is stored with chemicals, such as in a refrigerator. ingestion can occur when a laboratory worker who handles chemicals does not wear gloves or practice good personal hygiene, such as frequent hand washing, and then leaves the laboratory to eat, drink, or smoke. in all cases, a chemical exposure can result, although the effects of chronic exposure may not manifest itself until years later. symptoms of chemical exposure through ingestion include metallic or other strange tastes in the mouth, stomach discomfort, vomiting, problems swallowing, and a general ill feeling. if you think you may have accidentally ingested a chemical, seek medical attention immediately and / or call the poison control center at ( 800 ) 222 - 1222 or 9 - 911 from a campus phone or 911 from a cell phone or off campus phone. after seeking medical attention, complete an injury / illness report the best protection against ingestion of chemicals is to properly label all chemical containers, never consume food or drink or chew gum in laboratories, always wear ppe ( such as gloves ), and practice good personal hygiene, such as frequent handwashing. chemical exposure via injection can occur when handling chemically contaminated items such as broken glass, plastic, pipettes, needles, razor blades, or other items capable of causing punctures, cuts, or abrasions to the skin. when this occurs, chemicals can be injected directly into the bloodstream and cause damage to tissue and organs. due to direct injection into the bloodstream, symptoms from chemical exposure may occur immediately. laboratory workers can protect themselves from an injection hazard by wearing proper ppe such as safety glasses / goggles, face shields, and gloves. inspect all glassware for chips and cracks before use, and immediately discard any glassware or plasticware that is damaged. to help protect coworkers in the lab and building care staff", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.511819256662572, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.125172"} {"text": "safety glasses / goggles, face shields, and gloves. inspect all glassware for chips and cracks before use, and immediately discard any glassware or plasticware that is damaged. to help protect coworkers in the lab and building care staff, all broken glass should be disposed of in a puncture resistant container labeled as ' broken glass \". this can be a commercially purchased \" broken glass \" container or simply a cardboard box or other puncture resistant container labeled as \" broken glass whenever cleaning up broken glass or other sharp items, always use a broom, scoop or dustpan, or devices such as pliers, before using your hands to pick up broken pieces. if you have to use your hands, it is best to wear leather gloves when handling broken glass. for other items that can cause cuts or puncture wounds, such as needles and razor blades, never leave these items out in the open where someone could come into contact with them. eh & s recommends using a device such as a piece of styrofoam or similar item to secure them for later use. for disposal, use an appropriate \" sharps \" container or \" red sharps container \" ( biohazard container ). if you do receive a cut or injection from a chemically contaminated item, if possible, gently try to remove the object and immediately rinse under water while trying to flush the wound and remove any chemical contamination, administer first aid and seek medical attention if necessary, and then complete an injury / illness report some chemicals can be absorbed by the eyes and skin, resulting in a chemical exposure. most situations of this type of exposure result from a chemical spill or splash to unprotected eyes or skin. once absorbed by these organs, the chemical can quickly find its way into the bloodstream and cause further damage, in addition to the immediate effects that can occur to the eyes and the skin. symptoms of eye exposure can include itchy or burning sensations, blurred vision, discomfort, and blindness. the best way to protect yourself from chemical splashes to the eyes is to always wear safety glasses in the laboratory whenever eye hazards exist ( chemicals, glassware, lasers, etc. ). if you are pouring chemicals, then splash goggles are more appropriate than safety glasses. whenever a severe splash hazard may exist, the use of a face shield, in combination with splash goggles is the best choice for protection. please note, a face shield by itself does not provide adequate eye protection. if you do get chemicals in your eyes, immediately go to an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5043289107843436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.126729"} {"text": "exist, the use of a face shield, in combination with splash goggles is the best choice for protection. please note, a face shield by itself does not provide adequate eye protection. if you do get chemicals in your eyes, immediately go to an eyewash station and flush your eyes for at least 15 minutes. the importance of flushing for at least 15 minutes cannot be overstated! once the eyewash has been activated, use your fingers to hold your eyelids open and roll your eyeballs in the stream of water so the entire eye can be flushed. after flushing for at least 15 minutes, seek medical attention immediately and complete an injury / illness report symptoms of skin exposure to chemicals include dry, whitened skin, redness, swelling, rashes, blisters, itching, chemical burns, cuts, and defatting. please note that some chemicals can be readily absorbed by the skin. laboratory workers can protect their skin from chemical exposure by selecting and wearing the proper gloves, wearing a lab coat and other personal protective equipment for special hazards ( such as protective sleeves, face shields, and aprons ), and not wearing shorts and sandals in areas where chemicals are being used - even if you are not using chemicals, but someone else in the lab is using chemicals nearby. for small chemical splashes to the skin, remove any contaminated gloves, lab coats, etc., and wash the affected area with soap and water for at least 15 minutes. seek medical attention afterward, especially if symptoms persist. for large chemical splashes to the body, it is important to get to an emergency shower and start flushing for at least 15 minutes. once under the shower, and after the shower has been activated, it is equally important to remove any contaminated clothing. failure to remove contaminated clothing can result in the chemical being held against the skin and causing further chemical exposure and damage. after flushing for a minimum of 15 minutes, seek medical attention immediately and complete an injury / illness report please note that some chemicals, such as hydrofluoric acid, require use of a special antidote ( such as calcium gluconate gel ) and special emergency procedures. be sure to read msdss for any chemical you work with to determine if a special antidote is needed when chemical exposure occurs. the permissible exposure limits ( pel ) are based on the average concentration of a chemical to which workers can be exposed to over an 8 - hour workday, 5 days per week, for a lifetime without receiving damaging effects. in some cases, chemicals can also have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4894806633524049, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.129420"} {"text": "limits ( pel ) are based on the average concentration of a chemical to which workers can be exposed to over an 8 - hour workday, 5 days per week, for a lifetime without receiving damaging effects. in some cases, chemicals can also have a ceiling ( c ) limit, which is the maximum concentration that cannot be exceeded. osha has established pels for over 500 chemicals. permissible exposure limits are legally enforceable. another measure of exposure limits are threshold limit values ( tlv ) which are recommended occupational exposure limits published by the american conference of governmental industrial hygienists ( acgih ). similar to pels, tlvs are the average concentration of a chemical that a worker can be exposed to over an 8 - hour workday, 5 days per week, over a lifetime without observing ill effects. tlvs also have ceiling ( c ) limits, which are the maximum concentration a worker can be exposed to at any given time. the acgih has established tlvs for over 800 chemicals. a main point of difference between pels and tlvs is that tlvs are advisory guidelines only and are not legally enforceable. both pels and tlvs can be found in msdss. another good resource for information is the national institute for occupational health and safety ( niosh ) please note, if laboratory personnel follow the guidelines described within this laboratory safety manual - use fume hoods and other engineering controls, use proper ppe, practice good housekeeping and personal hygiene, keep food and drink out of laboratories, and follow good lab practices - the potential for exceeding exposure limits is significantly reduced. as a laboratory worker, you may use a variety of potentially hazardous materials on a daily basis. safe use of these materials depends heavily on following proper laboratory work practices and the utilization of engineering controls. in certain circumstances, it is necessary to verify that work practices and engineering controls are effective in limiting exposures to hazardous materials. eh & s industrial hygienists can help evaluate the effectiveness of your controls by monitoring exposures to a variety of laboratory chemicals. exposure monitoring is the determination of the airborne concentration of a hazardous material in the work environment. exposure monitoring data is compared to existing osha and acgih exposure guidelines and is often used to make recommendations concerning engineering controls, work practices, and ppe. if you think you are receiving a chemical exposure in excess of osha exposure limits, such as feeling symptoms commonly associated with exposure to hazardous materials, or work with any of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5096810845487192, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.132580"} {"text": "used to make recommendations concerning engineering controls, work practices, and ppe. if you think you are receiving a chemical exposure in excess of osha exposure limits, such as feeling symptoms commonly associated with exposure to hazardous materials, or work with any of the chemicals listed below, contact eh & s at 2350 and our industrial hygienists can use a variety of sampling methods to monitor for any potential exposures. in some cases, osha substance specific standards actually require that the employer conduct initial exposure monitoring. examples of chemicals that fall into this category include : - vinyl chloride - methylene chloride - ethylene oxide other substances that have exposure monitoring requirements included : toxicity refers to the ability of a chemical to cause harmful effects to the body. as was described by paracelsus ( 1493 - 1541 ) : - what is it that is not poison? all things are poison and nothing is without poison. it is the dose only that makes a thing not a poison. there are a number of factors that influence the toxic effects of chemicals on the body. these include, but are not limited to : - the quantity and concentration of the chemical. - the length of time and the frequency of the exposure. - the route of the exposure. - if mixtures of chemicals are involved. - the sex, age, and lifestyle of the person being exposed to the chemical. toxic effects are generally classified as acute toxicity or chronic toxicity. - acute toxicity is generally thought of as a single, short - term exposure where effects appear immediately and are often reversible. an example of acute toxicity relates to the over consumption of alcohol and \" hangovers \". - chronic toxicity is generally thought of as frequent exposures where effects may be delayed ( even for years ) and are generally irreversible. chronic toxicity can also result in acute exposures, with long term chronic effects. an example of chronic toxicity relates to cigarette smoking and lung cancer. msdss and other chemical resources generally refer to the toxicity of a chemical numerically using the term lethal dose 50 ( ld50 ). the ld50 describes the amount of chemical ingested or absorbed by the skin in test animals that causes death in 50 % of test animals used during a toxicity test study. another common term is lethal concentration 50 ( lc50 ), which describes the amount of chemical inhaled by test animals that causes death in 50 % of test animals used during a toxicity test study. the ld50 and lc50 values are then used to infer what dose is required to show a toxic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5202397278096362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.133591"} {"text": "housekeeping and self - inspections, if any chemical labels appear to be falling off, then laboratory personnel should tape the label back on the container or relabel with a permanent label. laboratory personnel are strongly encouraged to make use of eh & s right - to - know chemical labels non - original containers ( secondary use containers ) such as wash bottles, squirt bottles, temporary storage containers, beakers, flasks, bottles, vials, etc. or any container that a chemical from an original container is transferred into, must be properly labeled. in general, eh & s recommends writing out the full chemical name and any hazards associated with that chemical. laboratory personnel are strongly encouraged to use commercially available pre - labeled containers ( such as squirt bottles ) for chemicals that get used frequently. however, labs can also choose to label chemical containers in other ways such as : 1 ) eh & s right - to - know labels eh & s strongly encourages laboratories to take advantage of our free right - to - know chemical labels found on our website for hazardous chemicals in non - original containers, especially for containers that are used for the same purpose repeatedly, or are used slowly over time. there are currently eh & s right - to - know labels for over 900 chemicals. labels can simply be printed off the web and attached to the chemical container. if a label does not exist for a particular chemical that you have, a request can be submitted to eh & s to create a label for you 2 ) abbreviations - structures and formulas use of abbreviations such as structures, formulas, or acronyms is acceptable. however, if you use any abbreviations, you must hang up a \" key \" to the abbreviations in a visible location ( preferably close to the chemicals and / or by the door ). the \" key \" must contain the abbreviation and the name of the chemical. including the hazards of the chemical on the \" key \" is also useful information. a sample fill - in the blank key can be found on the eh & s signs and labels webpage. the abbreviation key must be readily available upon request by visitors, emergency responders, and state and federal regulatory agencies such as epa, osha, or new york state office of fire prevention and control ( ofpc ) inspectors. 3 ) small containers and sample storage for small containers, such as vials and eppendorf tubes, which may be too small to write out a chemical name, structure, or formula, laboratories can implement other systems to identify the chemicals such as :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4974116607243796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.135898"} {"text": "3 ) small containers and sample storage for small containers, such as vials and eppendorf tubes, which may be too small to write out a chemical name, structure, or formula, laboratories can implement other systems to identify the chemicals such as : - placing the vial or small container in a ziploc bag or other type of overpack container ( beaker, plastic bottle, etc. ) and labeling the overpack container with the chemical name. - laboratories can use \" price tag \" style labels in which the chemical name is written out on a tag, and the tag is then attached to the small container with string or a rubber band. - for vials in a test tube rack - laboratory personnel can simply label the rack with the chemical name, and then label the vials with an abbreviation, color, number, or letter code that corresponds to the label on the test tube rack. for example, if a lab had 10 small vials of ethanol in one rack, the rack could be labeled a 1 - e = ethanol. all of the vials would then be labeled as 1 - e. be sure that the number or letter code is clearly identifiable and would not be confused with other chemicals in the lab. - for preserved specimens, bottles should be labeled with the preservative ( i. e. ethanol or formaldehyde ). a large number of these labels could easily be produced on the computer using avery style mailing labels. - for sample storage in refrigerators, laboratory personnel should label sample containers with one of the above methods, including labeling boxes that hold the small vials or chemical containers. laboratories should include a key to any abbreviations on the outside of the refrigerator and label the key as \" sample storage abbreviation = chemical name \". 4 ) number, letter, and color codes for vials and other small containers, laboratory personnel can make use of number, letter, and color - coded systems as long as a \" key \" is hung up which clearly identifies the chemical name that the number, letter, or color code represents. while this type of system is available for laboratory personnel to use, eh & s does not recommend using such a system for hazardous chemicals. such a system would be more appropriate for non - hazardous compounds such as agar and buffer solutions. * * * please keep in mind that some laboratory workers may be color - blind - red - green and blue - yellow. this fact needs to be taken into consideration, before a color - coding system is used. in all cases, regardless of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5051756407834033, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.136968"} {"text": "* * * please keep in mind that some laboratory workers may be color - blind - red - green and blue - yellow. this fact needs to be taken into consideration, before a color - coding system is used. in all cases, regardless of the labeling system used, the following labeling requirements must be followed : - all chemical containers ( both hazardous and non - hazardous ) must be labeled. chemical names must be written out in english. if a label is starting to fall off a chemical container or is becoming degraded, then the container needs to be relabeled ( using tape, permanent marker, eh & s right - to - know labels, etc. ) or the chemical needs to be transferred to another properly labeled container. - if abbreviations such as formulas, structures, or acronyms are used, then a \" key \" to the abbreviations must be hung up in a conspicuous location. - all personnel working in the laboratory must be fully trained on how to label chemicals using the system and how to understand the labeling system. training must occur when a new person begins working in the laboratory, when new chemicals are introduced, and should occur on a regular basis or annually. chemical storage areas in the academic laboratory setting include storerooms, laboratory work areas, storage cabinets, refrigerators, and freezers. there are established legal requirements as well as recommended practices for proper storage of chemicals. proper storage of chemicals promotes safer and healthier working conditions, extends the usefulness of chemicals, and can help prevent contamination. chemicals that are stored improperly can result in : - degraded containers that can release hazardous vapors that are detrimental to the health of laboratory personnel. - degraded containers that allow chemicals to become contaminated, which can have an adverse effect on experiments. - degraded containers that can release vapors, which in turn can affect the integrity of nearby containers. - degraded labels that can result in the generation of unknowns. - chemicals becoming unstable and / or potentially explosive. - citation and / or fines from state and federal regulatory agencies. laboratories should adhere to the following storage guidelines for the proper and safe storage of chemicals. by implementing these guidelines, laboratories can ensure safer storage of chemicals and enhance the general housekeeping and organization of the lab. proper storage of chemicals also helps utilize limited laboratory space in a more efficient manner. - all chemical containers must be labeled. labels should include the name of the chemical constituent ( s ) and any hazards present. be sure to check chemical containers regularly and replace any labels that are deteriorating or falling off and / or relabel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.504501418769654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.138090"} {"text": "manner. - all chemical containers must be labeled. labels should include the name of the chemical constituent ( s ) and any hazards present. be sure to check chemical containers regularly and replace any labels that are deteriorating or falling off and / or relabel with another label before the chemical becomes an unknown. - keep all containers of chemicals closed when not in use. - every chemical should have an identifiable storage place and should be returned to that location after use. - the storage of chemicals on bench tops should be kept to a minimum to help prevent clutter and spills, and to allow for adequate working space. - chemical storage in fume hoods should be kept to a minimum - limited to the experiment being conducted. excess storage of chemical containers in hoods can interfere with airflow, reduce working space, and increase the risk of a spill, fire, or explosion. - for chemical storage cabinets, larger chemical bottles should be stored towards the back and smaller bottles should be stored up front where they are visible. chemical bottles should be turned with the labels facing out so they can be easily read. - chemicals should not be stored on the floor due to the potential for bottles to be knocked over and result in a spill. if it is necessary to store bottles on the floor, then the bottles should be placed in secondary containment, such as trays, and the bottles should be placed away from aisle spaces. - for multiples of the same chemical, older containers should be stored in front of newer chemicals and containers with the least amount of chemical should be stored in front of full containers. this allows for older chemicals to get used up first and helps to minimize the number of chemical containers in the storage area. - do not store chemicals in direct sunlight or next to heat sources. - laboratories should strive to keep only the minimum quantity of chemicals necessary. when ordering new chemicals, laboratories should only order enough stock needed for the experiment or the quantity that will get used up within 1 or 2 years at most. - liquid chemical containers should be stored in secondary containment, such as trays, to minimize the potential for bottle breakage and minimize the potential for spills. - always segregate and store chemicals according to compatibility and hazard classes. - chemical containers should be dated when they arrive and should be checked regularly and disposed of when they get past their expiration date. please note : due to the potential explosion hazard, peroxide forming chemicals are required to be tested and dated. - flammable liquids in excess of quantities for specific flammability classes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4720858392565826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.139230"} {"text": "and disposed of when they get past their expiration date. please note : due to the potential explosion hazard, peroxide forming chemicals are required to be tested and dated. - flammable liquids in excess of quantities for specific flammability classes must be stored in approved flammable liquid storage cabinets. - do not store acids in flammable liquid storage cabinets. this can result in serious degradation of the storage cabinet and the containers inside. corrosive chemicals should be stored in corrosion resistant cabinets. the exceptions to this rule are organic acids, such as acetic acid, lactic acid, and formic acid, which are considered flammable / combustible and corrosive and can be stored in flammable or corrosive storage cabinets. - do not store corrosive or other chemicals that can be injurious to the eyes above eye level. in general and where practical, no chemicals should be stored above eye level. - do not store flammable liquids in standard ( non - explosion proof ) refrigerators or freezers. due to the potential explosion hazard, only store flammables in refrigerators or freezers approved by the manufacturer for storage of flammables. - highly toxic chemicals such as inorganic cyanides should be stored in locked storage cabinets. always keep the quantities of highly toxic chemicals to an absolute minimum. see particularly hazardous substances section. - be aware of any special antidotes or medical treatment that may be required for some chemicals ( such as cyanides and hydrofluoric acid ). - always keep spill kits and other spill control equipment on hand in areas where chemicals are used. ensure all personnel working in the lab have been properly trained on the location and use of the spill kit. - for reagent shelves, it is recommended to use shelves with anti - roll lips, to prevent bottles from falling off. this can also be accomplished using heavy gauge twine or wire to create a lip on the shelf. when transporting chemicals between laboratories or other buildings on campus, the following guidelines should be implemented for protection of people and the environment, and to minimize the potential for spills to occur. - whenever transporting chemicals by hand, always use a secondary container such as a rubber acid carrying bucket, plastic bucket, or a 5 - gallon pail ). if necessary, a small amount of packing material ( shipping peanuts, vermiculite, or cardboard inserts ), that is compatible with the chemical ( s ), should be used to prevent bottles from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45495960191669893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.140235"} {"text": "or a 5 - gallon pail ). if necessary, a small amount of packing material ( shipping peanuts, vermiculite, or cardboard inserts ), that is compatible with the chemical ( s ), should be used to prevent bottles from tipping over or breaking during transport. you should have proper ppe accessible in the event of a spill. - wheeled carts with lipped surfaces ( such as rubbermaid carts ) should be used whenever feasible. - whenever possible, do not use passenger elevators when transporting chemicals, only freight elevators should be used. if it is necessary to use a passenger elevator, use should be restricted to low - use times such as early in the morning or late in the afternoon. if this is not possible, be sure to warn passengers, or prohibit passengers from riding with you. - when transporting compressed gas cylinders, always use a proper gas cylinder hand truck with the cylinder strapped to the cart and keep the cap in place. never roll or drag a compressed gas cylinder. - avoid riding in elevators with cryogenic liquids or compressed gas cylinders. if this is necessary, consider using a buddy system to have one person send the properly secured dewars or cylinders on the elevator, while the other person waits at the floor by the elevator doors where the dewars or cylinders will arrive. - do not transport chemicals in your personal vehicle. contact eh & s at 315 - 787 - 2350 for assistance. please note : if you plan on transporting or shipping any hazardous chemicals off the main campus, be aware there are specific procedures, training and other legal requirements that must be followed. for more information, refer to the shipping hazardous materials section. chemicals should be stored according to compatibility and hazard classes. rather than store chemicals alphabetically, or by carbon number, or by physical state, etc., eh & s recommends that you segregate them by dot hazard class. the potential hazards of storing incompatible chemicals together, and when an emergency occurs, include : - generation of heat. - possible fires and explosion. - generation of toxic and / or flammable gases and vapors. - formation of toxic compounds. - formation of shock and / or friction sensitive compounds. - violent polymerization. the benefits of chemical segregation by hazard class include : - safer chemical storage. - understanding the hazards a chemical exhibits will increase your knowledge about the chemical. - identifying potentially explosive chemicals. - identifying multiple containers of the same chemical. there are a number of segregation schemes recommended in the literature by government agencies, chemical manufacturers, safety supply companies, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4961121890971203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.142657"} {"text": "hazards a chemical exhibits will increase your knowledge about the chemical. - identifying potentially explosive chemicals. - identifying multiple containers of the same chemical. there are a number of segregation schemes recommended in the literature by government agencies, chemical manufacturers, safety supply companies, and other universities. however, eh & s is recommending segregation of chemicals using a modified version of the department of transportation hazard class system. while this modified dot system results in most common chemicals being segregated properly, there is no one system that solves all problems. the modified dot system is less complicated than other segregation schemes and the information to make decisions of which hazard classes to use can easily be found in msdss, container labels, container markings and stickers, and other resources. please note that dot hazard classes segregate chemicals according to the hazards posed during transportation and not necessarily based on health hazards. keep in mind that chemicals do not always fall neatly into one hazard class and can pose multiple hazards - including both physical and health hazards ( such as flammable liquid, corrosive or flammable liquid, poison ). when you are making decisions on how to segregate, keep in mind the following : - physical hazards of the chemical. - health hazards of the chemical. - the chemical form ( solid, liquid or gas ). - concentration of the chemical. segregation of different chemical hazard classes ( such as acids and bases ) can occur in the same cabinet as long as there is some form of physical separation, such as using trays with high sides or deep trays. however never store oxidizers and flammables in the same cabinet. also, do not store compounds such as inorganic cyanides and acids in the same cabinet. once chemicals have been segregated, ensure everyone in the lab knows the process and what system is being used. it is best to clearly identify where chemicals in each hazard class will be stored by labeling cabinets with signs, or hazard class labels. these can be purchased from a safety supply company, you can create your own, or download free labels from the eh & s signs and labels webpage. if you need assistance with cleaning out your lab of old and excess chemicals, or would like assistance with segregating your chemicals, contact eh & s at email @ example. com. eh & s also offers an online training class on chemical segregation. examples of incompatible chemicals can be found in the appendix. the basic dot hazard classes and hazard class numbers are : dot hazard class number store with class 6 the dot hazard class numbers can be found", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4997610178602075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.143760"} {"text": "saint anselm of canterbury anselm was one of the most important christian thinkers of the eleventh century. in fact, he is often referred to as the scholastic doctor, since his approach to philosophical and theological matters represents and contributed to early medieval christian scholasticism. anselm is most famous in philosophy for having discovered and articulated the \u201c ontological argument, \u201d and in theology for his doctrine of the atonement. however, his work extends to many other important philosophical and theological matters, including : - understanding the aspects and the unity of the divine nature - the extent of our possible knowledge and understanding of the divine nature - the complex nature of the will and its involvement in free choice - the interworkings of human willing and action and divine grace - the natures of truth and justice ; the natures and origins of virtues and vices - the nature of evil as negation or privation - the condition and implications of original sin in the course of his work and thought, anselm deployed argumentation that was only indirectly dependent on sacred scripture, christian doctrine and tradition. he developed sophisticated analyses of the language used in discussion and investigation of philosophical and theological issues. in doing so, he stressed the importance of focusing on the meaning of the terms rather than allowing oneself to be misled by the verbal forms. anselm was born in 1033 in aosta, italy, a border town of the kingdom of burgundy. in his adolescence, he decided that there was no better life than the monastic one. he sought to become a monk, but was refused by the abbot of the local monastery. leaving his birthplace as a young man, he headed north across the alps to france, eventually arriving at bec in normandy. there he studied under the eminent theologian and dialectician lanfranc. years at bec at the monastery of bec, anselm devoted himself to scholarship, and found his childhood attraction to the monastic life reawakening. unable to decide between becoming a monk, becoming a hermit or living off his inheritance and giving alms to the poor, he put the decision in the hands of lanfranc and maurilius, the archbishop of rouen. they decided anselm should enter monastic life at bec, which he did in 1060. in 1063, after lanfranc left bec for caen, anselm was chosen to be prior. in addition to instructing the monks, he carried on rigorous spiritual exercises, which would play a great role in his philosophical and theological development", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44037366481667967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.151775"} {"text": "1063, after lanfranc left bec for caen, anselm was chosen to be prior. in addition to instructing the monks, he carried on rigorous spiritual exercises, which would play a great role in his philosophical and theological development. he became particularly well known for the range and depth of his insight into human nature, virtues and vices, the practice of moral and religious life and his intense devotions and asceticism. in 1070, anselm began to write, particularly prayers and meditations, which he sent to monastic friends and to noblewomen for use in their own private devotions. he also engaged in a great deal of correspondence, leaving behind numerous letters. eventually, his teaching and thinking culminated in a set of treatises and dialogues. in 1077, he produced the monologion, and in 1078 the proslogion. eventually, anselm was elected abbot of the monastery. while still at bec, anselm wrote the de veritate ( on truth ), de libertate arbitrii ( on freedom of choice ), de casu diaboli ( on the fall of the devil ), and de grammatico. anselm traveled to england in 1092, where lanfranc had previously been archbishop of canterbury. the episcopal seat had been kept vacant so king william rufus could collect its income, and anselm was proposed as the new bishop, a prospect neither the king nor anselm desired. eventually, the king fell ill, changed his mind in fear of his demise and nominated anselm to become bishop. anselm attempted to argue his unfitness for the post, but eventually accepted. his tenure as archbishop of canterbury was marked by conflict over numerous issues with king william rufus, who attempted to appropriate church lands, offices and incomes and even to have anselm deposed. anselm had to go into exile and travel to rome to plead the case of the english church to the pope, who affirmed anselm \u2019 s position and refused his request to be relieved of his office. while in exile, anselm continued his many writings, including cur deus homo, epistolae de incarnatione verbi ( on the incarnation of the word ), de conceptu virginali et de originali peccato ( on the virgin conception and on original sin ), de processione spiritus sancti ( on the proceeding of the holy spirit ) and de concordia praescient", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40527552354590207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.152739"} {"text": "word ), de conceptu virginali et de originali peccato ( on the virgin conception and on original sin ), de processione spiritus sancti ( on the proceeding of the holy spirit ) and de concordia praescientia et praedestinationis et gratiae dei cum libero arbitrio ( on the harmony of the foreknowledge, the predestination and the grace of god with free choice ). upon returning to england after william rufus \u2019 s death, conflict eventually ensued between the archbishop and the new king, henry i, requiring anselm once again to travel to rome. when judgment was made by pope paschal ii in anselm \u2019 s favor, the king forbade him to return to england, but eventually reconciliation took place. anselm died on april 21, 1109, leaving behind several pupils and friends of some importance, among them eadmer, anselm \u2019 s biographer, and the theologian gilbert crispin. he was canonised by the roman catholic church in 1494 by pope alexander vi, and declared a doctor of the roman catholic church in 1720. today, anselm is most well known for his proslogion proof for the existence of god. april 21 is now celebrated in the roman catholic church, much of the anglican community and in the lutheran church as saint anselm day. taken with permission from sadler g, st. anselm of canterbury ( 1033 - 1109 ), internet encyclopedia of philosophy. to learn more about saint anselm, visit the institute for saint anselm studies of saint anselm college.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4294037112682563, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.153437"} {"text": "it doesn \u2019 t take long when learning to weave until you encounter your first drafts, and it took me a while to figure out what they were and how they worked. i thought i \u2019 d write about how i learned to understand a weaving draft. a draft can be considered to be the equivalent of a knitting pattern. actually, not really. it \u2019 s more like a chart in a knitting pattern. its not enough information for a weaver to start a particular project \u2013 details such as sett, yardage, material, finished project dimensions are all absent, but it provides information on how to set the loom up and work it to produce a cloth with a particular interlacement. drafts are usually divided into four quadrants. in the draft below of a 2 / 2 twill, i \u2019 ve labelled the quadrants a to d. the threading ( a ) this section shows how the harnesses / shafts of a loom must be threaded. ( editor \u2019 s note : i used the term shafts and harnesses interchangeably without realizing and didn \u2019 t have time to fix it. ) a harnesses job is to raise the threads that are assigned to it so that the weft yarn can pass underneath them. this section tells the weaver what threads each harness lifts and in what order. the horizontal lines represent each individual harness. the bottom line is the harness closest to you if you \u2019 re sitting in front of the loom. you can also tell how many shafts your loom has to have to weave the draft by looking at how many rows are in this section. though there are many ways to thread the loom, two common ways to thread is straight threading and point threading. in straight threading, a warp yarn goes through harness 1, the next yarn goes to harness 2 and so on. after you thread a heddle on the last harness, you go back to harness 1 and continue. in point threading, you also thread harnesses 1 at a time. when you reach the end however, you change direction and thread the harnesses in the reverse order instead of starting back at harness 1. the original draft is shown below, with the only thing changed is the threading from straight to point threading. the diagonal stripes become horizontal zig zags. the tie up ( b ) treadles ( the floor pedals of a loom ) are used to raise 1 or more shafts at the same time. the treadles on most loomes are usually fully configurable and can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5164918137789776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.158296"} {"text": "assumption that the warp is a black yarn and the weft is a white yarn. sometimes, more than one repeat is shown in either direction so you can see how one repeat connects with one another when they are laid side by side. in the diagram below, you can see how you can figure out how to draw this section if you know what \u2019 s in the other three. i show how the second pick ( weft row ) is drawn in our 2 / 2 point twill draft : - first you look at the tie up associated with the treadle that is being pressed and determine which shafts are being raised. - next you look across the shafts and every column that is filled with a number represents the threads that that are being lifted - finally, in the current pick that is being drawn, you darken each square that is directly below the squares being lifted. continue the process for each pick and you \u2019 re done. one last note before signing off \u2013 what you \u2019 re seeing in quadrant d is a drawdown, the key word being down. when we weave however, the cloth is actually formed in the other direction ( from bottom to top ). for that reason, sometimes you \u2019 ll see drafts with quadrants a and b at the bottom, which will show how the actual cloth will look as it is woven on the loom. for fully symmetrical patterns, the direction doesn \u2019 t matter. but for other drafts, such as our simple 2 / 2 twill at the beginning of the post, this will mean that what looks like a twill that travels in the right direction in the draft will actually travel in the left direction when it is woven!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.501371965304368, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.160087"} {"text": "slosh ( sea, lake and overland surges from hurricanes ) is a computerized model run by the national hurricane center ( nhc ) to estimate storm surge heights and winds resulting from historical, hypothetical, or predicted hurricanes by taking into account pressure, size, forward speed, track and winds. graphical output ( 124kb or 348kb ) from the model displays color coded storm surge heights for a particular area in feet above the model ' s reference level, the national geodetic vertical datum ( ngvd ), which is the elevation reference for most maps. the calculations are applied to a specific locale ' s shoreline, incorporating the unique bay and river configurations, water depths, bridges, roads and other physical features. if the model is being used to estimate storm surge from a predicted hurricane ( as opposed to a hypothetical one ), forecast data must be put in the model every 6 hours over a 72 - hour period and updated as new forecasts become available. the slosh model is generally accurate within plus or minus 20 percent. for example, if the model calculates a peak 10 foot storm surge for the event, you can expect the observed peak to range from 8 to 12 feet. the model accounts for astronomical tides ( which can add significantly to the water height ) by specifying an initial tide level, but does not include rainfall amounts, riverflow, or wind - driven waves. however, this information is combined with the model results in the final analysis of at - risk - areas. the point of a hurricane ' s landfall is crucial to determining which areas will be inundated by the storm surge. where the hurricane forecast track is inaccurate, slosh model results will be inaccurate. the slosh model, therefore, is best used for defining the potential maximum surge for a location. for more information, visit noaa online. st. charles parish slosh models ( click on each thumbnail to open a larger image in a new window. please keep in mind the storm surge estimates do not take into account the elevation of particular areas. storm surge predictions are made by taking this information into account. ) for more information, contact st. charles parish public information officer renee allemand simpson at ( 985 ) 783 - 5000 or firstname. lastname @ example. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5021895524448776, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.162824"} {"text": "sci. stke, 12 september 2006 plant biology touche! plants and bacteria battle at leaf pores plants have special openings on the surface of the leaf known as stomata, which allow gas exchange essential for respiration and osmotic balance. however, the stomata also provide a route by which infectious bacteria can gain access to internal tissues. the stomata are opened and closed in response to changes in exposure to light, humidity, and other stimuli, but new evidence shows that they can also be closed as part of the plants ' immune defense against bacterial infection. melotto et al. showed that arabidopsis plants closed their stomata within 2 hours of exposure to the pathogenic bacterium p. syringae but then reopened them within a couple more hours. microscopic observation of the bacteria showed that they were able to detect and migrate toward open stomata, perhaps sensing nutrients or other molecules released from the plant interior. the authors showed that flg22, a peptide derived from the bacterial flagellin protein, or lipopolysaccharide, a component of the bacterial outer cell wall, could also trigger stomatal closure. plants are known to have immune receptors that recognize these molecules. the reopening of the stomata observed when leaves were exposed to whole bacteria led the authors to test whether the strain of p. syringae that they used produced a virulence factor to override the host plant ' s protective mechanism. indeed, they found that the bacterially produced polyketide toxin coronatine was required to allow reopening of the stomata. the work reveals that plants have developed an innate immune mechanism to protect themselves from bacterial invasion and that, in response, some bacteria have developed a virulence factor that forces the pores open again to allow further infection. m. melotto, w. underwood, j. koczan, k. nomura, s. y. he, plant stomata function in innate immunity against bacterial invasion. cell 126, 969 - 980 ( 2006 ). [ online journal ] citation : touche! plants and bacteria battle at leaf pores. sci. stke 2006, tw315 ( 2006 ). science signaling. issn 1937 - 9145 ( online ), 1945 - 0877 ( print ). pre - 2008 : science ' s stke. issn 1525 - 8882", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5067094178576877, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.169156"} {"text": "have you ever wondered how wind turbines work and why they look like they do? are you interested in adding wind power to your off - grid electric system, but have been put off by the high cost of equipment and installation? well, now you can build and install your own wind turbine! harnessing the wind can be a tricky business, but in this groundbreaking book the authors provide step - by - step, illustrated instructions for building a wind generator in a home workshop. even if you don ' t plan on building your own turbine, this book is packed with valuable information for anyone considering wind energy. it covers the basic physics of how the energy in moving air is turned into electricity, and most importantly, will give you a realistic idea of what wind energy can do for you - - and what it can ' t. homebrew wind power a hands - on guide to harnessing the wind by dan bartmann and dan fink foreword by mick sagrillo 320 pages, soft cover, 8 x 10 inches, 395 illustrations published by buckville publications llc, masonville, co retail price : us $ 39. 95 \" a well - crafted blend of theory and practical information for all who want to build a quiet, efficient, and economical wind turbine to achieve greater energy independence and reduce their carbon footprint. these guys know their stuff and know how to convey it in a clear, concise, understandable, and humorous fashion. \" - - dan chiras, phd, author of power from the wind, the homeowner ' s guide to renewable energy, the solar house, green home improvement, and more. \" if you ' ve ever thought the wind could be as productive as it is annoying, get this remarkable book, apply its clear - cut principles and procedures, and brew up a wind turbine. in their clever and amusing way, dan and dan show you how to power your house with the same forces that rattle the windowpanes. buy it - - it ' s the only book of its kind on planet earth! \" - - rex ewing, author of power with nature, got sun? go solar, hydrogen - hot stuff, cool science, and more. \" the otherpower dans and their crew learn more in their sleep about building good wind generators than the rest of us learn in the daylight. if you want to be able to build simple, robust, and productive wind turbines awake or asleep, buy this book! \" - - ian woofenden, senior editor, home power magazine ; nw and costa rica coordinator, solar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5455252581401955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.174605"} {"text": "aborting the disabled a bill before the senate hopes to better inform mothers about diagnosed disabilities, while a study confirms that women can feel pressured to terminate their pregnancy if tests find a disability. by rob moll women whose babies are prenatally diagnosed with down syndrome report that \" their obstetricians had failed to provide enough up - to - date printed material \" and \" felt rushed or pressured into making a decision about continuing the pregnancy. \" the study of mothers whose children have down syndrome was published in the american journal of obstetrics and gynecology. one woman quoted in the study said that in 1999, when her child was diagnosed with down syndrome, the doctor \" showed a really pitiful video first of people with down syndrome who were very low tone and lethargic - looking and then proceeded to tell us that our child would never be able to read, write, or count change. \" in response, senators sam brownback and ted kennedy are sponsoring legislation that would require doctors to provide current medical information about any diagnosed disability after a prenatal test, along with treatment options, the expected development of the child, and information about local support communities. testing babies while still in the womb is normally offered by doctors, and often recommended to women more than 35 or couples with other risk factors. many states require doctors to offer prenatal genetic testing to all pregnant mothers. however, there are no treatment options for the genetic diseases tested for, such as cystic fibrosis, spina bifida, or down syndrome. \" a lot of the testing is done for disease processes that we really can ' t do anything about, \" says stephen nelson, staff neonatologist and director of the neonatal transport service at meritcare children ' s hospital in fargo, north dakota. \" our ability to diagnose diseases prenatally exceeds our ability to treat. \" prenatal testing is a way of learning valuable information about a baby, but just as important is what parents will do with that information, says john kilner, president of the center for bioethics and human dignity at trinity international university in deerfield, illinois. \" it is usually used to find out if there is something there you don ' t want so you can abort. \" according to the study, many doctors assume that women who undergo testing would choose to abort. but there are other reasons to learn about the health of a fetus. kilner says, \" if the purpose is to be able to prepare as best one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4220402650884125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.185346"} {"text": "the study, many doctors assume that women who undergo testing would choose to abort. but there are other reasons to learn about the health of a fetus. kilner says, \" if the purpose is to be able to prepare as best one can for the well - being of the fetus and the mother, that ' s a more noble rationale. \" because there is a minor possibility of miscarriage and other problems caused by the tests, prenatal tests should only be used if other factors, such as the age of the mother or a family history of genetic diseases, outweigh the risks, say doctors and bioethicists. kilner said that when he and his wife had trouble conceiving their second child, doctors offered prenatal tests. \" it was just offered to us as obvious in the normal course of things, \" kilner said. \" it was only in response to our questions that we discovered there was any risk at all. and then when we realized that we would only be getting information that would lead us to abort, it was like, wait a minute. \" often, doctors feel they must offer prenatal tests in order to avoid malpractice lawsuits. \" there ' s a great deal of fear on the part of obstetricians that if they don ' t offer genetic testing and the baby does have one of these conditions and it ' s recognized after birth, that the obstetrician can be sued for wrongful birth, \" says nelson. a parent files a wrongful birth suit if she says that had she known her baby would have a genetic disease, she would have aborted. doctors have been successfully sued for the costs of raising a disabled child if they didn ' t offer tests that would have discovered the disability, or if they didn ' t discover a disability even with prenatal testing. unfortunately, there are currently no standards for how the information obtained from a prenatal test should be used. \" we ' ve got policies that mandate the tests to be offered, but we have no public policy to shape the ethic of how you respond, \" says carrie gordon earll, senior policy analyst for bioethics at focus on the family. pressure to abort \" we have been able to screen for certain conditions in the womb for quite some time now, but i ' m concerned that we don ' t have a great track record for handling that information very well, \" sen. brownback, r - kan., said announcing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3960022899602021, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.186374"} {"text": "able to screen for certain conditions in the womb for quite some time now, but i ' m concerned that we don ' t have a great track record for handling that information very well, \" sen. brownback, r - kan., said announcing his legislation. \" for some conditions that can be detected in the womb, we are aborting 80 percent or more of the babies who test positive. \" according to the american journal of obstetrics and gynecology study, 20 percent of doctors said when a prenatal test discovered down syndrome, they encouraged mothers to abort, or they emphasize the negative aspects of the disease \" so that parents would favor a termination. \" most doctors, however, tried to remain unbiased in telling parents the results of a prenatal test. still, \" there ' s a lot of unspoken pressure to abort once you ' ve had the testing done, \" says nelson. throughout the medical literature, \" parents are blamed if they have a baby with down syndrome. \" parents who decide to give birth to a down syndrome child \" say that they feel like outcasts, they feel blameworthy. \" because abortion is seen as the preferred option, \" soon, it will be seen as unnecessary to fund therapy and care for the disabled, \" says amy laura hall, assistant professor of theological ethics at duke divinity school. \" there is no will to care for the disabled. \" eugenics by abortion the brownback / kennedy bill could help alleviate cultural pressure to abort. \" the effect of this sort of ' weeding out ' is creating new eugenics, a form of systematic, disability - based discrimination, \" said brownback. \" we don ' t want a world where parents feel driven to justify their children ' s existence. we need to link parents with these programs so that they are equipped with all the information they need to hopefully make a life - affirming choice. \" our culture ' s image of the nuclear family encourages people to abort children that don ' t fit the model, says hall, who is working on a book on the rise of medically enhanced children and scientifically standardized families. \" we have the model of family life with two kids who look like their parents. we have our kids appropriately spaced to fit the model of the ideal family. this has contributed to the abortion culture. \" read it all!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.40748608619141924, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.187479"} {"text": "smokeless tobacco is the latest nicotine - based product to drift into the marketplace and try to catch the attention of young people. snus pouches are a new version of snuff, or chewing tobacco laced with nicotine. instead of putting a loose wad of tobacco inside the upper lip or between the cheek and gums, snus pouches look like small tea bags. these products are \u201c spitless \u201d, making their use easy to hide. some tobacco companies even add flavors \u2013 like vanilla, peppermint, or spearmint \u2013 along with a sweetener. these flavors are more likely to make the product appeal to young people. isn \u2019 t snus safer than cigarettes? snus has a similar effect on your brain, acting as a stimulant. although it is marketed as an alternative to cigarettes, the little packets of wet tobacco are just as addictive. the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention and other public health agencies have determined that smokeless tobacco products : - cause serious diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other diseases of the mouth, gums, and teeth ; - may increase the risk of serious diseases when used in combination with smoking ; - cause adverse reproductive effects and should not be used during pregnancy ; and - are not a safe alternative to smoking. so don \u2019 t let a clever name, fun packaging, or candy flavors fool you. by the way, here \u2019 s the un - fun part of the package, but that \u2019 s because it \u2019 s required by law : warning : this product is not a safe alternative to cigarettes. who \u2019 s using snus? according to nida \u2019 s 2009 monitoring the future survey of teens ( pdf, 1. 34 mb ), the use of smokeless tobacco is increasing significantly among 10th and 12th graders. the percentage of 12th graders reporting past - month smokeless tobacco use increased from 6. 1 percent in 2006 to 8. 4 percent in 2009, a 38 percent increase, while the percentage of 10th graders reporting smokeless tobacco use increased from 4. 9 percent in 2004 to 6. 5 percent in 2009, a 33 percent increase.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42441867161733215, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.190990"} {"text": "two titans of art go head to head by ingrid d. rowland the lost battles : leonardo, michelangelo, and the artistic duel that defined the renaissance by jonathan jones, knopf, 368 pp., $ 35 leonardo and the last supper by ross king, walker, 336 pp., $ 28 those two enigmatic, titanic figures, leonardo da vinci and michelangelo buonarroti, come to vibrant life in two new books, the lost battles, by jonathan jones, and leonardo and the last supper, by ross king. both men are seasoned writers for the general public, which means that readers who enjoyed dan brown \u2019 s the da vinci code can return to the terrain of vast conspiracies, cutthroat competition, arcane symbolism, machiavelli, the borgias, and beautiful art \u2014 but this time the conspiracies are genuine, the symbolism works, and the characters, in all their flesh - and - blood eccentricity, are real, often painfully so. leonardo painted the last supper in milan between 1495 and 1498, a decade before the city council of florence commissioned two huge battle paintings for the glorious new assembly room it had added to palazzo della signoria, the 13th - century city hall. using an age - old gambit for getting good work done quickly, the city fathers advanced the project by hiring two local artists to work in competition, and what artists they were! the first was leonardo, 52, returned from years abroad in milan. his recent work in florence, though incomplete, had already caused a sensation : spectacular, large - scale drawings for his adoration of the magi and virgin, child, and st. anne, and the oil portrait of a young florentine woman, monna ( \u201c mrs. \u201d ) lisa gherardini del giocondo. early in 1504, leonardo added another item to his lengthening list of unfinished projects : a large wall painting of the battle of anghiari, a skirmish with milan that had ended with a victory for florence in 1440. the commission was a godsend both financially and personally for the aging artist, the promise of boundless opportunity \u2014 until the day the city council called a mass meeting of florentine artists to discuss what to do with a colossal statue that the 30 - year - old michelangelo buonarroti had just carved from a huge, apparently unsalvageable chunk of moon - white carrara marble. as jones reveals, leonardo urged the councilors to protect the statue \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44361999325407475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.203221"} {"text": "statue that the 30 - year - old michelangelo buonarroti had just carved from a huge, apparently unsalvageable chunk of moon - white carrara marble. as jones reveals, leonardo urged the councilors to protect the statue \u2019 s surface sheen by tucking it into a corner of the loggia dei mercanti in the piazza outside the city hall and redeem its modesty by outfitting the figure with bronze underpants. he knew as well as anyone what michelangelo had created in david \u2014 but his attempt to downplay the masterpiece by installing it under a roof had no effect ( the brazen underpants, on the other hand, were apparently put in place ). furthermore, the city council gave michelangelo a space in the same hall as leonardo to paint a second battle scene : the battle of cascina, a victory against pisa in the 14th century. the most riveting battle, of course, was the one carried out at the start of the 16th century between these two artists, both of whom already belonged to the world as much as they did to florence. king \u2019 s account of the last supper gives an added poignancy to our sense of what leonardo \u2019 s situation might have been in florence in 1504. born in the provincial village of vinci and the result of his young, unmarried father \u2019 s liaison with a servant girl ( who may have been an arab slave ), leonardo was barred from the profession of his notary father by his illegitimacy. he never had a last name ; in later years, he simply would be known as leonardo from vinci, the florentine. as king notes, many of renaissance italy \u2019 s other most prominent figures were illegitimate : petrarch, boccaccio, leon battista alberti, pope clement vii. frequently these \u201c natural \u201d children were brought up in their fathers \u2019 households, and leonardo had, by all accounts, a loving childhood in vinci and then in florence. of course, his ambiguous social status had nothing to do with his evident talents, and he became an apprentice to andrea del verrocchio, one of the city \u2019 s most prominent artists. verrocchio was predominantly a sculptor, though he also produced tempera paintings on panel ( one of which, a baptism of christ in the uffizi in florence, gave young leonardo the chance to outshine his master by painting a divinely delicate angel next to verrocchio \u2019 s gaunt, wiry figures of christ and the baptist ). one medium that verrocchi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4349064058163165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.204446"} {"text": "the uffizi in florence, gave young leonardo the chance to outshine his master by painting a divinely delicate angel next to verrocchio \u2019 s gaunt, wiry figures of christ and the baptist ). one medium that verrocchio seems not to have tried was fresco, the art of painting fresh plaster as soon as it has been applied to the wall. fresco was the most difficult medium for a renaissance painter to master ; colors change as the plaster dries, and a painter has only one chance to apply pigment to the limited area that can be completed in a single day. as a result, king notes, leonardo may simply never have learned how to do it. he did famously learn to do a great many other things ; in an age renowned for its men of many talents, leonardo had an almost bottomless bag of tricks. that very versatility may have been his downfall as an artist. there were so many other claims on his attention, many of them recorded in his extraordinary notebooks. as both king and jones show memorably, leonardo was a flamboyant personality : handsome, courteous, and eccentric, with long hair and a passion for rose - colored tights, capes, and caps in an era when sober, respectable men wore black. his studio assistants were his family, ranging from well - born, talented pupils like giovanni antonio boltraffio and francesco melzi to the curly - headed kleptomaniac gian giacomo caprotti, whom leonardo nicknamed salai, \u201c devil, \u201d and pampered outrageously because he was so beautiful. for the milanese warlord ludovico sforza, leonardo designed costumes, pageants, and automata, played and sang, conversed, advised on military matters, and painted portraits of ludovico \u2019 s mistresses \u2014 all while conducting his own private studies of nature, arithmetic, latin, and literature, at a time when he was also supposed to be painting the last supper on the refectory wall for the dominican friars of santa maria delle grazie. king writes with verve and enthusiasm about the various figures in the painting, from their identities ( the blond in blue is definitely st. john rather than mary magdalene ; in a particularly choice passage, king reveals the source for dan brown \u2019 s grand conspiracy theory as a 20th - century french forger and anti - semite ), the colors of their clothing, their passionate hand gestures, leonardo \u2019 s perspective, the theological significance of the table setting, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47408684144084096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.205501"} {"text": "the source for dan brown \u2019 s grand conspiracy theory as a 20th - century french forger and anti - semite ), the colors of their clothing, their passionate hand gestures, leonardo \u2019 s perspective, the theological significance of the table setting, and how they all came together in a marvelously compelling work of art. and as leonardo painted, or pretended to paint, or procrastinated rather than painting, the crowned heads of europe \u2014 charles viii of france, emperor maximilian habsburg, louis the duke of orleans \u2014 massed their forces along the alps to move in on sforza and take milan ; the suspense is political as well as artistic. by the time a french army captured the city, leonardo had finished his commission for the dominicans by applying oil paint to dry plaster, and for about 20 years the technique made for an incomparably dazzling last supper, the likes of which the world had never seen. the lime content in plaster limited the range of pigments that fresco painters could use, but leonardo \u2019 s lustrous oils ranged across the spectrum \u2014 until the paint began to flake away from the wall. the rest of the story piles tragedy on tragedy, ending with the restricted viewing conditions now aimed at preserving the last heroic effort at restoration, directed between 1979 and 1999 by pinin brambilla barcilon. hopelessly damaged, the last supper at least survives as a specter of its former self. but the battle that pitted michelangelo against leonardo on the walls of the florentine city hall has left only indirect evidence of its virulence, and its bursts of genius. the hall was remodeled in the mid - 16th century, its roof raised and its walls frescoed by giorgio vasari, a painter who knew that getting the job done can sometimes count as much as talent. the current mayor of florence, matteo renzi, recently authorized soundings in the wall of the great hall to see whether traces of leonardo \u2019 s battle of anghiari might have survived beneath vasari \u2019 s work, so far without success. it seems unlikely that much will be found. vasari was not just a painter ; he was also a superb architect and a superb writer, the author of a series of artistic biographies that are an essential ( though not invariably accurate ) source for our knowledge about renaissance italy. would a man so sensitive to his own predecessors really have covered over work by two of the artists he most admired? jones makes a cogent case for a project that never went much beyond the stage of large - scale drawings ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43543295074259913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.206587"} {"text": "knowledge about renaissance italy. would a man so sensitive to his own predecessors really have covered over work by two of the artists he most admired? jones makes a cogent case for a project that never went much beyond the stage of large - scale drawings ; when leonardo tried to apply oil paint to the walls in florence, it slid off almost immediately. michelangelo, on the other hand, knew how to do fresco, and by 1508 he was in rome, applying fresco paint to the sistine chapel ceiling from a scaffold, its design poached from leonardo. but the effect of these two incomplete, long - gone battles on subsequent art, as jones argues, has been profound. he points up the vast differences of personality that separated the suave, dandy leonardo from the gruff, unkempt michelangelo, sparing neither the two artists, nor florence, their quirks of character. they are flanked by a vivid parade of supporting characters, from sweetly smiling machiavelli and fearsome cesare borgia, both of whom worked with leonardo, to the young raphael, who floats through the battlefield on the walls of palazzo della signoria like an epiphany. who wins the battle? this reviewer isn \u2019 t telling. the best way to find out is to read these two delightful if tragic books. ingrid d. rowland lives in rome, where she teaches for the university of notre dame school of architecture. comments are closed for this post.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43744576953643804, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.207162"} {"text": "of more than 100 different kinds of arthritis, these are the most common : called degenerative arthritis. occurs when the cushioning cartilage in a joint breaks down. commonly affects feet, knees, hips, and fingers. affects 16 million americans, mostly 45 and older. about half of those 65 and older have this form. system attacks the lining, or synovial membrane, of the joints. joint damage can become severe and deforming. involves the whole body, and may also cause fatigue, weight loss and anaemia, and affect the lungs, heart and eyes. affects about 2. 1 million americans, three times more women than men. sudden, severe attacks, usually in the big toe, but any joint can be affected. a metabolic disorder in which uric acid builds up in the blood and crystals form in joints and other places. drugs and attention to diet can control gout. affects about 1 million americans ( 70 to 80 percent men ), with first attack starting between 40 and 50 years of age. ( see \" getting to know gout, \" fda consumer, march 1995. ) chronic inflammatory disease of the spine that can result in fused vertebrae and rigid spine. often milder and harder to diagnose in women. most people with the disease also have a genetic marker known as hla - b27. affects about 318, 000 americans, usually men between the ages of 16 and 35. most common form is juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. arthritis diagnosis, treatment, and disease characteristics are different in children and adults. some children recover completely ; others remain affected throughout their lives. affects about 200, 000 americans. and other joint tissues become inflamed, and, like rheumatoid arthritis, it can affect the whole body. affects about 5 percent of people with psoriasis, a chronic skin disease. likely to affect fingers or spine. symptoms are mild in most people but can be quite severe. affects about 160, 000 americans. systemic lupus erythematosus skin, joints, muscles, and sometimes internal organs. symptoms usually appear in women of childbearing age but can occur in anyone at any age. also called lupus or sle, it can be mild or life threatening. affects at least 131, 000 americans, nine to ten times as many women as men. can develop as a result of an infection. for example, bacteria that cause gonorrhoea or lyme disease can cause arthritis. infectious arthritis can cause serious damage, but usually", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4814207706380475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.209678"} {"text": "august 23rd, 2012 05 : 33 pm et the empowered patient is a regular feature from cnn senior medical news correspondent elizabeth cohen that helps put you in the driver ' s seat when it comes to health care. women aren \u2019 t the only ones whose biological clocks are ticking : a new study on the genetics of autism finds the sperm of older men may be to blame for many cases of the disorder. the study, done by researchers in iceland, indicates that as many as 20 - 30 % of cases of autism and schizophrenia may be linked to the father \u2019 s advanced age. unlike findings on disorders such as down syndrome, this study found that the age of the mother made no difference. \u201c this is really a paradigm shift, \u201d said dr. jamie grifo, program director of the new york university fertility center. traditionally, women have borne the brunt of concerns about having a healthy child as they age, while many men have assumed their sperm were no different at 80 than at 20. \u201c i had my babies at 38 and 39 and i was terrified, \u201d said anchor ashleigh banfield on cnn newsroom. \u201c honey, you \u2019 re in the conversation now. it \u2019 s not just me. \u201d while older men have an increased risk of fathering a child with autism, the risk is still low \u2013 2 % at the most for dads over 40, according to the new study. the authors looked at random mutations in genes that are linked to autism and schizophrenia. looking at 78 families, the researchers found that on average, a child born to a 20 - year - old father had 25 random mutations that could be traced to the father \u2019 s genes. children born to 40 - year - old fathers had 65 mutations. as men age, \" sperm will have acquired more mutations than when they were younger, which will increase the chance of children they father inheriting a disease - producing mutation, \u201d said richard sharpe, who does research on male reproductive health at the mrc centre for reproductive health at the university of edinburgh. one scientist said men might want to take a tip from some young women who freeze their eggs to use when they \u2019 re older. \u201c collecting the sperm of young adult men and cold - storing for later use could be a wise individual decision, \u201d wrote alexey kondrashov, a professor who studies evolution at the university of michigan \u2019 s life sciences institute. august 23rd, 2012 11 : 00 am et the recent west nile virus outbreak is the largest ever seen in the united states, according to new numbers from the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48978602362037577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.214065"} {"text": "##shov, a professor who studies evolution at the university of michigan \u2019 s life sciences institute. august 23rd, 2012 11 : 00 am et the recent west nile virus outbreak is the largest ever seen in the united states, according to new numbers from the centers for disease control and prevention. the number of cases so far this year is the highest recorded through september since the disease was first detected in the united states in 1999. as of tuesday, 48 states had reported human infections. the cases reported to the cdc as of tuesday total 2, 636, including 118 deaths. here are some fast facts about the virus. for more on what you need to know to protect yourself and your family, read elizabeth cohen ' s empowered patient column. background on the west nile virus \u2013 symptoms of infection include : fatigue, fever, headache, body aches, rash, and swollen lymph nodes. \u2013 those who become ill may develop west nile encephalitis, an inflammation of the brain. \u2013 there is no vaccine or specific treatment for west nile virus. \u2013 the virus is spread by mosquitoes, which contract west nile from infected birds. \u2013 according to the cdc, only 1 % of people bitten by west nile - infected mosquitoes become seriously ill. \u2013 it is not known how the virus arrived in the united states. about this blog get a behind - the - scenes look at the latest stories from cnn chief medical correspondent, dr. sanjay gupta, senior medical correspondent elizabeth cohen and the cnn medical unit producers. they ' ll share news and views on health and medical trends - info that will help you take better care of yourself and the people you love.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43182736135215116, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.214715"} {"text": "here are some similarities between king and twain : - popularity of a genre : twain brought the american experience to life in his humorous style, which has been recognized as a genre that twain helped make popular in american culture with many imitators to follow in the years. king has done the same thing with the horror genre. the two genres are different, but both developed their respective genre to a new level. - courageous youth as protagonists : some of twain ' s most popular stories involve children and teens as protagonists. the adventures of huckleberry finn ( 1884 ) and the adventures of tom sawyer ( 1876 ) are examples where young characters are the heroes and lead the readers through an adventure, often involving dangerous situations. stephen king is known for his young characters facing numerous horrors who lead the battle against whatever evil has befallen upon them. a few examples of this are the shining ( 1977 ), cycle of the werewolf ( 1985 ), and it ( 1986 ). - multiple dimensions of existence : though the two authors do not hold the patent on stories that cross dimensions of exist, twain and king do have popular works that involve this phenomenon. twain ' s a conneticutt yankee in king arthur ' s court ( 1889 ) is a story that involves time traveling with a twist. stephen king has explored several different twists on this same idea of time traveling and existing on multiple planes. to find an example, one only has to turn to king ' s dark tower series ( 1982 - 2012 ), which has characters existing on multiple planes at the same time. in \" the mist, \" a novella in the 1985 short collection skeleton crew, king shows what happens when dimensions between two planes is opened. this discussion does not include the planes between earthly and spiritual that is the basis for a good ghost story. i would argue that there enough comparisons between the two authors to fill a lengthy paper. does this make them both significant contributors to american literature? can twain ' s status as a mainstay in the study of american lit be used to argue that king too deserves such inclusion? these are questions that depend upon your own personal feelings about king and his work. i assert that king indeed has changed american literature and deserves to be studied with the masters, as he is one. tjb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4890500268288215, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.243720"} {"text": "the cdc estimates that almost half of americans currently take at least one prescription medication. prescription and non - prescription drugs have become an integral part of modern day medical treatment. however, it can sometimes be confusing and overwhelming to know where to find information about these drugs. this article focuses on some helpful resources online and within the library for finding information about drugs and medications. physician ' s desk reference - currently in its 66th edition, the \" physician ' s desk reference \" has long been a go - to source for prescription drug information. the book is largely aimed towards medical professionals, but contains lots of useful information for the average user as well.. the current edition of the \" physician ' s desk reference \" can be found in the reference department in any of our springfield - greene county branches. previous additions are available for check - out as well. pdr consumer guide to prescription drugs - also published by the pdr network\u00ae, this book on prescription drugs is written in plain language for the average health consumer. complete guide to prescription and nonprescription drugs - provides easy - to - understand consumer health information for the most commonly used drugs. this book is also available online through the library ' s ebsco consumer health complete database ( library card required ). the pill book - this book contains short summaries of medical information for commonly prescribed drugs. an excellent source for quick summaries and important information on your medications. physicians ' desk reference for nonprescription drugs and dietary supplements - this item contains the same type of in - depth content as \" the physician ' s desk reference \", but covers nonprescription drugs and dietary supplements. additional books of interest : the merck index : an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals - this book contains more technical durg information, but is an excellent source for in - depth information on commonly encountered chemicals and drugs. the family guide to vitamins, herbs, and supplements - this is an excellent place to find information on commonly used vitamins and supplements. mayo clinic book of alternative medicine - this title gives objective, evidence - based information on commonly used alternative medicines. the book covers vitamins, herbs and supplements, but also discusses other alternative treatments such as yoga and accupuncture. medlineplus drugs, herbs and supplements - http : / / www. nlm. nih. gov / medlineplus / druginformation. html this website from the national library of medicine, gives concise, easy - to - understand information on medication use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47651017616038027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.268288"} {"text": "and supplements - http : / / www. nlm. nih. gov / medlineplus / druginformation. html this website from the national library of medicine, gives concise, easy - to - understand information on medication use, precautions, side effects and other information. they also usually provide links out to other helpful information. drug information online - http : / / www. drugs. com contains simple, easy - to - understand information on medications. also contains a pill identifier and drug interaction checker. webmd drugs and supplements http : / / www. webmd. com / drugs contains drug information and links for prescription and nonprescription drugs as well as vitamins and supplements. national library of medicine drug portal http : / / druginfo. nlm. nih. gov / drugportal the national library of medicine ' s all - in - one drug information searcher. the website collates drug information from a variety of government sources and offers information that goes from basic to very in - depth. other helpful websites : dailymed - http : / / dailymed. nlm. nih. gov provides detailed drug information. contains information on non - fda approved drugs and recent changes to approved drugs. the website also contains detailed listings of adverse reactions, clinical studies, dosage and drug interactions. dietary supplements labels database - http : / / dietarysupplements. nlm. nih. gov provides information about label ingredients from over 4, 000 brands of dietary supplements. food and drug administration - http : / / www. fda. gov / drugs the drugs @ fda link allows searching for information on specific drugs. you can also get information on recently approved drugs, look at approval history, and view label requirements for drugs in current use. kids health page from the nemours foundation - http : / / kidshealth. org their medications page gives over - the - counter and prescription drug information as they relate to children. the information is aimed at parents who want to know information about medicines their children may need to take. lactmed - http : / / lactmed. nlm. nih. gov this is a resource for nursing mothers. the website discusses drug levels and adverse effects of drugs found in breast milk and nursing infants. it also suggests possible alternatives to harmful medications. morx price compare - http : / / www. morxcompare. com website for searching and comparing prices of common pharmaceuticals in missouri pharmacies. allows you to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4442821509606769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.269266"} {"text": "milk and nursing infants. it also suggests possible alternatives to harmful medications. morx price compare - http : / / www. morxcompare. com website for searching and comparing prices of common pharmaceuticals in missouri pharmacies. allows you to find the lowest - priced pharmaceuticals in your area. needymeds - http : / / needymeds. org provides information on pharmaceutical companies ' assistance programs available for specific drugs. it also contains information on government assistance programs and coupons. office of dietary supplements - http : / / ods. od. nih. gov / government website that provides health information on dietary supplements. national center for complementary and alternative medicine - http : / / www. nccam. nih. gov division of the national institute of health. the website focuses on a variety of alternative treatment options. it also has a database containing medical information on specific drugs, herbs and supplements. pillbox - http : / / pillbox. nlm. nih. gov useful for drug identification. allows for searching by imprint, shape, color, size and scoring. it then gives links to drug information after the pill has been identified. rx assist - http : / / www. rxassist. org resource directory of assistance programs related to medications. searchable by medicine with links out to available assistance programs for that particular medicine. vaccines. gov - http : / / www. vaccines. gov / website run by the national vaccine program office division of the hhs. the website provides vaccine information for vaccine preventable diseases, as well as information on the diseases themselves. it also has detailed vaccination schedules for all age groups. find this article at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4611628598192423, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.269912"} {"text": "note : this blog was written by jenna leopold, a dietetics student that interned with me this summer. with school already underway and summer coming to an end, now is as good a time as ever to start thinking about packing a healthy lunch for your child or even for yourself. packing a lunch from home has many benefits ; it allows you to control portion sizes, it saves you money and it helps you develop healthy eating habits. when packing lunches, the most important thing to remember is to have a well - balanced meal that includes all the major food groups. these food groups include grains, fruits, vegetables, proteins and dairy. by including all the major food groups, you add variety to your lunch, which also helps you stay fuller longer. keeping all the major food groups in mind will also help you avoid eating one big portioned meal and help you eat smaller portions of multiple food items. by eating a well - balanced diet, you allow your body to get a variation of vitamins and nutrients, which helps you stay healthy and energized. if you are packing a lunch for your child, it is important to involve him or her in the process. one of the best ways to get your child involved is taking him / her with you to the grocery store. this will allow the child to pick the foods he / she likes, which makes your child more likely to eat the food you pack for him / her. to help them pick healthy choices, make a list of four or five different items from each food group and allow he / she to pick what he / she would like to eat. also, if you are having trouble determining what foods belong to a certain food group, the myplate website ( www. choosemyplate. gov / food - groups / ) is a great tool. this website will give you a bunch of different foods and recommended daily intakes for each food group. food groups are a very important part of a well - balanced diet, but there are also other things you can do to make your packed lunch healthier. most kids like the classic peanut butter and jelly sandwich, which can be quite healthy. however, the jelly can add unwanted sugar. a better alternative is a peanut butter and banana sandwich ; this will reduce the amount of sugar and provide more nutritional value. if you or your child prefers meat on your sandwiches, try choosing lower - sodium and no - additive options like the di lusso fresh cut meats at the hy - vee deli. another great way to make your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42844868322327984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.274480"} {"text": "planting spring - flowering bulbs in autumn is best whether growing vegetables, annuals or perennials, nothing is as rewarding as seeing the home landscape in full maturity. however, it takes a lot of work, trial and error to achieve the desired results. one benefit of gardening is it teaches us patience. good things come to those who wait. as we are getting ready to put our gardens to bed for winter, we also need to think of next year and how we will be rewarded when spring returns. think about spring color now, how nice it would be to see bright colors emerging as the rest of the garden still slumbers. tulips, hyacinths and daffodils can greet us warmly, but we have to do the work now. spring - flowering bulbs are unparalleled in terms of choices for plant material, kinds of blooms and colors, and varied bloom times. there is some time left to do this, and you can find some really good deals at your local garden center now. when planting bulbs there are some things to consider : site : most bulbs need well - drained soil. if the area tends to have standing water after a spring thaw, then look for another location. it is generally recommended not to plant under trees. bulbs require five to six hours of full sun at a minimum, and eight to 10 for the best flowers. clusters, or larger groupings, have the most eye appeal, so make sure you have plenty of room for a big display. avoid planting in a lawn or location that might be damaged from lawn care. their foliage needs as much sun as possible, so if they are cut down before dieback, it may affect the bulb quality. spring bulbs do best if they are left in the same location year after year, so pick a site with that in mind. preparation is key to success for spring bulbs. loosen the soil to a depth of about 12 inches. add composted organic material to the top eight inches. if you haven ' t had a soil test done, then choose a low - nitrogen formula. there are many tailored just for spring bulbs. selection : bulb is a general term used to describe a host of plants. true bulbs include tulips, lilies, and daffodils. crocus start as corms. bearded iris and lily of the valley have tubers, which are thick underground stems. whichever you choose, tulips and daffodils have a wide variety of colors and bloom types. they offer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3977293708252876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.278646"} {"text": "for the first time ever, developing countries lead yearly investment in clean energy \u2014 representing about $ 72 billion in spending in 2010, versus $ 70 billion in rich countries. so while u. s. lawmakers argue about efficiency standards in light bulbs, the 800 - pound dragon, china, is dominating. meanwhile, brazil, india and various middle eastern countries are catching up. the figures, which were put together by bloomberg new energy finance for the un environment program, show that total global investment grew by 30 % in 2010 to $ 211 billion : china, with us $ 48. 9 billion in financial new investment in renewables ( up 28 % ), was the world leader in 2010. however, other parts of the emerging world also showed strong growth : south and central america : up 39 % to us $ 13. 1 billion ; middle east and africa : up 104 % to us $ 5 billion ; india : up 25 % to us $ 3. 8 billion ; and asian developing countries excluding china and india : up 31 % to us $ 4 billion. it may be somewhat inaccurate to say that the developing world is winning \u2013 it \u2019 s pretty much china. but others are emerging fast. as leading developing countries continue their rapid economic growth, their hunger for all types of energy is increasing, including renewables. as the importance of the g8 countries is eclipsed by the g20 countries, the leading industrialized renewable energy investors are now being cumulatively outpaced by emerging countries. \u201c the investment activity in the developing world is not only leading to innovations in renewable energy technologies. furthermore, it will open up new markets as first mover investors are facilitating a range of new business models and support entrepreneurship in the developing world, \u201d explains udo steffens [ president of the frankfurt school of finance and management. ] another interesting trend is the scale of projects around the world. while we hear mostly about large - scale projects being developed, the largest percentage increase was in small - scale projects \u2013 up 91 % from 2009 to $ 60 billion. that increase came mostly from the solar pv sector. \u2013 stephen lacey [ joe romm : while china still has a great deal of developing to do, perhaps a new category is needed for them, since they are not an \u201c industrialized country \u201d but they seem quite different than the overwhelming majority of \u201c developing countries. \" perhaps they need to be called a hyper - developing country, since their staggering growth in coal consumption threatens to finish off the destruction of a livable climate begun by the rich countries. ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44976869496417027, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.282603"} {"text": "by richard froeb, m. d. [ august 19 2010 ] it can happen to anyone. you stumble off the curb and end up with an ankle that ' s swollen and bruised. or, you spend a day cleaning out the garage and end up with a sore back. unlike fractures, when bone is injured, sprains and strains are injuries to the soft tissues. a sprain occurs when a ligament ( the tissue that connects bones at the joint ) is stretched or torn. a strain occurs when a muscle is stretched or pulled or a tendon ( the tissue that connects muscle to bone ) is stretched or torn. although painful, sprains and strains are usually minor injuries, provided you treat them properly. to remember the first aid for sprains and strains, learn the acronym rice : - rest. give the injured area a rest. you may continue some physical activity, but avoid activities that cause pain or swelling. - ice. apply ice as soon as possible after the injury occurs to help limit inflammation, bruising and pain. use a cold pack ( a bag of frozen peas will work in a pinch ) or place the injured area in a slush bath ( fill a bucket with ice and water ) for 15 to 20 minutes and then repeat every two to three hours for the first 48 to 72 hours. - compression. wrap the injured area with an elastic bandage until the swelling stops. begin wrapping at the area farthest from your heart and take care not to wrap so tightly that you slow circulation. - elevation. prop the injured area so it ' s elevated above your heart, especially at night. gravity will help reduce swelling by draining excess fluid. you can take an over - the - counter pain reliever such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen. after two days, try to use the injured area gently. you should see gradual but steady improvement. most sprains and strains will heal in about two to four weeks, but see your doctor if swelling, pain or weakness persists. richard froeb, m. d., is an orthopedic surgeon and chief of the division of orthopedics at the hospital of central connecticut. he is in private practice in new britain and may be reached at ( 860 ) 223 - 8553. visit our joint care section.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4301015551270456, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.285499"} {"text": "current assets refer to commodities intended for assignment or consumption as such or after further processing. current assets are divided into materials and supplies, work in progress, finished goods, other current assets and advance payments. materials and supplies refer to the commodities which have been acquired for the purpose of manufacturing current assets by a party obliged to keep books and engaged in manufacturing or service provision. these commodities include the raw materials and materials and auxiliary substances used in the production of goods or services. work in progress refers to commodities intended for sale or for use in service production, whose manufacturing process is not finished at the time of the closing of the accounts ( semi - finished goods ). finished goods refer to self manufactured commodities that can be assigned, sold or used in service production. goods refer to commodities from external suppliers that are intended for sale or for use in service production as they are. other current assets refer to commodities bought or manufactured for the purpose of selling them as such or after further processing which are not included in the above mentioned current assets items. other current assets may include, among others, lots or other property intended for sale which have been transferred from fixed assets to current assets. advance payments refer to purchase prices or parts thereof paid to the supplier of current assets commodities before receiving the commodities. in the inventory inquiry approximate 300 enterprises are asked quarterly for the value of their inventories at the end of the quarter concerned. the values are requested by type of inventory : materials and supplies, fuels and lubricants, unfinished work, finished products and merchandise. statistics on trade inventories describe the current priced values of trade enterprises by industry. the statistics are compiled quarterly. the values of inventories by industry calculated from a sample are raised to correspond with the value of the inventories of the whole population ( enterprise whose industry is trade ) using the latest turnover data available from statistics finland ' s register of enterprises and establishments. the raising is based on the assumption that the ratio between the values of turnover and inventories is constant within an industry. value of inventories includes all goods that according to a company ' s book - keeping form its current assets. according to section 4 of the book - keeping act ( 1336 / 1997 ), current assets refer to commodities intended for assignment or consumption as such or after further processing. inventories also include purchases of goods abroad and binding purchase agreements where they represent the company ' s current assets. inventories arising from commissioned work are reported by the commissioning company.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5038329828466308, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.289561"} {"text": "although we know little of menelaus of alexandria ' s life ptolemy records astronomical observations made by menelaus in rome on the 14th january in the year 98. these observation included that of the occultation of the star beta scorpii by the moon. he also makes an appearance in a work by plutarch who describes a conversation between menelaus and lucius in which lucius apologises to menelaus for doubting the fact that light, when reflected, obeys the law that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. lucius says ( see for example ) : - in your presence, my dear menelaus, i am ashamed to confute a mathematical proposition, the foundation, as it were, on which rests the subject of catoptrics. yet it must be said that the proposition, \" all reflection occurs at equal angles \" is neither self evident nor an admitted fact. this conversation is supposed to have taken place in rome probably quite a long time after 75 ad, and indeed if our guess that menelaus was born in 70 ad is close to being correct then it must have been many years after 75 ad. very little else is known of menelaus ' s life, except that he is called menelaus of alexandria by both pappus and proclus. all we can deduce from this is that he spent some time in both rome and alexandria but the most likely scenario is that he lived in alexandria as a young man, possibly being born there, and later moved to rome. an arab register of mathematicians composed in the 10th century records menelaus as follows ( see ) : - he lived before ptolemy, since the latter makes mention of him. he composed : \" the book of spherical propositions \", \" on the knowledge of the weights and distribution of different bodies \"... three books on the \" elements of geometry \", edited by thabit ibn qurra, and \" the book on the triangle \". some of these have been translated into arabic. of menelaus ' s many books only sphaerica has survived. it deals with spherical triangles and their application to astronomy. he was the first to write down the definition of a spherical triangle giving the definition at the beginning of book i : - a spherical triangle is the space included by arcs of great circles on the surface of a sphere... these arcs are always less than a semicircle. in book i of sphaerica he set up the basis for treating spherical triangles as eucl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.510521480478239, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.299086"} {"text": "spherical triangle is the space included by arcs of great circles on the surface of a sphere... these arcs are always less than a semicircle. in book i of sphaerica he set up the basis for treating spherical triangles as euclid treated plane triangles. he used arcs of great circles instead of arcs of parallel circles on the sphere. this marks a turning point in the development of spherical trigonometry. however, menelaus seems unhappy with the method of proof by reductio ad absurdum which euclid frequently uses. menelaus avoids this way of proving theorems and, as a consequence, he gives proofs of some of the theorems where euclid ' s proof could be easily adapted to the case of spherical triangles by quite different methods. it is also worth commenting that : - in some respects his treatment is more complete than euclid ' s treatment of the analogous plane case. book 2 applies spherical geometry to astronomy. it largely follows the propositions given by theodosius in his sphaerica but menelaus give considerably better proofs. book 3 deals with spherical trigonometry and includes menelaus ' s theorem. for plane triangles the theorem was known before menelaus : -... if a straight line crosses the three sides of a triangle ( one of the sides is extended beyond the vertices of the triangle ), then the product of three of the nonadjacent line segments thus formed is equal to the product of the three remaining line segments of the triangle. menelaus produced a spherical triangle version of this theorem which is today also called menelaus ' s theorem, and it appears as the first proposition in book iii. the statement is given in terms of intersecting great circles on a sphere. many translations and commentaries of menelaus sphaerica were made by the arabs. some of these survive but differ considerably and make an accurate reconstruction of the original quite difficult. on the other hand we do know that some of the works are commentaries on earlier commentaries so it is easy to see how the original becomes obscured. there are detailed discussions of these arabic translations in,, and. there are other works by menelaus which are mentioned by arab authors but which have been lost both in the greek and in their arabic translations. we gave a quotation above from the 10th century arab register which records a book called elements of geometry which was in three volumes and was translated into arabic by thabit ibn qurra. it also records another work by men", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4869856195946797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.300369"} {"text": "and in their arabic translations. we gave a quotation above from the 10th century arab register which records a book called elements of geometry which was in three volumes and was translated into arabic by thabit ibn qurra. it also records another work by menelaus was entitled book on triangles and although this has not survived fragments of an arabic translation have been found. proclus referred to a geometrical result of menelaus which does not appear in the work which has survived and it is thought that it must come from one of the texts just mentioned. this was a direct proof of a theorem in euclid ' s elements and given menelaus ' s dislike for reductio ad absurdum in his surviving works this seems a natural line for him to follow. the new proof which proclus attributes to menelaus is of the theorem ( in heath ' s translation of euclid ) : - if two triangles have the two sides equal to two sides respectively, but have the base of one greater than the base of the other, it will also have the angle contained by the equal straight lines of the first greater than that of the other. another arab reference to menelaus suggests that his elements of geometry contained archytas ' s solution of the problem of duplicating the cube. paul tannery in argues that this make it likely that a curve which it is claimed by pappus that menelaus discussed at length was the viviani ' s curve of double curvature. bulmer - thomas in comments that : - it is an attractive conjecture but incapable of proof on present evidence. menelaus is believed by a number of arab writers to have written a text on mechanics. it is claimed that the text studied balances studied by archimedes and those devised by menelaus himself. in particular menelaus was interested in specific gravities and analysing alloys. article by : j j o ' connor and e f robertson", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5383854657575636, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.301411"} {"text": "| by marketwire. | | | january 31, 2013 05 : 36 pm est | | toronto, ontario - - ( marketwire ) - - 01 / 31 / 13 - - as millions celebrate february as black history month, they will also be marking an important milestone in the movement to abolish slavery : the 100 year anniversary of the passing of abolitionist harriet tubman. born into slavery, tubman escaped before dedicating her life to the freedom of all black people. she led thirteen missions to personally rescue more than 70 slaves and served as a central figure in a network of anti - slavery activists. the history of the courageous activism of these early abolitionists is closely tied with canada through the creation of the legendary underground railroad - a sophisticated and expansive network of allies, secret routes and safe houses that swept fugitive slaves to safety in free states and canada throughout the 19th century. upper canada ' s historic passing of the anti slavery act in 1793 made it a destination for thousands of blacks who settled in communities from windsor to toronto and from niagara to owen sound. they contributed to ontario ' s society as farmers, teachers, preachers, household servants, business owners, and sawmill and dock workers. as time progressed, so too did their political and economic gains. however, two hundred and twenty years after canada formally abolished slavery, a legacy of discrimination and the struggle for equality continues. \" workers of colour in ontario continue to earn only eighty - one cents on the dollar and racialized women earn far less, \" said ofl president sid ryan. \" the wage gains that many feel are long overdue are being jeopardized by government cuts to jobs and social programs. there is no question that austerity measures are hitting racialized people the hardest. \" according to the most recent census data, 2. 5 percent of the canadian population - nearly 800, 000 people - identify themselves as black and 60 percent of those have made ontario their home. however, racialized families continue to be two to four times as likely to live on incomes below the low income cut - off and in some communities, one in two racialized children are living in poverty. \" african and caribbean blacks have made enormous contributions to ontario ' s society and economy, \" said ofl executive vice - president irwin nanda. \" we have an incredible heritage of black activism in ontario that has challenged racism, prejudice and discrimination and people of all races have an obligation to honour that history by remembering it, teaching it and living it. \" the acknowledgment of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37664621815509547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.307712"} {"text": "\" we have an incredible heritage of black activism in ontario that has challenged racism, prejudice and discrimination and people of all races have an obligation to honour that history by remembering it, teaching it and living it. \" the acknowledgment of february as black history month draws its history from early american celebrations that gained formal recognition in 1978. however, it wasn ' t until 1995 that black history month gained status in formal canada through a motion in the house of commons. the ontario federation of labour will be joining black history month celebrations by co - hosting two events with labour unions and community partners. the first, called \" where is our obama? \" is an intergeneration dialogue on race and racism in canadian politics and the second is a celebration of the history of the steelpan. details of both events can be found on the ofl website. among the many black community activists who will be celebrated and remembered by the labour movement this month are ontario ' s zanana akande, june veecock, fred upshaw, rosemary brown, dudley laws and charles roach. \" the ofl is reaffirming its commitment to educational and community development work within the labour movement and the broader society to counteract racism and strengthen the demand for an end to systemic discrimination, \" said ryan. \" until everyone in our communities are free from poverty, violence and the social ills that are the by - product of racism, none of us can call ourselves free. it is past the time for words. now is a time for action. \" the ontario federation of labour ( ofl ) represents 54 unions and one million workers in ontario. for information, visit www. ofl. ca and follow the ofl on facebook and twitter : @ oflabour. follow ofl president sid ryan on twitter @ sidryan _ ofl. - \" all it took was one e - mail to larry, \" says former ebay research director as he moves to google - google ramps up its mobile reach : launches \" mobile web search \" - voip update : yahoo! buys dialpad - ericsson + napster = world ' s first \" wireless digital music \" brand - sys - con i - technology podcast august 30, 2005 - a flair for food - health - conscious cooking is this chef ' s cup of tea - sony psp may feature porn - free guest passes for the soa world conference & expo in nyc - south korea is world ' s largest phisher - kapow helps seiko uk, provides sms text -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3900587187996237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.310020"} {"text": "ilo factsheet measuring the costs of coercion jul 01 2010 download right click \" save as \" what are, in addition to the human suffering, the financial costs of coercion to people who work in forced labour? in other words, how much money is \" stolen \" from people in forced labour? answering this question requires some estimate of the net opportunity cost of being in forced labour, i. e. the amount of income that is lost because a person is in forced labour instead of being free. in a general sense, the cost of coercion can be defined as the difference between a victim ' s actual income in forced labour and what he or she would have earned doing the same job in a free labour relationship. research over the last few years has shown that the loss of income associated with coercion can be traced to two main sources. the first source is the underpayment of wages. the second source of lost income that we consider arises mainly in cases of human trafficking : it is the financial costs associated with the recruitment process. more information about human trafficking on the website of ilo. - the state of human trafficking in california 2012 - ewa ' a : annual book 2011 ( english ) - ewa ' a : annual book 2011 ( arabic ) - the eu strategy towards the eradication of trafficking in human beings 2012 - 2016 - trafficking in persons report 2012 relevant international conventions / closing material - trafficking in persons report 2012 country narratives t - z - trafficking in persons report 2012 country narratives n - s - trafficking in persons report 2012 country narratives d - i - trafficking in persons report 2012 country narratives a - c - trafficking in persons report 2012 - introductory materials - guatemala ' s protocol for repatriation of human trafficking victims - california senate bill 657", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4517871558176152, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.312026"} {"text": "this, from the free daily uk paper called the metro : - \" if you felt a bit soggy while walking through the snow this week, it ' s because your relatives were sponges. well, your ancestors who lived 635 million years ago were. mankind is thought to have evolved from primitive sea sponges, according to a study of fossils found in rocks in oman. they are thought to date to the last ice age, according to the us research in nature journal. \" - meet the ancestors : earliest evidence of life suggests humans descended from sponges 635 million years ago - \" now scientists say they have discovered the missing link in the chain of evolution. they have found evidence of the oldest animal life yet discovered on earth \u2013 ancient sponges that lived 635 million years ago \". anyone reading this on the 8. 20 tube from cockfosters would understand that the research is about discovering ancestors ( i. e., missing links, a poriferan adam & eve ). i had to see what brocks & butterfield ( 2009 ) wrote about ' ancestors ' : - \" so, what exactly were the organisms that produced these biomarkers? the most obvious answer, and the one that the authors plump for, is that demosponges had evolved and become ecologically prominent by at least the late cryogenian. but this conclusion overlooks the evolutionary nature of biological taxa and the incremental assembly of defining characteristics along ( now - extinct ) ' stem lineages '. it is only with a full complement of such characteristics \u2014 in the last common ancestor of the extant ' crown group ' \u2014 that modern taxonomic boundaries apply (... ) combined with new biomarker data and molecular phylo genomics, the identification of such signals promises to pinpoint the first appearance of our earliest animal ancestors. \" ( brocks and butterfield, 2009 : 673 ). the daily mail online however, do go on to publish a reuters report by michael kahn that best summaries the research : \" chemical traces left in 635 million - year - old rocks in oman provide the earliest evidence so far of animal life, researchers said wednesday \". why the mail didn ' t go with reuter ' s original title scientists find earliest evidence of animal life has more to do with sensationalism than with science journalism. jochen j. brocks, nicholas j. butterfield ( 2009 ). biogeochemistry : early animals out in the cold nature, 457 ( 7230 ), 672 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5098931361184778, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.317286"} {"text": "the retina is a light - sensitive layer of tissue. this tissue lines the back of the eye. the retina converts visual images into nerve impulses in the brain that allow sight. retinopathy of prematurity ( rop ) is a rare condition that occurs in the eyes of infants who : - are born prematurely - are born with a low birth weight with this condition, the blood vessels of the retina grow abnormally. this can lead to bleeding and scarring in the retina. in the most serious cases, this can lead to the retina separating from the back of the eye. rop usually heals by itself. most infants do not require treatment. in a small number of cases, rop may cause vision loss or blindness. rop occurs most often in infants who are born prematurely or have low birth weight. the exact cause is unknown. these factors increase the chance of an infant developing rop : rop usually occurs suddenly. it progresses in stages from mild to severe. there are usually no outward signs of rop. if your infant has any of these symptoms, do not assume it is due to rop. these symptoms may be caused by other conditions. tell your doctor if your infant has any of these : - white pupils - abnormal eye movements - crossed eyes ( turning toward each other ) - amblyopia ( lazy eye ) guidelines vary, but a pediatric ophthalmologist ( doctor who specializes in eye conditions and treatment in children ) will screen for rop if your infant : - is born prematurely - has a low birth weight the doctor may examine your infant \u2019 s eyes every 1 - 2 weeks until the blood vessels in the retina are fully developed. eye drops are used to dilate the pupils. the doctor uses a special lens to examine the eye. talk with the doctor about the best treatment plan for your infant. treatment options to reduce the risk of your infant \u2019 s retina detaching from the back of the eye include the following : - cryosurgery \u2014 a freezing probe is used to prevent the spread of abnormal blood vessels in the retina - laser ablation / photocoagulation \u2014 a laser is used to stop abnormal blood vessels in the retina from growing the best way to prevent rop is to prevent premature birth. screening is very important for : - premature infants - low birth weight infants if your infant needs oxygen therapy, the doctor will monitor the oxygen levels to make sure she is getting the right amount. - reviewer : kari kassir", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5298307228704994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.319871"} {"text": "scientists at stanford university and the j. craig venter institute \u2014 remember the human genome project \u2014 have simulated an entire organism in software for the first time ever. using a 128 - node computing cluster, a team of scientists led by stanford professor markus covert incorporated data from more than 900 scientific papers and 1, 900 experiments to simulate every molecular interaction and the effects of all 525 genes of the smallest known free - living bacterium : the parasite mycoplasma genitalium. and, yes, that bacteria lives right where its name suggests. simulating a single cell division takes about 10 hours, according to covert, and generates half a gigabyte of data. not exactly big data, but then it is a very small organism. adding more computing power should shorten the simulation time. \u201c you don \u2019 t really understand how something works until you can reproduce it yourself, \u201d says graduate student and team member jayodita sanghvi. now that an entire organism has been simulated, researchers believe that bio - cad ( computer - aided - design ) will take a big leap forward. from understanding genes in isolation the scientists look forward to being able to study their interactions, which is an essential step to understanding key issues in health, disease, and growth. as max mcclure wrote in a story published by stanford \u2019 s news service : cad \u2013 computer - aided design \u2013 has revolutionized fields from aeronautics to civil engineering by drastically reducing the trial - and - error involved in design. but our incomplete understanding of even the simplest biological systems has meant that cad hasn \u2019 t yet found a place in bioengineering. the new simulation will help scientists understand biology better, and understand cells better, the researchers say. and it will help both speed up research and enable testing that just isn \u2019 t possible otherwise. \u201c if you use a model to guide your experiments, you \u2019 re going to discover things faster. we \u2019 ve shown that time and time again, \u201d said team leader covert. but don \u2019 t get your hopes up too high for personalized medicine or helpful simulations of how medication will affect you before you actually have to take it. a fully simulated human being is still a long way off.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.53188584709951, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.322165"} {"text": "22 jul 2008. 21 aug 2008. how common is borderline personality disorder? which statistics are available on the frequency of borderline personality? borderline personality disorder ( bpd ), also known as emotionally unstable personality disorder, is not a rare disorder. it affects about 2 percent of the population. in mental health clinics the prevalence rate is much higher! about 15 to 20 percent of psychiatric inpatients and about 10 percent of mental health outpatients have a borderline personality disorder. this personality disorder is very common among adolescent and young adults with the highest rates at the ages between 18 and 35. however the reason for hospitalization or treatment will very often be a different psychiatric problem like eating disorders, addiction problems, suicide attempts, depression or anxiety disorders. very often patients with bpd have additional personality disorders. women are diagnosed with borderline personality disorder about 2 to 4 times more often than men. men with similar problems or interactive styles are more often classified as having antisocial personality disorder or narcissistic personality. disclaimer : the documents contained in this web site are presented for information purposes only. the material is in no way intended to replace professional medical care or attention by a qualified psychiatrist or psychotherapist. it can not and should not be used as a basis for diagnosis or choice of treatment. if you find anything wrong, please notify us at.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42318624728309406, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.323628"} {"text": "a massage after vigorous exercise unquestionably feels good, and it seems to reduce pain and help muscles recover. many people \u2014 both athletes and health professionals \u2013 have long contended it eases inflammation, improves blood flow and reduces muscle tightness. but until now no one has understood why massage has this apparently beneficial effect. now researchers have found what happens to muscles when a masseur goes to work on them. their experiment required having people exercise to exhaustion and undergo five incisions in their legs in order to obtain muscle tissue for analysis. despite the hurdles, the scientists still managed to find 11 brave young male volunteers. the study was published in the feb. 1 issue of science translational medicine. on a first visit, they biopsied one leg of each subject at rest. at a second session, they had them vigorously exercise on a stationary bicycle for more than an hour until they could go no further. then they massaged one thigh of each subject for 10 minutes, leaving the other to recover on its own. immediately after the massage, they biopsied the thigh muscle in each leg again. after allowing another two - and - a - half hours of rest, they did a third biopsy to track the process of muscle injury and repair. vigorous exercise causes tiny tears in muscle fibers, leading to an immune reaction \u2014 inflammation \u2014 as the body gets to work repairing the injured cells. so the researchers screened the tissue from the massaged and unmassaged legs to compare their repair processes, and find out what difference massage would make. they found that massage reduced the production of compounds called cytokines, which play a critical role in inflammation. massage also stimulated mitochondria, the tiny powerhouses inside cells that convert glucose into the energy essential for cell function and repair. \u201c the bottom line is that there appears to be a suppression of pathways in inflammation and an increase in mitochondrial biogenesis, \u201d helping the muscle adapt to the demands of increased exercise, said the senior author, dr. mark a. tarnopolsky. dr. tarnopolsky, a professor of pediatrics and medicine at mcmaster university in hamilton, ontario, said that massage works quite differently from nsaids and other anti - inflammatory drugs, which reduce inflammation and pain but may actually retard healing. many people, for instance, pop an aspirin or aleve at the first sign of muscle soreness. \u201c there \u2019 s some theoretical concern that there is a maladaptive response in the long run if you \u2019 re constantly suppress", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4561091617942924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.327531"} {"text": "healing. many people, for instance, pop an aspirin or aleve at the first sign of muscle soreness. \u201c there \u2019 s some theoretical concern that there is a maladaptive response in the long run if you \u2019 re constantly suppressing inflammation with drugs, \u201d he said. \u201c with massage, you can have your cake and eat it too \u2014 massage can suppress inflammation and actually enhance cell recovery. \u201d \u201c this is important research, because it is the first to show that massage can reduce pro - inflammatory cytokines which may be involved in pain, \u201d said tiffany field, director of the touch research institute at the university of miami medical school. she was not involved in the study. \u201c we have known from many studies that pain can be reduced by massage based on self - report, but this is the first demonstration that the pain - related pro - inflammatory cytokines can be reduced. \u201d she said. getting a massage from a professional masseur is obviously more expensive than taking an aspirin. but, as dr. field points out, massage techniques can be taught. \u201c people within families can learn to massage each other, \u201d she said. \u201c if you can teach parents to massage kids, couples to massage each other. this can be cost effective. \u201d dr. tarnopolsky suggests that, in the long run, a professional massage may even be a better bargain than a pill. \u201c if someone says \u201c this is free and it might make you feel better, but it may slow down your recovery, do you still want it? \u201d he asked. \u201c or would you rather spend the 50 bucks for a post - exercise massage that also might enhance your recovery? \u201d correction : an earlier version of this article misidentified where mitochondria are found ; they are inside of cells, but in the cytoplasm, not the nuclei.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4449600736530916, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.328211"} {"text": "world heritage list interactive map is loading... the world heritage list includes 962 properties forming part of the cultural and natural heritage which the world heritage committee considers as having outstanding universal value. these include 745 cultural, 188 natural and 29 mixed properties in 157 states parties. as of september 2012, 190 states parties have ratified the world heritage convention. extension of the \" australian east coast temperate and subtropical rainforest park \". name changed 2007 from ' central eastern rainforest reserves ( australia ) ' renomination of \" uluru - kata tjuta national park \" under cultural criteria. the \u201c belfries of flanders and wallonia \u201d which were previously inscribed on the world heritage list, are part of the transnational property \u201c the belfries of belgium and france \u201d. extension of \" jau national park \". extension of the \" glacier bay / wrangell / st elias / kluane \" property. the \" burgess shale \" property, which was previously inscribed on the world heritage list, is part of the \" canadian rocky mountain parks \". extension of \" the potala palace and the jokhang temple monastery, lhasa \" to include the norbulingka area. the \" chateau and estate of chambord \", which was previously inscribed on the world heritage list, is part of the \" loire valley between sully - sur - loire and chalonnes \". the \u201c hadrian \u2019 s wall \u201d which was previously inscribed on the world heritage list, is part of the transnational property \u201c frontiers of the roman empire \u201d. at the time the property was extended, cultural criterion ( iv ) was also found applicable. the \" brihadisvara temple, tanjavur \", which was previously inscribed on the world heritage list, is part of the \" great living chola temples \". at the time the property was extended, criteria ( iii ) and ( v ) were also found applicable. the committee decided to extend the existing cultural property, the \" temple of ggantija \", to include the five prehistoric temples situated on the islands of malta and gozo and to rename the property as \" the megalithic temples of malta \". the westland and mount cook national park and the fiordland national park, which were previously inscribed on the world heritage list, are part of the \" te wahipounamu - south west new zealand \". the \" convent ensemble of san francisco de lima \", which was previously inscribed on the world heritage list, is part of the \" historic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4379721264460756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.335983"} {"text": "the world heritage list, are part of the \" te wahipounamu - south west new zealand \". the \" convent ensemble of san francisco de lima \", which was previously inscribed on the world heritage list, is part of the \" historic centre of lima \". ( extension de \u00ab sites d ' art rupestre prehistorique de la vallee de coa \u00bb, portugal ) extension of \" biertan and its fortified church \". at the time the property was extended, natural criterion ( iv ) was also found applicable. extension of the \" alhambra and the generalife, granada \", to include the albayzin quarter. extension of the \" mosque of cordoba \". the property \u201c parque guell, palacio guell and casa mila in barcelona \u201d, previously inscribed on the world heritage list, is part of the \u201c works of antoni gaudi \u201d. extension of the \" churches of the kingdom of the asturias \", to include monuments in the city of oviedo. extension of the \" mudejar architecture of teruel \". following a survey of ownership carried out in the late 1960s, ownership of the totality of the walls was vested in 1973 in the spanish state, through the ministry of education and science. it was transferred to the xunta de galicia by royal decree in 1994. the spanish constitution reserves certain rights in relation to the heritage to the central government. however, these are delegated to the competent agencies in the autonomous communities, in this case the xunta de galicia. for the lugo walls the xunta is in the position of both owner and competent agency. under the galician heritage law the xunta is required to cooperate with the municipal authorities in ensuring the protection and conservation of listed monuments, and certain functions are delegated down to them. the xunta operates through its general directorate of cultural heritage ( direccion general de patrimonio cultural ), based in santiago de compostela. the master plan for the conservation and restoration of the roman walls of lugo ( 1992 ) covered proposals for actions to be taken in respect of research and techniques of restoration. this was followed in 1997 by the special plan for the protection and internal reform of the fortified enceinte of the town of lugo, which is concerned principally with the urban environment of the historic town. however, it has a direct impact on the protection afforded to the walls, in terms of traffic planning, the creation of open spaces, and regulation of building heights. another planning instrument which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43101554278591914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.336956"} {"text": "which is concerned principally with the urban environment of the historic town. however, it has a direct impact on the protection afforded to the walls, in terms of traffic planning, the creation of open spaces, and regulation of building heights. another planning instrument which affects the walls is the special plan for the protection of the mino [ river ], approved by the municipality at the beginning of 1998. there is at the present time no management plan sensu stricto for the walls in operation in lugo : work is continuing on the basis of the 1992 plan. nor is there a technical unit specifically responsible for the conservation and restoration of the walls. it is against this background that serious consideration is being given to the creation of an independent foundation, under royal patronage and with representatives from government, academic, voluntary, and business institutions, to work with the general directorate of cultural heritage of galicia. the work plan of this body would include the development and implementation of integrated conservation, restoration, and maintenance programmes. the wh area is managed directly by the divisional forest officer from the forest dept. a national steering committee co - ordinates institutions for sinharaja as a national wilderness area, biosphere reserve ( 1988 ), and wh site. there are two management plans, prepared in 1985 / 86 and 1992 / 94, which emphasise conservation, scientific research, buffer zone management, benefit - sharing, and community participation. ( renomination under cultural criteria ) in 1979, the committee decided to inscribe the ohrid lake on the world heritage list under natural criteria ( iii ). in 1980, this property was extended to include the cultural and historical area, and cultural criteria ( i ) ( iii ) ( iv ) were added. extension of \" gough island wildlife reserve \". * : transboundary property # : as for 19 natural and mixed properties inscribed for geological values before 1994, criteria numbering of this property has changed. see decision 30. com 8d. 1 category of site cultural site natural site mixed site site inscribed on the list of world heritage in danger cultural site natural site mixed site this large format full - colour map features the world heritage sites and brief explanations of the world heritage convention and the world heritage conservation programmes, as well as superb photos of world heritage sites with explanatory captions. it is available in english, french and spanish. the dimensions of the map are 78 cm by 50 cm ( 31 in. by 20 in. ). \u00a9 unesco world heritage centre 1992 - 2013 united nations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48167100537033386, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.339148"} {"text": "wordcount example in python the program reads text files and counts how often words occur. the input is text files and the output is text files, each line of which contains a word and the count of how often it occured, separated by a tab. to create some input, take your a directory of text files and put it into dfs. bin / hadoop dfs - put my - dir in - dir each mapper takes a line as input and breaks it into words. it then emits a key / value pair of the word and 1. each reducer sums the counts for each word and emits a single key / value with the word and sum. as an optimization, the reducer is also used as a combiner on the map outputs. this reduces the amount of data sent across the network by combining each word into a single record. to compile the example, build the hadoop code and the python word count example : ant cd src / examples / python. / compile cd.. /.. /.. note that you need to have jythonc and javac on your path for the compilation to work. to run the example, the command syntax is : bin / hadoop jar src / examples / python / wc. jar in - dir out - dir the results of the word count will be in out - dir / part - *.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5025725004182643, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.341034"} {"text": "washington, d. c., april 1, 2012 \u2013 no foolin \u2019 : the city of tucson was at the center of world wildlife fund \u2019 s earth hour celebration in the united states. around the world last night, millions of individuals switched off their non essential lights as part of the world \u2019 s largest symbolic environmental action. from the eiffel tower in france to the ghirardelli square sign on san francisco \u2019 s fisherman \u2019 s wharf, some of the planet \u2019 s most iconic landmarks participated. this year, an estimated 150 countries and territories, and 6, 494 towns and cities, took part in earth hour, as did an array of organizations in the us and around the world, including professional hockey teams and yoga studios. as the lights went out over the sonoran desert, the city of tucson joined with wwf to launch a new initiative called the earth hour city challenge. \u201c the global scale of earth hour is inspiring and captures our imaginations, \u201d said wwf president and ceo carter roberts. \u201c but to affect change we want need to harness the excitement surrounding earth hour and carry it beyond the hour. the earth hour city challenge will create a healthy competition among cities to chart a course to a climate smart future and recognize those cities that are leading the way. i hope all americans will join us in urging their communities to build sustainable and resilient cities. \u201d climate change is not only about polar bears in the arctic or marine turtles off the coast of africa, it is affecting homes and communities across america - - cities and towns that are on the frontlines of extreme weather and climate disruption, such as heat waves, wildfires, coastal storms and flooding. last year, total losses from natural catastrophes in the united states amounted to $ 72 billion, one of the costliest years in history. meanwhile, politicians in washington have left these communities to fend for themselves. forward - thinking cities are taking up the challenge to prepare for these growing risks while building communities that use clean energy efficiently, taking practical steps to reduce urban flooding, protect limited water supplies, fortify coastal infrastructure from rising seas and fight back against extreme heat. cities that take these steps may save future costs and lives, while attracting new businesses and residents and maintaining a high quality of life in this new and changing future. the earth hour city challenge provides a platform for showcasing action and inspiring cities to show the way towards a new future - - one that is sustainable and resilient in the face of a changing climate. about earth hour city challenge cities competing in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4450008857250458, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.348569"} {"text": "environment ministers must reach across boundaries to protect arctic \u201c when the ministers met two years ago in greenland, they had some good discussions \u201d says alexander shestakov, director of wwf \u2019 s global arctic programme. \u201c today, they need to get beyond talk, and commit to projects that show how they \u2019 ll cooperate in managing ecosystems that span national boundaries. \u201d this \u201c ecosystem - based management \u201d ( ebm ) is key to effectively managing arctic wildlife, especially as both wildlife and arctic peoples cope with escalating climate change impacts. countries cannot ignore the fact that resources such as fish stocks and species like polar bears and narwhals span national boundaries. they have to be considered in the context of international systems, not purely national concerns. the arctic council has an expert group studying ebm and its place in arctic management. the ministers could take this work further, and commit to implementing ebm in pilot projects. wwf is also urging the ministers to take action on reducing pollution linked to climate change in the arctic. the so - called short lived climate forcers include soot and gases from industry, such as flaring natural gas. in its advice to the ministers, wwf suggest a series of steps leading to a full arctic agreement on reducing these pollutants. wwf \u2019 s full statement to the ministers \u2019 meeting can be found here : for more information : alexander shestakov, director wwf global arctic programme mobile : + 1 613 293 3149 email : email @ example. com clive tesar, head of communications & external relations wwf global arctic programme mobile : + 1 613 883 3110 email : firstname. lastname @ example. org wwf is one of the world \u2019 s largest and most respected independent conservation organizations, with almost five million supporters and a global network active in more than 100 countries. wwf \u2019 s mission is to stop the degradation of the earth \u2019 s natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature, by conserving the world \u2019 s biological diversity, ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable, and promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45996575348752883, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.351974"} {"text": "thanks to andy k. for sending me this article which reminded him of my life in the ant farm post. from the article : society : scientists excavate underground ant city that ' rivals the great wall of china ' with a labyrinth of highways the community of ants \u2013 described as a \u2018 superorganism \u2019 because of the way they coordinated themselves \u2013 carried out a herculean task building their giant home. the leaf - chewing creatures are understood to form the second most complex societies on earth after our own. \" the article is all about the amazing 3 min. video below. but as a quick introduction, here ' s an excerpt from my post : life in the ant farm did you ever have an ant farm when you were little? an ant farm makes the ants ' behavior easily visible and controllable. they are imprisoned in a two - dimensional world in which their decisions are limited and their needs are met by you! they can only go side to side and up and down. and up usually leads them to the leaf you dropped into the ant farm for their lunch! but in ants form highly organized colonies which may occupy large territories and consist of millions of individuals. these large colonies consist mostly of sterile wingless females forming castes of \" workers \", \" soldiers \", or other specialized groups. nearly all ant colonies also have some fertile males called \" drones \" and one or more fertile females called \" queens \". the colonies are sometimes described as superorganisms because the ants appear to operate as a unified entity, collectively working together to support the colony. ( wikipedia : ant ) a superorganism is an organism consisting of many organisms. this is usually meant to be a social unit of eusocial animals, where division of labor is highly specialized and where individuals are not able to survive by themselves for extended periods of time. ants are the best - known example. the technical definition of a superorganism is \" a collection of agents which can act in concert to produce phenomena governed by the collective, \" phenomena being any activity \" the hive wants \" such as ants collecting food or bees choosing a new nest site. superorganisms exhibit a form of \" distributed intelligence, \" a system in which many individual agents with limited intelligence and information are able to pool resources to accomplish a goal beyond the capabilities of the individuals. nineteenth century thinker herbert spencer coined the term super - organic to focus on social organization... similarly, economist carl menger expanded upon the evolutionary nature of much social growth, but without ever abandoning method", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5417049647653757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.359011"} {"text": "a goal beyond the capabilities of the individuals. nineteenth century thinker herbert spencer coined the term super - organic to focus on social organization... similarly, economist carl menger expanded upon the evolutionary nature of much social growth, but without ever abandoning methodological individualism. many social institutions arose, menger argued, not as \" the result of socially teleological causes, but the unintended result of innumerable efforts of economic subjects pursuing ' individual ' interests. \" methodological individualism does not imply political individualism, although methodological individualists like friedrich hayek and karl popper were opponents of collectivism. detaching methodological individualism from political individualism... if a properly - functioning communist regime were to arise, it too would have to be sociologically understood on methodological individualist principles. ( wikipedia : methodological hopefully i didn ' t lose you yet. i know, i ' m supposed to be distilling not mixing, but i needed to draw the connection between ants and economics. did you get it? ants are dumb little creatures by themselves. but even as dumb as they are, some are more skilled at smelling and finding food while others are better at fighting, and some others are really strong, for carrying food back to the colony for lunch. and in a wild colony of ants these individuals end up specializing in what they do best which leads to a collective intelligence far greater than the intelligence of any individual ant... and while we ' re on this subject, here ' s another must - read : \u201c i, pencil \u201d revisited by sheldon richman published : 16 january 2009 leonard read \u2019 s classic essay, \u201c i, pencil, \u201d which is now 50 years old, is justly celebrated as the best short introduction to the division of labor and undesigned order ever written. read saw an \u201c extraordinary miracle \u2026 [ in the ] the configuration of creative human energies \u2014 millions of tiny know - hows configurating naturally and spontaneously in response to human necessity and desire and in the absence of any human his subject and its relation to freedom and prosperity were certainly worth capturing in such a clever, pleasing, and illuminating essay, which is why it is one of the best - known works in the popular free - market literature. but there \u2019 s another lesson in \u201c i, pencil \u201d that has been largely overlooked, perhaps by read himself. \u201c i, pencil \u201d is also an excellent primer in the austrian approach to capital theory. it \u2019 s worth looking at read \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.553608114834046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.360053"} {"text": "but there \u2019 s another lesson in \u201c i, pencil \u201d that has been largely overlooked, perhaps by read himself. \u201c i, pencil \u201d is also an excellent primer in the austrian approach to capital theory. it \u2019 s worth looking at read \u2019 s essay in that light. early on, read \u2019 s pencil describes his family tree, beginning with the cedars grown in northern california and oregon that provide the wooden slats. but he doesn \u2019 t really start with the trees. he notes that turning trees into pencils requires \u201c saws and trucks and rope and the countless other gear used in harvesting and carting the cedar logs to the railroad siding, \u201d and those things have to be produced before a pencil can be produced. \u201c think of all the persons and the numberless skills that went into their fabrication : the mining of ore, the making of steel and its refinement into saws, axes, motors ; the growing of hemp and bringing it through all the stages to heavy and strong rope ; the logging camps with their beds and mess halls, the cookery and the raising of all the foods. why, untold thousands of persons had a hand in every cup of coffee the loggers drink! \u201d what emerges here is what austrian economists call a structure of production. this structure is characterized by two closely related elements : multiple stages ( distinguished by their \u201c distance \u201d from the consumer ) and time. the pencil that eventually emerges at the end of the process must first proceed, in various states of incompleteness, through a series of stations at which components are transformed in ways consistent with making pencils. the stations themselves have to be prepared through earlier stages of production. thus before trees can be cut down and turned into wooden slats, saws, trucks, rope, railroad cars, and other things must be produced first. before steel can be used to make saws, trucks, and railroad cars, iron ore must be mined and processed. and so on. the same kind of description can be provided for each component of the pencil : the paint, the graphite, the compound that comprises the eraser, the brass ferrule that holds the eraser. tracing the pencil \u2019 s genealogy back to iron, zinc, copper, and graphite mines ; hemp plants ; rubber trees ; castor beans ; and much more demonstrates the \u201c roundaboutness \u201d of production, the term of the early austrian economist eugen von bohm - bawerk. much time and effort are spent not on making pencils but rather things that will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.541857093606902, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.361037"} {"text": "the following are a list of the top 10 \" least wanted \" foodborne pathogens as published by the canadian food inspection agency. simple food handling and safety practices can prevent all of these pathogens from becoming a problem. unfortunately, few consumers are well - educated on these pathogens and the practices they should employ when handling their families ' and their pet ' s food. as such, we ' ve created this section of our website to provide a bit of educational material to our customers. this pathogen can cause persistent fever, muscle aches, constipation and vomiting. it is one of the most dangerous of food borne pathogens. although rarely life - threatening, this pathogen is the leading cause of human gastroenteritis. it is also known to cause guillain - barre syndrome ( gbs ), which usually forms 2 - 3 weeks after initial infection. a bacterium that produces neurotoxins, this pathogen is most commonly associated with botulism. symptoms include nausea, fatigue, blurred vision and descending paralysis. this pathogen is known to cause \u201c traveler \u2019 s diarrhea \u201d, as it is most commonly acquired while traveling. it has previously been linked to imported raspberries, and prior to 1990 was virtually unknown. e. coli 0157 : h7 this enterohemorrhagic strain of e. coli can occasionally lead to kidney failure, and is particularly dangerous to young children and the elderly. hepatitis a virus is a common pathogen, most commonly contracted due to unclean water or infected meat. the effects are inflammation and irritation of the liver, and immediate medical attention should be consulted. formerly known as norwalk agent, the symptoms for this virus are diarrhea, vomiting and stomach pain. it is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis. this pathogen can cause illnesses like typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever and common food borne illnesses. although not as dangerous as other pathogens, more severe illnesses can develop in certain cases. related to salmonella and e. coli, this virus is found in humans and apes. it causes dysentery when contracted, which is an inflammatory disorder of the intestine, particularly the colon. dysentery can be fatal if left untreated. vibrio is most commonly found in salt water, making it particularly dangerous in undercooked seafood. by releasing a toxin, it causes an abnormal release of water in the intestine, producing severe diarrhea. treatment is simply a matter of replenishing the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4375230612608711, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.365263"} {"text": "the school improvement project ( sip ) was a series of pilot projects designed to promote better education outcomes for first nations children in manitoba. sip was implemented in four manitoba first nation communities - two northern communities ( fox lake cree nation and northlands dene first nation ) and two southern communities ( brokenhead ojibway first nation and long plain first nation ). in total, approximately 350 students, 55 teaching and support staff participated in the project. the initiative focused financial and human resources on baseline testing for all students in grades 1 - 8, professional development of teachers, increased capacity for student transition, teacher mentoring and increased teacher / principal support for its pilot communities. the objectives of the project were to improve teacher instructional practices in english language arts, mathematics, and information and communication technology through professional development activities, provide the schools with the necessary material and resources to support these programs, and improve student achievement scores in both english language arts and mathematics. starting in september 2007, sip began assessing each student ' s level of learning and corresponding environmental impacts to determine how a student best learns. this information was used to help teachers tailor their teaching style and materials to best meet students ' needs. students were also grouped into clusters to address varying academic levels. portfolios with assessments will travel with each student to aid them during their transition to new schools. as students progress through the education system, this testing will be done regularly to ensure that each child is learning and progressing. tests will coincide with report cards in november, march and may. the manitoba first nation education resource centre ( mfnerc ) led this initiative in conjunction with the province of manitoba, indian and northern affairs canada ( inac ), assembly of manitoba chiefs, university college of the north, manitoba keewatinowi okimakanak, and southern chiefs organization. the initiative was conducted over 18 months with an inac investment of $ 2. 7 million. the province of manitoba contributed approximately $ 250, 000 through staff time and expertise to provide the four first nations schools with professional development and teacher training. all project schools have received shared professional development, ict support and resources technology hardware ( laptops, work stations, lcd projectors, printers, scanners and switchers ), english language arts tool kits ( classroom reading centres, guided reading kits, chapter books and novels, first nations stories, scholastic series, teacher instructional text supports, headphones / microphones, memory sticks, franklin electronic spelling and thesaurus ), and math tool kits. manitoba first nations have the lowest educational outcomes in canada. sixty -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4637304692743167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.368776"} {"text": "the main pages in this section include : - variable star astronomy - a formal curriculum about variable stars and data analysis aimed at the - hr diagram plotting activity - a formal graphing activity for teaching about pulsating and other variable stars. - science olympiad - guide for the astronomy events - caroline hurless online institute for continuing education ( choice ) - informal, online variable star observation and scientific short courses - two eyes, 3d - a blog describing our nsf project to conduct research on stereoscopy in science education and produce two hd, 3 - d variable star films. part of the aavso ' s mission is to \" promote scientific research and education using variable star data \". variable star data can be an effective context for interdisciplinary teaching about constellations, stars, geometry, basic statistics and even history. in the 1990 ' s, the national science foundation awarded the aavso a grant to produce a formal curriculum package called hands - on astrophysics ( hoa ). hoa used real data from the aavso international database with custom written dos software to teach about variable stars and data analysis. the content of hoa was updated in 2009, renamed variable star astronomy and placed online. the software has been rewritten and expanded into a java package called vstar. in 2009, the national science foundation awarded the aavso a new informal science education ( ise ) grant for the citizen sky project. the goal of citizen sky is to allow participants to engage in the entire scientific method while helping astronomers study the mysterious eclipse of epsilon aurigae. the citizen sky web site has many projects educators can use both inside and outside the classroom, including activities for the science olympiad. it also has a forum and team dedicated to education and public outreach. both are open to the public. last updated : june 20, 2012 - 11 : 49am", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5304843029312609, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.370883"} {"text": "bacteria ' s gold - making trick revealed eureka! scientists say they have discovered how a bacteria turns water - soluble gold into microscopic nuggets of solid gold. the bacteria delftia acidovorans is frequently found on the surface of tiny gold nuggets. its presence led scientists to speculate it may be creating the particles from soluble gold - ions of gold that are dissolved in water. but the puzzle was how d. acidovorans did this trick, as soluble gold is toxic. the answer, suggests researchers from canada, lies in a molecule excreted by the microbe that both shields the organism and transforms the poisonous ions into particles. \" this finding is the first demonstration that a secreted metabolite can protect against toxic gold and cause gold biomineralisation, \" the process by which living organisms produce minerals, they write in the journal nature chemical biology. the molecule, delftibactin a, is capable of achieving this feat within seconds in ph - neutral conditions at room temperature. study co - author nathan magarvey of ontario ' s mcmaster university says the study was not designed to show whether it would be viable to use the microbes to grow gold from water in the lab. but such processes seem \" distinctly possible, \" he says. previous research had shown that another bacteria found on gold, ischiadicus metallidurans, deals with toxicity by storing the ions inside its cells. bacteria need some metals, such as iron, to grow, whereas others, like silver, will kill them. soluble gold, invisible in a glass of water, is found in the ocean, groundwater and other natural water sources. solid gold is mainly formed through geological processes in large veins underground. magarvey says the study may implicate d. acidovorans in secondary deposits such as nuggets found in rivers. the bacteria, he adds, is not found only on gold but also in the soil and in water. still unclear, though, is what the organism feeds on.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5095727915295034, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.374938"} {"text": "home | news | books | speeches | places | resources | education | index | search recollections of abraham lincoln at gettysburgone of our generous readers, r. l. cooke, sent in these eyewitness accounts on february 24, 2000. they recall the day in 1863 that lincoln gave his famous address at gettysburg, pennsylvania. he explains that their source is the philadelphia public ledger of february 7, 1932, from the albert cook myers collection. many thanks to james r. wierman, of atwood, illinois, for providing it. the photo is courtesy of margaret robson, dillsburg, pennsylvania. your comments on the following are welcome. mrs. john t. myers relives the day she met the great emancipatorby ann hark memories dating back nearly threescore years and ten will be revived in the heart of a certain little white - haired philadelphian next friday, when lincoln ' s birthday will be celebrated throughout the nation. to the average person the day will call to mind a heroic figure - - lincoln, the emancipator, the immortal, the superman! but to mrs. john t. myers, of moylan, the figure that will live once more before her mental eyes will be that of a simple, kindly human being with a warm handclasp and a smile that shone with such ineffable gentleness on a little country schoolgirl that its memory has remained undimmed through the years elapsed since then. it was a bright, crisp morning in november, just sixty - eight years ago, that a party of neighbors set out from the hamlet of possum creek, in the foothills of the south mountains. it was an eleven - mile trip by carriage to gettysburg. a great battle had been fought there not so long before, and a president was coming that day to deliver an address whose ringing words and noble message were destined to roll down with irresistible force through all the years to come. in the party were two young girls, sallie a. cook and her sister, elmira jane. they had arisen by candlelight that morning, thrilled and excited at the prospect before them, and all through the long and tedious ride behind the plodding horses they had curbed their impatience with joyous anticipation of the treat in store. elude their elders arrived at last at their destination, the sisters decided to do a little sightseeing without elderly supervision, and, leaving behind the rest of their little group, they set out for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43708858929875516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.389870"} {"text": "with joyous anticipation of the treat in store. elude their elders arrived at last at their destination, the sisters decided to do a little sightseeing without elderly supervision, and, leaving behind the rest of their little group, they set out for the center of town. in the heart of gettysburg, at one corner of center square, stood the home of an old friend of the family, judge david wills, and it was toward this beckoning mansion that the two girls bent their steps. for judge wills, they knew, was to be the host to president lincoln, and it was lincoln whom the youthful hero worshipers had set their hearts on seeing. arrived at the wills residence, the visitors found an informal reception in progress. the night before, from the front steps of his host ' s home, the president, in high silk hat and shawl, had made a brief impromtu speech - - and the neighbors who had heard him then were flocking now to meet him face to face and shake him by the hand. with them flocked the two young girls from possum creek, timid and self - conscious but bent nevertheless on achieving their purpose. at last the great moment came. standing before the tall, gaunt figure of the man on whom an entire nation depended, the visitors looked up into a homely, smiling face. \" he was so tall, \" writes mrs. myers, the sallie cook of that bygone day, \" that he stooped to take my hand, which seemed so small in his. silently he smiled down upon me. \" more thrills to come thrill enough for one day, that. but there was still more yet to come. for the sisters, restless and dazed by their new surroundings and the experience they had just been through, could not settle down. laughing excitedly, they left the wills ' house and strolled on up the street toward the cemetery - - that cemetery which is now a national shrine - - and there they found a rough wooden platform erected. since it was early and they had nothing else to do, they took their seats on the stand, and from there a short time later they witnessed the procession that bore in its midst the figure of the president. it was not imposing, for lincoln on horseback, with long legs dangling and coat tails flopping, was far from an inspiring sight. but whatever sense of the ludicrous may have made itself felt, it dissappeared completely when the first strong words of his address rolled out on the still fall air", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4201974005917307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.391270"} {"text": "dangling and coat tails flopping, was far from an inspiring sight. but whatever sense of the ludicrous may have made itself felt, it dissappeared completely when the first strong words of his address rolled out on the still fall air. \" i was so close to the president, \" mrs. myers describes the moment, \" and heard all of the address, but it seemed short. then there was an impressive silence, like our menallen friends ' meeting. there was no applause when he stopped speaking. \" with lincoln at gettysburg november 19, 1863the following is written in mrs. sarah a. ( cook ) myers ' own hand : it was thursday morning november 19, 1863, just 68 years ago today, in the parlor of judge david wills in gettysburg that i shook the hand of president lincoln. he was so tall that he stooped to take my hand, which seemed so small in his. silently, he smiled down upon me. i then [ unin ] up to the cemetery before the president ' s procession started and sat upon the rough wooden platform. i was close to the president and heard all of the address, but it seemed short. then there was an impressive silence like our menallen friends meeting. there was no applause when he stopped speaking. i was then a school girl of 19, sallie a. cook, living with my mother ruth m. cook, widow of jesse cook, and my brothers and sisters at our beloved old family homestead cook ' s mill on possum creek, in the foothills of the south mountains, one mile above bendersville, and eleven miles north of gettysburg, in menallen township, adams county, pennsylvania. there i was born july 9, 1844, a birthright friend or quaker. my next older sister, elmira jane cook went with me to gettysburg. sarah a. myers ( mrs. john t. myers ), age 87 moylan, pennsylvania, november 19, 1931. additional commentsmr. cooke received the following in july 2002 from arthur weaner, a local gettysburg historian : \" list of the party that went from the conrad weaner home and the cooks of cook ' s mill, to gettysburg, november 19, 1863, in an open spring wagon. 1. george weaner, driver and his friend, 2. louisa rice, who he afterward married 3. cornelius weaner 4. elizabeth weaner 5. miss susan weaner 6. hannah weigle, and her friend, 7. jacob", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4485547000228241, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.392546"} {"text": "weaner, driver and his friend, 2. louisa rice, who he afterward married 3. cornelius weaner 4. elizabeth weaner 5. miss susan weaner 6. hannah weigle, and her friend, 7. jacob c. smith, whom she afterward married 8. lewis c. smith, brother of jacob 9. miss sallie a. cook, later mrs. john t. myers, and mother of the late albert cook myers 10. miss cook ' s sister, elmira jane cook, later mrs. charles d. cook. the foregoing is from albert cook myers, august 15, 1942. a newspaper clipping in the possession of the author published february 1928, perhaps in the philadelphia public ledger, gives the above in detail by mrs. john t. myers. mrs. myers states that her father, jess cook, was a prominent quaker in the community and was a stationmaster on the underground railroad, and among the hills surrounding their home scores of escaped slaves were living, befriended by her family. her brother george was a prisoner in libby prison. ' at the last minute something came up, and we couldn ' t get to town, but some neighbors drove us in, in an open spring wagon with two good horses, and there were 9 young people in the party. ' she states that the cook family were cousins of judge wills, and on the occasion visited the wills house and shook hands with president lincoln there. \" following are the notes of albert cook myers describing what the sisters went through to find a ride to gettysburg. this information is from the albert cook myers collection, chester county historical society, west chester, pennsylvania. sarah a. myers nee \u2019 cook meets abraham lincoln, shakes hands with him, sits on the platform and hears gettysburg address, then aged 19. s. a. m. ( sarah a. myers ) says the day of lincoln \u2019 s gettysburg speech was sunny and warm for the time of year. the family still lived at the old home at cook \u2019 s mill. her brother j. kersey cook, well known as a schoolteacher in adams county, had intended to take his two sisters s. a. m. and elmira jane to the gettysburg commencement, but became indisposed. he then arranged with edward walker ( a crippled bachelor quaker living with his younger sister margaret ) of bendersville to take the sisters, but at the last moment e. w. said he couldn \u2019 t go, much to the displeasure of j. k. c. j. k", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3657794175254144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.393743"} {"text": "( a crippled bachelor quaker living with his younger sister margaret ) of bendersville to take the sisters, but at the last moment e. w. said he couldn \u2019 t go, much to the displeasure of j. k. c. j. k. c. then engaged places for the sisters in the wagon of george wainer, a non - quaker, of near bendersville, towards wenksville. geo. w. his two sisters and another going man in the party plus s. a. m. & sister went to gettysburg. on account of the crowd the wagon stopped short of the town and the party had to walk in. s. a. m. and sister left the others and did not find them again until late in the day for the return journey. saw the parade then went to a house and in line, shook hands with lincoln. went to the cemetery - rough wooden platform with steps leading up. sat on these steps, close to lincoln and heard all of his speech. albert cook myers sarah cook myers meets president hooverhere ' s an excerpt provided by r. l. cooke in november 2006. it is from the gettysburg times of may 29, 1931, entitled \" county native to be valley forge guest. \" \" a small white haired quaker mother, who sat on the same platform with president lincoln when he made his famous gettysburg address here 68 years ago, will be seated on the platform at valley forge saturday morning when president hoover makes his memorial day address there. the guest will be mrs. john t. myers, 86 - year - old native of york springs. \" mrs. myers, who now lives in moylan with her son albert cook myers, noted valley forge historian, was the former miss sarah a. cook who at the time the national cemetery here was dedicated by lincoln was a teacher at bendersville. \" mrs. myers also was mentioned in the new york times of may 31, 1931, in an article entitled \" hoover urges nation to be steadfast. \" \"... as mr. hoover turned to depart he shook hands with mrs. john t. myers, 86 years old, of moylan, pa., who sat on the platform at gettysburg when lincoln delivered his famous address and who shook hands with the great emancipator following the ceremonies. \" mrs. meyers is the mother of albert cook meyers [ myers ], a member of the valley forge park commission and assistant curator of the historical society of pennsylvania. \" home | news | education | places |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3560931290082918, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.395161"} {"text": "thyroidectomy is the surgical removal of all or part of the thyroid gland. this gland is in the neck. it produces hormones that regulate metabolism. the surgery may be a : - total or near - total thyroidectomy \u2014 all of the thyroid is removed - thyroid lobectomy or partial thyroidectomy \u2014 removal of only a part of the thyroid ( the right or left lobe and / or center ) the thyroid gland copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. all or part of the thyroid gland may be surgically removed for any of the following reasons : overactive thyroid ( hyperthyroidism ) due to graves disease or an over - functioning nodule - enlarged thyroid ( goiter ) causing significant symptoms because of its size - thyroid nodule ( s ) are suspicious or cause concern for thyroid cancer - thyroid cancer complications are rare, but no procedure is completely free of risk. if you are planning to have a thyroidectomy, your doctor will review a list of possible complications, which may include : - damage to the parathyroid gland, which controls calcium metabolism ( could lead to nerve and heart problems ) - voice changes due to damage to nerves leading to the voice box ( rare ) - thyrotoxic crisis ( sudden excessive release of thyroid hormone at toxic levels ) ( very rare ) some factors that may increase the risk of complications include : - severity of hyperthyroidism - size of goiter - poor nutrition - long - term illness your doctor may do the following : - physical exam laboratory and / or imaging tests to assess thyroid function \u2014 uses sound waves to evaluate organs in the body \u2014 uses magnetic waves to produce images of the inside of the body - thyroid medicine to suppress thyroid activity in patients with hyperthyroidism - thyroid scan \u2014 uses a radioactive substance and scanning tool to evaluate the thyroid gland leading up to your procedure : talk to your doctor about your medicines. you may be asked to stop taking some medicines up to one week before the procedure, like : or other anti - inflammatory drugs blood thinners, such as - do not eat or drink anything after midnight the evening prior to the procedure. - arrange for transportation to and from the hospital. anesthesia will be used. you will be asleep. an incision will be made in the front of the neck. bleeding vessels will be clamped and tied off. all or part of the thyroid gland will be cut away from other tissues in the neck. care will be taken to avoid injury to other nearby glands and nerves. bleeding is controlled with special tools that compress and seal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.469968413586645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.404679"} {"text": "will be clamped and tied off. all or part of the thyroid gland will be cut away from other tissues in the neck. care will be taken to avoid injury to other nearby glands and nerves. bleeding is controlled with special tools that compress and seal the ends of the vessels. the incision will be closed. the edges of skin will be stitched together. a drain will often be left in overnight. it will help drain any extra fluids. the thyroid may be removed to treat thyroid cancer. in this case, lymph nodes in the area may also be removed. this will test if the cancer has spread. in some cases, the doctor may be able to remove the thyroid using endoscopic surgery. this involves making small incisions, instead of a large incision in the neck. anesthesia prevents pain during the procedure. pain after the procedure is common. you will be given medicine to help manage this. the usual length of stay is one day. your doctor may choose to keep you longer if complications arise. - there will be discomfort in your neck for several days. the pain can be treated with medicine. - in some cases, you may have a hoarse voice for a few days. - depending on how much of the thyroid is removed, you may need to take replacement thyroid hormone. - in some cases of thyroid cancer, you may need radioactive iodine treatments. this is called remnant ablation. when you return home, do the following to help ensure a smooth recovery : - keep the incision clean and dry. - ask your doctor about when it is safe to shower, bathe, or soak in water. - do not get the incision wet until your doctor allows. if it does get wet, dry it immediately. - do not apply make - up, lotion, or cream to the incision area. - perform neck exercises as instructed by your doctor. - take all medicines as prescribed by your doctor. - be sure to follow your doctor ' s after you leave the hospital, contact your doctor if any of the following occurs : - numbness or tingling around the lips or extremities - twitching or muscle spasms ( indicates dangerously low levels of calcium in the blood ) - excessive and progressive fatigue - difficulty swallowing, talking, or breathing - signs of infection, including fever and chills - redness, swelling, increasing pain, excessive bleeding, or any discharge from the incision site - nausea and / or vomiting that you cannot control with the medicines you were given after surgery, or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39170169458710213, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.405671"} {"text": "- signs of infection, including fever and chills - redness, swelling, increasing pain, excessive bleeding, or any discharge from the incision site - nausea and / or vomiting that you cannot control with the medicines you were given after surgery, or which persist for more than two days after discharge from the hospital - cough, shortness of breath, or chest pain - pain that you cannot control with the medicines you have been given - pain, burning, urgency or frequency of urination, or persistent bleeding in the urine in case of an emergency, call for medical help right away. american association of clinical endocrinologists website. available at : meeker mh, rocthrock jc. alexander ' s care of the patient during surgery. 11th ed. philadelphia, pa : mosby ; 1999. sabiston dc jr. textbook of surgery. 17th ed. philadelphia, pa : wb saunders co. ; 2004. last reviewed november 2012 by kim carmichael, md please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. it is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. call your healthcare provider immediately if you think you may have a medical emergency. always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. copyright \u00a9 ebsco publishing. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4013960668318857, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.406216"} {"text": "the following data is extracted from florida slave narratives. rebecca hooks, age 90 years, is one of the few among the fast - thinning ranks of ex - slaves who can give a clear picture of life \" befo ' de wah. \" she was born in jones county, georgia of martha and pleasant lowe, who were slaves of william lowe. the mother was the mulatto offspring of william lowe and a slave woman who was half cherokee. the father was also a mulatto, purchased from a nearby plantation. because of this blood mixture rebecca ' s parents were known as \" house niggers, \" and lived on quarters located in the rear of the \" big house. \" a \" house nigger \" was a servant whose duties consisted of chores around the big house, such as butler, maid, cook, stableman, gardener and personal attendant to the man who owned him. these slaves were often held in high esteem by their masters and of course fared much better than the other slaves on the plantation. quite often they were mulattoes as in the case of rebecca ' s parents. there seemed to be a general belief among slave owners that mulattoes could not stand as much laborious work as pureblooded negro slaves. this accounts probably for the fact that the majority of ex - slaves now alive are mulattoes. the lowes were originally of virginia and did not own as much property in georgia has they had in virginia. rebecca estimates the number of slaves on this plantation as numbering no more than 25. they were treated kindly and cruelly by turns, according to the whims of master and mistress who were none too stable in their dispositions. there was no \" driver \" or overseer on this plantation, as \" old tom was devil enough himself when he wanted to be, \" observes rebecca. while she never felt the full force of his cruelties, she often felt sorry for the other slaves who were given a task too heaven to completed in the given time ; this deliberately, so that the master might have some excuse to vent his pent - up feelings. punishment was always in the form of a severe whipping or revocation of a slave ' s privilege, such as visiting other plantations, etc. the lowes were not wealthy and it was necessary for them to raise and manufacture as many things on the plantation as possible. slaves toiled from early morning until night in the the corn, cotton, sugar cane and tobacco fields. others tended the large herds of cattle from which milk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4301255596621968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.413235"} {"text": "and it was necessary for them to raise and manufacture as many things on the plantation as possible. slaves toiled from early morning until night in the the corn, cotton, sugar cane and tobacco fields. others tended the large herds of cattle from which milk, butter, meat and leather was produced. the leather was tanned and made into crude shoes for the slaves for the short winter months. no one wore shoes except during cold weather and on sundays. fruit orchards and vegetables were also grown, but not given as much attention as the cotton and corn, as these were the main money crops. as a child rebecca learned to ape the ways of her mistress. at first this was considered very amusing. whenever she had not knitted her required number of socks during the week, she simply informed them that she had not done it because she had not wanted to - besides she was not a \" nigger. \" this stubbornness accompanied by hysterical tantrums continued to cause rebecca to receive many stiff punishments that might have been avoided. her master had given orders that no one was ever to whip her, so devious methods were employed to punish her, such as marching her down the road with hands ties behind her back, or locking her in a dark room for several hours with only bread and water. rebecca resembled very much a daughter of william lowe. the girl was really her aunt, and very conscious of the resemblance. both had brown eyes and long dark hair. they were about the same height and the clothes of the young mistress fitted rebecca \" like a glove. \" to offset this likeness, rebecca ' s hair was always cut very short. finally rebecca rebelled at having her hair all cut off and blankly refused to submit to the treatment any longer. after this happening, the girls formed a dislike for each other, and rebecca was guilty of doing every mean act of which she was capable to torment the white girl. rebecca ' s mother aided and abetted her in this, often telling her things to do. rebecca did not fear the form of punishment administered her and she had the cunning to \" keep on the good side of the master \" who had a fondness for her \" because she was so much like the lowes. \" the mistress ' demand that she be sold or beaten was always turned aside with \" dear, you know the child can ' t help it ; its that cursed cherokee blood in her. \" there seemed to be no very strong opposition to a slave ' s learning to read and write on the plantation, so rebecca learned along with the white children", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4449660557817941, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.414598"} {"text": ", you know the child can ' t help it ; its that cursed cherokee blood in her. \" there seemed to be no very strong opposition to a slave ' s learning to read and write on the plantation, so rebecca learned along with the white children. her father purchased books for her with money he was allowed to earn from the sale of corn whiskey which he made, or from work done on some other plantation during his time off. he was not permitted to buy freedom, however. on sundays rebecca attended church along with the other slaves. services were held in the white churches after their services were over. they were taught to obey their masters and work hard, and that they should be very thankful for the institution of slavery which brought them from darkest africa. on the plantation, the doctor was not nearly as popular as the \" granny \" or midwife, who brewed medicines for every ailment. each plantation had its own \" granny \" who also served the mistress during confinement. some of her remedies follows : horehound tea, pine top tea, lightwood drippings on sugar. for fever : a tea made of pomegranate seeds and crushed mint. for whooping cough : a tea made of sheep shandy ( manure ) ; catnip tea. for spasms : garlic ; burning a garment next to the skin of the patient having the fit. shortly before the war, rebecca was married to solomon, her husband. this ceremony consisted of simply jumping over a broom and having some one read a few words from a book, which may or may not have been the bible. after the war, many couples were remarried because of this irregularity. rebecca had learned of the war long before it ended and knew its import. she had confided this information to other slaves who could read and write. she read the small newspaper that her master received at irregular intervals. the two sons of william lowe had gone to fight with the confederate soldiers ( one never returned ) and everywhere was felt the tension caused by wild speculation as to the outcome of the war. certain commodities were very scarce rebecca remembers drinking coffee made of okra seed that had been dried and parched. there was no silk, except that secured by \" running the blockade, \" and this was very expensive. the smokehouse floors were carefully scraped for any morsel of salt that might be gotten. salt had to be evaporated from seawater and this was a slow process. there were no disorders in that section as far as rebecca remembers, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46603384599172215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.415803"} {"text": "last week, five students at live oak high school in morgan hill, calif., were sent home on cinco de mayo for wearing t - shirts bearing the american flag. the students were reportedly sent home after vice principal miguel rodriguez told them the shirts posed a \" safety issue \" on a day celebrating mexican heritage. punishing students for wearing t - shirts with the american flag is a clear violation of their free speech rights. the aclu of northern california responded to the incident by sending a letter ( pdf ) to morgan hill schools superintendant dr. wesley smith, reminding him of the speech rights students are entitled to under the u. s. constitution and california law. the letter points out that students ' wearing of the american flag wouldn ' t have been controversial but for the interest of other students in celebrating their mexican heritage on cinco de mayo. the students ' patriotic display was particularly meaningful because of the context, and their right to express their patriotism in light of that context must be honored. the right to wear an american flag every day but cinco de mayo would do little to advance the important work of the first amendment, whose protections must be enforced every day. there is another important lesson for the school here. for displays of the american flag to create such a strong concern about disruption, it ' s likely the school has underlying racial and cultural tensions that need attention. using censorship to suppress student speech is exactly the wrong thing to do in this kind of situation. while the school superintendent did make a statement reaffirming the school district ' s support for students ' speech rights, it ' s also important that the live oak teachers and administrators use this incident as an opportunity to teach students tolerance, diversity and mutual respect.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40450323573172525, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.417791"} {"text": "fair, accountable government is crucial to ending poverty and promoting human rights. throughout the world, people ' s demands for democracy are growing louder as many have suffered under oppressive regimes and unaccountable leaders. issues of politics and governance might sound dry, but they are at the heart of building a just society, where people can claim their rights. governance is the way in which a country or society takes decisions and allocates resources. it ' s not just about voting systems, it ' s about the way in which people, including the poorest and most excluded can be involved in those decisions, and hold institutions accountable. actionaid supports women, men, and young people to hold governments and corporates accountable, fight for justice, end discrimination and corruption, and take control of the decisions that shape their lives. at the local level, actionaid provides training to people so that they can understand, monitor and track budgets. actionaid enables them to work together to hold organisations to account - whether they are schools, health authorities, local councils, corporates that provide public services, or national governments. at the national level, actionaid works to hold those in power accountable for their impact on poor people. at the international level, we use our international perspective and research to influence the policy and practice of institutions like the world bank, the international monetary fund ( imf ), the association of south east asian nations ( asean ), and the african union ( au ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46975581863269467, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.419276"} {"text": "i \u2019 ll be presenting a paper, \u201c on the origins of rf - based location, \u201d at the 2011 ieee radio and wireless symposium this morning at 8 : 00 in room cira a. the paper collects together the pre - wwii material i \u2019 ve blogged about under the history of rf - based location category here at \u00e6therczar. this paper will provide a brief survey of the origins of rf - based location technology through the beginning of the second world war. direction finding ( df ) was invented by john stone stone in 1902 and improved upon by lee de forest, ettore bellini and alessandro tosi. both radar and amplitude ranging date to 1904, although these concepts were in advance of the ability of rf technology to implement. df played a critical role in the first world war, most notably in the naval battle of jutland. the requirement for accurate night - time direction led classicist and cryptographer frank adcock to invent an improved df system. in the 1920 \u2019 s, df and related concepts came of age for civilian applications like navigation. inventors of the period introduced a variety of other techniques were introduced including time - of - flight or transponder ranging. by the time of the second world war, df was a mature field and additional novel rf - based technologies were ready to be developed. in a second paper ( not accepted by the conference ) \u2013 \u201c rf - based location technology since world war ii, \u201d i present additional material. this second paper presents a brief historical overview of rf - based location technologies since the second world war. although direction - finding ( df ) was critical to the allied victory over german u - boats in the north atlantic, this paper focuses on more recent rf - based location technologies including time - difference of arrival ( tdoa ), and ultra - wideband ( uwb ) technologies. more recent advances, including satellite navigation, rf fingerprinting, and near - field electromagnetic ranging technologies are also considered. my presentation this morning will actually cover material from both papers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.542196516271876, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.421431"} {"text": "outside the complex system of his body, man has vast and vital dimensions that are not in any way confined by his bodily mechanism. in order to discover those aspects and planes that are beyond the bodily structure and physical dimension of man, one must search out the inward and spiritual structures of man and perceive the broad horizons of his comprehensive nature, together with the delicate and refined manifestations of his feelings and instincts. before he enters the realm of science and knowledge with all its concerns, man is able to perceive certain truths by means of these innate perceptions. but after entering the sphere of science and philosophy and filling his brain with various proofs and deductions, he may forget his natural and innate perceptions or begin to doubt them. it is for this reason that when man moves beyond his innate nature to delineate a belief, differences begin to appear. inclination to religion and belief in god, draw, in their initial stages, on instinctive motives and innate perceptions, but then they develop and evolve with the help of ratiocination and reflection. the roots of innate feeling in the disposition of man are so deep and, at the same time, so clear and evident that if a person purges his mind and his spirit both of religious concepts and of anti religious thoughts and then looks at himself and at the world of being, he will clearly see that he is moving in a certain direction together with the whole caravan of being. without any desire or will on his part, he begins his life at a certain point, and again without willing it, he advances toward another point, one which is unknown to him. the same reality can be observed in all natural creatures, operating in a precise and orderly way. if a clear - sighted man, still in the state of nature, looks at the circumstances surrounding him, he will distinctly feel the existence of a great force that encompasses him and the whole world. in his own being, which is an extremely small part of the great world, he will see knowledge, power and will to exist, and he will ask himself how knowledge, power and will could not exist in the world as a whole. it is the finely calculated order and motion of the world that compels man to accept the existence of a universal intellect that, lying beyond the world of nature, nonetheless designs and commands it ; unless this be accepted, the orderliness of the world cannot be explained. anyone assessing his position in the world can perceive that there is a power which creates him, brings him here, inspires motion in him, and then", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6070166498808935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.443996"} {"text": "designs and commands it ; unless this be accepted, the orderliness of the world cannot be explained. anyone assessing his position in the world can perceive that there is a power which creates him, brings him here, inspires motion in him, and then removes him again, without his permission or assistance being sought for any of this. the commander of the martyrs, husayn b. ali, may peace be upon both of them, said in his intimate supplications to the creator, \" how is it possible to deduce your existence from a thing which depends upon you for its very being? why do you not possess that manifestness that other - than - you possesses, so that it might make you evident? when were you ever hidden from the inward eye so that you might need proofs as a guide to you? when were you ever distant from us so that your traces and signs might draw us nigh to you? blind be the eye that does not see you watching over and guarding it! \" o god, you who have manifested yourself to us with your splendor, how can you be hidden when you are manifest and evident? how can you be absent when with your unceasing manifestation you watch over your servants? \" nowhere and at no time has a thing made without a maker been seen, nor a deed without a doer. the search for the link between cause and effect arises from an inward instinct in man ; awareness of causality cannot be removed from anyone. likewise, the religious feeling, the search for a creator, can also not be removed from anyone. even a child with no experience of the world, whenever he hears a sound or observes a motion, will instinctively turn his attention to the origin of the sound or the motion. the foundations both of practical life and of knowledge rest upon the acceptance of a cause for every effect. the norm of causality is, in fact, an absolute one which admits of no exceptions. geology, physics, chemistry, sociology, economics, in these and other sciences, research has the purpose of specifying the causes and factors that determine relationships. in short, it is clear that science and knowledge are nothing other than the search for causes ; all progress and advancement in human affairs result from the investigations carried out by scholars into the causes of phenomena. were it to be possible for us to find in a single being or corner of the universe a sign of absolute self - origination or creativity, we would be justified in extending that one instance to the whole scheme of being.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5810442776328661, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.445237"} {"text": "the causes of phenomena. were it to be possible for us to find in a single being or corner of the universe a sign of absolute self - origination or creativity, we would be justified in extending that one instance to the whole scheme of being. of course, it is not necessary that the law of causality should always manifest itself to us in familiar forms. the variety and multiplicity of causes is such that an investigator concerned with only one phenomenon might not be able to specify all the causes. however, in all the affairs of mankind, particular and general, past and future, in the circumstances of the individual or of society, not a single point can be found that is accidental. not only is there a particular order inherent in the creation of each separate phenomenon ; there is also observable in the relationship of every phenomenon with other phenomena, as well as the relationship of each phenomenon with the environment within which it exists, a subtle and finely calculated order. for example, in the cultivation of a tree, the laws of the heavens and the earth operate in perfect harmony with the structure of its roots and branches. there is also a relationship of animals with that tree insofar as they draw nourishment from it. how is it possible that accident should lie at the origin of such orderly relationships? if a phenomenon were to take shape at a certain level in the structure of being, unconsciously and on the basis of chance, this would furnish an excellent groundwork for the disappearance and destruction of the world. for the slightest disruption in the balance of elements and the smallest disharmony in the radiant laws of the universe would be enough to make things lose their moorings and the heavenly bodies collide, resulting in a massive explosion and the destruction of the world. if the origin of the world were based on accident, why are the theories even of the materialists based on the supposition of a plan, an ordering, an absence of chance? if the whole world is the result of chance and accident, what is it that did not emerge on the basis of chance? if an existent thing came into being not by virtue of chance, what are its distinguishing features and characteristics and can they be applied to the numerous and variegated phenomena of the universe? now since accident is opposed to order and harmony, it follows that whatever bears traces of planning, design and calculation should be disharmonious and discontinuous, because the concepts of planning, design and calculation are opposed to accident and chance. to suppose that accident is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6002609961345421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.448059"} {"text": "to order and harmony, it follows that whatever bears traces of planning, design and calculation should be disharmonious and discontinuous, because the concepts of planning, design and calculation are opposed to accident and chance. to suppose that accident is the infrastructure of the universe and its governing principle does not rest on any logical proof or scientific evidence cannot be accepted as a definitive solution to the geometry of the structure of being. when the experimental sciences demonstrate that the elements and natural factors cannot exert any independent influence and do not possess any creativity ; when all of our experiences, our sensory feelings, and our rational deductions point to the conclusion that nothing occurs in nature without a reason and cause and that all phenomena are based on an established system and specific laws, when all of this is the case, it is surprising that some people turn their backs on scientific principles, primary deductions and propositions based on reflection, and deny the existence of the creator. education and environmental factors are among the causes that either prevent man ' s innate perceptions from displaying themselves, or, on the contrary, reinforce them. whatever displays itself from the source of instinct resembles in its orderliness the patterns of nature. those who have been left free to follow the original course of their creation without being imprisoned by habit and whose inner nature has not been colored by words and expressions, are better able to hear the summons of their inner being and to distinguish good deeds from bad and true beliefs from false. irreligion, which is, in fact, a turning away from original nature, is, therefore, rarely to be seen among such individuals. if someone tells them that the world has no indwelling order and that it is the offspring of chance, decking out his words in philosophical terminology, he will have no effect on such people, because they will reject his theories by virtue of their own original nature. those who are caught up in the webs of science may fall prey to doubt and confusion as a result of alluring terminology. the limited knowledge that inspires arrogance in man is like a piece of colored glass placed in front of the aperture of the intellect and the original nature ; whoever possesses this knowledge sees the world tinged with the color of his learning and art. he imagines that the entirety of reality is what he sees through the narrow aperture of his senses and intellect that are a prey to color. of course, we do not mean that man should refrain from developing his intellect in order to safeguard himself against illusion. however, he should not be limited by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6292510931582531, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.449390"} {"text": "what he sees through the narrow aperture of his senses and intellect that are a prey to color. of course, we do not mean that man should refrain from developing his intellect in order to safeguard himself against illusion. however, he should not be limited by or take pride in his limited knowledge and art. most people, instead of making their learning and knowledge a ladder for the ascent of their intellect in order to raise themselves to a higher level, remain stationary and imprisoned within the four walls of concepts and terms. man ' s original nature, once it senses danger, rushes to his aid. when a person is pressed by hardship and overwhelming problems, when material factors turn their back on him, when he has no access to any of the resources of life and is drowning like a straw in a maelstrom of vicissitudes and death is but one step away \u2014 then an inward motive guides him instinctively to a non - material source of support. he seeks aid from one whose power is superior to all powers, and he understands that it is that compassionate and all - powerful being who can succor him with his extraordinary power and save him. because of his perception, with all of his strength he seeks the aid of that most sacred being to save him from danger, and in the sanctum of his heart, he feels the power and strength of that being at work for his salvation. once someone asked imam sadiq, upon whom be peace, to guide him toward the lord, saying that he had been confused by the words of the polemicists. the imam asked, \" have you ever traveled by ship? \" he answered, \" yes. \" the imam : \" did it every happen that the ship sprang a leak and there was nobody to save you from drowning in the tempestuous waves of the ocean? \" the imam : \" at that dangerous moment and in that state of despair, did you have the feeling that an infinite and almighty power might save you from your terrible fate? \" \" yes, that ' s the way it was. \" the imam : \" it is god almighty who is the source of reliance and toward whom men look with hope when all doors are closed. - \" even rebellious and materialistic men of power who are oblivious to the eternal power of god when they enty dominion, change when they fall into the trap of defeat and destruction. they forget the denial of god that their environment and materialist schools of thought had inculcated in them and they wholeheartedly turn to the origin of all beings and the source", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5947600781424736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.450589"} {"text": "dominion, change when they fall into the trap of defeat and destruction. they forget the denial of god that their environment and materialist schools of thought had inculcated in them and they wholeheartedly turn to the origin of all beings and the source of all strength. history records numerous examples of such persons who fell victim to difficult and trying circumstances so that the dust of pollution was suddenly removed from their original natures and from the depths of their souls they turned toward the peerless creator. in addition to the inner resources that are innate in man ' s being and help him to discover reality so that free from all mental constructs and constraints he advances on the path of his original nature, the external factor of guidance and admonition is also necessary to show him the way and to reinforce his original nature. it is guidance that reforms rebellious qualities and protects the intellect and original nature from perversion and obedience to false gods. the prophets were sent to make men aware of the subtle perceptions of their original nature, to make their godly inclinations flow in their proper course, and to give wings to their lofty aspirations. the commander of the believers, upon whom be peace, said, \" god sent his messengers among men so they might question them concerning their covenant with god, recall to them the forgotten bounties of god, speak to them by way of admonition, arouse in them hidden wisdom, and display to them the signs of god ' s power. \" such guidance and admonition do not in any way imply extinguishing the light of man ' s creative will or depriving him of his freedom and ability to think and to choose. it is, on the contrary, a kind of assistance to his positive inclinations and instincts enabling them to grow and develop. it is through guidance and admonition that men are freed of their bonds and enabled to profit from all the dimensions of their original nature and to flourish with all of their beings. the quran says, \" the prophet removes all arduous rules and customs that men had placed on their necks like chains. so those who believe in him, respect him and aid him, who follow the light that has been revealed to him, they are, in truth, those who are saved in this world. \" ( 7 : 157 ) \" o you who believe, respond and obey when god and the messenger summon you to life - giving commands. \" ( 8 : 24 ) \" o mankind, in truth an admonition has come to you from your lord", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.544363506110711, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.451688"} {"text": "( 7 : 157 ) \" o you who believe, respond and obey when god and the messenger summon you to life - giving commands. \" ( 8 : 24 ) \" o mankind, in truth an admonition has come to you from your lord and a healing cure for the sicknesses of your soul. \" ( 10 : 57 ) the first people who accepted the summons of the prophets were men of pure hearts and enlightened consciences. the ranks of their opponents consisted of those who relied on their illusory power and wealth or were filled with pride on account of their paltry knowledge and deficient, illusion - tainted intellects, in such a way that their groundless arrogance prevented their inner capacities and aspirations from flourishing. a certain scholar has put it thus : \" in spiritual matters, too, the law of supply and demand prevails. if the demand for religion did not exist in man ' s nature, the supply provided by the prophets would be wasted. we see that the supply provided by the prophets did find customers ; their fertile, unclouded and authentic visions found numerous followers and supporters. this is proof that the demand for religion exists within man and his innermost consciousness. \" in fact, the basic preaching of all the prophets was a call to monotheism, not a proof of the existence of god. they negated the worthiness of idols, of the sun, the moon and the stars, to be worshipped, so that man ' s inner and natural thirst for worship should not be satisfied by recourse to external objects such as these and they might, instead, seek all their aims and values in a firm arc ascending to the true object of worship. their hearts should be attached to infinite perfection, and with such a faith ever ascending, they should constantly advance toward the source of all values and virtues, finally reaching their aim. all varieties of polytheism and irreligion, the primitive form that is idolatry and the advanced form that is materialism, are the result of turning away from innate nature. the progress of knowledge concerning religious experience which is taking place all over the world has resulted in discoveries that permit certain important conclusions to be drawn. based on the considerable data collected by sociologists, archaeologists and anthropologists, the history of religions now analyzes the religious instinct, together with the institutions, beliefs, customs and the factors that shape society, in a new way that is largely at variance with the explanations previously given. there is now a current of thought that is constantly winning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5162043615024372, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.453075"} {"text": "of religions now analyzes the religious instinct, together with the institutions, beliefs, customs and the factors that shape society, in a new way that is largely at variance with the explanations previously given. there is now a current of thought that is constantly winning new adherents from various schools of thought to the effect that the religious feeling is a primary, natural and stable component of the human spirit and that it is an innate means of perceiving the suprarational. in about 1920, a german philosopher by the name of rudolf otto was able to prove that parallel to the intellectual and ethical elements in man, there are also innate, supra - rational elements that constitute the religious feeling. attributes concerning god such as power, greatness and transcendence have the purpose of emphasizing that sanctity cannot be reduced to any other concept. it is an independent category that cannot be derived from any other category and cannot be identified with any other concept, rational or otherwise. one of the peculiarities of the present age is, in fact, the search for a fourth dimension in the world of nature called \" time. \" like the other dimensions, it must be intermingled with bodies, and, therefore, no body exists in the world free from the time which arises from motion and change. it is likewise a characteristic of the age that the researches of scholars have led to the discovery of a \" fourth dimension \" of the human spirit, the religious feeling. the other three dimensions or feelings consist of the sense of curiosity, the sense of virtue, and the sense of beauty. the religious sense, or the concept of the sacred, is the fourth dimension and the most basic of senses. everyone has innately an attraction and inclination to what lies beyond nature, separately and independently from the other three senses. with the discovery of the religious sense, the three dimensional prison of his spirit collapsed and it was proven that man ' s religious inclinations are autonomously rooted in his being. they showed themselves even in ages when men were living in forests and caves. despite the primacy, autonomy and effectiveness of the senses of curiosity, virtue and beauty and the role they played in the emergence of science, morality and art, it was the religious sense that prepared the ground for the activity of these three senses, helping them to advance on their path and to discover the secrets of the created world. from the viewpoint of a believer, the world has been designed on the basis of laws and a precise, well - calculated plan. this belief in an ordaining, wise", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.609182259502756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.455097"} {"text": "to advance on their path and to discover the secrets of the created world. from the viewpoint of a believer, the world has been designed on the basis of laws and a precise, well - calculated plan. this belief in an ordaining, wise god stimulates the sense of curiosity to seek out and discover the laws and mysteries of nature that are based on a chain of cause and effect. the role of the religious sense in the development and advancement of man ' s lofty qualities, in modifying his instincts and fructifying his sense of morality and virtue, is undeniable. those who follow the dictates of religion regard it as one of their most important religious duties to control their instincts and to acquire outstanding, lofty attributes. religious thought has also been a factor throughout history in cultivating the aesthetic sense. primitive men produced their most creative works of art in order to glorify their gods. the remarkable temples of china, the great pyramids of egypt, the distinctive statues of mexico, the refined and astounding architecture of the islamic east all these drew on the religious sense. psychologists believe that there is a connection between the crisis of maturity and the sudden emergence of religious feelings. in this period of life, even in persons who had previously been indifferent to religious matters, the religious sense takes on a special intensity. there is no doubt that inward summons manifest themselves in such a way that no obstacle can block their path. however, certain factors such as contrary propaganda can decrease the growth and development of inward feeling and correct thought, although such negative influences cannot result in the complete uprooting of natural tendencies. if such hindrances are removed, sound instincts resume their activity and display themselves by means of their inward creative effort. we know that more than half a century has passed since the communist revolution of the soviet union, but the roots of religion are still alive deep in the souls of many of the soviet people. despite all the efforts that have been made over this long period by the rulers to obliterate religion, they have been unable to remove the religious sense from the masses. the existence of materialist ideas in the world does not, therefore, contradict the fact that belief in god is natural to man. if a certain school leaves the path of original nature, thereby making an exception of itself vis - a - vis other schools, both in the present world and in past times, this cannot be regarded as disproving the contention that belief in god is natural to man ; exceptions exist in all spheres. what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5959463972178761, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.457756"} {"text": "science fair project encyclopedia the first super 12 series was held in 1996, although it has its origins in the super 10, super 6 and south pacific championships. it was born out of the success of 1995 rugby union world cup, pitting regional teams of the then three strongest rugby nations against each other. one significant reason for the development of the super 12 competition was the introduction, in australia especially but also in other nations, of pay ( or subscription ) television ( often known in the usa as ' cable ' or ' satellite ' tv ). a key part of the business model for the foxtel pay tv network in australia was to attract subscribers by offering an exclusive product ( such as rugby union ) which could not be seen on free - to - air broadcast television. the super 12 is a round - robin competition with each team playing every other team with games held each weekend. a team receives four points for a win, two for a draw, and none for a loss. teams also receive a bonus point for scoring four tries, regardless of the final result. a bonus point is also earned by a team that loses a game by seven points ( a converted try ) or less. the top four teams at the end of the round - robin phase then play semifinals, with the first placed team hosting the fourth placed team and the second placed team hosting the third placed team. the two winners then play the final at the home ground of the top surviving seed. in recent years ( 2001 onwards ), australia has pushed unsuccessfully for the inclusion of a fourth australian team, ( this has been now confirmed as perth ) ; and south africa for another team from its country. there has also been discussion of including a team from the south pacific island nations, such as fiji ; or a combined pacific islanders team from fiji, samoa, and tonga. argentina is also pushing for inclusion in the super 12. at the moment, however, the competition remains as it began. in september 2004, sanzar, a partnership established by the south african, new zealand, and australian rugby governing bodies that conducts the super 12 and tri nations series, began negotiations for a new television deal to take effect in 2006. the current deal runs out after the 2005 competition. that december, sanzar announced that a new tv deal had been signed, with news corporation winning the rights for the uk, australia and new zealand and supersport winning rights for south africa. sanzar remains free to negotiate separate deals for other markets, such as france, japan, and the americas. under the new deal, australia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48827134945845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.495553"} {"text": "news corporation winning the rights for the uk, australia and new zealand and supersport winning rights for south africa. sanzar remains free to negotiate separate deals for other markets, such as france, japan, and the americas. under the new deal, australia and south africa will each get one extra team in the competition, and a third round of fixtures will be added to the tri nations. the proposal also includes the possibility of splitting the updated super 14 into two seven - team divisions ( most likely eastern and western divisions, with the australian sides equally divided among the two ). however, argentina and the pacific islands will remain shut out of the competition under this proposal. it has been confirmed that the new australian team in the competition will be based in perth and is to be called the western force. the australian teams also play each other for the national ricoh championship ( or state of the union ), the winner of which is awarded the bob templeton trophy. current competing teams are : - new zealand - blues ( representing the north island from central auckland northward ) - chiefs ( representing the central north island and south auckland ) - crusaders ( representing the northern two - thirds of the south island, including christchurch ) - highlanders ( representing the southern third of the south island, including dunedin ) - hurricanes ( representing the southern north island, including wellington ) - south africa the 2004 super 12 trophy was taken by the act brumbies, who defeated the crusaders 47 - 38 in the final. - 1996 blues - 1997 blues - 1998 crusaders - 1999 crusaders - 2000 crusaders - 2001 act brumbies - 2002 crusaders - 2003 blues - 2004 act brumbies - crusaders 4 - blues 3 - act brumbies 2 wins by country - new zealand 7 - australia 2 - south africa 0 the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4250377332970239, "token_count": 384, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.500366"} {"text": "national scientist cites ddt conference in article suzanne snedecker, a scientist at cornell university, has written an article about her participation in the eugene kenaga international ddt conference at alma college last march. the article, titled \" view from the pine river and beyond : the legacy of ddt use and health effects, \u201d appears in the ribbon, the newsletter of the sprecher institute for comparative cancer research at cornell university, spring 2008 ( vol. 13, no. 2 ). click here to access the article. dr. snedeker writes, \" the conference allowed me not only to interact with scientists in other disciplines who are investigating and interpreting new data on health risks associated with ddt, but also to talk with members of the pine river superfund citizen task force and hear the stories of their dedication, accomplishments and frustrations. the conference they and alma college organized was excellent. speakers included historians, federal agency personal, and academics in various human and wildlife health areas from the u. s. and south africa. \" snedecker is associate director for translational research for the program on breast cancer and environmental risk factors at the sprecher institute. the march 14 conference attracted international experts in the areas of public health and the environment. the scholars are drafting a consensus statement urging global policymakers to reconsider the future use of the synthetic pesticide ddt. posted : wed, july 2nd, 2008 at 8 : 40am", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4858913115689363, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.525045"} {"text": "\u2022 spelunker \u2022 pronunciation : spee - leng - ker \u2022 hear it! part of speech : noun meaning : an amateur cave explorer, a cave enthusiast, a person whose hobby it is to explore caves, ( british ) a potholer. notes : \" well, if spelunkers are amateurs, \" i hear you ask, \" what are professionals who explore caves scientifically called? \" they are called speleologists and their discipline is called speleology. the formations found in caves \u2014 stalagmites, stalactites, and such \u2014 are known as speleothems by speleologists. in play : unlike troglodyte \" cave - dweller \", today ' s word refers to those who only explore caves : \" the spelunker ' s club gathers for their monthly meetings in a nearby cave. \" we can, however, bring this word out into the light, even if we have trouble bringing spelunkers out : \" the weather was so dark and cold that not even spelunkers would have enjoyed the picnic. \" word history : this word started out as a lexical plaything in the us in the 1940s, but has since acquired an air of legitimacy. it apparently is based on latin spelunca \" cave, cavern \", which latin took from greek spelunx ( spelunk - s ) \" cave, cavern \". it appears in several other western european languages, including dutch spelonk and german spelunke, both meaning \" cave \". the english suffix - er is an uncomfortable fit for nouns ( although less so in britain ( footballer, for example ). it is doubly uncomfortable when added to a latin root. still, it seems to have found a comfortable place for itself within the english vocabulary. how this word came to be in ancient greek is one of many great mysteries of etymology. ( we thank kathi kitao of kyoto, japan, for bringing today ' s good word to the surface and shairing it with us. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4983122631016279, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.527627"} {"text": "if any part of the world should be concerned about the effects of climate change, it is south america. despite contributing some of the lowest emissions globally, many of the countries in the region are as south america \u2019 s population is expected to rise 72 % by 2035, the impact of climate change grows more significant each day. governments are reacting with renewable energy development \u2014 and geothermal power has several major south america has largely relied on hydropower, but its capacity is weakening. though many regions have further untapped potential, most is located in remote regions with limited access to the grid, according to meeting the electricity supply / demand balance in latin america & the caribbean, a report released by the energy sector management assistance program ( esmap ). geothermal presents a major opportunity throughout south america, but exploratory drilling has been limited. according to the esmap report, the range of geothermal capacity estimates is quite broad. though expectations may be uncertain, many regions are hopeful that exploration will reveal something \u2018 extrapolating from the experience in the us, where there has been a large amount of exploratory drilling, the potential of conventional geothermal resources in latin america might be as much as 300 twh per year, \u2019 the report states. the most viable resources are thought to be located along the pacific rim, which ranges from mexico to chile. key spots in the caribbean islands also carry some potential, according to researchers. several south american countries have spearheaded policy incentives to move renewable energy plans forward. countries of note include argentina, chile and peru, according to the 2012 geothermal international market overview report released by the geothermal energy association argentina implemented a feed - in tariff ( fit ) plan for geothermal projects, with a 15 - year entitlement period after the plant is brought online. the plan also includes a goal to reach 8 % of renewable production by 2016. according to the gea, \u2018 though a 1998 law supported wind and solar generation, geothermal did not become eligible as a renewable energy source until 2007.... in may 2009, the genren program was launched, aiming to purchase and incorporate 1000 mw from renewable energy plants, 30 mw of which is to come from geothermal energy. \u2019 with geothermal potential of up to 16, 000 mw, the chilean government is ready to take advantage of its untapped renewable sources. to drive renewable development, the chilean national energy commission partnered with the us department of energy ( doe ) to create the renewable energy center in chile. according to its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42628386868588053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.543721"} {"text": "mw, the chilean government is ready to take advantage of its untapped renewable sources. to drive renewable development, the chilean national energy commission partnered with the us department of energy ( doe ) to create the renewable energy center in chile. according to its website, the doe uses the facility to compile global renewable energy best practices and techniques to then use in the region. \u2018 the chilean center will serve as a clearinghouse of information and analytic tools and a leading source of expertise on renewable energy technologies and policies for chile and, once it is up and running, for the region. it will also help research, develop and promote non - conventional renewable energy projects, and will serve as a source of information for investors and policymakers. \u2019 chile \u2019 s non - conventional renewable energy law enforces all utilities with a total capacity of 200 mw and greater to demonstrate that at least 10 % of their energy comes from renewable sources. after 2014, this enforcement will increase by 0. 5 % annually until 2024, when it finally reaches 10 %, according to the gea report. chile also enforces its law of geothermal concessions, established in 2000, which regulates exploration and permitting of geothermal projects. in response to this favorable policy, a total of 83 geothermal exploration concession requests are under review as of june 2012 at chile \u2019 s energy ministry, according to business news americas. peru is thought to have nearly 3000 mw of geothermal potential, none of which has been exploited. the country currently draws most of its energy from natural gas, hydropower and fossil fuels. recognizing its need for energy development, the peruvian government has set fits and tax incentives for renewables. it has also held auctions for contracts, including a recent 500 mw tender. its goal is to generate 5 % of its electricity from renewables by 2014. other south american countries have also recognized the need for clean energy and have implemented favorable policies. according to the international energy agency ( iea ), bolivia began its efforts in 1999 with grant incentives for rural renewable projects, and in 2000 passed a rural electrification project. in 2005, bolivia passed the rural electrification decree that promotes collaboration between private energy companies and government agencies to establish where is the investment? though much investment has come from private funding, the inter - american development bank has been a key player in south america. it has a five - year target to invest 25 % of its loans toward climate - related projects, and it recently established the emerging energy latin america fund ii. according to its website, \u2018 idb \u2019 s participation will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4947511595633366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.544902"} {"text": "key player in south america. it has a five - year target to invest 25 % of its loans toward climate - related projects, and it recently established the emerging energy latin america fund ii. according to its website, \u2018 idb \u2019 s participation will consist of a senior a loan of up to us $ 30 million with a tenor consistent with the life of the fund ( expected at 10 years ), including a five - year commitment period. the repayment structure and the scope of security will be defined during due - diligence. \u2019 the fund, a successor of the $ 25. 2 million cleantech fund, is expected to reach $ 150 million. according to andres ackerman, an idb project team leader, the fund was created due to major expected energy demand increases in the region \u2014 75 % by 2030 \u2014 half of which could be generated by \u2018 this financing is part of the idb \u2019 s commitment to develop mechanisms to support long - term funding of renewable energy and clean technology projects in the region, which stimulate innovation, job creation and green economic growth, \u2019 said daniela carrera - marquis, head of the financial markets division at the idb \u2019 s structured and corporate finance race to be the first though there are no plants currently online in south america, several projects are nearing completion. argentina could technically claim groundbreaking fame with its demonstration project built in 1988 in the volcanic copahue region \u2014 a site that has been explored for geothermal development since the 1970s. decommissioned in 1996 due largely to high electricity prices, the 670 kw project used 171\u00b0c sources at depths of 800 to 1200 meters. near the decommissioned demonstration plant is a new potential frontrunner \u2014 the 30 mw copahue project in development by earth heat resources. according to the company, the project has the potential for massive expansion after the success of the initial 30 mw plan. now in its second phase of development, the project is expected to be completed this year. \u2018 this second stage study will encompass many elements of the upcoming program for this year including drilling, civil works, other facilities, engineering and transmission line issues, \u2019 said earth heat resources managing director torey marshall. \u2018 this milestone will confirm the location of wells, location of roads, location of potential plant sites and transmission line locations ; an enormous step in our development of the copahue project. \u2019 earth heat resources recently signed a power purchase agreement ( ppa ) with electrometalurgica andina saic for an initial 30 mw per year. it has also signed a letter of intent with xtrata", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.485223523641059, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.547626"} {"text": "of the copahue project. \u2019 earth heat resources recently signed a power purchase agreement ( ppa ) with electrometalurgica andina saic for an initial 30 mw per year. it has also signed a letter of intent with xtrata pachon sa to purchase 50 mw per year, with the potential for further expansion. xtrata sees the potential in geothermal and is eager to get involved with sustainable, renewable projects in argentina. \u2018 we are committed to finding the best environmental, social and economic solutions in support of our potential future investments in argentina, and look forward to working with earth heat in the first geothermal plant in the country, \u2019 said xavier ochoa, pachon \u2019 s general manager. fast on its heels is enel ( enlay. pk ) green power \u2019 s cerro pabellon geothermal project located in pampa apacheta, chile. with eight geothermal concessions in chile \u2014 the most recent acquisitions include colorado, san jose i, and yeguas muertas \u2014 enel is eager to tap the nation \u2019 s vast potential. the 50 mw project recently received environmental approval and is ready to move forward. \u2018 the country \u2019 s geothermal potential is one third of the installed geothermal capacity worldwide, \u2019 explained enel green power ceo christian herrera. \u2018 electricity generation through geothermal energy not only helps meet the growing energy demand in the country, helping to reduce dependence on imported fuels, but [ it \u2019 s ] also a concrete contribution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to the mitigation of in development but further from completion, renewable energy firm gge chile submitted an environmental impact assessment ( eia ) for a $ 330 million geothermal project planned for its san gregorio concession in southern chile. expected to break ground in 2013, the 70 mw curacautin geothermal project will consist of 10 drilling platforms, 14 production wells and 11 reinjection wells, and is scheduled to come online in 2016, according to business news americas. the nearby mariposa geothermal system owned by alterra power corp ( axy. to, mgmxf. pk ) is located near an active volcanic region in the chilean andes mountains. exploration for the project began in the early 2000s, when great potential was found in the area. according to the project website, based on the exploration results, the inferred resource estimate is 320 mw available over 30 years. to date, slim holes have been drilled, and 200 + \u00b0c resources have been found at the top of the wells ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46618565179684057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.548730"} {"text": "according to the project website, based on the exploration results, the inferred resource estimate is 320 mw available over 30 years. to date, slim holes have been drilled, and 200 + \u00b0c resources have been found at the top of the wells ; additional holes will be drilled to determine further resources. a 50 mw plant is in development and expected to be completed by 2016, and alterra is searching for partnerships to continue exploration and development at the a key factor to this project is the nearby hydropower projects. developers are hopeful for a collaborative effort to build transmission systems to feed the renewable resources to the central power grid. facing many of the same issues with climate change and population growth, central america and the caribbean have embraced their geothermal resources much more than their southern neighbors. according to the gea report, a majority of the countries in central america have developed a portion of their geothermal resources. \u2018 el salvador and costa rica derive 24 % ( 204 mw ) and 12 % ( 163 mw ) of their electricity production from geothermal energy respectively. nicaragua ( 87 mw ) and guatemala ( 49. 5 mw ) also generate a portion of their electricity from geothermal energy, \u2019 said the gea \u2019 s report. the potential for further development of central america \u2019 s geothermal resources remains significant, and the geothermal potential of the region has been estimated between 3000 mw and 13, 000 mw at 50 identified geothermal sites. the siepac ( sistema de interconexion electrica para america central ) transmission interconnection has greatly influenced this region \u2019 s geothermal development. in an effort to reduce electricity costs, countries are able to develop their geothermal sources and spread the renewable wealth throughout the region at competitive prices. electricity costs have influenced geothermal growth on the caribbean islands. compared with current fossil fuel production at $ 0. 24 / kwh, geothermal costs $ 0. 05 / kwh, according to the world bank. in sharp contrast, south america has strayed from transmission interconnections. according to the gea report, there have been recent issues regarding the flow of energy across national borders, which have led to underdeveloped, rarely used and cut transmission lines. this dissension has resulted in increased blackouts and worker strikes. though this may have held back development, the current climate crisis and the increased need for clean energy have spurred a government response to develop the massive geothermal resources throughout according to geothermal resources in latin america and the caribbean, a report released by sandia national", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46368243830985656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.550085"} {"text": "in the early 1300s, dante alighieri set out to write the three volumes which make the up the divine comedy. purgatorio is the second volume in this set and opens with dante the poet picturing dante the pilgrim coming out of the pit of hell. similar to the inferno ( 34 cantos ), this volume is divided into 33 cantos, written in tercets ( groups of 3 lines ). the english prose is arranged in tercets to facilitate easy correspondence to the verse form of the italian on the facing page, enabling the reader to follow both languages line by line. in an effort to capture the peculiarities of dante ' s original language, this translation strives toward the literal and sheds new light on the shape of the poem. again the text of purgatorio follows petrocchi ' s la commedia secondo l ' antica vulgata, but the editor has departed from petrocchi ' s readings in a number of cases, somewhat larger than in the previous inferno, not without consideration of recent critical readings of the comedy by scholars such as lanza ( 1995, 1997 ) and sanguineti ( 2001 ). as before, petrocchi ' s punctuation has been lightened and american norms have been followed. however, without any pretensions to being \" critical \", the text presented here is electic and being not persuaded of the exclusive authority of any manuscript, the editor has felt free to adopt readings from various branches of the stemma. one major addition to this second volume is in the notes, where is found the intercantica - a section for each canto that discusses its relation to the inferno and which will make it easier for the reader to relate the different parts of the comedy as a whole.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4622706696880626, "token_count": 361, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.552351"} {"text": "in halik kochanski ' s extraordinary book, the untold story of poland and the poles in the second world war is finally heard by almost every measure the fate of the inhabitants of poland was the most terrible of any group in the second world war. following the destruction of its armed forces in the autumn of 1939, the republic of poland was partitioned between nazi and soviet forces and officially ceased to exist. racial violence and ideological conformity were at the very heart of the new regimes. as the war progressed millions of poles were killed, with each phase unleashing a further round, from the industrialised genocide of treblinka to the crushing of the warsaw rising. polish jews were all to be murdered, christians reduced to a semi - literate slave class. in this powerful and original new book halik kochanski has written perhaps the most important ' missing ' work on the whole conflict : an attempt in a single volume to describe both the fate of those trapped within occupied poland and of those millions of poles who were able to escape. ' an extraordinary achievement... a brilliant exercise in historiography... kochanski neither debunks nor sensationalises. she has no ideological axe to grind, and makes balanced use of family experience and interview material as against the official record and a handed - down sentimental consensus. the truth is far more powerful than the legend. it ' s great history writing ' herald ' a superb account of poland during the second world war... the pain and loss... is poignantly evoked by kochanski... the eagle unbowed, a model history, conveys with harrowing immediacy the plight of the polish people in the conflict ' ian thomson, spectator ' a remarkable book... [ kochanski ] brings to the subject not only an impressive grasp of the military and political context, but also a balance, neutrality and honesty few could manage, combined with the intelligence, imagination and empathy necessary to grasp the true depth of the experience she recounts... this book is history at its best. it tells the whole story, and tells it well, with just the right mixture of detachment and empathy, in crisp, readable prose. but it also speaks to the imagination and makes the reader think - and not just about the subject in hand ' standpoint ' until halik kochanski ' s the eagle unbowed nobody had written a comprehensive english - language history of poland at war... she uncovers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4285199170482648, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.556374"} {"text": "and makes the reader think - and not just about the subject in hand ' standpoint ' until halik kochanski ' s the eagle unbowed nobody had written a comprehensive english - language history of poland at war... she uncovers details that will surprise even history geeks... ms kochanski marshals an impressive and comprehensive array of english and polish material ' economist ' poland ' s war was so terrible as to almost defy summary... this book is opinionated, fluid and forceful ' oliver bullough, new statesman ' an informative, authoritative and wide - ranging account of the tragedy that befell poland and its inhabitants, gentiles and jews, during the war and its aftermath... an engaging and important book ' hubert zawadzki ( author of a concise history of poland ) about the author : halik kochanski read modern history at balliol college, oxford and then completed a phd at king ' s college london. she has taught at both king ' s college london and university college london and presented papers to a number of military history conferences. she has written a number of articles and is the author of sir garnet wolseley : victorian hero ( 1999 ). she is a fellow of the royal historical society. she has been a member of the councils of the army records society and society for army historical research and remains a member of both societies. she is also a member of the british commission for military history and the institute for historical research. she is currently a judge for the templer medal book prize.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4347586192882402, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.557045"} {"text": "december 1970 | volume 22, issue 1 in part two of her new series on general joseph w. stilwell, barbara w. tuchman describes the brutal beginnings, at the marco polo bridge near peiping, of a war we would all eventually have to fight on a lantern - lit chinese barge poled by boatmen over the dark pel hai lake in the imperial city, a party from the american embassy enjoyed a serene excursion under a full moon on the evening of july 7, 1937. in the group were colonel and mrs. stilwell and their daughter nance ; ambassador and mrs. nelson johnson ; colonel john marston, commander of the marine embassy guard, and his wife ; and stilwell \u2019 s journalist friend john goette. colonel marston mentioned that as senior officer of the foreign detachments he had been notified by the japanese that their troops would be leaving the city that evening for night maneuvers at the railroad bridge at lukouchiao, twelve miles to the west on the peking - hankow line. the japanese had been holding maneuvers in the area for two weeks, causing worried speculation in the local press. the railway was the only remaining access to peiping not under japanese control, and lukouchiao was a key junction where a shuttle connected with the peking - tientsin line. alongside the railroad bridge a stone bridge eight hundred years old with parapets adorned by marble lions spanned the river on thirty graceful arches. one of china \u2019 s most beautiful monuments, admired by the first westerner who crossed it in the thirteenth century, it was known in his honor as the marco polo bridge. the chinese garrison commander had refused japanese terms and for the moment was holding a parley. by the time barrett returned to the office, stilwell was already receiving reports of japanese army units moving in strength through the great wall. despite the show of negotations at wanping, he and barrett agreed that the japanese were opening their definitive move to take over north china. the atmosphere in peiping was tense ; no one knew if there was real purpose behind the skirmish or what chiang kai - shek would do. stilwell drove out to wanpingon the third day to try to make contact with the chinese garrison ; but as he crossed the last five hundred yards, both sides opened heavy fire. the driver turned the car around without stopping, and \u201c we got out on two wheels. \u201d reports reaching stilwell \u2019 s office indicated ten thousand japanese troops crossing the wall into hopei ; troop trains were passing through shanhaikwan at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4607519927240642, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.627558"} {"text": "fire. the driver turned the car around without stopping, and \u201c we got out on two wheels. \u201d reports reaching stilwell \u2019 s office indicated ten thousand japanese troops crossing the wall into hopei ; troop trains were passing through shanhaikwan at half - hour intervals. to report on the situation as it developed, he organized an intelligence network of the five senior language officers who served under his command as assistant attaches and whom he stationed in various cities. four of the group had already served with the 15th infantry, and two, captain frank roberts and captain frank dorn, were in later years to serve under stilwell again in the far east. his son joe, jr., then in tientsin with the 15th infantry, was also enlisted as an informant, as were journalists, consuls, standard oil men, and whoever was in a position to extract evidence from the fog of rumor. the larger outlines of what was happening could only be estimated by putting together the hard details : the number of japanese planes in the air over tientsin, the frequency of rail and truck movements of japanese men and materiel, the location of chinese units, and \u2014 most elusive \u2014 any evidence of chinese troop concentration or other clues to the government \u2019 s intentions. stilwell adopted the unorthodox practice for a military attache of keeping a file of his radios to g - 2 on the table in his office for journalists to consult. his object, he told barrett, was to make available as much accurate information as possible \u201c so that the world would get a true picture of japanese aggression as it developed south of the wall. \u201d identifying with china, he felt deeply the crisis that gripped her. the silence from nanking, chiang kai - shek \u2019 s capital, was not promising. he was not even there, as far as anyone knew. the japanese had issued an ultimatum that was to expire on july 18. chiang kai - shek spoke at last, from ruling, the mountain summer resort where foreigners and upper - class chinese, carried up by sedan chair, escaped the sickening summer heat of the yangtze valley. without voicing a call to action or precluding a settlement, chiang declared that no further positions in north china could be surrendered and that a settlement with japan must not invade sovereign rights or territorial integrity. it was a statement that china \u2019 s limit of endurance had been reached and that she was accepting the necessity of armed resistance. when chiang \u2019 s words were broadcast in peiping, bugles sounded and gongs clan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4627064676573508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.628879"} {"text": "invade sovereign rights or territorial integrity. it was a statement that china \u2019 s limit of endurance had been reached and that she was accepting the necessity of armed resistance. when chiang \u2019 s words were broadcast in peiping, bugles sounded and gongs clanged as excited people filled the streets. a few days of enthusiasm was all they were to have, for the government had made no plan or preparations for the event of national resistance, and the japanese took over control of peiping within the week. stilwell \u2019 s temper mounted at their charges of chinese provocation, claims of \u201c self - defense, \u201d acts of brutality, and at his own country \u2019 s lack of response. when secretary of state cordell hull held a press conference without taking a position, stilwell commented, \u201c mr. hull again says we are against fighting. that ought to stop it quickly. \u201d sporadic fighting continued outside peiping, although general sung che - yuan \u2019 s intentions were uncertain and there were rumors that he had \u201c gone over. \u201d on july 29 japanese planes bombed tientsin, concentrating on nankai university. for four hours their squadrons, taking off in relays from an airfield three miles outside the city, \u201c systematically and unhurriedly \u201d rained incendiary bombs on the university buildings, which, as japanese headquarters informed the press, had to be wiped out because they harbored \u201c anti - japanese elements, \u201d namely the students, the most potent agitators of nationalist sentiment. the bombing was designed to destroy the students \u2019 base of operations so that they could not mobilize demonstrations or print propaganda leaflets. throughout their campaign in china, as formerly in korea, the japanese intentionally attacked places of education as the sources of national consciousness. on the road to the temple of heaven the japanese ambushed a chinese unit, leaving five hundred to six hundred bodies on the ground, mostly unarmed and many literally blown to pieces, minus heads, arms, and legs. going out with barrett to investigate, stilwell saw thirty truckloads of soldiers killed to the last man, with parts of bodies plastered against the sides of the trucks and drivers dead at the wheels. villagers said the japanese had offered to let the troops surrender without arms, and when they emerged from the village, mowed them down with machine guns and grenades. dead horses were bloated in the hot july sun, and dead men lay in the ditches, \u201c one with his eyes wide open and flies walking on them. \u201d at tungchow, seat of japan \u2019 s hopei -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4816499792126445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.631155"} {"text": "grenades. dead horses were bloated in the hot july sun, and dead men lay in the ditches, \u201c one with his eyes wide open and flies walking on them. \u201d at tungchow, seat of japan \u2019 s hopei - chahar puppet government, the local constabulary, believing rumors of chinese \u201c victories \u201d around peiping, mutinied, massacred japanese and puppet officials, and attempted to hold the garrison. the attempt was smashed when japanese reinforcements wiped them out and laid the city in ruins. within four days all chinese troops were withdrawn from the peiping - tientsin area, leaving the japanese in control. the lack of a concerted policy or plan of defense and the vain sacrifice of men at lukouchiao and tungchow enraged stilwell. the chinese had missed so many good opportunities that \u201c you can \u2019 t help getting thoroughly disgusted with them. \u201d they could not have defeated the japanese, he wrote, but they could have \u2019 inflicted heavy losses if action had been co - ordinated and the order to attack ever given. though late, the central government was pulling together the forces for defense. from the south general pai ch \u2019 ung - hsi flew to nanking to pledge the services of the dissident kwangsi - kwangtung group after eight years of opposition. to consolidate the alliance he was appointed chiang kai - shek \u2019 s chief of staff. provincial war lords of yunnan and szechwan rallied to the government. by the end of august all military forces, including the communists \u2014 reorganized as the 8th route army \u2014 were incorporated in and supposedly responsible to the central command. a first small but heartening victory that aroused stilwell \u2019 s interest was won at pinghsingkwan in the mountains of north shansi by a division of the 8th route army commanded by lin piao. using mobile guerrilla tactics from village bases with the support of a friendly population, the division attacked the japanese at a pass in the great wall and wiped out a brigade, capturing its headquarters and provisions. though only a temporary check, it suggested that the communists had developed methods worth investigating, and several months later stilwell spent half a day analyzing the battle of pinghsingkwan with agnes smedley, a free - lance correspondent who had spent months with the communists in the north. on september 24 the japanese took paoting, sung che - yuan \u2019 s headquarters on the peking - hankow railway. the fever of savagery bred by their own campaigns burst out in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.41358351104197755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.632332"} {"text": "lance correspondent who had spent months with the communists in the north. on september 24 the japanese took paoting, sung che - yuan \u2019 s headquarters on the peking - hankow railway. the fever of savagery bred by their own campaigns burst out in a week \u2019 s rampage of murder, rape, and pillage by thirty thousand soldiers. a self - defeating ferocity accompanied them like a hyena of conquest, growing more ravenous by what it fed upon. the japanese knew that a hostile china must ultimately defeat their aim to become leader of asia. throughout their years. on the mainland nothing so maddened them as the constant reappearance of \u201c anti - japanese \u201d sentiment. annually they insisted on the necessity of forcing china to be \u201c sincerely \u201d co - operative. intending to attach china, they found themselves forced to conquer, arousing increasing hatred with each advance and employing increasing brutality in response. at paoting, in addition to physical terrorism, they burned all the schoolbooks in week - long bonfires as well as the library and laboratory equipment of the hopei medical college and a decade \u2019 s records of crop statistics at the agricultural institute, the basis of its program for improved farming methods. in mid - august the still - undeclared war entered the yangtze valley, not by japanese design. when the campaign opened at marco polo bridge, japan had intended to finish off the separation of north china in a campaign of perhaps ninety days. they believed the central government would helplessly acquiesce as before or, through extension of japan \u2019 s control over cities, industries, and communications, could be forced to give up and co - operate as a puppet regime. chiang kai - shek deliberately precipitated battle in shanghai, supposedly to harden nationwide resistance by drawing the japanese down to the heart of china, but more likely in pursuit of the strategy he never gave up, to engage foreign intervention. from first to last chiang kai - shek had one purpose, to destroy the communists and wait for foreign help to defeat the japanese. he believed battle at shanghai, the international city with its large foreign investments, would lead to mediation and possibly even intervention by britain, the united states, and other powers. he sent his best german - trained divisions from nanking down to chapei on the borders of shanghai, where, as he may have considered, any fighting would be likely to produce an incident involving foreigners or foreign property. the japanese had a marine garrison in the international settlement and had filled the river with their warships", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4680946122023904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.633366"} {"text": "chapei on the borders of shanghai, where, as he may have considered, any fighting would be likely to produce an incident involving foreigners or foreign property. the japanese had a marine garrison in the international settlement and had filled the river with their warships, whose menacing naval guns were intended not to fire but to overawe the government while in the meantime japan fastened its hold upon the north. but the challenge of the chinese advance on shanghai provoked the bursting sense of mastery of the japanese. they landed troops and suddenly found themselves thrown back under ardent attack. from then on a battle of suspense and tragedy was fought out under the eyes of the foreign bystanders. in the first week the vigor of the chinese assault drove the japanese almost to the river \u2019 s edge. with the advantage of nayal guns and command of the air, the japanese were able to reinforce and counterattack and eventually to land forces to outflank the chinese position. under incessant bombing by the enemy \u2019 s formosa - based planes and the shelling by warships in the whangpoo, the chinese held their lines for three desperate months in the most visible and publicized and important battle the world had seen since the smashing of the hindenburg line in 1918. the flames and gun smoke that enveloped shanghai drew world attention if not help. commanded by chang fa - kwei, leader of the famed ironsides army of 1927, the chinese demonstrated a will to fight both to their countrymen and to the world. at a terrible cost in casualties, greater than any since verdun and the somme, they were kept in position against the urgent advice of pai ch \u2019 ung - hsi and others long after their position was hopeless. chiang kai - shek had no other military plan at shanghai than that of the death stand. for prolonging the defense he was to be bitterly condemned and never forgiven by many chinese. tenacity was his governing characteristic, and he may have believed that the agony of the defenders must finally move the foreign powers. the defense of shanghai made the world china - conscious. one of the most memorable war pictures ever published humanized the war for americans in the figure of a crying baby sitting alone in the wreckage of a blasted railroad station in the wake of an explosion. journalists, flocking to the drama and richly nourished twice daily at chinese government press conferences, reported tales of heroism, blood, and suffering. china was seen as fighting democracy \u2019 s battle and personified by the steadfast generalissimo and his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45453537146182516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.634430"} {"text": "flocking to the drama and richly nourished twice daily at chinese government press conferences, reported tales of heroism, blood, and suffering. china was seen as fighting democracy \u2019 s battle and personified by the steadfast generalissimo and his marvelously attractive, american - educated, unafraid wife. in their image americans saw china strong in will and united in purpose. once firmly fixed, this impression was unaffected by the military blunder of the withdrawal from shanghai, or by the fiasco of the air force, which, after trying vainly for weeks to hit the japanese battleships in the whangpoo, loosed bombs by mistake that killed two thousand of their own neonle and hit the u. s. s. hoover. beyond shanghai, two hundred miles up the river, was nanking. drawn in more deeply than they had planned, and sensing the growing danger of becoming overextended, the japanese determined to end the adventure at the capital. their statements of the necessity of \u201c subduing completely china \u2019 s will to fight \u201d took on a frenzied tone. the nanking government having \u201c embarked on an anti - japanese campaign of the most vicious kind, \u201d premier hirota told the diet, it must be \u201c compelled to mend its ways \u201d and to \u201c act in unison for enduring peace in east asia through sincere cooperation between japan and china. \u201d air raids on nanking, canton, and twenty cities of east china followed, \u201c in order to conclude hostilities as soon as possible, \u201d according to the japanese announcement. chiang kai - shek, still unswerving, chose to defend nanking in a decision that was militarily indefensible, since equal time could have been bought, tremendous sacrifice spared, and a firmer stand made behind nanking than in it. again his purpose was to engage world attention and possibly foreign involvement because of the presence in nanking of the embassies. in peiping, where streamers from japanese balloons floated overhead announcing the capture of chinese cities along with the legend \u201c the japanese army preserves the peace of east asia, \u201d stilwcll faced the professional necessity of getting on with north china \u2019 s new masters. to have to ask their permission to visit the front was almost too much for his temperament. \u201c arrangements generally seemed to go wrong when he was with them, \u201d sighed his friend goctte. to improve the situation stilwell asked for a japanese - speaking assistant and was loaned one of the language officers from tokyo, captain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44121173292777316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.635381"} {"text": "for his temperament. \u201c arrangements generally seemed to go wrong when he was with them, \u201d sighed his friend goctte. to improve the situation stilwell asked for a japanese - speaking assistant and was loaned one of the language officers from tokyo, captain maxwell taylor, a leavenworth graduate, then thirty - six, who twenty years later was to be united states chief of staff. warned that he would find his new chief an unusual officer, able but irritable and hard to get along with, taylor was surprised to find colonel stilwell waiting to meet him on his arrival at the railroad station. appreciating the courtesy and confounding predictions, he discovered a man he liked. he saw stilwell as a man of emotion and action rather than reflection, a doer who, when he saw something wrong, wanted to correct it right away. he thought stilwell used bad judgment when in a bad temper but had the soldier \u2019 s virtues of bravery and determination. taylor could act as a buffer and make arrangements, if not control results. conducted by a japanese colonel on a tour of kalgan after its capture, stilwell confessed to having been thrown out of general suzuki \u2019 s office for asking embarrassing questions. he steeled himself to the necessity of professional relations, but after a call on general takashita, his wife win recorded, joe was \u201c quite ready to retire. \u201d peiping under the control of the \u201c arrogant little bastards \u201d was hard to bear. they buzzed the american embassy in planes at 150 feet \u201c to show us what they think of us. \u201d they forced students to march in parades \u201c celebrating \u201d the fall of paoting so that the japanese could take pictures of the enthusiastic support of the population. \u201c they are more insufferable than ever and i have to deal with them and smile. \u201d duty required that he persist even to the point, to which he was persuaded by taylor, of giving a lunch for five japanese officers. two accepted the invitation but failed to appear, one neither replied nor came, and of the remaining two stilwell \u2019 s only comment was, \u201c the hell with them! \u201d \u2026 since the chinese preferred their war to be observed through the medium of official communiques, stilwell could not get to the front with them or with the japanese, and his repeated \u201c blasts \u201d to washington to exert pressure brought no results. he had to make do with a japanese - conducted tour of paoting, where his hosts, according to their own statement, had killed 25", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43760176638298365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.636525"} {"text": "them or with the japanese, and his repeated \u201c blasts \u201d to washington to exert pressure brought no results. he had to make do with a japanese - conducted tour of paoting, where his hosts, according to their own statement, had killed 25, 800 chinese in the course of taking the city. stilwell could find no damage to the walls or other evidence to indicate that the chinese had put up a strong, or any, defense. annoyed at being kept from the active front fifty miles away, he considered himself \u201c practically in arrest the whole time and told them i realized it. \u201d not surprisingly, he was informed three days later, when another tour was arranged for the foreign attaches, that he was not to be included, \u201c so i guess i am washed up for this war. i am spotted as a friend of the chinese and a moral leper. \u201d he felt let down, too, and unreasonably nagged by m. i. d. [ military intelligence division ], \u201c the pack of fools in washington \u201d with whom his relations were to grow steadily worse in the coming months. taken altogether, he wrote to his two oldest daughters, then in america, \u201c i have released enough bile since july 8 to float a battleship. \u201d \u2026 although china \u2019 s leaders exasperated him, stilwell understood that \u201c their moral standards are totally different from ours, therefore their moral strength is not sapped by what to us would be gross national cowardice. \u2026 where we would fight to the last man over an invasion of our territory, they are concerned with the continuance of the race, and to keep chinese coming into the world they will accept temporarily any form of government they have to. under it the main stream flows on. \u201d even so, stilwell would become exasperated and allow himself tirades about china \u2019 s \u201c oily politicians \u2026 treacherous quitters, selfish, conscienceless, unprincipled crooks. \u201d asked by g - 2 after the fall of paoting when the chinese would stand and fight, he radioed in reply, \u201c not until they lose their inherent distaste for offensive combat. \u201d yet he had confidence in the chinese soldier as fighting material and believed that if properly led these men could equal any army in the world. hardy and uncomplaining, accustomed to long hours, scanty food, hard work, sickness and wounds and no pleasures, yet able to \u201c make a joke of the merest trifle and remain cheerful under the most discouraging circumstances", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4119235829947689, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.637578"} {"text": "hardy and uncomplaining, accustomed to long hours, scanty food, hard work, sickness and wounds and no pleasures, yet able to \u201c make a joke of the merest trifle and remain cheerful under the most discouraging circumstances, \u201d the chinese soldier with leaders in whom he had confidence \u201c will go anywhere. \u201d regarding japanese culture as artificial and imitative, stilwell had more confidence in china, especially in the north chinese. he discussed his theories with captain taylor while out on field excursions to identify japanese troop units. once, resting beneath a statue of a buddha after a long day without finding any clues, they looked up to find that three japanese soldiers had scratched their names and units on the statue \u2019 s behind. they watched endlessly for troop trains. sitting on a hilltop one day, they saw in the distance a slowly moving, elongated object with legs like a centipede \u2019 s. it proved to be a train of freight cars being laboriously pushed from both sides by a company of chinese soldiers. contemplating its snail - paced progress in silence for a while, stilwell said, \u201c that \u2019 s the spirit that will conquer japan in the end. \u201d for those who saw western democracy threatened by the rise of fascism, intervention to halt the aggressors was the central problem of the time. the isaiah of this view was ex - secretary of state henry l. stimson, who spoke out against \u201c amoral drift \u201d and tried to persuade the president of the need for more outspoken guidance of public opinion. president roosevelt, though starting out as a supporter of stirhson \u2019 s far eastern policy, had since then acquiesced in, without actively initiating, the american withdrawal from involvement with china. in march of 1936 at the london naval conference convened to discuss renewal of the washington treaties, the united states and great britain refused to accord parity to japan, upon which japan bolted the conference, and the treaties, already moribund, expired for good. given japan \u2019 s fanatic mood, ambassador in tokyo joseph clark grew urged, and roosevelt and hull accepted, the necessity of building a navy \u201c so strong that no other country will think, seriously of attacking us. \u201d but accomplishment was far off, and appropriations for a major building program were not voted until 1938. privately roosevelt told stimson that he had been profoundly impressed by the seizure of manchuria because of his recollection of a japanese fellow student at harvard in 1902 who had told him of japan \u2019 s schedule, drawn up", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49611313715305305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.638584"} {"text": "not voted until 1938. privately roosevelt told stimson that he had been profoundly impressed by the seizure of manchuria because of his recollection of a japanese fellow student at harvard in 1902 who had told him of japan \u2019 s schedule, drawn up in 1889, for a hundred - year program of expansion in twelve steps. beginning with a war in china and absorption of korea, it was to proceed to war with russia, annexation of manchuria, then of jehol, then a protectorate over north china from the wall to the yangtze, ultimately acquisition of australia, new zealand, and the islands of the pacific including hawaii, and to culmination in a protectorate over all the yellow races. in the stages already carried out, the president saw ominous implications. in the years after manchuria, roosevelt became \u201c even more incensed \u201d by japan \u2019 s conduct, according to sumner welles, his closest adviser on foreign policy, and by 1937 was \u201c far more preoccupied \u201d with the threat of japan than with the threat of germany. he kept trying to think of ways to halt japan \u2019 s advance. after the attack at marco polo bridge he asked the navy for some large - scale maps of the pacific, which he placed on a stand in his office, and he discussed with welles the possibility of placing an embargo on japanese trade, to be enforced by units of the american and british fleets. deprived of access to raw materials, japan would be forced to pull back and would not, he believed, be provoked to war, because she was so heavily committed in china. but in the isolationist state of public opinion the president realized that a measure involving risk of war would not be permitted by congress. with his penchant for private informants, roosevelt was receiving news of china from one of the most romantic american observers ever to report from that country \u2014 marine captain evans f. carlson, the assistant naval attache. later famous as leader of carlson \u2019 s raiders, a battalion he formed using methods and the motto gung ho ( \u201c work together \u201d ) learned from the chinese communists, carlson was a sincere man of intense convictions and courageous enterprise. he was an american candide who was able to believe that \u201c mutual confidence obtained between the generalissimo and the leaders of china \u2019 s communist party, \u201d because \u201c both had the welfare of china at heart. \u201d interpreting everything he met in terms of the ideals he was brought up with, he saw both chiang and the communists \u201c aiming for representative government. \u201d he could not present a lily without gil", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44929524179411995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.639547"} {"text": "\u201d because \u201c both had the welfare of china at heart. \u201d interpreting everything he met in terms of the ideals he was brought up with, he saw both chiang and the communists \u201c aiming for representative government. \u201d he could not present a lily without gilding it. mme. chiang radiated not only the \u201c consciousness of being an instrument of destiny \u201d but also \u201c the mature graciousness of an inward peace. \u201d the son of a congregationalist minister, carlson had begun his military career as an enlisted man and had served with the marines in china under general smedley butler in 1927 \u2013 29 and again at shanghai and peiping in 1933 \u2013 35, when he undertook study of the language. roosevelt met and formed a warm attachment to him beginning in 1935, when carlson commanded the marine guard at the president \u2019 s retreat at warm springs. he was included on friendly and intimate terms in the warm springs circle and, on leaving for china in june, 1937 was urged by the president to write to the white house. reporting the dramatic and tragic days at shanghai in weekly letters, carlson wrote vividly of the chinese soldiers, whom he observed directly at the front. never had he known a time \u201c when all prominent chinese were working together in a common cause, \u201d even the \u201c so - called communists. \u201d the president was so interested that during a month - long hiatus in the correspondence in october he made inquiries of carlson \u2019 s whereabouts. \u201c my chief loves your letters, \u201d missy lehand wrote, and \u201c asks rne to tell you please keep it up. \u201d at the end of november, 1937, carlson took off for yenan in shensi to find out how real were the legends of the communists \u2019 guerrilla warfare against the japanese. as evidence he sent the president captured japanese documents, a diary, and a furlined uniform. later, when he came inevitably to write a book, his point of view appeared in the title he gave to his chapter on yenan, \u201c china \u2019 s fountainhead of liberalism. \u201d his views, expressed more floridly in the book than to the president, typified one kind of american approach to china. he had undertaken the journey, he told the governor of shensi, \u201c from the heart. \u2026 in the name of liberty. \u201d in his own country people regarded liberty and equality as \u201c inalienable rights, \u201d and he had observed \u201c this same love of liberty and equality \u201d in china, \u201c the same spirit which had animated our own ancestors at lexington, trenton and valley forge.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42624512160404465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.640556"} {"text": "his own country people regarded liberty and equality as \u201c inalienable rights, \u201d and he had observed \u201c this same love of liberty and equality \u201d in china, \u201c the same spirit which had animated our own ancestors at lexington, trenton and valley forge. \u201d this was china filtered through the rhetoric of the american dream, not necessarily the most appropriate framework for policy in asia. although he had invoked the neutrality act prohibiting trade with belligerents in regard to the civil war in spain, roosevelt chose not to apply it in the case of japan and china because it would have worked to the advantage of the aggressor and disadvantage of the victim. shipment of arms under the american flag to china or japan was banned, but not the sale. in exercising the discretion allowed him by the act, roosevelt had begun to move ahead of prevailing isolationist sentiment. \u2026 in a speech at chicago on october 5 roosevelt suggested a collective \u201c quarantine \u201d of the forces breeding \u201c international anarchy, \u201d which he likened to the carriers of a disease. the result was a historic boomerang. declaring that the president was \u201c pointing \u201d the people down the road to war, six major pacifist organizations launched a joint campaign for twenty - five million signatures to \u201c keep america out of war. \u201d the a. f. of l. disapproved the speech, representative hamilton fish proposed the president \u2019 s impeachment, and a poll of congress showed two to one against joining the league of nations in collective action in the far east. \u201c it \u2019 s a terrible thing, \u201d the president said to a friend, \u201c to look over your shoulder when you are trying to lead \u2014 and find no one there. \u201d \u2026 in china the government, followed by the diplomatic corps, withdrew from nanking to hankow, four hundred miles up the river, where stilwell came in the first week of december, 1937. with the rail routes from peiping blocked by the battle front, the journey now took eight days, first by sea around the shantung peninsula, then via the lunghai railway line to chengchow, then southbound to hankow. already \u201c quite fed up with everything and everybody, \u201d as win wrote to her daughters, stil well boarded the train at hsuchow in a swarm of refugees : \u201c 13 occupants in 8 seats, didn \u2019 t dare get up to go to the toilet. cold \u2026 no food, no water. \u201d after two days and two nights he drank the cold tea from a sleeping passenger \u2019 s teapot. for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4400561896570032, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.641496"} {"text": ": \u201c 13 occupants in 8 seats, didn \u2019 t dare get up to go to the toilet. cold \u2026 no food, no water. \u201d after two days and two nights he drank the cold tea from a sleeping passenger \u2019 s teapot. for the next eight months hankow ( also known, in a triad with two adjoining cities, as wuhan ) was the capital of unoccupied china. the generalissimo had his headquarters across the river in wuchang on the south bank. in hankow itself the foreign missions crowded into the western - style buildings of the concessions facing the river, where the u. s. s. luzon, flagship of the yangtze river patrol, lay at anchor. the city was a chaos of thousands of people rushing around \u201c like ants on a hot rock, \u201d in stilwell \u2019 s phrase : officials, hangers - on, journalists, profiteers, refugees, welfare committees, and all the hectic influx of war. devotion and energy mixed with laxity and indifference. as always, the uncaring treatment of the common soldier excited stilwell \u2019 s wrath. \u201c the wounded left in the north station and everywhere. not wanted, and they realize it and expect it and pay the price of living by dying. \u2026 why didn \u2019 t cks organize a medical service or at least a stretcher bearer service? \u201d a week after stilwell reached hankow, on december 13, 1937, nanking fell in circumstances dreadful even for china. during the time bought in the trenches at shanghai no preparations for the defense or evacuation of nanking had been made, with the result that losses in men and material when the capital fell were enormous. the arsenal was taken intact, as was the red cross hospital with all its precious supplies and the wounded in their beds, as well as the rolling stock in the railroad station and vehicles and stores of all kinds. with no defense lines established to cover the withdrawal of soldiers or civilians, the human loss was as great. determined to make an example of the capital that would bring the war to an end, the japanese achieved a climax to the carnage already wrought in the delta below. fifty thousand soldiers hacked, burned, bayoneted, raped, and murdered until they had killed, by hand and in person, according to the evidence witnessed and collected by missionaries and other foreigners of the international relief committee, a total of forty - two thousand civilians in nanking. groups of men and women were lined up and machine - gunned or used alive for bayonet practice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4868097981238816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.642490"} {"text": "to the evidence witnessed and collected by missionaries and other foreigners of the international relief committee, a total of forty - two thousand civilians in nanking. groups of men and women were lined up and machine - gunned or used alive for bayonet practice or tied up, doused with kerosene, and set afire while officers looked on. reports by missionary doctors and others. dazed with horror and helplessness, filled church publications in america. much of the photographic evidence that later reached newspapers abroad came from snapshots taken by the japanese themselves, which they gave for developing to ordinary camera shops in shanghai, whence copies made their way to the correspondents. \u2026 not a few chinese, including members of the government, believed peace with japan preferable to ruin, but the majority would not have permitted a surrender or settlement. \u201c cks can \u2019 t quit, \u201d wrote stilwell. \u201c called on the country, it responded. now he must go on. \u201d japan too had to go on, although dangerously extended and with no definite goal in sight. after nanking, on december 17, chiang kai - shek publicly reaffirmed his decision to continue resistance to the utmost by a strategy essentially chinese. \u201c the time must come, \u201d he explained, \u201c when japan \u2019 s military strength will be exhausted thus giving china the ultimate victory. \u201d in reply japan severed relations ( up to now maintained ), and frustrated and angry, caught in the fatal entanglement of war without limits, drove on, forced to send more and more divisions until their strength on the mainland numbered more than a million. as time went on, repeated peace overtures were made to chiang kai - shek, first through the german ambassador in china, later through an american, dr. john leighton stuart, president of yenching university, but on terms that would have left japan in control of the country. \u2026 on december 12 the event most dreaded by the american government \u2014 an incident involving american bloodshed \u2014 occurred. coinciding with the fall of nanking, the japanese in an excess of arrogance bombed and sank the u. s. s. panay a few miles above the capital, causing two deaths and forty - eight casualties. \u2026 so deliberate was the attack, that it could not seem like anything but a direct challenge. \u2217 \u2217see an account of the panay incident in the april, 1967, issue of a merican h eritage. \u2014 ed. stilwell \u2019 s recorded reaction, characteristic of him in fateful moments", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.477629585827283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.643442"} {"text": "anything but a direct challenge. \u2217 \u2217see an account of the panay incident in the april, 1967, issue of a merican h eritage. \u2014 ed. stilwell \u2019 s recorded reaction, characteristic of him in fateful moments, was reduced to a minimum : \u201c panay bombed and sunk yesterday. great to - do. \u201d almost anything might follow, including war. \u2026 next day tension eased slightly when, as stilwell put it, \u201c japs apologize. \u2018 very sorry for you. \u2019 couldn \u2019 t see the insignia. the bastards. \u201d he did not mention the panay again, but it cannot be doubted that the necessary swallowing of this incident by his country added to his black mood at this period. the panay touched off nothing, for when there is no will to war, war does not happen, and neither japan nor america was ready for confrontation at this time. alarmed at the wild exploit, the government in tokyo apologized promptly and within ten days accepted in full american demands for indemnities. \u2026 official american reaction was restrained. in the armed services, conscious that american naval forces were inadequate to compel the japanese to behave, the feeling prevailed that anything that might touch off a showdown should be postponed. public reaction insofar as it was represented by congress was not to roar but to shrink. the house immediately took up the ludlow resolution, requiring a national referendum before a declaration of war could become effective. previously its sponsor had been unable to collect the necessary number of signatures to bring the measure before a committee of the whole. two days after the sinking of the panay he had more than enough, and the resolution was later defeated only after heavy pressure by the administration and only by twenty - one votes. a notable result of the panay affair, in order to remove a further possibility of friction with the japanese, was the withdrawal from china two months later of the 15th infantry. long under discussion in washington and urged by the army because of the tight restrictions on the regiment, it was a case, according to one american newspaper, \u201c of doing the right thing at the wrong time. \u201d to the tears of local women the \u201c can do \u201d troops marched out, plaved through the streets of tientsin by the bands of the other foreign regiments and even serenaded by japanese bugles. stilwell \u2019 s vinegar was at a high level during the winter in hankow, \u201c the bunghole of creation. \u201d he was depressed by the climate, \u201c raw, grey, dr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.475759057156882, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.644390"} {"text": "foreign regiments and even serenaded by japanese bugles. stilwell \u2019 s vinegar was at a high level during the winter in hankow, \u201c the bunghole of creation. \u201d he was depressed by the climate, \u201c raw, grey, drizzly, chill, \u201d by china \u2019 s situation, by the endless frustrations in the way of carrying out his professional task, and by the blank incomprehension at the washington end. the war minister had refused permission to visit the front. \u2026 stilwell was galled by the badgering of m. i. d., which, in the hands of a petty despot and pedantic bureaucrat, colonel e. r. w. mccabe, pestered him with demands for daily operational reports, questioned every expense, issued orders to his staff without consulting him, made demands without relation to the battle situation or even to the normal geography of china, and informed stilwell that it was \u201c embarrassing to receive so little information \u201d from him. \u201c bastards in washington don \u2019 t like me, \u201d he concluded with some truth, for there was certainly a quality of vendetta in mccabe \u2019 s treatment, although he was hounding other attaches too. he kept a little black book called his \u201c sob book \u201d in which to record his dislikes. in consul robert jarvis \u2019 apartment, where stil well had found living quarters, he felt at ease \u2014 \u201c he and i talk the same language. \u2026 \u201d he had forgiven ambassador johnson, who was always kind, pleasant, ready to talk and to call stilwell in when visiting personages came. with the government now preparing to withdraw to chungking and johnson under instruction to go when they did, he left stilwell free to decide for himself and thus rated along withjarvis in the category of \u201c good egg. \u201d \u2026 friends and cordial hours were part of his life, too. some of the chinese, especially the mayor, were \u201c delightful, \u201d and he enjoyed a reunion with feng yu - hsiang, his road - building client of fifteen years ago, who was in town to join the \u201c dicker \u201d over reorganizing the government to let in the reds. \u201c the old boy looks well and hopeful. says they can go on for six months. \u201d xor were stilwell \u2019 s prejudices inflexible. \u201c the pleasantest people in town are the british navy people, \u201d he reported astonishingly. invited to lunch by their admiral crabbe, he \u201c enjoyed it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41355029521149234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.645357"} {"text": "six months. \u201d xor were stilwell \u2019 s prejudices inflexible. \u201c the pleasantest people in town are the british navy people, \u201d he reported astonishingly. invited to lunch by their admiral crabbe, he \u201c enjoyed it \u201d and pronounced his hosts \u201c good eggs. \u2026 the french are okay too. \u201d even the \u201c limey consul \u201d was a good egg. he found his most congenial company among certain of the journalists, usually the more venturesome free lances sympathetic to revolutionary china who, like carlson, roamed the country \u201c from the heart. \u201d agnes smedley and jack beiden were of this company. beiden especially, a great romantic and idealist aged twenty - eight, moody, driven, alternately gay and despondent, \u201c a sad, ragged, torn, incredible character \u201d as a friend described him, became a close companion and valued informant. in january, 1938, stilwell finally broke through obstructions, and he was able to go on the first of many journeys that over the next year and a half were to take him to embattled areas in many parts of china. on a bitterly cold trip through kiangsi and hunan he found the active front had melted away but there was no peace talk anywhere in the area. the provincial governors talked in terms of three years \u2019 resistance and had begun training programs in guerrilla tactics. the chinese were sold on guerrilla warfare, stilwell noted, but munitions and equipment would be a serious problem. when asked by a chinese officer what his own strategy would be, his reply, \u201c make use of numbers and attack, \u201d was not welcomed. through a friendship formed with general shang chen, commander of the 2oth army corps in honan, stilwell was able to leave again, this time for kaifeng and hsuchow, western and eastern ends of the lunghai line. he was so glad to be leaving the miasma of hankow that a last - minute message from the war department suggesting that he go to lanchow \u201c on the way back \u201d from kaifeng caused more of a shrug than an explosion. he merely commented, \u201c i wonder if they know where it is. \u201d lanchow, port of entry for russian supplies coming across central asia, was close to the border of inner mongolia, six hundred miles northwest of kaifeng. in honan his confidence in the chinese revived. they were gaining experience, organizing and improving the flow of replacements, and he began to believe that if they could reach the point", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4448305206562077, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.648796"} {"text": "to the border of inner mongolia, six hundred miles northwest of kaifeng. in honan his confidence in the chinese revived. they were gaining experience, organizing and improving the flow of replacements, and he began to believe that if they could reach the point of taking the initiative and attacking, which might be within the year, \u201c the turning point will be reached. \u201d \u2026 accompanied to hsuchow by shang chen, whom stilwell considered one of china \u2019 s dependable commanders, he was finally able to see china \u2019 s army at the front, upon which his pessimism returned. he decided \u201c the offensive is not in them. \u201d \u2026 a talk with a kuomintang officer, general liu, recorded with stilwell \u2019 s remarkable gift for catching character in dialogue, distilled for him the attitude of the governing class. yes, losses had been heavy, general liu admitted, about six hundred thousand, but that was \u201c really a good thing. \u2026 the chinese soldiers are all bandits, robbers, thieves and rascals. so we send them to the front and they get killed off and in that way we arc eliminating our bad elements. \u201d asked how much pay a soldier received, he replied eight dollars a month and \u201c if he got any more he wouldn \u2019 t fight. \u201d as to the duration of the war general liu thought at least one year or two. by that time the japanese would be broken financially, their soldiers would be homesick, and the foreign powers would have entered the war. actually the more ground japan occupied the better, because they would be that much more easily absorbed. \u201c in the long run the japanese will disappear, absorbed by the chinese as were the mongols and the manchus. \u201d asked what china would do for salt and motor fuel if blockaded, he replied that the more territory - japan occupied the smaller would be the part left to china, \u201c so we won \u2019 t have to move around so much then \u201d and would need less gasoline. asked why greater use was not made of the educated class as officers, general liu replied that \u201c university students and graduates are all cowards. they would run. i know because i am a university man. \u201d besides, \u201c the chinese learned long ago to make the lower classes do the fighting. at first the nobles fought but they soon got over that and made the people do it for them. \u201d the english used indians to fight for them, he pointed out, the french used moroccans and annamites, and now the japanese were using mongols", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4722859889666327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.650268"} {"text": "first the nobles fought but they soon got over that and made the people do it for them. \u201d the english used indians to fight for them, he pointed out, the french used moroccans and annamites, and now the japanese were using mongols and manchurians. knowing and talking to the china of general liu, stilwell was not prone to see the country as fighting democracy \u2019 s battle, the favorite theme of ideologists like carlson. of carlson himself, whom he came to know in hankow, his opinion was kindly. he was \u201c a good scout, not overeducated \u2026 but a solid citizen and a soldier. \u201d \u2026 privately he called him captain courageous and was not impressed by carlson \u2019 s glowing reports of the 8th route army \u2019 s military training methods, which stilwell told him he had seen in practice under feng yu - hsiang fifteen years ago. though it was the fashion to say \u201c aren \u2019 t the 8th route wonderful, \u201d stilwell was skeptical but professionally interested. through agnes smedlcy he became acquainted with chou en - lai, one of the communist governing triumvirate and its representative in hankow, and with yeh chien - ying, the communist chief of staff. he thought the communists \u2019 political demands for \u201c liberalization of military policy \u201d and \u201c mobilization of the masses \u201d were \u201c very vague \u2014 the usual slogans \u201d ; but personally, after visiting and dining with chou en - lai and his entourage, he found them \u201c uniformly frank, courteous, friendly and direct, in contrast to the fur - collared, spurred kmt [ kuomintang ] new - style napoleon \u2014 all pose and bumptiousness. \u201d chou en - lai was handsome and cultivated and a favorite of foreigners. yeh chien - ying made the select category of \u201c good egg, like most reds. \u201d talking to these intense and energetic men, pursuers of china \u2019 s old unsatisfied need of revolution and asyet uncorrupted by power, stil well realized t he \u201c wide chasm \u201d between them and a man like general liu. he felt sure that if china emerged from the war with japan, \u201c there will be trouble again internally. \u201d \u2026 just as stilwell was about to leave for the anhwei front to observe the 13th army under general lang en - po, he was balked by the war department, which ordered him to go to lanchow instead, to report on russian aid reaching china. furious at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4387150343383075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.651256"} {"text": "to leave for the anhwei front to observe the 13th army under general lang en - po, he was balked by the war department, which ordered him to go to lanchow instead, to report on russian aid reaching china. furious at the cancellation of a tour that had taken a great deal of arranging and represented the first time in eight months of the war that a foreign officer had been able to get accredited to a unit in the field, stilwell offered every kind of excuse almost to the point of insubordination to avoid going. he was ordered to comply. the war department was acting, as it happened, at the desire of the president, who had asked for a report on the nature and amount of arms reaching china through all avenues : hongkong, indochina, and burma as well as overland from russia. stilwell was not told this, and indeed the whole lanchow affair, which brought his resentment to a peak, could have been mitigated like the rest of his troubles with m. i. d. by a simple personal communication. he went off \u201c sick unto death of the interfering bastards in washington, \u201d and in a mood, as he wrote to win, to retire, at once or next year, \u201c whatever the family decides. \u201d he passed his fifty - fifth birthday en route to lanchow feeling that, in view of his relations with the war department, his career henceforward held little promise. stilwell was the first foreigner to visit the russian air base at lanchow and bring back evidence to show how far russia was concerned to help china. making his way by train as far as sian, where he visited 8th route army headquarters, and from there to lanchow by bus and truck, he hunted down clues, bribed employees of the russian guest house for figures on arrivals, questioned sentries, police, bus drivers, innkeepers, servants, the governor of kansu and his secretaries, missionaries at sian, a tibetan interpreter, an automobile dealer, chinese officers, student aviators, and local mongols. these last, \u201c sturdy, dirty, hard - bitten, weather - beaten, with faces like sitting bull, \u201d he entertained to tea at an inn ; afterward when encountered on the street they were \u201c all smiles and howdy. \u201d though his movements were watched and conversations listened in on, he was able to inspect the flying field and ascertain that three hundred russian planes had been delivered, of which thirty were still at the base for training chinese pilots.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3972643245016406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.652433"} {"text": "and howdy. \u201d though his movements were watched and conversations listened in on, he was able to inspect the flying field and ascertain that three hundred russian planes had been delivered, of which thirty were still at the base for training chinese pilots. russian aviation personnel, though physically impressive, with huge appetites consuming four meals a day, were \u201c a sour and surly lot \u2026 i never saw one of them smile. \u201d he collected figures on the russian truck convoys that brought in munitions and fuel, worked out estimates of the monthly deliveries on the basis of distance travelled and turnaround time, and was able to specify types of munitions \u201c though unable to get box markings or broken boxes. \u201d the total was little in comparison with what could be brought in by ship at hongkong, and he concluded the route was established primarily for aviation fuel and as an emergency inlet in case canton fell. by the time he returned to hankow on april 15, china \u2019 s mood had undergone a dazzling change caused by her first real victory, at taierhchuang in shantung on april 6 and 7. the whole country went \u201c mad with joy. \u201d the japanese were not invincible after all ; a new hope in resistance swept away pessimism. it was the first cause for rejoicing since the war began. taierhchuang was a town on the path of the enemy \u2019 s advance to hsuchow, whose fall would have put the japanese on the lunghai line, opening their way to the interior. under the command of the kwangsi general li tsung - jen, its defense was turned to counterattack, according to a plan of the german advisers, with an army of reinforcements brought up to cut off the enemy in the rear. general tang en - po \u2019 s army, which stilwell would have been accompanying had he not been at lanchow, played this role. thrilled by the phenomenon of reinforcements, the defenders rushed forward to join the attack with \u201c battle cries that shook the skies. \u201d they were able to slaughter the japanese infantry who had been cut off from their supply of ammunition and fuel for tanks and proved unable to withstand a determined attack without mechanized support. at the end of the seventeen - day battle the japanese had suffered sixteen thousand casualties and the loss of forty tanks, seventy armored cars, and one hundred motor vehicles besides guns and other arms in their first notable defeat since their creation of a modern army. the chinese sustained equal casualties. like all china \u2019 s partisans, stilwell wanted deeply to find cause for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4568883977512997, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.653464"} {"text": "tanks, seventy armored cars, and one hundred motor vehicles besides guns and other arms in their first notable defeat since their creation of a modern army. the chinese sustained equal casualties. like all china \u2019 s partisans, stilwell wanted deeply to find cause for optimism and was moved to write after taierhchuang when friends now said they thought china would win, \u201c so do i. \u201d at the same time he knew that militarily the chinese had lost their advantage by failing to pursue. \u2026 analyzing the battle with stilwell and the german advisers, pai chung - hsi was not interested in the lesson of attack. he reverted to the theory of winning by outlasting. \u201c we can afford to lose four men if the japanese lose one, \u201d he said, adding that chinese losses would be of \u201c no significance \u201d until they passed fifty million. the chinese, stilwell commented, \u201c cannot get the idea of the offensive into their heads. \u201d visiting the scene at taierhchuang, he talked with the commander, li tsung - jen. in one of the few recorded views of stilwell through chinese eyes, li described him as \u201c outspoken \u201d in manner, with sympathy for china \u2019 s cause but with \u201c great pessimism over the future of china \u2019 s resistance. \u201d this pessimism li ascribed to the \u201c materialist civilization \u201d in which the american colonel had been educated. ironically, the success at taierhchuang confirmed chiang kai - shek in his overall policy of the defensive, because the victory seemed to suggest that the japanese had exhausted their impetus. within weeks they returned to the attack, broke through the line, and advanced upon hsuchow, which fell at the end of may. with another japanese army coming down from the north to cross the yellow river above kaifeng, the whole region between the rivers, including hankow itself, was in danger. in a desperate expedient chiang kai - shek called not on china \u2019 s armies but on china \u2019 s sorrow \u2014 the yellow river. he ordered general shang chen to blow up the dikes at chengchow behind the japanese vanguard. repeatedly he telephoned in anxiety to learn if his orders had been carried out, while shang chen delayed until his army could be moved out of the way. then the dynamite was exploded. jack beiden, who was present, reported how, for moments of agony to the watchers, the silt - filled waters flowed steadily on their old course, swirling and bubbling against the broken dikes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4728296801269065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.654504"} {"text": "the way. then the dynamite was exploded. jack beiden, who was present, reported how, for moments of agony to the watchers, the silt - filled waters flowed steadily on their old course, swirling and bubbling against the broken dikes, then suddenly with a \u201c terrible roar \u201d ripped through the breach and spread over the low ground on a rampage eastward to the sea. eleven cities and four thousand villages were flooded, the crops and farms of three provinces ruined, two million people rendered homeless, and in that vast and sodden wasteland another fund of animosity was stored up against the government. the japanese were bogged down, and perhaps three months \u2019 time bought in the process. china \u2019 s battle was making an impression on america. out of sympathy with her resistance or investment in her affairs, correspondents, missionaries, and other observers concentrated on the admirable aspects and left unmentioned the flaws and failures. an idealized image came through. generalissimo and mme. chiang kai - shek as \u201c man and wife of the year \u201d for 1937 gazed at americans in sad nobility from the cover of time, sober and steady, brave and true. time \u2019 s owner, henry luce, had been born in china of missionary parents, so the worshipful view of the chiangs was no accident. the missionaries, and behind them the foreign missions conference of north america, the federal council of churches of christ in america, the y. m. c. a., and china famine relief, rallied to the cause of their wards with warmth, energy, and all their considerable influence. the chiangs \u2019 christianity at the helm of china was gratifying proof of the validity of the missionary effort. if there was an element of expedience in the case of the generalissimo, at least madame and the soong circle\u2217 represented modern, westernized, christianized china. the church groups rallied to them in self - interested loyalty. they overpraised chiang kai - shek and, once committed to his perfection, regarded any suggestion of blemish as inadmissible. \u201c china has now the most enlightened, patriotic and able rulers in her history, \u201d stated the missionary review of the world. the same journal presented the communists, too, in acceptable terms as a group trying to bring about \u201c social reform compatible with the aspirations of all progressive people. \u201d \u2217madame chiang had been mei - ling soong ; one sister had married the late dr. sun yat -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47084842010618855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.655420"} {"text": ", too, in acceptable terms as a group trying to bring about \u201c social reform compatible with the aspirations of all progressive people. \u201d \u2217madame chiang had been mei - ling soong ; one sister had married the late dr. sun yat - sen and the other h. h. kung, the nationalist finance minister ; her brother t. v. soong had also been finance minister, and two other brothers were prominent in financial and governmental circles. \u2014 ed. the picture of \u201c determined oneness of purpose \u201d was necessary not only to the church groups heavily engaged in raising money for china relief but also to the envoys and propagandists of the nationalist government who were exerting pressure for american loans and intervention. to acknowledge the deep schism in chinese society was not convenient. therefore the communists were not to be considered irreconcilables but respectable social reformers within the fold. correspondents were asked by the kuomintang not to refer to the communists as communists. \u201c there are no communists left in china, \u201d chiang kai - shek told a german newspaperman in 1939. everyone assisted in this illusion, including the communists themselves, because it fitted the party line of the united front. although they did not deny their marxist ideology, they talked in terms of the \u201c new democracy \u201d as a stage on the way toward their eventual goal. the times, dominated by the menace of fascism, shaped america \u2019 s view of china and the fervent syllogism at its core : democracy was threatened by the aggressor nations ; china was under attack by an aggressor nation ; therefore china was a democracy, and her battle was the battle of world democracy. to all men of good will convinced of the indivisibility of the world struggle, this appeared self - evident, and help for china therefore obviously in america \u2019 s self - interest. strategically this was valid, if not ideologically. but strategy is more attractive when dressed in ideology, and people on \u201c our side \u201d are considered to be democrats regardless of their political experience. americans find it difficult to remember that thomas jefferson did not operate in asia. \u2026 although china \u2019 s friends made extraordinary efforts, american isolationism remained stronger than sympathy. polls showed only 2 per cent of the public pro - japanese against 74 per cent pro - chinese, but the sentiment did not include a desire for involvement. at government level a sense of urgency was growing. the president, anxious to keep china on her feet, was abetted on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5095253727715696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.656451"} {"text": "the public pro - japanese against 74 per cent pro - chinese, but the sentiment did not include a desire for involvement. at government level a sense of urgency was growing. the president, anxious to keep china on her feet, was abetted on the one hand by secretary of the treasury henry morgenthau, who, with a desperate sense of the need to resist fascist aggression, believed support for china crucial, and restrained on the other hand by secretary hull, who maintained an unbudging resistance to any \u201c unneutral \u201d gesture, including economic aid, that might involve the united states in the sino - japanese conflict. his caution was such that he refused to accept t. v. soong as economic emissary because he was too prominently anti - japanese. when the treasury \u2019 s agent in china, j. lossing buck, came to see the military attache on august 30, 1938, to be briefed on the military situation, stilwell put forward the argument of li tsung - jen that america should aid herself by enabling china to buy arms. as reported by buck to secretary morgenthau, \u201c colonel stilwell \u2026 feels that the policy of our government should be more positive in the present situation and that help to china in the way of financial loans and military equipment is much better defense for us than only the building of our own defense equipment. a very small proportion of the cost of such defense, if given to china, would be much more effective. \u201d morgenthau agreed. with strong conviction in the larger cause but less knowledge of china, he thought there was \u201c a bare chance we may still keep a democratic form of government in the pacific \u201d and strenuously urged the loan to china upon the president. in december, 1938, a loan of twenty - five million dollars was ultimately arranged through the export - import bank. despite their successes the japanese could not end the war and in august, 1938, took the decision to drive toward a new objective \u2014 hankow. stilwell returned there in august from peiping, where he had decided on his own authority to spend the summer with his family. this decision had more than ever incensed m. i. d., with whom he was already engaged in a continous quarrel over the assignments of his five assistants. informed by colonel mccabe that his return to peiping in june represented \u201c a serious error of judgment \u2026 when major military developments are in progress, \u201d he was ordered in a tone more suitable to a cadet than a full colonel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4200427002996629, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.657735"} {"text": "of his five assistants. informed by colonel mccabe that his return to peiping in june represented \u201c a serious error of judgment \u2026 when major military developments are in progress, \u201d he was ordered in a tone more suitable to a cadet than a full colonel to perform no further travel without permission and to submit for approval \u201c reasons, route, destination and estimated cost in each case. \u201d he was told that the department undertook to direct his and his assistants \u2019 movements because the \u201c coverage, quality and quantity of information received was not ( repeat not ) satisfactory. \u201d seven thousand miles from the scene mccabe asserted the department \u2019 s right to \u201c assign you or any other officer in china to any mission it deems fit. \u201d in further communications stilwell was informed that his reports compared unfavorably with carbon \u2019 s to the navy, that the information conveyed did not justify the sums of g - 2 confidential funds spent, and that he should explain the \u201c exact nature and value \u201d of the information obtained by these expenditures. mccabe was evidently trying to goad stilwell from his post in favor of some more intimate associate of the \u201c attaches \u2019 clique \u201d ; if so, he almost succeeded. stilwell at one point made up his mind to ask for relief and drafted in fierce angry pen strokes a demand for an inspector \u201c to determine the manner in which i have performed my duty under the conditions that have existed since june 1937. \u201d china, however, held him back. hankow was now cut off from peiping by land and could only be reached from the north by ship via shanghai to hongkong and from there by plane. when stil well arrived on august 26, the government had withdrawn and a sense of siege was descending. remembering the great revolutionary days of hankow in 1925 \u2013 26, the communists wanted to conduct a \u201c people \u2019 s defense \u201d of the city after the example of madrid, which was still holding out after two years of siege. they urged the government to organize an army of 150, 000 workers, students, and townspeople, to be led by an elite corps of youths with \u201c the highest revolutionary consciousness. \u201d this project had small appeal for chiang kai - shek, who had no desire to see workers \u2019 cadres established under communist control and did not believe in any case that the wuhan cities could be held against japanese assault. \u2026 stilwell started out for the front in a group with the british and french attaches and the news photographer robert capa, who had covered spain for a year and was \u201c quite", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46047563494103505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.659216"} {"text": "case that the wuhan cities could be held against japanese assault. \u2026 stilwell started out for the front in a group with the british and french attaches and the news photographer robert capa, who had covered spain for a year and was \u201c quite a guy. \u201d staying on after the englishman \u201c got mad and bowed out \u201d and the frenchman fell ill of dysentery and returned, stilwell can be seen in the pages of his diary : \u201c moved by night, hard going and guard went astray. pack transport, coolies, exhausted men curled up to die \u2026 jap plane at 200 feet machine gunning the road. after a few wounded, i suppose. wild eagles! \u2026 welcome from chung. go forward, sure. the nearer the front the warmer the welcome. had a talk and chow. they got me bedding. \u2026 bread and cheese for breakfast, by capa. mouldy but o. k. sat around till 9 then off to the front. hot as the hinges of hell and hard going. climbed a high hill and got view along yangtse to juichang. just a sea of rocky hills and scrub brush. could be held indefinitely. \u2026 a lot of assorted artillery coming out north of the lake. why? kwan and chang say it can \u2019 t be used but back of their present positions it could. \u201d back in hankow there were \u201c barricades and wire everywhere. \u201d colonel rouselle, the french attache, was dead of dysentery. it was the seventh anniversary of mukden [ and the japanese onslaught on manchuria ], and in europe the powers trembled through the munich crisis. \u201c my god what a world. if another war starts in europe where will we all end up? \u201d japanese bombers blasted the city daily, unopposed. the chinese air force on which chiang kai - shek had pinned his hopes never became an effective force and had few planes or pilots left to defend hankow. shortage of fuel was made shorter by the pervading chinese philosophy of hoarding equipment for a future crisis. \u201c the chinese can \u2019 t bear to use their stuff, \u201d stilwell wrote after seeing a battery of 75 \u2019 $ that had been through the battles of shanghai and hsuchow without being fired. \u201c if they put it in, they might lose it and then where would they be after the war, without any materiel? \u201d air force personnel was a greater difficulty. lacking the american \u2019 s affinity for the combustion engine, chinese mechanics treated their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4238294423545357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.660509"} {"text": "\u201c if they put it in, they might lose it and then where would they be after the war, without any materiel? \u201d air force personnel was a greater difficulty. lacking the american \u2019 s affinity for the combustion engine, chinese mechanics treated their machines with little care or respect ; lacking expert maintenance, their planes rapidly became useless. pilots and navigators, drawn from the educated class, represented a group that on the whole was not martial in spirit and had no desire to die in unequal combat with the well - trained, well - equipped japanese. those who did become pilots were valiant but reckless and flashy and ill - prepared by the italian officers whom chiang kai - shek accepted from mussolini early in the 1930 \u2019 s to train his air force. when italy withdrew her officers out of deference to growing friendship for japan, the italians took with them all the aerial maps they had prepared for their clients, leaving the chinese, who had left the work to others, helpless. to take charge of building his air force chiang kai - shek in 1937 engaged a remarkable american fighter pilot, captain claire chennault, who had retired from the american air corps because of deafness and disagreement. by 1938 chennault, promoted to colonel in the chinese air force, had begun a major program of airfield construction and organized an effective warning net by radio, but he had less success with pilots and was soon to recruit a volunteer force of american mercenaries to defend china \u2019 s skies. for the present, as the japanese raided hankow unopposed, the sirens wailed and the streets drummed with the sound of thousands of running feet seeking the safety of the foreign concession area. while columns of ragged and bloody wounded straggled in, evacuation of civilians had begun. in the last week forty thousand moved out in boats and junks or overland in trucks and handcarts to changsha, capital of hunan. trainloads of half - starved, tattered war orphans gathered up from the battle zones by a woman \u2019 s committee organized by mme. chiang were fed and washed and marched in clean blue overalls to river boats for evacuation. the dismantling of factories and equipment for the long haul to the interior, organized by the industrial co - operatives, was under way. the wounded, looking for some designated hospital already dismantled, sat or lay on the pavement, worn out, unable to go farther. among the \u201c last - ditchers \u201d of hankow was mme. chiang kai - shek, whom stilwell visited in september and found", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4558749222679633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.661561"} {"text": "some designated hospital already dismantled, sat or lay on the pavement, worn out, unable to go farther. among the \u201c last - ditchers \u201d of hankow was mme. chiang kai - shek, whom stilwell visited in september and found \u201c very charming, highly intelligent and sincere. \u201d mme. chiang never made an effort to charm without succeeding, and the american military attache was worth her effort. he sent her flowers after the interview. out again to the southern front in october, he observed from a battalion commander \u2019 s command post a five - day fight for teian in the path of the japanese drive southward from the yangtze against nanchang, capital of kiangsi. \u201c walked to wang lia - chi \u2019 s hq, 15 li. bridges are all burning, road broken every 200 yards or so. met wang. warm welcome. he has been catching hell \u2014 50 % losses. \u2026 no hmg [ heavy machine guns ]. small ens [ caissons? ]. no guns. about 200 rounds apiece. 4 lmgs [ light machine guns ]. bridge out. no car. no phone, etc. slept in the straw. \u201d colonel wang at first held a hill position but was forced back into the town ; the fight continued within the walls. in the last hours colonel wang himself led a night attack through the narrow streets. as described by stilwell afterward, \u201c the detachment runs into a japanese machine - gun nest. \u2026 the chinese throw themselves prone on the right side of the street. the japanese open fire but fail to come out into the open where they can rake the street and the shots carom off the opposite wall and hit no one. quick action is needed here and the chinese are equal to it. a squad slips around a building and coming in from the rear puts the machine - gun crew out of action with hand grenades. \u2026 everything by now is in an uproar and colonel wang in the darkness loses touch with them. \u2026 \u201d for the rest of the night and the next day the fight continued with only a few yards separating the two sides until, as the japanese advanced in force against the weakened garrison, the position became hopeless. a messenger from the division commander, the only one to get through of six who were sent, arrived at 6 p. m. with orders to withdraw. under eover of darkness colonel wang with sixty - five men rejoined the rest of the battalion and left the field with less than four hundred men of his original fifteen hundred. they had been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4310859822089926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.664091"} {"text": ", arrived at 6 p. m. with orders to withdraw. under eover of darkness colonel wang with sixty - five men rejoined the rest of the battalion and left the field with less than four hundred men of his original fifteen hundred. they had been continuously in action for over five days with little sleep, food, or water. of his eleven hundred casualties six hundred were dead. in actions like these stilwell was forming the judgments that he was to take with him as commander in the chinese theater four years later. colonel wang was brave, but his judgment was poor ; he should have stayed out of the town, which, being in ruins, furnished no cover and was absolutely dominated from the hills. in a g - 2 report analyzing the war from what he had seen at first hand, he described the needless failures inherent in chinese defensive tactics. in open country against japanese planes, tanks, and artillery, the chinese, being deficient in these weapons, made only halfhearted defense and readily abandoned positions. in hilly country, however, where concealment was good, they held their ground better, and with only rifle, grenade, and machine gun, slowed down the japanese advance. the enemy continued to push against the flanks, often thrusting out a salient that invited counterattack, but instead of seizing their chance, the chinese \u201c always react to protect their rear. \u201d they hoarded their reserves, failing to exert full strength when it could succeed, with the result that numbers were more equal than they should have been, and japanese initiative and superior equipment turned the scale. the report concluded on his favorite theme : \u201c the chinese soldier is excellent material, wasted and betrayed by stupid leadership. \u201d there was a corollary : \u201c suppose the chinese soldier were well - fed, well - armed and equipped, well - cared for and well - led \u2026? \u201d the sino - japanese war came to a climax in the five days of october 21 \u2013 25, 1938, when the japanese took not only hankow but also canton, china \u2019 s last access by sea to the outside world. \u2026 japan expected the captures to seal victory at last. with a million men now on the mainland, and desperate to find some end to the war, she made one more effort to force china into a settlement. a new order for east asia based on an anti - communist bloc of japan, china, and manchukuo was announced and the chinese government invited to join on condition of repudiating its anti - japanese past and \u201c reforming its personnel. \u201d now that japan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45701639675850714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.665482"} {"text": "order for east asia based on an anti - communist bloc of japan, china, and manchukuo was announced and the chinese government invited to join on condition of repudiating its anti - japanese past and \u201c reforming its personnel. \u201d now that japan had control of china \u2019 s ports, railroads, and major cities, and of north china, the shantung peninsula, the yangtze valley, and the southern coast, the japanese believed the kuomintang would have to capitulate. \u2026 for chiang no acceptable future was possible if he submitted. he remained as always impervious to the buffeting of events. nothing ever changed him. he was welded to the belief that china would outlast japan and that history must bring him foreign allies. loosely organized and agrarian, china could sustain herself even though isolated in the far west \u2014 at what reduced level or cost in suffering did not matter. a slender egress by road into burma, hacked out of the mountains by hand labor, had just been opened. chiang would hold out in chungking beyond the enemy \u2019 s reach until japan ultimately clashed with russia or the western powers. he rejected all terms. japan reaffirmed inclusion of occupied china in the new order and her resolve to \u201c exterminate \u201d the kuomintang government, which \u201c no longer exists except as a mere local regime. \u201d chiang kai - shek publicly reaffirmed on december 26, 1938, the resolve to maintain china \u2019 s independence. except for local punitive campaigns, military advance came to a stop ; japan had no appetite to go farther ; the war was left unfinished, the million men remained. \u2026 the new order confronted the united states with violation of both the integrity of china and equal opportunity in china, the two basic principles of her china policy for forty years. once again the horrid case arose of circumstances which the country could not in conscience accept and was unwilling to use force to resist. washington chose the middle course of protest. the new order was declared to violate the open door and the nine - power treaty. japan expressed surprise that the united states had \u201c failed to awaken to the new actualities in the far east resulting from japan \u2019 s successful military campaigns in china. \u201d in response to renewed agitation in america for economic sanctions, the japanese were reported by an experienced correspondent to \u201c have begun to feel that the united states may prove the principal antagonist when the time comes for japan to make a settlement with china. \u201d stilwell did not stay to see the japanese enter hankow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4606720684177821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.666585"} {"text": ", the japanese were reported by an experienced correspondent to \u201c have begun to feel that the united states may prove the principal antagonist when the time comes for japan to make a settlement with china. \u201d stilwell did not stay to see the japanese enter hankow. he left to join shang chen \u2019 s headquarters at changsha in hunan, pivot of the new defense line. during the next two months, when the situation was in flux, he remained on the southern front, moving from place to place along with military units, hospital staffs, stranded officials, foreign colleagues and newsmen, and all the displaced flotsam that follow a defeat. another movement, a huge slow - motion upheaval, was relocating the working capacity of free china to the west. a steady trudging, toiling stream of people carried goods and equipment and themselves out of the area of the invader into the independent zone. factory machinery, government records, university libraries, the contents of hospitals, arsenals, and offices, were transported in boxes slung on shoulder poles or borne on the backs of coolies or packed in sampans and pulled upstream by straining teams moving foot by foot over the rocks and roadless banks. in the age - old method for moving vessels up the rapids, the great - muscled coolies, bent double against the ropes, slowly hauled the burdens to the free land beyond the yangtze gorges. a whole textile mill was packed into 380 junks, of which a third sank in the rapids, were raised, repacked, and started on their way again. some factories were more than a year en route before renewing operation. faculty and students of the universities, organized into marching sections with foraging squads, police units, and pack animals, walked to new locations in the west and southwest. gradually, while keeping track of chinese divisions, reviewing events with the commanders, struggling for transportation, and trying to find out through the confusion and fog of rumor what was happening, stilwell made his way southward through hengyang to kweilin in kwangsi. finding he would have to wait until february for the next vacancy by plane for chungking, he managed to obtain a place in a car for the journey over the only motor road through kweichow and over the mountains. on december 28 in chungking. china \u2019 s wartime capital for the next seven years, stilwell was to have a personal meeting with chiang kai - shek. by now he had been authorized to return to peiping preparatory to the end", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4452686282440449, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.667607"} {"text": "mountains. on december 28 in chungking. china \u2019 s wartime capital for the next seven years, stilwell was to have a personal meeting with chiang kai - shek. by now he had been authorized to return to peiping preparatory to the end of his tour in may, and so his stay in chungking was short, lasting only from december 19 to 31. it was enough to decide that the remote, provincial, five - hundred - year - old city with its steep streets of steps climbing up from the river, its open sewers and dank fogbound climate in winter, was a \u201c sloppy dump. \u201d the meeting with the generalissimo and mme. chiang lasted for only fifteen apparently agreeable minutes. \u201c very cordial, \u201d stilwell recorded. \u201c both looked extremely well. they were quite frank. gave me a photo and their blessing. \u201d the signed photograph subsequently occupied a prominent place in stilwell \u2019 s living room in peiping, perhaps more in defiance of the japanese than from admiration of the generalissimo. summarizing his judgment of china \u2019 s leader in a g - 2 report less than a month after their meeting, stilwell wrote, \u201c chiang kai - shek is directly responsible for much of the confusion that normally exists in his command. \u201d the reason, stilwell believed, was his suspicion of rivals. \u2026 in private notes stilwell added, \u201c he wanted to keep all his subordinates in the dark because he didn \u2019 t trust them. \u2026 if they all knew nothing they couldn \u2019 t very well get together and dicker. \u201d describing the factors that were one day to become his own frustration, he wrote that the generalissimo \u201c never assigned good artillery to divisions because he didn \u2019 t want to let any get away from him. \u2026 he was always thinking of what he could save for later on when perhaps his own position would be threatened. \u201d \u2026 on the last day of 1938 stilwell left chungking by air for kunming in yunnan, now the main air base of free china and the starting point of the burma road. at the hotel du lac he spent the evening in dinner and long talk with chennault with no foreshadowing of the conflict between them that was to come. the last months in peiping brought the solace of home and family, offset by living under japanese occupation. only with the greatest difficulty could his new japanese - speaking assistant, captain frederick munson, convince him it was necessary to pay an official call on general okamura if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4221042265248084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.668666"} {"text": "brought the solace of home and family, offset by living under japanese occupation. only with the greatest difficulty could his new japanese - speaking assistant, captain frederick munson, convince him it was necessary to pay an official call on general okamura if the military attache \u2019 s office was to function. stilwell grudgingly agreed but announced he would not go in uniform ; and when argued out ofthat position, balked at wearing a sword ; and when persuaded of this formality, had no reserve left but to refuse positively to go in breeches and boots, the inseparable accessories of the japanese officer. grimly in military slacks he marched off to tea with china \u2019 s conquerors and managed to get into an argument on the innocuous subject of the temple deer at nara. drawing up a balance sheet of japanese qualities, to relieve his feelings in private, stilwell allowed them six good qualities \u2014 industriousness, bravery, perseverance, organization, discipline, patriotism \u2014 as against twenty - six bad, ranging through arrogance, cynicism, truculence, ruthlessness, brutality, stupidity, treacherousness, lying, unscrupulousness, immorality, lack of balance, and hysteria. almost any foreigner having to accommodate to the japanese in china during these years would have shared stilwell \u2019 s sentiments, although he might have been less facile in expressing them. to maintain correct relations under the provocative insolence and swagger, and worst of all the stream of bland, inside - out distortions of fact, was mortifying to the soul. even sir robert craigie, british ambassador in tokyo, while on a visit to shanghai described himself as so \u201c utterly weary of the policy of appeasing japan \u201d and so \u201c nauseated by being polite to the little blighters \u201d that he felt constantly humiliated and \u201c emotionally and even maybe mentally upset. \u201d he suffered a recurring dream in which, wearing the gold - braided uniform of a general, he commanded a landing party near tokyo and was suffused by a tremendous joy at the order to go \u201c all out in retaliation against the dirty little bastards. \u201d what really tortured craigie and stilwell and many others was the passivity of their own countries in face of japanese aggression. frustration was acute as despotism advanced and the democracies threw it chunks of appeasement to buy themselves the illusion of safety. stil well, in addition, faced his own depressing professional prospects. the first star of a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44933285312178695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.669598"} {"text": "japanese aggression. frustration was acute as despotism advanced and the democracies threw it chunks of appeasement to buy themselves the illusion of safety. stil well, in addition, faced his own depressing professional prospects. the first star of a brigadier general, which made all the difference in a military career, appeared to have receded beyond his reach. in another year he would have passed five years in grade without a promotion, which, combined with more than thirty years in the army, made retirement mandatory. ten officers who had graduated with him at west point, including two junior to him, were already generals. though he had friends and advocates working for him, writing letters to the war department, and although their pressure had succeeded in having his name put on the eligible list, mccabe \u2019 s disparaging efficiency reports were a nearly insuperable block. assigned by his new orders to an unpromising job, he believed \u201c they \u2019 re trying to put me out to pasture \u201d and saw his career ending in undistinguished desuetude among the retired colonels. the time came for departure on may 1, 1939. discouragement was in the air. far away in chungking the winter fogs had lifted, enabling japanese terror bombing of the undefended city to begin. america was still selling scrap to japan. no sign of help for china was in prospect. in nearly two years since marco polo bridge, the improved, concerted military assistance that stilwell had hoped for had not evolved. on their last day in china, on board the river boat from tientsin to taku, the stilwells, joined a friend, mrs. edmund clubb, wife of an embassy official, who too was going home. as they opened a lunch basket to picnic on deck they saw floating by the body of a man clutching a drowned child still attached by a rope to the piece of wood used by houseboat families as a life preserver. it had been inadequate. as a symbol of everything sad and wrong in china, the sight of the dead bodies in the river at that particular moment was unbearable. wordless, the group picked up their lunch baskets and went down below deck. in america three days before, stilwell \u2019 s fate was entirely changed by an unexpected development : over the heads of thirty - four senior officers george marshall was appointed acting chief ofstaff, to succeed to the full position september i, taking over an army that then ranked, with reserves, nineteenth among the world \u2019 s armed forces", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4431008754989755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 35, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.670544"} {"text": "hammond family history hammond surname history hammond family history has a rich and complex origin of which the particulars have been accumulated over the years by hammond family researchers. the last name hammond is an old lineage that has spread all across the world over time, and as the hammond family has migrated, it has evolved making its etymology a challenge to unearth. this page is the home for the complete history of the hammond surname, hammond etymology, and history of people with the hammond name. no content has been submitted here about hammond. the following is speculative information about hammond. you can submit your information by clicking edit. the evolution of hammond begins with the origins of thefamily name. even in the earliest days of a name there are variations in that single name simply because family names were infrequently written down that long ago. as these families emigrated between countries and languages, the hammond name may have changed with them. hammond families have moved across various regions all throughout history. it was not unusual for a surname to change as it enters a new country or language. hammond country of origin no content has been submitted about the hammond country of origin. the following is speculative information about hammond. you can submit your information by clicking edit. the nationality of hammond is often difficult to determine because countries change over time, making the nation of origin indeterminate. the original ethnicity of hammond may be difficult to determine as result of whether the surname came about naturally and independently in multiple locales ; for example, in the case of names that are based on a professional trade, which can come into being in multiple regions independently ( such as the family name \" baker \" which refers to the craft of baker ). meaning of the last name hammond no content has been submitted about the meaning of hammond. the following is speculative information about hammond. you can submit your information by clicking edit. the meaning of hammond come may come from a profession, such as the name \" dean \" which may have been adopted by members of the clergy. many of these trade - based family names might be a profession in some other language. because of this it is important to know the ethnicity of a name, and the languages used by its early ancestors. many western names like hammond originate from religious texts such as the quran, the bible, the bhagavadgita, and other related texts. in many cases these surnames are shortened versions of a religious phrase such as \" worthy of praise \". - will hammond - verna hammond - warren hammond 1826 -? - emma parile", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45733487630321634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.674530"} {"text": "##hagavadgita, and other related texts. in many cases these surnames are shortened versions of a religious phrase such as \" worthy of praise \". - will hammond - verna hammond - warren hammond 1826 -? - emma parilee hammond hosch 1870 -? - minnie louise hammond 1885 -? - charles samuel hammond 1857 -? - joseph hammond 1867 -? - caroline mary ( finch ) hammond 1823 -? - helen j. hammond 1885 -? - clara hammond - julia augusta hammond 1861 -? - sarah hammond - minnie louise hammond miller - elizabeth roby hammond 1846 -? - william clinton hammond 1864 -? hammond family tree famous people named hammond no famous people named hammond have been submitted. you can submit your information by clicking edit. nationality and ethnicity of hammond no content has been submitted about the ethnicity of hammond. the following is speculative information about hammond. you can submit your information by clicking edit. we do not have a record of the primary ethnicity of the name hammond. many surnames travel around the world throughout the ages, making their original nationality and ethnicity difficult to trace. more about the name hammond fun facts about the hammond family we have no fun facts about hammond. you can submit your information by clicking edit. hammond spelling variations no content has been submitted about alternate spellings of hammond. the following is speculative information about hammond. you can submit your information by clicking edit. knowing spelling variations and alternate spellings of the hammond surname are important to understanding the etymology of the name. family names like hammond change in how they ' re spelled as they travel across communities, family unions, and eras over the years. in the past, when few people knew how to write, names such as hammond were transcribed based on how they were heard by a scribe when people ' s names were recorded in government records. this could have given rise misspellings of hammond.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44328085397237776, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.675380"} {"text": "scanned text contains errors. greatest service consists in the fact that he was the founder of scientific geography. his greatest work was his gfogrdphlca, in three books. the first was upon physical geography, the second treated mathematical geography on the basis of the measurement of degrees, discovered by himself. the subject of the third was chorography, based upon a map of his own drawing. the work is unfortunately lost, and known only by what later writers, especially strabo, have preserved. historical investigation owes a great deal to the chrdnogrdphia, in which he undertook to found chronology on astronomy and mathematics. his comprehensive book on ancient comedy was a contribution to the history of literature. the cdtdl & goi was a work on astronomy and mythology, in which were collected the fables of the ancient writers on the constellations, with an enumerationof the single stars in each group. a dry compendium, called the catastlrismoi, containing a mere enumeration of 44 constellations, with 475 stars, and the fables attached, is based on the great work of eratosthenes. his poetical efforts were a short epic called hermes, and a celebrated elegy, the erigdnt. besides the compendium above mentioned, and some fragments, we have a letter of eratosthenes to ptolemy euergetes on the doubling of the cube, and an epigram on the same subject. erebus. in greek mythology, the primeval darkness, springing, according to hesiod, from chaos, brother of night, and father by her of jether and hemera ( day ). the word is commonly used of the lower world, filled with impenetrable darkness. erechthenm ( erechtheign ). the original sanctuary of the tutelary deities of athens, athene p61ias, ( the goddess of the city ), pfiseidon, and erechtheus. it was situated on the acrfipolis. the old temple, said to have been built by erechtheus, was burnt by the persians in 480 b. c. the restoration was perhaps begun as far back as the time of pericles, but, according to the testimony of an inscription in the british museum ( no. xxxv ), was not quite finished in 409. the new temple was, even in antiquity, admired as one of the most beautiful and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4964316812736197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.680545"} {"text": "of pericles, but, according to the testimony of an inscription in the british museum ( no. xxxv ), was not quite finished in 409. the new temple was, even in antiquity, admired as one of the most beautiful and i perfect works of the attic - ionic style. it was 65 feet long and nearly 36 broad ; and was divided into two main parts. entering through the eastern portico of six ionic pillars, one came into the cella of athene polias, with an image of the goddess, and a lamp that was always kept burning. to the solid wall at the back was attached the erechtheum proper. here were three altars, one common to poseidon and erechtheus, the other to hephaestus and the hero butes. connected with this, by three doors, was a small front - chamber, with seven half columns adorning the western wall, and three windows between them. this chamber was approached through a hall attached to the north side of the temple, adorned with seven ionic columns in front, and one on each side. under this was a cleft in the rock, said to have been made by the stroke of poseidon ' s trident during his contest with athene for the possession of the acropolis. corresponding to this on the south side was a small hall, supported not by pillars, but by caryatides. this was called the hall of c6re, and it probably contained the tomb of cecrops. from it a step led down to a court, once walled round, in which were the pandr < 5seum ( see pandrosos ), the sacred olive tree of athene, and the altar of zeus herkeiss. on the east side, in front of the temple of athene polias, stood the altar on which the great hecatomb was offered at the panathenaea. ( see plan of acropolis. ) erechtheus. a mythical king of athens. according to homer he was the son of earth by hephaestus, and brought up by athene. like that of cecrops, half of his form was that of a snake \u2014 a sign that he was one of the aborigines. athene put the child in a chest which she gave to the daughters of cecrops, agraulfis, herse, and pandrfisfis, to take care of ; forbidding them at the same time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4297265824705424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.681505"} {"text": "##origines. athene put the child in a chest which she gave to the daughters of cecrops, agraulfis, herse, and pandrfisfis, to take care of ; forbidding them at the same time to open it. the two eldest disobeyed, and in terror at the serpent - shaped child ( or according to another version, the snake that surrounded the child ), they went mad, and threw themselves from the rocks of the acropolis. another account made the serpent kill them. erechtheus drove out amphictyon, and got possession of the kingdom. he then established the worship of athene, and built to her, as goddess of the city ( psllas ], a temple, named after him the erechtheum. here he was afterwards worshipped himself with athene and poseidon. he was also the founder of the panathenaic festival. he was said to have invented the four - wheeled chariot, and to have been taken up to heaven for this by zeus, and set in the sky as the constellation of the charioteer. his daughters were orithyia and procris ( see boeeas andcephalus ). originally identified with erichthsnlus, he was in later times", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4105099365783041, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.682014"} {"text": "the elephant charm the hindu god, ganesha, is their god of wisdom and success, the remover of obstacles. he is, in fact, worshipped by all hindu sects as well as some jains and further parts of india. this god is represented by an elephant - headed human with two pairs of arms, and originates from between the 4th and 5th centuries of our common era. these same cultures also consider the elephant to be a symbol of fertility. the sheer vastness and strength of the beast is said to boost the male libido. male elephants also tend to become angered and enraged when in a rut. this strong sense of emotion has also been linked to raw sexual power between a man and a woman. indra was another god that was linked to elephants. he was the king of the gods, and used an elephant as his royal mount. in addition, indra was god of the warriors. as such, he used elephants as his weapons in several ways. he also used his status as god of rain by using the elephant to cause a much - needed monsoon for his people. elephants have also been connected with clouds \u2013 an unexpected connection, perhaps. elephants were believed to have been symbols of the clouds and people even believed that the elephants created the clouds. their physical appearance of being large and grey and their slow, careful nature is likely to have played a major part in this connection. the elephant has long been held as a totem, or charm. because of the strong family bonds that exist among the family members within the elephant species, totems are said to improve the love and respect among members of the family of anyone possessing the elephant totem. this should be manifest in the care for the young, elderly and sick of the herd or family, as well as the sense of strength within one \u2019 s self. they are, therefore, honoured as key players in reestablishing family ideals and thereby improving those of the entire society. the trunk plays a major role in superstitions regarding elephants as well. most avid collectors, and even those with only vague superstitions, know that the trunk of an ornamental elephant should always be facing upwards in western cultures and downwards in eastern cultures for it to bring good fortune on the house in which it resides. in western cultures, it is believed that an upward trunk ensures that good luck and prosperity do not run out, while a downward trunk signifies mourning. the elephant has become a religious and cultural symbol for many reasons. its ethereal presence has haunted men through the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44460490674347986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.684961"} {"text": "introducing your dog to a new baby click here for a printable pdf version when anticipating the arrival of a new baby, special care must be taken to prepare the family dog \u2013 or dogs \u2013 for the big changes to come. planning ahead and taking precautions are key in making the transition a smooth one for everyone involved. it has been said, \u201c a dog doesn \u2019 t know how to be a person ; he only knows how to be a dog. \u201d this bears repeating when discussing dog - baby relations. for every romantic memory ( or fantasy! ) about a dog \u201c baby - sitting \u201d a child for hours, there are many more about difficult \u2013 even tragic \u2013 consequences of improper supervision. dogs don \u2019 t know how to interact with babies, and some may not even know what a baby is. they may accidentally hurt an infant by jumping on the owner ( with the baby in her arms ) or becoming aroused by loud screaming and flailing arms. a dog who gets along with small children will not necessarily recognize a baby as a smaller child, and could even view him as prey. it is best, therefore, to assume your dog will react unpredictably toward your new baby and plan accordingly. how to plan? - start training now. if you haven \u2019 t already done so, enroll your dog in obedience training. a positive, pain - free training class will teach you how to control your dog \u2019 s behavior without causing stress or unpleasant associations with you or your baby. - once your dog can perform the basics ( sit, down, stay, come, etc. ), practice them while doing soon - to - be familiar baby tasks : practice a down - stay while cradling a doll and walking it back and forth. pat the doll \u2019 s back as though burping it, sit back down, and so on. reward your dog with treats for staying in the desired position. practicing with a talking doll ( some come with a crying track ) can further simulate a real infant. - if possible, begin to expose your dog to real babies, perhaps of friends or extended family. do not let the dog approach the baby : simply reward him for calm behavior in the presence of this brand new creature. if the dog shows discomfort ( growling, barking, etc. ), do not punish him : this doesn \u2019 t teach him that \u201c aggression is bad \u201d, but that babies are bad news. calmly remove him and repeat the exercise at a later time and at greater distance from the baby. - begin to introduce your dog \u2013 slowly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43126686774433043, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.689209"} {"text": "punish him : this doesn \u2019 t teach him that \u201c aggression is bad \u201d, but that babies are bad news. calmly remove him and repeat the exercise at a later time and at greater distance from the baby. - begin to introduce your dog \u2013 slowly \u2013 to the sounds of a new baby. recorded baby sounds ( gurgles, babbling, crying ) can be played at extremely low volume while feeding the dog treats. with each session, increase the volume a little bit. the goal is to have the dog still appear relaxed even in the presence of loud crying. ( who wants to deal with a barking dog and a screaming baby during 2 : 00a. m. diaper changes?? ) - if your new baby is born at a hospital, consider bringing home blankets he / she has worn to begin to familiarize your dog with the new scent. when the baby comes home : - plan to have one person handle the dog while another handles the baby. it is too risky and exhausting to ask one person to do both, and could result in injury to the baby. - head halters ( such as the gentle leader ) are highly recommended for humanely controlling excited dogs. they can prevent the dog jumping at the baby or simply moving too quickly toward her. let the dog see the baby from 20 feet away, reward for calm behavior, then leave the room. repeat from 15 feet away, 10 feet away, and so on. - use caution when allowing your dog to approach the baby. keep the dog on leash and watch for any signs of trouble : staring at the baby with a stiff body and closed mouth, high - pitched whining, or sudden lunges. if you are not sure what to look for, hire a trainer to come to your house and assist you with this stage. - if you cannot supervise your dog around your baby, confine the dog in a safe area ; ideally, this would be a crate in another room. if small children are visiting, lock the door to this safe - room so no one lets the dog out without your knowledge. pay special attention when the baby is crying, screaming, wiggling and flailing arms and legs, as this can provoke a predatory reaction in some dogs. some parents opt to install a sturdy baby gate at the nursery door to keep the dog out ; others shut the door and keep a baby monitor running in the nursery so they can hear any activity when the baby wakes up. make sure to schedule time and exercise for your dog to prevent \u201c garden variety \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40000185390786636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.690090"} {"text": "diagrammatic codes used for crochet, knit and needlelace stitches. these are standard crochet codes in common usage, but the knit and needlelace codes have been invented to provide a more 3d interpretation. textile process - crochet - knit - needlelace stitch - will vary according to process form - start with sphere \u2013 disk \u2013 tube \u2013 spiral \u2013 pyramid dimensions - number of stitches \u2013 rows - iterations materials colour surface modifications picot \u2013 spike \u2013 loop \u2013 frill \u2013 ridge hole \u2013 indentation \u2013 raised found objects wax \u2013 paint \u2013 varnish each variable will have either a discreet series or range of values eg. rows / stitches will have values with upper / lower limits, while process will have values of knit, crochet or needlelace. the preliminary experiment will confirm or modify the variables and their values. sampling might be part or a complete specimen, enough to see what works. stitch size and tools ( hook / needlesize ) will be determined by the sampler. ideas \u2013 genetics, dna, mutation, inheritance, natural selection, evolution rules \u2013 variables such as technique ( process? ), dimensions, form, pattern with discreet limits mutation \u2013 chance \u2013 random generator of values for rules genetic code \u2013 assign codes to stitch types, diagrammatic interpretations of pattern selection \u2013 viability and aesthetic choices evolution \u2013 selected specimens as starting point for next generation classification \u2013 identify relationships, naming documentation \u2013 pattern, stages of development ( photography ) the work takes the form of a series of experiments exploring the idea of mutation to evolve new textile \u2018 life forms \u2019. the principles of generative art are used to create a series of rules that determine the shape and form of organic ' specimens '. variables of size, shape, sequence and number have aleatory values, ie. generated randomly.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5599675253745964, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.692074"} {"text": "in our fat - phobic culture, all overweight people endure a certain amount of criticism and discrimination. overweight children, however, suffer the cruelest treatment in school and on the playground. - an overview the u. s. government estimates that in this country about six million young people are sufficiently overweight to endanger their health. another five million are borderline, and the problem grows larger every year. why? lots of reasons. families no longer eat regular meals together. home cooking is no longer the primary source of meals for many people. greasy and sugar - laden fast food is cheap, tasty, and available everywhere. time spent in front of a tv or computer steals time from sports and other activities that burn calories. manufacturers of snack food and soft drinks advertise their empty calories directly to children. schools eliminate or cut back physical education classes. because of concerns about community and neighborhood safety, parents keep their children from participating in informal, spontaneous playground activities. what is the result of children taking in more calories and being less active than they were a decade ago? dr. naomi neufeld, a pediatric endocrinologist says, \" the children we see today are thirty percent heavier than the ones who were referred to us in 1990. \" obese children are at risk physically and emotionally. many become obese teens and then obese adults. they suffer low self - esteem and are candidates for diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol, and many cancers. diabetes alone can lead to damaged blood vessels, kidney failure, blindness, amputations, heart attacks, and strokes. the u. s. secretary of agriculture predicts that obesity will soon rival smoking as a cause of preventable death. ( newsweek, july 23, 2000 ; page 42 ) - what to do if your child is overweight or obese - if your child is still a baby, don ' t panic. baby fat is normal. - if your child is still growing, don ' t panic. weight gain precedes growth spurts. it is not unusual for a child to gain thirty or forty pounds and then shoot up ten or twelve inches. - limit couch potato time. a stanford university pediatrician found that children who watched tv for one hour or less per day were measurably leaner than those who watched as much as they wanted to. - don ' t nag about food or weight. your child will resent you and withdraw, probably to a hidden stash of food", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4571471464420461, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.699428"} {"text": "or less per day were measurably leaner than those who watched as much as they wanted to. - don ' t nag about food or weight. your child will resent you and withdraw, probably to a hidden stash of food. if you try to police what your child eats, you may inadvertently create depression, shame, feelings of abandonment, anxiety, or even a life - threatening eating disorder. - be especially careful if your child is a preteen daughter. our culture teaches young women to base their self - esteem on the shape and size of their bodies. if your daughter thinks you are criticizing her appearance, she may believe that you find her unacceptable too. she may deal with her crushed feelings by becoming anorexic in an heroic effort to please you, or she may rebel and become even fatter as an expression of anger and defiance. - instead of nagging, set a healthy example. don ' t give one child a diet plate while everyone else dives into fried chicken and chocolate cake. make family meals healthy for everyone. instead of collapsing in front of the tv after dinner, go for a walk or bike ride with the kids. on weekends take them hiking or introduce them to your favorite sport - - but make sure you participate in it and don ' t just watch it on tv. - in order to avoid rebellion and crushed feelings, when you talk to your children, focus on health, not appearance. emphasize more activity, not less food. diets create feelings of deprivation. for that reason they don ' t work for adults, and they won ' t work for kids either. - be realistic about your child ' s weight. genes do make a difference. if a child is chubby but eats healthy foods in reasonable amounts, and if s / he is active and has self - control, s / he may be genetically predisposed to be heavier than average. research suggests that this kind of extra weight is not as much of a health risk as the kind acquired via too many snack foods and too many hours on the internet. genetically pudgy children may be healthier chubby than if they are forced to diet to fit in with slim peers. just make sure they understand that personal worth depends on character, not on appearance. - find out if emotional stress or unhappiness is contributing to your child ' s weight gain. children may substitute food for friends when they are lonely. they also can overeat when they are bored, angry, depressed, anxious, or otherwise stressed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46483080470021026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.700520"} {"text": "found everywhere, dioxin is public enemy number one. to give you an idea of how common dioxin exposure is, consider bleached coffee filters. the epa says that 40 % to 70 % of the dioxins contained in bleached coffee filters get transferred to your coffee. therefore, the simple routine of using bleached coffee filters results in a lifetime of unsafe exposure to dioxin. according to the world health organization, dioxins are highly toxic. they cause reproductive and developmental problems, damage the immune system, disrupt hormones and cause cancer. the skinny science : dioxin is an organic chemical that consists of a pair of benzene rings. because of their chemical stability and their ability to be dissolved by fat tissue, they can exist in the body for years. highly potent in small quantities, it is measured in parts per trillion, not the parts per million we usually hear. dioxins are categorized as persistent environmental pollutants. this means two things : they do not degrade in the environment, and they exist indefinitely once released. word to the wise : manufacturing processes are the root cause of our dioxin issues today. this includes smelting, chlorine bleaching of paper pulp, manufacturing of herbicides and pesticides, and uncontrolled waste incinerators. sadly they are found throughout the world, even in hundred - year - old greenland sharks that live in some of the most pristine waters of the arctic ocean. green your routine : how do you avoid this seemingly omnipresent substance? a major source of dioxin exposure is eating animal products, because of dioxin ' s ability to persist in fats. in addition to changing your diet, here are some other strategies you can incorporate : - avoid eating animal products. - eat organically grown fruits and vegetables. pesticide and herbicide residues found on non - organically grown food harbors dioxin. - when gardening, avoid using pesticides and herbicides that contain dioxin. - when cleaning, avoid chlorine bleach. it forms dioxin after contact with organic compounds. - in personal care products, avoid triclosan, an antibacterial agent. it degrades into dioxin. - with coffee supplies, use unbleached coffee filters, metal filters, or a french press. dioxin is a by - product of the bleaching process. - avoid bleached paper products like disposable dia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4853958429115061, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.704031"} {"text": ". - with coffee supplies, use unbleached coffee filters, metal filters, or a french press. dioxin is a by - product of the bleaching process. - avoid bleached paper products like disposable diapers, napkins, tissue and paper towels. prevention is the best cure : because of the ubiquitous nature of dioxin, the usual prevention advice is challenging. dioxin is present in every aspect of life : water, air, soil and food. that said, dioxin concentrations vary, so the best advice may be to avoid foods with the highest concentration of dioxins. since dioxin accumulates in fat - - in both our own and the animals we eat \u2014 people with diets high in vegetables and low in animal products have lower dioxin levels. high dioxin level foods : - dairy products low dioxin level foods : - alternative names quick list : dlc ( dioxin - like compound ), tcdd ( the most toxic dioxin ), pcdd, pcdf, and some dioxin - like pcbs. - dioxin is categorized as one of the \" dirty dozen \" chemicals. - dioxin made headlines when it was used in an assassination attempt to poison former ukrainian president, viktor yushchenko, leaving him severely disfigured. - agent orange made dioxin infamous in the 1980s. - for more information, check out these sources : united states department of agriculture, environmental as always, stay informed and green your routine to what fits you best. other decoding household chemicals posts - the dirt on bleach : what makes chlorine bleach bad news? - what is triclosan? a shady chemical you should unfriend - for frog ' s eyes only : what is formaldehyde? - bubble trouble : what is sodium lauryl sulfate? ( image : courtesy of chemical sensitivity network )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47877644196014624, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.704716"} {"text": "science can no longer stomach dinosaurs - to - birds theory for decades now, the evolutionary community has been batting around the theory that dinosaurs evolved into birds ( thompson and harrub, 2001 ). in fact, if you keep your ear to the ground about the latest scientific news and writings, you will still hear the theory being floated in various places. to bolster the theory, paleontologists have identified \u201c fuzz \u201d that surrounds some dinosaur fossils as \u201c protofeather \u201d material. pictures of \u201c feathered \u201d dinosaurs have graced the covers of science magazines for years. it just so happens, however, that though this theory is still out there, and is championed by many, it simply cannot be true. the fact of the matter is, we have found fully functional, flying, legitimately feathered ( not \u201c fuzz - covered \u201d ) birds that lived \u201c millions of years \u201d ( using the inaccurate deep - time of evolution ) before dinosaurs died out. in august, 2012 in the open - access on - line biology journal, plos : biology, lida xing and colleagues wrote an article titled \u201c abdominal contents from two large cretaceous compsognathids ( dinosauria : theropoda ) demonstrate feeding on confuciusornithids and dromaeosaurids \u201d ( 2012 ). that is a mouthful, but in laymen \u2019 s terms it simply means that the skeletons of two dinosaurs that lived during the \u201c cretaceous \u201d period ate a bird known as confuciusornis sanctus. the two dinosaur fossils under consideration are recognized as sinocalliopteryx gigas. according to evolutionary time, these dinosaurs lived about 120 million years ago. yet the confuciusornis sanctus found in the stomach of this creature was a \u201c crow - size, flight - capable bird \u201d ( \u201c dinosaur guts \u2026, \u201d 2012 ). one of the picture captions describes the stomach contents as \u201c a tiny bird skeleton within the stomach of the dinosaur sinocalliopteryx \u201d ( \u201c dinosaur guts \u2026 \u201d ). dinosaurs could not have evolved into birds because, among other reasons, they were eating birds during their lifetime! john ruben, oregon state professor of zoology, accurately summed up the problem this poses for the dinosaurs - to - birds theory. he said : \u201c for one thing, birds are found earlier in the fossil record than the dinosaurs they are supposed to have descended from. that \u2019 s a pretty serious problem, and there are other inconsistencies with the bird - from -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.472242933331083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.708525"} {"text": ". he said : \u201c for one thing, birds are found earlier in the fossil record than the dinosaurs they are supposed to have descended from. that \u2019 s a pretty serious problem, and there are other inconsistencies with the bird - from - dinosaur theories \u201d ( \u201c discovery raises new doubts \u2026, \u201d 2009 ). pretty serious, indeed! this situation highlights one of the most common problems with the various aspects of evolutionary theory : the fact that tenet after tenet is proven to be positively wrong. and yet, instead of questioning the theory that undergirds the inaccurate conclusions, most evolutionary scientists go \u201c back to the drawing board \u201d and concoct a different scenario that eventually proves to be just as wrong. the problem is not in the various possible lines of evolution, it is in the theory itself. it is not as if evolutionists simply misidentified the wrong animal from which birds sprang ; they have misidentified the complete process. birds did not evolve from dinosaurs because evolution is not true. according to the law of biogenesis, and the known scientific evidence ( see miller, 2012 ), the most plausible explanation is that god created birds fully functional \u201c in the beginning. \u201d that concept has stood the test of time and will most certainly not be replaced in a few decades. \u201c dinosaur guts : photos of a paleo - predator \u201d ( 2012 ), livescience, http : / / www. livescience. com / 22805 - dinosaur - guts - photos. html. \u201c discovery raises new doubts about dinosaur - bird links \u201d ( 2009 ), sciencedaily, june, http : / / www. sciencedaily. com / releases / 2009 / 06 / 090609092055. htm. miller, jeff ( 2012 ), \u201c the law of biogenesis, \u201d reason & revelation, 32 : 2 - 11, january, http : / / www. apologeticspress. org / appubpage. aspx? pub = 1 & issue = 1018 & article = 1722. thompson, bert and brad harrub ( 2001 ), \u201c archaeopteryx, archaeoraptor, and \u2018 dinosaurs - to - birds \u2019 theory \u2014 part 1, \u201d reason & revelation, 21 : 25 - 32. xing, lida, et al. ( 2012 ), \u201c abdominal contents from two large cretaceous compsognathids ( dinosauria : theropoda ) demonstrate feeding on confuciusornithids and dromaeo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4936603115391329, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.709391"} {"text": "scots pine, also known as scotch pine is a beautiful evergreen which is hardy and adaptable to nearly all climates. can be used as either a windbreak or a single specimen. grows to 60 ', 40 ' spread. ( zones 3 - 7 ) scots pine trees are widely used for christmas trees because of their excellent form and their ability to hold their needles for a long period of time. there are many color variations within the species and some trees are sprayed with green color to make them more attractive as some naturally have brown needles during the winter months. it is also a good tree for reclamation sites because of its re - seeding capabilities. a beautiful evergreen which is hardy and adaptable to nearly all climates. can be used as either a windbreak or a single specimen. grows to 60 ', 40 ' spread. ( zones 3 - 7 ) owls prefer roosting and nesting in large conifers such as scots pine, and many mammals and birds consume pine seeds. the scots pine was widely planted on old farm fields at the turn of the century. early farmers were familiar with this species from its growth throughout europe and knew it could tolerate poor, dry soil. eventually they found that the trees did not mature into the fine timber stands they envisioned, but often stagnated or had twisted trunks. it was the beginning of the realization that seed sources vary widely and must be matched to the planting site. today, seed sources are selected with care and varieties of scots pine are favored to provide the species ' best qualities, especially when planting for the christmas tree market. in the country of scotland, the name scots pine is preferred over the use of the term scotch pine. normal moisture requirement, with moderate drought tolerance. this tree has spiral ; two needles ; 2 to 4 inches long. the fruit is oval ; 1 to 3 inches long ; dry ; brown.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47177536838066125, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.712055"} {"text": "abstract : masada : last stronghold of the jewish resistance against rome lecturer : jodi magness the mountain of masada rises 400 meters above the sw shore of the dead sea. in the 1st c bc, herod the great, client king of judaea, built a fortress and lavishly decorated palaces on top of the mountain. seventy years after his death, in 66 ad, the jews living in judaea rose up in revolt against roman rule. a band of 960 jewish rebels, or zealots, took over the top of the mountain and occupied it for the duration of the revolt. they continued to hold out against the romans even after the official end of the revolt with the fall of jerusalem in 70 ad. in 72 or 73 ad the romans arrived at the foot of masada and set up a siege. the dramatic fall of the mountain to the romans arrived at the foot of masada and set up a siege. the dramatic fall of the mountain to the romans, which ended with the famous and controversialmass suicide of the jewish rebels, is related in dramatic detail by the ancient historian flavius josephus. this slide - illustrated lecture describes the archaeological remains from herod ' s fortress and palaces ( excavated by the late yigael yadin in the 1960 ' s, and those connected with the roman siege. it includes new information from excavations that i co - directed in the roman siege camps in the summer of 1995. yigael yadin, ' masada : herod ' s fortress and the zealot ' s last stand '. ( random house : ny, 1966 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4058648940580254, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.714499"} {"text": "this past monday, president obama made climate change and sustainable energy the focal points of his inaugural address when he declared that choosing to ignore these key environmental issues \u201c would betray our children and future generations. \u201d this is the first time in the last few months that the president has taken a firm stand for the future of our earth, a direct result of super storm sandy and a smart choice to reveal controversial policies only after re - election. although monday morning was not the time to outline a specific political strategy, president obama made it very clear that this time around, denial of scientific judgment and congressional opposition would not be reasons for failure to act. since this is a sentiment easier said than done, there is doubtlessly a long and difficult road ahead for the president and his administration. the white house has revealed that it plans to focus on what it can do to capitalize on natural gas production as an alternative to coal, on \u201c reducing emissions from power plants, [ increasing ] the efficiency of home appliances and [ on having ] the federal government itself produce less carbon pollution \u201d ( nytimes ). according to the new york times, they aim to adopt new energy efficiency standards for not only home appliances but for buildings as well, something that should spark the interests of architects and urban planners already committed to designing with climate change and sustainable energy in mind. more after the break \u2026 a new set of tools have been developed by researchers at mit in collaboration with china \u2019 s tsinghua university that will evaluate the performance and energy consumption of large - scale projects. led by dennis frenchman and christopher zegras from mit \u2019 s school of architecture + planning, these new set of guidelines and tools are a proactive response to the rapid urbanization of china and its ever - increasing development and infrastructure projects. the main goal is to introduce sustainable methods of implementation and construction, and responsible energy patterns one neighborhood at a time. as we told you a few months ago, amo ( the think - tank inside oma ) played an important role on roadmap 2050, an initiative by the european climate foundation which looks to chart a policy roadmap for the next 5 - 10 years based on the european leaders \u2019 commitment to an 80 - 95 % reduction in co2 emissions by 2050. based on this plan, amo presents \u201c roadmap 2050 : a pathway to decarbonize the united states power grid \u201d. while ranked # 1 based on the gdp, the us is ranked # 61 in energy performance. as we see on the above video,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4761332469395194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.721758"} {"text": "the use of new non - traditional sources. the image of \u201c eneropa \u201d appears as a new continent based on its energy production : biomassburg, geothermalia, solaria, the tidal states \u2026 are part of this new territory. other branding concepts are introduced on the study, creating a tangible image of this ambitious plan, which reminds the powerful ( yet simple ) idea behind the barcode flag. you can download the full study in pdf format at the roadmap 2050 website. more after the break : when driving between sfo airport and san francisco on the edge of the bay area, i have always wondered what would happen when the sea level starts to rise. recently, the san francisco bay conservation and development commission ( bcdc ) organized an ideas competition ( open to any professionals, not just architects ) to address the sea level rise in the bay area, looking for innovative and creative solutions to bring forward a vision of a future estuarine shoreline applicable to the san francisco bay and beyond. 130 entries from 18 countries were submitted. six teams were announced as the winners, splitting a cash prize of $ 25, 000. among these entries we find interesting ideas, such as faulders studio \u2019 s laser light barrier that measures the sea level, powered by tidal energy, kuth ranieri architects \u2019 s ventilated levee to balance the sea / bay water levels, or som \u2019 s smart membrane under the golden gate bridge. but, as usual in some competitions, the honorable mentions bring more disruptive ideas, embracing a vision on a post - flood city instead of preventing it. there \u2019 s also humor among the honorable mentions, \u201c failure : bring your boots \u201d or \u201c about rising tides : it\u00b4s the delta, you stupid \u201d. will our future be amphibious? all the awarded entries after the break : the city within a building \u2013 mario fiorentino in the last 50 years, we have built a massive amount of buildings, experimenting techniques and philosophies as never before. reinforced concrete, cheap energy and cars allowed us a freedom to build that we never experienced before.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5406188476984793, "token_count": 425, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.723779"} {"text": "throughout the poem, \u201c fra lippo lippi \u201d browning seems to be engaging in a dialogue with the church regarding celibacy \u2014 both in the artistic and sexual sense. the feelings of the poem \u2019 s narrator can easily be seen as browning \u2019 s own critique and while the main theme concerns art, the strict sense in which the church views artistic pursuits and products is similar to the way it requires priests to live celibate lives. while the church \u2019 s main argument is that art should be presented as something \u201c higher \u201d than the base representation of the human form, this denies the essential humanity of the subject, god \u2019 s people. along these same lines, the way the church frowns upon sexual, lustful activity on the part of its clergy by demanding celibacy is exactly the same request as for the artist. both demands of the church, artistic and sexual are idealized conceptions of how humans should be represented and both, according to the narrator of the poem, are entirely unrealistic and misguided. through this poem, browning is arguing against mandatory celibacy for priests and is suggesting, through the story and artistic struggle of fra lippo lippi, that the demands of the church go against human nature. we are all, to use browning \u2019 s word, \u201c beasts \u201d thus prone to the same desires that the church wishes to \u201c rub out \u201d. the narrator of the poem by browning, \u201c fra lippo lippi \u201d argues that his life in cloister has been unnatural and restraining and bemoans the lack of life he is allowed to experience ( although he obviously breaks the rules ). the mandatory celibacy is made even more absurd when the fra point out, \u201c you should not take a fellow eight years old / and make him swear to never kiss the girls \u201d ( 224 - 25 ). earlier in the poem, he speaks of this in terms of other boys that had been brought into cloister by openly saying with great meaning, \u201c trash, such as these poor devils of medici / have given their hearts to \u2014 all at eight years old \u201d ( 100 - 101 ). he seems to see this celibacy as a terrible waste of youth and life \u2014 both of which he values above all else. he seeks to represent truth through art, despite the fact that everything in his life is geared towards a completely celibate existence \u2014 both in art, sexuality, and life. the story of his life can be summed up in the simple phrase on line 221, \u201c rub all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45892239771669047, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.727763"} {"text": "art, despite the fact that everything in his life is geared towards a completely celibate existence \u2014 both in art, sexuality, and life. the story of his life can be summed up in the simple phrase on line 221, \u201c rub all out! \u2019 well, well, there \u2019 s my life in short. \u201d he has been told to extinguish the art and the humanity, thus the keen sexual desire that longs to be free. browning, through the character of fra lippo lippi, creates meaning of the poem by suggesting that the unreal expectations thrust upon him by the church authority go against all that is natural in human beings. just as his artwork seeks to preserve the central nature of the human form, his mindset and lustful appetites are part of this preservation of unrealistic ideals of celibacy. in mocking the demands put upon by the church, the narrator relates these demands : \u201c your business is not to catch men with show, / with homage to the perishable clay, / but life them over it, ignore it all, / make them forget there \u2019 s such a thing as flesh \u201d ( 179 - 182 ). the church \u2019 s desire for unrealistic representation extends from art to the idea that celibacy should be adhered to and they wish to make parishioners and clergy alike wipe out ideas of the sinful flesh. ultimately, the whole of the poem is a criticism on mandatory celibacy, which is told through the metaphor of art. if art, like sexual desire, cannot be expressed, then it would seem that religion is somehow a lie, that there is always something lurking under the surface. the narrator points out not only the hypocrisy of these celibacy rules, but the inherent flaws that exist within them, namely, that humans are creatures of the flesh. other essays and articles in the literature archives related to this topic include : romanticism in poems by wordsworth and coleridge \u2022 analytical essay on the poem \u201c air and angels \u201d by john donne \u2022 poem analysis of \u201c do not go gently into that good night \u201d by dylan thomas \u2022 poetry comparison of dover beach ( arnold ) and sonnet 29 ( shakespeare ) \u2022 the poetry of byron and the issue of genre", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49690086470486045, "token_count": 461, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.731120"} {"text": "recognizing sexual grooming by michael a. patterson and donald f. austin school districts that want to protect students from sexual misconduct by staff should consider ways to prevent \u201c sexual grooming, \u201d a task that is difficult because such grooming often is only evident after the fact. in most sexual misconduct cases, a form of \u201c grooming \u201d takes place. preventing it can be very difficult, in part because sexual grooming can be quite subtle and similar to innocent behavior. in fact, many experts are not willing to label conduct as \u201c sexual grooming \u201d until intent has been established by actual molestation. however, the best way for school districts to prevent the grooming is by stopping inappropriate boundary invasions. even though this makes common sense, it \u2019 s a fairly novel idea in both law and schools. only one state - - texas - - and a handful of school districts have specific board policies addressing boundary invasions. our recommendations for dealing with this issue are based on hundreds of litigated cases involving allegations of childhood sexual molestation and listening to testimony of victims and experts such as timothy kahn, a private clinician who specializes in sexual behavior and deviancy and is recognized as an expert in court cases relating to sexual predators. it also is based on the experiences of other sexual offender counselors who have listened to hundreds of offenders tell their stories. state regulations on professional conduct, combined with board policies and practices, can accomplish the goal of stopping inappropriate boundary invasion behavior. boundary invasion concepts are important to understand because of personnel situations, collective bargaining investigations, and instances in which board members and superintendents need general advice and guidance. would you like to continue reading?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49514638679796225, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.734511"} {"text": "| born on | | 11 march 1611 at 12 : 00 ( = 12 : 00 noon ) | | place | | southwick, england, 50n50, 0w13 | | timezone | | lmt m0w13 ( is local mean time ) | | astrology data | | 20\u00b032 ' 15\u00b014 asc. 17\u00b030 ' | british scientist, a brilliant linguist and mathematician. he was the son of a non - conformist clergyman who died when the boy was five and left the legacy of a good library. pell was a bright and multi - lingual student and very handsome. famed in philosophy and math, he established a school in sussex. married in 1632, he had eight kids. also unpractical and improvident, he struggled with his financial position and died in poverty 12 / 12 / 1685. - relationship : marriage 1632 ( lasting ) - death, cause unspecified 12 december 1685 ( age 74 ) chart placidus equal _ h. - death of father 1617 ( when he was five ) martin harvey in nativitas i, \" his youngest uncle guessed ' about noon. ' \" - notable : famous : top 5 % of profession - notable : extraordinary talents : for languages - vocation : science : mathematics / statistics ( mathematician ) - family : parenting : kids more than 3 ( eight ) - family : relationship : number of marriages ( one ) - family : childhood : family traumatic event ( age five when dad died ) - lifestyle : financial : on the edge ( impractical ; died in poverty )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41701663334091765, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.736112"} {"text": "| national parks quicklinks | backpacker magazine \u2013 october 2008 when a storm comes out of nowhere, learn how to handle the unexpected. 3. reading the weather wrong : ignore those clouds building on the horizon \u2013 the summit is just an hour away! right : watch for thick, dark, anvil - shaped clouds. if bad weather seems to be blowing in, stop and do a \" pre - mortem \" : if a storm obscures visibility, will you be able to find your way back down? will you be exposed to lightning? keep track of warning signs, such as dropping temperatures and increased winds, and use them to convince summit - fevered partners to turn back. how to spot a coming storm a. altostratus : these high, gray clouds often cover the entire sky and indicate prolonged rain or snow is on the way. b. nimbostratus : these low, thick, gray clouds block most sunlight and usually bring steady, light - to medium - intensity rain or snow. c. cumulonimbus : these towering, anvil - shaped clouds can produce lightning, snow, heavy rain, and hail. 4. deciding to stay or go wrong : strike out blindly into the storm, trying to feel your way to safety in a whiteout \u2013 you have to get outta there, no matter what! right : \" if the weather ' s so bad that you can ' t see the trail, you should wait it out, \" says brown. mark your location on your map or gps, put on extra layers, then find or build shelter.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4175508933089342, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.739091"} {"text": "ips pine bark beetle order coleoptera : family scolytidae importance : ips beetles are commonly found throughout the south. they usually attack injured or stressed trees, freshly felled trees or logging slash. infestations are frequently initiated in trees stressed by lightning, logging injury or fire damage. ips beetles usually attack and kill only one - to - a - few trees in a location. however, in areas in which trees have undergone severe drought stress, ice or wind / hail damage, they frequently buildup large populations and may kill large numbers of trees. ips beetles are second only to the southern pine beetle in the number of trees killed by southern forest insects. hosts : ips beetles attack the major pine species grown in evidence : depending upon which of the four ips species are involved, an infestation is initiated by adults attacking the tree trunk, the trunk and scaffold limbs or only scaffold limbs. often, the first recognized sign of attack is yellowing or reddening of needles in tree crowns. unfortunately, by this time most of the beetles have completed their life cycle ( approx. 21 days to several months depending upon temperature ) and emerged from the tree. other signs of attack include the formation of amber, popcorn - shaped pitch tubes on the tree trunk, or if the tree is severely stressed, only the presence of small boring holes and brown boring dust found in bark crevices and on spider webs resulting from adults boring through the tree bark. ips pitch tubes are \u00bd inch - or - less in diameter are formed as resin exuded as a defense against the beetles boring through the tree bark hardens. identification : ips beetles are one of three major groups of important pine bark beetles in the south. the rear end of adult ips beetles are concave ( scoopedout in appearance ) with four - to - six pairs of spines on either side of the concaved areas. adults are cylindrical in shape, usually dark browntoblack and range in length from 2 to 7 mm ( 0. 10. 3 inch ). other important pine bark beetles in the south are the southern pine beetle ( spb ) dendroctonusfrontalis zimmermann and the black turpentine beetle ( btb ) dendroctonus terebrans ( olivier ), which have rounded rear ends. damage : male ips beetles initiate attack by boring through the bark and constructing mating chambers. from two to four females ( depending on species ) join each male. egg galleries radiate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40008065737903387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.742461"} {"text": "##ebrans ( olivier ), which have rounded rear ends. damage : male ips beetles initiate attack by boring through the bark and constructing mating chambers. from two to four females ( depending on species ) join each male. egg galleries radiate out from the mating chamber with eggs being deposited at regular intervals along the sides of the galleries. the galleries usually groove the sapwood and are generally free of boring dust. ips egg galleries are usually parallel to the grain of the sapwood and are roughly y, h or i shaped ( except for the small ips avulsus ). ips beetles introduce blue stain fungus into egg galleries on which larvae feed and which will ultimately cause the death of the tree. once ips beetles successfully attack a tree and construct egg galleries the tree usually cannot be saved, even if treated with an insecticide to kill the larvae. contact your county extension office or your local state forestry commission / department for more information. g. k. douce. 1993. pine bark beetles. univ. ga, coop. ext. serv., col. agr. and envir. sci., bull. 1097, 8 pp. anonymous. 1989. insects and diseases of trees in the south. usda forest service southern region. protection report r9 - pr 16. 98p. image 1 : forest insects and their damage photo cd vol. 1 no. 88. gerald lenhard, louisiana image 2 : forest insects and their damage photo cd vol. 2 no. 12. ronald billings, texas forest service. image 3 : forest insects and their damage photo cd vol. 2 no. 17. ronald billings, texas forest service. [ home ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4414719377338039, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.744162"} {"text": "survivors of the titanic | survivors from the famous shipwreck tell their stories channel | radio 4 first broadcast | 16 july 1986 duration | 3 minutes 31 seconds in this extract from the ' today ' programme, commander mark newhart of the us navy and expedition director dr robert ballard describe their robotic underwater camera, known as the jason jr, which they have used to take remarkable photos of the wreck of the rms titanic. jason jr, the remote - controlled camera mentioned in this item, was connected to the us navy research submersible alvin by a 300ft fibre - optic cable. jason jr was used on many subsequent missions before it was lost in the pacific ocean when a barge transporting it to the galapagos islands sank in 1991. the most senior surviving officer describes how the titanic sank. hitting the iceberg felt ' like a train being pulled up in the station '. an eyewitness account from the bridge of the titanic. major fw prentis describes his escape from the titanic. the 90 - year - old survivor vividly describes her experiences on the titanic. edwina mackenzie shares her experience of the night the majestic titanic sank. an interview with a shipbuilder whose job was to make the titanic watertight. an interview with eva hart, one of the last survivors of the titanic. interviews with crew and passengers who survived the sinking of the titanic. a prototype underwater camera explores the wreck of the titanic. dr robert ballard describes videos from the site of the titanic wreck. eva hart shares her memories as a survivor of the ' unsinkable ' titanic. telly savalas hosts a us tv special about the titanic. dutch courage is required for radio interviewees. the head of features asks if the play could be re - written as a documentary. the government of northern ireland urges for the broadcast to be stopped. concerns that this play could damage the bbc ' s relationships in northern ireland. a chance meeting in a gentlemen ' s club brings the controversy to an end. a summary of the brewing controversy. this page is best viewed in an up - to - date web browser with style sheets ( css ) enabled. while you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser, you will not be able to get the full visual experience. please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets ( css ) if you are able to do so.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43029201172856424, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.748782"} {"text": "asthma, one of the most common, chronic conditions in the united states, affects more than 15 million people and is increasingly prevalent in all age groups throughout the world. in fact, it is the no. 1 cause of absenteeism among school children. even though there is no cure for asthma, it can be controlled. \" it is vital for people with asthma to get educated on the condition, \" says sherry amadon, a registered respiratory therapist and pulmonary function technologist who serves as lead therapist for the east jefferson general hospital ( ejgh ) pulmonary rehabilitation and asthma management center. \" with education, they can stop suffering and start living an active lifestyle. \" asthma is a condition in which the air passages connecting the nose, mouth and lungs narrow and constrict airflow. due to this inflammation, the smaller air passage creates a strain on the body and leads to common symptoms such as wheezing, coughing and tightness in the chest. left untreated, severe cases can be fatal. more than 5, 000 deaths per year are attributed to asthma, and the number is climbing each year. \" in treating people with asthma, we believe in the four components outlined by the national asthma education and prevention program, \" says amadon, who also is a certified asthma educator. \" we focus on assessment and monitoring, control of contributing factors, pharmacological therapies and education. we work with you and your physician to develop an individual, self - management plan especially for you. \" diagnosing asthma is sometimes difficult, because its symptoms mirror other respiratory illnesses. people also sometimes view it as just a recurring cough. after proper evaluations, review of medical and family history and chest x - rays, physicians can begin to eliminate other respiratory illnesses as possibilities. to get a more definitive diagnosis, a spirometry test, in which a patient blows into a tube to determine the volume of air produced by the lungs, may be conducted. most asthma attacks are brought on by a trigger, or a set of conditions, that causes the respiratory system to react and constrict. everyone has different triggers that initiate an asthma attack, and they are not easily detectible in many cases. allergens such as mold, dust mites, secondhand smoke and pet dander are major triggers. sometimes stress, emotional swings, temperature changes and exercise can set off an attack. one of the first steps to living with asthma is to identify any triggers that may cause an attack and try to eliminate them from your surroundings -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45379620212385163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.752665"} {"text": "dander are major triggers. sometimes stress, emotional swings, temperature changes and exercise can set off an attack. one of the first steps to living with asthma is to identify any triggers that may cause an attack and try to eliminate them from your surroundings - - particularly in your home, where you spend much of your time. other recommendations may include removing carpet, using an air purifier, or if you decide to have a pet, researching which pets are least likely to adversely affect asthma sufferers. if a trigger is found outside your home in places you cannot control, it is best to avoid those triggers that you can and be prepared to handle an attack that might be brought on by these factors. some asthma can be treated or controlled through medication, a determination best made by your physician. steroids and maintenance medications can be prescribed in certain cases as a way to control the disease on a daily basis. for short - term use, an inhaler works to abort an attack, but professionals caution that using an inhaler too often is a sign that your approach to dealing with asthma may need to be adjusted. \" in regards to the inhaler, i tell people it ' s the rule of two, \" says amadon. \" if you use your inhaler more than twice a week, if you have nighttime symptoms more than twice a month, or if you need to refill your inhaler more than twice a year, you may not have control of your asthma. we should sit down and go over your history to see if you should do something different to gain control. \" amadon also recommends that anyone with asthma seek out a support group. visiting with others reminds you that you are not alone, and it is useful to learn what they are doing to control their asthma. it is a learning experience for everyone, she says. ejgh offers the better breathers support group, which is free and open to the public. for more information, call ejgh health finder at 456 - 5000.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4191603631906845, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.753430"} {"text": "early church fathers chapter 3. - why the son chiefly is intimated in the scriptures by the name of wisdom, while both the father and the holy spirit are wisdom. that the holy spirit, together with the father and the son, is one wisdom. chapter 6. - why we do not in the trinity speak of one person, and three essences. what he ought to believe concerning the trinity who does not receive what is said above. man is both after the image, and is the image of god. the question is explained, which had been deferred in the previous book, viz. that god the father, who begat the son, his power and wisdom, is not only the father of power and wisdom, but also himself power and wisdom ; and similarly the holy spirit : yet that there are not three powers or three wisdoms, but one power and one wisdom, as there is one god and one essence. inquiry is then made, why the latins say one essence, three persons, in god ; but the greeks, one essence, three substances or hypostases : and both modes of expression are shown to arise from the necessities of speech, that we might have an answer to give when asked, what three, while truly confessing that there are three, viz. the father, and the son, and the holy spirit. 1. let us now inquire more carefully, so far as god grants, into that which a little before we deferred ; whether each person also in the trinity can also by himself and not with the other two be called god, or great, or wise, or true, or omnipotent, or just, or anything else that can be said of god, not relatively, but absolutely ; or whether these things cannot be said except when the trinity is understood. for the question is raised, - because it is written, \" christ the power of god, and the wisdom of god, \" 1 - whether he is so the father of his own wisdom and his own power, as that he is wise with that wisdom which he begat, and powerful with that power which he begat ; and whether, since he is always powerful and wise, he always begat power and wisdom. for if it be so, then, as we have said, why is he not also the father of his own greatness by which he is great, and of his own goodness by which he is good, and of his own justice by which he is just, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4938281448591948, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.797027"} {"text": "so, then, as we have said, why is he not also the father of his own greatness by which he is great, and of his own goodness by which he is good, and of his own justice by which he is just, and whatever else there is? or if all these things are understood, although under more names than one, to be in the same wisdom and power, so that that is greatness which is power, that is goodness which is wisdom, and that again is wisdom which is power, as we have already argued ; then let us remember, that when i mention any one of these, i am to be taken as if i mentioned all. it is asked, then, whether the father also by himself is wise, and is himself his own wisdom itself ; or whether he is wise in the same way as he speaks. for he speaks by the word which he begat, not by the word which is uttered, and sounds, and passes away, but by the word which was with god, and the word was god, and all things were made by him : 2 by the word which is equal to himself, by whom he always and unchangeably utters himself. for he is not himself the word, as he is not the son nor the image. but in speaking ( putting aside those words of god in time which are produced in the creature, for they sound and pass away, - in speaking then ) by that co - eternal word, he is not understood singly, but with that word itself, without whom certainly he does not speak. is he then in such way wise as he is one who speaks, so as to be in such way wisdom, as he is the word, and so that to be the word is to be wisdom, that is, also to be power, so that power and wisdom and the word may be the same, and be so called relatively as the son and the image : and that the father is not singly powerful or wise, but together with the power and wisdom itself which he begat ( genuit ) ; just as he is not singly one who speaks, but by that word and together with that word which he begat ; and in like way great by that and together with that greatness, which he begat? and if he is not great by one thing, and god by another, but great by that whereby he is god, because it is not one thing to him to be great and another to be god ; it follows that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.478381189937979, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.798136"} {"text": ", which he begat? and if he is not great by one thing, and god by another, but great by that whereby he is god, because it is not one thing to him to be great and another to be god ; it follows that neither is he god singly, but by that and together with that deity ( deitas ) which he begat ; so that the son is the deity of the father, as he is the wisdom and power of the father, and as he is the word and image of the father. and because it is not one thing to him to be, another to be god, the son is also the essence of the father, as he is his word and image. and hence also - except that he is the father [ the unbegotten ] - the father is not anything unless because he has the son ; so that not only that which is meant by father ( which it is manifest he is not called relatively to himself but to the son, and therefore is the father because he has the son ), but that which he is in respect to his own substance is so called, because he begat his own essence. for as he is great, only with that greatness which he begat, so also he is, only with that essence which he begat ; because it is not one thing to him to be, and another to be great. is he therefore the father of his own essence, in the same way as he is the father of his own greatness, as he is the father of his own power and wisdom? since his greatness is the same as his power, and his essence the same as his greatness. 2. this discussion has arisen from that which is written, that \" christ is the power of god, and the wisdom of god. \" wherefore our discourse is compressed into these narrow limits, while we desire to speak things unspeakable ; that either we must say that christ is not the power of god and the wisdom of god, and so shamelessly and impiously resist the apostle ; or we must acknowledge that christ is indeed the power of god and the wisdom of god, but that his father is not the father of his own power and wisdom, which is not less impious ; for so neither will he be the father of christ, because christ is the power of god and the wisdom of god ; or that the father is not powerful with his own power, or wise with his own wisdom : and who shall dare to say this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49896203445589715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.799472"} {"text": "for so neither will he be the father of christ, because christ is the power of god and the wisdom of god ; or that the father is not powerful with his own power, or wise with his own wisdom : and who shall dare to say this? or yet, again, that we must understand, that in the father it is one thing to be, another thing to be wise, so that he is not by that by which he is wise : a thing usually understood of the soul, which is at some times unwise, at others wise ; as being by nature changeable, and not absolutely and perfectly simple. or, again, that the father is not anything in respect to his own substance ; and that not only that he is the father, but that he is, is said relatively to the son. how then can the son be of the same essence as the father, seeing that the father, in respect to himself, is neither his own essence, nor is at all in respect to himself, but even his essence is in relation to the son? but, on the contrary, much more is he of one and the same essence, since the father and son are one and the same essence ; seeing that the father has his being itself not in respect to himself, but to the son, which essence he begat, and by which essence he is whatever he is. therefore neither [ person ] is in respect to himself alone ; and both exist relatively the one to the other. or is the father alone not called father of himself, but whatever he is called, is called relatively to the son, but the son is predicatedof in reference to himself? and if it be so, what is predicated of him in reference to himself? is it his essence itself? but the son is the essence of the father, as he is the power and wisdom of the father, as he is the word of the father, and the image of the father. or if the son is called essence in reference to himself, but the father is not essence, but the begetter of the essence, and is not in respect to himself, but is by that very essence which he begat ; as he is great by that greatness which he begat : therefore the son is also called greatness in respect to himself ; therefore he is also [ called, in like manner, power, and wisdom, and word, and image. but what can be more absurd than that he should be called imagein respect to himself? or if image", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5263848213832066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.800451"} {"text": "greatness in respect to himself ; therefore he is also [ called, in like manner, power, and wisdom, and word, and image. but what can be more absurd than that he should be called imagein respect to himself? or if image and word are not the very same with power and wisdom, but the former are spoken relatively, and the latter in respect to self, not to another ; then we get to this, that the father is not wise with that wisdom which he begat, because he himself cannot be spoken relatively to it, and it cannot be spoken relatively to him. for all things which are said relatively are said reciprocally ; therefore it remains that even in essence the son is spoken of relatively to the father. but from this is educed a most unexpected sense : that essence itself is not essence, or at least that, when it is called essence, not essence butsomething relative is intimated. as when we speak of a master, essence is not intimated, but a relative which has reference to a slave ; but when we speak of a man, or any such thing which is said in respect to self not to something else, then essence is intimated. therefore when a man is called a master, man himself is essence, but he is called master relatively ; for he is called man in respect to himself, but master in respect to his slave. but in regard to the point from which we started, if essence itself is spoken relatively, essence itself is not essence. add further, that all essence which is spoken of relatively, is also something, although the relation be, taken away ; as e. g. in the case of a man who is a master, and a man who is a slave, and a horse that is a beast of burden, and money that is a pledge, the man, and the horse, and the money are spoken in respect to themselves, and are substances or essences ; but master, and slave, and beast of burden, and pledge, are spoken relatively to something. but if there were not a man, that is, some substance, there would be none who could be called relatively a master ; and if there were no horse having a certain essence, there would be nothing that could be called relatively a beast of burden ; so if money were not some kind of substance, it could not be called relatively a pledge. wherefore, if the father also is not something in respect to himself then there is no one at all that can be spoken of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5826935077521049, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.801579"} {"text": "beast of burden ; so if money were not some kind of substance, it could not be called relatively a pledge. wherefore, if the father also is not something in respect to himself then there is no one at all that can be spoken of relatively to something. for it is not as it is with color. the color of a thing is referred to the thing colored, and color is not spoken at all in reference to substance, but is always of something that is colored ; but that thing of which it is the color, even if it is referred to color in respect to its being colored, is yet, in respect to its being a body, spoken of in respect to substance. but in no way may we think, in like manner, that the father cannot be called anything in respect to his own substance, but that whatever he is called, he is called in relation to the son ; while the same son is spoken of both in ret to his own substance and in relation to the father, when he is called great greatness, and powerful power, plainly in respect to himself, and the greatness and power of the greatand powerful father, by which the father is great and powerful. it is not so ; but both are substance, and both are one substance. and as it is absurd to say that whiteness is not white, so is it absurd to say that wisdom is not wise ; and as whiteness is called white in respect to itself, so also wisdom is called wise in respect to itself. but the whiteness of a body is not an essence, since the body itself is the essence, and that is a quality of it ; and hence also a body is said from that quality to be white, to which body to be is not the same thing as to be white. for the form in it is one thing, and the color another ; and both are not in themselves, but in a certain bulk, which bulk is neither form nor color, but is formed and colored. true wisdom is both wise, and wise in itself. and since in the case of every soul that becomes wise by partaking of wisdom, if it again becomes foolish, yet wisdom in itself remains ; nor when that soul was changed into folly is the wisdom likewise so changed ; therefore wisdom is not in him who becomes wise by it, in the same manner as whiteness is in the body which is by it made white. for when the body has been changed into another color, that whiteness will not remain, but will altogether", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.606225335787977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.802540"} {"text": "wisdom is not in him who becomes wise by it, in the same manner as whiteness is in the body which is by it made white. for when the body has been changed into another color, that whiteness will not remain, but will altogether cease to be. but if the father who begat wisdom is also made wise by it, and to be is not to him the same as to be wise, then the son is his quality, not his offspring ; and there will no longer be absolute simplicity in the godhead. but far be it from being so, since in truth in the godhead is absolutely simple essence, and therefore to be is there the same as to be wise. but if to be is there the same as to be wise, then the father is not wise by that wisdom which he begat ; otherwise he did not beget it, but it begat him. for what else do we say when we say, that to him to be is the same as to be wise, unless that he is by that whereby he is wise? wherefore, that which is the cause to him of being wise, is itself also the cause to him that he is ; and accordingly, if the wisdom which he begat is the cause to him of being wise, it is also the cause to him that he is ; and this cannot be the case, except either by begetting or by creating him. but no one ever said in any sense that wisdom is either the begetter or the creator of the father ; for what could be more senseless? therefore both the father himself is wisdom, and the son is in such way called the wisdom of the father, as he is called the light of the father ; that is, that in the same manner as light from light, and yet both one light, so we are to understand wisdom of wisdom, and yet both one wisdom ; and therefore also one essence, since, in god, to be, is the same as to be wise. for what to be wise is to wisdom, and to be able is to power, and to be eternal is to eternity, and to be just to justice, and to be great to greatness, that being itself is to essence. and since in the divine simplicity, to be wise is nothing else than to be, therefore wisdom there is the same as essence. 3. therefore the father and the son together are one essence, and one greatness, and one truth, and one wisdom. but the father and son", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5324413742981835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.803426"} {"text": "to be wise is nothing else than to be, therefore wisdom there is the same as essence. 3. therefore the father and the son together are one essence, and one greatness, and one truth, and one wisdom. but the father and son both together are not one word, because both together are not one son. for as the son is referred to the father, and is not so called in respect to himself, so also the word is referred to him whose word it is, when it is called the word. since he is the son in that he is the word, and he is the word in that he is the son. inasmuch, therefore, as the father and the son together are certainly not one son, it follows that the father and the son together are not the one word of both. and therefore he is not the word in that he is wisdom ; since he is not called the word in respect to himself, but only relatively to him whose word he is, as he is called the son in relation to the father ; but he is wisdom by that whereby he is essence. and therefore, because one essence. one wisdom. but since the word is also wisdom, yet is not thereby the word because he is wisdom for he is understood to be the word relatively, but wisdom essentially : let us understand, that when he is called the word, it is meant, wisdom that is born, so as to be both the son and the image ; and that when these two words are used, namely wisdom ( is ) born, in one of the two, namely born, 3 both word, and image, and son, are understood, and in all these names essence is not expressed, since they are spoken relatively ; but in the other word, namely wisdom, since it is spoken also in respect to substance, for wisdom is wise in itself, essence also is expressed, and that being of his which is to be wise. whence the father and son together are one wisdom, because one essence, and singly wisdom of wisdom, as essence of essence. and hence they are not therefore not one essence, because the father is not the son, and the son is not the father, or because the father is un - begotten, but the son is begotten : since by these names only their relative attributes are expressed. but both together are one wisdom and one essence ; in which to be, is the same as to be wise. and both together are not the word or the son, since to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5575434481096089, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.804408"} {"text": "the son, that is, by his word. for if that word which we utter, and which is temporal and transitory, declares both itself, and that of which we speak, how much more the word of god, by which all things are made? for this word so declares the father as he is the father ; because both itself so is, and is that which is the father, in so far as it is wisdom and essence. for in so far as it is the word. it is not what the father is : because the word is not the father, and word is spoken relatively, as is also son, which assuredly is not the father. and therefore christ is the power and wisdom of god, because he himself, being also power and wisdom, is from the father, who is power and wisdom ; as he is light of the father, who is light, and the fountain of life with god the father, who is himself assuredly the fountain of life. for \" with thee, \" he says, \" is the fountain of life, and in thy light shall we see light. \" 6 because, \" as the father hath life in himself, so hath he given to the son to have life in himself : \" 7 and, \" he was the true light, which lighteth every man that cometh into the world : \" and this light, \" the word, \" was \" with god ; \" but \" the word also was god ; \" 8 and \" god is light, and in him is no darkness at all : \" 9 but a light that is not corporeal, but spiritual ; yet not in such way spiritual, that it was wrought by illumination, as it was said to the apostles, \" ye are the light of the world, \" 10 but \" the light which lighteth every man, \" that very supreme wisdom itself who is god, of whom we now treat. the son therefore is wisdom of wisdom, namely the father, as he is light of light, and god of god ; so that both the father singly is light, and the son singly is light ; and the father singly is god, and the son singly is god : therefore the father also singly is wisdom, and the son singly is wisdom. and as both together are one light and one god, so both are one wisdom. but the son is \" by god made unto us wisdom, and righteousness, and sanctification ; \" 11 because we turn ourselves to him in time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5272673871281067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.806349"} {"text": "wisdom. and as both together are one light and one god, so both are one wisdom. but the son is \" by god made unto us wisdom, and righteousness, and sanctification ; \" 11 because we turn ourselves to him in time, that is, from some particular time, that we may remain with him for ever. and he himself from a certain time was \" the word made flesh, and dwelt among us. \" 5. on this account, then, when anything concerning wisdom is declared or narrated in the scriptures, whether as itself speaking, or where anything is spoken of it, the son chiefly is intimated to us. and by the example of him who is the image, let us also not depart from gods since we also are the image of god : not indeed that which is equal to him, since we are made so by the father through the son, and not born of the father, as that is. and we are so, because we are enlightened with light ; but that is so, because it is the light that enlightens ; and which, therefore, being without pattern, is to us a pattern. for he does not imitate any one going before him, in respect to the father, from whom he is never separable at all, since he is the very same substance with him from whom he is. but we by striving imitate him who abides, and follow him who stands still, and walking in him, reach out towards him ; because he is made for us a way in time by his humiliation, which is to us an eternal abiding - place by his divinity. for since to pure intellectual spirits, who have not fallen through pride, he gives an example in the form of god and as equal with god and as god ; so, in order that he might also give himself as an example of returning to fallen man who on account of the uncleanness of sins and the punishment of mortality cannot see god, \" he emptied himself ; \" not by changing his own divinity, but by assuming our changeableness : and \" taking upon him the form of a servant \" 12 he came to us into this world, \" 13 who \" was in this world, \" because \" the world was made by him ; \" 14 that he might be an example upwards to those who see god, an example downwards to those who admire man, an example to the sound to persevere, an example to the sick to be made whole, an example to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5216063778075852, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.807243"} {"text": "by him ; \" 14 that he might be an example upwards to those who see god, an example downwards to those who admire man, an example to the sound to persevere, an example to the sick to be made whole, an example to those who are to die that they may not fear, an example to the dead that they may rise again, \" that in all things he might have the pre - eminence. \" 15 so that, because man ought not to follow any except god to blessedness, and yet cannot perceive god ; by following god made man, he might follow at once him whom he could perceive, and whom he ought to follow. let us then love him and cleave to him, by charity spread abroad in our hearts, through the holy spirit which is given unto us. 16 it is not therefore to be wondered at, if, on account of the example which the image, which is equal to the father, gives to us, in order that we may be refashioned after the image of god, scripture, when it speaks of wisdom, speaks of the son, whom we follow by living wisely ; although the father also is wisdom, as he is both light and god. 6. the holy spirit also, whether we are to call him that absolute love which joins together father and son, and joins us also from beneath, that so that is not unfitly said which is written, \" god is love ; \" 17 how is he not also himself wisdom, since he is light, because \" god is light \"? or whether after any other way the essence of the holy spirit is to be singly and properly named ; then, too, since he is god, he is certainly light ; and since he is light, he is certainly wisdom. but that the holy spirit is god, scripture proclaims by the apostle, who says, \" know ye not that ye are the temple of god? \" and immediately subjoins, \" and the spirit of god dwelleth in you ; \" 18 for god dwelleth in his own temple. for the spirit of god does not dwell in the temple of god as a servant, since he says more plainly in another place, \" know ye not that your body is the temple of the holy ghost which is in you, and which ye have of god, and ye are not your own? for ye are bought with a great price : therefore glorify god in your body. \" 19 but what is wisdom, except spiritual and unchang", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5354491751726258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.808221"} {"text": "ghost which is in you, and which ye have of god, and ye are not your own? for ye are bought with a great price : therefore glorify god in your body. \" 19 but what is wisdom, except spiritual and unchangeable light? for yonder sun also is light, but it is corporeal ; and the spiritual creature also is light, but it is not unchangeable. therefore the father is light, the son is light, and the holy spirit is light ; but together not three lights, but one light. and so the father is wisdom, the son is wisdom, and the holy spirit is wisdom, and together not three wisdoms, but one wisdom : and because in the trinity to be is the same as to be wise, the father, son, and holy spirit, are one essence. neither in the trinity is it one thing to be and another to be god ; therefore the father, son, and holy spirit, are one god. 7. for the sake, then, of speaking of things that cannot be uttered, that we may be able in some way to utter what we are able in no way to utter fully, our greek friends have spoken of one essence, three substances ; but the latins of one essence or substance, three persons ; because, as we have already said, 20 essence usually means nothing else than substance in our language, that is, in latin. and provided that what is said is understood only in a mystery, such a way of speaking was sufficient, in order that there might be something to say when it was asked what the three are, which the true faith pronounces to be three, when it both declares that the father is not the son, and that the holy spirit, which is the gift of god, is neither the father nor the son. when, then, it is asked what the three are, or who the three are, we betake ourselves to the finding out of some special or general name under which we may embrace these three ; and no such name occurs to the mind, because the super - eminence of the godhead surpasses the power of customary speech. for god is more truly thought than he is altered, and exists more truly than he is thought. for when we say that jacob was not the same as abraham, but that isaac was neither abraham nor jacob, certainly we confess that they are three, abraham, isaac, and jacob. but when it is asked what three, we reply three", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.555366575513617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.809182"} {"text": "thought. for when we say that jacob was not the same as abraham, but that isaac was neither abraham nor jacob, certainly we confess that they are three, abraham, isaac, and jacob. but when it is asked what three, we reply three men, calling them in the plural by a specific name ; but if we were to say three animals, then by a generic name ; for man, as the ancients have defined him, is a rational, mortal animal : or again, as our scriptures usually speak, three souls, since it is fitting to denominate the whole from the better part, that is, to denominate both body and soul, which is the whole man, from the soul ; for so it is said that seventy - five souls went down into egypt with jacob, instead of saying so many men. 21 again, when we say that your horse is not mine, and that a third belonging to some one else is neither mine nor yours, then we confess that there are three ; and if any one ask what three, we answer three horses by a specific name, but three animals by a generic one. and yet again, when we say that an ox is not a horse, but that a dog is neither an ox nor a horse, we speak of a three ; and if any one questions us what three, we do not speak now by a specific name of three horses, or three oxen, or three dogs, because the three are not contained under the same species, but by a gener three animals ; or if under a higher genus, three substances, or three creatures, or three natures. but whatsoever things are expressed in the plural number specifically by one name, can also be expressed genetically by one name. but all things which are generically called by one name cannot also be called specifically by one name. for three horses, which is a specific name, we also call three animals ; but, a horse, and an ox, and a dog, we call only three animals or substances, which are generic names, or anything else that can be spoken generically concerning them ; but we cannot speak of them as three horses, or oxen, or dogs, which are specific names ; for we express those things by one name, although in the plural number, which have that in common that is signified by the name. for abraham, and isaac, and jacob, have in common that which is man ; therefore they are called three men : a horse also, and an ox, and a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5384373475441724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.810182"} {"text": "plural number, which have that in common that is signified by the name. for abraham, and isaac, and jacob, have in common that which is man ; therefore they are called three men : a horse also, and an ox, and a dog, have in common that which is animal ; therefore they are called three animals. so three several laurels we also call three trees ; but a laurel, and a myrtle, and an olive, we call only three trees, or three substances, or three natures : and so three stones we call also three bodies ; but stone, and wood, and iron, we call only three bodies, or by any other higher generic name by which they can be called. of the father, therefore, the son, and the holy spirit, seeing that they are three, let us ask what three they are, and what they have in common. for the being the father is not common to them, so that they should be interchangeably fathers to one another : as friends, since they are so called relatively to each other, can be called three friends, because they are so mutually to each other. but this is not the case in the trinity, since the father only is there father ; and not father of two, but of the son only. neither are they three sons, since the father there is not the son, nor is the holy spirit. neither three holy spirits, because the holy spirit also, in that proper meaning by which he is also called the gift of god, is neither the father nor the son. what three therefore? for if three persons, then that which is meant by person is common to them ; therefore this name is either specific or generic to them, according to the manner of speaking. but where there is no difference of nature, there things that are several in number are so expressed generically, that they can also be expressed specifically. for the difference of nature causes, that a laurel, and a myrtle, and an olive, or a horse, and an ox, and a dog, are not called by the specific name, the former of three laurels, or the latter of three oxen, but by the generic name, the former of three trees, and the latter of three animals. but here, where there is no difference of essence, it is necessary that these three should have a specific name, which yet is not to be found. for person is a generic name, insomuch that man also can be so called, although there is so great a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5317110299251737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.811123"} {"text": "is no difference of essence, it is necessary that these three should have a specific name, which yet is not to be found. for person is a generic name, insomuch that man also can be so called, although there is so great a difference between man and god. 8. further, in regard to that very generic ( generalis ) word, if on this account we say three persons, because that which person means is common to them ( otherwise they can in no way be so called, just as they are not called three sons, because that which son means is not common to them ) ; why do we not also say three gods? for certainly, since the father is a person, and the son a person, and the holy spirit a person, therefore there are three persons : since then the father is god, and the son god, and the holy spirit god, why not three gods? or else, since on account of their ineffable union these three are together one god, why not also one person ; so that we could not say : three persons, although we call each a person singly, just as we cannot say three gods, although we call each singly god, whether the father, or the son, or the holy spirit? is it because scripture does not say three gods? but neither do we find that scripture anywhere mentions three persons. or is it because scripture does not call these three, either three persons or one person ( for we read of the person of the lord, but not of the lord as a person ), that therefore it was lawful through the mere necessity of speaking and reasoning to say three persons, not because scripture says it, but because scripture does not contradict it : whereas, if we were to say three gods, scripture would contradict it, which says, \" hear, o israel ; the lord thy god is one god? \" 22 why then is it not also lawful to say three essences ; which, in like manner, as scripture does not say, so neither does it contradict? for if essence is a specific ( specialis ) name common to three, why are they not to be called three essences, as abraham, isaac, and jacob are called three men, because man is the specific name common to all men? but if essence is not a specific name, but a generic one, since man, and cattle, and tree, and constellation, and angel, are called essences ; why are not these called three essences, as three horses", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5161356691643042, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.815607"} {"text": "to all men? but if essence is not a specific name, but a generic one, since man, and cattle, and tree, and constellation, and angel, are called essences ; why are not these called three essences, as three horses are called three animals, and three laurels are called three trees, and three stones three bodies? or if they are not called three essences, but one essence, on account of the unity of the trinity, why is it not the case, that on account of the same unity of the trinity they are not to be called three substances or three persons, but one substance and one person? for as the name of essence is common to them, so that each singly is called essence, so the name of either substance or person is common to them. for that which must be understood of persons according to our usage, this is to be understood of substances according to the greek usage ; for they say three substances, one essence, in the same way as we say three persons, one essence or substance. 9. what therefore remains, except that we confess that these terms sprang from the necessity of speaking, when copious reasoning was required against the devices or errors of the heretics? for when human weakness endeavored to utter in speech to the senses of man what it grasps in the secret places of the mind in proportion to its comprehension respecting the lord god its creator, whether by devout faith, or by any discernment whatsoever ; it feared to say three essences, lest any difference should be understood to exist in that absolute equality. again, it could not say that there were not three somewhats ( tria quaedam ), for it was because sabellius said this that he fell into heresy. for it must be devoutly believed, as most certainly known from the scriptures, and must be grasped by the mental eye with undoubting perception, that there is both father, and son, and holy spirit ; and that the son is not the same with the father, nor the holy spirit the same with the father or the son. it sought then what three it should call them, and answered substances or persons ; by which names it did not intend diversity to be meant, but singleness to be denied : that not only unity might be understood therein from the being called one essence, but also trinity from the being called three substances or persons. for if it is the same thing with god to be ( esse ) as to subsist ( subsistere", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5459752387177337, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.816636"} {"text": "unity might be understood therein from the being called one essence, but also trinity from the being called three substances or persons. for if it is the same thing with god to be ( esse ) as to subsist ( subsistere ), they were not to be called three substances, in such sense as they are not called three essences ; just as, because it is the same thing with god to be as to be wise, as we do not say three essences, so neither three wisdoms. for so, because it is the same thing to him to be god as to be, it is not right to say three essences, as it is not right to say three gods. but if it is one thing to god to be, another to subsist, as it is one thing to god to be, another to be the father or the lord ( for that which he is, is spoken in respect to himself, but he is called father in relation to the son, and lord in relation to the creature which serves him ) ; therefore he subsists relatively, as he besets relatively, and bears rule relatively : so then substance will be no longer substance, because it will be relative. for as from being, he is called essence, so from subsisting, we speak of substance. but it is absurd that substance should be spoken relatively, for everything subsists in respect to itself ; how much more god? 23 10. if, however, it is fitting that god should be said to subsist - ( for this word is rightly applied to those things, in which as subjects those things are, which are said to be in a subject, as color or shape in body. for body subsists, and so is substance ; but those things are in the body, which subsists and is their subject, and they are not substances, but are in a substance : and so, if either that color or that shape ceases to be, it does notdeprive the body of being a body, because it is not of the being of body, that it should retain this or that shape or color ; therefore neither changeable nor simple things are properly called substances. ) - if, i say, god subsists so that he can be properly called a substance, then there is something in him as it were in a subject, and he is not simple, i. e. such that to him to be is the same as is anything else that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5684893488982126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.817629"} {"text": "subsists so that he can be properly called a substance, then there is something in him as it were in a subject, and he is not simple, i. e. such that to him to be is the same as is anything else that is said concerning him in respect to himself ; as, for instance, great, omnipotent, good, and whatever of this kind is not unfitly said of god. but it is an impiety to say that god subsists, and is a subject in relation to his own goodness, and that this goodness is not a substance or rather essence, and that god himself is not his own goodness, but that it is in him as in a subject. and hence it is clear that god is improperly called substance, in order that he may be understood to be, by the more usual name essence, which he is truly and properly called ; so that perhaps it is right that god alone should be called essence. for he is truly alone, because he is unchangeable ; and declared this to be his own name to his servant moses, when he says, \" i am that i am ; \" and, \" thus shalt thou say unto the children of israel : he who is hath sent me unto you. \" 24 however, whether he be called essence, which he is properly called, or substance, which he is called improperly, he is called both in respect to himself, not relatively to anything ; whence to god to be is the same thing as to subsist ; and so the trinity, if one essence, is also due substance. perhaps therefore they are more conveniently called three persons than three substances. chapter 6. - why we do not in the trinity speak of one person, and three essences. what he ought to believe concerning the trinity who does not receive what is said above. man is both after the image, and is the image of god. 11. but lest i should seem to favor ourselves [ the latins ], let us make this further inquiry. although they [ the greeks ] also, if they pleased, as they call three substances three hypostases, so might call three persons three \" prosopa, \" yet they preferred that word which, perhaps, was more in accordance with the usage of their language. for the case is the same with the word persons also ; for to god it is not one thing to be, another to be a person, but it is absolutely the same thing. for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5083863980500654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.818687"} {"text": ", was more in accordance with the usage of their language. for the case is the same with the word persons also ; for to god it is not one thing to be, another to be a person, but it is absolutely the same thing. for if to be is said in respect to himself, but person relatively ; in this way we should say three persons, the father, son, and holy spirit ; just as we speak of three friends, or three relations, or three neighbors. in that they are so mutually, not that each one of them is so in respect to himself. wherefore any one of these is the friend of the other two, or the relation, or the neighbor, because these names have a relative signification. what then? are we to call the father the person of the son and of the holy spirit, or the son the person of the father and of the holy spirit, or the holy spirit the person of the father and of the son? but neither is the word person commonly so used in any case ; nor in this trinity, when we speak of the person of the father, do we mean anything else than the substance of the father. wherefore, as the substance of the father is the father himself, not as he is the father, but as he is, so also the person of the father is not anything else than the father himself ; for he is called a person in respect to himself, not in respect to the son, or the holy spirit : just as he is called in respect to himself both god and great, and good, and just, and anything else of the kind ; and just as to him to be is the same as to be god, or as to be great, or as to be good, so it is the same thing to him to be, as to be a person. why, therefore, do we not call these three together one person, as one essence and one god, but say three persons, while we do not say three gods or three essences ; unless it be because we wish some one word to serve for that meaning whereby the trinity is understood, that we might not be altogether silent, when asked, what three, while we confessed that they are three? for if essence is the genus, and substance or person the species, as some think, then i must omit what i just now said, that they ought to be called three essences, as they are called three substances or persons ; as three horses are called three horses, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5471005633877393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.819617"} {"text": "and substance or person the species, as some think, then i must omit what i just now said, that they ought to be called three essences, as they are called three substances or persons ; as three horses are called three horses, and the same are called three animals, since horse is the species, animal the genus. for in this case the species is not spoken of in the plural, and the genus in the singular, as if we were to say that three horses were one animal ; but as they are three horses by the special name, so they are three animals by the generic one. but if they say that the name of substance or person does not signify species, but something singular and individual ; so that any one is not so called a substance or person as he is called a man, for man is common to all men, but in the same manner as he is called this or that man, as abraham, as isaac, as jacob, or anyone else who, if present, could be pointed out with the finger : so will the same reason reach these too. for as abraham, isaac, and jacob, are called three individuals, so are they called. three men, and three souls. why then are both the father and the son and the holy spirit, if we are to reason about them also according to genus and species and individual, not so called three essences, as they are called three substances or persons? but this, as i said, i pass over : but i do affirm, that if essence is a genus, then a single essence has no species ; just as, because animal is a genus, a single animal has no species. therefore the father, son, and holy spirit are not three species of one essence. but if essence is a species, as man is a species, but those are three which we call substances or persons, then they have the same species in common, in such way as abraham, isaac, and jacob have in common the species which is called man ; not as man is subdivided into abraham, isaac, and jacob, so can one man also be subdivided rate several single men ; for this is altogether impossible, since one man is already a single man. why then is one essence subdivided into three substances or persons? for if essence is a species, as man is, then one essence is as one man is : or do we, as we say that any three human beings of the same sex, of the same constitution of body, of the same mind, are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5336833871870145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.820598"} {"text": "for if essence is a species, as man is, then one essence is as one man is : or do we, as we say that any three human beings of the same sex, of the same constitution of body, of the same mind, are one nature, - for they are three human beings, but one nature, - so also say in the trinity three substances one essence, or three persons one substance or essence? but this is somehow a parallel case, since the ancients also who spoke latin, before they had these terms, which have not long come into use, that is, essence or substance, used for them to say nature. we do not therefore use these terms according to genus or species, but as if according to a matter that is common and the same. just as if three statues were made of the same gold, we should say three statues one gold, yet should neither call the gold genus, and the statues species ; nor the gold species, and the statues individuals. for no species goes beyond its own individuals, so as to comprehend anything external to them. for when i define what man is, which is aspecific name, every several man that exists is contained in the same individual definition, neither does anything belong to it which is not a man. but when i define gold, not statues alone, if they be gold, but rings also, and anything else that is made of gold, will belong to gold ; and even if nothing were made of it, it would still be called gold ; since, even if there were no gold statues, there will not therefore be no statues at all. likewise no species goes beyond the definition of its genus. for when i define animal, since horse is a species of this genus, every horse is an animal ; but every statue is not gold. so, although in the case of three golden statues we should rightly say three statues, one gold ; yet we do not so say it, as to understand gold to be the genus, and the statues to be species. therefore neither do we so call the trinity three persons or substances, one essence ant one god, as though three somethings subsisted out of one matter [ leaving a remainder, i. e. ] ; although whatever that is, it is unfolded in these three. for there is nothing else of that essence besides the trinity. yet we say three persons of the same essence, or three persons one essence ; but we do not say three persons out of the same essence, as though therein", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5715209626861848, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.821506"} {"text": "unfolded in these three. for there is nothing else of that essence besides the trinity. yet we say three persons of the same essence, or three persons one essence ; but we do not say three persons out of the same essence, as though therein essence were one thing, and person another, as we can say three statues out of the same gold ; for there it is one thing to be gold, another to be statues. and when we say three men one nature, or three men of the same nature, they also can be called three men out of the same nature, since out of the same nature there can be also three other such men. but in that essence of the trinity, in no way can any other person whatever exist out of the same essence. further, in these things, one man is not as much as three men together ; and two men are something more than one man : and in equal statues, three together amount to more of gold than each singly, and one amounts to legs of gold than two. but in god it is not so ; for the father, the son, and the holy spirit together is not a greater essence than the father alone or the son alone ; but these three substances or persons, if they must be so called, together are equal to each singly : which the natural man does not comprehend. for he cannot think except under the conditions of bulk and space, either small or great, since phantasms or as it were images of bodies flit about in his mind. 12. and until he be purged from this uncleanness, let him believe in the father, son, and holy spirit, one god, alone, great, omnipotent, good, just, merciful, creator of all things visible and invisible, and whatsoever can be worthily and truly said of him in proportion to human capacity. and when he is told that the father only is god, let him not separate from him the son or the holy spirit ; for together with him he is the only god, together with whom also he is one god ; because, when we are told that the son also is the only god, we must needs take it without any separation of the father or the holy spirit. and let him so say one essence, as not to think one to be either greater or better than, or in any respect differing from, another. yet not that the father himself is both son and holy spirit, or whatever else each is singly called in relation to either of the others", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5441685937959682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.822371"} {"text": "as not to think one to be either greater or better than, or in any respect differing from, another. yet not that the father himself is both son and holy spirit, or whatever else each is singly called in relation to either of the others ; as word, which is not said except of the son, or gift, which is not said except of the holy spirit. and on this account also they admit the plural number, as it is written in the gospel, \" i and my father are one. \" 25 he has both said \" one, \" 26 and \" we are27 one, \" according to essence, because they are the same god ; \" we are, \" according to relation, because theone is father, the other is son. sometimesalso the unity of the essence is left unexpressed, and the relatives alone are mention ed in the plural number : \" my father and iwill come unto him, and make our abode withhim. \" 28 we will come, and we will make ourabode, is the plural number, since it was said before, \" i and my father, \" that is, the sonand the father, which terms are used relativelyto one another. sometimes the meaning isaltogether latent, as in genesis : \" let us make man after our image and likeness. \" 29 both let us make and our is said in the plural, and ought not to be received except as of relatives. for it was not that gods might make, or make after the image and likeness of gods ; but that the father, and son, and holy spirit might make after the image of the father, and son, and holy spirit, that man might subsist as the image of god. and god is the trinity. but because that image of god was not made altogether equal to him, as being not born of him, but created by him ; in order to signify this, he is in such way the image as that he is \" after the image, \" that is, he is not made equal by parity, but approaches to him by a sort of likeness. for approach to god is not by intervals of place, but by likeness, and withdrawal from him is by unlikeness. for there are some who draw this distinction, that they will have the son to be the image, but man not to be the image, but \" after the image. \" but the apostle refutes them, saying, \" for a man indeed ought not to cover", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.552305163887556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.823299"} {"text": "who draw this distinction, that they will have the son to be the image, but man not to be the image, but \" after the image. \" but the apostle refutes them, saying, \" for a man indeed ought not to cover his head, forasmuch as he is the image and glory of god. \" 30 he did not say after the image, but the image. and this image, since it is elsewhere spoken of as after the image, is not as if it were said relatively to the son, who is the image equal to the father ; otherwise he would not say after our image. for how our, when the son is the image of the father alone? but man is said to be \" after the image, \" on account, as we have said, of the inequality of the likeness ; and therefore after our image, that man might be the image of the trinity ; 31 not equal to the trinity as the son is equal to the father, but approaching to it, as has been said, by a certain likeness ; just as nearness may in a sense be signified in things distant from each other, not in respect of place, but of a sort of imitation. for it is also said, \" be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind ; \" 32 to whom he likewise says, \" be ye therefore imitators of god as dear children. \" 33 for it is said to the new man, \" which is renewed to the knowledge of god, after the image of him that created him. \" 34 or if we choose to admit the plural number, in order to meet the needs of argument, even putting aside relative terms, that so we may answer in one term when it is asked what three, and say three substances or three persons ; then let no one think of any bulk or interval, or of any distance of howsoever little unlikeness, so that in the trinity any should be understood to be even a little less than another, in whatsoever way one thing can be less than another : in order that there may be neither a confusion of persons, nor such a distinction as that there should be any inequality. and if this cannot be grasped by the understanding, let it be held by faith, until he shall dawn in the heart who says by the prophet, \" if ye will not believe, surely ye shall not understand. \" 35", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5105362749461926, "token_count": 485, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.824217"} {"text": "most people will have a minor back problem at one time or another. our body movements usually do not cause problems, but it ' s not surprising that symptoms develop from everyday wear and tear, overuse, or injury. back problems and injuries often occur during sports or recreational activities, work - related tasks, or home projects. back pain can cause problems anywhere from the neck to the tailbone ( coccyx ). the back includes : discs that separate the vertebrae and absorb shock as the muscles and ligaments that hold the spine together. back injuries are the most common cause of back pain. injuries frequently occur when you use your back muscles in activities that you do not do very often, such as lifting a heavy object or doing yard work. minor injuries also may occur from tripping, falling a short distance, or excessive twisting of the spine. severe back injuries may result from car accidents, falls from significant heights, direct blows to the back or the top of the head, a high - energy fall onto the buttocks, or a penetrating injury such as a although back pain is often caused by an injury to one or more of the structures of the back, it may have another cause. some people are more likely to develop back pain than others. things that increase your risk for back pain and injury include getting older, having a family history of back pain, sitting for long periods, lifting or pulling heavy objects, and having a degenerative disease such as low back pain may occur in children and teenagers, but children and teens are less likely to see a doctor for low back pain. although most back problems occur in adults ages 20 to 50, back problems in children younger than 20 and adults older than 50 are more likely to have a serious cause. sudden ( acute ) injuries pain from an injury may be sudden and severe. bruising and swelling may develop soon after the injury. pain from an acute injury usually does not last longer than 6 weeks. acute an injury to the ligaments or muscles in the back, such as a sprain or a a fracture or dislocation of the spine. this can cause a spinal cord injury that may lead to permanent paralysis. it is important to immobilize and transport the injured person correctly to reduce the risk of permanent paralysis. a torn or ruptured disc. if the tear is large enough, the jellylike material inside the disc may leak out ( herniate ) and press against a nerve. see a picture of a you may not remember a specific injury, especially if your symptoms began", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45279409156395506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.833157"} {"text": "30 minutes. gently massage or rub the area to relieve pain and encourage blood flow. do not massage the injured area if it causes pain. for the first 48 hours after an injury, avoid things that might increase swelling, such as hot showers, hot tubs, hot packs, or alcoholic beverages. after 48 to 72 hours, if swelling is gone, heat. use a warm pack or heating pad set on low. some experts recommend switching back and forth between heat and cold treatments. you can also begin gentle exercise with the aid of moist heat to help restore and maintain flexibility. avoid sitting up in bed, sitting on soft couches, and twisting or sitting in other positions that make your try one of the following sleep positions if you have trouble sleeping at night : lie on your back with your knees bent and supported by large pillows, or lie on the floor with your legs on the seat of a sofa or chair. lie on your side with your knees and hips bent and a pillow between your legs. lie on your stomach if it does not increase your pain. begin moderate aerobic exercise. take short walks ( 3 to 5 minutes every 3 hours ) on level surfaces as soon as you can to help keep your muscles strong. avoid hills and stairs. walk only distances that you can manage without pain, especially pain in your legs. add to your exercise program every week to continue your progress. do pelvic tilt exercises to gently move the spine and stretch the lower back. lie on your back with your knees bent and feet flat on the floor. slowly tighten your stomach muscles and press your lower back against the floor. hold the position for 10 seconds. do not hold your breath. slowly relax. more home treatment for a tailbone ( coccyx ) injury sitz bath for 20 minutes, 3 to 4 times per day after the first 48 to 72 hours, can be soothing to the tailbone area. sitting in a hot tub or warm bath may also feel good, as long as you are not sitting directly on your tailbone. do not sit on hard, unpadded sit on a c - shaped pillow with the open space under your tailbone to take pressure off the avoid constipation. straining to have a bowel movement will increase tailbone pain. for more information, see the topic constipation, age 12 and older. do not smoke. smoking slows healing because it decreases blood supply and delays tissue repair. for more information, see the topic medicine you can buy without a prescription try a nonprescript", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3681017667430767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.835228"} {"text": "see the topic constipation, age 12 and older. do not smoke. smoking slows healing because it decreases blood supply and delays tissue repair. for more information, see the topic medicine you can buy without a prescription try a nonprescription medicine to help treat your fever or pain : aspirin ( also a nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drug ), such as bayer or bufferin talk to your child ' s doctor before switching back and forth between doses of acetaminophen and ibuprofen. when you switch between two medicines, there is a chance your child will get too much medicine. be sure to follow these safety tips when you use a nonprescription medicine : carefully read and follow all directions on the medicine bottle and box. back pain often gets better when you gradually increase your physical activity. try to get back to your normal routines and activities as soon as possible. resting and not doing anything may actually increase back pain or make it last longer. there is no clear evidence that you can back pain. but there are some things you can do that may help prevent it. and they can prepare you for faster recovery if you do have back pain. exercise to keep your back healthy and strong. exercise programs that include aerobic conditioning and strengthening exercises can help keep low back pain from coming back. for more information, see pelvic tilt exercise. protect your back while sitting. standing posture is also important. for most people, good posture means that when you stand, your ears, shoulders, hips, and knees should be in line with one another. try different sleeping positions that protect your back. if you sleep on your side, try putting a pillow between your knees. if you sleep on your back, use a pillow under your knees. you can also try rolling up a small towel and using it to support your stay at a healthy weight to avoid excess strain on your lower back. for more information, see the if you ' re a smoker, quit. smoking increases your risk of bone loss ( osteoporosis ) and increases your sensitivity to pain. smoking also interferes with blood circulation by tightening the arteries, which makes it harder for blood to flow, and by decreasing the amount of oxygen the red blood cells can carry. spinal discs don ' t have their own blood supply, but they receive nutrition in part from the blood supply to the vertebral bones above and below them. decreased circulation may increase the speed of degeneration and / or slow the healing of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42629919685270606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.836138"} {"text": "discs don ' t have their own blood supply, but they receive nutrition in part from the blood supply to the vertebral bones above and below them. decreased circulation may increase the speed of degeneration and / or slow the healing of the discs. for more information on how to quit, see the topic some exercises actually increase the chances of causing of low back pain. avoid : sit - ups during acute back pain ( may be safe if back is kept in neutral leg lifts ( lifting both legs while lying on your lifting heavy weights above the waist ( military press or biceps curls while standing ). any stretching done while sitting with the legs in a v position. toe touches while standing. work comfort and design most back problems that occur in the workplace are caused by physical stress, such as being in an awkward position for a long time, making the same motions over and over, and simply using your back too much. these injuries can cause stress and strain on muscles, nerves, tendons, joints, blood vessels, or spinal discs. arrange your work to help prevent work - related injuries. it is important to position yourself so that you can sit comfortably and minimize stress on any one area of your body. change your positions and tasks as often as possible, and match tools to your size and preferences. if you are doing a job or task that requires you to sit for long periods, get up and stretch and move around at least once an hour. how this information was developed to help you make better health decisions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4349753251017714, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.836704"} {"text": "methane in the earth ' s atmosphere is an important greenhouse gas, so far accounting for about 20 percent of the global warming caused by human activity \u2014 more than any other gas except co2. it has a global warming potential of 25 over a 100 - year period, meaning that a methane emission will have 25 times the impact on temperature of a co2 emission of the same mass over the next 100 years. methane has a big impact over a brief period \u2014 a lifetime of about 12 years in the atmosphere \u2014 whereas co2 has a smaller impact for a far longer period of more than 100 years. an estimated 60 percent of the earth \u2019 s methane emissions are attributable to human activity, with landfills, livestock husbandry, fossil fuel development, and rice agriculture as major causes. methane is also naturally released by the decay of organic matter in wetlands. less significant natural sources include termites, oceans, and release from methane deposits buried deep within the earth. currently, the amount of methane released by those deposits is slight in comparison to other sources \u2014 but shifts in the planet \u2019 s stability, of the magnitude expected from continued rapid global warming, could cause massive releases of stored methane. in particular, arctic methane could prove to be the linchpin for runaway global warming. thousands of years ago, billions of tons of methane were created by decaying arctic plants, which now lies frozen in permafrost and trapped in the ocean floor. as the arctic warms, this methane will likely be freed, greatly accelerating warming. analysis of air bubbles trapped in ice sheets shows that methane is more abundant in the earth \u2019 s atmosphere now than at any time during the past 400, 000 years. global average atmospheric concentrations of methane have increased from approximately 700 parts per billion by volume in 1750 \u2014 at the time of the industrial revolution \u2014 to roughly 1, 800 parts per billion in 1998. levels of the gas in the atmosphere had held steady since 1998, then suddenly spiked in 2007, when national oceanic and atmospheric administration studies show they increased by 27 million tons. researchers confirmed this finding in october 2008 ; they believe that unusually warm conditions over siberia affected methane levels in the northern hemisphere by increasing the amount of methane produced by bacteria in siberian wetlands. scientists are not sure whether the methane spike signals the beginning of a long - term, massive release or is a one - time blip, but say that given methane \u2019 s power to warm the climate, even a small increase is cause for concern. unleashing the methane reservoir could potentially warm the earth tens of degrees", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5368347391564666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.841488"} {"text": "- term, massive release or is a one - time blip, but say that given methane \u2019 s power to warm the climate, even a small increase is cause for concern. unleashing the methane reservoir could potentially warm the earth tens of degrees ; a violent opening of this \u201c methane ice \u201d ( also known as clathrates ), according to some scientists, may have triggered a catastrophic climate change and reorganization of the ocean and atmosphere around 635 million years ago. the u. s. environmental protection agency estimates that methane volumes equivalent to taking 90 million cars and light trucks off the road could be achieved globally by 2020 at a cost benefit or at no cost. in the united states alone, that would be the equivalent of taking more than 12 million cars and light trucks off the road. and the epa analysis doesn \u2019 t even include the value of significant air - quality and health benefits that would accompany methane reductions : studies have found that reducing global methane emissions by 20 percent would save 370, 000 lives between 2010 and 2030, due to the decrease in ozone - related cardiovascular, respiratory, and other health impacts. epa may be underestimating available no - cost and low - cost methane mitigation options, but even its conservative analysis clearly demonstrates the opportunities available in methane control. enormous reductions can be achieved with currently available technology, while mandatory greenhouse gas regulation would speed the development and deployment of new technology and mitigation options, making much deeper reductions feasible in the near future. but the key is rapid action : methane needs to be dealt with immediately through strong regulation to sharply restrict emissions. because of the urgency of the problem, and the need to address methane now, longer - term attempts to address the crisis will not be sufficient. | home / donate now / sign up for e - network / contact us / photo use / |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5337490249216419, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.842741"} {"text": "our brain ' s negative biasby hara marano summary : how to understand the correct balance. due to the brain ' s \" negativity bias \" ; it is simply built with a greater sensitivity to unpleasant news. the bias is so automatic that it can be detected at the earliest stage of the brain ' s information processing. why do insults once hurled at us stick inside our skull, sometimes for decades? why do some people have to work extra hard to ward off depression? the answer is, for the same reason political smear campaigns outpull positive ones. nastiness just makes a bigger impact on our brains. and that is due to the brain ' s \" negativity bias \" : your brain is simply built with a greater sensitivity to unpleasant news. the bias is so automatic that it can be detected at the earliest stage of the brain ' s information processing. take, for example, the studies done by john cacioppo, ph. d., then at ohio state university, now at the university of chicago. he showed people pictures known to arouse positive feelings ( say, a ferrari, or a pizza ), those certain to stir up negative feelings a mutilated face or dead cat ) and those known to produce neutral feelings ( a plate, a hair dryer ). meanwhile, he recorded electrical activity in the brain ' s cerebral cortex that reflects the magnitude of information processing taking place. the brain, cacioppo demonstrated, reacts more strongly to stimuli it deems negative. there is a greater surge in electrical activity. thus, our attitudes are more heavily influenced by downbeat news than good news. our capacity to weigh negative input so heavily most likely evolved for a good reason - - to keep us out of harm ' s way. from the dawn of human history, our very survival depended on our skill at dodging danger. the brain developed systems that would make it unavoidable for us not to notice danger and thus, hopefully, respond to it. all well and good. having the built - in brain apparatus supersensitive to negativity means that the same bad - news bias also is at work in every sphere of our lives at all times. so it should come as no surprise to learn that it plays an especially powerful role in our most intimate relationships. numerous researchers have found that there is an ideal balance between negativity and positivity in the atmosphere between partners. there seems to be some kind of thermostat operating in healthy marriages that almost automatically regulates the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.481994405212994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.848567"} {"text": "in our most intimate relationships. numerous researchers have found that there is an ideal balance between negativity and positivity in the atmosphere between partners. there seems to be some kind of thermostat operating in healthy marriages that almost automatically regulates the balance between positive and negative. what really separates contented couples from those in deep marital misery is a healthy balance between their positive and negative feelings and actions toward each other. even couples who are volatile and argue a lot stick together by balancing their frequent arguments with a lot of demonstrations of love and passion. and they seem to know exactly when positive actions are needed. here ' s the tricky part. because of the disproportionate weight of the negative, balance does not mean a 50 - 50 equilibrium. researchers have carefully charted the amount of time couples spend fighting vs. interacting positively. and they have found that a very specific ratio exists between the amount of positivity and negativity required to make married life satisfying to both partners. that magic ratio is five to one. as long as there was five times as much positive feeling and interaction between husband and wife as there was negative, researchers found, the marriage was likely to be stable over time. in contrast, those couples who were heading for divorce were doing far too little on the positive side to compensate for the growing negativity between them. other researchers have found the same results in other spheres of our life. it is the frequency of small positive acts that matters most, in a ratio of about five to one. occasional big positive experiences - - say, a birthday bash - - are nice. but they don ' t make the necessary impact on our brain to override the tilt to negativity. it takes frequent small positive experiences to tip the scales toward happiness. the good drug guide mental health in the third millennium just for chemists a pill for every ill? the good drug guide bacteria and depression the abolition of depression depression and chronic pain health, wealth and happiness big pharma and madison avenue happiness : a buddhist perspective happy images make depressed people sad", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5536165950520056, "token_count": 417, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.850597"} {"text": "updated on 14 may 2012 carine bonnard, a final - year phd student at imb and the first author of the paper, said, \" because hamamy syndrome causes a wide range of symptoms, not just in newborn babies but also in the adult, this implies that irx5 is critical for development in the womb as well as for the function of many organs in our adult body. for example, patients with this disease cannot evacuate tears from their eyes, and they will also go on to experience repetitive bone fractures ( annex a ) or progressive myopia as they age. this discovery of the causative gene is a significant finding that will catalyze research efforts into the role of the irx gene family and greatly increase our understanding of human health, such as bone homeostasis, or gamete formation for instance. \" \" we believe that this discovery could open up new therapeutic solutions to common diseases like osteoporosis, heart disease, anaemia which affect millions of people worldwide, \" said dr bruno reversade, senior principle investigator at imb. \" the findings also provide a framework for understanding fascinating evolutionary questions, such as why humans of different ethnicities have distinct facial features and how these are embedded in our genome. irx genes have been repeatedly co - opted during evolution, and small variation in their activity could underlie fine alterations in the way we look, or perhaps even drastic ones such as the traits seen in an elephant, whale, turtle or frog body pattern. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5026763780862653, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.852224"} {"text": "02 jul 2012, rahul koul, biospectrum the current anti - malarial market in india is approximately $ 80 million ( rs 450 crore ) with an annual growth rate of 17 percent, says a report by org ims in nov 2011. according to statistics available with the directorate of national vector borne disease control programme ( nvbdcp ), close to 12 lakh cases of malaria have been reported in india till december 2011. out of them, 436 have been cases of deaths. around 50 percent ( 6. 4 lakh cases ) were caused by the single - celled parasite plasmodium falciparum. increasing drug resistance is a possible cause for the continued rise in cases of p. falciparum caused malaria in recent years, gradually increasing from 39 percent in 1995 to above 50 percent in 2008. with p. falciparum, which causes the most dangerous forms of the disease, becoming resistant to the drug chloroquine, artemisinin - based treatments have become popular. globally, the number of courses of artemisinin - based therapies ( act ) procured by the public sector jumped nearly seven - fold between 2005 and 2006, and then more than doubled, reaching 181 million, in 2010, according to the world malaria report 2011. the demand for these drugs was around 287 million treatments in 2011 and is expected to touch 295 million courses in 2012. resistance causes worry the malarial burden has increased both globally and in india due to the resistance developed to anti - malarial medicine used so far. for instance, child mortality in africa increased as p. falciparum strains that were resistant to chloroquine spread in the continent in the 1970s and the 1980s. raising an important issue of possible artemisinin resistance, dr virander s chauhan, director, international centre for genetic engineering & biotechnology ( icgeb ), says, \" there have been reports of resistance in cambodia, thailand and, if it reaches burma and the northeastern part of india, then things can get very messy. \" \" a looming threat to malaria control is the emergence of parasites that are resistant to anti - malarial medicines, \" stated world health organisation ( who ) in its \u2018 global plan for artemisinin resistance containment ' published in 2011. the strains that are resistant to even artemisinin have emerged in parts of south east asia and could potentially spread, as has happened with previous anti - malarial drugs. delivering artemisinin and its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39363472794878274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.858668"} {"text": "artemisinin resistance containment ' published in 2011. the strains that are resistant to even artemisinin have emerged in parts of south east asia and could potentially spread, as has happened with previous anti - malarial drugs. delivering artemisinin and its derivatives as monotherapies, instead of as a cocktail with another drug, create opportunities for resistant forms of the parasite to arise and spread. although oral artemisinin - based monotherapies are effective when taken as the full seven - day course, patients often stop taking them after a few days when symptoms subside. parasites that are sensitive to the drug get eliminated, allowing drug - resistant strains to proliferate and get transmitted to other people. who, in 2006, called for a halt on using oral artemisinin monotherapies for treating uncomplicated malaria. a year later, a resolution was adopted by the world health assembly, who ' s apex decision - making body, that urged its member states to \" cease progressively \" the provision, in both public and private sectors, of such monotherapies and promote the use of acts. however, according to the latest world malaria report 2011, 25 countries are still allowing the marketing of these products and 28 pharmaceutical companies, as against 39 a year ago, are making these drugs. the report has also warned that there are indian pharmaceutical companies among those manufacturing and marketing drugs that are likely to foster resistance to artemisinin in the malaria parasite. ten of the 28 manufacturers of monotherapies are reportedly based in india. the drug controller general of india ( dcgi ) initiated action earlier this year to stop the production and export of these drugs. it wrote to all state drugs controllers requesting them to cancel licenses for manufacturing oral artemisinin - based monotherapies with immediate effect. addressing the menace according to who, india is of greatest concern as there is widespread ddt - resistance and patches of resistance to pyrethroid and organophosphate ( malathion ). who has recommended that an artemisinin - based combination therapy ( act ) should be the first - line treatment for uncomplicated malaria caused by p. falciparum. the two - drug combination reduces the chances of the parasite developing resistance. moreover, a three - day course of a recommended act generally clears the parasites from the body. guidelines of national institute of malarial research ( nimr ) too recommends combination therapy for p. falciparum. arterolane maleate, a rapidly acting drug in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4234614731648964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.859688"} {"text": "course of a recommended act generally clears the parasites from the body. guidelines of national institute of malarial research ( nimr ) too recommends combination therapy for p. falciparum. arterolane maleate, a rapidly acting drug in combination with long - acting piperaquine phosphate, is an anti - malarial product in line with who - recommended combination therapy for the treatment of uncomplicated p. falciparum malaria. though insecticide and spraying materials and insecticide - treated nets are other possible solutions to control malaria, but they have not been very successful in india so far. dr p l joshi, faculty, national institute for health and family welfare ( nihfw ), new delhi, points out that apart from having the support of external agencies, developing nations must have their own redressal mechanism in place. appreciating the fundings from world bank and technical guidance from who, he says unless a proper preventive mechanism is enforced, it will be difficult to tackle the menace. \" the government of india has stepped up its efforts. this is clearly visible from the change in the drug policy. there are various programs educating people about the preventive measures. in place of small projects a decade ago, there are currently projects worth $ 89 million ( rs 500 crore ) focusing on malarial research, \" he adds. many awareness programs are being run by the government through media and various ngos. ranbaxy has launched an action malaria campaign that includes patient awareness and education, and assistance to physicians in diagnosis and treatment of malaria. the unavailability of options has created need for new anti - malarial drugs that can tackle these challenges. the success of phase iii trials of a gsk vaccine, which the company has been developing along with path malaria vaccine initiative, has raised the hopes of an anti - malarial vaccine. gsk has already invested $ 300 milion in the project and will invest further $ 50 million to $ 100 million in it. in india, ranbaxy has developed arterolane maleate, a rapidly acting drug in combination with long - acting piperaquine phosphate. it has also developed a new chemical entity, arterolane, in combination with piperaquine, which is expected to have superior benefits over the currently available anti - malarial therapies. according to sources in ranbaxy, the drug has received approval from the indian health authorities and the product is in line with who recommendations. research done by dr virander chauh", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45616912564022566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.860682"} {"text": "benefits over the currently available anti - malarial therapies. according to sources in ranbaxy, the drug has received approval from the indian health authorities and the product is in line with who recommendations. research done by dr virander chauhan and dr chetan chitnis at the international centre for genetic engineering & biotechnology ( icgeb ) has led to the developement of a first generation vaccine, mjaivac1, which is based on combination of two merozoite antigens ( msp - 119 and eba - 175 ). the vaccine is presently being tested for safety and immunogenicity in a phase i clinical trial, the first for a malaria vaccine developed in india. the icgeb has also developed a portfolio of novel antigens that is currently at different stages of pre - clinical development. also, the center has developed a vaccine, pvdbpii, for plasmodium vivax and it is being produced by a biotechnology company for phase i trial. under a government - funded project, mumbai - based ipca labs, along with jamia hamdard university, new delhi, has developed a genetically modified variety of artemisinin annua that can generate high yield of artemisinin. once approved, the variety will be put to confined - field trials for evaluation and then patented and commercialized for cultivation by farmers. the group expects that this variety will fetch more than one percent artemisinin in field trials.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47180788394611034, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.861309"} {"text": "the following email appeared on one of the ornithology list servers some years ago. it is not clear how much of it was written by byron butler and how much by burton guttman, but, acknowledging that both had some hand in composing this, i present it as an interesting discourse on the development of ornithology in north america in the 20th century. date : sat, 26 aug 1995 23 : 50 : 07 - 0400 from : \" byron butler ( gd 1995 ) \" subject : orn history ( was help : stresemann, 1934 ) on thu, 24 aug 1995, priyantha wijesinghe wrote : even if ( like me! ) you don ' t read german or french it is easy to see when leafing through these volumes the tremendous scholarship they represent. why is it that one rarely gets that impression when reading modern textbooks of ornithology, gill included? on fri, 25 aug 1995, burton guttman replied : our knowledge of birds ( and just about everything else, i suppose ) is growing exponentially. i think it was possible for stresemann, in the 1920s and ' 30s, to know essentially everything that ornithologists knew about birds at that time. now look at what goes into even a handbook on the birds of a limited area, like europe or africa : a multivolume series, written by many people. no one can encompass it all. no one could learn all the physiology, ethology, genetics, etc., in addition to all the morphology, taxonomy, and distribution information, and put it into a huge ( colossal! ) book. frank gill, writing a text for a one - semester ( or even one - year ) ornithology course, can only skim the surface and give people a start on searching the literature. other authors have also suggested that stresemann was that last ornithologist to have been able to encompass the whole of ornithology and to cover it in a single author work. perhaps this is true, but it is necessary to put this idea in perspective. stresemann spent 10 or more years preparing his \" aves, \" before it came out in parts from 1927 - 1934. at the time he worked, ornithology was a museum based discipline and stresemann worked at the berlin museum. ornithology in those days was largely descriptive being concerned mostly with biogeography, evolution, and systematics, and less so with ecology and behavior", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.517495136480606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.876201"} {"text": "ornithology was a museum based discipline and stresemann worked at the berlin museum. ornithology in those days was largely descriptive being concerned mostly with biogeography, evolution, and systematics, and less so with ecology and behavior ( both of which were new and growing disciplines ). anatomy and morphology being done largely for purposes of understanding evolution and phylogeny ( e. g., see the works of fuerbringer, gadow, garrod, etc. ). ornithologists were trained in field methods including observation, but not in hypothetico - deductive experimentation. in the united states, most of the ornithologists were advanced amateurs, many with degrees in medicine. throughout the 19th century there were three respectable career routes for the social elite, medicine, religion, and law. a high percentage of our leading naturalists were trained in medicine, this being where one could obtain a natural history education. even at the turn of the century there were few ornithologists with ph. d. s in the americas, there were more in europe, but still few. there were relatively few paid ornithological positions, and those were at the leading museums : us national museum ( washington, d. c. ), american musuem of natural history ( new york city ), academy of natural sciences in philadelphia, carnigie museum ( pittsburgh ), the museum of comparative zoology at harvard ( boston ), and a few others. even then, many of the positions were filled by wealthy amateur volunteers ( e. g., major charles e. bendire who curated the egg collection at the us national museum ). there were no faculty ornithologists at academic institutuions, at least in north america, until 1915 when arthur a. allen went to cornell and set up the laboratory of ornithology. allen offered the first american college course in ornithology and others soon followed. experimental ornithology is generally regarded as beginning with the canadian william rowan who studied the basis for migratory behavior in white - crowned sparrows in the late 1920s and early 1930s. then came the \" evolutionary synthesis \" ( aka : the modern synthesis ) generally denoted as the years 1936 - 1947. it was during this period that natural history based disciplines ( like ornithology ) merged with more traditional academic institution based disciplines like genetics, physiology, embryology, etc. and a big picture understanding of the whole of biology emerged. the result of these events", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49536386609320204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.877370"} {"text": "during this period that natural history based disciplines ( like ornithology ) merged with more traditional academic institution based disciplines like genetics, physiology, embryology, etc. and a big picture understanding of the whole of biology emerged. the result of these events was that ornithology as a scientific discipline was changed forever. descriptive studies in the post wwii scientific environment were now out of fashion, experimental studies were in. natural history was declared dead. the appearance of journals changed as their contents increased in the proportion of experimental studies and decreased in the proportion of descriptive studies. then in 1957 the russians launched sputnik ( sputnik = satelite in russian ) which so greatly alarmed americans that science research in america became a primary public agenda. with much popular support great amounts of money poured into scientific research during the \" golden age \" of american science in the mid - 1960s. thus, there was a great transition period in american ornithology from the 1920s to the 1960s, after which ornithology would never again be the same. after this period american scientific ornithology became almost exclusively an experimental science. this is when the gap between professional and amateur ornithology began to grow, a gap that has been widening ever since, is still widening today, and promises to continue to widen in the future. thus, it should be no surprise that it was also during this transition period that new field guides for amateur birders by hoffman, peterson, and others appeared and that this is also when the american birding association formed. the first paragraph of \" birding \" volume i, number 1, jan - feb 1969 states : \" with this, the first official issue of _ birding _, a new era has begun in the lives of many birders. it is an era of systematic and organized cooperation with other birdwatchers across the country. it is an era during which birding is destined to come into its own as a well known and popular sport as well as hobby. it is inevitable that this will happen and this journal, rather than representing the cause, is only a strand in the interwoven complexity of the movement. \" thus, professional ornithology went in one direction, and amateur ornithology in another. the great relationship between professional scientists and amateur naturalists split into experimenters and sport birders ( = listers ), lost in this dichotomy were the were the students of bird study, i. e., the traditional naturalists, or birdwatchers. along", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5052176309647146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.878404"} {"text": "and amateur naturalists split into experimenters and sport birders ( = listers ), lost in this dichotomy were the were the students of bird study, i. e., the traditional naturalists, or birdwatchers. along with the shift to experimental science came specialization in research. i do not yet know the history of ornithology in europe in the 20th century well enough to know how it parallels events in america, but i suspect it was very similar at a course - grained scale. the differences in stresemann ' s \" aves \" and gill ' s \" ornithology \" reflect the character of pre - and post - wwii ornithology more than the ability of one individual to keep up with the field - - in my opinion. yet, to end here would be a great oversimplification. stresemann headed the leading school of avian systematic thought in the world during his time. his students were trained in biology programs and obtained ph. d. s. stresemann was in close and frequent contact with some of the best ornithologists the world has ever seen ( e. g., ernst hartert ). his most notable student, ernst mayr, imigrated to the united states in 1931 ( to the american museum of natural history ) and found in the intellectual environment here a prime opportunity to synthesize german, russian, and american thought, culminating in 1942 in his _ systematics and the origin of species _, an obvious play on darwin ' s _ on the origin of species _. actually, this title was suggested to mayr by t. dobzhansky, the famous russian imigrant and good friend of mayr, who had just earlier written his classic, _ genetics and the origin of species _. both mayr and dobzhansky are to be considered among the leading architects of the \" evolutionary synthesis, \" and their books as classics of that time - - and still valuable reading, i might add. [ both dobzhansky ' s and mayr ' s books developed from jesop lectures given at columbia university. ] american ornithology in the post - wwii period was, greatly influenced by the events of the \" evolutionary synthesis, \" by the developing fields of animal behavior and ecology, and by the work of david lack ( english ) and robert macarthur ( american ). whereas american naturalists were trained in german prior to wwii, anti - german sentiment during the post - war period", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.533238558632404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.879390"} {"text": "\" by the developing fields of animal behavior and ecology, and by the work of david lack ( english ) and robert macarthur ( american ). whereas american naturalists were trained in german prior to wwii, anti - german sentiment during the post - war period abandoned that language requirement. thus, many great ornithological works originally written in german but that have never been translated to english are out of reach of most americans. these include not only stresemann ' s \" aves \" but also classic books and papers by fuerbringer, schlegel, hartert, naumann, oskar heinroth, finsch, rensch, reichenow, and others. it is not possible to truly have mastery of the whole of ornithology without having read these works. in addition to the loss of the german language requirement, post - wwii american ornithology also abandoned training in field observation and careful description. ornithologists of the ' 60s and ' 70s were trained in experimental design, measurement & data collecting, mathematics, and computer science - this tradition continues today. data collection and analysis of data are the fashion today as \" physics envy \" has taken over the whole field of biology. this change in the epistemology of american biological sciences actually began in the late 19th century with c. o. whitman ' s group at the marine biological laboratory. significantly, whitman had earlier studied in germany and also in naples ; he brought to america the ideas and methods of the leading european schools. again, all of these developments resulted in increased specialization. along with the shift from descriptive studies to hypothetico - deductive experimental and reductionist studies has been a change in emphasis from scholarship to \" salami science \" wherein * number * of papers published has become more important than the * quality * of a given paper for many workers in this \" publish or perish \" environment, leading to the often repeated observation that \" deans can ' t read, but they can count. \" the typical american biologist today is generally ignorant of the history and philosophy of science and often even disdains it as irrelevant. i believe burt guttman is correct in his above contrast of stresemann and gill. stresemann ' s \" aves \" was a comprehensive coverage of the field of ornithology and due to his mastery of the discipline, it served as a guide for a future research program. one reason for the success of stresemann ' s group is that he was able to clearly see what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49801145171247474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.881911"} {"text": "coverage of the field of ornithology and due to his mastery of the discipline, it served as a guide for a future research program. one reason for the success of stresemann ' s group is that he was able to clearly see what questions were important and needed to be investegated, then he put his graduate students on those projects. in contrast, gill, writing today is constrained by pressures from his publisher to have a new text out approximately every five years ( personal commm. ), the text is clearly written to become the dominate ornithology text for undergraduate college courses, not to be a synthesis comparable to stresemann ' s \" aves. \" gill ' s text emphasizes experimental results at the expense of some important descriptive natural history and is clearly written in and for the post - transitional period. when gill ' s book first came out i analyzed his approx. 1, 600 references and posted my analysis to birdchat - - i don ' t have that information with me today, but according to my memory ( not 100 % trustworthy ) over 75 % of the literature he cited was written after the 1950s, and very little of it came from the 19th century. the importance of this is that it is impossible to obtain an historical perspective from such a biased selection of the literature. to be fair to gill, it must be stated that such a bias was conscious and intended, the idea being to reflect the activity of current ornithology, not to recap the whole of ornithology. also, it should be noted that it is not appropriate to put the onus on the authors and / or publishers, after all they are only feeding a demand. the problem, and i do think the lack of present day scholarship * is * a problem, is that too many readers want only to read about the \" hot \" current research, they are not willing to spend the time to develop the historical perspective. guttman states that ornithology has grown to such a degree that it is now impossible, or at least unlikely, for any one person to master the whole field. perhaps this is correct, but before adopting this explanation i would like to offer an alternative view. due to the change in the epistemology of the biological sciences, post - transitional ornithologists, like other biologists, have become specialists in an experimental arena, a tradition that directs them away from \" big picture \" thinking and scholarship. yet, while ornithology has grown to envelop such special", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5230612925601286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.883024"} {"text": "black box explains... rs - 232. product data sheets ( pdf )... enhanced parallel port cables rs - 232, also known as rs - 232c and tia / eia - 232 - e, is a group of electrical, functional, and mechanical specifications for serial interfaces between computers, terminals, and peripherals. the rs - 232 standard was developed by... more / see it nowthe electrical industries association ( eia ), and defines requirements for connecting data communications equipment ( dce ) \u2014 modems, converters, etc. \u2014 and data terminal equipment ( dte ) \u2014 computers, controllers, etc. ) devices. rs - 232 transmits data at speeds up to 115 kbps and over distances up to 50 feet ( 15. 2 m ). the standard, which is functionally equivalent to itu v. 24 / v. 28, specifies the workings of the interface, circuitry, and connector pinning. both sync and async binary data transmission fall under rs - 232. although rs - 232 is sometimes still used to transmit data from pcs to peripheral devices, the most common uses today are for network console ports and for industrial devices. even though rs - 232 is a \u201c standard, \u201d you can \u2019 t necessarily expect seamless communication between two rs - 232 devices. why? because different devices have different circuitry or pinning, and different wires may be designated to perform different functions. the typical rs - 232 connector is db25, but some pcs and other data communication devices have db9 connectors and many newer devices have rj - 45 rs - 232 ports. to connect 9 - pin pc ports or rj - 45 to devices with 25 - pin connectors, you will require a simple adapter cable. collapse black box explains... v. 35, the faster serial interface. product data sheets ( pdf )... ieee 1284 to usb printer cable bridge product data sheets ( pdf )... pc data - transfer cables v. 35 is the itu ( formerly ccitt ) standard termed data transmission at 48 kbps using 60108 khz group - band circuits. basically, v. 35 is a high - speed serial interface designed to support both higher data... more / see it nowrates and connectivity between dtes ( data - terminal equipment ) or dces ( data - communication equipment ) over digital lines. recognizable by its blocky, 34 - pin connector, v. 35 combines the bandwidth of several telephone circuits to provide the high - speed interface", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.518768172839588, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.886525"} {"text": "life - span gap skews entitlements toward the well - off as policy makers peer into the abyss below the fiscal cliff, they are beginning to talk about making changes to medicare, and perhaps even social security. when looking at these programs, they would be wise to take into account the widening gap in life expectancy - - a gap defined by education and income. since better - educated, higher - income americans are living longer than everyone else and therefore collecting benefits longer, medicare and social security are becoming less progressive on a lifetime basis. fortunately, there are ways to offset this gap. the average life expectancy at birth in the u. s. is now 78. 7 years. but in life expectancy, as in many things, averages obscure many details. higher - income people have pretty much always lived longer than lower - income people. in the early 1970s, however, the gap started expanding rapidly. in measuring this phenomenon, researchers typically look at education, rather than income, because education is correlated with lifetime income but is not affected by bouts of ill health, which can skew the relationship between current income and health status. in 1990, 20 - year - old white women who had at least a college degree were expected to live to age 81, while those with less than a high - school degree were expected to reach 79, a recent study in health affairs found. by 2008, however, that two - year gap had widened to more than 10 years. for 20 - year - old white men, the difference grew from five years in 1990 to 13 years in 2008. other studies show a similar pattern : for people high on the scale of socioeconomic status, life expectancy is rising at a decent clip. for those at the bottom, it is stagnant at best - - and in many cases is actually declining. a complicating factor in these analyses is that the kind of people who lack, say, a high - school diploma today are different from those who didn \u2019 t have one in the past. still, it is clear that the gap is growing for reasons that go beyond this selection effect. one of these is smoking, which hasn \u2019 t declined as quickly among less - educated people as it has among the highly educated. other reasons include changes in marriage patterns and social ties, and the economic return that education brings. \u201c education exerts its direct beneficial effects on health through the adoption of healthier lifestyles, better ability to cope with stress and more effective management of chronic diseases, \u201d the authors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4249630423319252, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.891650"} {"text": "patterns and social ties, and the economic return that education brings. \u201c education exerts its direct beneficial effects on health through the adoption of healthier lifestyles, better ability to cope with stress and more effective management of chronic diseases, \u201d the authors of the health affairs article write. \u201c however, the indirect effects of education through access to more privileged social position, better - paying jobs and higher income are also profound. \u201d one clear implication is that boosting people \u2019 s education has important benefits in addition to productivity. yet that won \u2019 t have much impact on people already well along in their careers, and the longevity gap is widening even among people on the verge of retirement. just since 1990, the difference in life expectancy between the most - and least - educated 65 - year - olds has grown by almost five years. for programs such as social security and medicare, the consequences are easy to see. consider the present value of $ 1 that a white man turning 65 can expect to receive each year of his remaining life. in 1990, when the best - educated men could expect to live an additional 16 years and the least - educated, 15 years more, the difference in the present value of that $ 1 amounted to about 5 percent. by 2008, when the men at the top of the scale could expect to live five years longer, the present - value gap was more than 25 percent. in our 2005 book, \u201c saving social security, \u201d the economist peter diamond and i argued that the formula used to set people \u2019 s annual social security benefits should be made more progressive to offset the increasing gap in life expectancy. when it comes to medicare, offsetting the longevity gap is a bit more challenging, because there is no straightforward formula to work with. ( it is also less clear what the level of lifetime progressivity for medicare is in the first place. while most studies suggest that social security remains moderately progressive on a lifetime basis, the evidence on medicare is mixed. one major study found it to be regressive on a lifetime basis, and another did not. ) if medicare were shifted to a premium - support program - - a change that would create other problems, as i have explained - - the widening divide in life expectancy would justify a much larger annual subsidy for people at the bottom of the income distribution than for those at the top. given how the program is structured now, however, policy makers should look for still more ways to link copayments to income, as is already done for medicare part b and part d premiums", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5000087600115573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.892769"} {"text": "of the income distribution than for those at the top. given how the program is structured now, however, policy makers should look for still more ways to link copayments to income, as is already done for medicare part b and part d premiums. negotiations in washington over how to address the fiscal cliff offer an opportunity to update both medicare and social security to offset the trends in life expectancy. although we may not be able to do anything immediately to lengthen the lives of america \u2019 s poorest and least - educated people, we can at least even out the resulting differences in their lifetime social security and medicare benefits. ( peter orszag is vice chairman of corporate and investment banking at citigroup inc. and a former director of the office of management and budget in the obama administration. the opinions expressed are his own. ) today \u2019 s highlights : the editors on how to avert the fiscal cliff and on new york \u2019 s lawsuit against jpmorgan chase & co. ; margaret carlson on the election as a referendum on mitt romney ; clive crook on finding an unextreme path for europe ; michael kinsley on which gaffes will matter at the debates ; meghan l. o \u2019 sullivan on the silver lining in the muslim anti - american riots ; thomas de waal on georgia \u2019 s democratic counterrevolution. to contact the writer of this article : peter orszag at firstname. lastname @ example. org to contact the editor responsible for this article : mary duenwald at email @ example. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4229355312937807, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.893430"} {"text": "- plan your visit - our gardens - events & exhibits - research & conservation - gardening resources - get involved school of botanical art and illustration botanical art and illustration is the well - established tradition of portraying plants for scientific purposes, recording vanishing species for historical record, or rendering the beauty and inspiration we experience in the flora of the world around us. we invite you to join the tradition of artists who have portrayed the beauty of plants for centuries. our core curriculum provides comprehensive instruction in botanical art and illustration. in the school of botanical art and illustration, you will learn the skills to render plants in remarkable scientific detail and the artistic techniques needed to create beautiful and lasting plant portraits. beginners will acquire new knowledge and skills, and experienced artists will refine techniques and find fresh directions for their work. all students enjoy small classes in a positive and encouraging atmosphere. with close to 200 courses and workshops offered each year, we ' ll help you to combine scientific accuracy with an aesthetic vision to create beautiful botanicals. sample the program with an introductory course or jump right into the core curriculum. whether you have painted for years or did your last great work in grade school, our instructors will meet you where you are to begin your botanical art and illustration journey. - general information - course listings and online registration - download the 2013 winter / spring botanical illustration course catalog - ' cafe botanique ' - these free lectures create an atmosphere where botanical science, research and art provide communication topics for botanical art and illustration students, gardens ' members, general public, academia and artists. pre - registration is required for one elective course credit. vist the school of botanical art and illustration blog. visit the school of botanical art and illustration page on facebook.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47097867360152806, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.895312"} {"text": "buddhist precepts in the modern worldby leaves no : 123 \u00a9 kandy ; buddhist publication society, ( 1991 ) bps online edition \u00a9 ( 2006 ) digital transcription source : access to insight dhamma transcription project for free distribution. this work may be republished, reformatted, reprinted and redistributed in any medium. however, any such republication and redistribution is to be made available to the public on a free and unrestricted basis and translations and other derivative works are to be clearly marked as such. the five precepts are the basic moral code of buddhism, undertaken daily by lay buddhists along with the three refuges and regarded as the indispensable foundation of a life governed by the dhamma. the five precepts consist of five training rules of abstinence : ( 1 ) from killing, ( 2 ) from stealing, ( 3 ) from sexual misconduct, ( 4 ) from false speech, ( 5 ) from intoxicants. the five precepts are designed to discipline and purify the three avenues of human action body, speech, and mind. abstention from killing, stealing, and sexual misconduct disciplines bodily action. abstention from false speech disciplines verbal action. it is also expected under this fourth precept that one should refrain from slander, abusive speech and frivolous talk. the dual discipline of body and speech has a salutary effect on the purity of mind, though complete mental purity can be brought about effectively only through bhavana, mental culture or meditation. the fifth precept against the use of intoxicants attempts to safeguard the mental faculty from degenerating through a bad habit. a man under the influence of intoxicants has no control over himself, and thus is easily tempted to transgress the four other precepts as well. traditionally, the five precepts are regarded as part and parcel of personal morality, a stepping stone along the path to liberation. however, these five precepts also have a momentous relevance to modern society. man in the modern world lives in a critical state of illness an illness rooted in moral negligence. the five rules of training which form the backbone of buddhist ethics offer a remedy for that illness, a course of therapy that is radical because it strikes at the root of the problem. this i hope to show by an examination of each of the precepts the precept against killing the world today is plagued by various kinds of conflicts : ethnic, racial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49945515281885255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.910809"} {"text": "of therapy that is radical because it strikes at the root of the problem. this i hope to show by an examination of each of the precepts the precept against killing the world today is plagued by various kinds of conflicts : ethnic, racial, religious and ideological. terrorism appears to reign supreme in many countries. war is not just a threat, it is a continuing actuality all over the globe. the use of nuclear power in war is a worldwide anxiety. the manufacture of firearms is a thriving industry. are there wars because there are firearms, or are there firearms because there are wars? the two seem to form a vicious circle, and it may be questioned whether conflicts are maneuvered and nurtured in order to find a ready market for the flourishing arms industry. enough nuclear power is available today to blow the planet up several times over. chemical and biological weapons capable of inflicting unimaginable torment have been designed to kill people but leave buildings intact. but it is well to remember that cruelty dehumanizes the victim overtly, and the perpetrators in more subtle ways. the question arises whether life is deemed more, or less, valuable today when man is at the apex of his technological prowess, than in earlier periods of his history. if a world war erupts there will be no victor to enjoy victory, as the victor, victim, and the uninvolved will all be annihilated. some realization of this imminent catastrophe seems to have dawned on the nuclear powers at long last, hence the recent negotiations for arms control. but it is a timely question to ask how valuable one individual holds the life of another to be. when we pay attention to the precarious situation man faces today, we begin to appreciate and marvel at the real value and significance of the precept against killing. if only the scientific community of the proud modern world had observed this simple moral precept of the inviolability and sanctity of life, it might have concentrated only on the constructive uses of science. but what is paradoxical and even ludicrous today is that modern man is foolhardy enough to pride himself on unprecedented scientific achievement when in fact he has brought the entire human species to the very brink of disaster. militarism is not the only ill effect of the lack of sympathy for life. it is felt to a very marked degree in agriculture. the free use of insecticides, weedicides, and chemical fertilizers has caused soil pollution with disastrous long - term consequences", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5617918129295356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.913514"} {"text": "not the only ill effect of the lack of sympathy for life. it is felt to a very marked degree in agriculture. the free use of insecticides, weedicides, and chemical fertilizers has caused soil pollution with disastrous long - term consequences. the natural chemical and bacterial balance of the soil has been disturbed. as a result the fertility and the productivity of the soil are diminishing at an alarming rate. rivers and seas too have been polluted by chemical waste and in some areas rivers have become incapable of sustaining aquatic life. all these have adversely affected human life, and unless man turns over a new leaf with a radical change in attitude this dangerous trend portends disaster. a return to moral values seems a survival imperative. another disgraceful inhuman activity we hear of sometimes is the prevalence of baby farms in the third world countries, where it is alleged that unwanted babies are sold to human tissue banks to provide organs and tissues for transplant purposes. one shudders, overcome with revulsion at this callous and shameful disregard for the life of another. money, status, and power seem to be the criteria which determine the value of one person ' s life as against that of another. can civilized man, with a clear conscience, use the life of one individual to save the life of another? this shows the extent to which modern man has been dehumanized. moral discipline is a crying need to impress upon him the inherent worth and dignity of all humanity. the precept against stealing lawlessness and misappropriation of various kinds are prevalent today to an unprecedented degree. the mass media are replete with distressing news about pickpocketing, bribery, smuggling, organized robbery, blackmailing, hijacking, etc. society today has acquired such perverse values that sometimes daredevil crimes are sentimentalized as acts of valor. apart from such blatant crimes, modern society is guilty of subtle forms of misappropriation which have far - reaching adverse effects. man today uses non - renewable natural resources at the risk of his own survival. goods of inferior quality are produced so that they have a short span of utility value because a market must be found for their speedily produced replacements. brain - washed by commercial advertisements to believe in the merits of consumerism, modern man is actually using the earth ' s resources at a rate which jeopardizes generations yet unborn. is this not a case of robbing the rights of future generations? if a household prepared food sufficient for ten people, but it was all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4555593388484771, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.914843"} {"text": "man is actually using the earth ' s resources at a rate which jeopardizes generations yet unborn. is this not a case of robbing the rights of future generations? if a household prepared food sufficient for ten people, but it was all consumed by four, we would not hesitate to call the behavior of the four selfish and immoral. but when modern man consumes earth ' s non - renewable resources without regard for future generations, we are foolish enough to call it development and progress. periodically the world today destroys thousands of tons of surplus food to prevent the reduction of market prices, when in fact there are millions of people undernourished and dying of starvation. at a time when food preservation techniques and transport facilities are plentiful, and people in all parts of the world are well informed about the situation in other countries, it is appalling to see the wanton waste of usable goods and the lack of fellow feeling and altruism. the inordinate acquisitive greed of man is the root cause of much misery today. the wanton felling of trees has resulted in severe soil erosion in mountainous regions. time and again the consequence has been massive mudslides resulting in the destruction of whole villages and the loss of hundreds of lives. the destruction caused to tropical rain forests all over the world has also altered the climatic conditions of the whole planet. scientists are now warning of the danger of a global temperature rise and the consequent melting of ice - caps in the polar regions. in such an event within the course of the next century vast inhabited coastal areas of all the continents will be engulfed by the sea all these and many more calamities are the direct effects of modern man ' s greed, which has assumed intolerable proportions. the first step to curb greed is the observance of the second precept, the positive aspect of which is non - ostentatiousness and the ability to be contented with a simple life where needs are satisfied rather than greeds. the precept against sexual misconduct disdaining the sexual mores of the pre - industrial era, modern man has plunged headlong into a life of uninhibited pleasure, so much so that the last few decades have been characterized by what is called a sexual revolution. the discovery of contraception relieved man of the responsibilities that come in the wake of sex and sensuality has become an accepted social trend. all manners of sexual behavior are practiced with uninhabited openness. homosexuality, lesbianism, premarital", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49150580354034495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.916585"} {"text": "sexual revolution. the discovery of contraception relieved man of the responsibilities that come in the wake of sex and sensuality has become an accepted social trend. all manners of sexual behavior are practiced with uninhabited openness. homosexuality, lesbianism, premarital and extra - marital sex have become widespread phenomena. incest and rape, too, raise their ugly heads with unprecedented frequency. sexual abuse of children within the family circle is so common that in britain a telephone service called childline has been set up which specializes in counseling abused children. it is reported that this voluntary organization receives over 1000 calls a day! the ill effects of this permissiveness have gradually emerged. the divorce rate has become alarmingly high as couples are incapable of maintaining steady, lasting, emotionally sound relationships. children have suffered most in broken homes and large numbers of adolescents have become drug addicts and delinquents. juvenile delinquency is now a serious social problem. public institutions have been organized to care for unwanted children, and to rehabilitate drug addicts and delinquents. babies are sometimes battered to death during family crises and measures have been adopted to deal with family violence. abortion has become so frequent that it is currently a widely debated moral and sociolegal medical issue. sexually transmitted diseases have increased by leaps and bounds to assume almost epidemic proportions. the whole world was shaken with a rude shock by the advent of the dreaded disease aids, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, for which medical scientists all over the globe are struggling, without success so far, to find an effective cure. it is also a well - known secret that one of the causes for cancer of the cervix in women is exposure to several sexual partners. already burdened with various other socio - economic problems due to industrialization and urbanization, man now has to face the additional burden of family and health problems. interpersonal relations have become superficial and brittle, and large numbers of people find themselves alienated, frustrated and mentally ill, without a sense of direction and purpose. the alienated individual has no friend to turn to for solace, and as he is already estranged from religion, psychiatry has stepped in to give some measure of relief. it must not be forgotten that man emerged from savagery to civilization through family life. the love of the mother for her offspring played a significant role in this march, and the family was the vital social unit in giving the new arrival the comfort and security which he sorely needed. modern man in his greed for sensual pleasures has sacrificed the sanct", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4945255803748345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.917585"} {"text": "of the mother for her offspring played a significant role in this march, and the family was the vital social unit in giving the new arrival the comfort and security which he sorely needed. modern man in his greed for sensual pleasures has sacrificed the sanctity of this vital institution, and he found himself drowning in the very pleasures which he so much wanted to enjoy, reminding one of the traditional simile of the ant fallen in the pot of honey. it is really to safeguard man against such catastrophic disasters that the third precept has been so designed to form part and parcel of the code of discipline obligatory for laymen. the precept against false speech when selfish pursuit of personal gain and pleasure largely determines human action, one can hardly expect a high standard of honesty to prevail in society. today there appear to be discrepancies between words and deeds even at the highest levels of national authority. nations establish diplomatic relations as a gesture of friendship and goodwill, but from time to time we also hear them accusing each other of employing spy services to pry into one another ' s internal affairs. this shows that there are double standards and double dealings and often, despite a facade of friendship, the result is mutual distrust and suspicion at the international level. we also hear of instances of terrorist camps being established in some countries to train men in guerrilla warfare to destabilize the government of another friendly country. showing a very friendly face, some leaders work with sinister hypocritical motives to stabilize their own political positions at the expense of others. recently the papers also reported that a ship laden with toxic chemical waste was going from an undisclosed country to an unidentified destination. ultimately it is said to have unloaded its \" cargo \" in a coastal farm in nigeria, purchasing the consent of the poor farmer without the knowledge of the nigerian government. from time to time we also hear reports of scandalous behavior on the part of national leaders. in some instances when their honesty and integrity have become questionable, public pressure has obliged them to resign from high office. some have been defeated at elections due to malpractices. when those in the highest social and political positions stoop to such dishonesty, one cannot expect moral standards to be maintained in society at large. according to buddhism rulers have to set a good example to their subjects by maintaining a high standard of morality in their public and private lives. it is men of high integrity and moral stature who can command the respect and loyalty of the people. when rulers are unrighteous and morally depr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5358457623847273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.918564"} {"text": "a good example to their subjects by maintaining a high standard of morality in their public and private lives. it is men of high integrity and moral stature who can command the respect and loyalty of the people. when rulers are unrighteous and morally depraved, social values deteriorate and society gradually sinks into anarchy and chaos ( sabbam rattham dukkham seti raja ce hoti adhammiko, a. ii, 74 - 76 ). as man is social animal, mutual dependability is a survival strategy. dishonesty weakens the very basis of society and the whole social structure breaks down with mutual distrust. military strength cannot bring unity and harmony in society ; it is moral power which infuses resilience and strength to social life. the precept against intoxicants brewing liquor is one of the most profitable industries in the world today and the market is replete with various brands of alcohol. in sri lanka the state coffers are handsomely augmented by the revenue earned from the sale of liquor, and the consumption of expensive foreign alcohol is regarded as a luxury of high society. values have become so perverted that it is the teetotaller who gets cornered in society today. only a man with high moral scruples and a strong character can decline the offer of a drink at a party despite the embarrassment of being regarded as a wet blanket or one under petticoat government. it also remains a fact that many who end up as alcoholics were first introduced to drinking for social acceptance. alcoholism and drug abuse are burning social problems of modern society. they ruin the physical and mental health of the addicts. one does not have to be a habitual drunkard to fall prey to disease. according to a british medical journal, daily beer drinkers are twelve times more at risk of developing cancer of the colon than non - drinkers. it is also reported that even relatively modest social drinking by pregnant women can harm the fetus. the babies are abnormally small, or have small heads or jittery eyes. these are effects associated with what is called the fetal - alcoholism syndrome, which in its extreme form produces very distorted features and a retarded brain. alcohol also causes irreparable damage to brain cells in adults even when taken in small quantities, while larger quantities can damage vital organs of the body. drug abuse is even more injurious. fully realizing the harmful effects of intoxicants, buddhism has included abstention from them among the basic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.527799836546053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.919472"} {"text": "even when taken in small quantities, while larger quantities can damage vital organs of the body. drug abuse is even more injurious. fully realizing the harmful effects of intoxicants, buddhism has included abstention from them among the basic moral precepts. the dangers of intoxicants are enumerated in a number of the buddha ' s discourses, the most famous of which is the sigalovada sutta ( d. iii, 182 ). indulgence in intoxicants causes economic downfall. the episode of mahadhanasetthi ( dha. iii, 129 ), who squandered a vast fortune by drinking with evil friends and was reduced to beggary in his old age, is a classic example related in the pali texts of a wealthy man ruined by alcohol. intoxicants can cause disputes, quarrels and family violence. disruption of family life is often caused by addiction to liquor and drugs, and this brings about a whole chain of other related social problems. the suttas report that ill health and a bad reputation are also caused by the habit of taking intoxicants, which also destroys inhibitions and weakens wisdom. the situation is aptly summarized by a modern writer who said that man ' s conscience is soluble in alcohol most of the crimes in modern society, as well as serious traffic accidents, have liquor and drugs as the root cause. in spite of the devastating social effects of alcohol that are so evident today, attractive advertisements clutter the mass media depicting liquor as integral to the lifestyle of the affluent, to emulate which is the dream of the common man. people have to be educated and convinced not only of the ill effects of intoxicants but also of the value of will power and strength of character to resist the temptations that society throws in their way. it is only one who is weak in character who will get trapped in these snares. the individual should also be taught to cultivate a sympathetic attitude toward his own body and mind. they are his instruments of action and it is his own responsibility, and in his own interest, to keep them healthy and efficient. in the meditation on loving - kindness in buddhism the individual is first taught how to develop a benevolent attitude toward himself. \" may i be well and happy \" is quietly and mindfully repeated several times each day at the beginning of the meditation to impress upon the mind a compassionate attitude toward himself. when the benevolent attitude becomes deeply ingrained in the mind, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5061369486879485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.920371"} {"text": "himself. \" may i be well and happy \" is quietly and mindfully repeated several times each day at the beginning of the meditation to impress upon the mind a compassionate attitude toward himself. when the benevolent attitude becomes deeply ingrained in the mind, the meditator will gradually refrain from habits which are injurious to his own body and mind. it is the paramount duty of all concerned people who realize that society today is in a precarious state, to muster all resources at their command to bring about a change in man ' s attitude to rescue him from the perils of his own making. the moral dimension the scientific man of today has tapped many of nature ' s secrets and has learned to control the physical forces of universe. but he has yet to learn to master the social and psychological forces that affect his very being, and his relationship to his fellowmen and the environment. though man in this nuclear age may be an intellectual giant who has achieved technological wonders, emotionally he is a mere dwarf who has barely taken a couple of steps beyond the stone age. one writer compares modern man to a person who has one leg tied to a jet plane while the other leg is tied to a bullock cart. thus man ' s development is utterly lopsided, and this psychological imbalance seems to be largely responsible for the crisis situation we face. what is needed is the total development of the personality as a whole, and for that the cultivation of the moral dimension is an absolute must. we have traffic rules to facilitate the smooth flow of traffic. though they appear to place restrictions on the freedom of the individual, they in fact grant freedom of movement to one and all. moral laws are similar to traffic rules. they impose certain restraints with the double purpose of granting maximum satisfaction to the individual in the long run, and of preventing the individual from hindering his fellowmen from realizing their own satisfaction. moral laws coordinate different aspects of human experience so that there are no conflicts within the individual and among individuals. conflicts, terrorism, and wars have to be understood as the external manifestations of the internal disharmony of man. man thinks violent thoughts, therefore there is violence in society. the corrupt mind brings suffering in its wake. this is an eternal truth. if happiness is what we yearn for, we have to entertain wholesome thoughts, and act with wholesome thoughts ; then happiness will follow effortlessly like a shadow. to train the mind for wholesome thoughts and healthy attitudes our physical and verbal activities must be disciplined, and this is exactly what the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5450765685803816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.921392"} {"text": "when multiplying radical expressions of the same power, be careful to multiply together only the terms inside the roots and only the terms outside the roots ; keep them separate. after multiplying the terms together, we rewrite the root separating perfect squares if possible. the rules of distributing and multiplying binomials ( foil ) apply to radicals as well. now we ' re going to talk about multiplying radicals, so we know how to simplify radicals okay so behind me i have the square root of 50. we know how to simplify this by saying okay what perfect square goes into 50? 25 so we can break this down into 25 times 2 which we can then split up again into square root of 25 times the square root of 2. square root of 25 is simplifies the 5 so we ' re ending up with 5 root 2. okay, so we ' re able to split it up to get a simplified version okay? if we ' re multiplying two things like over here i have square root of 2 times the square root of 8, as long as our square roots are the same so these are both squares so they ' re both to [ ib ] 2 right here we could go the other way as well so with this 50 we broke it down into the product of two things, we could also go the other way and put it back in together to be one square root okay? so what we can do here is combine these two together this turns into the square root of 16 which we know is 4 okay? the other way you could do this and i wouldn ' t recommend it because it ' s little more work is to simplify these two individually okay? we can ' t do anything with this squared of 2 that ' s stuck, but the square root of 8 turns into the oops let ' s write where i know you can see it is equal to the squared of 4 to the square root of 2 so what we ' ll really end up with is the square root 2 from before times 2 times another square root of 2 okay? square root of 2 times the square root of 2 turns into 2 so we end up with 2 times 2 which is 4 okay? so we could simplify these up first but there ' s really no point okay? we can combine these two as is same square root multiply them together in order to simplify.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49715754883200675, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.923640"} {"text": "this book offers the first comprehensive overview of the catholic enlightenment in europe. it surveys the diversity of views about the structure and nature of the movement, pointing toward the possibilities for further research. the volume presents a series of comprehensive treatments on the process and interpretation of catholic enlightenment in france, spain, portugal, poland, the holy roman empire, malta, italy and the habsburg territories. an introductory overview explores the varied meanings of catholic enlightenment and situates them in a series of intellectual and social contexts. the topics covered in this book are crucial for a proper understanding of the role and place not only of catholicism in the eighteenth century, but also for the social and religious history of modern europe. a companion to the catholic enlightenment in europe edited by gary ferguson & mary b. mckinley eleven scholars offer new appreciations of marguerite de navarre \u2019 s rich and varied \u0153uvre : her mystical poetry, plays, and short - story collection, and her efforts to promote a living faith and a renewal of the church based on evangelical principles. edited by alessandro conti walter burley was one of the most prominent logicians and metaphysicians of the middle ages. this volume, which contain thirteen substantial articles on his philosophy, is aimed to reconstruct the internal evolution of his doctrines and the role they played in the development of late medieval... edited by herman j. selderhuis an international team of renowned scholars give an oversight of the history and theology of reformed orthodoxy ( \u00b1 1550 - 1750 ). the renewed interest in this fascinating period in intellectual history is documented in this companion. edited by steven r. cartwright this volume surveys the interpretation of st. paul by patristic and medieval exegetes. it also examines the use of paul by medieval reformers, canon lawyers, and spiritual teachers and paul \u2019 s portrayal in medieval literature and art. edited by irven m. resnick contributions to this omnibus volume from twenty - seven internationally renowned scholars will introduce students of philosophy, science, and theology to the current state of research and multiple perspectives on the work of albert the great. edited by henrik lagerlund and paul thom cardinal and archbishop of canterbury robert kilwardby op ( c. 1215 - 1279 ) was a very important and influential thinker in his time, but he has not received the scholarly attention that he deserves. in this book we present the first study of all of his philosophical thinking from logic and grammar... edited by jeremiah m. hackett drawing on the latest european research on meister eckhart since 1970,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5182023439249828, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.927222"} {"text": "received the scholarly attention that he deserves. in this book we present the first study of all of his philosophical thinking from logic and grammar... edited by jeremiah m. hackett drawing on the latest european research on meister eckhart since 1970, the volume provides a comprehensive rereading of the life, works, career, trial of meister eckhart. central philosophical ideas and sources with an account of his preaching, teaching and the reception of his work from the... edited by tobias hoffmann this book studies medieval theories of angelology insofar as they made groundbreaking contributions to medieval philosophy. it centers on the period from bonaventure to ockham while also discussing some original positions by earlier thinkers. edited by phyllis r. brown and stephen l. wailes hrotsvit wrote stories, plays, and histories during the reign of emperor otto the great ( 962 - 973 ). twelve original essays survey her work, showing historical roots and contexts, christian values, and a surprisingly modern grappling with questions of identity and female self - realization. edited by deborah mcgrady and jennifer bain this collection provides a comprehensive reading of machaut \u2019 s literary and musical corpus that privileges his engagement with contemporary political, ethical, and aesthetic concerns of late medieval culture as well as his reception by artists and thinkers, medieval and modern. - 1 of 5 no additional information", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5080408999674191, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.927820"} {"text": "ariusarticle free pass arius, ( born c. 250, libya \u2014 died 336, constantinople [ now istanbul, tur. ] ), christian priest of alexandria, egypt, whose teachings gave rise to a theological doctrine known as arianism, which, in affirming the created, finite nature of christ, was denounced by the early church as a major heresy. an ascetical, moral leader of a christian community in the area of alexandria, arius attracted a large following through a message integrating neoplatonism, which accented the absolute oneness of the divinity as the highest perfection, with a literal, rationalist approach to the new testament texts. this point of view was publicized about 323 through the poetic verse of his major work, thalia ( \u201c banquet \u201d ), and was widely spread by popular songs written for labourers and travelers. the council of nicaea, in may 325, declared arius a heretic after he refused to sign the formula of faith stating that christ was of the same divine nature as god. influential support from colleagues in asia minor and from constantia, the sister of emperor constantine i, succeeded in effecting arius \u2019 s return from exile and his readmission into the church after consenting to a compromise formula. shortly before he was to be reconciled, however, arius collapsed and died while walking through the streets of constantinople. what made you want to look up \" arius \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4208332894965885, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.931436"} {"text": "shan plateauarticle free pass shan plateau, crystalline massif forming the eastern part of myanmar ( burma ) and forming part of the indo - malayan mountain system. the plateau is crossed by the deep trench of the salween river in the east and is bordered by the upper course of the irrawaddy river to the west. the average elevation of the plateau is between 2, 500 and 4, 000 feet ( 750 and 1, 200 m ). it is seamed and ribbed by mountain ranges that split up and run into each other. the mountain ranges have an average elevation of between 4, 000 and 5, 000 feet ( 1, 200 and 1, 500 m ), with some peaks rising to more than 8, 000 feet ( 2, 400 m ). the ranges are interspersed with masses of broken hills, which formerly were heavily forested but which have been extensively denuded because of the shifting ( slash - and - burn ) cultivation practiced by some of the local inhabitants. in between these uplands are valleys and rolling plains that are covered with grass or are farmed for rice. the rocks in the northern part of the shan plateau are the source of rubies, sapphires, and other gems for which myanmar has long been famous. the plateau is the country \u2019 s principal source of lead, zinc, and silver and is an area of major teak forests. what made you want to look up \" shan plateau \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4143086339683384, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.933018"} {"text": "water witch incidentarticle free pass water witch incident, ( 1855 ), brief military skirmish near the paraguayan ft. itapiru, involving the uss \u201c water witch, \u201d commanded by lt. thomas j. page, and paraguayan troops who fired as the vessel was exploring the parana river, in international waters. in 1853 the \u201c water witch \u201d set out on a scientific study, organized by the u. s. government, of the rio de la plata waterways. in 1854, after page became involved in a controversy between the paraguayan president carlos antonio lopez and a north american firm, paraguay barred foreign war vessels from its waters. in the subsequent incident in 1855 on the parana river, one u. s. seaman was killed and several others were injured, and gunfire from the \u201c water witch \u201d killed a number of paraguayan troops. in 1859 the u. s. government dispatched a naval force to paraguay to force a settlement of its claims involving the \u201c water witch \u201d incident and earlier disputes. the settlement included a formal apology to the u. s. government for the attack and an agreement by the paraguayan government to pay the slain seaman \u2019 s family an indemnity of $ 10, 000. what made you want to look up \" water witch incident \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.42420809302829227, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.934385"} {"text": "in this blog i have explained oops features of c # in brief to help new comer ' s to crack an interview, i have explained these feature in brief because of focsing on new comer ' s to give them a idea how to answer thes questions which are often asked in an interview. programming in which data is logically represented in the form of a class and physically represented in the form an object is called as object oriented programming ( oop ). oop has the following important features. in oop languages it is must to create a class for representing data. class contains variables for storing data and functions to specify various operations that can be performed on data. class will not occupy any memory space and hence it is only logical representation of within a class variables are used for storing data and functions to specify various operations that can be performed on data. this process of wrapping up of data and functions that operate on data as a single unit is called as data encapsulation. within a class if a member is that member can not be accessed from out side the class. i. e. that member is hidden from rest of the program. this process of hiding the details of a class from rest of the program is called as data abstraction. advantage of data abstraction is security. class will not occupy any memory space. hence to work with the data represented by the class you must create a variable for the class, which is called as an object. when an object is created by using the keyword new, then memory will be allocated for the class in heap memory area, which is called as an instance and its starting address will be stored in the object in stack memory when an object is created without the keyword new, then memory will not be allocated in heap i. e. instance will not be created and object in the stack contains the value null. when an object contains null, then it is not possible to access the members of the class using that object. creating a new class from an existing class is called as inheritance. when a new class requires same members as an existing class, then instead of recreating those members the new class can be created from existing class, which is called as inheritance. advantage of inheritance is reusability of the code. during inheritance, the class that is inherited is called as base class and the class that does the inheritance is called as derived class. polymorphism means having more than one form. polymorphism can be achieved with the help of overloading and overriding concepts. polymorphism", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5745203232379028, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.939999"} {"text": "so what ' s the problem? for every loaf of bread baked, the grain from the harvested crop is first stored in barns on local farms or in huge regional grain silos. this is great news for a host of insects, as there is an ample source of food for them to feed on and reproduce amongst. this can prove to be a huge problem as not only do these pests deplete the quality of the grain, but if insects are found to be contaminating their product, farmers face having batches rejected by the market which can cost the farmer anywhere between \u00a33 - \u00a320 per tonne. what is this project doing? an alternative to chemical pesticides are biopesticides which use fungi as a way of controlling the insects. using their experience and expertise of working with fungi, cabi scientists \u2013 along with scientists from the central science laboratory ( csl ), exosect ltd and sylvan somycel \u2013 investigated the possibility of tackling the problem by developing a new biopesticide. the current project builds on the results of a previous project whereby 10 samples of naturally occurring insect killing fungi were collected from uk grain stores. identification showed eight of these to be the fungal species beauveria bassiana. in laboratory trials, some strains of this fungus proved 100 % effective at killing a range of beetles, moths and mites but when tested in drier environmental conditions similar to grain stores, the kill rates dropped significantly. the scientists needed to find a way of increasing the virulence of the fungus by increasing the production of fugal spores and maximising their uptake by the pests. the current project selected the two most virulent strains of b. bassiana and looked into ways of improving their efficacy within the grain store environment. different mass production techniques were investigated in order to improve the ability of the fungus to survive and germinate in drier environments. different formulations were also investigated to enhance the efficacy of the fungus within the grain store. as a living organism, the fungus needs to be able to survive and replicate after being formulated and as a commercial product the fungus will need to be sold in an easily applicable formula such as an emulsion, oil or powder. so, these different mediums need to be tested to ensure they can still be effective and have a realistic shelf life. grain stores can be made of a variety of different materials so the affect of applying the fungus to a variety of grain store fabrics over a period of time was also investigated. results so far cabi researchers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49557250144574616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.945313"} {"text": "still be effective and have a realistic shelf life. grain stores can be made of a variety of different materials so the affect of applying the fungus to a variety of grain store fabrics over a period of time was also investigated. results so far cabi researchers have found that the majority of formulations can be stored and remain effective over a period of 12 months ; this is important for a potential commercial product. they have also conducted tests on surfaces which are found within the grain store. results from these trials are promising as none had a detrimental effect on the action of the fungi. project collaborators at the central science laboratory have also carried out trials assessing the effectiveness of the fungus in a variety of conditions. these have shown very promising results indicating that the fungus can be effective within difficult dry conditions. current legislation is working in favour of biopesticides and their development. a new scheme set up by the pesticide safety directorate is making the process for registering natural, biological pesticides easier, whilst still conforming to the strict controls to protect human and animal health, and the environment. address : bakeham lane, egham, surrey, tw209ty, united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 1491 829014 tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 1491 829034 tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 1491 829015 increasing maize production and availability in a sustainable way improving tomato and apple production in kosovo enhancing food security in asia - pacific building plant nurseries in pakistan promoting sustainable agriculture for dpr korea ' s crops improved maize production to help farmers in batagram, pakistan by w lockeretz 21 march 2011 paperback / 9781845938765 / \u00a335. 00 / $ 70. 00 / \u20ac45. 00 sustainable livestock management for poverty alleviation and food security by d bhandari, k van ' t hooft, t wollen 04 april 2012 hardback / 9781845938277 / \u00a375. 00 / $ 145. 00 / \u20ac100. 00 vegetable production and marketing in africa by d mithofer, h waibel 09 june 2011 hardback / 9781845936495 / \u00a385. 00 / $ 160. 00 / \u20ac110. 00 bibliography of systematic mycology a leading resource for systematic mycology if you ' re not searching cab abstracts... you ' re not searching the world cab abstracts archive searching the past... informing the future", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46296647474936803, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.948163"} {"text": "severe weather safety tips how to protect yourself during a storm august 1, 2012 according to the american red cross, lightning, which is present in every thunderstorm, kills more people each year than tornadoes or hurricanes. their motto : if thunder roars, go indoors! lucky for you, the cabin shelves are already prepped for unplugged fun ( checkers, anyone? ) that you can enjoy while you \u2019 re tucked safely inside. photo by thinkstock. com just be sure to keep these other severe - weather tips from the american red cross in mind when the sky starts to look that surreal tinge of green. - during any storm, listen to local news or an noaa weather radio to stay informed about watches and warnings. - know your community \u2019 s warning system. - avoid electrical equipment and telephones. use battery - powered tvs and radios instead. - do not shower or use plumbing. - watch for tornado signs : dark, often greenish clouds ; a wall cloud or funnel cloud ; a cloud of debris ; large hail ; roaring noise. - pick a safe room in your cabin where household members and pets may gather during a tornado. this should be a basement, storm cellar or an interior room on the lowest floor with no windows. - prepare for high winds by removing diseased and damaged limbs from trees. - move or secure lawn furniture, trash cans, hanging plants or anything else that can be picked up by the wind and become a projectile. - shutter windows and close outside doors securely. keep away from windows. - mobile homes are not safe during tornadoes or other severe winds. if you have access to a sturdy shelter or a vehicle, abandon your mobile home immediately. - when a flood or flash flood warning is issued, head for higher ground and stay there. - stay away from floodwaters. six inches of swiftly moving water can sweep you off of your feet. most cars can be swept away by less than 2 feet of moving water. - be especially cautious at night when it is harder to recognize flood danger. - get trained in first aid and learn how to respond to emergencies.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39122386735781833, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.950332"} {"text": "the safety of metabolic therapy and alternative diets this page tells you about metabolic therapy and alternative diets sometimes used by people with cancer. there is information about metabolic therapy uses a combination of special diets, enzymes, nutritional supplements and other practices to try to remove harmful substances from the body ( toxins ) and strengthen the body ' s resistance to illness. in the uk the best known metabolic therapies are gerson therapy and macrobiotic diets. we have information about them in the individual complementary and alternative therapies section. however, there are many other types, including the following - kelley ' s treatment - gonzalez treatment - issels whole body therapy - injecting live cells from animals ( cell therapy ) - contreras metabolic therapy the different types of metabolic therapy vary a lot but they are all based on special diets and practices that aim to detoxify the body. the special diets usually involve natural, whole foods such as fresh fruits and vegetables, as well as vitamin and mineral supplements. some include laetrile, a plant substance that can cause severe side effects for some people. other practices that the therapies use may include - bowel washouts ( colonic irrigation ) with coffee or hydrogen peroxide enemas - enzyme therapy - removal of dental fillings - psychological therapy - stress reducing exercises research has shown that a healthy, well balanced diet can reduce the risk of cancer. you can find information about diet, healthy eating and cancer on the cancer research uk news and resources website. some small research studies seem to show that some types of nutritional supplement ( such as coenzyme q10 ) may help to control cancer in particular groups of people. but we need bigger studies to confirm this. there is no evidence that any type of metabolic therapy or alternative diet can prevent, treat or control cancer. in fact, some of the therapies and diets are very restrictive and strict so that it is impossible to get the right balance of nutrients. this can be a serious risk to your health if you are already weakened by cancer or by treatments such as chemotherapy, biological therapy or radiotherapy. some treatments used in metabolic therapies can cause harm \u2013 for example, coffee enemas carry a risk of causing a chemical imbalance in the body. and some nutritional supplements can be harmful in high doses. if you are thinking of trying an alternative diet, it is very important to talk to a dietician and go through the diet with them. they will be able to advise you about how safe it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4895995539095094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.955660"} {"text": "some nutritional supplements can be harmful in high doses. if you are thinking of trying an alternative diet, it is very important to talk to a dietician and go through the diet with them. they will be able to advise you about how safe it is for you. your hospital doctor or specialist nurse should be able to arrange for you to see a dietician. some alternative therapy practitioners who promote diets like these say that conventional medicine does you more harm than any alternative treatment. it is true that conventional cancer treatments, such as radiotherapy and cancer drugs, damage normal cells. the damage causes side effects. but these treatments have been tested in strictly monitored trials and have been proven to kill cancer cells. the dose is carefully controlled. so they have been shown to cure or control cancer in some people. and your doctors will be very open with you about the side effects and drawbacks of any conventional cancer treatment they offer you. people who promote alternative diets often make claims that they will cleanse your body, stimulate your metabolism, boost your immune system and fight your cancer. yet there is no scientific evidence that any of this is true. in fact, some of the diets can be very harmful, especially if you are ill and already undernourished. rated 4 out of 5 based on 1 votes question about cancer? contact our information nurse team", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4661366003801515, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.956186"} {"text": "black men today are more likely to receive a ged in prison than graduate from college. one in three black men, and one in six latino men, are projected to go to prison in their lifetimes. and african american and latino young men experience homicide rates that are 16 - and 5 - fold that of their white counterparts. there \u2019 s new hope that sacramento is responding to this crisis. one year ago california assemblymember sandre swanson created a special committee of legislators whose sole charge is to improve the life chances of these young men. the select committee on boys and men of color spent the past year traveling the state hearing from black and brown men \u2014 adolescents, men who have \u201c made it, \u201d and others who \u2019 ve turned their lives around. on wednesday the committee will present their findings and practical solutions. for us, this issue is personal. we each grew up in proud, hardworking families, but surrounded by poverty and desperation in our respective communities. despite the many gains realized in advancement and civil rights for people of color in our nation, it is clear that a sizable swath of black and brown young men are seriously in danger of remaining dislocated from the promise of opportunity in america. we understand now that successful, thriving young people aren \u2019 t born. they \u2019 re nurtured. the check - list to grow up includes caring adults, safe places to play, good schools and real job opportunities. yet many young people in california live in communities with concentrated poverty, under - resourced schools and unsafe streets. they are more likely to experience poor health, suffer from unemployment and lead shorter lives. this is especially true of young men of color - - african - americans, latinos, asians and native americans. if you \u2019 re lucky enough to move to a neighborhood with a grocery store, safe parks and good schools, your health will improve. in fact, tell us your zip code and we \u2019 ll tell you how long you \u2019 ll live. for example, residents in marin county have among the highest life expectancy in the nation while residents of imperial county have close to the lowest. not every family can pack up and move. nor should they. instead, we must create opportunities for young people where they live \u2013 where health and success happens. why focus on young men? teenage boys, regardless of race and ethnicity, are more likely than girls to take risks as they shape their masculinity and exert independence. however, the research shows that youthful mistakes made by young men of color are often", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41349582549535935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.961441"} {"text": "on young men? teenage boys, regardless of race and ethnicity, are more likely than girls to take risks as they shape their masculinity and exert independence. however, the research shows that youthful mistakes made by young men of color are often judged more severely and result in harsher punishment \u2013 both in schools and courtrooms. this year, we were surprised to learn that california suspends more than 400, 000 students annually. the majority of infractions are not related to weapons or drugs. the u. s. department of education found that young black men are suspended at disproportionately higher rates. harsh school discipline is often the first step that pushes young men out of school and into the juvenile justice system, and eventually prison. our state spends nearly five times more of its budget on inmates than k - 12 students. we \u2019 ve got it backwards. the good news is that efforts are taking shape to tackle the problem. school districts large and small, urban and rural, have recognized we need a new direction. they \u2019 re showing teachers how to prevent problems before they start. and when there is misbehavior, they \u2019 re holding students accountable and helping them learn from their mistakes \u2014 all while keeping them in school. students then stay on track for graduation, and a healthy productive life. and public private partnerships are launching to help boys and young men of color thrive. last year, george soros and mayor michael bloomberg launched a $ 127 million effort in new york to support young men of color. the california community foundation and the california endowment have joined a new statewide coalition \u2014 the alliance for boys and young men of color. the alliance includes young people, community organizations, and officials in education, public health and law enforcement. state legislators are already advancing policies that serve our young people. bills promoting a return to common sense school discipline will see a final vote in the senate in august. we cannot stop here. we must scale up our investments in boys and young men of color, expanding innovative approaches and identifying new ones. if we don \u2019 t, we risk losing a generation of young people who can contribute greatly to our society. we \u2019 ll all pay a steep price for that. policymakers have made smart choices before, helping california become a global leader in the 20th century. the time has come again to make tough decisions that will create a better future for all californians. the committee \u2019 s recommendations should be the start. ed \u2019 s note : antonia hernandez is the president and ceo of the california community foundation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45100515880608305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.963790"} {"text": "the stresses of caregiving caring for an individual with alzheimer ' s disease or a related dementia can be challenging and, at times, overwhelming. frustration is a normal and valid emotional response to many of the difficulties of being a caregiver. while some irritation may be part of everyday life as a caregiver, feeling extreme frustration can have serious consequences for you or the person you care for. frustration and stress may negatively impact your physical health or cause you to be physically or verbally aggressive towards your loved one. if your caregiving situation is causing you extreme frustration or anger, you may want to explore some new techniques for coping. when you are frustrated, it is important to distinguish between what is and what is not within your power to change. frustration often arises out of trying to change an uncontrollable circumstance. as a caregiver of someone with dementia, you face many uncontrollable situations. normal daily activities \u2014 dressing, bathing and eating \u2014 may become sources of deep frustration for you. behaviors often associated with dementia, like wandering or asking questions repeatedly, can be frustrating for caregivers but are uncontrollable behaviors for people with dementia. unfortunately, you cannot simply change the behavior of a person suffering from dementia. when dealing with an uncontrollable circumstance, you do control one thing : how you respond to that circumstance. in order to respond without extreme frustration, you will need to : learn to recognize the warnings signs of frustration ; intervene to calm yourself down physically ; modify your thoughts in a way that reduces your stress ; learn to communicate assertively ; learn to ask for help. warning signs of frustration if you can recognize the warning signs of frustration, you can intervene and adjust your mood before you lose control. some of the common warning signs of frustration include : calming down physically when you become aware of the warning signs of frustration, you can intervene with an immediate activity to help you calm down. this gives you time to look at the situation more objectively and to choose how to respond in a more controlled way. when you feel yourself becoming frustrated, try counting from one to ten slowly and taking a few deep breaths. if you are able, take a brief walk or go to another room and collect your thoughts. it is better to leave the situation, even for a moment, than to lose control or react in a way you will regret. if you think someone may be offended when you leave the room, you can tell that person you need to go to the restroom. you can also try", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4734488597054244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.975100"} {"text": "situation, even for a moment, than to lose control or react in a way you will regret. if you think someone may be offended when you leave the room, you can tell that person you need to go to the restroom. you can also try calling a friend, praying, meditating, singing, listening to music or taking a bath. try experimenting with different responses to find out what works best for you and the person you care for. the regular practice of relaxation techniques can also help prepare you for frustrating circumstances. if possible, try the following relaxation exercise for at least ten minutes each day : sit in a comfortable position in a quiet place. take slow, deep breaths and relax the tension in your body. while you continue to take slow, deep breaths, you may want to imagine a safe and restful place and repeat a calming word or phrase. modifying your thoughts as you take time out to collect your thoughts, try rethinking your situation in ways that reduce frustration. how you think often affects how you feel. of course, feelings of frustration arise from difficult circumstances. if, however, you analyze your response to a frustrating situation, you will usually find some form of maladaptive \u2014 or negative \u2014 thinking that has the effect of increasing your frustration, preventing you from looking at your situation objectively, or finding a better way to deal with it. below are six major types of unhelpful thought patterns common among caregivers. following each unhelpful thought pattern is an example of an adaptive \u2014 or more helpful \u2014 thought that can be used as self - defense against frustration. familiarizing yourself with the unhelpful thought patterns and the adaptive responses can help you control your frustration. over - generalization : you take one negative situation or characteristic and multiply it. for example, you ' re getting ready to take the person in your care to a doctor ' s appointment when you discover the car battery has died. you then conclude, \" this always happens ; something always goes wrong. \" adaptive response : \" this does not happen all the time. usually my car is working just fine. at times things don ' t happen the way i would like, but sometimes they do. \" discounting the positive : you overlook the good things about your circumstances and yourself. for example, you might not allow yourself to feel good about caregiving by thinking, \" i could do more \" or \" anyone could do what i do. \" adaptive response : \" caregiving is not easy. it takes courage, strength,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5460720206468634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.976036"} {"text": ". for example, you might not allow yourself to feel good about caregiving by thinking, \" i could do more \" or \" anyone could do what i do. \" adaptive response : \" caregiving is not easy. it takes courage, strength, and compassion to do what i do. i am not always perfect, but i do a lot and i am trying to be helpful. \" jumping to conclusions : you reach a conclusion without having all the facts. you might do this in two ways : mindreading : we assume that others are thinking negative thoughts about us. for example, a friend doesn ' t return a phone call, and we assume that he or she is ignoring us or doesn ' t want to talk to us. adaptive response : \" i don ' t know what my friend is thinking. for all i know, she didn ' t get the message. maybe she is busy or just forgot. if i want to know what she is thinking, i will have to ask her. \" fortune - telling : you predict a negative outcome in the future. for example, you will not try adult day care because you assume the person in your care will not enjoy it. you think, \" he will never do that. not a chance! \" adaptive response : \" i cannot predict the future. i don ' t think he is going to like it, but i won ' t know for sure unless i try. \" \" should \" statements : you try to motivate yourself using statements such as \" i should call mother more often \" or \" i shouldn ' t go to a movie because mom might need me. \" what you think you \" should \" do is in conflict with what you want to do. you end up feeling guilty, depressed or frustrated. adaptive response : \" i would like to go to a movie. it ' s okay for me to take a break from caregiving and enjoy myself. i will ask a friend or neighbor to check in on mom. \" labeling : you identify yourself or other people with one characteristic or action. for example, you put off doing the laundry and think, \" i am lazy. \" adaptive response : \" i am not lazy. sometimes i don ' t do as much as i could, but that doesn ' t mean i am lazy. i often work hard and do the best that i can. even i need a break sometimes. \" personalizing : you take responsibility for a negative occurrence that is beyond your control. for example, you might blame yourself when the person in your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4950166714258007, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.976896"} {"text": "lazy. i often work hard and do the best that i can. even i need a break sometimes. \" personalizing : you take responsibility for a negative occurrence that is beyond your control. for example, you might blame yourself when the person in your care requires hospitalization or placement in a facility. adaptive response : \" mom ' s condition has gotten to the point where i can no longer take care of her myself. it is her condition and not my shortcomings that require her to be in a nursing home. \" using the \" triple - column technique \" : unhelpful thought patterns are usually ingrained reactions or habits. to modify your negative thoughts, you will have to learn to recognize them, know why they are false, and talk back to them. one helpful way to practice using more adaptive thinking processes is to use the \" triple - column technique. \" draw two lines down the center of a piece of paper to divide the paper into thirds. when you are feeling frustrated, take a personal \" time out \" and write your negative thoughts in the first column. in the second column, try to identify the type of unhelpful pattern from the six examples above. in the third column, talk back to your negative thoughts with a more positive point of view. see below for examples. | ( caregiver burns dinner. ) \" i can ' t do anything right! \" | | i ' m not perfect, but nobody is perfect. sometimes i make mistakes, and sometimes i do things well. | ( caregiver has coffee with a friend and spouse has accident at home. ) \" i ' m selfish and rotten! if i had been home, he wouldn ' t have fallen. \" | | i ' m not selfish or rotten. i do a lot to take care of my husband, but i need to take care of myself as well. he might have fallen even if i had been home. | ( brother does not show up to take your dad to the doctor. ) \" i knew i couldn ' t trust him. i should just do it myself next time. \" | | jumping to conclusions ; should statements | | i don ' t know why he didn ' t come, but i need his help, so we ' ll have to find ways for him to share the burden of dad ' s care. good communication can reduce frustration by allowing you to express yourself while helping others to understand your limits and needs. assertive communication is different from passive or aggressive communication. when you communicate passively,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5206314402915737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.977872"} {"text": "for him to share the burden of dad ' s care. good communication can reduce frustration by allowing you to express yourself while helping others to understand your limits and needs. assertive communication is different from passive or aggressive communication. when you communicate passively, you may be keeping your own needs and desires inside to avoid conflict with others. while this may seem easier on the surface, the long - term result may be that others feel they can push you around to get their way. when you communicate aggressively, you may be forcing your needs and desires onto others. while this allows you to express your feelings, aggressive communication generally makes others more defensive and less cooperative. when you communicate assertively, you express your own needs and desires while respecting the needs and desires of others. assertive communication allows both parties to engage in a dignified discussion about the issue at hand. keys to assertive communication are : - respecting your own feelings, needs and desires. - standing up for your feelings without shaming, degrading or humiliating the other person. - using \" i \" statements rather than \" you \" statements. for example, say, \" i need a break \" or \" i would like to talk to you and work this out \" instead of \" you are irresponsible \" or \" you never help out! \" - not using \" should \" statements. for example, say, \" it ' s important to me that promises be kept, \" instead of \" you should keep your promise. \" the critical step : asking for help you cannot take on all the responsibilities of caregiving by yourself. it is essential that you ask for and accept help. discuss your needs with family members and friends who might be willing to share caregiving responsibilities. people will not realize you need help if you do not explain your situation and ask for assistance. remember, you have the right to ask for help and express your needs. when to say \" yes \" don ' t be afraid to say \" yes \" if someone offers to help. say \" yes \" at the moment a person offers to help rather than saying \" maybe \" and waiting until you are in a fix. have a list handy of errands or tasks you need help with. keep in mind that people feel useful and gratified when they are able to help others. when to say \" no \" often, caregivers are pulled in multiple directions. in addition to the demands of caregiving, you may feel compelled to meet the demands of your immediate and extended family, your friends and your employer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46701685589453923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.980239"} {"text": "to help others. when to say \" no \" often, caregivers are pulled in multiple directions. in addition to the demands of caregiving, you may feel compelled to meet the demands of your immediate and extended family, your friends and your employer. learn how to say \" no \" to the demands of others when you are overwhelmed or need a break. it is your right to say \" no \" to extra demands on your time without feeling guilty. learning effective communication techniques for dementia caregiving many families find it frustrating to communicate with a loved one who has dementia. the person with dementia may repeat questions over and over or mistake you for someone else. it is important to remember that the person with dementia cannot control behavior caused by their disease. they do not need to be corrected or grounded in \" reality. \" you can distract them or just agree with them as a way to reduce your frustration. it can be helpful, however, to learn more about dementia and effective communication techniques which will ease your frustration. for example, use simple, direct statements, and place yourself close when speaking to a person with a cognitive disorder. try not to argue about unimportant things such as what the date is. allow extra time to accomplish tasks such as dressing. remember, people with dementia often react more to our feelings than our words. finding ways to be calm can help you to gain cooperation. see fca ' s fact sheet : behavior management strategies ( dementia ) for more helpful strategies. self - care to prevent frustration caregiving can be tiring and stressful. when you ' re caring for others, it ' s easy to forget to care for yourself. while it may be difficult to find time to focus on yourself and your needs, it is very important that you do so to prevent frustration and burnout. fca ' s fact sheet : taking care of you : self - care for caregivers offers additional information. here are three steps to taking better care of you : make time for yourself you may feel guilty about needing or wanting time out for rest, socialization and fun. however, everyone deserves regular and ongoing breaks from work, including caregivers. \" respite \" providers can give you the opportunity to take the breaks you need. respite breaks may be provided by in - home help, adult day care, \" friendly visitor \" programs, friends and neighbors, or other means. the important point is to allow yourself to take a break from caregiving. see \" resources \" at the end of this fact sheet for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4620478585268174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.981528"} {"text": "in - home help, adult day care, \" friendly visitor \" programs, friends and neighbors, or other means. the important point is to allow yourself to take a break from caregiving. see \" resources \" at the end of this fact sheet for organizations that might help you give yourself time off from caregiving. take care of yourself although caregiving may make it difficult to find time for yourself, it is important to eat well, exercise, get a good night ' s sleep and attend to your own medical needs. when you do not take care of yourself, you are prone to increased anxiety, depression, frustration and physical distress that will make it more difficult to continue providing care. seek outside support sharing your feelings with a counselor, pastor, a support group, or with another caregiver in a similar situation can be a great way to release stress and get helpful advice. you may want to contact the organizations under \" resources \" at the end of this fact sheet or look in the community services section at the front of the yellow pages, under \" counseling \" or \" senior services \" to find services to help you get some caregiver support. the fca fact sheet on community care options also offers information. burns, david d., m. d., ( 1980, 1999 ). feeling good : the new mood therapy, revised and updated edition, avon books, new york, ny. gallagher - thompson, d., rose, j., florsheim, m., gantz, f., jacome, p., del maestro, s., peters, l., arguello, d., johnson, c., moorehead, r. s., polich, t. m., chesney, m., thompson, l. w., ( 1992 ). controlling your frustration : a class for caregivers. palo alto, ca : department of veterans affairs medical center. parrish, monique, l. c. s. w., dr. ph., ( 2000 ). \" stress : what is it? what can be done about it? \" stress reduction instruction manual, written for john muir mount diablo medical center, concord, ca. family caregiver alliance national center on caregiving 785 market street, suite 750 san francisco, ca 94103 web site : www. caregiver. org e - mail : [ email protected ] family caregiver alliance ( fca ) seeks to improve the quality of life for caregivers through", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4200505675130757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.982441"} {"text": "street, suite 750 san francisco, ca 94103 web site : www. caregiver. org e - mail : [ email protected ] family caregiver alliance ( fca ) seeks to improve the quality of life for caregivers through education, services, research and advocacy. through its national center on caregiving, fca offers information on current social, public policy and caregiving issues and provides assistance in the development of public and private programs for caregivers. for residents of the greater san francisco bay area, fca provides direct support services for caregivers of those with alzheimer ' s disease, stroke, traumatic brain injury, parkinson ' s and other debilitating disorders that strike adults. family caregiver alliance fact sheet on behavior management strategies ( dementia ) family caregiver alliance fact sheet on hiring - in - home help family caregiver alliance fact sheet on taking care of you : self - care for family caregivers 225 n. michigan ave., ste. 1700 chicago, il 60601 - 7633 call to find your local area agency on aging and services for the elderly and caregivers, including respite care providers. national volunteer caregiving network call to find volunteer caregiving assistance. ( 877 ) 324 - 8411 ( toll - free ) arch national respite network and resource center - http : / / chtop. org / arch. html call to find local respite providers. prepared by family caregiver alliance. funded by the california department of mental health. \u00a92003 family caregiver alliance. all rights reserved. e - mail to a friend", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43176275548374177, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.983026"} {"text": "training resource for hiv and aids caption : education is key to stopping the spread of hiv and stigma \u201c the manual pastoral training and responding to hiv and aids is the cornerstone of our work, \u201d said tsielo mpeqa, director of caritas lesotho. caritas developed the manual to provide insights and guidelines to people of faith who are striving to develop a compassionate, effective and non - judgmental response to the pandemic. caritas lesotho and caritas usa ( crs ) ran training courses in lesotho using the manual, providing training first for 15 priests, who went out and trained another 180 church leaders on hiv prevention, care and comfort. lesotho is a constitutional monarchy of about 12, 000 square miles and two million people that is surrounded by south africa. an estimated 30 percent or more of its people have hiv / aids. the manual covers topics such as prevention, spread, social impact, emotional impact, response of the church, and what activities parishes and ministries can carry out in response to the pandemic. it integrates factual, scientifically - based information and guidelines provided by such organisations as unaids and world health organization with catholic church doctrine and pastoral reflection. mr mpeqa said, \u201c this has changed following the training. priests visit people with hiv in their homes and talk about the virus in sermons. people living with hiv are encouraged to take part in services. \u201d christian church leaders signed a declaration in front of the king and prime minister saying that they were committed to supporting people with hiv and aids. john shumlansky, caritas usa ( crs ) representative in lesotho, said, \u201c putting hiv in the pulpit every week has got people involved. it \u2019 s really made a positive difference. \u201d in countries like lesotho with 90 percent christians, the church \u2013 and particularly local parishes and charitable organisations such as parish and diocesan caritas \u2013 play a unique role in responding to hiv and aids. one of the issues in the kingdom is multiple partnerships and the manual helps people address this issue and think about family values. caritas lesotho and crs now have plans to translate the manual to the local language and distribute it more widely. the ground work that has been laid so far has impressed donors to help fund the scheme. \u201c the manual has been a fantastic resource in the field, \u201d said caritas internationalis secretary general lesley - anne knight, \u201c the manual provides church workers with comprehensible materials so they can educate believers at grassroots level to prevent the further spread", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4243792704821108, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.985707"} {"text": "( latin regeneratio ; greek anagennesis and paliggenesia ). regeneration is a biblico - dogmatic term closely connected with the ideas of justification, divine sonship, and the deification of the soul through grace. confining ourselves first to the biblical use of this term, we find regeneration from god used in indissoluble connection with baptism, which st. paul expressly calls \" the laver of regeneration \" ( titus, iii, 5 ). in his discourse with nicodemus ( john 3 : 5 ), the saviour declares : \" unless a man be born again of water and the holy ghost, he cannot enter into the kingdom of god. \" in this passage christianity from its earliest days has found the proof that baptism may not be repeated, since a repeated regeneration from god is no less a contradiction than repeated physical birth from a mother. the idea of \" birth from god \" enjoys a special favour in the joannine theology. outside the fourth gospel ( i, 12 sq. ; iii, 5 ), the apostle uses the term in a variety of ways, treating \" birth of god \" as synonymous now with the \" doing of justice \" ( 1 john 5 : 1, 4 sq. ), and elsewhere deducing from it a certain \" sinlessness \" of the just ( 1 john 3 : 9 ; 5 : 18 ), which, however, does not necessarily exclude from the state of justification the possibility of sinning ( cf. bellarmine, \" de justificatione \", iii, xv ). it is true that in all these passages there is no reference to baptism nor is there any reference to a real \" regeneration \" ; nevertheless, \" generation from god \", like baptismal \" regeneration \", must be referred to justification as its cause. both terms effectually refute the protestant notion that there is in justification not a true annihilation, but merely a covering up of the sins which still continue ( covering - up theory ), or that the holiness won is simply the imputation of the external holiness of god or christ ( imputation theory ). the very idea of spiritual palingenesis requires that the justified man receive through the divine generation a quasi - divine nature as his \" second nature \", which cannot be conceived as a state of sin, but only as a state of interior holiness and justice. thus alone can we explain the statements that the just man is assured \" participation in the divine nature \" ( cf. 2 peter 1 :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5108981846155001, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.993859"} {"text": "\", which cannot be conceived as a state of sin, but only as a state of interior holiness and justice. thus alone can we explain the statements that the just man is assured \" participation in the divine nature \" ( cf. 2 peter 1 : 4 : divin\u00e6 consortes natur\u00e6 ), becomes \" a new creature \" ( galatians 5 : 6 ; 6 : 15 ), effects which depend on justifying faith working by charity, not on \" faith alone \" ( sola fides ). when the bible elsewhere refers regeneration to the resurrection of jesus christ ( 1 peter 1 : 3 ) or to \" the word of god who liveth and remaineth forever \" ( 1 peter 1 : 23 ), it indicates two important external factors for justification, which have nothing to do with its formal cause. the latter text shows that the preaching of the word of god is for the sinner the introductory step towards justification, which is impossible without faith, whereas the former text mentions the meritorious cause of justification, inasmuch as, from the biblical standpoint, the resurrection was the final act in the work of redemption ( cf. luke 24 : 46 sq. ; romans 4 : 25 ; 6 : 4 ; 2 corinthians 5 : 16 ). to the above - mentioned ideas of regeneration, generation out of god, participation in the divine nature, and re - creation, a fifth, that of divine sonship, must be added ; this represents the formal effect of justification and is crowned by the personal indwelling of the holy ghost in the justified soul ( cf. romans 5 : 5 ; 8 : 11 ; 1 corinthians 3 : 16 sq. ; 6 : 19, etc. ). since, however, this divine sonship is expressly described as a mere adoptive sonship ( filiatio adoptiva, ouiothesis ; cf. romans 8 : 15 sqq. ; galatians 4 : 5 ), it is evident that \" regeneration from god \" implies no substantial emerging of the soul from the nature of god as in the case of the eternal generation of the son of god ( christ ), but must be regarded as an analogical and accidental generation from god. as regards the use of the term in catholic theology, no connected history of regeneration can be written, as neither christian antiquity nor medieval scholasticism worked consistently and regularly to develop this pregnant and fruitful idea. at every period, however, the sacrament of baptism was regarded as the specific sacrament of regeneration, a concept", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5274314136599036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.994847"} {"text": "connected history of regeneration can be written, as neither christian antiquity nor medieval scholasticism worked consistently and regularly to develop this pregnant and fruitful idea. at every period, however, the sacrament of baptism was regarded as the specific sacrament of regeneration, a concept that was not extended to the sacrament of penance. iren\u00e6us repeatedly interprets the pauline term \" re - creation \" as the universal regeneration of mankind through the incarnation of the son of god in the womb of the blessed virgin. the idea of regeneration in the sense of individual justification is most conspicuous in the writings of st. augustine. with an unrivalled keenness, he evolved the essential distinction between the birth of the son of god from the substance of the father and the generation of the soul from god through grace, and brought together into an organic association regeneration, with its kindred ideas, and justification ( cf. e. g. \" enarr. in ps. xlix \", n. 2 in \" p. l. \", xxxvi, 565 ). like the church, st. augustine associates justification with faith working through charity, and refers its essence to the interior renewal and sanctification of the soul. thus, st. augustine is not only the precursor, but also the model of the scholastics, who worked mainly on the ideas inherited from the great doctor, and contributed essentially to the speculative understanding of the mysterious process of justification. adhering strictly to the bible and tradition, the council of trent ( sess. vi, capp. iii - iv, in denzinger - bannwart, \" enchiridion \", 10th ed., 1908, nn. 795 - 6 ) regarded regeneration as fundamentally nothing else than another name for the justification acquired through the sacrament of baptism. a characteristic view was that of the german mystics ( eckhart, tauler, suso ), who prefer to speak of a \" birth of god in the soul \", meaning thereby the self - annihilation of the soul submerging itself in the divinity, and the resulting mystical union with god through love. in protestant theology, since the time of the reformation, we meet great differences of opinion, which are of course to be referred to the various conceptions of the nature of justification. in entire accordance with his doctrine of justification by faith alone, luther identified regeneration with the divine \" bestowal of faith \" ( donatio fidei ), and placed the baptized infant on the same footing as the adult", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5074852549684672, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.996767"} {"text": "the nature of justification. in entire accordance with his doctrine of justification by faith alone, luther identified regeneration with the divine \" bestowal of faith \" ( donatio fidei ), and placed the baptized infant on the same footing as the adult, although he could give no precise explanation as to the way in which the child at its regeneration in baptism could exercise justifying faith ( cf. h. cremer, \" taufe, wiedergeburt und kindertaufe \", 2nd ed., 1901 ). against the shallow and destructive efforts of rationalism, which made its appearance among the socinians about the end of the sixteenth century and later received a mighty impulse from english deism, the german \" enlightenment \", and french encyclopedism, a salutary reaction was produced by the pietists during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. leaving far behind the old protestant view, the pietists ( spener, a. h. francke, zinzendorf ) referred regeneration to the personal experience of justification in union with a sincere conversion to a new life, consisting especially in charitable activity. german pietism, systematically cultivated by the so - called hernhuter, exercised a beneficial effect on english methodism, which went about securing and strengthening regeneration in \" methodical fashion \", and which undoubtedly performed good service in the revival of christian piety. especially those sudden conversions - - such as are even today striven for and highly prized in methodist circles, the american revivals and camp meetings, the salvation army, and the german gemeinschaftsbewegung, with all its excrescences and eccentricities - - are preferentially given the title of regeneration ( cf. e. wacker, \" wiedergeburt und bekehrung \", 1893 ). since schleiermacher the variety and confusion of the views concerning the character of regeneration in learned literature have increased rather than diminished ; it is indeed almost a case of everyone to his own liking. the greatest favour in liberal and modern positive theology is enjoyed by the theory of albert ritschl, according to which the two distinct moments of justification and reconciliation hold the same relation to each other as forgiveness and regeneration. as soon as resistance to god is done away with in justification, and lack of trust in god - - or, in other words, sin - - is overcome in the forgiveness of sin, reconciliation with god and regeneration enter into their rights, thus inaugurating a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5134210131763204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.997714"} {"text": "to god is done away with in justification, and lack of trust in god - - or, in other words, sin - - is overcome in the forgiveness of sin, reconciliation with god and regeneration enter into their rights, thus inaugurating a new life of christian activity which reveals itself in the fulfilment of all the obligations of one ' s station. turning finally to the non - christian use of the term, we find \" regeneration \" in common use in many pagan religions. in persian mithraism, which spread widely in the west as a religion of the soldiers and officials under the roman empire, persons initiated into the mysteries were designated \" regenerated \" ( renatus ). while here the word retains its ethico - religious sense, there was a complete change of meaning in religions which taught metempsychosis or the transmigration of souls ( pythagoreans, druids, indians ), in these the reincarnation of departed souls was termed \" regeneration \". this usage has not yet entirely disappeared, as it is current among the theosophists ( cf. e. r. hull, \" theosophy and christianity \", bombay, 1909 ; and in connection therewith \" stimmen aus maria - laach \", 1910, 387 sqq., 479 sqq. ). this view should not be confounded with the use dating from christ himself, who ( matthew 19 : 18 ) speaks of the resurrection of the dead on the last day as a regeneration ( regeneratio ). more catholic encyclopedia browse encyclopedia by alphabet the catholic encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. this easy - to - search online version was originally printed in fifteen hardcopy volumes. designed to present its readers with the full body of catholic teaching, the encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. in the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration. no one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the catholic church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years, decisively affecting its destinies,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5196803255049098, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:28.998635"} {"text": "malaria risk assessment for travelers the risk for a traveler contracting malaria differs substantially from region to region and from traveler to traveler, even within a single country, based upon travelers \u2019 behaviors and circumstances. there is no accepted method of quantifying the risk and no numerical value for a risk threshold beyond which chemoprophylaxis is or is not recommended. thus experience and judgment are required in assessing the factors described below to arrive at the best prevention strategy for the individual traveler. a travel or tropical medicine specialist can be an excellent source of guidance when making these decisions. depending on level of risk, it may be appropriate to recommend no specific interventions, mosquito avoidance measures only, or mosquito avoidance measures plus chemoprophylaxis. for the risk - averse traveler, remember that even in low risk situations, it only takes one bite from an infective female anopheles mosquito to transmit malaria. questions to ask when assessing an individual traveler ' s risk where is the traveler going? - for some areas with limited malaria transmission, where malaria cases occur sporadically and risk of infection to travelers is assessed as being very low, it is recommended that travelers use mosquito avoidance measures only, and no chemoprophylaxis should be prescribed. - regions associated with the highest estimated relative risk of infection for travelers are west africa and oceania. for these areas of intense transmission, exposure for even short amounts of time can result in transmission, and so chemoprophylaxis should always be used. - regions associated with moderate estimated relative risk of infection for travelers are the other parts of africa, south asia, and south america. - regions associated with lower estimated relative risk for travelers are central america and other parts of asia. there is considerable country - by - country variation, as well as variable transmission within countries. see the malaria information by country table for details. malaria transmission is not distributed homogeneously throughout all countries. some destinations have malaria transmission occurring throughout the whole country, while in others it occurs in defined pockets. if travelers are going to the highly endemic pockets during peak transmission times, even though the country as a whole may be low transmission, this destination for this individual may be high risk. when is the traveler going? in some countries with significant seasonal shifts in temperature or rainfall, malaria transmission intensity may decrease during the colder or drier months of the year. based on knowledge of the climactic conditions in some sub - tropical or temperate destinations, travelers may choose mosquito avoidance measures only, for example, during the winter months", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45946934872330564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.002831"} {"text": ", malaria transmission intensity may decrease during the colder or drier months of the year. based on knowledge of the climactic conditions in some sub - tropical or temperate destinations, travelers may choose mosquito avoidance measures only, for example, during the winter months. what is the style and duration of travel? it is important to assess factors such as the types of accommodations and activities as well as the reason and duration of travel as a part of the risk assessment. for example, short - term business travelers staying in air - conditioned hotels may be at lower risk than backpackers or adventure travelers. because malaria - transmitting mosquitoes are most active at night, include an assessment of the likelihood that the travelers might be spending time outdoors in the evenings for dining or entertainment. longer durations of stay in a malaria - endemic area may also increase the chance that an individual might become infected. who is the traveler? certain travelers have been shown to have greater risk of malaria infection. particular care should be given to ensure an effective malaria prevention strategy for these travelers. the highest risk is associated with first - and second - generation immigrants living in nonendemic countries who return to their countries of origin to visit friends and relatives ( vfrs ). ironically, vfr travelers often consider themselves to be at no risk because they grew up in a malaria - endemic country and consider themselves to be immune. however, acquired immunity is lost very quickly, and vfr travelers, especially those going to west africa and india, should always use appropriate chemoprophylaxis. more on : vfr travelers. malaria infection in pregnant women can be more severe than in nonpregnant women. malaria can increase the risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes, including prematurity, abortion, and stillbirth. more on : traveling while pregnant for these reasons and because no chemoprophylactic regimen is completely effective, women who are pregnant or likely to become pregnant should be advised to avoid travel to areas with malaria transmission if possible. if travel to a malarious area cannot be deferred, use of an effective chemoprophylaxis regimen is essential. depending on the destination, this is usually either chloroquine or mefloquine. get email updates about malaria to receive email updates about this page, enter your email address : - centers for disease control and prevention 1600 clifton rd atlanta, ga 30333 - health care providers needing assistance with diagnosis or management of suspected cases of malaria should call the cdc malaria hotline : 770 - 48", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4616569522995513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.003775"} {"text": "today at the ieee international electron devices meeting, ibm scientists unveiled several research breakthroughs that could lead to major advancements in delivering dramatically smaller, faster and more powerful computer chips. for more than 50 years, computer processors have increased in power and shrunk in size at a tremendous rate. however, today ' s chip designers are hitting physical limitations with moore ' s law, halting the pace of product innovation from scaling alone. with virtually all electronic equipment today built on complementary - symmetry metal - oxide semiconductor ( cmos ) technology, there is an urgent need for new materials and circuit architecture designs compatible with this engineering process as the technology industry nears physical scalability limits of the silicon transistor. following years of key physics advances previously only achieved in a laboratory, ibm scientists successfully integrated the development and application of new materials and logic architectures on 200mm ( eight inch ) diameter wafers. these breakthroughs could potentially provide a new technological basis for the convergence of computing, communication, and consumer electronics. ibm has shown racetrack, a computer memory, which combines the large capacity of traditional hard disks with the speed and robustness of flash memory, can be made with standard chip - making tools. proving this type of memory is feasible, today ibm researchers are detailing the first racetrack memory device integrated with cmos technology on 200mm wafers, culminating seven years of physics research. racetrack memory stores data on nanoscale metal wires. bits of information - digital 1s and 0s - are represented by magnetic stripes in those nanowires, which are created by controlling the magnetic orientation of different parts of the wire. writing data involves inserting a new magnetic stripe into a nanowire by applying current to it ; reading data involves moving the stripes along the nanowire past a device able to detect the boundaries between stripes. the researchers demonstrated both read and write functionality on an array of 256 in - plane, magnetized horizontal racetracks. this development lays the foundation for further improving racetrack memory ' s density and reliability using perpendicular magnetized racetracks and three - dimensional architectures. this breakthrough could lead to a new type of data - centric computing that allows massive amounts of stored information to be accessed in less than a billionth of a second. ibm researhcers also how the first - ever cmos - compatible graphene device can advance wireless communications, and enable new, high frequency devices, which can operate under adverse temperature and radiation conditions in areas such as security and medical applications. the graphene integrated circuit, a frequency multiplier, is operational", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6010212558575427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.007413"} {"text": "- compatible graphene device can advance wireless communications, and enable new, high frequency devices, which can operate under adverse temperature and radiation conditions in areas such as security and medical applications. the graphene integrated circuit, a frequency multiplier, is operational up to 5 ghz and stable up to 200 degrees celcius. while detailed thermal stability still needs to be evaluated, these results are promising for graphene circuits to be used in high temperature environments. new architecture flips the current graphene transistor structure on its head. instead of trying to deposit gate dielectric on an inert graphene surface, the researchers developed a novel embedded gate structure that enables high device yield on a 200mm wafer. ibm researchers also today demonstrated the first transistor with sub - 10 nm channel lengths. while already being considered in varied applications ranging from solar cells to displays, it is expected that computers with in the next decade will use transistors with a channel length below 10 nm, a length scale at which conventional silicon technology will have extreme difficulty performing even with new advanced device architectures. the scaled carbon nanotube devices below 10nm gate length are a significant breakthrough for future applications in computing technology. while often associated with improving switching speed ( on - state ), this breakthrough demonstrates for the first time that carbon nanotubes can provide excellent off - state behavior in extremely scaled devices - - better than what some theoretical estimates of tunneling current suggested.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.558987807578076, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.008017"} {"text": "- pdf ( 411 kb ) - full text with thumbnail figures - full text with large figures - cited by in scopus ( 41 ) - request permission - size selective recognition of sirna by an rna silencing suppressor cell, volume 115, issue 7, 26 december 2003, pages 799 - 811 jeffrey m vargason, gyorgy szittya, jozsef burgyan and traci m. tanaka hall summaryrna silencing in plants likely exists as a defense mechanism against molecular parasites such as rna viruses, retrotransposons, and transgenes. as a result, many plant viruses have adapted mechanisms to evade and suppress gene silencing. tombusviruses express a 19 kda protein ( p19 ), which has been shown to suppress rna silencing in vivo and bind silencing - generated and synthetic small interfering rnas ( sirnas ) in vitro. here we report the 2. 5 a crystal structure of p19 from the carnation italian ringspot virus ( cirv ) bound to a 21 nt sirna and demonstrate in biochemical and in vivo assays that cirv p19 protein acts as a molecular caliper to specifically select sirnas based on the length of the duplex region of the rna. summary | full text | pdf ( 677 kb ) - effects and side - effects of viral rna silencing suppressors on short rnas trends in plant science, volume 9, issue 2, 1 february 2004, pages 76 - 83 daniel silhavy and jozsef burgyan abstractin eukaryotes, short rnas play a crucial regulatory role in many processes including development, maintenance of genome stability and antiviral responses. these different but overlapping rna - guided pathways are collectively termed \u2018 rna silencing \u2019. to counteract an antiviral rna silencing response, plant viruses express silencing suppressor proteins. recent results have shown that silencing suppressors operate by modifying the accumulation and / or activity of short rnas involved in the antiviral response. because rna silencing pathways intersect, silencing suppressors can also inhibit other short - rna - regulated pathways. thus, suppressors contribute to viral symptoms. these findings fuel further research to test whether certain symptoms caused by animal viruses are also manifestations of altered rna regulatory pathways. abstract | full text | pdf ( 249 kb ) - crystal structure of p19 \u2013 a universal suppressor of rna silencing trends in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4707807971164719, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.011422"} {"text": "fuel further research to test whether certain symptoms caused by animal viruses are also manifestations of altered rna regulatory pathways. abstract | full text | pdf ( 249 kb ) - crystal structure of p19 \u2013 a universal suppressor of rna silencing trends in biochemical sciences, volume 29, issue 6, 1 june 2004, pages 279 - 281 david c baulcombe and attila molnar abstractrna silencing in plants has an antiviral role and, consequently, plant viruses encode counter - defensive suppressor proteins that block this process. the recently reported crystal structure of two tombusvirus suppressor proteins reveals a novel rna - binding structure and illustrates precisely how the silencing mechanism is blocked. these suppressor protein structures, combined with molecular analyses of their effects in animal and plant cells, are informative about rna silencing mechanisms. they also suggest various ways that tombusvirus suppressors can be used to investigate rna silencing in plants and animals. abstract | full text | pdf ( 211 kb ) copyright \u00a9 2004 elsevier science ltd all rights reserved. current biology, volume 14, issue 5, r198 - r200, 9 march 2004 dispatchadd / view comments ( 0 ) plant rnai : how aviral silencing suppressor inactivates sirna - the three - dimensional structure of an sirna bound to the tombusvirus p19 protein \u2013 a suppressor of gene silencing \u2013 provides a first glimpse into how plant viruses can defeat their host ' s anti - viral rnai defenses.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4956419035131544, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.012054"} {"text": "the material contained in medical records and research materials usually contains words that are unfamiliar and new. the cerebral palsy glossary contains definitions of terms and acronyms that are commonly associated with cerebral palsy. aberrant \u2013 posture or movement that deviates from the norm ; also used to describe \u201c jerky \u201d movements abnormal position \u2013 any position in labor where the fetus is not face - down, turned toward the mother \u2019 s back. abnormal positions include : breech ( feet first ), transverse lie ( sideways ), brow, and face. babies born in an abnormal position have a higher risk of acquiring neurological disorders, including cerebral palsy abo blood type incompatibility \u2013 a condition where the blood type of the fetus doesn \u2019 t match the blood type of the mother. in some cases, abo blood type incompatibility can be a risk factor for cerebral palsy abruptio placentae ( also placental abruption ) \u2013 premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall abruption \u2013 see above definition for abruptio placentae, placental abruption, iterplacental apolplexy or couvelaire uterus acidemia \u2013 increased acidity of the blood. acidemia cannot occur without acidosis. symptoms of both conditions include nausea, vomiting, and fatigue. acidosis \u2013 increased acidity in the blood, caused either by excessive acid production or a depletion of bicarbonates ( alkaline reserves ). alkali reserve \u2013 the sum total of the basic ions of the blood and other bodily fluids that act as buffers and maintain the normal ph of the blood ( source : american heritage medical dictionary ) alkalosis - the opposite of acidosis ; a condition where the body fluids have too much base. symptoms of alkalosis include : confusion, muscle twitching, nausea, and lightheadedness. afi ( amniotic fluid index ) \u2013 a method of measuring the amount of amniotic fluid during pregnancy. normal measurements are between 5 and 25 cm. the afi also serves as a rough index for the fetus \u2019 s well - being. albumin \u2013 a type of protein made by the liver, that helps moves small molecules through the blood. albumin also prevents the blood \u2019 s fluid from leaking into tissues allergen \u2013 a foreign substance that causes an allergy amnion ( also called amniotic sac ) \u2013 a thin, fluid - filled sac that contains the embryo or fetus. amnions are suspended in the uterus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5714034582398473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.038398"} {"text": "into tissues allergen \u2013 a foreign substance that causes an allergy amnion ( also called amniotic sac ) \u2013 a thin, fluid - filled sac that contains the embryo or fetus. amnions are suspended in the uterus. amniotomy \u2013 the intentional rupture of the amniotic sac, in order to induce or accelerate labor. amniotomies are usually painless. analgesia ( also called epidural analgesia ) \u2013 the relief of pain without a loss of consciousness. in childbirth, an anesthetic solution ( \u201c epidural \u201d ) is injected into the spine in order to reduce pain, while the mother remains conscious. anemia - a condition in which the body does not produce enough healthy red blood cells. ( red blood cells provide oxygen to body tissues. ) symptoms include chest pain, dizziness and fatigue. anemic hypoxia \u2013 a reduction of oxygen supply to the brain ( \u201c hypoxia \u201d ), as a result of anemia. hypoxia can puts infants at a higher risk of getting cp. anergy \u2013 an extreme lack of energy ; also can mean a failed reaction to an injected allergen or antigen antibody \u2013 a protein produced in the blood or tissues in response to a specific antigen. antibodies destroy and weaken poisons ; thereby giving the body immunity. antigen - a substance that stimulates the immune system to manufacture antibodies apgar score \u2013 a system used to evaluate a newborn \u2019 s physical condition upon birth. the system assigns a value ( 0, 1, or 2 ) to each of five criteria : heart rate, muscle tone, respiratory effort, response to stimuli, and color. the higher the score, the better. the apgar score was developed by american physician virginia apgar. arrhythmia \u2013 an irregularity in the rhythm of the heartbeat. also could be an irregularity in a heartbeat \u2019 s force. artery \u2013 a tubular, elastic vessel which carries blood away from the heart and through the body asphyxia \u2013 a lack of oxygen to the brain during birth ( severe hypoxia ), which in severe cases can cause cerebral palsy. aspirate \u2013 to remove fluid from a body cavity, either using a needle or suction device ataxic cerebral palsy \u2013 a type of cerebral palsy characterized by \u201c tremors, \u201d or prolonged shaky movements. children with ataxic cerebral palsy often walk unsteadily, and set their feet unusually far apart.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.564389244762422, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.039413"} {"text": "suction device ataxic cerebral palsy \u2013 a type of cerebral palsy characterized by \u201c tremors, \u201d or prolonged shaky movements. children with ataxic cerebral palsy often walk unsteadily, and set their feet unusually far apart. those with ataxic cp ( about 5 \u2013 10 percent of all cases ) also have trouble holding small objects. athetoid cerebral palsy \u2013 a type of cerebral palsy marked by involuntary, uncontrolled movements, especially in the face, arms and hips. these writhing movements often interfere with speaking, feeding, grasping, and other motor skills. children with athetoid cp ( about 10 percent of all cp cases ) also have low muscle tone and tend to have problems sitting and walking. avulsion - the forcible tearing away of a body part by accident, or by surgery. base excess \u2013 the amount of strong acid that must be added to each liter of fully oxygenated blood, in order to return the ph level to 7. 40. too much base case indicate alkalosis. balanced blood levels should have roughly equal levels of acid and base. basal ganglia ( singular : ganglion ) \u2013 deeply - placed masses of gray matter within each cerebral hemisphere. the basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions, including voluntary motor control and eye movements. baseline \u2013 in medicine, a known quantity or value, used to measure against an unknown. biophysical profile \u2013 a test that measures the health of a fetus in the final trimester of pregnancy. the biophysical profile ( bpp ) measures five components of fetal health, including : heart rate, muscle tone, movement, breathing, and the amount of amniotic fluid surrounding the baby. birth canal \u2013 the channel through which the fetus is expelled during birth. the birth canal leads from the uterus through the cervix, vagina and vulva. birth trauma \u2013 the physical ( or possibly emotional ) shock that an infant experiences while being born. bradycardia \u2013 an abnormally slow heart rate ; usually less than 50 beats per minute. breech presentation \u2013 a condition in which a baby enters the birth canal with buttocks or feet first. cardiac reserve \u2013 the work that the heart is able to perform beyond what is required of it in ordinary circumstances cephalad \u2013 toward the head ; away from the end of the body cephalic \u2013 located on, in or near the head cerebellum \u2013 the part of the brain that coordinates movement, walking and balance. the cerebell", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.585231530901297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.040469"} {"text": "circumstances cephalad \u2013 toward the head ; away from the end of the body cephalic \u2013 located on, in or near the head cerebellum \u2013 the part of the brain that coordinates movement, walking and balance. the cerebellum is located on the back of the brainstem. cerebral palsy \u2013 a neurological disability caused by the abnormal development of, or damage to, motor areas of the brain. indicators of cerebral palsy include muscular incoordination and speech disturbances. types of cerebral palsy include spastic, ataxic and athetoid. chronic \u2013 of a long duration. used to describe slowly - progressing diseases and disorders. complete blood count ( cbc ) \u2013 a routine blood test used for many medical reasons. a cbc measures a combination of totals from the red blood cell count, white blood cell count, and the amount of hemoglobin ( a blood protein that carries oxygen ). congenital \u2013 conditions that are present at birth or acquired during uterine development. contraction \u2013 1. a shortening ( tensing ) of a muscle 2. rhythmic tightening of the uterus during pregnancy, which causes a drop in blood and oxygen supplies to the fetus. uterine contractions usually occur during late labor, and can last as long as 1 minute. contraction stress test ( cst ) \u2013 a test performed near the end of pregnancy to determine if the fetus will stay healthy during labor. a cst makes sure a fetus will survive the oxygen loss due to contractions. during the test, the hormone oxytocin is delivered intravenously, in order to stimulate contractions. a test involving nipple stimulation may also be used. corpus callosum \u2013 a connecting band of nerve tissue in the brain, that joins the cerebral hemispheres. cpd ( cephalopelvic disproportion ) \u2013 a condition in which the baby \u2019 s head is too large to fit through the mother \u2019 s pelvis. cpk ( creatine phosphokinase ) \u2013 an enzyme found mainly in the heart, brain and skeletal tissue. when the total cpk level is very high, it usually means there \u2019 s been ian injury to the heart, brain or muscle tissue. for example, when a muscle is damaged, cpk leaks into the bloodstream. determining which type of cpk is present helps doctors determine which exact tissue has been damaged. creatine kinase \u2013 an enzyme usually found in the brain, that tends to indicate injury when levels are high. dec", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5737312863570336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.041393"} {"text": "cpk leaks into the bloodstream. determining which type of cpk is present helps doctors determine which exact tissue has been damaged. creatine kinase \u2013 an enzyme usually found in the brain, that tends to indicate injury when levels are high. deceleration \u2013 a decrease in rate or speed. early deceleration \u2013 a periodic decrease in the fetus \u2019 s heart rate, due to the onset of a contraction. late deceleration \u2013 a periodic heart rate decrease that occurs at or after the peak of a contraction. late deceleration may indicate fetal hypoxia. variable deceleration \u2013 a heart rate decrease that usually indicates compression of the umbilical cord. variable decelerations may occur at any time in relation to a contraction. dystonia \u2013 a hereditary movement disorder. dystonia is marked by irregular and involuntary contortions that result in the body writing and twisting in unusual positions. eclampsia \u2013 the most serious form of pregnancy - induced hypertension. eclampsia is characterized by seizures, coma and edema ( a condition of abnormally large fluid volume in the circulatory system ). it usually occurs very late in pregnancy, or immediately following labor. effacement \u2013 shortening of the uterine cervix as it \u2019 s dilated during labor. also could mean thinning of the uterine walls. efm \u2013 electronic fetal monitoring \u2013 a method of fetal heart monitoring that is non - invasive, and is done through the skin. the mother sits with her knees and back partially elevated, with a cushion under her right hip so that her uterus is shifted to the left. electrodes placed on the skin can detect the fetal heart rate, as well as the presence and duration of uterine contractions. efm allows the health care provider to see if the baby is experiencing fetal distress, and how the baby \u2019 s tolerating contractions. encephalopathy \u2013 a degeneration of brain function. endometrium \u2013 the mucous membrane that lines the uterus. in order to develop into an embryo, a fertilized egg must first embed itself in the endometrium. ependyma \u2013 the membrane lining the ventricles of the brain, as well as the central canal of the spinal cord. epidural analgesia ( see analgesia ). episiotomy \u2013 surgical incision of the perineum during late stages of childbirth, in order to facilitate delivery. can result", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5534209747845622, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.042284"} {"text": "well as the central canal of the spinal cord. epidural analgesia ( see analgesia ). episiotomy \u2013 surgical incision of the perineum during late stages of childbirth, in order to facilitate delivery. can result in serious tearing and / or sexual dysfunction. epithelium \u2013 membranous tissue covering internal organs and other internal surfaces of the body. external fetal monitoring ; see also \u201c efm \u201d \u2013 an electronic method of fetal monitoring that \u2019 s designed to detect a baby \u2019 s heart rate, as well as trace uterine contractoins. external fetal monitoring uses a small ultrasound disc, held in place by a stretchable band. fetal asphyxia \u2013 a condition in which the fetus experiences an extreme lack of oxygen, resulting in hypoxia. often occurs a result of compression of the umbilical cord. fetal heart monitoring ; see also \u201c deceleration \u201d \u2013 electronic monitoring performed during pregnancy, labor and delivery to keep track of the fetus \u2019 s heart rate. the procedure can be done with monitors outside the body ( external monitoring ), or in the uterus ( internal monitoring ). fetal hypoxia \u2013 a condition in which the fetus experiences a severe deprivation of oxygen. possible causes include inadequate placental function ( see \u201c abruptio placentae \u201d ), compression of the umbilical cord, and complications from anesthesia. fetal inflammatory response syndrome ( firs ) \u2013 a condition characterized by increased levels of plasma in the fetus \u2019 s blood. firs could be an indicator of future development of cerebral palsy. fetal - maternal erythrocyte distribution test \u2013 a test used to measure the number of fetal red blood cells in a pregnant woman \u2019 s blood. the test checks to see if the baby and mother are \u201c rh incompatible. \u201d rh incompatibility occurs when the fetus has rh \u2013 positive blood and the pregnant woman has rh - negative blood. if a mother and baby are rh incompatible, the mother \u2019 s body is producing antibodies that could harm the fetus \u2019 s red blood cells. treatment of rh incompatibility is usually very effective, due to a special injection called \u201c rhogam. \u201d first stage of labor ( see \u201c stages of labor \u201c ) fourth stage of labor ( see \u201c stages of labor \u201d ) fundus \u2013 the base of an organ, or the part farthest away from its opening. examples include : the lower back part of the bladder, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5344343379188843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.043217"} {"text": "see \u201c stages of labor \u201c ) fourth stage of labor ( see \u201c stages of labor \u201d ) fundus \u2013 the base of an organ, or the part farthest away from its opening. examples include : the lower back part of the bladder, the part of the eye opposite the pupil, and the large upper end of the uterus. forcep \u2013 a surgical instrument resembling a pair of pincers or tongs, used for grasping and extracting during delivery. galea aponeurotica \u2013 a tough layer of dense tissue which covers the upper part of the cranium. gestation \u2013 the development of a fetus from conception until birth ; pregnancy. glucose \u2013 the principal circulating sugar in the blood, and the major energy source of the body. hematocrit \u2013 1. the percentage by volume of red blood cells in a given sample of blood, after it has been spun in a centrifuge. a hematocrit ranging from 42 - 52 % in males and 35 - 47 % in females is typically considered normal. 2. a centrifuge used to determine the relative volumes of blood cells and plasma in a sample of blood ( source : the american heritage dictionary ). hemoglobin \u2013 an iron - containing pigment of red blood cells that caries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body. hie ( hypoxic - ischemic encephalopathy ) \u2013 damage to cells in the central nervous system that occurs when the entire brain is deprived of an adequate oxygen supply. newborn hie might result in cerebral palsy, though research in this area is still inconclusive. hypertension \u2013 abnormally high blood pressure, usually indicated by a systolic pressure of 140 or greater, and a diastolic pressure of 90 or more. hypertension is a risk factor for various conditions, including heart failure, end - stage renal disease, and retinal hemorrhage. hypertonic \u2013 1. having extreme muscle tone or tension 2. ( chemistry ) having a higher osmotic pressure than a surrounding medium. hypotension \u2013 abnormally low blood pressure. hypovolemia \u2013 a blood disorder consisting of a decrease in the volume of circulating blood. hypoxia \u2013 a pronounced deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching body tissues. hypoxia \u2013 ischemia ( h / i ) \u2013 insufficient blood supply in tissues as a result of inadequate blood supplies. hypoxic - ischemic encephalopathy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6032308913629616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.044126"} {"text": "deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching body tissues. hypoxia \u2013 ischemia ( h / i ) \u2013 insufficient blood supply in tissues as a result of inadequate blood supplies. hypoxic - ischemic encephalopathy ( see \u201c hie \u201d ) idiopathic respiratory distress of newborn ( rds ) \u2013 a condition commonly seen in premature infants whose lungs have not fully developed. if not treated correctly, rds can result in delayed mental development. breathing machines can often be lifesaving for infants with rds. induction \u2013 the act of causing or bringing about labor, often using the drug oxytocin. inferior vena cava ( see \u201c vena cava \u201d ) internal fetal monitoring \u2013 the process of inserting two electronic catheters through the vagina and cervix to measure a fetus \u2019 s vital signs. one of the catheters is attached to the baby \u2019 s scalp in order to measure the fetal heart rate ; the second is placed between the fetus and the wall of the uterus, and measures the rate and intensity of uterine contractions. intracranial hemorrhage \u2013 bleeding within the cranium ; somewhat common among preterm infants. intrapartum \u2013 occurring during labor and delivery. ischemia \u2013 an insufficient supply of blood to an organ, usually due to a blocked artery. often occurs in babies as a result of contractions. ischemic \u2013 used to describe a decrease in blood supply to a bodily organ ; related to or affected by ischemia. ischial spine \u2013 a thin pointed triangular bone that projects backward from the ischium. ischium \u2013 the lowest of three major bones that constitute each half of the pelvis. labia majora \u2013 two long \u201c lips \u201d of skin, one on each side of the vaginal orifice, that form the boundaries of the vulva. labia minora \u2013 two thin folds of skin between the labia majora on either side of the urethral and vaginal openings. labium \u2013 any of the four folds of tissue of the external female genitalia. labor \u2013 the physical efforts by a woman to expel a fetus and its placenta from the uterus during delivery. labor includes a prolonged period of involuntary uterine contractions. late deceleration \u2013 a decrease in the fetal heart rate, which may indicate hypoxia. also may indicate inadequate blood flow through the placenta. malpresentation \u2013 an abnormal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5521519628189007, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.045080"} {"text": "labor includes a prolonged period of involuntary uterine contractions. late deceleration \u2013 a decrease in the fetal heart rate, which may indicate hypoxia. also may indicate inadequate blood flow through the placenta. malpresentation \u2013 an abnormal position of the fetus in the birth canal ; presentation of a part other than the back of the head during delivery. mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration ( mchc ) \u2013 the average concentration of hemoglobin in a red blood cell. meconium \u2013 the first stools to be discharged from the bowels of a newborn infant ; usually greenish in color and consisting of mucus and bile. meconium tests can establish whether or not excessive alcohol was consumed by the mother. medulla \u2013 the central or inner core of a body part, such as the marrow of bone. also called medullary substance. microcephaly \u2013 abnormal smallness of the head. either congenital, or present in the first few years of life. children with microcephaly often have developmental issues. morbid obesity \u2013 the condition of weighing at least 100 pounds over ideal body weight. moro reflex \u2013 a primitive reflex that is present up to three or four months of age. movements include fanning and clenching of fingers or raising the head slightly in response to a sudden noise. multiparity \u2013 1. giving birth to two or more children at once 2. the condition of being a mother to two or more children. neonatal \u2013 recently born ; pertaining to an infant \u2019 s first month of life. nomogram \u2013 a graph on which a number of variables are plotted so that the values of any two variables can be used to find the values of others. non - stress test ( nst ) \u2013 a simple, non invasive test performed in the third trimester to monitor a fetus \u2019 s heart rate. one belt is attached to the mother \u2019 s abdomen to measure the heart rate ; and another is attached to measure contractions. the test is usually performed for 20 - 30 minutes. ( source : american pregnancy association ). nucleated red blood cells \u2013 see \u201c timing intrauterine hypoxic stress \u201d nullipara \u2013 a woman who has never given birth. obesity ( see also morbid obesity ) \u2013 an abnormal accumulation of body fat ; usually 20 % or more for men and 25 % or more for women. oxytocin challenge test ( see also contraction stress test ) - a stress test performed in the third trimester to see how a baby", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5360538001503209, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.047102"} {"text": "an abnormal accumulation of body fat ; usually 20 % or more for men and 25 % or more for women. oxytocin challenge test ( see also contraction stress test ) - a stress test performed in the third trimester to see how a baby deals with stress of contractions. during the test, contractions are simulated by an intravenous infusion of oxytocin. ( source : dorland \u2019 s illustrated medical dictionary ). oligohydramnios - a deficiency in the amount of amniotic fluid, usually caused by an fetus swallowing more than usual. oximeter \u2013 a device used to measure oxygen levels in the blood. oximetry \u2013 measurement of oxygen in the blood using an oximeter. oxytocin - a hormone that stimulates both contractions, and the production of breast milk \u2013 also called alpha - hypophamine. parturition \u2013 the process of labor and giving birth to a child. perinatal \u2013 the period around childbirth, especially the five months before and one month after birth ( source : american heritage medical dictionary ). perineum \u2013 the area between the anus and posterior part of the external genitalia. ph \u2013 a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, using a scale of 14. ( a ph of 7. 0 is neutral. ) numbers below 7 indicate acidity, while numbers above 7 indicate alkalinity. blood ph is slightly alkaline, with a normal range of 7. 36 \u2013 7. 44. ( source : gale encyclopedia of medicine ). pitocin \u2013 a liquid medication that \u2019 s a synthetic form of the hormone oxytocin ; most often used to induce labor by iv drip. placenta \u2013 the organ connecting the fetus and the mother. blood from the fetus and mother do not directly mix, but the placental membrane allows the fetus to absorb nutrients and oxygen from the mother. waste from the fetus exits through the placenta ( source : gale encyclopedia of medicine ). placental abruption ( see \u201c abruptio placentae \u201c ) also referred to as : abruption, uteroplacental apoplexy or couvelaire uterus, is a condition that can harm mother and baby when the placenta begins to pull away from the uterus too soon. placental abruption may be responsible for a disruption in the amount of oxygen and nutrition delivered to the baby thereby causing or contributing to the development of cerebral palsy. placenta", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.543260698668234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.047967"} {"text": "when the placenta begins to pull away from the uterus too soon. placental abruption may be responsible for a disruption in the amount of oxygen and nutrition delivered to the baby thereby causing or contributing to the development of cerebral palsy. placenta previa \u2013 an abnormal condition in pregnancy, where the placenta partially or totally covers the cervix, and is located low in the uterus. ponderal index ( pi ) \u2013 a measurement of relative body mass ; calculated as weight divided by height, raised by 100. preeclampsia \u2013 a condition in pregnancy in which high blood pressure and protein in the urine develop after the 20th week. symptoms also include a sudden rise in blood pressure, excessive weight gain, and severe headaches. prenatal \u2013 before birth ; care of a pregnant woman before delivery. progesterone \u2013 1. a steroid hormone secreted by the placenta, that acts to prepare the uterus for the implementation of a fertilized egg. 2. in synthetic form, progesterone is used in oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy, and in the treatment of various gynecologic disorders. pronate ( pronation ) \u2013 1. to turn the palm downwards so that the palm faces down or back 2. to turn or rotate the sole of the foot so that the inner edge of the sole bears the body \u2019 s weight 3. to turn or rotate a limb so that the inner surfaces faces down or back ( source : heritage medical dictionary ). pubic symphysis \u2013 the slightly moveable interpubic joint of the pelvis, consisting of two pubic bones separated by a disk of fibrocartilage and connected by two ligaments ( source : mosby \u2019 s medical dictionary ). pulmonary vein \u2013 the vein that returns blood from the lower lobe of the left lung, to the left atrium of the heart. pulse oximetry \u2013 a device that determines the oxygen saturation of the blood of an anesthetized patient. the device uses a sensor attached to a finger, yields a computerized readout, and sounds an alarm if blood saturation becomes less than optimal. regional \u2013 pertaining to a certain region of the body, or bodily organ ; i. e., \u201c regional \u201d anesthesia. reserve \u2013 1. to hold back or set aside for future use 2. a supply which may be used in an emergency ( see also : alkali reserve, cardiac reserve ). respiratory distress syndrome ( rds ) \u2013 see", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5437925647258625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.048892"} {"text": "regional \u201d anesthesia. reserve \u2013 1. to hold back or set aside for future use 2. a supply which may be used in an emergency ( see also : alkali reserve, cardiac reserve ). respiratory distress syndrome ( rds ) \u2013 see \u201c idiopathic respiratory distress of newborn \u201d reticulocyte count \u2013 a measure of the percentage of reticulocytes ( slightly immature red blood cells ) in the blood. second stage of labor ( see \u201c stages of labor \u201d ) seizure \u2013 1. the sudden attack or recurrence of a disease 2. a convulsion, or attack of epilepsy caused by an abnormal electrical discharge in the brain. serous membrane \u2013 one of the many thin sheets of tissue that line the closed cavities of the body, covering the organs that lie within that cavity. singleton \u2013 a baby born alone ; one baby. sinusoid \u2013 1. any of the venous cavities through which blood passes in various glands and organs ( source : american heritage medical dictionary ) 2. related to or shaped like a sine wave. ( a sine wave is a smooth, repetitive wave ). spastic cerebral palsy \u2013 the most common form of cerebral palsy ; marked by hypertonic ( very toned ) muscles, and stiff and jerky movements. stages of labor ( see also \u201c labor \u201c ) \u2013 the four stages of labor. the first stage, usually the longest, begins when the cervic starts to open, and ends when it \u2019 s completely open ( dilated ). blood - tinged mucus is passed from the vagina. near the end of this stage, contractions become longer and stronger. the second stage involves the actual birth of the baby, and may last as long as three hours \u2013 especially during a first birth. the third stage begins when the baby is born, and ends after the expulsion of the placenta. contractions continue into the third stage. the fourth stage lasts approximately 15 minutes, and includes temporary bodily changes after delivery. superior vena cava ( see \u201c vena cava \u201d ) symphysis \u2013 1. a type of joint in which the apposed bony surfaces are united by a plate of fibrocartilage 2. a union or meeting point between two structures. tachycardia \u2013 abnormally rapid heart rate, especially above 100 beats per minute. tachycardia is one of two types of arrhythmia. tetanus \u2013 an acute, often fatal disease that \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5486067486320637, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.049843"} {"text": "two structures. tachycardia \u2013 abnormally rapid heart rate, especially above 100 beats per minute. tachycardia is one of two types of arrhythmia. tetanus \u2013 an acute, often fatal disease that \u2019 s characterized by spasmodic contraction of voluntary muscles, especially those in the neck and jaw. tetanus is usually caused by bacteria that enters through the body at an infected wound. ( source : american heritage medical dictionary ) thalamus \u2013 a large oval area of gray matter within the brain that relays nerve impulses from the basal ganglia to the cerebellum. both parts of the brain control and regulate muscle movement. ( source : gale encyclopedia of medicine ) third stage of labor ( see \u201c stages of labor \u201d ) thrombosis \u2013 the formation of a blood clot ( \u201c thrombus \u201d ) that either blocks or partially blocks a blood vessel. traction \u2013 a sustained, mechanic pull to treat muscular and skeletal disorders. traction attempts to accomplish several things, including the alignment of the ends of a fracture, a termination of muscle spasms, and the relief of pain. there are many specialized forms of traction. type 1 dip \u2013 early deceleration at the with the peak of contractions. type 2 dip \u2013 late deceleration of the fetal heart rate ; 30 seconds or more after the peak of contractions ( see fetal heart monitoring ) ultrasound \u2013 a non - invasive procedure based on changes in sound wave frequency above the range of normal human hearing. in prenatal care, ultrasounds form a two - dimensional image of the fetus and the mother \u2019 s surrounding body organs. urethra \u2013 a passageway that carries urine aware from the bladder. uterotonic \u2013 increasing the tone of the uterine muscle. vbac ( vaginal birth after cesarean ) \u2013 a vaginal birth taking place after a woman \u2019 s already had a c - section. though rare, there is a risk that a previous c - section scar could come open during labor. vbacs are only offered by hospitals that can do a rapid emergency c - section. vacuum extraction \u2013 removal of the contents of the uterus by application of a vacuum extractor. used in both abortions, and deliveries of viable fetuses. vaginal vestibule \u2013 the space between the labia minora containing the openings of the vagina and urethra. ( source : gale encyclopedia of medicine ) vein \u2013 a tubular vessel that carries blood from the capillaries toward the heart", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5337126311462358, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.050848"} {"text": "publisher council on foreign relations press release date september 2012 in the coming months, venezuela could experience significant political unrest and violence that lead to the further curtailment of democracy in the country. presidential elections are scheduled to take place on october 7, 2012. president hugo chavez is in the midst of a tough reelection campaign against henrique capriles radonski \u2014 the young and energetic governor of the state of miranda \u2014 who enjoys multiparty support and appears to have a better chance of defeating the incumbent than earlier challengers. over the course of the past year, chavez and several of his most senior associates have asserted that there will be instability and violence if he is not reelected. at the same time, chavez is battling cancer, but he has shared little information with the public about the state of his health beyond the fact that he has twice been treated for the disease since spring 2011. speculation about chavez ' s health problems has generated considerable uncertainty among his supporters, especially since he has not anointed a successor. should chavez appear to be losing the election, die suddenly, or withdraw from public life for health reasons, tensions are likely to rise in venezuela, especially if the public suspects that chavez has used extra - constitutional means to preclude or invalidate an opposition victory in order to sustain his regime ' s hold on power. protests over such actions, which could turn violent, may in turn lead to the imposition of martial law and the further curtailment of democratic rights in venezuela. this would almost certainly trigger a major political crisis in the western hemisphere that pits countries seeking to restore democracy and the rule of law in venezuela \u2014 including the united states \u2014 against those who support chavez and the principle of noninterference in the internal affairs of other states. longstanding u. s. efforts to promote good governance in latin america as well as cooperation on a range of political, economic, and security challenges in the region would be threatened as a consequence. accordingly, the united states should seek free and fair elections in venezuela. if chavez or a replacement candidate is defeated, it should offer to help promote an orderly, peaceful transition. if chavez is reelected in a process judged acceptably free and fair, the united states should seek to reset the bilateral relationship with an eye toward the eventual renewal of high - level communication on areas of mutual interest. if the election results appear fraudulent or apparently legitimate results are nullified, the united states should encourage international pressure to restore democracy and suspend bilateral business as usual until a legitimate government is restored. political unrest leading to a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4436334070032893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.070969"} {"text": "level communication on areas of mutual interest. if the election results appear fraudulent or apparently legitimate results are nullified, the united states should encourage international pressure to restore democracy and suspend bilateral business as usual until a legitimate government is restored. political unrest leading to a suspension of democracy before or after the upcoming elections in venezuela is not inevitable. if chavez can participate in the campaign and win convincingly in what is accepted as a free and fair election, while seeming sufficiently healthy to govern, the opposition will likely concede and violence will be avoided. if capriles wins convincingly, is recognized internationally as the victor, and can reassure chavistas of his intention to work for the benefit of all, trouble also may be averted. although chavez has indicated he will respect the results of the election, most plausible scenarios for instability and conflict in venezuela derive from the premise that the chavistas will not willingly surrender power and would be willing to provoke violence, orchestrate civil unrest, or engage in various forms of armed resistance to avoid doing so. this is the real danger surrounding the current campaign and it extends beyond the election itself because of the questions concerning chavez ' s health. there is nothing to indicate the opposition has the will, wherewithal, or weapons to challenge the chavistas through violence. that said, student - led protests over the closing of the national television channel rctv set the stage for the defeat of the chavez - sponsored constitutional referendum of 2007. there is no evidence to suggest any opposition effort to arm or organize militarily. chavez, on the other hand, has worked assiduously to inculcate supporters with the notion that a capriles victory would be achievable only through deception, collusion with the remaining independent media, and covert u. s. support. the chavez government also insists that an opposition victory would result in the termination of the popular chavista social programs known as misiones bolivarianas ( commonly known as misiones ) and would return to power the elites who had earlier governed venezuela. chavez has added huge numbers of workers to the government payroll and extended direct government benefits to many other low - income venezuelans. further complicating matters, chavez has announced an economic plan for his next term that would accelerate dismantling the private sector economy, putting those who defend democratic pluralism, free enterprise, and private property on notice of his intention to complete venezuela ' s transformation into a socialist state. more than a year ago, his brother adan chavez, governor of the state of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.502322333817686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.072240"} {"text": "sector economy, putting those who defend democratic pluralism, free enterprise, and private property on notice of his intention to complete venezuela ' s transformation into a socialist state. more than a year ago, his brother adan chavez, governor of the state of barinas, publicly advised chavez ' s supporters that they might need to defend the bolivarian revolution by force of arms. given current circumstances in venezuela, several plausible scenarios could trigger significant political unrest that degenerates into violence : - chavez ' s defeat on october 7 looks likely before the election. street violence erupts either spontaneously or at the instigation of chavez ' s allies in the government. the government declares a state of emergency and postpones the election. the suspension of civil liberties following such a declaration may last for ninety days and can be renewed. the state - controlled media would likely endorse the temporary imposition of martial law as necessary to preserve order and the revolution. such actions, however, could precipitate widespread clashes with opposition supporters, particularly where there are military and national guard deployments. - chavez wins the election \u2014 or plausibly claims to win \u2014 and almost immediately dies or withdraws from public life for health reasons. a state of emergency is declared. new elections are required but also new candidates. since none of chavez ' s chief lieutenants appears to enjoy sufficient public support to assure election, cracks begin to appear in the chavista movement that prove difficult to reconcile. it is also possible that the opposition splinters. in many respects chavez holds the opposition together much as he does his own coalition. - the election is held and capriles wins. government workers and the beneficiaries of misiones riot before capriles can be inaugurated. an apparently lame - duck chavez declares a state of exception and postpones the inauguration. the perception that the government had manufactured a justification for setting aside a capriles victory would lead to widespread demonstrations by capriles supporters. an angry, resurgent opposition, convinced it was in danger of having its triumph stolen, would be vulnerable to chavista provocation. clashes between opposition supporters and the chavista faithful would occur. - capriles wins and is inaugurated. strikes by petroleos de venezuela ( pdvsa ) oil workers paralyze oil production. chavistas at all levels of government resist the new administration ' s efforts to implement its own programs and / or jettison moribund chavista projects. government workers are encouraged by chavista media", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4309708386940502, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.073471"} {"text": ") oil workers paralyze oil production. chavistas at all levels of government resist the new administration ' s efforts to implement its own programs and / or jettison moribund chavista projects. government workers are encouraged by chavista media to see capriles ' s efforts to cut the government ' s swollen payroll as a purge. this is particularly likely at pdvsa, the state oil company, which has doubled its workforce since the strike of 2003 even though oil production has stagnated at well below pre - strike levels. the military intervenes, and supporters of the new government take to the streets. - the election is held and the results are too close to call or are unacceptable to the government. the electoral tribunal delays announcing the results. both the opposition and chavez ' s supporters take to the streets. the chavista base fears a loss while the government seeks a way to avoid acknowledging a defeat. the opposition fears a manipulated outcome. the council of state or the somewhat vaguely constituted anti - coup command denounces efforts to subvert the election or destabilize the country while chavez or an interim president declares a state of exception. street violence erupts and is attributed to the opposition. although the government has enjoyed extraordinary advantages in terms of both resources and media access, most observers expect the vote count on election day to be largely accurate given the experience of the legislative elections of 2010 and the referenda votes of 2007 and 2009. the great unanswered question is how the government will react if it appears chavez has lost. unrest and violence, should it occur, is likely to be concentrated in the cities and to take the form of a rise in street protests and a spike in violent criminal activity \u2014 venezuela has one of the world ' s highest homicide rates \u2014 accompanied by political hooliganism and possibly sabotage of public services. the point of instigated violence would be the creation of circumstance sufficient to justify a suspension of civil liberties, postponement of the election, or, following a vote, invalidating the results of october 7. spontaneous violence emanating from chavez ' s supporters remains a real possibility if it appears that the bolivarian movement has or is about to suffer a reverse at the polls. a preemptive move by the military cannot be categorically ruled out but seems unlikely unless the security situation in the major cities threatens to unravel. another possible aim of any chavista - choreographed instability, if recognition of defeat were unavoidable, would be to force", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4481238352563674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.074522"} {"text": "cannot be categorically ruled out but seems unlikely unless the security situation in the major cities threatens to unravel. another possible aim of any chavista - choreographed instability, if recognition of defeat were unavoidable, would be to force a brokered transition to an opposition administration such as occurred in nicaragua following the election of violeta chamorro. a range of developments could indicate one of the aforementioned scenarios for violence. - chavez dies or an announcement is made that his death is imminent. the possibility of violence would be particularly high if chavez died or announced his resignation for medical reasons after being reelected. - violent crime is allowed to surge in the major cities before the election. irregular armed groups violently harass the opposition and / or seek to disrupt capriles ' s political events. - weapons are distributed to the militia. military units are repositioned. after the abortive coup of 2002 ( though not immediately after ), chavez created a national militia, organized outside the formal military chain of command and drawn from the social and economic strata in which chavez ' s support is strongest. weapons for the militias, however, remain under the control of the regular military. arming the militia would be tantamount to putting military weapons in the hands of the chavista base. - basic food items disappear. private businessmen are accused of hoarding and their businesses are expropriated. stocks of staples are perpetually low at present in venezuela because of chavista penalties for hoarding in reaction to price controls. - remaining independent media are closed and / or prominent journalists are detained. the independent media have been under pressure by chavez since 2006. most that remain are critical of the government. - sharp divisions within chavismo surface publicly, suggesting insiders know chavez is failing. there are persistent rumors of tensions among prominent senior chavistas, several of whom have been perceived as jockeying to position themselves as chavez ' s logical successor. - a senior political figure close to either chavez or capriles is assassinated. though the homicide rate in venezuela is high, political assassination is rare. - local supplies of gasoline are interrupted. most venezuelans, especially poorer venezuelans, consider cheap ( pennies per gallon ) gasoline a birthright. efforts to raise prices in 1989 caused violent riots in the capital. the government via pdvsa controls the supply of gasoline, and an interruption of supply would likely enrage segments of the population. implications for u. s. interests political instability and violence in venezuela would damage u. s. efforts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46699679434030206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.075720"} {"text": "in the capital. the government via pdvsa controls the supply of gasoline, and an interruption of supply would likely enrage segments of the population. implications for u. s. interests political instability and violence in venezuela would damage u. s. efforts to promote democracy, increase regional cooperation, combat narcotics, and protect its economic interests in the region. democracy promotion : the united states has worked for decades to promote democracy in the western hemisphere. in recent years, chavez has become increasingly authoritarian, undermining important political institutions, giving more powers to the presidency, and weakening both civil society and the independent media. the united states should view a suspension or further deterioration in the quality of venezuela ' s democracy as a setback for u. s. policy and for the hemisphere. the emergence of a military junta or a compromised chavez regime would also likely increase iranian and cuban influence in venezuela. it already has a close relationship with iran from which it reportedly receives advanced weapon systems and other assistance. cuba sends thousands of teachers and technical, medical, and security advisers in exchange for an estimated ninety to one hundred thousand barrels of oil per day. regional cooperation : the united states has an interest in nurturing regional cooperation particularly under the auspices of the organization of american states ( oas ), of which it is a core member. while often disappointing to both the united states and latin america, the oas provides the only regional forum in which all of the countries with democratically elected governments participate. a failure by the oas to play an effective role in venezuela if it appears democracy is at risk would further undermine support for the organization both in the region and in the united states. how the united states manages its relations with venezuela if violence does break out would likely affect u. s. relations with others in the hemisphere, especially brazil, which has cordial relations with chavez and reacts badly to perceived u. s. efforts to dictate to latin america. a repetition of the acrimony that characterized the hemisphere ' s efforts to resolve the honduras crisis of 2009 would be corrosive to u. s. relations with the region. counternarcotics : venezuela does not cooperate with the united states on counternarcotics, except at the most minimal level. drug trafficking has, consequently, surged. a number of venezuelan military officers, including the current minister of defense, have been plausibly accused by the u. s. treasury of cooperating with the colombian insurgent group fuerzas armadas revolucionarias de colombia ( farc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46396075242133616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.077658"} {"text": "venezuelan military officers, including the current minister of defense, have been plausibly accused by the u. s. treasury of cooperating with the colombian insurgent group fuerzas armadas revolucionarias de colombia ( farc ) and facilitating drug shipments through venezuela, especially from apure state. venezuelan recalcitrance in counternarcotics clearly undermines other regional efforts to combat the drug trade. even low levels of violence would create new opportunities for the farc and other drug traffickers to retrench and extend their reach. economic interests : a significant number of u. s. companies have operations in venezuela ; it remains an important market for u. s. goods and some services, especially oil services. many of these companies could be at risk if violent internal conflict broke out. venezuela is consistently among the five largest foreign suppliers of oil to the united states. the united states is venezuela ' s largest market, buying up to nine hundred thousand barrels of oil daily, up to 45 percent of venezuela ' s total oil exports. around six hundred thousand barrels of venezuelan crude per day are refined at citgo facilities in the united states. although a cut off of venezuelan oil to the united states is theoretically possible, it is unlikely given venezuela ' s dependence on the u. s. market. the united states is now less vulnerable to a cut off of supply from venezuela as u. s. domestic production has risen and imports from elsewhere could relatively quickly replace venezuelan oil. venezuela ' s economy, on the other hand, has become more dependent on petroleum. although production has stagnated since 2003, oil accounts for over 95 percent of venezuela ' s export earnings, and export revenue pays for nearly 50 percent of the government ' s budget. thus, although venezuela is vulnerable to pressure via its dependence on its oil exports generally and the u. s. market and refineries specifically, global markets would likely react negatively to either an interruption of venezuelan production or a crisis in u. s. - venezuelan relations that threatens the bilateral trade in oil. two factors seem most likely to dissuade leading venezuelan actors from violence : scrutiny of the electoral process and a clear sense that the rest of the western hemisphere would not countenance an attempt to subvert or set aside the outcome of a legitimate vote. all western hemisphere international organizations make having a fully functioning democracy a necessary precondition to full participation. chavez ' s influence ( beyond oil revenue ) has always rested in large part on the perception that he is legitimately elected", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4470922449750344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.081783"} {"text": "outcome of a legitimate vote. all western hemisphere international organizations make having a fully functioning democracy a necessary precondition to full participation. chavez ' s influence ( beyond oil revenue ) has always rested in large part on the perception that he is legitimately elected and enjoys a popular mandate. the options to prevent instability in venezuela include the following : regional / bilateral : the united states could urge brazil, colombia, and other countries in the region to press for transparency and compliance with the highest possible standard of election administration and to press venezuela to permit exit polling, quick counts, and other mechanisms for independent validation of the electoral results. brazil, in particular, has influence with the chavez government and seeks to play more of a leadership role globally and in the hemisphere. instability, violence, or an interruption of democracy in venezuela would hurt brazil ' s geopolitical ambitions as well as its extensive business interests. it would also be problematic for the southern common market ( mercosur ), which recently made venezuela a full member. ( mercosur requires members to be fully functioning democracies and recently suspended paraguay after the senate there removed the sitting president under circumstances that other members considered questionable. ) extra - regional : the eu ( and especially spain ), japan, and china all have significant investments in venezuela that would be at risk in the event of an internal conflict. interested stakeholder countries could be encouraged to make clear that free and fair elections in venezuela, and an orderly transition if chavez loses, are important to the global community. ( china, however, while having a growing stake in the venezuelan economy, is unlikely to agree to pressure caracas. ) electoral authorities in democratic capitals could be encouraged to review with the media the criteria for judging the quality of election administration. multilateral : the venezuelan government declined to invite substantial international observation and the deployment of a robust international mission is most likely impractical now except for the union of south american nations ( unasur ). nevertheless, the united states and other hemispheric partners could press the oas to insist that the venezuelan government permit the accreditation of interested diplomats and other volunteers as election observers and to permit international media \u2013 facilitated access to voting sites. in the event a new election was necessary for any reason, the oas could push for early deployment of an international observer mission. ( international observation and other steps to guarantee transparency were precisely the elements chavez considered necessary for a free and fair election when he first ran for the presidency in 1998. ) in the event that the government either orchestrates or takes advantage of a violent popular", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4616752172601351, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.083907"} {"text": ". ( international observation and other steps to guarantee transparency were precisely the elements chavez considered necessary for a free and fair election when he first ran for the presidency in 1998. ) in the event that the government either orchestrates or takes advantage of a violent popular reaction to chavez ' s defeat, death, or incapacitation to suspend civil liberties and govern under a renewable state of exception, the united states could take or encourage several steps in order to accelerate a return to democracy. the likelihood of success for unilateral u. s. efforts is low ; multilateral efforts that include other important regional players are far more likely to influence venezuelan behavior. - together with like - minded nations, the united states could demand that the oas declare venezuela in breach of its obligations as a signatory of the inter - american democratic charter and encourage a secretary - general \u2013 led mission to caracas. ( note : it would be difficult to generate a consensus condemnation of venezuela at the oas but the secretary - general can undertake such a mission on his own authority. a secretary - general \u2013 led mission would still require venezuelan acquiescence to enter the country. ) venezuela would understand that if regional and subregional organizations determine that the country is no longer a functioning democracy, it will be suspended, as has happened recently with both honduras and paraguay. - the united states could bring the issue of venezuelan democracy to the united nations security council and urge the un to endorse a fact - finding mission or to explicitly endorse regional efforts to restore democracy. - with other international partners, including the european union, the united states could support offers to mediate. - if it proves difficult to get the oas or un involved in mitigation efforts, the united states could propose a delegation of foreign ministers to travel to caracas to engage the venezuelan authorities. - the united states could suspend visas for all individuals ( officials and nonofficials, government and opposition ) perceived to be involved in precipitating violence or undermining democracy ; or suspend normal visa adjudication services at the u. s. embassy pending a resolution of the crisis. economic and financial options - in the event of violence or an interruption of democracy, the united states could freeze individual bank accounts of key figures involved or responsible and seize assets in the united states. it could also arrange for the proceeds of venezuelan government \u2013 owned corporate entities like citgo to be held in escrow accounts until democracy is restored and encourage other important trading partners ( i. e., canada, spain, france", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4379128561831801, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.086017"} {"text": "the united states. it could also arrange for the proceeds of venezuelan government \u2013 owned corporate entities like citgo to be held in escrow accounts until democracy is restored and encourage other important trading partners ( i. e., canada, spain, france, brazil ) to do the same. - if other forms of pressure fail to have an effect, the united states could block access to citgo ' s refining facilities in the united states and consider prohibiting pdvsa oil sales to the united states while the government ' s status is uncertain. - the united states could encourage other latin american militaries, as well perhaps as the spanish, to communicate to the venezuelan military the importance of complying with constitutional mandates, respecting human rights, and preserving democracy. while chavez loyalists dominate the venezuelan high command, it is not clear to what extent they control the middle ranks. nor is it clear to what extent the military ' s loyalty to chavez ' s bolivarian movement would trump other considerations. in the abortive coup of 2002 the military temporarily removed chavez but also restored him to power. - direct military involvement appears inappropriate. the united states has never unilaterally intervened militarily in a south american internal conflict ( criticisms of plan colombia notwithstanding ) and to do so now would likely unite most of south america behind chavez and / or his successor. most latin american countries are profoundly reluctant to intervene or even comment on the internal affairs of their hemispheric neighbors. even multilateral military intervention in any but the direst circumstances ( haiti ) is all but unthinkable. as the election approaches, the united states needs to emphasize publicly as well as privately the importance for the hemisphere of free and fair elections in venezuela. the united states should restate its interest in renewing cooperation in areas such as counternarcotics and emphasize the continuing complementarities of the u. s. and venezuelan economies. while the united states should emphasize the u. s. view that only venezuelans can solve venezuela ' s political problems, it should also encourage democratic countries in the region to make clear the hemisphere ' s concern that democracy be preserved, basic political liberties be respected, including press freedom, and violence be avoided. the importance of transparency in administration of the elections and verification of results should be stressed. at the same time, u. s. policymakers should avoid feeding the chavista narrative that the united states is plotting the overthrow of the bolivarian revolution. more specifically, the united states should take the following steps as soon as possible : -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4688556426950661, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.088501"} {"text": "at the same time, u. s. policymakers should avoid feeding the chavista narrative that the united states is plotting the overthrow of the bolivarian revolution. more specifically, the united states should take the following steps as soon as possible : - reach out to important regional and extra - regional partners now to gauge their likely response to instability, particularly those countries that would be most directly affected ( i. e., brazil, colombia, and the eu ), and convey a sense of the range of options the u. s. government would entertain in the event of an outbreak of violence and / or interruption of democracy. it will be particularly important to engage brazil and its mercosur partners early because of their close relations with chavez to minimize the possibility of misunderstandings arising between them and the united states. this should include proactively sharing information that would signal venezuelan preparations for violence or manipulation of the electoral outcome. - begin identifying important actors ( military and civilian officials as well as opposition figures ) now whose visas would be canceled and accounts frozen in the event that they are linked to political violence and / or an interruption of democracy. - work to build awareness at the un, in europe, and in japan of what is happening in venezuela and attempt to organize a coalition of partners to limit an illegitimate venezuelan administration ' s access to government assets held abroad as well as to the international financial system. - continue to stress directly to the venezuelan government as well as publicly that the united states will accept and be prepared to work with a legitimately elected government, including one headed by hugo chavez or a chavista successor, provided the election is free, fair, and constitutional. - leverage defense department contacts in latin american and spanish armed forces to communicate to the venezuelan military leadership that they are obliged to uphold their constitution, respect human rights, and protect their country ' s democratic tradition.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43958494312149754, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.090043"} {"text": "lightning safety / severe weather policy the safety of players, coaches, management and spectators is the primary concern in any weather event that occurs during all matches sanctioned by the csa. by understanding and following the information below, the safety of everyone shall be greatly increased. ultimately the referee has the final say over delaying or restarting a match due to weather. waiting to stop play or not waiting to start play may result in a serious injury or loss of life. referees are expected to act responsibly when dealing with such events during matches they are controlling when lightning is detected, you can determine the distance of lightning in your area by counting the number of seconds between the flash and the first sound of the thunder and dividing by five ( 5 ). this will give you the distance in miles from your location. remember, if you are in a higher elevation, the lightning can come upon you much quicker and your reaction time is greatly hindered. when you see lightning, count the time until you hear thunder. if this time is thirty ( 30 ) seconds or less, seek proper shelter. wait thirty ( 30 ) minutes or more after hearing the last thunder before leaving the shelter. if you can not see the lightning, just hearing the thunder is a good back up rule. please note the following recommendations from environment canada : the existence of blue sky and absence of rain are not protection from lightning. lightning can and does strike as far as ten ( 10 ) miles away from the rain shaft. it does not have to be raining for lightning to strike. many lightning casualties occur in the beginning, as the storm approaches, because many people ignore initial precursors of high winds, some rainfall and cloud cover. generally, the lightning threat diminishes with time after the last sound of thunder, but may persist for more than thirty ( 30 ) minutes. lightning can strike ahead of the parent cloud \u2013 take action even if the thunderstorm is not overhead. be aware of how close lightning is occurring. the flash - to - bang method is the easiest and most convenient way to estimate how far away lightning is occurring. thunder always accompanies lightning, even though its audible range can be diminished due to background noise in the immediate environment and its distance from the observer. lightning awareness should be increased with the first flash of lightning or the first clap of thunder, no matter how far away. this activity must be treated as a wake - up call to all. the most important aspect to monitor is how far away the lightning is occurring, and how fast the storm is approaching, relative", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47559565247483104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.106940"} {"text": "the first clap of thunder, no matter how far away. this activity must be treated as a wake - up call to all. the most important aspect to monitor is how far away the lightning is occurring, and how fast the storm is approaching, relative to the distance of a safe recognize that personal observation of lightning may not be sufficient. additional weather information may be required to ensure consistency, accuracy and adequate advance warning. when larger groups are involved, the time needed to properly evacuate an area increases. as time requirements change, the distance at which lightning is noted and considered a threat to move into the area must be increased. extending the range used to determine threat potential also increases the chance that a localized cell or thunderstorm may not reach the area giving the impression of a \u201c false alarm \u201d. know where the closest \u201c safe structure or location \u201d is to the field or playing area and know how long it takes to get to that safe structure or safe structure or location is defined as : any building normally occupied or frequently used by people, i. e., a building with plumbing and / or electrical wiring that acts to electrically ground the structure. avoid using shower facilities for safe shelter and do not use the showers or plumbing facilities during a thunderstorm. in the absence of a sturdy, frequently inhabited building, any vehicle with a hard metal roof ( not a convertible or golf cart ) and rolled - up windows can provide a measure of safety. a vehicle is certainly better than remaining outdoors. it is not the rubber tires that make a vehicle a safe shelter, but the hard metal roof which dissipates the lightning strike around the vehicle. do not touch the sides of any vehicle! if no safe structure or location is within a reasonable distance, find a thick grove of small trees surrounded by taller trees or a dry ditch. assume a crouched position on the ground with only the balls of the feet touching the ground, wrap your arms around your knees and lower your head. minimize contact with the ground because lightning current often enters a victim through the ground rather than by a direct overhead strike. minimize your body \u2019 s surface area and the ground! do not lie flat! if unable to reach safe shelter, stay away from the tallest trees or objects such as light poles or flag poles ), metal objects ( such as fences or bleachers ), individual trees, standing pools of water, and open fields. avoid being the highest object in a field. do not take shelter under a single, tall tree. avoid using the telephone, except in emergency situations. people have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4613384319309861, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.110035"} {"text": "2. write a program to use a subroutine to find the sum of the array elements. for simplicity, assume that the sum of the data values is less than $ ff. you do not need to use the bcc to check for carry flag. follow the following steps to write this program. - define two arrays called list1 and list2 using dc. b directive. initialize list1 with byte - size values of $ 6, $ 12, $ 4, $ 0f, and $ 11. initialize list2 with byte - size values of $ 4, $ 5, and $ 7. reserve two byte - size locations called sum1 and sum2 using ds. b directive. - the subroutine must find the sum of the elements of the array list1. before calling the subroutine, the main program must initialize register x to have the address of the array and register b to have the size of the array. - the subroutine must use a loop and indexed addressing mode using register x as the index register and register b as the loop counter. the subroutine must return the sum in register a. - the main program must call the subroutine two times. the first time, the subroutine will find the sum of the array list1. after returning from the subroutine, the main code must save register a in sum1. then, the subroutine is called for a second time to find the sum of the elements in list2. after the return from the subroutine, the value of register a is saved in sum2. - since this code is using a subroutine, make sure to initialize the sp register using : this line must be added to the main code before calling any subroutines. ( this has to be done in assembly language )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49718971547741975, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.116189"} {"text": "imagine growing vegetables that require just about the same amount of care as perennial flowers and shrubs, need no annual tilling or planting, yet thrive and produce abundant and nutritious crops throughout the season. in this dvd \u2014 a culmination of workshops recorded in mexico, florida, and massachusetts \u2014 plant specialist eric toensmeier introduces gardeners to more than 100 species of little - known, underappreciated plants. ranging beyond the usual suspects ( asparagus, rhubarb, and artichoke ) to include such delights as ground cherry, ramps, air potatoes, the fragrant spring tree, and the much - sought - after, antioxidant - rich wolfberry ( also known as the goji berry ), toensmeier explains how to raise, tend, harvest, and cook with plants that yield great crops and culinary satisfaction. toensmeier also takes viewers on a plant - by - plant tour of his garden in massachusetts. in toensmeier ' s book, perennial vegetables ( chelsea green, 2007 ), the adventurous gardener will find information, tips, and sound advice on less - common edibles that will make any garden a perpetual, low - maintenance source of food. in his book, readers will find perennial vegetables are perfect as part of an edible - landscape plan or permaculture garden. profiling more than a hundred species, with dozens of color photographs and illustrations, and filled with valuable growing tips, recipes, and resources, perennial vegetables is a groundbreaking and ground - healing book that will open the eyes of gardeners everywhere to the exciting world of edible perennials. eric toensmeier has studied and practiced permaculture since 1990. he is the author of perennial vegetables and coauthor of edible forest gardens with dave jacke. toensmeier has worked as a small - farm trainer at the new england small farm institute, has managed the tierra de oportunidades new - farmer program of nuestras raices, and is a graduate and former faculty member of the institute for social ecology in plainfield, vermont. his current interest is in large - scale permaculture farming as a carbon - sequestering solution to climate change. toensmeier \u2019 s writing, consulting, and teaching business is based at www. perennialsolutions. org, where he posts his latest articles and...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43683561467386345, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.127645"} {"text": "a program for schools that saves lives pediatric sudden cardiac death happens without warning. the sudden loss of heart function affects 600 to 1, 000 children and adolescents and 350, 000 adults every year in the united states. in the past five school years, at least 15 students and 12 adults have died from probable sudden cardiac arrest in georgia schools. fortunately, since december 2007, there have been 33 saves in georgia schools - - 33 people alive today because their school personnel were prepared and had practiced their medical emergency response. project s. a. v. e. ( sudden cardiac death : awareness, vision for prevention and education ) was created to educate school systems and doctors about pediatric sudden cardiac death, making them aware of the incidence, possible early warning signs and the need for a timely response. robert campbell, m. d., chief of cardiac services, children ' s sibley heart center, is the medical director of project s. a. v. e. this program is affiliated with the children ' s hospital of wisconsin ' s project adam\u00ae, whose mission is to serve children and adolescents through education and deployment of life - saving programs that help prevent sudden cardiac death. | | in the past five school years, at least 15 students and 12 adults have died from probable sudden cardiac arrest in georgia schools. watch a video about how to prevent this. log on and learn - join dr. robert campbell, chief of cardiac services, children ' s sibley heart center, for a two - part webcast series on preventing pediatric sudden cardiac death. the webcasts are available for cme and gna credit. georgia schools interested in implementing a program to prevent sudden cardiac death can receive onsite or phone consultation and written materials to assist with the process. this includes : - information about preparticipation sports physicals, awareness and cpr training - funding options - selection of an automated external defibrillator ( aed ) - policy / procedure guidelines - practice drill plans georgia schools can also apply for training grants to assist with the training portion of program implementation. becoming a heart - safe school schools in georgia that complete the implementation checklist, indicating a quality aed program, will receive framed certificates of recognition as a project s. a. v. e. heart - safe school. a sample public service announcement is available to help schools notify local media and increase public awareness of the school ' s efforts. these schools will receive regular updates, in the form of e - newsletters, about aed funding and laws, research, recalls and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49777674118285586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.137047"} {"text": "- a good playground surface absorbs the energy of a child \u2019 s fall. - bark mulch that is less than 20cm deep won \u2019 t do this well and inferior rubber surfaces can make injuries worse. - playground safety standards should be made mandatory in schools and councils just as it is in some childcare facilities. the last thing anyone wants is for playgrounds to be boring. children need to learn to test themselves and take risks, but they need to do so within an environment that is free from hazards they can \u2019 t see. having an appropriate landing surface that is well maintained significantly lowers the risk of injury should children fall. fractures on the rise thanks to improved safety standards ( particularly the removal of unsafe playground equipment and reducing the height of structures ) playgrounds today are safer and injury rates for the most catastrophic head - injuries have significantly declined. the bad news is, fractures, particularly to the shoulder, wrist, forearm and elbow are up and have increased by 20 % over the last decade, with those aged 5 \u2013 9 years most affected. playground surfaces partly to blame while overcrowding, lack of adult supervision and more \u2018 boring \u2019 equipment that children misuse have been blamed, the biggest culprit remains playground design. for starters, random checks have shown as little as 5 % of playgrounds comply with the ( voluntary ) safety standards for playground surfacing. but the surprise is that it \u2019 s not just about what children are falling from \u2014 mostly monkey bars \u2014 but what they \u2019 re falling onto. that is, children are mostly injured when they fall from play equipment onto a hard surface. protect your kids if you \u2019 re putting a playground in at home : - take care getting the foundation right. - select a material you can and will maintain. - ensure you lay the material deep enough. if you \u2019 re taking your child to the local playground : - be aware of how deep softfall materials need to be for safety. - if the surface is rubber, be prepared to call your school or council and ask some hard questions about its tested safety.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41990008663264666, "token_count": 415, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.153995"} {"text": "five things wikipedia ' s founder has learned about online collaboration jimmy wales explains his views on effective collaboration, organization and what ' world of warcraft ' wiki writers can teach us about shared ideals. thu, june 28, 2007 1 ) you need mechanisms in place for effective collaboration. certainly, people can post bad things onto a wiki, a message board, or a mailing list. the real question is, what systems are in place to deal with this? the mechanisms of a wiki have proven highly effective and have to do with the ability of the community to revise the content or revert to a prior state, and the ability to block communication by people who are causing trouble. 2 ) online identity is important. but requiring people to use real names online seems to be a solution to a problem that doesn \u2019 t exist. when people decide to interact anonymously with no stable identity, then bad behavior is the usual result. the safeguard mechanisms mentioned above can address such a situation. meanwhile, contributors who use a steady pseudonym can and do gain reputation capital in a way that establishes credibility just as a real name would offline. 3 ) a successful collaboration requires a shared vision. a good example of this is a successful wiki called wowwiki. com, a wiki about the online computer game world of warcraft. there, participants work together successfully because they have a shared vision of the kind of work they are trying to complete : a comprehensive guide to all things world of warcraft. we see the same pattern over and over : a charitable goal like that of wikipedia is not necessary. neutrality is not necessary. but a shared vision is. 4 ) organizations are becoming flatter. flat hierarchies are incredibly powerful and, due to technologies like wikis that allow peer - to - peer communication without a lot of barriers, flat hierarchies are taking hold across the business world. maybe some people are hesitant, but there is an overwhelming adoption of collaborative technologies going on right now. if old - fashioned cios are not seeing this, they should be replaced. 5 ) speed is incredibly important. a fast and flexible system will always beat a paranoid system that wants to get everything right before publication.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5059938051284587, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.160098"} {"text": "earliest canadian - made chanukiyah discovered montreal \u2014 what is believed to be the earliest known canadian - made ceremonial chanukiyah has been identified by eiran harris, archivist emeritus of montreal \u2019 s jewish public library archives. it was discovered in the collection of congregation shaar hashomayim, canada \u2019 s oldest existing ashkenazi congregation, founded in 1858. the chanukiyah is now prominently displayed in the synagogue \u2019 s edward bronfman museum. in 1904, during his presidency of the congregation, lyon cohen donated the brass chanukiyah to the synagogue on the occasion of his son \u2019 s bar mitzvah. the 40 - by - 32 - centimetre candelabra was cast at the w. r. cuthbert brass foundry, which was owned by the cohen family. in his youth, prior to achieving international renown as a poet and singer, lyon cohen \u2019 s grandson, leonard, worked at the foundry, harris said. on the base is engraved the following, \u201c presented to shaar hashomayim congregation by lyon cohen, president, on the occasion of the bar mitzvah of his eldest son, chanukah 5665, december 3, 1904. \u201d the eldest son was nathan \u201c natty \u201d bernard cohen, leonard \u2019 s father. lyon cohen would become the first president of canadian jewish congress in 1919. harris is confident of his claim. \u201c no other older canadian - made chanukiyah in canada or anywhere else has been identified, \u201d he said. \u201c hundreds of chanukah lamps are displayed in museums throughout the world as examples of ornate jewish art produced in various countries. now a canadian example is also proudly displayed, \u201d harris said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37493801019493567, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.166886"} {"text": "\u201c what \u2019 s in a name? that which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet. \u201d \u2014 romeo to juliet, in reply to her complaint that his name is all that keeps him from her ( a play by william shakespeare ) while browsing in the library two weeks ago, i happened to pick up a book published in 2002 by diana laurillard entitled, \u201c rethinking university teaching \u2014 a framework for the effective use of learning technologies \u201d. was quite excited when i learnt about laurillard \u2019 s five media forms for supporting active learning. they overlap almost neatly with nichani \u2019 s four interactive visual explainers ( 2003 ). \u2018 narrative \u2019 is the same in both, \u2018 interactive \u2019 is equivalent to \u2018 explorative \u2019 and \u2018 adaptive \u2019 to \u2018 simulative \u2019. laurillard \u2019 s \u2018 communicative \u2019 and \u2018 productive \u2019 are not in nichani \u2019 s classification, but they coincide with the \u2018 collaborative \u2019 and \u2018 constructive \u2019 in my extrapolation last year ( see \u2018 industry \u2019 vs. \u2018 academia \u2019 iii ). just now, during a lunchtime talk, when the manager of the elearning competency centre mentioned dr ruth clark \u2019 s four learning architectures, my curiosity was piqued. other than the different names, \u2018 receptive \u2019, \u2018 directive \u2019, \u2018 explorative \u2019 and \u2018 guided discovery \u2019 seem to be identical to nichani \u2019 s \u2018 narrative \u2019, \u2018 instructive \u2019, \u2018 explorative \u2019 and \u2018 simulative \u2019! just whose classification came first? did one know about the other \u2019 s work? or is this a case of great minds think alike? i began to search for information on clark and her work. found a number of interesting things, among them : clark \u2019 s learning architectures have been adopted by cisco in its learning objects model. clark also has a book entitled e - learning and the science of instruction : proven guidelines for consumers and designers of multimedia learning. must borrow this book soon. these days, as i continued working on the infographics design projects for my part - time studies, different theories are beginning to fall into place as in a jigsaw puzzle. gagne \u2019 s nine instructional events ( 1985 ), keller \u2019 s arcs model ( 1987 ), lave & wenger \u2019 s situated learning ( 1991 ), clark \u2019 s architectures ( 2000 ), nichani \u2019 s explainers ( 2003 ), laurillard \u2019 s media forms (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5521636921433127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.172950"} {"text": "following the line of the article posted by a. riazi, solving engineering problem using matlab c api, i will show in this small example how to use m functions inside our vc + + 6 project. the project calculates the convolution of two vectors, and shows the resulting vector in the mschart control. the function that performs the convolution is written in matlab and then through the matlab add - in converted to c code ready to be used inside our app. you need visual studio 6 and matlab release 12 installed with the matlab c library and matlab compiler. installing the matlab add - in the add - in automates the integration of m - files into visual c + + projects. the add - in for visual studio is automatically installed on your system when you run either mbuild - setup or mex - setup and select microsoft visual c / c + + version 6. in order to use the add - in you must follow these steps : - start matlab, in the prompt type mbuild - setup - follow the menus and choose ms visual c + + 6. 0. - type the following commands in the matlab prompt : these commands save the matlab path to a file called mccpath in your user preferences directory ( prefdir ), ussually inside your documents and settings file. the path is used by the add - in because it runs outside matlab and there is no other way for it to determine your matlab path. if you add new directories to your matlab path you will have to rerun this command if you want the add - in to see them. - configure the matlab add - in for visual studio 6 to work within msvisual c + +. - open msvisualc + +. - select tools - > customize from the msvc menu. - click on the add - ins and macro files tab. - check matlab for visual studio on the add - ins and macro files list and click close. the floating matlab add - in for visual studio toolbar appears. the checkmark directs msvc to automatically load the add - in when you start msvc again. calculating the convolution in matlab we will write a simple function in matlab that will perform the convolution of two vectors : in2 and store the result in we actually can use any matlab built - in function or toolbox function inside our function here we use only the function con", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4816882902204672, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.204352"} {"text": "a simple function in matlab that will perform the convolution of two vectors : in2 and store the result in we actually can use any matlab built - in function or toolbox function inside our function here we use only the function conv for simplicity. % returns the convolution of vector in1 and in2 save the function with the name myfunc. m writing the application use the mfc appwizard ( exe ) option to generate a dialog based application and call it conv. create a button which will calculate the convolution of two given vectors. add the code below to the button ' s message handler. copy myfunc. m into your vc + + project directory. now go to the matlab add - in and click the. m + + ( add m - files to current project ) button : select windows console exe from the combo box and check generate main file and debug mode. press ok. then select the myfunc. m file and click open. after a while you will see new files added to your project. under matlab m - files you will see our myfunc. m, you can even edit it from inside visual c + +. under matlab c / c + + are myfunc. c and myfunc _ main. c, generated by the matlab compiler. and all the headers needed by the compiler. we can ' t build the app yet, we must add the following lines to convdlg. cpp : now the project should be built without any problem. points of interest the steps described here don ' t include the mschart part, you can see it from the source code, but you can see that the calculation is done by placing a breakpoint inside the button message handler and checking the value of the res vector after the line : well i hope this simple article be interesting for matlab lovers, this is the first article i wrote, so i apologize if it is not clear enough. i will be glad to explain anything if you ask me. greetings. daniel cespedes is now working on his final project to get the electrical engineering degree at the national university of technology in cordoba argentina. he is developing a computerized system for the study of human echolocation, the ability to detect obstacles with the echoes of self generated sounds. ( yes like bats!! ) at the cintra ( centro de investigacion y transferencia acustica ). he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4922084702624848, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.205358"} {"text": "boreal tree growth slows as climate warms it appears that climatic warming in boreal forests has pushed many trees beyond the limits of their optimal growing conditions. in recent decades, the growth rates of northern conifers often slowed down when temperatures got abnormally high. american scientists examined widths of tree growth rings laid down between 1902 and 2002 at 269 northern sites distributed across north america and eurasia. they then matched the tree growth data with local historical temperatures and precipitation. the ten major species of boreal conifers analyzed all showed instances during the 20th century of slower tree growth under higher temperatures. this phenomenon, which the study ' s authors term \" browning \", appeared in nearly all areas of canada, alaska, europe and asia that they sampled. notably, browning occurred much more frequently after 1942. browning has been particularly prevalent in jack pine and four species of spruce : norway, siberian, black and white spruces. scots pine and siberian spruce had stalled growth during hot years more frequently on some drier sites with relatively low precipitation compared with moister locations. they, along with white spruce and siberian larch also experienced browning most often in the warmer portions of their range. for instance, sites where growth rates slowed in siberian larch were on average 2 \u00b0c warmer in summer than sites that never exhibited browning. one other factor showed up in the intercontinental tree - ring analysis, that of pollution. tree browning occurred more frequently in eastern europe and northwestern russia, regions prone to heavy air pollution, than in undeveloped areas. the effect of temperature was widespread, though, as even unpolluted forests showed browning. the study ' s authors conclude that warmer temperatures have dampened tree growth in two ways. both the direct effect of rising growing - season temperatures and the indirect effect of water stress induced by greater evapotranspiration under warm conditions have hindered boreal tree growth. andrea h. lloyd and andrew g. bunn. 2007. responses of the circumpolar boreal forest to 20th century climate variability. environmental research letters. 2 : 045013.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4706501079972987, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.392972"} {"text": "information contained on this page is provided by newsusa, an independent third - party content provider. worldnow and this station make no warranties or representations in connection therewith. / national pest management association ) - bats, bees and spiders, oh my! while it ' s certainly normal to see these creatures invade your front doorstep on halloween in the form of candy treat seekers, the real ones are generally unwelcome pests no one wants in or around their homes. as we prepare to bid farewell to summer and welcome the fall, it ' s a good time to remind homeowners that trick - or - treaters aren ' t the only ones who will be looking for something special in our homes. as the temperatures drop outdoors, many pests attempt to come indoors in search of food, water, and shelter. the national pest management association ( npma ) offers the following tips for pest - proofing your home against unwelcome pests this fall : * seal all cracks and crevices around the foundation of the home. mice, often in search of warmth, can fit through holes as small as the size of a dime. * check for gaps under exterior doors, and install door sweeps to close them. spiders can fit through openings as thin as a piece of paper. * trim branches or bushes that touch the home. these wooden pathways can provide direct pest highways right into the house. * store firewood several feet away from the house. wood that is next to the foundation of a home offers a welcoming environment for rodents, termites and other pests. * place a chimney cap on a fireplace, and keep the flue closed when not in use. certain types of nuisance wildlife tend to see chimneys as home sweet home. * check eaves and overhangs for nests or hives that may indicate the presence of stinging insects. * if you see evidence of an infestation, consult with a pest professional who can safely remove the offending pests for you. pests are more than just a nuisance. some, like termites and carpenter ants, can cause significant structural damage, and others, like stinging insects, rodents and cockroaches, are vectors of disease pathogens. to learn more on how to protect your family from the diseases and dangers of pests, visit www. pestworld. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4226338617810634, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.406291"} {"text": "under the general direction of the grand chief, the circumpolar relations department has been established to monitor and address international and circumpolar issues that may affect the interests of yukon first nations peoples. the circumpolar relations office also hosts the permanent secretariat for the arctic athabaskan council ( aac ) as well as managing the northern contaminants program, the northern ecosystem initiative ( nei ) and climate change initiatives. the northern contaminants program was established in 1991 in response to concerns that contaminants were reaching the canadian arctic. during the first six years, research was focused on gathering the data required to determine the levels, geographic extent, and source of contaminants in the northern atmosphere, environment and its peoples. monitoring in the yukon has continued to show that our traditional foods are very safe to eat and highly nutritious. today, the circumpolar relations unit continues to communicate results and monitor for new types of contaminants in the yukon. for more information go to www. northerncontaminants. ca. the northern ecosystem initiative ( nei ) is a partnership based national program of environment canada that supports action on shared priorities important to the conservation, protection and restoration of northern ecosystems and sustainability of northern communities. it has established four partner - issue tables for four of the program priorities, climate change, contaminants, resource use and monitoring as well as an advisory committee for the fifth program priority, capacity building. the circumpolar relations unit took the comments given at the cyfn general assembly in 1999 - 2000 and began work in the area of climate change. specific work includes climate change impacts and adaptations as it relates to community health, human - environments and ecosystems, and the promotion of energy efficient technologies and the reduction green house gas emissions. the arctic athabaskan council continues to serve the cyfn as their aboriginal representative organization for circumpolar and international affairs. the cyfn circumpolar relations ' mandate is to ensure yukon first nations interests are effectively represented in the arctic council and other international environmental fora. for more information go to www. arcticathabaskancouncil. com. for more information please contact :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47250207942660594, "token_count": 454, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.409487"} {"text": "click on the broken link graphic and fill in the form recording cemeteries with digital photography from the cemetery column. reproducing brasses and incised slabs from the monumental brass society. researching and recording civil war veterans burials in michigan cemeteries standards for transcribing cemetery headstones stones and bones a genealogical guide to researching cemeteries. the cemetery column - a tombstone in your palm article by steve paul johnson about using your palm pilot to record tombstone details in a database. the claire witch project a technique for locating unmarked graves using a process commonly referred to as divining or witching graves. the gravestone gallery : cemetery curiosities and tombstone tributes - - then, today and tomorrow an article for new and experienced roots - seekers, accompanied by a photo tour that is being expanded regularly, on the role of cemeteries in genealogical research and in our culture. the mystique of death & mourning in the 19th century describes mourning customs, jewelry & photography in the 19th century. things gone by - mourning jewelry during the georgian and victorian periods, works of art and jewelry were created out of hair and other materials to commemorate the loss of loved ones. these mourning pieces served as an eternal memorial and reminder of the lost loved one. tips for photographing gravestones tiptoeing through the graveyard - guide to discovering your ancestors in cemeteries from the about. com genealogy section. tombstone images and articles by michael john neill rootdig. com articles on tombstone rubbing and links to several pictures showing rubbing stone techniques. transcribing monumental inscriptions united states cemeteries | learn | familysearch. org cemetery record types, locating cemeteries, address books, and other sources of cemetery records. article on locating cemeteries and graves. your cemetery equipment copyright \u00a9 1996 - 2013. all rights reserved. cyndislist. com designed and developed by fusionspan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47219223803234406, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.411542"} {"text": "wake up and smell the coffee! the taste of a freshly brewer cup will never taste as good as it smells the smell of freshly brewed coffee can be hard to resist. unfortunately, the taste doesn \u2019 t always live up to expectations. scientists think they know why \u2013 and it is all to do with us having two senses of smell. when we smell coffee as it is brewing, the aroma goes up through the nose and blows across a sheet of cells that send the information to the brain. then, when the coffee is sipped and swallowed, the scent is pushed up from the throat towards the same sheet of cells at the top of the nose. scientists have discovered information about the taste of a food or drink is sent to a different part of the brain than smell, meaning the first sip of coffee is always bound to disappoint but, crucially, it wafts across them in the opposite direction. this second, \u2018 retronasal \u2019, sense of smell leads to the information being sent to a different part of the brain and interpreted differently, the british science festival in aberdeen heard. as most of the taste of a food or drink actually comes from its smell, this, combined with many of the flavoursome chemicals in coffee being stripped out by saliva, leaves it bound to disappoint. professor barry smith, founder of the centre for the study of the senses at the university of london, said : \u2018 the smell of freshly - brewed coffee is absolutely wonderful. it \u2019 s intoxicating. \u2018 but aren \u2019 t you always just a little disappointed when you taste it? \u2018 people waste a lot of money trying to get better machines, the right pressure, sourcing the beans but it will never happen. when you put it in your mouth it mixes with saliva and that strips off about 300 of these volatile chemicals and they are never going to reach the nose again. ' what does reach the nose is going to have a different character to it because the brain actually cares about the direction the air is flowing across sheet of receptors across the top of the nose. dieters who fall down on a collection of memory traits are more likely to give in to temptation \u2018 and of course, the companies that sell you it know that. it \u2019 s wake up and smell the coffee. it \u2019 s not wake up and taste it. \u2019 professor smith said the reverse is true with whiffy cheeses which taste better than expected. \u2018 think of a smelly cheese, it smells like a teenager \u2019 s training shoe, \u2019 he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4630568414976617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.417944"} {"text": "february 9, 2004 words - - \" never again \" - - sum up the most important lesson that civilized men and women were supposed to have learned from the 20th century. it is forbidden to keep silent, forbidden to look the way, when tyrants embark on genocide and slaughter - - if auschwitz and kolyma and the cambodian killing fields taught us nothing else, they taught us that. or so, at any rate, we like to tell ourselves. as samantha power discovered upon returning to the united states after two years as a war correspondent in bosnia, the lesson of \" never again \" is invoked far more often than it is applied. \" everywhere i went, \" power recalled in a speech at swarthmore college in 2002, \" i heard ' never again. ' steven spielberg ' s ' schindler ' s list ' had been a smash hit. the holocaust museum had opened on the mall in washington. college seminars were taught on the ' lessons ' of the singular crime of the 20th century. but why, i wondered, had nobody applied those lessons to the atrocities of the 1990s : the systematic murder of 200, 000 bosnian civilians in europe between 1992 and 1995 and the extermination of some 800, 000 rwandan tutsi in 1994. \" did ' never again ' simply mean ' never again will germans kill jews in europe between 1939 and 1945? ' \" power went on to write a problem from hell, her pulitzer prize - winning account of america ' s failure to intervene in the genocides of the 20th century. the book was hugely and deservedly praised. it made clear, as no previous book ever had, just how much americans knew about some of the most horrific massacres of the last century even as they were happening, and how little we did to stop them - - or even, in most cases, condemn them. which brings us to north korea. it is not exactly news that the communist regime of kim jong il has sent millions of north koreans to early graves. estimates back in 1998 were that as many as 800, 000 people were dying in north korea each year from starvation and malnutrition caused by kim ' s ruthless and irrational policies. world vision, a christian relief organization, calculated that 1 million to 2 million north koreans had been killed by \" a full - scale famine \" largely of pyongyang ' s creation. nor is it breaking news that north korea operates a vicious prison gulag - - \" not unlike the worst labor camps built by mao and stalin in the last century, \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49012966307757133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.428164"} {"text": "a full - scale famine \" largely of pyongyang ' s creation. nor is it breaking news that north korea operates a vicious prison gulag - - \" not unlike the worst labor camps built by mao and stalin in the last century, \" as nbc news reported more than a year ago. some 200, 000 men, women, and children are held in these slave - labor camps ; hundreds of thousands of others have perished in them over the years. some of the camps are so hellish that 20 percent or more of their prisoners die from torture and abuse each year. the dead can be of any age : north korea ' s longstanding policy is to imprison not only those accused of such \" crimes \" as practicing christianity or complaining about north korean life, but their entire families, grandparents and grandchildren included. and of course it is widely known that kim is openly pursuing nuclear weapons, has fired missiles capable of reaching japan, and controls one of the largest military forces on earth. all of this is hideous enough, and more than sufficient reason for making kim ' s ouster - - and his prosecution for crimes against humanity - - an explicit goal of the united states. but now comes something new. \" i witnessed a whole family being tested on suffocating gas and dying in the gas chamber. the parents, a son, and a daughter. \" the speaker is kwon hyuk, a former north korean intelligence agent and a one - time administrator at camp 22, the country ' s largest concentration camp. his testimony was heard on a television documentary that aired last week on the bbc. \" the parents were vomiting and dying, but till the very last moment they tried to save the kids by doing mouth - to - mouth breathing. \" like other communist officials, kwon was not bothered by what he saw. \" i felt that they throroughly deserved such a death. because all of us were led to believe that all the bad things that were happening to north korea were their fault.... under the society and the regime i was in at the time, i only felt that they were the enemies. so i felt no sympathy or pity for them at all. \" another eyewitness was soon ok - lee, who was imprisoned for seven years in a different north korean camp. she described the use of prisoners as guinea pigs for biochemical weapons. \" an officer ordered me to select 50 healthy female prisoners, \" she testified. \" one of the guards handed me a basket full of soaked cabbage, told me", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45001803951073205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.430731"} {"text": "poultney - 16 green mountain college students had an oral final exam last week, but their vocabulary was limited to the words \" gee, \" \" haw, \" \" whoa, \" and \" back. \" the students took dr. kenneth mulder ' s history and application of oxen in agriculture course, which includes learning how to drive draft animals. at gmc, that would mean issuing commands to lou and bill, the college ' s oxen team. \" driving oxen is more of an art than a science, \" said mulder, gmc ' s farm manager. \" the relationship developed between the student and the animals is key to directing a good working team. \" mulder ' s course combines classroom lecture and on - farm experience to teach students how to train, care for, and drive oxen, and how to accomplish specific farm tasks using oxen. in spring, summer and fall, bill and lou perform all the plowing, mowing, and haying activities commonly performed with tractors and combines. in the winter, the oxen are harnessed up for various heavy lifting jobs around the farm. the class also looks at the economics of draft animals and identify under what conditions draft animals are economically efficient. mulder, who completed his dissertation at the university of vermont ' s gund institute for ecological economics, tells students that modern agriculture is extremely inefficient. \" with over 20 calories required to produce and deliver one food calorie to a consumer ' s plate, capacity to maintain current food production levels while reducing fossil inputs simply doesn ' t exist, \" he said. his students at green mountain college have launched an experiment aimed at running a farm on a scale at which a family farmer could make a livable wage, without sacrificing sustainability. an associated goal is to run green mountain college ' s cerridwen farm with as few fossil - derived resources as possible with the ultimate target of using no fossil fuels at all. one component is using draft animals.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4994496708482456, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.435594"} {"text": "the geologic origin of the sonoran desert geology challenges the human imagination. first of all, there is the notion of geologic time. we humans think in terms of lifetimes or of centuries. what can 10, 000 years possibly mean to us, let alone 65, 000 or 70 million? space, in geologic terms, is an equally difficult notion, though we don ' t often recognize the difficulty. we often wonder what the land we stand on was like in times past. what was here, we ask, when dinosaurs roamed, or when mountains were new? though we may imagine different landforms, different vegetation, we probably still imagine \" here \" as a definite, and permanent, spot on the globe, a place with constant longitude and latitude, a place whose changes we could trace through time, perhaps by reading the record in the strata beneath our feet. but geology mocks our notion of permanence. geology deals with continents that drift, collide and re - form, with rivers and oceans that appear and disappear, with mountain ranges whose battered remnants have been carried away and now lie buried on some other continent. geology warns us not to be too literal as we imagine the history of our planet. geologic interactions with the living community geology, the interpretation of earth and life history, encompasses much more than the study of sterile rock masses. continents, oceans, the climate, our atmosphere, and all life have co - evolved on this planet in a complex, interwoven web. inorganic environmental changes occur, and all life forms must adapt quickly, in terms of geologic time. there are many ways the earth may influence a local ecosystem. the least obvious is slow continental drifting across lines of latitude or longitude, which affects circulation patterns in the oceans, storm tracks, mean temperatures, and the timing and duration of seasons. mountain chains appear near coastlines for various geologic reasons, setting up orographic ( mountain - induced ) cooling of rising moist air masses to form coastal fog deserts and rain shadow deserts on the protected sides, such as coastal baja california and the hyper - dry mohave desert, respectively. upland canyons, piedmonts, and mountaintops create new ecological niches, sites of adaptations and evolutionary change. the sonoran desert and nearby mountain islands exhibit nearly two miles of vertical relief, from sea - level deserts to mountaintops at 9500 feet ( 2900 m ) that harbor sub alpine spruce - fir forests, cool enough to have supported semi - permanent ice masses on shady north slopes during the pleistocene ( the past two million years )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5216091774410091, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.455831"} {"text": "from sea - level deserts to mountaintops at 9500 feet ( 2900 m ) that harbor sub alpine spruce - fir forests, cool enough to have supported semi - permanent ice masses on shady north slopes during the pleistocene ( the past two million years ). then as mountains slowly erode to flatlands, the climate pattern changes. as climates and habitats change, plant and animal species either adapt, migrate to more favorable ground, or become extinct. migratory routes are often determined by geologic processes. for example, climate dictates that a river be perennial or intermittent, and that a lake expand or dry up. new mountains produce new rivers. these changes may block or expedite migration for a terrestrial animal while serving as barriers or corridors for an aquatic one. ancient life affects later geologic and climatic conditions. biologically - produced gases ( oxygen, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide ) maintain a chemically reactive atmosphere that in turn influences rates of rock weathering, the nature of sedimentary deposits, and the content of gases in the atmosphere. desert soils, highly variable in their water - holding capability, salinity, and alkalinity determine the kinds of plants that will survive on them. some desert plants, for example, are well - adapted to soils that would be toxic to other plants. ( see the chapter \" desert soils. \" ) the topography of the sonoran desert and adjacent lands the sonoran desert lies in a region of the west called the basin and range geologic province. this curious country consists of broad, low - elevation valleys rimmed by long, thin, parallel mountain ranges, which extend from northern mexico across much of arizona, california, utah, and nevada, northward to the southern plains of idaho. ( see the map below. ) normally dry streams in each valley either connect to a major through - flowing river, such as the gila or salt rivers, or else drain into a valley ' s internal low spot where a salt - encrusted playa forms. california ' s imperial valley, and several other valleys within the american southwest, exhibit this internal drainage. topography is an important influence upon the unique climate of the sonoran desert, since topographic barriers direct, confine, or block moist air masses. we can see such a confinement for the sonoran desert on the map below, which resembles a shallow bathtub, breached at its south end where it receives pacific moisture, and at its north end where it joins the rain - starved mohave desert. let us consider the topography of the areas on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47535817020113413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.456904"} {"text": "desert on the map below, which resembles a shallow bathtub, breached at its south end where it receives pacific moisture, and at its north end where it joins the rain - starved mohave desert. let us consider the topography of the areas on the periphery of the sonoran desert, since these lands both help define and affect the desert itself. | this map shows the basin and range geologic province, the highlands that confine the sonoran desert, and the largest canyon systems of the region. also shown is an unusual series of mountains in the region called ' metamorphic core complexes. ' | considerable high country exists west of the sonoran desert in baja california ' s sierra san pedro martir and in southern california ' s coastal laguna mountains, loosely joined to the imposing sierra nevada farther north through the palm springs region. the backbone rock of this country is vast masses of cretaceous - aged granites, 140 to 80 million years old. the sonoran desert is bounded to the northeast by a mile - high escarpment called the mogollon rim, which forms the distinctive southern edge of the colorado plateau province. the colorado plateau extends north across utah and western colorado and consists of a grand \" pancake \" pile of sedimentary rocks of diverse age ( from 30 million to 1200 years old ), exposed over a wide area, but most famously in the walls of arizona ' s grand canyon national park. the eastern edge of the sonoran desert in southeastern arizona consists of a honeycomb series of high valleys and mountain ranges, including the pinaleno and chiricahua mountains. mountaintops range from 3000 feet ( 915 m ) in the west to 10, 000 feet ( 3050 m ) in the east. the elevations of valley bottoms rise from sea level near yuma to 5000 feet ( 1525 m ) in southeast arizona, where deserts are replaced by grassland valleys. since rising air cools, annual precipitation and wintertime cold extremes intensify to the east, causing the desert, with its frost - sensitive plants, to gradually give way to grassland. the sonoran desert ' s southeastern edge is defined by mexico ' s sierra madre occidental, a tall, mountainous accumulation of 30 - million - year - old volcanic rocks, which stand exposed in the cliffs of the pine - covered country of barranca del cobre ( copper canyon ) of sonora - chihuahua. how strange that many isolated springs of the sonoran desert contain several varieties of small cyprinid fish, the desert pupfish. these little, unlikely desert", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.437018512526193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.457903"} {"text": "covered country of barranca del cobre ( copper canyon ) of sonora - chihuahua. how strange that many isolated springs of the sonoran desert contain several varieties of small cyprinid fish, the desert pupfish. these little, unlikely desert survivors can tolerate mildly saline and very warm waters. their dispersal across much of basin and range country, even into totally isolated valleys, must have occurred during the pleistocene when the colorado river system flowed more vigorously, allowing them to explore all the back alleys of this aquatic kingdom. then when drier times came, their habitats shrank back to only the perennial springs they inhabit today. at least one variety of pupfish has gone extinct with the introduction of game fish. this survival story, like so many others, continues to unfold as the sonoran desert evolves. formation of basin and range the recent geologic history of the sonoran desert includes an event unique in all the world, one that tore the country apart. this \" basin and range disturbance \" was the culmination of several events that have taken place over the last 40 million years. before this geologic onslaught there is good evidence the region stood as an extensive upland, devoid of today ' s mountains and smoothly connected to all the surrounding highlands ( see map above ). starting with this flatter land, several interconnected geologic actions produced the modern sonoran desert landscape. volcanism and regional arching a visitor to basin and range country 40 to 20 million years ago might have been alerted to one of the deep - seated geologic events by noting numerous active volcanic centers in the region. these volcanic areas occasionally produced tremendous explosions, and left behind extensive volcanic flows. some of these volcanoes then collapsed, forming large circular basins called calderas, as seen in the chiricahua and superstition mountains. other centers, such as the ajo, kofa, galiuro, and gila mountains, ejected ash - flow materials from long, thin fissure vents. exciting as this surface activity was, far more impressive events were occurring below. intense heat rising into the crust was hot enough to entirely melt and soften portions of the lower continental crust into a viscous fluid, similar in consistency to molasses taken out of a refrigerator. this heating became important when the pacific coast became somehow attached or glued to the edge of the pacific ocean tectonic plate, which was at the time beginning to move northwest relative to the main continent. this movement applied a stretching force to the region. basin and range crust, being hot and fluid, could not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44483061283171854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.459237"} {"text": "glued to the edge of the pacific ocean tectonic plate, which was at the time beginning to move northwest relative to the main continent. this movement applied a stretching force to the region. basin and range crust, being hot and fluid, could not resist this force and so began to stretch apart in a giant geo - taffy pull. think of what happens as you bite into a caramel candy coated with hard chocolate : the fluid caramel stretches while the brittle coating shatters. in this way basin and range crust began breaking up, resulting in tremendous disruptions. early pull - apart action 25 to 20 million years ago was localized along the line of mountains ( shown as metamorphic core complexes on the map, above ), where tremendous heat from beneath was concentrated. ( see illustration a. ) this heated zone across arizona responded to the pull - apart force by forming a huge fault zone, along which all the land west to the pacific coast was pulled away. several nearly flat faults, such as the catalina detachment fault shown in illustration b, accommodated this motion. once uncovered by the faulting, the fluid granite rocks of these \" metamorphic core complex \" mountains rose or arched up further into an aligned series of \" pimples, \" due to their heat and buoyancy. rocks above the detachment faults moved a considerable distance to the west, perhaps ten miles or farther, from the arched terrain. these spectacular processes probably lasted for a few million years. the origin of modern valleys following this activity, the stretching action quickly spread across most of the entire region, which would eventually become the modern basin and range country. by about 12 million years ago, the entire substrata of basin and range country was involved with the expanded taffy - pull, stretching out some thirty to eighty percent more than its original width, while the brittle crust above shattered into hundreds of long, thin segments. narrower alternating segments tended to sink into the taffy, while alternating wider slices maintained more of their old heights. ( see illustration c. ) virtually all mountains of the region were simultaneously born in this way ; this also explains the semi - parallel trend of the region ' s mountains and valleys ' they are perpendicular to the direction of stretching. by about 8 million years ago, the pull - apart action stopped, the thinned crust cooled, and basin and range mountains and valleys stabilized. since that time the chief geologic activity has been the movement of rock debris off mountains and into adjacent valleys through stream action, as seen in illustration d. most basin and range valleys are filled", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4968009705897236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.460369"} {"text": "xavier del bac near tucson, and stopping large pendulum clocks in phoenix. tucson residents reported large clouds composed of dust and forest fire smoke rising above the crest of the santa catalina mountains and first thought it to be an erupting volcano. apparently the fires were ignited by falling boulders crashing together and causing sparks on the dry hillsides. tohono o ' odham residents at the village of pan tak below kitt peak reported a massive rock fall. geysers of water shot up from the flood plain of the san pedro river, while other streams and springs throughout the region either dried up or initiated flow. an estimated 50, 000 cattle died that year in the san pedro river valley as a direct result of wildfires or later starvation. a line of recent small earthquakes from that fault zone appears on the seismicity map above. there have been two contrasting styles of volcanism in the sonoran desert in recent geologic time. the intense volcanic episode mentioned above produced rhyolites ( light - colored volcanic rocks, relatively rich in silica, aluminum, potassium and sodium ), created as the western edge of the north american continent moved over the pacific ocean floor. the main mass of the tucson mountains is composed of rhyolite produced during an earlier rhyolite volcanic episode some 70 million years ago. ( see illustration above. ) in contrast, younger volcanic rocks formed during basin and range time ( the last 10 million years ) are called basalt ( dark - colored volcanic rock, rich in iron, magnesium and calcium ) ; basalt formed beneath the continent during pull - apart actions and rose along deep cracks. rhyolite volcanoes tend to explode violently, like mount st. helens or krakatoa. basaltic eruptions are non - explosive ; they produce lavas with a consistency of fifty - weight motor oil, which spread quickly across valley floors. there are three basalt volcanic fields in the sonoran desert, all formed within the past four million years. one of these, the pinacate field, lies just north of rocky point, sonora, and has rightfully become an international showcase of natural history. the field contains a central 4000 - foot tall ( 1220 m ) stratified volcano composed of multiple lava flows and ash layers, surrounded by approximately 400 outlying single - eruption basalt cinder cones and flows, and ten unusual steam - blast explosion craters, called diatremes, some with diameters in excess of a mile. these unusual craters owe their explosive origin to an encounter of the rising magma with water - saturated sediments,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46117090870228405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.464362"} {"text": "basalt cinder cones and flows, and ten unusual steam - blast explosion craters, called diatremes, some with diameters in excess of a mile. these unusual craters owe their explosive origin to an encounter of the rising magma with water - saturated sediments, which adds the force of steam blasts to the normal volcanic fountain. sonoran desert ' s fossil legacy life ' s drama is abundantly preserved in the rock record of the region. arizona ' s oldest rocks ' 1800 to 1400 million years of age ' have not been adequately searched for remains of microscopic life. the oldest stratified rocks of the sonoran desert date from about 1200 million years ago, and contain horizons where mats and small mushroom - shaped colonies of algae once grew in protected aquatic habitats. the main threats to the survival of these organisms were the enormous precambrian ocean tides. paleozoic shales and limestones ( 570 to 240 mya ) contain occasional remains of trilobites, shark and fish teeth, crinoids and corals, bryozoans, conodonts, clams, brachiopods, oysters and a variety of cephlapods ( a class of mollusks, which includes the octopus and squid ). we envision these creatures ' homes as shallow tropical ocean waters with coral reefs, lagoons and inlets, reminiscent of the bahamas - florida - mississippi delta region. mesozoic fossil beds ( 150 to 90 mya ) represent a regional trend toward terrestrial conditions as the land rose and drained. river floodplain deposits of jurassic or cretaceous age in the tucson mountains contain tracks of lizards found with rare fossils of horsetails ( equisitum spp. ) and petrified wood. cretaceous beds contain clams, sharks, marine reptiles like the mosasaur ( an aquatic monitor lizard ), and turtles. cretaceous low - elevation coniferous forests were resplendent with cycad and ginkgo trees, through which glided flying reptiles. late cretaceous strata of the northern santa rita mountains contain a remarkable fossil record including the titanic long - necked sauropods, horned and duckbill dinosaurs, and some of arizona ' s oldest fossil mammals. all these lived along large river floodplains and shores of ancient inland lakes, sharing territories with crocodiles and lizards. cenozoic deposits contain a mammal - dominated fauna that inhabited a land reminiscent of a lush east african savanna. earlier forms included ancestral horses, giant rhino - like titanotheres, and oreodonts ( ancestors to peccaries and camels", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44170847758787896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.467463"} {"text": "cenozoic deposits contain a mammal - dominated fauna that inhabited a land reminiscent of a lush east african savanna. earlier forms included ancestral horses, giant rhino - like titanotheres, and oreodonts ( ancestors to peccaries and camels ). by late miocene and pliocene time ( 10 to 2 mya ) grasses and grazers became widespread. pleistocene fauna of the last 2 million years included camels, herds of bison and near - modern horses, mastodons, imperial mammoths, giant ground sloths, wolves, lions, giant beavers, and short - faced bears. north america ' s first people left dart points imbedded in fossil remains of some of these animals at sites near former springs. the modern sonoran desert ecosystem seems a distant cousin to the ancient environments of the region. the pleistocene climate the pleistocene period, the last two million years, is noted for its glaciations and worldwide flip - flopping climate changes. these climate shifts have left marks upon the sonoran desert. though glaciers in arizona mountains were confined to elevations above 9000 feet ( 2740 m ), vigorous stream runoff during the first million years removed much soil and debris from mountain slopes and deposited it in many large fan - like deposits below the mouths of the larger canyons. ( see photo below. ) then the streams in the larger valleys of the region began to down cut their channels to lower levels, which then side cut, causing the formation of several sets of flat - topped terraces above modern flood plains. the last permanent high - elevation ice masses were rapidly melting 14, 000 years ago, and the regional climate was becoming drier and modern ( interglacial ) by 12, 000 years ago. this last climate change marks the birth of the modern sonoran desert ecosystem. climatologists cannot predict future climate shifts. the sonoran desert contains a characteristic series of landforms, shown in the illustration below. sparse regional rainfalls tend to lack the force to move sediments very far from the mountains. however, rare heavy rains produce torrents of mud, rocks, and vegetation that cascade rapidly down steep narrow canyons in the mountains. this debris flow spreads out at the fronts of the mountains into cone - shaped masses called alluvial fans. ( see photograph below. ) when neighboring alluvial fans coalesce along a mountain front, the resulting landform is a bajada ( bah - hah - dah ). the term bajada is generally reserved for those areas where obvious allu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4568823579315473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.470432"} {"text": "below. ) when neighboring alluvial fans coalesce along a mountain front, the resulting landform is a bajada ( bah - hah - dah ). the term bajada is generally reserved for those areas where obvious alluvial fans line the mountain front, while piedmont is used in situations where alluvial fan shapes are not obvious. | typical sonoran desert landforms | beneath the bajada lies an important hidden feature of desert geology : the pediment. pediments are buried shoulders of mountain rocks that extend from the edge of the exposed mountain some miles toward the valley center, where they contact the buried basin and range fault, beyond which lies thick valley alluvium ( gravel, sand, silt, and clay ). pediments form as the mountain front is worn back with time by all the streams exiting the mountain front ; then the shoulder is buried by a thin layer of gravel as the valley fills with alluvium. their presence, though invisible, is very important for human development, since the main valley aquifer - often a mile thick - is confined to the centers of the valleys ( see illustration ). water wells drilled into the pediment often do not yield sufficient water for even a single residence. isolated small hills near mountains, called inselbergs, are exposed rock masses that have not worn away ; they are a sure sign of the pediment ' s presence. major valleys contain one or more main stream channels that are normally dry. floodplains are strips of flat land adjacent to the channel that in former times were subject to flooding. but since the 1890s, river floods have tended to incise and widen the channels, so that the floodwaters do not flow out onto the floodplains, except locally. this post - 1890s channel enlargement is part of a regional trend throughout the west called \" arroyo cutting, \" likely caused by a combination of factors, including increased cattle grazing following development of regional railroads in 1882, de vegetation of hillsides by the mining industry for mine timbers and coke, and a possible unrecognized, subtle climate shift. local governments take a risk in stabilizing channel embankments with soil cementation. haphazard bank stabilization increases channel erosion ( bank caving ) and floodplain inundation downstream of the protected reaches. this is because cement - lined channel walls prevent infiltration and force more water down the channel. | alluvial fan. boulder debris in front of the gila ( sheep ) mountains", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4908931260727143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.473114"} {"text": "and floodplain inundation downstream of the protected reaches. this is because cement - lined channel walls prevent infiltration and force more water down the channel. | alluvial fan. boulder debris in front of the gila ( sheep ) mountains near yuma. large rocks like these are transported in massive debris flows down steep canyons, then spread out along the mountain front during times of rare, intense rains. | in the mountains, balanced boulders form from certain rock types, such as granite and thickly - layered sandstone or volcanic ash. the rocks weather down along cracks or joints and tend to form spires or irregular columns. rounding happens as corners weather faster than sides, just as the cube of ice in your iced tea melts into a sphere. if a flat ( horizontal ) set of joints is also present, weathering along this base eventually forms a rounded balanced boulder. boulders are eventually shaken free by earthquakes or uneven weathering and litter the nearby ground. these same kinds of rocks, when more fracture - free, may weather into large, spectacular domes that develop concentric rounded joints just like a layered onion, from which segments of layers separate, exposing a cone - shaped core. balanced boulders can be seen along the gates pass road in the tucson mountains, along the mt. lemmon highway at geology vista, in texas canyon along i - 10 east of benson, and on camelback mountain ( echo canyon ) in phoenix. spectacular conical granite domes with \" onion - peel \" structures may be seen along the high ridges on the west side of the santa catalina mountains above catalina state park. mountains composed of volcanic layers weather into rugged tablelands cut by sharp canyons, such as in the ajo, tumacacori, and kofa mountains. the sharp eye may spot a vertical cylinder of resistant rock weathering away from a volcanic cliff ; often this is a volcanic neck or plug, which was formed in the feeder vent for a volcanic flow. there are good examples of volcanic necks in the superstition, tucson, and ajo mountains. desert pavement is a sparsely vegetated desert flatland totally covered with a single layer of desert - varnished rocks. desert varnish is a black, shiny coating on the exposed surfaces of undisturbed rocks. ( see the chapter \" desert soils \" for a discussion of the causes of these phenomena as they have come to be understood in recent years. ) sand dune fields are common in the sonoran desert. dune fields occupy downwind portions of valleys where wind - dispersed sand has accumulated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4624542823029939, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.475591"} {"text": "desert soils \" for a discussion of the causes of these phenomena as they have come to be understood in recent years. ) sand dune fields are common in the sonoran desert. dune fields occupy downwind portions of valleys where wind - dispersed sand has accumulated. sands for the gran desierto of northwestern sonora, the algodones dune field east of el centro, and the mohawk valley field east of yuma all derive large quantities of sand from the colorado river delta. the vast cactus plain dune field near parker derives its sand from the old shoreline sands of the colorado river. many other minor dune fields are found throughout the region, their sands derived from local river flood plains. the gran desierto contains examples of star dunes, with several radiating sharply - crested sand ridges coming off a high point. maybe the only way to fully comprehend the geologic processes that have shaped the sonoran desert is to immerse oneself in the study of the region ' s natural history. still, hints of profound relations are everywhere around us : storm tracks funneled by basin and range topography, which ultimately define the region ' s ecological limits ; the very different past worlds represented in the fossil record ; hard granite rocks torn apart by small lichen colonies ; the wide variety of landforms and rock types. also, we must remind ourselves that the true character of the land is much more than what ' s on the surface - the often - neglected third dimension is vital, as miners, soil engineers, and water well drillers know. all these effects of the past are interwoven into a tapestry of cause and effect on a grand and wondrous scale. chronic, halka. roadside geology of arizona. missoula, montana : mountain press publishing company, 1983. harris, stephen l. agents of chaos. missoula, montana : mountain press publishing company, 1990. nations, dale and edmund stump. geology of arizona. dubuque, iowa : kendall / hunt publishing company, 1983. mcphee, john. basin and range. new york : noonday press, 1990. sharp, robert p. geology field guide to southern california. dubuque, iowa : kendall / hunt publishing company, revised edition 1976. sheldon, john. geology illustrated. san francisco : w. h. freeman & company, 1966. sykes, godfrey. the colorado delta. american geographical society special publication no. 19, edited by w. l. g. joerg. port washington, n. y. : kennikat press, original pub. 1937", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4698502996618963, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.477041"} {"text": "3 ways to affect depth of field : free cheat sheet depth of field, or ability to control which parts of your pictures are sharp, is one of the main advantages of owning an slr camera. look at a scene with your own eyes, and everything from your feet to the horizon is usually in focus. but your pictures do not need to look like this. you can set up your digital camera so that only certain parts of the shot are in sharp focus, and others are artistically blurred. this allows you to create emphasis where you want it \u2013 and to hide elements that would otherwise prove distracting. your lens can only focus sharply at one distance. however, due to the optical property known as \u2018 depth of field \u2019 a range of distances will actually appear sharp. this zone of sharpness will vary enormously. our latest photography cheat sheet examines three common ways you can affect depth of field. our infographic looks at how aperture, focus distance and focal length will affect what appears sharp in your images ( for more on this you might also find useful our guide to depth of field : what you need to know for successful images ). simply drag and drop this cheat sheet on to your desktop to save the larger version as a handy reference. and if you liked this, you might also like our infographics on understanding the color temperature scale and our portrait lighting cheat sheet. common mistakes at every shutter speed ( and the best settings to use ) metering mode cheat sheet : how they work and when to use them digital camera effects from a - z 99 common photography problems ( and how to solve them ) on thursday, may 31st, 2012 at 3 : 00 pm under photography tips. tags : depth of field, hot, photography cheat sheet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5352868806065252, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.479004"} {"text": "jaw crusher is a famous mining machinery machine widely used mining, road, railway, chemical industry, etc. it was mainly make up by six parts. the first part is rack and it is a walls rigid frame with the top and lower surface is open. used for supporting partiality axis and to bear the reaction of crushing materials. generally inblock cast by cast steel. small machine can also used high quality iron instead of cast steel. but the rack of large machine need cast subsection, the process is more complex. the second part is jaw plate and side guard plate, fixed jaws and dynamic jaw were all made up by jaw bed and jaw plate. jaw plate is working part, fixed in the jaw bed by bolts and wedge iron. the jaw bed of fixed jaw is the front wall of rack, the jaw bed of dynamic jaw was hanging in the axis. so the all need enough intensity and stiffness to sustain the counterforce of crushing. the thired part of jaw crusher is adjusting device, adjusting device divided into wedge block type, plate type and the hydraulic, etc. generally uses the wedge block type. the fourth part of jaw crusher is flywheel, the flywheel of jaw crusher is used for storage trip energy of dynamic jaw, then used for industrial, make mechanical work tend to equality. the fifth part is transmission parts, eccentric shaft is the principal axis of jaw crusher, it is can under great bend torsion, usually manufacturing by high carbon steel. the last main part of jaw crusher is lubrication device, eccentric shaft bearing usually adopts concentrated circulation lubrication. when jaw crusher crushing cavity things ( such as crushing in an iron ball, iron, etc. ), for the protection of the equipment is mainly parts are not damaged and use as crusher insurance after thrust board components. with cast iron plate after general thrust moulds overall, in which a trough of some holes open or to lower the cross - section intensity ; also can cast two, then use screws ( or rivets ) of connecting thrust board, combined. when not broken objects into crushing cavity, equipment overloaded and huge breakage force to thrust plate lead to thrust board broken or combination thrust board screw, machine cut to stop work, have insurance effect. these knowledge may in equipment instructions say not so detailed, so the user is in the purchase equipment, installation debugging when must learn more with crusher experts, mastering jaw crusher insurance and discharging adjustment, stable production can be better.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46218131005147967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.486622"} {"text": "these knowledge may in equipment instructions say not so detailed, so the user is in the purchase equipment, installation debugging when must learn more with crusher experts, mastering jaw crusher insurance and discharging adjustment, stable production can be better. hongxing company lays much emphasis on the quality and clients. we serve clients with the quality guideline of being responsible for every working procedure, every product and every client. what we have done is for the clients and we believe that quality is the best way to develop market. all of the products have passed the authentication of iso9001. hongxing brand is the chinese famous brand. reliable and stable quality is the key to success. our products are well known at home and abroad. now we have tens of thousands of users throughout china and more than 30 world markets. as the professional manufacturer of complete sets of mining machinery, such as magnetic separator, cement mill, vibrating screen, dryer machine, classifiers, henan hongxing is always doing the best in products and service. if you ' re interested in mining machinery such as jaw crusher, impact crusher, ball mill, raymond mill, snad maker, we believe that henan hongxing machinery is your nice choice. http : / / www. hxjq - crusher. com http : / / www. hxjqchina. com http : / / www. crusher - machine. com if you ' re interested in mining machinery such as jaw crusher, impact crusher, ball mill, raymond mill, snad maker, we believe that henan hongxing machinery is your nice choice. - author articles - more from this authorstrong global demand for minerals and other commodities promises to fuel demand for mining equipment for years to come. this is positive news for domestic steel suppliers, not just because of the large... according to introducing, xinjiang tianshan metallogenic belt in xinjiang is one of the three major metallogenic belt, has found that all kinds of mineral resources. according to relevant for... rising demand for such vehicles indicates rapidly increasing activity in the mining sector. ' since early 2010, the mining sector has steadily gathered momentum and this has had a positive impact on the... from mining machinery industry 2000 ~ 2009 fixed assets steady growth can explain, mining machinery industry return on capital is higher than the average return on assets, is worth the investment of social... it is because of china machinery industry in general are still in the development stage in vulgar,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48891130181594566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.487608"} {"text": "2009 fixed assets steady growth can explain, mining machinery industry return on capital is higher than the average return on assets, is worth the investment of social... it is because of china machinery industry in general are still in the development stage in vulgar, machinery industry unit product comprehensive energy consumption than to the high number of developed... - related articles - related articlesdiabetes treatment is really much better today than they have been for hundreds of years, even a few years ago. i would have hated to have diabetes back even a few years ago, when the meters where big and hard... great dining experience in relaxing and enjoyable ambiance is something that is desired by everyone. dining out is a common thing these days. today, most of families plan to dine out on weekends and spend... the traslochi ( impresa traslochi nessi ) are becoming popular for their high quality services. they ensure that their customers get the best services at the most reasonable rates. one can find many other... if you have diabetes, you can join with diabetes to eat foods after diabetes meal plan to give up all your favorite foods. you might think that your days of feasting on pizza and eat a lot of fried foods are... if you suffer from type 2 diabetes you are 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marketing as their primary marketing... diabetes treatment is really much better today than they have been for hundreds of years, even a few years ago. i would have hated to have diabetes back", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4580796883030568, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.488533"} {"text": "indications of volcanic activity on venus 8 april 2010 dlr scientists evaluate data from the virtis infrared spectrometer 3 - d radar image of the maat mons volcano on venus although some uncertainty remains, the most recent infrared data from virtis ( visible and infrared thermal imaging spectrometer ) seem to confirm it. \" we are pretty sure that venus still has volcanic activity, \" say jorn helbert and nils muller from the dlr institute of planetary research ( institut fur planetenforschung ) \u2013 members of the virtis team. the european space agency ' s ( esa ) venus express orbiter has been circling the planet, which is constantly obscured by thick cloud cover, since 11 april 2006. the spacecraft travels around the planet in an elliptical orbit at an altitude that varies from 300 to 66 000 kilometres. it carries virtis, the only instrument that can look through the atmospheric windows onto the surface of venus and record its infrared radiation patterns at a variety of heights. \" at certain infrared ranges we can clearly see that the surface is glowing, \" says planetary physicist helbert. solidified lava flows radiate heat according to the virtis data, there are nine hotspots, areas over underground magma chambers, which are very likely volcanically active. \" the solidified lava flows, which radiate heat from the surface, seem hardly weathered. so we can conclude that they are younger than 2. 5 million years old \u2013 and the majority are probably younger than 250, 000 years, \" added helbert. \" in geological terms, this means that they are practically from the present day. \" it is also possible that there are smaller volcanic vents and lava flows that cover very restricted areas. nils muller and jorn helbert are co - authors of a paper on volcanic hotspots that appears in the latest edition of science. volcanic peak idunn mons like on earth, venus ' s valleys are warmer than its mountains. but the venusian atmosphere is so dense that it completely determines the temperature of the planet ' s surface. this enabled the scientists to predict surface temperatures with computer models. data obtained from virtis last year shows that certain areas deviate from the predictions by as much as two or three degrees. \" this may because there are different types of rock, which have different thermal properties. \" virtis has shown that the imdr, themis and dione region are hotspots, which rise 0. 5 to 2. 5 kilometres above the plain and are the most likely", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46820697542336864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.492236"} {"text": "types of rock, which have different thermal properties. \" virtis has shown that the imdr, themis and dione region are hotspots, which rise 0. 5 to 2. 5 kilometres above the plain and are the most likely candidates for the presence of active volcanism. but it is not easy to evaluate the data : \" the cloud coverage obstructs the view of the surface, and we have to include its effect in our calculations. even then, it \u2019 s like looking through frosted glass. \" research in the planetary emissivity laboratory the dlr planetary emissivity laboratory : measurements at 500\u00b0 celsius the researchers are still unable to say which materials are responsible for the radiation emitted from venus ' s surface. the next step will be for jorn helbert to build a special laboratory \u2013 the planetary emissivity laboratory \u2013 at the dlr institute of planetary research, in which a variety of rocks will be heated to venusian temperatures of 500 to 600 degrees celsius. he will then measure their emissions at a range of wavelengths, just as virtis does from space. by comparing the results with the virtis data, the researchers will be able to answer the open question about the composition of the planet ' s surface. about 25 missions have surveyed venus before venus express, so researchers have been able to rely in part on tried - and - tested systems. for instance, they incorporated technologies from esa ' s mars express spacecraft. virtis itself was originally constructed at dlr berlin for esa ' s rosetta comet chaser. one important predecessor mission was nasa ' s magellan probe, which mapped venus with its radar, indicating the presence of hundreds of volcanoes. but it was thought that they were all extinct. along with virtis, another six instruments on venus express are studying the planet to determine the composition of its atmosphere and its temperature, among other things. learning from venus if further analysis confirms that venus is volcanically active, making it the first geologically active planet after earth itself, it would certainly affect our understanding of our own planet. while earth and venus are very similar in size and structure, they have had very different histories. so when and why did their development take such distinct paths, such that waterless venus, at 500 degrees celsius, is completely hostile to life, and earth is so suited to it? \" perhaps venus can tell us why earth is so special, \" added jorn helbert.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5030481525575348, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.493178"} {"text": "july 25, 2006 - recent years have seen a proliferation of commercially available genetic tests, both for identifying health - related genes and for non - health - related applications, such as paternity, forensics and genealogy. traditionally health - related genetic tests have been available only through health care providers, who decide whether a test is needed and interpret test results. however, these tests are increasingly marketed not only to health care providers but also to consumers themselves. beyond the significant gaps that exist in the general regulation of genetic tests, direct - to - consumer ( dtc ) genetic testing raises additional concerns. dtc testing encompasses two separate but related issues : claims made about the tests to induce purchase ( e. g., through advertising ) ; and the sale of genetic testing services and provision of test results directly to consumers. in regards to the former, critics argue that consumers are vulnerable to being misled by advertisements and lack the knowledge to make appropriate decisions about whether to get tested or how to interpret the results. consumers with little knowledge of genetics might have difficulty distinguishing between tests widely used and accepted by medical professionals ( such as those for mutations causing cystic fibrosis ), and those whose validity is unproven in the scientific literature ( such as those purporting to predict risk of depression or an appropriate skin care regimen ). advertisements may also underemphasize the uncertainty of genetic testing results, or exaggerate the risk and severity of a condition for which testing is available, thus increasing consumer anxiety and promoting unnecessary testing. some companies that advertise tests directly to consumers require that they see their doctors in order to have the tests performed, while others allow individuals to send samples directly to the laboratory and receive the results at home. in the first case health care providers have the opportunity to guide patients away from unneeded tests and to clarify the results when they arrive, although surveys have shown that many health care providers lack adequate knowledge and training to provide quality genetic counseling. taking tests without a provider \u2019 s supervision increases the likelihood of harmful outcomes to consumers, ranging from wasted money to loss of genetic privacy to basing major decisions \u2014 such as whether to have a child or take a certain medication \u2014 on faulty information. whether health care provider authorization is required to obtain a genetic test, or any laboratory test, is the province of state law. some states explicitly authorize laboratories to accept samples from and deliver test results for specific tests ( such as cholesterol or pregnancy tests ) directly to patients without authorization from a health care provider. other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4974339310614226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.498352"} {"text": "any laboratory test, is the province of state law. some states explicitly authorize laboratories to accept samples from and deliver test results for specific tests ( such as cholesterol or pregnancy tests ) directly to patients without authorization from a health care provider. other states categorically prohibit all dtc testing. and still other states are silent on the issue, which leaves it up to individual laboratories to decide whether to offer dtc testing. currently, 25 states and the district of columbia permit dtc laboratory testing without restriction, whereas 13 categorically prohibit it. dtc testing for certain specified categories of tests is permitted in 12 states ; these laws would likely not extend to genetic tests. it should be noted that even when a health care provider ' s order is required, the provider may have a conflict of interest if he or she is employed by the laboratory offering the testing. the federal trade commission ( ftc ) is charged with protecting consumers against unfair or deceptive trade practices, including false or misleading advertising claims. while the ftc has asserted that it has jurisdiction over genetic testing advertising, it appears to have taken no action against any genetic test advertisements, even those that would appear clearly false and misleading on their face. in 2006 ftc issued a consumer alert warning consumers to be skeptical of claims made by dtc test providers and to discuss test results with a health care provider. the food and drug administration ( fda ) has authority to regulate claims made by products under its jurisdiction. however, currently, fda regulates only those genetic tests that are sold as \u201c test kits \u201d and used by laboratories to perform testing. fda considers test kits to be medical devices and requires that they undergo premarket review before they can be made commercially available. since the vast majority of genetic tests are instead developed by the laboratory, neither tests nor claims made about them is subject to fda oversight. it would be a mistake, and ultimately an unsuccessful endeavor, to focus efforts on remedying the potential harms from dtc tests without considering the entire regulatory context. without a system in which an upfront expert evaluation can be made with respect to the validity of genetic tests, it will be difficult if not impossible to make rational decisions about who can and should order the test and receive the results, and what claims are appropriate in advertising. the gppc issue brief \u201c who regulates genetic tests? \u201d details the current state of oversight of genetic testing. compiled by shawna williams updated 5 / 30 / 2008 by gail javitt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46691875411230793, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.499333"} {"text": "shared by : mellcash learning the ropes of numismatics numismatics is the study of money, medallions, banknotes, token coins, and stock certificates. it is believed to have been established in the time of julius caesar who wrote the first book on the subject. it is a very interesting topic because every medal or coin signifies a different era, culture, economy and / or politics. numismatists or the people who study the history and over all appearance of the above mentioned forms of currency are different from coin collectors. unlike numismatists, coin collectors are only interested in collecting coins and the prestige that goes along with it ; a numismatist may also be a coin collector and vise versa. over the years, coin collection has been very popular. the most common designs are famous people and animals to depict the era when the specific coin was released. numismatists are generally interested in use of money, its origin, appearance, variety and production. they aim to explore the role of the different kinds of currency in our history using mint information. mint refers to the place or facility where the coins are manufactured. they also grade or authenticate coins to determine their market value. t facilitate this, coin grading system facilities were established. at this time there are three major third party facilities that authenticate coins and / or paper money. these are : the pcgs or professional coin grading system located in newport beach, ca ; the ngc or numismatic guaranty corporation in sarasota, florida ; and paper money grading ( pmg ). pcgs is a third party institution that was established in 1986, which grades and authenticates coins primarily for commercial purposes. they are an independent body providing expert opinion in rating a coin. ngc is also a third party institution offering services solely to numismatists. it was established in 1987. on the other hand, pmg is solely for authentication of paper money and a smaller department of pcgs. when coin collecting was not as popular as it is now, there were only 3 categories into which a coin could fall : 1. good \u2013 which means that the coin has all of the details intact ; 2. fine \u2013 which means that the coin has all the details intact and still has a bit of luster visible ; and 3. uncirculated \u2013 which means that the coin was never put on the market thus maintaining its original appearance. however, today coin grading has evolved and is becoming more definite. they use a combination of letters and numbers that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5149098189980091, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.503303"} {"text": "| uploaded : | | may 8, 2009 | | updated : | | january 30, 2010 | pretty soon the site will be undergoing some awesome new changes with the layout. i know you all are thinking \u201c wait, i did see a new layout? \u201d. no, that was just a test run and i decided that that layout was too kiddie. anyways, enough about the new layout lets get into something that is much more interesting, drawing tutorials. my first lesson is going to be on \u201c how to draw a manta ray step by step \u201d. the manta ray is an ocean creature that lives in a variety of tropical waters around the world. the manta ray is also the biggest of all rays and they are fabulously interesting creatures. these underwater animals are more related to sharks than any other creature of the ocean. although they look incredibly intimidating, the manta ray is a harmless species that dwells on the bottom of the ocean floor. like the sting ray, they have narrow pointed tails. but unlike the sting ray, the manta has a short tail without the stinger or stinging spine. which basically means they do not sting to defend themselves. did you know that the manta ray has aerobatic skills? it ' s true, the manta ray is very skilled when it comes to swimming and even jumping. they are able to leap out of the water and jump back in. when seen doing this it is a very awesome experience. how big do you think these animals are? well, if you were to measure a manta, you would find that they are nearly thirty feet long and can weight up to three thousand pounds. pretty incredible huh? manta rays have a dark brown to black color and being all white on their underbelly. they have a tail, two pectoral fins, eyes, and two bulb like looking things called \u201c cephalic lobes \u201d which are located on or around the eye. their diets consist of microscopic plankton, small fish, and other tiny crustaceans. do manta rays attack humans? no, they are not known to attack humans and are relatively harmless, they don ' t even have a set of teeth. these big graceful sea animals are what you call the perfect specimen to look at if you were to ever go scuba diving. this tutorial will show you how to draw a manta ray step by step. there is only like five steps before you complete the lesson which means you should have problems learning how to draw this sea animal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44274228669600624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.507013"} {"text": "sudden algae blooms, and other events compromise the health and beauty of your prized aquarium. perhaps a uv sterilizer is right for your aquarium. proper fish husbandry and regular routine maintenance are the keys to a healthy aquarium environment. however, from time to time, unexpected loss, when used in conjunction with proper fish - keeping practices, an ultraviolet sterilizer is a great way to help protect aquarium inhabitants from potentially harmful microorganisms. ultraviolet sterilizers use a special fluorescent lamp that emits light at a wavelength of 253. 7 nanometers. aquarium water pumped through the uv chamber is exposed to this uv light and is irradiated. free - floating microorganisms in the passing water are affected by the uv light and are no longer able to multiply. through continual use, uv sterilizers can help manage water quality issues due to microorganisms such as bacteria, algae, and parasites. if you decide to use a uv sterilizer, ask yourself the following questions : | | what kind of organisms do i want to control? bacteria, algae, or parasites? | | which style of uv sterilizer hang - on unit ) will best suit my existing aquarium system? choosing the right size unit proper flow rate through the uv chamber determines the effectiveness and use of a uv unit. set at different flow rates, a uv sterilizer can be used effectively against bacteria, algae, or parasites. different flow rates control different organisms. therefore, a flow rate suitable for controlling bacteria or free - floating algae may not be effective against parasites. larger organisms like parasites are more resistant to irradiation and require a slower flow rate to extend uv exposure time. to adjust uv exposure time, simply increase or reduce the rate water is flowing through the uv sterilizer. | gph to control bacteria and algae though manufacturers ' recommendations will vary, the above chart provides a general idea of the wattage and the corresponding flow rates required for the control of bacteria, algae, or parasites. different uv sterilizer styles tips from our techs always locate uv sterilizers after mechanical filtration to help slow buildup on the quartz sleeve, thus requiring less maintenance in the long run. the specifics of uv sterilizers differ in a number of ways. but the most basic difference is their mounting style ( either in - line or hang - on ) and the manner in which water flows through them. depending on the size and the particular aquarium setup, one mounting style may be more convenient", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5127920174322037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.512501"} {"text": "number of ways. but the most basic difference is their mounting style ( either in - line or hang - on ) and the manner in which water flows through them. depending on the size and the particular aquarium setup, one mounting style may be more convenient to install than the other. just as their name suggests, in - line models are plumbed directly into the main aquarium filtration system. the uv is placed after the mechanical filtration unit and should be the last in - line device before water returns to the aquarium. generally a ball valve and bypass are used to adjust the flow rate through the uv sterilizer. most in - line uv sterilizers are designed for larger aquariums and incorporate higher wattage bulbs encased in a long, cylindrical housing. these compact sterilizers are mounted directly to the back of the aquarium. they are generally used as an independent device fed by a submerged powerhead. however, some hang - on sterilizers may also be connected to the return line from a canister filter or in - line filtration systems. hang - on models tend to be easier to install and maintain, making them ideal for smaller aquarium setups. in general, due to their relatively smaller size, a lower wattage bulb is used for hang - on sterilizers. however, to maintain efficient uv sterilization, these smaller units have a unique internal design. to maximize uv sterilization, a spiral or stepladder design is incorporated to extend the length of time the water is exposed to uv light. regardless of the difference, uv sterilizers require a water pump or circulation pump and plumbing ( sold separately ) to transport water from the aquarium, through the uv chamber, and back into the aquarium. uv sterilizers have many advantages and very few drawbacks. in addition to being easy to install, requiring low maintenance, and being affordable, they can provide huge health benefits for your fish. make sure you get one that is the correct size, operate it under the appropriate conditions, and follow the manufacturer ' s maintenance guidelines to ensure optimal performance.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48051145170292, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.515378"} {"text": "for seniors : improve visibility on a windows laptop if you ' re visually challenged, using a laptop ' s smaller screen is often difficult. luckily, windows provides tools to improve usability for those with visual disabilities, such as increasing screen contrast, improving cursor visibility, and even reading onscreen text for you. choose start\u2192control panel, then click the optimize visual display link under the ease of access tools. the make the computer easier to see dialog box appears. utilize high contrast to improve readability by selecting the turn on or off higher contrast when alt + left shift + print screen is pressed setting. high contrast is a color scheme that increases the darkness of darker elements and the lightness of lighter elements so it ' s easier for your eyes to distinguish one from the other. you can also choose to have a warning message appear when you turn this setting on, or play a sound when it \u2019 s turned off or on. have text read aloud by selecting the turn on narrator setting. you can also have video descriptions read aloud by selecting the turn on audio description setting. magnify part of the screen by selecting the turn on magnifier setting. magnifier displays two cursors onscreen. one cursor appears in the magnifier window, where everything is shown enlarged, and one appears in whatever is showing on your laptop ( for example, your desktop or an open application ). you can maneuver either cursor to work in your document. ( they \u2019 re both active, so it does take some getting used to. ) improve visibility of onscreen elements by making selections from the make things on the screen easier to see section. here you can adjust onscreen contrast to make the focus rectangle and cursor easier to see, and get rid of distracting animations and backgrounds. the focus rectangle surrounds the active area of dialog boxes and other items you can navigate with the keyboard. when you finish making your settings, click ok to apply them. you ' re returned to the control panel ; click the close button to close it. if you bought a laptop with a 12 - inch screen and find things are hard to read, don \u2019 t run out and buy a new laptop. it \u2019 s possible to connect your laptop to a standalone monitor using a vga port. if you mainly use your laptop at home, this may be a less expensive way to upgrade your screen to a larger size. internet explorer 8 \u2013 compatible add - ins that provide quick links to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4613248986122114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.533130"} {"text": "your laptop to a standalone monitor using a vga port. if you mainly use your laptop at home, this may be a less expensive way to upgrade your screen to a larger size. internet explorer 8 \u2013 compatible add - ins that provide quick links to needed additional information on the spot without requiring a whole bunch more browsing. windows 7 uses the action center to keep you informed of security and maintenance issues that need attention. an account for the manager of a computer or network. an administrator account offers significantly more privileges in managing the pc compared to a standard account. a windows color scheme that changes the way windows itself looks and behaves on your screen. a combination of the aero color scheme and the glass effect that creates a transparent effect in windows a windows 7 tool that allows you to quickly view all open windows and programs in either thumbnail or full screen mode. a windows 7 feature that minimizes all windows except the one. click on the title bar of the window you want to keep open and then drag it back and forth quickly. a windows 7 feature that lets you resize a window to half size just by dragging it to a side of the screen. a test that microsoft uses to determine how quickly a computer ' s graphics card can blend colors. a kind of software used for productivity or to create things ( the software that does the work ). a file that piggybacks onto an e - mail message. appears when you plug a memory card into your pc. microsoft ' s term for large - network business clients who qualify to receive upgraded support. a wireless technology for adding devices to your computer. recording content to a cd or dvd. also known as the temporary internet files, the cache contains all web pages and their components that are downloaded when you subscribe to web sites or channels. an internet browser developed by google. a special anti - aliasing tool developed by microsoft to improve the appearance of fonts in high - resolution lcd flat - screen monitors. a small program that converts data from one form to another so that the data can be played on a media player. a traditional dos - like text interface that allows you to input instructions to the computer. a program option that allows you to trick an older program into thinking it is running in a previous version of windows. a folder containing multiple files that have been packed in such a way that all excess space is eliminated. in windows explorer, these files are shown one right after another. tiny files that are used by web sites to track your online activity and recognize you whenever you access the site.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5292663184497852, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.534352"} {"text": "that have been packed in such a way that all excess space is eliminated. in windows explorer, these files are shown one right after another. tiny files that are used by web sites to track your online activity and recognize you whenever you access the site. to choose a portion of an existing photo and make that portion into the entire photo, omitting the rest of the photo. a cable that allows two computers to connect to each other as a network without having to set up an actual windows network. the blinking icon on the computer screen that shows you where the characters you type appear ; also called an insertion pointer. the score that the windows experience index gives to your computer ' s ability to replicate 3d images. the primary printer that windows uses automatically. the process that your computer uses to rearrange the pieces of files and applications on your hard drive so that they are positioned next to each other on the drive, improving performance. windows 7 \u2019 s main screen that shows your program icons, the start button, and the taskbar. a collection of settings that control the appearance and behavior of the various appearance settings in windows. a small strip along the bottom of every folder that lists details about the item you \u2019 re currently viewing. a windows tool that shows you the status of all the hardware elements on your pc. windows 7 uses the device stage to gather all the information about installed devices into one central hub. digital ids are certificates that you can use to verify the identity of the person with whom you \u2019 re communicating. a computer that translates internet addresses you can understand, such as www. dummies. com, into addresses that the internet can understand, such as 126. 96. 36. 199. the speed at which you click your mouse button twice. this rate is set in the mouse properties dialog box. to copy data ( usually an entire file ) from a main source to a peripheral device. a windows 7 feature that can make a system - wide change to the size of fonts and icons. to click and hold a mouse button while moving the mouse. to place an item on the desktop or in a window, after dragging it, by releasing the mouse button. the standard connection method for certain types of video display, such as lcd monitors. an adapter that allows you to connect an older monitor to a newer computer or vice versa. microsoft ' s products that help assist people with physical limitations get full use of their computers. a file that is attached to an e - mail message. the translation, or scrambling, of data", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5696639129673648, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.535429"} {"text": "connect an older monitor to a newer computer or vice versa. microsoft ' s products that help assist people with physical limitations get full use of their computers. a file that is attached to an e - mail message. the translation, or scrambling, of data into a secret code. a windows tool that can examine a hard drive and fix many common drive errors. a local - area network ( lan ) architecture developed by xerox corporation in cooperation with dec and intel in 1976. external devices such as peripheral hard drives, dvd drives, flash drives, or memory card readers. a windows 7 feature that allows you to quickly switch between users. the small icon next to a url address in an internet browser ' s address bar. a three - or four - digit suffix to a filename that tells windows 7 what program should open the file. an internet browser developed by mozilla. a software or hardware device designed to block unauthorized intruders from gaining entry to an individual computer or a network. a keychain - size storage unit that saves files on memory cards ; you can plug it into your computer and access it like any other external hard drive. when the aero color scheme is engaged, this tool allows you to visually scroll through all open applications. an operating system object that can contain multiple files and other folders. the combination of typeface and other qualities, such as size, pitch, and spacing, that can be applied to characters in a document. a state in which your pc does not respond to keyboard or mouse commands ; also called locked or locked up. a little always - on windows 7 desktop program, such as the slide show, clock, and rss feeds. a windows appearance setting that gives your folders a nearly transparent look menu options that are currently unavailable. the technical term for when two or more pieces of electronic equipment, such as a cell phone and a bluetooth adapter, first recognize each other. a windows 7 help and support center tool that runs you through the most common causes of hardware errors in a question and answer format. a windows tool that can search for and add hardware to the system. a numbering system based on 16 digits that is often used for graphics. a computer function by which it saves all the computer \u2019 s memory ( everything the system is doing ), then turns the computer off. a type of windows registry entry that contains a number of other registry entries. the first page you see when you open internet explorer. you should set your home page to one of your favorite web sites. windows 7", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5943503007960766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.536524"} {"text": "), then turns the computer off. a type of windows registry entry that contains a number of other registry entries. the first page you see when you open internet explorer. you should set your home page to one of your favorite web sites. windows 7 computers use homegroups to simplify networking. a keyboard shortcut that opens an application or performs a specific task. a common connection point for devices in a network. a small picture that represents an object or program. a form of backup that makes a copy of all the information on a drive, including programs, data, and custom settings. the blinking icon that appears on your computer screen at the location where characters you type appear ; also called a cursor. a company that provides access to the internet. an identifier for a computer or device on a tcp / ip network. the device you type on ; it \u2019 s the primary way you communicate with the computer, with input. the microsoft online help tool that contains information regarding windows problems and errors a portable computer. libraries enable you to group related folders and files together. windows 7 has four default libraries : documents, music, pictures, and videos. when burning cds and dvds, this file system allows you to add and remove files as if the disc were another hard drive. a computer network that spans a relatively small area. most lans are confined to a single building or group of buildings. the command on the shutdown menu that suspends computer operations and presents the login screen, but without actually logging off. a state in which your pc does not respond to keyboard or mouse commands ; also called frozen. to identify yourself on a computer by entering a user name and password. to tell windows that you \u2019 re done using the computer without actually turning off the computer ; you must log in to use it again. to identify yourself on a computer by entering a user name and password. to tell windows that you \u2019 re done using the computer without actually turning off the computer ; you must log in to use it again. short for media access control address, a hardware address that uniquely identifies each node of a network. a type of application that is designed to cause problems ( such as file corruption and stealing personal information ) to computer systems. digital information \" cards \" you send to trusted web sites ; they contain all the credit card and other personal identity information that you supply them in the course of doing business. when burning cds and dvds, this setting allows the disc to be read by most computers and players, but it does restrict", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5979141042792824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.537610"} {"text": "trusted web sites ; they contain all the credit card and other personal identity information that you supply them in the course of doing business. when burning cds and dvds, this setting allows the disc to be read by most computers and players, but it does restrict you to only adding files one time. the portion of the hard drive that contains the operating system. a piece of hardware used for making your media libraries accessible to non - computers on your home network, such as xbox 360 and smartmedia televisions. a windows tool that lets you set up networks on the fly without a hub or a router by skipping among wireless cards. temporary computer information storage which is emptied when you turn off the computer ; also called ram. the term \" memory \" also refers to the physical chips capable of holding data. a full - featured instant messaging tool \u2014 now a part of the windows live essentials pack \u2014 that works with any version of windows as well as yahoo! messenger. a microsoft - proprietary web archive file format. the mobility center contains all the main laptop settings : adjusting brightness, changing the sound volume, saving battery power, connecting to wireless networks, and setting up external displays or projectors. modem is a contraction of modulator - demodulator. a device that converts digital data from a computer into analog data for transmission over telephone lines by modulating it into waves. at the other end, a modem converts the analog data back into digital form by demodulating it. cable modems also convert data but that information may stay in digital form. to change the location of a file, deleting the file from its original location. microsoft ' s video - editing tool, which is now a part of the windows live essentials pack. a pane in windows 7 that contains your most frequently used items. the top portion is favorite links ; the bottom part is folders. an ultralight laptop built for on - the - road internet access and word processing. a group of two or more computer systems linked together. components of a network include a networking adapter, cables, and a hub. the window from which you control most of your network settings. on the windows 7 desktop, the collection of icons down near the clock. the keypad that allows you to type numbers when the num lock key is on. the windows system uses a paging volume to expand the ram and increase performance. let you dictate what a person can and can \u2019 t do on the internet. a drive partition is a way that windows virtually separates", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5803327197811559, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.538656"} {"text": "is visible in a photo when, instead of seeing a black pupil, the camera catches the blood - red retina in the back of the eye. a file that contains a backup of windows registry entries a windows tool that allows you to manually modify the windows registry. a windows tool that you can use to allow a user on another computer to have access your computer so that they can help you correct errors. software within windows that lets you access a pc from a remote location. storage media, such as a cd, dvd, or flash drive, that can be taken away from your pc. when pressing a keyboard key, this is the pause before the key repeats itself on - screen. when pressing a keyboard key, this is the speed at which the key \u2019 s character ( or function ) repeats. a windows 7 tool that tracks how all your system ' s components are being used, focusing primarily on the ram and processor. a snapshot of your hard drive \u2019 s important settings that can be used for a system restore. to copy music from a cd to your pc. this is often accomplished using windows media player. entries in the windows registry. automatically updated content that can be viewed with an rss feed reader. a way of entering windows, primarily for diagnostics and repairs, that bypasses many of the drivers that can cause windows failures. serial advanced technology attachment : a storage technology that tends to run faster and cooler with simpler connections. a tab - based interface for microsoft - based applications, such as wordpad, that contains all the primary commands. signifies the number of dots ( pixels ) on the entire screen. a program that searches documents or the internet for specified keywords and returns a list of the documents or web pages where the keywords were found. lists windows 7 \u2019 s four main security defenses, tells you whether they \u2019 re activated, and provides handy on switches to activate any that may be turned off. a 32 - character unique identifier attached to the header of packets sent over a network that acts as a password when a mobile device tries to connect the network. a type of backup file that automatically saves all previous versions of files. an icon push button, typically placed on your desktop, that allows you to quickly access a program, file, or folder. a topic - specific pop - up menu that appears when you right - click an item. the command on the shutdown menu that powers off the computer. an area along the side of your screen that displays gadgets. these gadgets tell you the time, show pictures", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6043004039381548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.540751"} {"text": "pop - up menu that appears when you right - click an item. the command on the shutdown menu that powers off the computer. an area along the side of your screen that displays gadgets. these gadgets tell you the time, show pictures, convert money, and feed you the news, among other things. a visual interface applied to windows media player. the command on the shutdown menu that places the computer into a special, power - saving mode. windows ' built - in tool for creating screen shots. a tool within windows defender that can be used to control which applications run during the windows start up process. any unsolicited e - mail. any software that covertly gathers user information through the user \u2019 s internet connection without his or her knowledge, usually for advertising purposes. the typical user account that is managed by an administrator. the button in the lower - left corner of the windows desktop. by clicking the start button, you access the start menu to start programs, adjust windows settings, find help, and shut down your computer, among other things. allows you to start programs, adjust windows ' settings, find help, and shut down your computer, among other things. a windows 7 accessory that enables you to leave the electronic equivalent of good old - fashioned post - it notes all over your windows 7 desktop superfetch keeps track of which applications are being used the most on your computer and tries to pre - load those applications so they \u2019 re available before you need them. in networks, a device that filters and forwards packets between network segments. the command on the shutdown menu that allows another user on the same computer to access his or her account without logging off from your own account. a full - featured folder synchronizer that is included in the windows live essentials pack. to coordinate a single set of data between two or more devices, automatically copying changes back and forth. a backup file created using backup and recovery that can be used to restore the system to exactly the same as it was at the time the image was create \u2014 including programs, updates, drivers, and data. a disc you create that contains all the information your pc needs to boot to the system recovery screen, enabling you to access repair tools. uses restore points to return your pc to a point where it works properly. part of a file ' s metadata in which you can give a file a reference name that can be used by windows 7 and other programs to sort and retrieve files. windows tool for keeping track of the programs and processes that are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5423793906556353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.541775"} {"text": "where it works properly. part of a file ' s metadata in which you can give a file a reference name that can be used by windows 7 and other programs to sort and retrieve files. windows tool for keeping track of the programs and processes that are currently running. a windows 7 theme controls all aspects of the visual workspace \u2014 wallpaper ( desktop background ), colors, icons, screen saver, mouse pointers, even custom sounds. another name for a flash drive, because many flash drives are about the size of a human thumb. the thick blue bar that runs across the top of a window. how movie clips are joined together. a power strip combined with a battery to keep your computer running when the power goes out. a computer connection that you can use to attach many different kinds of devices and peripherals to a computer. an account that every 7 user must have on a given pc. the account defines the user \u2019 s privileges and allows the user to customize items, such as the desktop and file settings. a windows safety option that protects you from accidentally making changes to your system that could have a negative effect on system performance or stability. the name of your user account. a file that contains a person ' s personal contact information that can be sent to others via e - mail. a software creation that acts and operates like a separate computer within the primary computer. the portion of your hard drive that windows uses to expand the available ram. vpns are sophisticated encrypted networks that are far more secure than your average wireless connection. a program or piece of code that is loaded onto your computer without your knowledge and runs against your wishes. microsoft ' s assessment tool that analyses the hardware on your pc and determines how efficiently your system will be able to handle windows 7. windows ' limited outbound firewall interface. microsoft ' s software package that can be installed on a home computer or hard drive and that manages your home network for you. a group of applications that microsoft created to go with windows 7, including mail, messenger, photo gallery, and movie maker \u2014 along with seven new applications. microsoft ' s full - featured free e - mail service \u2014 now a part of the windows live essentials pack. software that lets you collect, play, and share your music. software that lets you import your video and photos, edit them into a movie, and save your creation to your pc, a dvd, or a cd. software that lets you easily sort through your photos by clicking different words, dates, and ratings listed on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5684257696246198, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.542769"} {"text": "2010 is the european year of combating poverty and social inclusion. you can take part in this! almost 80 million europeans live at risk of poverty, which means they face insecurity, and go without what most people often take for granted. living in poverty may result in a variety of problems, from not having enough money to spend on food and clothes to suffering poor housing conditions and even homelessness. poverty also means having to cope with limited lifestyle choices that may lead to social exclusion. inspired by its founding principle of solidarity, the european union has joined forces with its member states to make 2010 the european year for combating poverty and social exclusion. the key objectives are to raise public awareness about these issues and renew the political commitment of the eu and its member states to combat poverty and social exclusion. the guiding principle of the 2010 year is to give voice to the concerns of people who have to live with poverty and social exclusion, and to inspire every european citizen and other stakeholders to engage with these important issues. this year also aims to challenge stereotypes and collective perceptions of poverty. by harnessing the eu\u00b4s principles of solidarity and partnership, 2010 represents a clarion call to tackle the causes of poverty head - on in a bid to ensure everyone can play a full and active role in society. civil society organisations and social partners will join participating countries and the european commission to run a series of activities throughout 2010. two european - level conferences will take place in january and december ; an art initiative will build a bridge between people experiencing poverty and social exclusion and the creative world ; while special training days will give the media and decision - makers fresh insight into these complex subjects. national and local events will take place in every eu member state, plus norway and iceland. activities will include awareness raising campaigns, workshops and information seminars in schools. films, magazines and other information material will be produced to help people understand how poverty and social exclusion affect their communities, and for those directly affected, increase awareness of their rights. along with public figures, people who have experienced poverty will act as campaign ambassadors, which will help to raise visibility and credibility for the year\u00b4s activities and invite others to get involved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5017371791521822, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.548699"} {"text": "news \u00bb books / manuscript great written works from authors such as shakespeare and jane austen that you ' ll never have a chance to read by megan gambino september 20, 2011 while not directly related to the early music field, some of this information may add to historical facts helping us better understand historical incidents influencing such era in music. read of 10 authors and mishaps to some of their works. - - earlymusicnews. org editor improvisation in western music of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries edited by rudolf rasch pages : 14 + 768 format : 17 x 24 - bound from muziekhandel saul b. groen, many new titles available on their catalogues : music & literature july - september 2011 nb : in each section the music has been listed in chronological order kerll, j. c. 11 organ works from the neresheim organ book, c. 1670, wrongly attributed to j. c. kerll and 2 pieces by by j. b. moggi and l. haydt fasolo, g. b. \" annuale \", 1645 : 56 organ works : hymns, masses, magnificats, ricercars, canzonas, fugues ; complete edition ; set of 5 volumes lubeck, v. complete organ works ; ed. harald vogel \u2026 ( us ) opera today : \" goehring : three modes of perception in mozart \u2014 the philosophical, pastoral, and comic in cosi fan tutte \" ( book review by dr. brad eden, university of nevada, las vegas ) \u201c balbi and his time \u201d by alberto da ros and stefano lorenzetti with a foreword by giulio cattin edition : lucca, lim, 2011 ( biblioteca musicale lim - saggi ) pages : 19 + 87 format : 14 x 21 - paperback paolo da col ai confini della serenissima ludovico balbi \u2018 magister musicae \u2019 nel veneto del secondo cinquecento l \u2019 eredita musicale di costanzo porta nelle composizioni di ludovico balbi il manoscritto di feltre ( de ) \" bach and the \u201c snake - fire - sprayers \u201d - fire - fighting regulations and equipment during bach \u2019 s time in leipzig \" \u201c one might rightfully ask how this topic will enhance our understanding of bach \u2019 s life and music. for this i do not have a reasonable answer. perhaps this topic was selected", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4228513969651555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.555402"} {"text": "fire - fighting regulations and equipment during bach \u2019 s time in leipzig \" \u201c one might rightfully ask how this topic will enhance our understanding of bach \u2019 s life and music. for this i do not have a reasonable answer. perhaps this topic was selected out of frustration that other digitized scholarly sources like the 1733 revision of the schulordnung for the leipzig thomasschule are not available online. ( it ) recently published at lim editrice srl, \" pianoforte, organo e attivita musicale in italia nel xix e xx secolo \" ( piano, organ and musical activities in italy in the nineteenth and twentieth century ) edition : lucca, lim, 2011 ( music library lim - wise ) pages : 20 + 440 format : 17 x 24 - paperback brought to our attention on the \u201c society for the study of early modern women ( ssemw ) \u201d mailing list, the following books have been published on the subject of women \u2019 s work in the arts : labors lost : women ' s work and the early modern english stage ( university of pennsylvania press ), examines women ' s unacknowledged contributions to theatrical production in shakespeare ' s time. working subjects in early modern english drama ( ashgate press ), is an essay collection co - edited with michelle m. dowd, and includes a number of essays that focus on gender and women ' s work. ashgate press offers a 20 % discount to ssemw members. not yet published - available from february 2012 edited by : kate flint, rutgers university, new jersey series : the new cambridge history of english literature \u201c this collaborative history aims to become the standard work on victorian literature for the twenty - first century. well - known scholars introduce readers to their particular fields, discuss influential critical debates and offer illuminating contextual detail to situate authors and works in their wider cultural and historical contexts. annual periodical of the \u201c socita italian di musicolgia \u201d marco gozzi, director edition : lucca, lim, 2011 ( rivista italiana di musicologia, 46 ) pages : 340 + ( edited by michael kassler, michael kassler and associates, australia ) published : august 2011 \u201c in contrast to today ' s music industry, whose principal products are recorded songs sold to customers round the world, the music trade in georgian england was based upon london firms that published and sold printed music and manufactured and sold instruments on which this music could be played. the destruction of business records and other primary sources has hampered investigation of this trade", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4446506188809878, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.556440"} {"text": "customers round the world, the music trade in georgian england was based upon london firms that published and sold printed music and manufactured and sold instruments on which this music could be played. the destruction of business records and other primary sources has hampered investigation of this trade, but recent research into legal proceedings, apprenticeship registers, surviving correspondence and other archived documentation has enabled aspects of its workings to be reconstructed. ( us ) new from oxford university press : \" dividing the spoils the war for alexander the great \u2019 s empire \" ( author : robin waterfield ) a gripping account of one of the great forgotten wars of history hardback, may 2011, 304 pp. list price : $ 27. 95 \u201c alexander the great conquered an enormous empire \u2014 stretching from greece to the indian subcontinent \u2014 and his death triggered forty bloody years of world - changing warfare. these were years filled with high adventure, intrigue, passion, assassinations, dynastic marriages, treachery, shifting alliances, and mass slaughter on battlefield after battlefield. and while the men fought on the field, the women, such as alexander \u2019 s mother olympias, schemed from their palaces and pavilions. \u2026 ( us ) oxford bibliographies online \" new publishing opportunity for doctoral students at the dissertation level \" catalan organ music from the xviith century from the trito catalogue. ( au ) \" giovanni antonio terzi and the lute intabulations of late sixteenth - century italy \" ( doctoral thesis author : suzanne e. court, 2010 ) new additions to the symetrie catalogue : \u201c french society of musicology : scores of esther and athalie \u201d penultimate tragedy of racine, esther was written for the \u201c demoiselles \u201d of the royal house of saint - cyr, founded at the initiative of madame de maintenon, wife of louis xiv. it opened in this institution a short - lived tradition of theater with musical interludes. the music involves a three - part instrumental ensemble ( prelude, overture, interlude ), a choir of girls from esther \u2019 s retinue, solos and vocal ensembles. this edition displays for the first time the declaimed text, preserved in old spelling, and the entire music drawn up from sources contemporary with the creation of the work. full score ( foreword in french and english, 12 fac - siimiles ) from the recently published a - r editions spring \u201c embellishments \u201d newsletter, a list of recent and forthcoming publications. ( fr ) new publication of the french society of musicology : \" catalogue", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4450003505336543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.557495"} {"text": "english, 12 fac - siimiles ) from the recently published a - r editions spring \u201c embellishments \u201d newsletter, a list of recent and forthcoming publications. ( fr ) new publication of the french society of musicology : \" catalogue du motet imprime en france ( 1647 - 1789 ) \" ( de ) recently published : \" the schwerin lute book \", \" johann sebastian bach : sonata in c and partita in d \" ( tree edition ) new items published by tree edition july 2011 the schwerin lute book ( schwerin ms mus 641 ) this manuscript contains 86 pieces for baroque lute and is the main source for the music of the paris master germain pinel of whom we find many unica in this handwritten lute book. other composers include dufaut, denis & ennemond gaultier, strobel, dubut, gumprecht and mercure. the edition comes in two volumes and contains a complete reprodution of the manuscript as well as a large essay ( in german ) on this source and full index and concordances by francois - pierre goy. 2 volumes / french tablature / baroque tuning - graham pont reminiscences of \u00ab rinaldo \u00bb : the keyboard transcriptions of \u00ab vo \u2019 far guerra \u00bb - fabrizio ammetto analisis tecnico - instrumental y de la praxis ejecutiva en los conciertos para dos violines de vivaldi - renato ricco la produzione violinistica di giuseppe paolo ghebart may be of interest to some. ( ed. ) \u201c in october 1998 a rather battered manuscript was put up for auction at christie \u2019 s in new york. it appeared to be a byzantine prayer - book from the thirteenth century but those taking part in the bidding knew that it contained an important secret.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44928636802051203, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.558235"} {"text": "in a recent breakthrough, researchers at the massachusetts institute of technology ( mit ) have made great strides into what could be the future of solar power. their methods have replicated a process from the natural world that is so basic and universal as to almost beg the question why someone didn \u2019 t come up with it before. that process is photosynthesis. it is how all plants derive energy from sunlight. the scientists captured an essential element of the photosynthesis process, simply called ps - i, and combined it with other \u201c designer \u201d chemicals to construct a solar cell. however, it was not a \u201c simple \u201d matter of harnessing photosynthesis. the scientists also used sophisticated nanotechnology to improve the performance of their cells. by mounting the cells on an array of nanocrystals and nanowires, they increased the surface area and exposure of their cells to sunlight. to be fair, this is not the first attempt at so - called biophotovoltaics. however, with their innovative materials, geometry and design, the scientists claim to have solved problems with previous experiments that made them cumbersome and expensive. they assert their methods led to a simple device of \u201c unprecedented performance. \u201d more specifically, they calculate the output of their cells to be more than 10, 000 times greater than that of any other plant - based cell previously constructed. like most scientific breakthroughs, the promise of its usefulness far exceeds any practical use at this stage. in other words, it will be years before plant - based cells start popping up, or growing for that matter, on rooftops across american suburbia. but one of the great things about renewable power and science in general is to constantly challenge accepted notions of what and how things can be done. the scientists note that ps - i, which is the \u201c central molecule \u201d in photosynthesis, is an abundant raw material that promises \u201c ultra - low - cost \u201d solar cells. it could be a boon for the solar industry, which has always been challenged by its high upfront costs. the scientists noted that these cells could be constructed from abundant sources, such as discarded clippings from agriculture and timber operations. the results of this experiment were included in the february 2012 issue of scientific reports.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5884378849248122, "token_count": 454, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.561388"} {"text": "targeting accident prevention : scaffolds are a common source of accidents in electrical construction ; in south carolina, a 34 - year - old electrician fell 12 feet to his death from a mobile scaffold. the circumstances in the case illustrate the purpose for a number of occupational safety and health administration ( osha ) scaffolding requirements and demonstrate that employers must focus their safety efforts on specific hazards facing their employees. the company had been contracted to install the electrical system for a new shopping mall complex under construction. the company, which was in business for 70 years, had been on - site for four months. at the job site in question, there were 17 workers, including electricians, helpers, supervisors and the job site superintendent. each new hire received a handbook containing the safety rules of the company. weekly safety meetings were conducted on - site by the job superintendent, who is responsible for safety. at the time of the accident, the electrician ( the victim ) and a helper were installing conduit into the structure \u2019 s ceiling directly below the steel - beam framework. the \u00bd - inch conduit would encase the conductors for the lighting system of the structure. the scaffold used to access the area was a mobile, three - tiered, aluminum - tubular frame. each tier measured 4 feet wide by 8 feet long by 6 feet high. work began at 7 a. m. and about an hour later, the two men needed to move the scaffold to access the next section to be worked on. the top tiers were removed, the bottom tier was moved across the concrete floor to the new work area. the scaffold \u2019 s outriggers were put in place and the casters were locked once the scaffold was in position. the second tier and the bottom section of the third tier were put in place. the victim then began to move the floorboards, measuring 2 inches by 8 inches by 8 feet, from the second to the third tier. the helper went to retrieve a remaining side section for the third tier. when the helper returned, he found the victim lying facedown on the concrete floor. the electrician was bleeding from the mouth and nose. the emergency medical services ( ems ) were called by the site superintendent. five minutes after the accident occurred, the victim stopped breathing and had no detectable vital signs. coworkers began cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( cpr ). fifteen minutes after being called, ems arrived and transported", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4734772751916395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.570212"} {"text": "superintendent. five minutes after the accident occurred, the victim stopped breathing and had no detectable vital signs. coworkers began cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( cpr ). fifteen minutes after being called, ems arrived and transported the victim to the hospital. he was pronounced dead by the attending doctor. the cause of death was found to be head trauma. based on an analysis of the accident by the national institute of occupational safety and health ( niosh ), the employer should have : - provided required personal protective equipment to employees and ensured it was used - provided safety training to all new employees - periodically observed the working habits of new employees to ensure they were accomplishing their assigned tasks in a safe manner. in terms of the osha regulations on scaffolding, the recommendations can be translated as follows. part 1926. 451 ( g ) ( 1 ) requires employees on a \u201c scaffold more than 10 feet ( 3. 1 m ) above a lower level shall be protected from falling to that lower level. \u201d osha realizes that this is not always feasible during erection and dismantling of a scaffold. however, it is the employers \u2019 responsibility to determine if safe access and fall protection can be provided at each stage and, if so, comply with the requirement. it is also necessary to have a competent person, with the appropriate knowledge and experience present to make this determination. there are several osha regulations dealing with safety training for working on and around scaffolds. the main point is that scaffolds should only be erected, moved and dismantled by trained and competent individuals [ 1926. 451 ( f ) ( 7 ) and 1926. 454 ( b ) ]. competent means that they not only have the skills, but also the authority to act on hazards that are present. also included in these regulations is the statement that if an employer believes an employee doesn \u2019 t have the skill or understanding to use, erect or dismantle a scaffold, the employer needs to retrain this employee so that the needed skill is achieved. this concept addresses the recommendation from niosh that employers should periodically observe working habits to ensure that the employees are performing their assigned tasks in a safe manner. without these observations, one cannot determine their skills. what the regulations seem to point out, which is vaguely addressed in niosh \u2019 s recommendations, is that employers must provide safety training for the issues at hand. this employer seemed to address safety. there were weekly meetings and a person on - site responsible for safety", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45729279060155403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.571588"} {"text": "new york city ' s sewage treatment plants will now be in the business of harvesting and selling renewable energy. heating fuel will be extracted from sludge, butanol ( a gasoline alternative ) extracted from the algae that grows in wastewater and, of course, methane gas will be captured from sewage plants ' digesters. the city ' s residents create 1. 3 billion gallons of wastewater daily, which results in a daily yield of 1, 200 tons of sludge being sent to landfills. the city is looking for vendors to turn that sludge into renewable energy, fertilizer, and paving and building materials. city officials plan to have contracts by 2013. the city sewage plants already use half of the methane produced by the digesters to provide about 20 percent of the electricity used by the plants, but now they ' ll be putting the rest on the market. the newtown creek wastewater plant in brooklyn already has a contract in the works with national grid that will provide enough methane gas to heat 2, 500 homes. the city is also looking to build solar and wind installations at its wastewater treatment plants on staten island. via ny times written by asaf shalgi, february 12, 2011 written by david guion, april 26, 2011 | < prev | | next > |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4706838634887521, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.573035"} {"text": "cyclop\u00e6dia of political science, political economy, and the political history of the united states circulation of wealth. the word circulation ( of wealth ) is one of those politico - economical terms which has been most misused. the framers of systems have often employed it to build upon the data which it expresses airy castles in which nothing was wanting to make the world supremely happy but a basis on which the structure might rest. but the circulation of wealth is none the less an important fact well worthy of being observed, and one which has not been studied, perhaps, as much as it deserves. if utopists, while mistaking its law, have too often exaggerated its importance, this is no reason for extimating it below its real significance. \u2014 the circulation of wealth, says j. b. say, \" is the passage of a thing having value from one hand to another. \" \u2014 the passage merchandise from one hand to another is the first elementary fact which constitutes, by its repetition, the general phenomenon of the circulation of wealth. but it is necessary to give circulation a broader sense, and j b say himself, in the sentence which immediately follows that which we have just quoted, gives it a broader one. he says : \" every article of merchandise is in circulation when it is ready to pass into another hand, that is to say, when it is offered for sale. \" it is evidence that here circulation means not merely the passage of merchandise from one hand to another, but the general movement of goods or values. it is even more than this ; it is the readiness of merchandise to be moved. mr. fr. skarbek, who has treated this subject at much length and with care in his theory of social wealth, understands by circulation the general movement of wealth passing from one hand to another ; but he adds that it is less the movement of things than the movement of values. \u2014 circulation, he says, is not a movement of the mass but a movement of the value of things ; just as production is not a creation of things but a creation of values. things which have value may undergo a rapid and continuous movement without circulation taking place. a sum of money, for example, sent by mail may pass through many hands without circu7lating ; for then it is only transmitted or confided to several persons consecutively in order that it may be made to reach the one who has the right to dispose of it. the effect is the same as if the person who sends the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5770516118966726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.596364"} {"text": "should its stoppage really take place for a moment, production, one of the essential conditions of which it has become, itself would stop, and society would find its very existence in peril. it is true that an absolute stoppage of circulation is almost impossible, for this reason alone, that it would be fatal ; since if any cause should tend to produce it, there would be immediately, on the part of threatened society, such a general and powerful reaction against this cause that the obstacle would recede or at least behalf removed. but if it is not to be feared that circulation will ever be stopped entirely, it may sometimes be disturbed or retarded in its course. this happens in practice almost always in consequence of civil troubles, political revolutions, foreign invasions, and all serious disorders, whatever their nature may be. at such times there is generally a twofold obstacle to the easy circulation of products, one physical, the other moral. the first arises from material disorders which prevent products from journeying peaceably toward their respective destinations ; the second, more serious and difficult to overcome, arises from the mistrust of producers toward others and the lack of credit which affects every one. in all these cases, if society does not perish it endures at least cruel suffering. production is retarded for want of nutrition ; consumption is narrowed, savings previously accumulated are consumed : in addition to the present evils endure men see the accumulated fruits of several years of labor lost in a few days. \u2014 commercial crises which so often afflict modern nations, and particularly those in which industry exhibits its greatest power, are nothing else, considered in themselves, than checks if not absolute stoppages of circulation. there may be a difference of opinion as to the causes, perhaps yet ill defined, of these calamitous accidents, but whatever their origin they have always the same character at bottom, that of retardation, more or less great, in the exchange and circulation of products. from this, and from this alone, come all the evils which these crises give birth to : so true is it that circulation is the life of modern nations. \u2014 without speaking of the accidental troubles to which circulation is sometimes subject, and which will be particularly treated under the words commercial crises, looking at it only under its ordinary conditions, in that which forms in each country its normal condition, it still gives occasion to a large number of observations full of interest. its conditions are not the same in every country ; it is more or less general, more or less", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49875557777019414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.600755"} {"text": "under its ordinary conditions, in that which forms in each country its normal condition, it still gives occasion to a large number of observations full of interest. its conditions are not the same in every country ; it is more or less general, more or less active according as local circumstances are more or less favorable to it ; and we should hasten to add that it is the relative activity of circulation which constitutes, more than any other circumstance, the industrial superiority of this or that country. \u2014 under the word capital we spoke of the importance of the increase of capital to the industrial activity of nations ; but at the same time we took care to distinguish active from dormant capital by adding, that the industrial superiority of one nation over another depends much less on the sum total of the capital which it possesses than the relative sum of its active capital. this is the place to insist on this distinction, which most economists have neglected, and which appears to us fundamental. \u2014 if capital is useful, it is only in so far as it passes into the hands of those who can put it to work. while it lies idle, or, what comes to the same thing, while it remains in the hands of those who can not make use of it, it is of no real utility ; it aids in no way the increase of production. m. ganith, going a little further in this direction, says that idle capital is not capital at all, since it is useful to no man, not even to him who possesses it. he was wrong, no doubt. idle capital is always capital, for it is at least a reserve, which can be of use later ; often it needs but an insignificant circumstance to rouse it from its torpor. but it is true that a value at rest renders no actual service, and if there is much of such capital in a country no matter how great the sum of this real capital which the country possesses, labor will show little activity there. \u2014 to say nothing of actual stoppages, if it happens that in a given country capital, or values intended for reproduction, occupy twice as much time in passing from one hand to another as would be necessary in a well ordered state of things, it is easy to understand that production would be less by one - half than it might be. it is important, therefore, that circulation be at once general in the sense of embracing all products, and of being active in the sense of causing products to pass rapidly from the hands which possess them to the hands of those who can give them useful employment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5549277248141915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.601789"} {"text": "it is important, therefore, that circulation be at once general in the sense of embracing all products, and of being active in the sense of causing products to pass rapidly from the hands which possess them to the hands of those who can give them useful employment. \u2014 this truth, we say, has not always been adequately understood by economists. it must not be thought, however that they have entirely misunderstood it. their only fault is in not having brought out its importance, nor given it all the attention which it merits. this, for example, is how j. b. say expresses himself on the subject : \" values employed in the course of production, can not be realized in money and be employed in a new production until they have arrived at the state of a complete product and are sold to the consumer. the sooner a product is finished and sold, the sooner also can it, as capital, be applied to a fresh productive use. capital used for a shorter time pays less interest ; there is economy in the cost of production. next it is of advantage that the transaction which takes place during the production should take place quickly. let us follow the effects of this activity of circulation, in the case of a piece of printed calico. a merchant of lisbon imports cotton from brazil. it is of moment to him that his agents in america should make his purchases and shipments quickly ; it is also important for him to send his cotton to a french merchant promptly, in order to be reimbursed for his outlay as soon as possible, that he may begin a new and equally profitable operation. portugal, up to this point, has reaped the benefit of this activity of circulation. now it will be france ; and if the french merchant does not keep this brazilian cotton in his storehouse long, but sends it promptly to the spinner ; if the spinner, after having made it into thread, sends it promptly to the weaver, and if the latter sends the cloth without delay to the calico printer, and if he sends it to the retail merchant quickly, and the retailer to the consumer, this active circulation will have occupied for a less time that portion of the capital employed by the producers. consequently there will be less interest lost, less expense, and the capital can be employed in new production. \" \u2014 the utility of an active circulation is certainly indicated in the preceding lines, but we do not believe that it is felt strongly enough ; and we are the more authorized to believe so, since the passage just quoted is the only one which j", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5179911142655897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.602803"} {"text": ". \" \u2014 the utility of an active circulation is certainly indicated in the preceding lines, but we do not believe that it is felt strongly enough ; and we are the more authorized to believe so, since the passage just quoted is the only one which j. b. say has devoted to this important subject, at least in his treatise. there is certainly more to say on such a subject. it is true, that the relative activity of circulation is that which constitutes, more than any other circumstance, the industrial superiority of a people? this should have been examined first of all. then it should have been inquired what the principal causes are which influence the rapidity or the retardation of circulation. \u2014 mr. fr. skarbek, who has treated this subject more at length and with care, is more explicit on all these questions. instead of a few lines he devotes several chapters to the subject. he concludes the first chapter thus, \" what we have stated up to the present concerning social wealth, authorize us to lay down the principle, that the mass of values and bases or sources of wealth possessed by a nation, do not in themselves constitute its wealth, because they are inert by nature and do not turn into a cause of well - being and improvement of a people, except in so far as circulation imposes on them a productive movement capable of bringing out all the advantages which society extracts from the values, before they become objects of consumption. \" \u2014 the lines we have underscored in the preceding are also underscored in the original text, and it can be seen that the author there justly makes the circulation of products the sine qua non of their utility. nothing is truer with regard to industry at the present time when exchanges and division of labor have become universal. it is not enough, however, that products should circulate ; it is necessary, also, that circulation be as rapid as the work of production will permit, in order that there may be no interruption in the service they render. this, mr. fr. skarbek brings out with much force in the following passage : \" the advantage which society gets from circulation consists, as we have seen above, in this, that by each transfer of value, from one hand to another, a profit is gained by him who disposes of it, and a power of working is attained by him who acquires it. this advantage is all the more considerable in proportion as circulation becomes more extensive and rapid. from the moment that all exchangeable values", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5514820669179251, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.603818"} {"text": "profit is gained by him who disposes of it, and a power of working is attained by him who acquires it. this advantage is all the more considerable in proportion as circulation becomes more extensive and rapid. from the moment that all exchangeable values are put in circulation, and circulate with the greatest rapidly possible, the inhabitants of a country make as much profit as they can possibly make from them. they are able to give continual employment to all the productive forces which they are able to put to work ; and whatever be the mass of value produced by a nation, it is evident that in this case it returns all the advantages and all the services which can be expected of it. this is why national wealth consists not only in the great mass of values which can be produced in a country, but in the general productive movement, continuous and rapid, of these values. \" \u2014 in the lines which precede, the activity of circulation is presented in all its importance, but it is perhaps still better done in the passage which follows, where the author supports his assertions by an example. we only regret that he has taken as his example the circulation of a piece of money ; and we believe it our duty to remark in advance, that the same reasoning would apply to every productive value of whatever nature it might be. \" let us suppose that a one franc piece is given in the morning of the first day, by an inhabitant of the capital, to a milkwoman, in exchange for milk which she is taking to market ; that she uses it immediately in buying an ell of cloth ; that the cloth dealer lays in with this same piece of money his stock of meat at the butcher ' s shop ; that the butcher spends it at a wine store ; that the wine merchant employs it in buying bottles ; that the bottle dealer spends it for bread ; the baker for wood ; and the timber merchant lays it up for future expenses and leaves it without employment during the next day. the difference of the services rendered by this piece of money in the course of two days is very considerable and may be expressed by figures ; for it is as 7 to 1. during the first day the one franc piece performed the function of 7 francs because it served to make seven consecutive purchases, whereas on the second day, it represented only a unit in the hands of the timber merchant. if the latter made no use of it in the course of the second day, it might be said with truth that, for society in general, the differences of services rendered by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5241595966841601, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.604907"} {"text": "day, it represented only a unit in the hands of the timber merchant. if the latter made no use of it in the course of the second day, it might be said with truth that, for society in general, the differences of services rendered by the piece of money in the two days is as 7 to 0, because, having remained inactive in the hands of the timber merchant, it did not fill its office as an instrument of exchange, and the effect is the same as if it had not existed at all. its value the first day is equal in services rendered to that of 7 francs, and it is easy to become convinced of this by collecting all the products which were brought by its means ; for by estimating the value of the milk, the cloth, the meat, the wine, the bottles, the bread and the wood bought consecutively with the same one franc piece, we can easily see that it would be necessary to spend 7 francs in order to buy all these things at once. \" \u2014 this reasoning, certainly exact in reference to a piece of money, is just as exact, as we have said, with reference to any other kind of value. let us suppose, indeed, that any kind of raw material, iron, for example, which must pass, we will suppose, through the hands of 20 or 30 different producers, in order to receive as many different modifications before arriving at its final form, accomplishes this series of migrations in one month instead of 12 ; it is evident that in the 30 days it will have rendered all the services that it could have rendered in a year. it is not less evident, that if all the capital of a nation could be employed in this manner and with this relative activity, that the nation would have an immense advantage over all others. with an equal capital it would create 12 times as much wealth ; or even with a much smaller capital, it would still succeed in surpassing them in the labor of production. \u2014 but are such great differences in the relative value of circulation possible? why not? in theory there is nothing simpler. as a general rule, for each producer, the work of production, which, properly speaking, consists almost always in a single modification to be given the material submitted to him, does not take long to accomplish. generally he requires more time to sell his products than to finish them. the spinner who makes his thread in a few days, keeps it sometimes for several months in his storehouse before selling it to the weaver, who is to make it into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5551806450440341, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.606934"} {"text": ". generally he requires more time to sell his products than to finish them. the spinner who makes his thread in a few days, keeps it sometimes for several months in his storehouse before selling it to the weaver, who is to make it into cloth, and this is the case with nearly all other productions. now these periods of stopping and waiting between the finishing and the sale of products being so many accidental stagnations, so many interruptions in the service of capital, it is easy to see that they may be and are more or less frequent according to the country ; and in this way is explained in theory the enormous difference which may exist between one country and another in the productiveness of capital. as a matter of fact it is certain that these differences exist, as great at least as we have just supposed them to be. it seems to us beyond doubt, that capital acts more than 12 times as fast, for example, either in the united states, or in england, as in turkey. why? because there are fewer delays in sales, as there is also an incomparably greater rapidity in the transportation or transmission of products ; and it is this circumstance which explains, to our thinking, much more than the real abundance of capital, the extreme superiority of the first two countries over the other. \u2014 now what are the two chief causes which influence the activity or the slowness of circulation? here again we find in the work of mr. fr. skarbek more satisfaction than we have met elsewhere. among the causes which, according to this writer, contribute to render circulation active may be mentioned the following, which are the principal : the extent of production and the abundance of products ; the density of population and the concentration of population in a certain number of cities ; the number and convenience of means of communication, such as roads, railways, canals, etc. ; freedom of trade under all its forms, as well at home as abroad ; security in all transactions ; and, above all, confidence and credit, which alone render possible a rapid transfer of products for sale, and without which even all the other conditions are present in vain. \u2014 that the extent of production contributes to hasten the circulation of products, is a truism. but this signifies particularly \u2014 and it is a truth which it is well to note \u2014 that activity of circulation does not increase simply in proportion to the extent of production, but in a greater proportion still, in the sense that it is always much greater where production is abundant and large than where", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5397053200127693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.608016"} {"text": "is a truth which it is well to note \u2014 that activity of circulation does not increase simply in proportion to the extent of production, but in a greater proportion still, in the sense that it is always much greater where production is abundant and large than where production languishes. it is true that it is difficult, in this case, to distinguish the effect from the cause. if the abundance of production influences the activity of circulation, which is not at all doubtful, the activity of circulation in turn, and in a very energetic manner, influences the increase of production. the two circumstances are connected ; they are at once cause and effect. but all this amounts to saying what is literally true, that products circulate in a more general manner and more rapidly in wealthy countries, provided with large capital, and which work on a large scale, than in poor countries which operate with small means and for medium results. \u2014 that the density of population, and above all the concentration of population, in certain cities contribute also to quicken circulation, and consequently to increase the services which products may render, is another truth much less generally understood than the first, and consequently very proper to be mentioned. it is all the more important since it must be taken into account in the theory of population in which it is often ignored. it is beyond doubt, to our thinking, that dense populations, that is to say, those grouped in considerable masses on narrow spaces, have certain great disadvantages in comparison with scattered populations, and this especially that they obtain in less abundance, with less ease and at a higher price, certain products, and particularly raw material. but they enjoy this great advantage which compensates for many drawbacks, that the circulation of products among them is easier, more active, quicker, and that consequently every product which they obtain renders them incomparably greater service. this is rather a new view in political economy, which has not been sufficiently examined by men devoted to the science, and which merits, nevertheless, the most serious consideration. mr. fr. skarbek seems to have realized it more than the greater number of economists before him, but perhaps no writer has thrown more light on it than mr. h. carey, of philadelphia, in an important work published in 1848, ( the past, the present and the future ; by h. carey, philadelphia, 1848 ). in this work the american publicist tries to prove, and in this he has succeeded in a certain measure, that the condensation of population in certain countries, far", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5275317959399793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.609091"} {"text": "the present and the future ; by h. carey, philadelphia, 1848 ). in this work the american publicist tries to prove, and in this he has succeeded in a certain measure, that the condensation of population in certain countries, far from creating for the men who inhabit these countries a relative disadvantage, is for them, on the contrary, extremely advantageous, through the facility and multiplicity of relations which it engenders ; and that, taking everything into consideration, a dense population, other conditions being equal, should be richer and better supplied than one which is scattered over a vast space of land. we will not enter here into a minute examination of this question which would require a separate study, but in whatever way it be solved, the influence of the density of population on the activity of the circulation of products is none the less a demonstrated fact. as to the influence exercised by the number and convenience of the ways of communication, it is so easy to understand it that it suffices almost to mention it. let us merely say that a good system of roads, canals and railways is itself the first fruit of an industry already powerful ; that if it contributes to stimulate circulation, it is nevertheless the fruit of a pre - existing circulation, and that it supposes in the country where it is established a well understood public administration, well directed, well managed. it supposes also a great store of wealth previously acquired. \u2014 freedom of trade under all its forms is not less necessary to the activity of circulation than the other conditions. \u2014 \" no matter what the primitive sources of a country ' s wealth may be, no matter what its population and its capital may be, no matter how powerful may be the influence of these bases of its wealth on circulation, the latter can be neither extensive nor rapid if there are not in the country circumstances favorable to exchange ; or if the power of exchange is limited either by prohibitive regulations or the lack of outlets. for it is this power of exchange which exercises the most potent influence on circulation, since values circulate for the most part by means of exchange. supposing then in a country a concurrence of circumstances favorable to the production of value, they will not be able to constitute the well - being of the inhabitants if there are causes which limit or hinder the exchange of products. \" the causes which may limit or hinder exchange are varied. restrictive or prohibitive regulations at home and abroad, form one of the most serious. the absence of credit is another, not less", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5270643874239186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.610129"} {"text": "causes which limit or hinder the exchange of products. \" the causes which may limit or hinder exchange are varied. restrictive or prohibitive regulations at home and abroad, form one of the most serious. the absence of credit is another, not less powerful though less easy to define. \u2014 finally, we have as the last cause of the circulation of products, confidence or credit, which renders exchange possible whenever it is useful and can be carried on without danger. let us hear again mr. fr. skarbek, whose ideas on this matter fit in perfectly with ours. \u2014 \" in order that exchange should become the motor of circulation, it is necessary, other things being equal, that it be accomplished with the greatest facility, that is to say, that all goods should find an easy and instant sale, and that all the inhabitants of a country should sell their goods on the shortest time possible. the sale of goods depends on three circumstances : first, a demand corresponding to the amount of goods offered ; in the second place, on the facility and freedom of delivering the goods where they are demanded ; and last, the power possessed by the purchaser to give always the equivalent of the merchandise demanded by him. demand is more considerable in proportion as there are more purchasers, and as they are richer ; the facility of sale becomes greater in proportion as commerce enjoys greater liberty and as there are easier means of transport and communication between the countries which maintain commercial relations with one another. but all this is not yet sufficient to give circulation the extent and degree of rapidity of which it is susceptible, for it is necessary besides that every value offered for exchange should be really exchanged at the moment it is offered and demanded : for this purpose it is necessary that the purchaser should possess a value which the seller consents to receive, in exchange for this merchandise, and that he should be in a condition to give it immediately and as often as he desires to make an exchange. as exchange is generally effected by means of money, it follows that if sale is to hasten circulation, it is necessary that the power of paying should always equal the extent of the demand. now, as the value of the goods of every country surpass by far the value of the money which is found therein, it may often happen that a man who possesses a considerable fortune finds it impossible to make an immediate payment for the values which these means allow him to demand. the result of this is a species of stagnation which takes place in the circulation of values. the value", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5267248352372766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.611140"} {"text": "happen that a man who possesses a considerable fortune finds it impossible to make an immediate payment for the values which these means allow him to demand. the result of this is a species of stagnation which takes place in the circulation of values. the value of the merchandise demanded will remain inert until the person demanding it shall have acquired the power of paying, or he will be deprived of an enjoyment or of a means of employing his productive powers profitably. however, there is always a decrease of activity in the circulation and a loss of time and values to the national wealth. to remedy this drawback, to obviate a default in power of payment which does not come from a lack of revenue and fortune, and to facilitate exchange as much as possible, men have had recourse to a social virtue, confidence, which, applied to exchange, has given birth to credit ; and credit to - day is the most powerful motor of exchange and the circulation of social wealth. \u2014 by a sort of ultra reaction against the exaggerations of the utopists, many distinguished economists are only too much inclined to misunderstand the admirable power of credit. it is well therefore to put it before them whenever a natural occasion presents itself. \u2014 unfortunately these are the same ideas which have been misapplied to build up vain projects. foreseeing vaguely the power of credit as well as the advantages of an active circulation, but without rendering to themselves an exact account of the nature of these two phenomena, a great number of men have endeavored to inflate credit, if it be permitted to say so, and to hasten circulation by artificial means. \u2014 they did not consider, that after all, the practice of credit supposes confidence, and that circulation, no matter how active they may wish to have it, should not and can not run ahead of production. to complete the misfortune they have never imagined a better way to arrive at their end than to multiply without measure the instrument of exchange, money, or, in default of money, that which they call representative signs of its value, in other words, paper. the general examination of these different projects will find its place under the heads credit and paper money. let us hasten to say, in a few words, that they rest ordinarily on a two - fold error, in this that, on the one hand, credit, such as they pretend to establish, would crumble quickly for want of a basis, and, on the other, circulation,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5539707799836657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.612246"} {"text": "by mira korber, guest blogger. the story is familiar. with a tight economy and insufficient funds, public schools have to cut back. music, physical education, and language classes are the first to go. and along with the classes go the teachers ; since 2008, over 294, 000 teaching positions have evaporated. while some believe retaining core classes \u2014 english, history, math \u2014 is more important than a substantial music program, studies show that kids who study the arts actually have greater success in academic fields including reading and writing. in fact, global music programs, such as the famous \u201c el sistema \u201d in venezuela, have shown their music students have a drop - out rate of 7 % versus the national 25 %. the economic lesson when you make a decision, you always give something up, which is otherwise known as your opportunity cost. with budget cuts already in place and more on the way, school boards have to choose what stays in school and what doesn \u2019 t. when a school board makes a decision, there \u2019 s always some kind of trade - off. for example : eliminate music teachers and keep the same number of math teachers to avoid larger classes. use older editions of textbooks to keep teachers of any subject employed. yet in terms of long - run consequences, cutting music classes may have negative effects on students \u2019 academic success. an economic question : do you think it is possible to balance the arts with an economically viable school budget?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4583758075074517, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.615710"} {"text": "new initiative to take hiv down for the count the u. s. national institutes health is set to dole out $ 70 million in a new push to find ways to eliminate hiv, the virus that causes aids, from the bodies of people living with the virus, reported science on july 11. the money will go to three projects over the next five years. it represents the largest single funding initiative aimed at scrubbing the virus from the human body. hiv is difficult to root out of all of the body \u2019 s tissues. the virus can lie dormant in hard - to - reach places until years later. for this reason, it had long been thought that there might never be a way to completely eradicate the virus from a person who had become infected. but the case of timothy brown, an american survivor of a bone marrow transplant to treat leukemia who seemingly was cured of the disease as a result, had caused scientists to reconsider. brown was given marrow from a donor with a natural resistance to hiv. to receive the donated tissue, brown needed to stop taking his hiv medication. to the astonishment of his doctors, no detectable viral presence appeared in his body following the procedure. this does not necessarily mean that there are not still particles of the virus lurking in brown \u2019 s body. but if the donor \u2019 s natural resistance to hiv was conferred upon brown in a lasting way, it might not matter : whatever remaining viral particles are possibly lingering in his system might never become active enough to build up a detectable viral load. such a treatment could be a boon to hiv patients who would otherwise rely on expensive medications for decades, living with the possibility of viral breakthrough ( when the virus becomes resistant to a previously effective treatment ) or long - term side effects from the medication. cash - strapped governments could also see a savings if fewer people need to be kept supplied with the current standard cocktail of medications. the medical procedures that brown underwent to destroy his own bone marrow and replace it with donated tissue are grueling and expensive. moreover, it is impractical to hope to treat thousands or millions of people by finding suitable donors with the mutation carried by brown \u2019 s donor. the trick is to figure out a way to achieve a similar result more reliably, cheaply, and easily. that means looking into new approaches to fighting the virus where it lives - - in the body itself. but such approaches must be non - destructive to the body \u2019 s systems, as well as thorough in stamping out or suppressing the virus. one group of collaborators", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4870507663949246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.620737"} {"text": "into new approaches to fighting the virus where it lives - - in the body itself. but such approaches must be non - destructive to the body \u2019 s systems, as well as thorough in stamping out or suppressing the virus. one group of collaborators set to be funded by the new grant hopes to develop new medications with such small molecular structures that they can penetrate to the body \u2019 s most hard - to - reach niches and wipe out any hiv residing there. the group, based at the university of north carolina, chapel hill, is slated to receive more than $ 6 million per year for five years. one of the other groups is set to investigate the possibility of engineering suitable marrow tissue for a similar transplant procedure to the one that seemingly cured brown. the advantage to this approach is that a person \u2019 s own stem cells could conceivably be modified to create marrow with the necessary properties, rather than hoping to find donors with naturally occurring mutations. the third project will also pursue small - molecule treatments, the article said, while also using \" immune - based treatments. \" \" the three collaboratories are using very different but largely complementary approaches, \" said one of the project \u2019 s leaders, steven deeks of the university of california, san francisco. \" since many of us believe a cure will require combination therapy, it is my hope - - as well as the hope of others - - that three groups can merge their work whenever possible. \" some of the ideas on the table have already been shown to have significant therapeutic potential. researchers in barcelona used patients \u2019 own cells to create a treatment that reduced the viral load in people living with hiv. though they said that the reduction in detectable levels of the virus was \" significant, \" researchers cautioned that at this stage the new treatment had not succeeded in dropping patients \u2019 viral loads to the point of not being detectable, as current hiv medication regimens do for many. \" however this is a very important improvement with respect to previous initiatives where with a similar vaccine there was a modest response in 30 percent of the treated patients, \" a statement from hospital clinic in barcelona, where the clinical trial took place, said last february, and involved two dozen aids patients. \" no therapeutic vaccine has achieved up to now the same level of response as in this study. \" cells from each patient \u2019 s own immune system were used to create tailor - made doses of the vaccine. the innovation of using patients \u2019 own cells to fight the virus comes at roughly the same time as news of another new approach, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5265317425705414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.621779"} {"text": "animal lovers get satisfaction in this occupation, but aspects of the work can be unpleasant, physically and emotionally demanding, and sometimes dangerous. entrants generally complete a 2 - year or 4 - year veterinary technology program and must pass a state examination. employment is expected to grow much faster than average. keen competition is expected for jobs in zoos. nature of the work owners of pets and other animals today expect state - of - the - art veterinary care. to provide this service, veterinarians use the skills of veterinary technologists and technicians, who perform many of the same duties for a veterinarian that a nurse would for a physician, including routine laboratory and clinical procedures. although specific job duties vary by employer, there often is little difference between the tasks carried out by technicians and by technologists, despite some differences in formal education and training. as a result, most workers in this occupation are veterinary technologists and technicians typically conduct clinical work in a private practice under the supervision of a veterinarian \u2014 often performing various medical tests along with treating and diagnosing medical conditions and diseases in animals. for example, they may perform laboratory tests such as urinalysis and blood counts, assist with dental prophylaxis, prepare tissue samples, take blood samples, or assist veterinarians in a variety of tests and analyses in which they often utilize various items of medical equipment, such as test tubes and diagnostic equipment. while most of these duties are performed in a laboratory setting, many are not. for example, some veterinary technicians obtain and record patients \u2019 case histories, expose and develop x rays, and provide specialized nursing care. in addition, experienced veterinary technicians may discuss a pet \u2019 s condition with its owners and train new clinic personnel. veterinary technologists and technicians assisting small - animal practitioners usually care for companion animals, such as cats and dogs, but can perform a variety of duties with mice, rats, sheep, pigs, cattle, monkeys, birds, fish, and frogs. very few veterinary technologists work in mixed animal practices where they care for both small companion animals and larger, nondomestic besides working in private clinics and animal hospitals, veterinary technologists and technicians may work in research facilities, where they may administer medications orally or topically, prepare samples for laboratory examinations, and record information on an animal \u2019 s genealogy, diet, weight, medications, food intake, and clinical signs of pain and distress. some may be required to sterilize laboratory and surgical equipment and provide routine postoperative care. at research facilities, veterinary techno", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4656450805418251, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.631921"} {"text": "on an animal \u2019 s genealogy, diet, weight, medications, food intake, and clinical signs of pain and distress. some may be required to sterilize laboratory and surgical equipment and provide routine postoperative care. at research facilities, veterinary technologists typically work under the guidance of veterinarians, physicians, and other laboratory technicians. some veterinary technologists vaccinate newly admitted animals and occasionally are required to euthanize seriously ill, severely injured, or unwanted animals. while the goal of most veterinary technologists and technicians is to promote animal health, some contribute to human health as well. veterinary technologists occasionally assist veterinarians as they work with other scientists in medical - related fields such as gene therapy and cloning. some find opportunities in biomedical research, wildlife medicine, the military, livestock management, or pharmaceutical sales. people who love animals get satisfaction from working with and helping them. however, some of the work may be unpleasant, physically and emotionally demanding, and sometimes dangerous. at times, veterinary technicians must clean cages and lift, hold, or restrain animals, risking exposure to bites or scratches. these workers must take precautions when treating animals with germicides or insecticides. the work setting can be noisy. veterinary technologists and technicians who witness abused animals or who euthanize unwanted, aged, or hopelessly injured animals may experience emotional stress. those working for humane societies and animal shelters often deal with the public, some of whom might react with hostility to any implication that the owners are neglecting or abusing their pets. such workers must maintain a calm and professional demeanor while they enforce the laws regarding animal care. in some animal hospitals, research facilities, and animal shelters, a veterinary technician is on duty 24 hours a day, which means that some may work night shifts. most full - time veterinary technologists and technicians work about 40 hours a week, although some work 50 or more hours a week. training, other qualifications, and advancement there are primarily two levels of education and training for entry to this occupation : a 2 - year program for veterinary technicians and a 4 - year program for veterinary technologists. most entry - level veterinary technicians have a 2 - year degree, usually an associate \u2019 s degree, from an accredited community college program in veterinary technology in which courses are taught in clinical and laboratory settings using live animals. about 15 colleges offer veterinary technology programs that are longer and that culminate in a 4 - year bachelor \u2019 s degree in veterinary technology. these 4 - year colleges, in addition to some vocational schools,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47099303423454825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.633212"} {"text": "in clinical and laboratory settings using live animals. about 15 colleges offer veterinary technology programs that are longer and that culminate in a 4 - year bachelor \u2019 s degree in veterinary technology. these 4 - year colleges, in addition to some vocational schools, also offer 2 - year programs in laboratory animal science. approximately 5 schools offer distance in 2004, 116 veterinary technology programs in 43 states were accredited by the american veterinary medical association ( avma ). graduation from an avma - accredited veterinary technology program allows students to take the credentialing exam in any state in the country. each state regulates veterinary technicians and technologists differently ; however, all states require them to pass a credentialing exam following coursework. passing the state exam assures the public that the technician or technologist has sufficient knowledge to work in a veterinary clinic or hospital. candidates are tested for competency through an examination that includes oral, written, and practical portions and that is regulated by the state board of veterinary examiners or the appropriate state agency. depending on the state, candidates may become registered, licensed, or certified. most states, however, use the national veterinary technician ( nvt ) exam. prospects usually can have their passing scores transferred from one state to another, so long as both states utilize the employers recommend american association for laboratory animal science ( aalas ) certification for those seeking employment in a research facility. aalas offers certification for three levels of technician competence, with a focus on three principal areas \u2014 animal husbandry, facility management, and animal health and welfare. those who wish to become certified must satisfy a combination of education and experience requirements prior to taking an exam. work experience must be directly related to the maintenance, health, and well - being of laboratory animals and must be gained in a laboratory animal facility as defined by aalas. candidates who meet the necessary criteria can begin pursuing the desired certification on the basis of their qualifications. the lowest level of certification is assistant laboratory animal technician ( alat ), the second level is laboratory animal technician ( lat ), and the highest level of certification is laboratory animal technologist ( latg ). the examination consists of multiple - choice questions and is longer and more difficult for higher levels of certification, ranging from 2 hours for the alat to 3 hours for the latg. persons interested in careers as veterinary technologists and technicians should take as many high school science, biology, and math courses as possible. science courses taken beyond high school, in an associate \u2019 s or bachelor \u2019 s degree program", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.466222054184919, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.634241"} {"text": "for the latg. persons interested in careers as veterinary technologists and technicians should take as many high school science, biology, and math courses as possible. science courses taken beyond high school, in an associate \u2019 s or bachelor \u2019 s degree program, should emphasize practical skills in a clinical or laboratory setting. because veterinary technologists and technicians often deal with pet owners, communication skills are very important. in addition, technologists and technicians should be able to work well with others, because teamwork with veterinarians is common. organizational ability and the ability to pay attention to detail also are important. technologists and technicians usually begin work as trainees in routine positions under the direct supervision of a veterinarian. entry - level workers whose training or educational background encompasses extensive hands - on experience with a variety of laboratory equipment, including diagnostic and medical equipment, usually require a shorter period of on - the - job training. as they gain experience, technologists and technicians take on more responsibility and carry out more assignments under only general veterinary supervision. some eventually may become supervisors. veterinary technologists and technicians held about 60, 000 jobs in 2004. most worked in veterinary services. the remainder worked in boarding kennels, animal shelters, stables, grooming salons, zoos, and local, state, and federal agencies. employment of veterinary technologists and technicians is expected to grow much faster than average for all occupations through the year 2014. job openings also will stem from the need to replace veterinary technologists and technicians who leave the occupation over the 2004 \u2013 14 period. keen competition is expected for veterinary technologist and technician jobs in zoos, due to expected slow growth in zoo capacity, low turnover among workers, the limited number of positions, and the fact that the occupation attracts pet owners are becoming more affluent and more willing to pay for advanced care because many of them consider their pet to be part of the family. this growing affluence and view of pets will spur employment growth for veterinary technologists and technicians. the number of dogs used as companion pets, which also drives employment growth, is expected to increase more slowly during the projection period than in the previous decade. however, the rapidly growing number of cats utilized as companion pets is expected to boost the demand for feline medicine and services, offsetting any reduced demand for veterinary care for dogs. the availability of advanced veterinary services, such as preventive dental care and surgical procedures, may provide opportunities for workers specializing in those areas. biomedical facilities, diagnostic laboratories, wildlife facilities, humane societies, animal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.40883330573287774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.635388"} {"text": "##ting any reduced demand for veterinary care for dogs. the availability of advanced veterinary services, such as preventive dental care and surgical procedures, may provide opportunities for workers specializing in those areas. biomedical facilities, diagnostic laboratories, wildlife facilities, humane societies, animal control facilities, drug or food manufacturing companies, and food safety inspection facilities will provide additional jobs for veterinary technologists and technicians. furthermore, demand for these workers will stem from the desire to replace veterinary assistants with more highly skilled technicians and technologists in animal clinics and hospitals, shelters, kennels, and humane societies. employment of veterinary technicians and technologists is relatively stable during periods of economic recession. layoffs are less likely to occur among veterinary technologists and technicians than in some other occupations because animals will continue to require medical care. median hourly earnings of veterinary technologists and technicians were $ 11. 99 in may 2004. the middle 50 percent earned between $ 9. 88 and $ 14. 56. the bottom 10 percent earned less than $ 8. 51, and the top 10 percent earned more than $ 17. 12. others who work extensively with animals include animal care and service workers, veterinary assistants, and laboratory animal caretakers. like veterinary technologists and technicians, they must have patience and feel comfortable with animals. however, the level of training required for these occupations is less than that needed by veterinary technologists and technicians. veterinarians, who need much more formal education, also work extensively with animals, preventing, diagnosing, and treating their diseases, disorders, and injuries. sources of additional information for information on certification as a laboratory animal technician or technologist, contact : american association for laboratory animal science, 9190 crestwyn hills dr., memphis, tn 38125. internet : http : / / www. aalas. org / for information on careers in veterinary medicine and a listing of avma - accredited veterinary technology programs, contact : american veterinary medical assocation, 1931 n. meacham rd., suite 100, schaumburg, il 60173 - 4360. internet : http : / / www. avma. org / bureau of labor statistics, u. s. department of labor, occupational outlook handbook, 2006 - 07 edition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4507005634379009, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.636414"} {"text": "skip to main content more search options a member of our team will call you back within one business day. influenza ( \u201c the flu \u201d ) is an infection of the respiratory tract ( the mouth, nose, and lungs, and the passages between them ). the two types of flu that pregnant women should be concerned about are the seasonal ( regular ) flu and the 2009 h1n1 ( swine ) flu. either of these two types of flu can make a pregnant woman very ill. this is because pregnant women are at high risk of flu complications. these complications include sinus infections and serious lung infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia. in rare cases, miscarriage of the baby or even death of the mother can result. this sheet tells you more about the flu, what to do if you come down with the flu, and what you can do to avoid infection. note about the 2009 h1n1 flu : the 2009 h1n1 flu is called this because the virus first spread in the year 2009. it was originally called \u201c swine flu. \u201d despite the name, eating pork or pork products does not cause this flu. eating pork or pork products that have been properly handled and cooked is safe. anyone can get the flu. but you \u2019 re more likely to catch the flu if you : have frequent, close contact with young children. work in a healthcare setting where you may be exposed to flu germs. live or work with someone who has the flu. haven \u2019 t received an annual flu shot. the flu is caused by a virus ( a type of germ ). the germ spreads through the air in droplets when someone who has the flu coughs, sneezes, laughs, or talks. you can become infected when you inhale the germ directly. you can also become infected when you touch a surface on which the droplets have landed and then transfer the germ to your eyes, nose, or mouth. touching used tissues, or sharing utensils, drinking glasses, or a toothbrush with an infected person can expose you to the flu germ, too. flu symptoms tend to come on quickly and may last a few days to a few weeks. they include : fever ( usually higher than 101\u00baf ) and chills sore throat and headache tiredness and weakness body and muscle aches call your doctor right away. follow any instructions your doctor gives you. you may be asked to get tested to confirm that you have the flu. your doctor may prescribe medications called antivirals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43872672650854305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.642221"} {"text": "and headache tiredness and weakness body and muscle aches call your doctor right away. follow any instructions your doctor gives you. you may be asked to get tested to confirm that you have the flu. your doctor may prescribe medications called antivirals, especially if he or she suspects you have the h1n1 flu. these medications must be taken within 2 days of when your symptoms started. in some cases, your doctor may not wait for test results to come back before starting you on antivirals. these medications work by stopping the flu virus from reproducing in your body. this gives your body \u2019 s immune system a chance to fight the virus. after taking the medication, your symptoms may be milder and you may recover quicker than without the medication. the medication may also prevent serious complications such as pneumonia. if you feel you need medications to relieve symptoms, ask your doctor which ones are safe for you to take. drink lots of fluids such as water, juice, and warm soup to prevent dehydration. a good rule is to drink enough so that you urinate your normal amount. get plenty of rest. if you \u2019 re not hungry, eat smaller meals more often during the day to maintain your nutrition intake. apply warm compresses to the forehead or sinuses to relieve congestion. call your doctor if your fever rises to 101\u00baf or higher, or you become dizzy, lightheaded, or short of breath. get vaccinated. one of the best ways to avoid the flu is to get a flu vaccination. pregnant women can safely receive the flu shot that protects against both the regular and h1n1 flu. however, pregnant women should not receive the nasal spray vaccine ( live - virus vaccine ) for the regular flu ( it may be harmful to the baby ). wash your hands often. frequent handwashing is a proven way to prevent infection. carry an alcohol - based hand gel containing at least 60 percent alcohol. use it when you don \u2019 t have access to soap and water. clean items you use often with disinfectant wipes. this includes phones, computer keyboards, and toys. avoid crowds and children as much as possible while you \u2019 re pregnant. avoid being around anyone who has the flu. handwashing is one of the best ways to prevent many common infections. follow these steps for more effective handwashing : use warm water and plenty of soap. work up a good lather. clean the whole hand, under your nails, between your fingers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42732748603770515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.644084"} {"text": "air chambers - small honeycomb spaced within the sash and frame extrusions which help to insulate andstrengthen the window. argon - a gas that is heavier than air used to fill the dead airspace of an insulated glass unit - argon is a safe, colorless, odorless, tasteless, non - toxic gas which is six times more dense than air. argon provides a significant increase in the insulating value of a glass unit as well as sound insulation. awning window - a window that is hinged at the top, and cranks from the bottom, to open out on a horizontal ( outward and upward ) 45 degree swing. balance ( spiral type, coil type ) - used to tension the sash in the desired position. a balance allows the sash to operate up and down. balance coil case - housing for coil balance of constant force type. balance cover - a cover to improve site lines by covering operating balance. balance shoe - attached to the bottom of balance as a receptacle for the tilt pin to hold the sash and frame together which allows tilting. balance tube / or sleeve - a tube attached to each jamb of a window that gives the moving sash stability when moving up and down. balance winding tool - used to adjust the tension of the spiral balance. bay window - three windows in a single frame. the center lite is always twice as wide as the sidelites, which are generally a combination of a fixed and ( 2 ) operable flankers, ( casement or double hung windows ). the window bay projects out from the wall of the house 30 or 45 degrees. beveled exterior - an extension of the vinyl frame that adds an aesthetically pleasing dimension to the exterior of the window. bow window - 3, 4, or 5 windows in a single frame. all of the windows widths are equal size, which are generally a combination of fixed centers and ( 2 ) operable flankers, ( casement or double hung windows ). the window bow projects out from the wall of the house 15 degrees. a bow is similar to a bay but the combination has a more circular arch appearance. buck frame - wood head, seat, and jambs designed to form a case to contain the window to fit in the rough opening, used on bay and bow windows. buck size - this is the exact window size not including the fin. butterfly clip - this is a \" w \" shaped clip with jamb adjustment screw located at the middle of both jambs of some", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5928805328297965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.657142"} {"text": "rough opening, used on bay and bow windows. buck size - this is the exact window size not including the fin. butterfly clip - this is a \" w \" shaped clip with jamb adjustment screw located at the middle of both jambs of some replacement models. the screws in a clockwise direction will cause the jamb middles to pull toward the center of window. butyl - a material used to seal glass to the spacer and acts as a sealant to form a dead air space water and air tight unit. cam lock and keeper - the mechanism which pulls sash together when placed in the locked position on single hung, double hung, and slider windows. casement window fixed - a picture window made out of casement window extrusions and does not ventilate. casement window operable - a window that is hinged on the left or right jamb. the window cranks outward on a vertical plane to a full 90 degree swing. the unit may be hinged left or right ( view the unit inside looking out ). caulking - a compound for filing joints to prevent leakage of water and air. weather - proof caulking is made of a silicone base. caulking is used where leakage and / or movement may occur. colonial arch - special shapes window unit that has a half round radius head. condensation resistance factor - a measure of the effectiveness of a window or glazing system to reduce the potential for condensation. the higher the condensation resistance factor, the more efficient the window or glazing system. condensation - the formation of water vapor from the air on any cold surface whose temperature is below thedew point. conduction - energy transfer from one material to another by direct contact. convection - heat transfer by currants that flow from a warm surface to a colder one. cottage window - a double hung or single hung window with a larger proportioned bottom sash. standard configuration is 3 / 5 of the window operates from the bottom. 2 / 5 operates on the top. dead lite - a fixed lite inoperable unit insert only ( no master frame ). desiccated maxtrix - a material used in insulating glass to absorb water vapor which causes fogging. dew point - the temperature above 32 degree f at which visible water vapor begins to deposit on the glass surface. double hung window - a window with an upper and lower moving sash utilizing a tension balance to hold sashes in the desired position. drip cap", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5788324022453697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.658153"} {"text": "dew point - the temperature above 32 degree f at which visible water vapor begins to deposit on the glass surface. double hung window - a window with an upper and lower moving sash utilizing a tension balance to hold sashes in the desired position. drip cap - a molding to divert water from the top casing so that water drips beyond the outside of the frame. dual durometer - two hardnesses of vinyl in one extrusion. usually combines rigid and flexible vinyl. mainly used for glazing beads and sashes. egress - the path or opening by means of which one goes out : emergency exit. all egress or rescue windows from sleeping rooms must have a net clear opening. elliptical - special shape where height is at least 1 / 3 of base. equilateral triangle - special shapes window unit having all three sides equal. eyebrow window - special shape that has straight legs coming up from the base and attaching to the radius. fixed lite - a window which is non - operable ( does not open ). flanker - a window unit placed along side of another unit. a picture window may be flanked by a double hung on each side. fusion welded - refers to frames and sash fused together with intense heat. glazing bead - a removable trim that holds the glass in place. glazing - the process of sealing the glass to the sash. grid / muntin - a brass / aluminum or vinyl strip in the dead airspace of the glass unit. available in either colonial or diamond patterns. guts - a slang term used for the internal workings of bay / bow units. ( i. e. : window dimensions, projection, overall depth, etc. head expander - a vinyl cap that fits over the top of the head of a window. used to fill in the gap. infiltration - air is able to flow through cracks and other spaces around the window and at the meeting rail. isosceles triangle - special shapes window unit having two of three sides equal. jamb - the sides of the window frame. j - channel - \" j \" configuration designed into window frame exterior for the primary purpose of receiving siding. keeper rail - the bottom of the top sash on which the keeper is mounted. on sliders, the keeper rail is vertical. lift rail / handle - handle ( applied or integrated ) for raising the sash in a window. lite - a unit of glass. lock rail - an extrusion used on top of the bottom sash on which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6224799122557568, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.659077"} {"text": ", the keeper rail is vertical. lift rail / handle - handle ( applied or integrated ) for raising the sash in a window. lite - a unit of glass. lock rail - an extrusion used on top of the bottom sash on which locks are mounted. on sliders, the lock rail is vertical. low - e ( emisivity ) glass - glass treated with a thin transparent coating of metal oxide and silver. allows natural light and short - wave heat energy to freely penetrate glass during the winter while reflecting long - wave heat energy back outside during the summer months. keeping your house cool in the summer and warm in the winter. it reduces the penetration of ultraviolet rays to minimize fading of carpet and draperies. mainframe - the head, sill, and jambs make up the mainframe. it holds the sashes. mechanical frame - refers to frames fastened with screws. meeting rail - the point at which the horizontal sections of the top and bottom sash meet. on sliders, the meeting rail is vertical. mesh - fabric, made of either fiberglass or aluminum, used in the making of screens. mull - the joining of two or more windows at the jamb, or by the mainframe. mullion - the extrusion piece used to join two or more windows at the jamb, or by the mainframe. nailing fin - used to secure the window into a rough opening. obscure / translucent glass - a frosted glass that you cannot see through. mainly used in the bathroom. octagon window - an eight sided special shape window. operating - a window with a sash that opens or operates for ventilation. oriel window - a single and / or double hung window with a larger proportioned top sash. standard configuration is 3 / 5 of the window operates from the top. 2 / 5 operates on the bottom. overall depth - in a bay or bow unit - this measurement is the width of head / seat board which is projection plus wall thickness. palladin - of or designating a renaissance architectural style usually a mulled combination of special shapes window units. pentagon - special shapes window unit having five sides usually in a doghouse style i. e. horizontal base with both sides perpendicular and top two sides with pitch. picture window - a window that has no moveable sash. pitch - roof pitch is the ratio of rise to span. special shapes trapezoid configurations especially will follow roof pitch. plated / polished brass hardware - hardware that is not solid brass but finished", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5695537085854874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.659973"} {"text": "window - a window that has no moveable sash. pitch - roof pitch is the ratio of rise to span. special shapes trapezoid configurations especially will follow roof pitch. plated / polished brass hardware - hardware that is not solid brass but finished as plated. prairie grid - horizontal and vertical grid 4 \" from edge of glass to centerline of grid in windows ( 6 \" in patio doors ). projection - in a bay or bow unit - this measurement is the distance a unit will project past the outside wall. quad - quadruplet is a group of windows mulled in combination of fours. radiation - wave energy transmitted directly from one object to another through the atmosphere or through transparent or translucent materials. the energy radiated is either transmitted, absorbed or reflected, or a combination of all three. rail - horizontal member of a sash. replacement window - a window designed to fit into an existing window opening. right triangle - special shapes window unit having one of three interior angles of 90 degrees. r - value - a measure of resistance to heat flow of material or construction. a higher value indicates a better heat insulating property. safety tempered glass - glass that has been treated with high heat for strength. if safety glass is broken, it will shatter into very small pieces. sash stop - an extrusion molding generally about 2 \" long that covers the joint between window sash and the jamb which stops the operable sash at its maximum opening. sash - the part of the window or door which contains the glass. screw jack - this is a button shaped jamb adjustment screw located at the middle of both jambs of some replacement models. turning the screw in a clockwise direction will cause the jamb middles to pull towardcenter of window. sealant - a compound for filling joints to prevent leakage of water and air. weatherproof sealant is made of a silicone base. sealant is used where leakage and / or movement is expected. shrink or stretch wrap - a plastic coating wrapped around a finished product for protection during shipping and while in storage. sill - the bottom piece of the mainframe. sill angle - an extrusion that is placed on the exterior sill of a replacement window to fill in any gap between the rough opening to the exterior window sill. single hung window - window with a fixed top sash and an operating bottom sash. slider window - window that slides to the left or right. spiral balance - a balance using a spirally wound spring. spring line - the vertical point", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5887541537962777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.661052"} {"text": "sill. single hung window - window with a fixed top sash and an operating bottom sash. slider window - window that slides to the left or right. spiral balance - a balance using a spirally wound spring. spring line - the vertical point at which a radius starts for special shapes i. e. eyebrows, colonial arch. stile - vertical member of a sash. tape glazing - a piece of two sided tape that holds the glass in place within the frame. thumb latch - when compressed the tilt latch moves enabling the sash to tilt. ( same as tilt latch or sash release ). tilt latch - mechanisms that locks sash in place ( sash release ). tilt pin - pins in the lift rail of the sash that goes into the balance shoe and joins the sash to the jamb. transom - a horizontal window usually above a door. trapezoid - a four sided window in which one side is taller than the other. triple - triplet is a group of windows mulled in combination of threes. twinning - joining two windows together with mullion. u - value - a value indicating the rate of heat flow transferred through a material. the lower the u value, the slowerthe rate of heat flow. it is also referred to as the overall coefficient of heat transfer. united inch - the width in inched plus the height in inches. universal slide - xo from the outside looking in, the moving lock sash will operate from left to right. weather - strip - material used to seal the opening between the sash and the mainframe. weephole - small holes along the bottom edge of a window or door unit that allows any trapped water to escape outdoors. wet glazing - silicone based substance that holds the sash in place within the frame.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6040715974680427, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.661740"} {"text": "an article on ocd discusses what disorders are related enough to group together. ocd in some respects differs from the other anxiety disorders in terms of phenomenology, brain circuitry, family history, and treatment response. instead, it shares features of basic etiology, brain circuitry, and genetics with a group of other related or ocd spectrum disorders. these may include tourette \u2019 s syndrome ; body dysmorphic disorder ; autism and the developmental disorders ; eating disorders, including binge - eating disorder ; huntington \u2019 s disorder and parkinson \u2019 s disorder ; pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections ( pandas ) or sydenham \u2019 s chorea ; some of the impulse control disorders ; some of the newly emerging compulsive and impulsive disorders ; and obsessive - compulsive personality disorder. at issue for the dsm - v is also whether the hoarders that are currently considered a subtype of ocd should be thought of as distinct from ocd and placed into one of the obsessive - compulsive spectrum disorders. it \u2019 s from 2005, but this is the first time i \u2019 ve run into spectrum notions that weren \u2019 t bipolar or autism - related. i wish there were some way of sitting in on dsm - v committee meetings. i \u2019 d love to watch the process by which people attempt to arrive at a working compromise on what things are.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5003842446409914, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.666568"} {"text": "nematodes are nonsegmented roundworms that are abundant in freshwater lakes. nematodes often comprise 15 % of the total biomass on lake bottoms. this reflects the incredible abundance of these organisms, since most only grow to a maximum length of a centimeter. life stages of these species are often as complex as they are abundant. some are free living their entire lives while others are only free living as adults or juveniles. at other stages some are parasitic on invertebrates, vertebrates, or even plants. most freshwater free - living nematodes are about 1 mm in length though parasitic forms are often even smaller. their body wall is covered by a cuticle that is four layers thick. as the worm grows it moults, sloughing off the outer layer. at the same time another layer is created on the inside. the pseudocoel is small in the free - living forms but tends to be much larger in the parasitic forms. all freshwater nematodes bear a spinneret at the tip of their hind end that secretes a sticky mucous which anchors the worm in place whether it be a on rock or inside an intestine. non - parasitic roundworms are adapted to swimming along lake and stream bottoms. in fact \" swimming \" may not be an accurate word to describe their motion. nematodes have only longitudinal muscles for movement, unlike segmented worms ( like earthworms ) that also have circular muscles to help with locomotion. movement is therefore limited to a side - to - side flailing that pushes them forward. nematodes have a pair of amphids ( one on each side of the body ) which are structures at the anterior end of the worm that were once considered to aid in equilibrium. now, they are seen as chemosensory structures, perhaps for the purpose of detecting food. due to the wide variation their structure, amphids are also used to classify horsehair worms taxonomically. some freshwater species have separate light sensors referred to as ocelli or pseudocelli. they are seen as pigmented spots also situated at the anterior end. most nematode species are aerobic, meaning that they need oxygen to survive. however, some species can survive short periods of anoxia, and a few can live without oxygen indefinitely. there are not any specialized systems for acquiring oxygen for any member of this phylum. because they are small animals with a large surface area, they can exchange gases through the skin surface with enough efficiency to survive.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4756072557704896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.672188"} {"text": "few can live without oxygen indefinitely. there are not any specialized systems for acquiring oxygen for any member of this phylum. because they are small animals with a large surface area, they can exchange gases through the skin surface with enough efficiency to survive. nitrogenous waste is eliminated though the body wall in the form of ammonium ions. osmoregulation, and excretion of other metabolites is controlled either by excretory gland cells, an excretory canal system, or a combination of both. these structures are unique to the nematodes. nematodes usually possess separate sexes and all fertilization is internal. in most freshwater species the males have spicules that enter the female ' s vagina where the sperm is released other species specialize in \" traumatic fertilization \" in which the male simply punctures the cuticle of the female with his spicules and releases the sperm directly into her body cavity. feeding structures and strategies are determined by the lifestyle of the nematode. species parasitic on plants have stylets within the stoma ( mouth ) that can be extended outward and into the plant tissues. these stylets are used like straws to suck out nutritious plant juices. species parasitic on invertebrates have a slightly modified stylet of the same nature to pierce the cuticle of their prey, for the purpose of feeding on haemolymph. nematodes that feed on microorganisms need only a small tubular stoma to engulf their prey. finally, the predators have an enlarged stoma with either a spear - like structure or rows of pointed teeth. predaceous nematodes are often the worst enemies of other nematodes. this is understandable since both have roughly the same oxygen and ph requirements, so they therefore live in the same places on the lake bottom. other predators include crayfish, turbellarians, and nemertean worms. freshwater nematodes are often infected with protozoan diseases and microsporidia. freshwater nematodes survive in very diverse environments. many species that exist in canada are apparently found all over the world. some species can survive in snow pools while others occur in hot springs. aphelenchoides sp. can survive in a temperature of 61. 3\u00b0c, the highest temperature tolerance by any multi - celled animal on the planet. most nematodes have drought - resistant stages in which the roundworm becomes inactive. this attribute is most common in the juvenile stages as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4855701070180289, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.673067"} {"text": "thanksgiving is a major holiday celebrated in the usa and canada, with origins dating back centuries to colonial times. the notion of celebrating a harvest of plenty was dramatic event in early colonial america, since food supplies were far from dependable. years of massive starvation were as common as times of plenty. although native americans were known to have harvest celebrations for centuries, if not millennia, before arrival of europeans, the quintessence of thanksgiving in all regions was a joint celebration of colonists and indigenous peoples, sharing the bounty of autumn and their common survival. complicating the history of thanksgiving are the contrary ciaims of a number of distinct north american locations regarding where the first thanksgiving was celebrated. it is likely that thanksgiving celebrations arose independently in several distinct locations along the eastern seaboard, and these celebrations had several common denominators including the worship of god and the use of the word thanksgiving ; each of these early feasts in disparate locations also shared the concept of a joint celebration with indigenous peoples of america coming together with the settlers arriving from europe. many of the foods appearing in early thanksgivings might surprise 21st century americans, with servings of eel, clams, mussels, sturgeon and chickpea stew along with what modern americans regard as thanksgiving staples of wild turkey, squash, pumpkin, corn and beets. the site and date of origin of thanksgiving are matters of great dispute, with regional claims being made by widely disparate locations in north america. the chief claims are as follows : - saint augustine, florida. 1565 - baffin island, canada. 1578 - jamestown, virginia. 1619 - plymouth, massachusetts. 1621 each of these venues have merit in describing the nature of their relative claims of being the first. what we learn from this spirited debate is that the notion of thanksgiving in the new world had a natural evolution in several locales as an expression of giving thanks for surviviing in a difficult era, with distinctly different sustenance requirements from the old world, from which colonists derived. engraving of timucua village circa 1565. source : le moyne / engraver theodor de bry the earliest european settled city in the usa was founded in 1565 by admiral pedro menendez del aviles, who arrived from spain via the gulf of mexico and the gulf stream commanding a fleet of over thrity ships. the landing by menendez occurred on september 8, 1565 among considerable pomp and \" thundering of [ ceremonial ] artillery \". father francisco de mendoza graja", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4480641902971222, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.678477"} {"text": "the gulf of mexico and the gulf stream commanding a fleet of over thrity ships. the landing by menendez occurred on september 8, 1565 among considerable pomp and \" thundering of [ ceremonial ] artillery \". father francisco de mendoza grajales led the landing celebration with a hymn of joy and thanksgiving : te deum laudamus. the thanksgiving feast that ensued was thus an expansive festival with the welcoming timucua tribe in attendance. this thanksgiving, truly a catholic religious celebration, was more of a safe landing ceremonial event than a survival of hardship that would characterize baffin island, jamestown and plymouth. the saint augustine feast was endowed with the plenty of foods in menendez ' s ships, combined with the hearty cocida ( chickpea stew ) dishes of the timucua. in 1578 martin frobisher was conducting his third unsuccessful voyage in search for the elusive northwest passage to asia. icy waters and storms drove his vessels to land on baffin island, in present day nunavit. a celebration with indigenous peoples was held for survival and thanksgiving. a proclamation was issued by the survivors of the nine ships in frobisher ' s fleet, and according to morrill : \" a general thanksgiving to god was proclaimed \". although this date is earlier than jamestown or plymouth, the sparse level of documentary detail and lack of archaeological recovery does not well support this claim to one of the earliest thanksgiving celebrations. archaeological digs at jamestown have recovered clues to thanksgiving feasts of early times. source : sarah stierch to appreciate the first thanksgiving at jamestown, one needs to understand the historic backdrop of a colony fraught with hardship, notably the starving time of 1609 - 1610, where colonists not only were restricted to a paucity of food, but items of miserable quality and leading to a large fraction of the european population perishing in that winter. archaeological excavations of a colonial middens pit predating the year 1610 documents the dispair of hungry men at jamestown with discovery of bones of butchered dogs, as well as remains of turtles and poisonous snakes. in years of plenty the main staples of the colony would include sturgeon, cod and eel. thus the first recognized thanksgiving at jamestown was not so much a feast of cornucopia, but a celebration that most men had enough food to survive. the date of december 4, 1619 is the date of the first thanksgiving in jamestown. this celebration also marked an arrival of 38 english settlers who survived a stormy atlantic crossing with some fresh supplies. documentation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41585210436425596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.680820"} {"text": "celebration that most men had enough food to survive. the date of december 4, 1619 is the date of the first thanksgiving in jamestown. this celebration also marked an arrival of 38 english settlers who survived a stormy atlantic crossing with some fresh supplies. documentation of this thanksgiving is in the form of a proclamation of those in attendance : \" the day of our ships arrivall at the place assgned for plantacon in the land of virginia shall by yearly and perputualy keept holy as a day of thanksgiving to almighty god. \" the exact location of the celebration of thanksgiving was at the berkeley plantation, several miles up the james river from jamestown. although the plymouth colony in massachusetts was the latest of the series of early thanksgiving celebrations, the events were extremely well documented and memorialized, leading plymouth to be the most vaunted of all the colonial thanksgiving feasts. in 1620, the mayflower arrived with predominantly puritan settlers from plymouth, england. after a harsh winter, when perhaps half of the colony died, the subsequent autumn had an abundant harvest. at that tiem the governor of the plymouth colony prepared for a celebration of thanksgiving. an early part of the planning began with the governor sending a party of four men into the woods to hunt wild turkey to be added to the abundant venison stores. however, a large part of the feasting was made on seafoods such as eel and cod. chief massasoit brought 90 of the wampanoag tribe to the thanksgiving celebration, in recognition of the abundant harvest being due, in part, to cooperation with the native americans who assisted colonists through the first year of survival. - james w. baker.. 2009. thanksgiving : the biography of an american holiday ( google ebook ) upne, 2009. 273 pages - richard collinson. 2010. the three voyages of martin frobisher : in search of a passage to cathaia and india by the north - west, a. d. 1576 - 8 cambridge university press. 2010 420 pages - robyn gioia. 2007. america ' s real first thanksgiving : st. augustine, florida, september 8, 1565. pineapple press inc 48 pages - frank jones ( vicar of st. paul, forest hill. ), martin frobisher ( sir. ) 1878. the life of sir martin frobisher ( google ebook ) - ann morrill. 2009. thanksgiving and other harvest festivals. infobase publishing. 104 pages - colonial williamsburg foundation. 2007. jamestown, williamsburg, yorktown : the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3596162820111376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.681823"} {"text": "backyard burning produces various compounds toxic to the environment including nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds ( vocs ), carbon monoxide, and particle pollution. - nitrogen oxides, or nox, is a group of nitrogen compounds that are partially responsible for acid rain and contribute to global depletion, and the formation of smog. - volatile organic compounds, or vocs, are carbon - based compounds that undergo photochemical reactions ( i. e., they react with sunlight ) when released into the atmosphere. the vocs and the compounds they form in the atmosphere, such as ozone, contribute to the formation of smog. - carbon monoxide, or co, chemically reacts with sunlight to create harmful ozone. co production can significantly impact ambient air quality and a region ' s ability to meet clean air act regulatory air quality standards. burning garbage in a barrel or pile produces more co than decomposition in a landfill. co is also a significant greenhouse gas. - particle pollution, also known as particulate matter, or pm, refers to the fine particles that produce visible smoke that reduce visibility and creates haze, which is a major air pollution problem for many rural communities. in addition to being unhealthful, particles soil our homes and cars and transport dangerous chemicals, such as dioxins. backyard burning is also frequently the cause of residential, brush, and forest fires, particularly during drought conditions. in wisconsin, 35 percent of wildfires were started by uncontrolled burning of garbage, brush, and grass. often, fire hazards are caused by burn piles or barrels left unattended, which grow too large or are not fully extinguished.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49204825067703806, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.683503"} {"text": "troubleshooting charging problems alternator and voltage regulator the alternator has a centrally rotating set of coils powered from the field terminal. as this rotor turns, it drags a magnetic field past the stationary coils that surround it. this magnetic field generates alternating current within these stationary coils, which then passes through a grid of one - way valves ( diodes ) to produce the dc current useful to automotive applications. the voltage output is governed by the amount of current in the field circuit, and is controlled by the voltage regulator. current is fed to the battery and other power absorbers through the large bat terminal on the back of the alternator. a ground connection on the alternator case completes the electrical circuit. there is also a stator terminal on the alternator, but it is not used on the 427sc. the battery power comes from a connection on the starter solenoid. power flows from the ignition switch, through a fuse, to the voltage regulator. voltage is measured from this source. internal circuits take the power source and regulate it, sending it to the field terminal of the alternator so that the output voltage to the battery is correct. use the basic wiring primer and troubleshooting guide for simple procedures for testing the alternator and regulator. ( not finished, but still very useful ) note! a fully charged battery will show no charge under many circumstances. check the system by turning the fan on with the engine running. you will normally see a discharge at idle that changes to a charge condition above 1500 rpm. if this is the first time the car has run, check the polarity of the gage by turning the lights on with the ignition switch off. if the ammeter moves to the positive side, switch the wires on the ammeter. see the wiring diagram for the appropriate fuse for the voltage regulator. replace if necessary. if the car shows continuous discharge, check all the connections at the alternator and voltage regulator. don ' t forget the ground wire on the voltage regulator! | check the voltage at the bat terminal on the alternator. if is 13. 5v or more with the engine running, there is a connection problem downstream. follow wires and / or use the wiring diagram. if the voltage is less than 13. 5v, remove the plug connector at the voltage regulator. with the ignition switch on, check that there is 11. 5v minimum between the red wire and the black ground wire to the regulator case. if not, trace the red wire back to the fuse box, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44966490480206434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.686199"} {"text": "it came in march 1982 during the days before the falklands war, after argentina established an unauthorized presence on britain ' s south georgia island amid talk of a possible invasion of the falklands, long held by britain. prime minister margaret thatcher realized there was little that britain could do immediately to establish firm control of the contested islands, and feared britain would be seen as a paper tiger that could no longer defend even its diminished empire. she was told that britain might not be able to take the islands back, even if she took the risky decision to send a substantial armada to the frigid south atlantic. \" you can imagine that turned a knife in my heart, \" thatcher told an inquiry board in postwar testimony that has been kept secret until its release by the national archives on friday, 30 years after the events it chronicles. \" no one could tell me whether we could re - take the falklands \u2014 no one, \" she told the inquiry board. \" we did not know \u2014 we did not know. \" the assessment is more downbeat than the view offered in thatcher ' s memoir, \" the downing street years. \" thatcher ' s handling of the falklands crisis is remembered as one of the key tests of her leadership. the former prime minister, now 87, has been hospitalized since having a growth removed from her gall bladder shortly before christmas. she has stayed out of the public eye in argentina did invade on april 2, and thatcher launched a naval task force to take back the islands three days later, after the united nations condemned the invasion. britain succeeded by mid - june. the war claimed the lives of 649 argentines and 255 british soldiers, along with three elderly islanders. thatcher testified she had been terrified that by sending the seaborne force which would take weeks to reach the falklands ( known as las malvinas in spanish ) she would provoke even more aggressive action by the argentines while the vessels were in transit. she feared this might make the military operation even more hazardous when they arrived. she persisted in the bold mission despite the risk of an argentine troop buildup that might force her to turn the armada back, a result that she said \" would have been the greatest humiliation for britain. \" she doesn ' t state the obvious political cost : the mission ' s failure would have cut short the career of britain ' s first female prime minister with her almost inevitable ouster as party leader. the vivid picture of thatcher ' s feelings of helplessness and rage \u2014 and eventual resolve \u2014 are portrayed in thousands of pages of formerly secret documents released", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37582117220796185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.692426"} {"text": "short the career of britain ' s first female prime minister with her almost inevitable ouster as party leader. the vivid picture of thatcher ' s feelings of helplessness and rage \u2014 and eventual resolve \u2014 are portrayed in thousands of pages of formerly secret documents released by the national archives. historian chris collins of the thatcher foundation \u2014 which plans to make the documents available online \u2014 said thatcher ' s testimony before the inquiry chaired by oliver franks was \" very carefully prepared \" because she felt politically vulnerable. \" she was concerned at the damage the report might do her, because there was much potential for embarrassment at the government ' s pre - war policy of trying to negotiate a settlement with argentina ceding sovereignty while leasing back the islands for a period, plus suggestions that argentine intentions could have been predicted and invasion prevented, \" he said. she concedes to the committee that her political analysis was incorrect because she believed argentina ' s junta would not invade, as it was making progress at the united nations in its effort to build diplomatic support for its claim to the disputed islands. she said she thought the junta wouldn ' t risk this support with unilateral military action. \" i never, never expected the argentines to invade the falklands head - on, \" she told the inquiry board, which was investigating, among other things, whether the government should have been better prepared. \" it was such a stupid thing to do, as events happened, such a stupid thing even to contemplate doing. they were doing well. \" the papers detail how thatcher urgently sought u. s. president ronald reagan ' s support when argentina ' s intentions became clear, and reveal thatcher ' s exasperation with reagan when he suggested that britain negotiate rather than demand total argentinian withdrawal. the documents describe an unusual late night phone call from reagan to thatcher on may 31, 1982 \u2014 while british forces were beginning the battle for control of the falklands capital \u2014 in which the president pressed the prime minister to consider putting the islands in the hands of international peacekeepers rather than press for a total argentinian surrender. reagan ' s considerable personal charm failed on this occasion. thatcher, in full \" iron lady \" mode, told the president she was sure he would take the same dim view of international mediation if alaska had been taken by a foe. \" the prime minister stressed that britain had not lost precious lives in battle and sent an enormous task force to hand over the queen ' s islands ( the falklands ) immediately to a contact group, \" says the memo produced the next morning by thatcher '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4237477168714232, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.694441"} {"text": "\" the prime minister stressed that britain had not lost precious lives in battle and sent an enormous task force to hand over the queen ' s islands ( the falklands ) immediately to a contact group, \" says the memo produced the next morning by thatcher ' s private secretary. she told the president there was \" no alternative \" to surrender and re - establishment of full british control. the newly public documents also reveal an extraordinary draft telegram written several days later by thatcher to argentinian leader gen. leopoldo galtieri in which she describes in very personal terms the death and destruction both leaders would grapple with in the coming days unless argentina backed down. she tells her counterpart that the decisive battle is about to begin, imploring him to begin a full withdrawal to avoid more bloodshed. \" with your military experience you must be in no doubt as to the outcome. in a few days the british flag will once again be flying over port stanley. in a few days also your eyes and mine will be reading the casualty lists. on my side, grief will be tempered by the knowledge that these men died for freedom, justice, and the rule of law. and on your side? only you can answer the question. \" the telegram was never sent, and galtieri resigned in disgrace several days after britain reclaimed the islands. national archives : http : / / www. nationalarchives. gov. uk / margaret thatcher foundation : http : / / www. margaretthatcher. org /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4482713482507823, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.695209"} {"text": "symptoms of celiac disease how can you recognize the symptoms of celiac disease? find out how to spot the prominent as well as less - noticeable signs in children and adults. celiac disease, one of the most common genetic diseases worldwide, was once thought to be a rare disease seen mainly in children. we now know that celiac disease can be seen at any age, and can have many different symptoms affecting different parts of your body. why do symptoms vary from person to person? this is a question that researchers are studying. some studies suggest that the length of time you were breastfed is a factor. the age at which you are exposed to gluten and the amount of gluten you are exposed to may play a role. we know that people can have different degrees of celiac disease. damage to the small intestines differs from person to person. many adults have celiac disease years before they are diagnosed. according to the celiac disease foundation, 97 percent of people who have celiac disease have never been diagnosed. celiac disease : common symptoms in children \" the classic presentation of celiac disease is a 12 - to 24 - month - old child who has a big belly, is failing to thrive, and is extremely irritable, \" says benjamin gold, md, a professor of pediatrics and microbiology and director of pediatric gastroenterology at the emory university school of medicine in atlanta. discover how celiac disease is diagnosed other symptoms can include : - diarrhea and / or constipation - vomiting and bloating - loss of appetite and weight loss - delayed growth and muscle loss \" we don ' t know why the more classic symptoms present at the youngest age groups. as blood tests have become available and we have been able to identify celiac disease in older children, adolescents, and adults, we have learned that these symptoms are not the most common way that celiac disease presents, \" notes dr. gold. celiac disease : symptoms in adults adults are less likely to have the classic digestive symptoms seen in children, making the diagnosis of celiac disease more difficult. the failure to absorb important nutrients over time can cause many different symptoms in adults, including : - anemia from loss of iron osteoporosis from loss of calcium - fatigue and lack of energy - bone and joint pain - anxiety and depression - tingling or numbness of your hands or feet - skin rash - canker sores in your mouth celiac disease : relieving symptoms \" although celiac disease is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4577969438028794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.699708"} {"text": "browsing 50 - 60 results of 130 programs from 2009 the science and pedagogy behind this activity, including a discussion of concepts such as density, temperature, thermal conductivity, center of mass, freezing point depression, heat capacity, and the characteristics of the states of water, water vapor, and ice. also describes strategies for observing, asking questions, and then choosing a question to investigate further. in this activity, you ' ll explore a frozen water balloon to learn how to ask investigable questions and how to use everyday objects to do experiments to answer those questions. the film between the folds is a 2009 work by filmmaker vanessa gould. between the folds chronicles ten artists and scientists who have devoted time to the unlikely medium of modern origami. vanessa gould, who has degrees in physics and architecture, explores the expression of mathematics through origami. she became captivated by the art and science of transforming sheets of paper into three - dimensional geometric shapes \u2014 and exposed a hidden subculture. the film will screen at the exploratorium on saturday, october 18th, at 2pm. exploratorium staff physicist thomas humphrey reveals why size does matter, at least in physics. need to remember why you teach? listen to this incredible story from one of our teacher coaches recalling her first year of teaching. meet some of the notable artists featured in the speaking of music rewind preview : brian eno, sarah hopkins, trimpin, pamela z, john cage, philip glass, and laurie anderson. ti staff educator and math enthusiast lori lambertson describes how to find her favorite number. astrophysicist and native hawaiian dr. paul coleman is used to operating in the worlds of both science and spiritual tradition. but in this short podcast, he tells a story of one time when those two worlds clashed, and he was reminded of the importance of remembering his native roots. when staff physicist paul doherty began to teach, he started by doing lots of demonstrations. but now, he explains, he has students get their hands on the science, which helps them to understand the calculations. geologist chistina riesselman explains how studying 3 - million - year - old sediment from antarctica is providing a glimpse of what our planet ' s climate might look like if atmospheric carbon dioxide continues to rise as projected.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5897964262426175, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.702318"} {"text": "devanagari ( \u0926\u0935\u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f ) is a script used to write many indian languages, including sanskrit, hindi, marathi, kashmiri, sindhi, as well as nepali. it is a close descendant of the brahmi script that has been traced back to 500 bc. the brahmi script, in turn, is derived from the eastern aramaic alphabet. deva is the sanskrit for \" god \", and nagari is \" a city \" ; together they mean, literally, \" city of the gods \" ( the humanbody ) ( when the compound is read as a shashtitatpurusha ). this refers to the legend that the script was one used in such a city. the philosophy behind it being that when one meditates on the specific sounds of the devanagari alphabet, the written forms appear spontaneously in the mind. the compound really functions as a bahuvrihi. an often - used transcription variant is \" devnagri \". devanagari is written from left to right. words are written together without spaces, so that the top bar is unbroken ( there are some exceptions to this rule ). the break of the top line primarily marks breath groups. devanagari knows no distinction of case, i. e. no majuscule and minuscule letters. the spelling of languages written in devanagari is partly phonetic in the sense that a word written in it can only be pronounced in one way, but not all possible pronunciations can be written perfectly. devanagari has 34 consonants ( vyanjan ), and 12 vowels ( svar ). a syllable ( akshar ) is formed by the combination of zero or one consonants and one vowel. the transliterations below follow the popular national library at calcutta romanization. when no vowel is written, ' a ' is assumed. to specifically denote the absence of a vowel, a halant ( also called virama ) is used. the letters above are pronounced as in english, with the exceptions of : among these, is not used in hindi. the entire set is used in marathi. devanagari digits are written as follows : the itrans notation is a lossless transliteration scheme of devanagari into english. the letters used to represent devanagari alphabets in this notation have approximately the same pronunciation in english. it is widely used on usenet. in itrans, the word devanagari is written as \" devana", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4749716096405575, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.704731"} {"text": "hysterectomy ( hist\u0259rek\u02c8t\u0259me ) [ key ], surgical removal of the uterus. a hysterectomy may involve removal of the uterus only or additional removal of the cervix ( base of the uterus ), fallopian tubes ( salpingectomy ), and ovaries ( oophorectomy ). it may be performed through a conventional abdominal incision or through the vagina. it is performed in cases of malignant tumors, endometriosis, prolapsed uterus, or fibroids that cause bleeding and pain. an emergency hysterectomy is sometimes necessary to end uterine hemorrhaging. removal does not physically interfere with sexual activity, but it does eliminate the uterine contractions of orgasm. it also eliminates the possibility of childbearing and precipitates menopause in premenopausal women. surgical removal of the ovaries eliminates their production of estrogen and progesterone along with these hormones ' s protective benefits to the heart, bones, and skin. some women ' s health advocates have questioned what they feel is the overuse of hysterectomy in the united states, where it is the second most common surgical procedure. some studies have judged that up to 25 % of hysterectomies performed in the united states are unnecessary and that more conservative treatments ( laparoscopic surgery, hormone therapy, or simple removal of fibroids ) would suffice in these cases. the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright \u00a9 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. more on hysterectomy from fact monster : see more encyclopedia articles on : medicine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4769204661607521, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.709072"} {"text": "new migratory plant pests are raising concerns about their potential impact on livelihoods, food security and global markets. empres has started to address other invasive plant pests, adopting the successful desert locust management model to mitigate these other transboundary threats. following a decision of fao governing bodies, the emergency prevention system for transboundary animal and plant pests and diseases ( empres ) was established in 1994 with the goal of enhancing world food security and fighting transboundary animal and plant pests and diseases, in particular desert locust and rinderpest. the plant health component of empres has focused primarily on the desert locust, strengthening the preventive desert locust management capacity of 18 locust - affected countries in africa and the near east to minimize the risk of desert locust plagues. the empres desert locust programme is reinforced by fao \u2019 s desert locust information service, which monitors locust and environmental conditions on a daily basis and provides forecasts, alerts and early warning to member countries. the core principles of the empres programme are : early warning, early detection, contingency planning, early reaction, promotion of environmentally sound control technologies and close collaboration and partnership with affected countries, national and international agricultural research centres and other international institutions. although the desert locust is the best known migratory pest - because of its fast movement, large swarms and potential for devastating crops - new and re - emerging migratory plant pests have raised concerns about their potential impact on livelihoods, food security and global markets. empres is starting to address other invasive plant pests, adopting the successful desert locust management model to mitigate these other transboundary threats. recent locust outbreaks in central asia, southeast asia, and central and southern africa involved other locust species such as migratory locust, moroccan locust, italian locust and the red locust. in the caucasus and central asian countries, outbreaks are compounded by other threats such as water shortage that affects the region \u2019 s ability to feed itself. some areas suffer from recurring locust infestations as a result of abandoned agricultural land favouring locust breeding. uncoordinated locust management among the affected countries can also worsen the problem. a particular problem is indiscriminate used of chemical pesticides using outdated control techniques, contributing to considerable ecological damage. in uzbekistan for example more than 1. 5 million ha were treated against the locusts in the past five years with chemical pesticides and in neighbouring kyrgyzstan,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47059733635438317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.717101"} {"text": "varieties, and on improved wheat rust management at the field level through farmers \u2019 training. other transboundary threats fao is currently helping countries respond to other transboundary plant pest and disease emergencies in a number of situations in africa. staple crops in east africa are threatened by serious banana and cassava diseases, spread by farming practices, movement of planting materials, and in some cases insect vectors. a banana bacterial banana wilt ( bbw or bxw ) has threatened production in uganda and neighbouring countries from 2002 onwards. real progress has been made in understanding the transmission and management of the disease, and farmer field schools have greatly contributed to the control of disease spread and the rehabilitation of banana plantations in many areas of the country. cassava mosaic and brown streak virus diseases threaten this key food security crop throughout the great lakes region of east africa. emergency programmes have attempted to multiply planting materials of disease - tolerant cassava varieties, but the combination of the diseases together is still proving problematic. empres geo - spatial analytical tools and approaches again make a major contribution, while the partnership with local agricultural research systems and large ngo partners ( such as catholic relief services and the great lakes cassava initiative ) is also key. in both the cases - of banana and cassava diseases - work is ongoing to learn lessons and improve early warning and risk assessment, develop monitoring and surveillance programmes at community level, and build rapid response capacity. the aim is to ensure that the production system for these staple crops is more resilient and able to respond to the next pest or disease threat. in the effort to address the challenges of large - scale emergencies emanating from transboundary pests and diseases more effectively and to provide better coordinated and more timely assistance to affected countries, fao created a new crisis management centre along the food chain ( cmc - fc ). empres plant pest and disease will have a primary role in emergency prevention, early warning and risk assessment, and in stimulating synergy with the other empres components.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4735099736531626, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.719146"} {"text": "a new study has found a way of storing the drought - tolerant legume, cowpeas, so as to prevent their destruction by weevils, in a low - cost solution that could benefit millions of farmers across africa. cowpea is not only drought - tolerant, but grows well in poor soils with a high sand content. however the harvested beans are vulnerable to cowpea weevils, callosobruchus maculatus, which can multiply rapidly. even a small infestation can destroy an entire stored crop in a few months. scientists have been studying how farmers store cowpeas and learnt that a long - standing method of killing cowpea weevils involved storing the harvest inside three layered and individually sealed plastic bags. it was assumed the pests died of suffocation. now researchers in africa and the us have published a study of the method saying that while lack of oxygen reduces the weevils ' feeding activity, what actually kills them is lack of water, and that the drier the harvest at the time of storage the harder it is for the weevils to survive and multiply. \" the weevils use oxygen to produce water and so are deprived of their main water source. but some of their water, maybe 15 \u2013 20 per cent, comes from the seed, \" said larry murdock, an entomologist at us - based purdue university and lead author of the study. millions of triple plastic bags have already been distributed across west and central africa through the purdue improved cowpea storage ( pics ) bags project that targets west, central and east africa. \" the simple recommendation is to store, in a pics bag or via other methods, your grain when it is drier, if you can, because you ' re reducing the supply of water and placing the weevils under even greater water stress, \" murdock said. the team are now investigating whether the dry, airtight environment inhibits other cowpea pests in the same way. scientists and researchers in kenya have welcomed the study at a time when kenyan farmers are struggling with post harvest losses in cowpeas. \u201c i strongly feel that average prices can increase 60 \u2013 100 percent between harvest and the next planting season. so any improvement in storage has the potential to increase revenue by that much, \" said mucheke mugene from the tegemeo institute of agriculture. written by bob koigi for african laughter newer news items : - farmers lead revolution in water harvesting - 31 / 08", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.444774887050104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.721893"} {"text": "history of the baptist denomination in america, and other parts of the world by david benedict london : printed by lincoln & edmands, no. 53, cornhill, for the author [ table of contents for \" a generation history of the baptists \" by david benedict ] baptists in america general history of all the separate baptists in virginia, north - carolina, south - carolina, and georgia, from the time of their settlement at sandy - creek, north - carolina, 1755, to the division of their extensive connexion, in 1770. the appellation of separates first began to be given to a set of pedobaptist reformers, whose evangelical zeal was produced by the instrumentality of the famous george whitefield, and other eminent itinerant preachers of that day, and who began their extraordinary career about the year 1740. soon after these reformers, who were at first called new - lights, and afterwards separates, were organized into distinct societies, they were joined by shubael stearns, a native of boston, ( mass. ) who, becoming a preacher, labored among them until 1751, when he embraced the sentiments of the baptists, as many others of the pedobaptist separates did about this time, and soon after was baptized by rev. wait palmer. mr. stearns was ordained the same year in tolland, ( conn. ) the town in which he was baptized, by the said wait palmer and joshua morse, the former being pastor of the church in stonington, and the latter of new - london, in connecticut. mr. stearns and most of the separates had strong faith in the immediate teachings of the spirit. they believed, that to those who sought him earnestly, god often gave evident tokens of his will. that such indications of the divine pleasure, partaking of the nature of inspiration, were above, though not contrary to reason, and that following these, still leaning in every step upon the same wisdom and power by which they were first actuated, they would inevitably be led to the accomplishment of the two great objects of a christians life, the glory of god and the salvation of men. mr. stearns, listening to some of these instructions of heaven, as he esteemed them, conceived himself called upon by the almighty to move far to the westward, to execute a great and extensive work. incited by his impressions, in the year 1776 he and a few of his members ; took their leave of new england", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4205481027202683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.756428"} {"text": "esteemed them, conceived himself called upon by the almighty to move far to the westward, to execute a great and extensive work. incited by his impressions, in the year 1776 he and a few of his members ; took their leave of new england. he halted first at opeckon, in berkley county, virginia, where he found a baptist church under the care of the rev. john garrard, who received him kindly. here also he met his brother - in - law, the rev. daniel marshall, who was also a separate, and of whom much will be said in the history of the southern baptists, just returned from his mission among the indians, and who, after his arrival at this place, had become a baptist. they joined companies, and settled for a while on cacapou, in hampshire county, about 30 miles from winchester. here, stearns not meeting with his expected success, felt restless. some of his friends had moved to north - carolina ; he received letters from these, informing him, that preaching was greatly desired by the people of that country ; that in some instances they had rode 40 miles to hear one sermon. he and his party once more got under way, and, traveling about 200 miles, came to sandy - creek, in guilford county, north - carolina. here he took up his permanent residence. the number of families in stearnss company were 8, and the number of communicants 16, viz. shubael stearns and wife, peter stearns and wife, ebenezer stearns and wife, shubael stearns, jun. and wife, daniel marshall and wife, joseph breed and wife, enos stimson and wife, jonathan polk and wife. as soon as they arrived, they built them a little meeting - house, and these 16 persons formed themselves into a church, and chose shubael stearns for their pastor, who had, for his assistants at that time, daniel marshall and joseph breed, neither of whom were ordained. the inhabitants about this little colony of baptists, although brought up in the christian religion, were grossly ignorant of its essential principles. having the form of godliness, they knew nothing of its power. stearns and his party, of course, brought strange things to their ears. to be born again, appeared to them as absurd as it did to the jewish doctor, when he asked, if he must enter the second time into his mothers womb and be born. having always supposed that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4167015064187466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.757360"} {"text": "course, brought strange things to their ears. to be born again, appeared to them as absurd as it did to the jewish doctor, when he asked, if he must enter the second time into his mothers womb and be born. having always supposed that religion consisted in nothing more than the practice of its outward duties, they could not comprehend how it should be necessary to feel conviction and conversion ; and to be able to ascertain the time and place of ones conversion, was, in their estimation, wonderful indeed. these points were all strenuously contended for by the new preachers. but their manner of preaching was, if possible, much more novel than their doctrines. the separates in new - england had acquired a very warm and pathetic address, accompanied by strong gestures and a singular tone of voice. being often deeply affected themselves when preaching, correspondent affections were felt by their pious hearers, which were frequently expressed by tears, trembling, screams, and acclamations of grief and joy. all these they brought with them into their new habitation, at which the people were greatly astonished, having never seen things on this wise before. many mocked, but the power of god attending them, many also trembled. in process of time, some of the inhabitants became converts, and bowed obedience to the redeemers scepter. these uniting their labors with the others, a powerful and extensive work commenced, and sandy - creek church soon swelled from 16 to 606 members. daniel marshall, though not possessed of great talents, was indefatigable in his labors. he sallied out into the adjacent neighbourhoods, and planted the redeemer standard in many of the strong holds of satan. at abbots - creek, about thirty miles from sandy - creek, the gospel prospered so largely, that they petitioned the mother church for a constitution, and for the ordination of mr. marshall as their pastor. the church was constituted ; mr. marshall accepted the call, and went to live among them. his ordination, however, was a matter of some difficulty. it required, upon their principles, a plurality of elders to constitute a presbytery. mr. stearns was the only ordained minister among them. in this dilemma, they were informed, that there were some regular baptist preachers living on pedee river, ( s. c. ) to one of these [ this minister was, probably, rev. nicholas bedgegood, at that time pastor of the church at welsh tract ], mr. ste", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45643917627914693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.758594"} {"text": "some regular baptist preachers living on pedee river, ( s. c. ) to one of these [ this minister was, probably, rev. nicholas bedgegood, at that time pastor of the church at welsh tract ], mr. stearns applied, and requested him to assist him in the ordination of mr. marshall. this request he sternly refused, declaring that he held no fellowship with stearnss party ; that he believed them to be a disorderly set ; suffering women to pray in public, and permitting every ignorant man to preach that chose ; and that they encouraged noise and confusion in their meetings. application was then made to mr. leadbetter, who was then pastor of the church on lynchs creek, craven county, south - carolina, and who was a brother - in - law of mr. marshall. he and mr. stearns ordained mr. marshall to the care of this new church. the work of grace continued to spread, and several preachers were raised in north - carolina. among others was james read, who was afterwards very successful in virginia. when he first began to preach he was very illiterate, not knowing how to read or write. his wife became his instructor, and he soon acquired learning sufficient to enable him to read the scriptures. the gospel was carried by mr. marshall into the parts of virginia, adjacent to the residence of this religious colony, soon after their settlement. he baptized several persons in some of his first visits. among them was dutton lane, who, shortly after his baptism, began to preach. a revival succeeded, and mr. marshall at one time baptized 42 persons. in august, 1760, a church was constituted, and mr. lane became their pastor. this was the first separate baptist church in virginia, and in some sense the mother of all the rest. the church prospered much under the ministry of mr. lane, aided by the occasional visits of mr. marshall and mr. stearns. they endured much persecution, but god prospered them, and delivered them out of the hands of all their enemies. soon after mr. lanes conversion, the power of god was effectual in the conversion of samuel harris, a man of great distinction in those parts. but upon being honored of god, he laid aside all worldly honors, and became a laborer in the lords vineyard. in 1759, he was ordained a ruling elder. from the commencement of his ministry, for about seven years, his labors were devoted. chiefly to his own and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4290894551978261, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.759516"} {"text": "laid aside all worldly honors, and became a laborer in the lords vineyard. in 1759, he was ordained a ruling elder. from the commencement of his ministry, for about seven years, his labors were devoted. chiefly to his own and the adjacent counties. being often with mr. marshall in his ministerial journies, he caught the zeal, diligence, and indeed the manners of this zealous evangelist. his labors were crowned with the blessing of heaven wherever he went. stearns, though not as laborious as marshall, was not idle. he seems to have possessed the talent of arranging the materials when collected, and well understood discipline and church government. marshalls impressions led him to travel farther south. accordingly, after prosecuting his successful ministry a few years in north - carolina, and the neighboring parts of virginia, he took an affectionate leave of the church over which he presided, and of his friends in that region, and settled on beaver - creek, in south - carolina, not far from 200 miles to the north - west of charleston. marshall, after tarrying a few years at different places in south - carolina, and having been the instrument of raising up a number of churches, and laying the foundation for many others, in 1771 removed to georgia, and settled on the hioka creek, about 18 miles to the west of augusta, where a church was soon gathered by his means, as some of his brethren had removed into that place before him. mr. marshall was accompanied by a few of the north - carolina separates, on his removal from them, and was soon followed by others, among whom were some ministers, particularly joseph breed and philip mulky, the last of whom was, for many years, a very famous and successful preacher in south - carolina ; and by the labors of those preachers and some others, who were soon raised up in the parts, seven churches were gathered by the year 1770, some of which were very large, and consisted of a number of branches, which were shortly after formed into distinct churches. while marshall was sojourning southward, and planting churches in the various places where he pitched his frequent habitations, harris bent his course to the northward, amongst his rude and insolent countrymen the virginians ; and while his brethren were thus engaged to the north and south of him, stearns maintained his station at sandy - creek, where his labors were greatly blessed ; he however often traveled a considerable distance in the country around,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41400209180769937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.760744"} {"text": "said to the contrary. \" the church at little - river was no less remarkable than the one already mentioned ; for this was constituted in 1760, five years after the sandy - creek, and in three years it increased from 5 to 500, and built five meeting - houses ; but this church was also reduced by the provincial troubles and consequent dispersion of the inhabitants, mentioned above. \" but to return. sandy - creek church is the mother of all the separate baptists. from this zion went forth the word, and great was the company of them who published it. this church, in seventeen years, has spread her branches westward as far as the great river mississippi ; southward as far as georgia, eastward to the sea and chesapeak bay ; and northward to the waters of potomack ; it, in seventeen years, is become mother, grandmother, and great - grandmother, to 42 churches, from which sprang 126 ministers, many of which are ordained, and support the sacred character as well as any set of clergy in america ; and if some have turned out bad, where is there a set of clergy that can throw the first stone, and say, we all are good? as for the outcries, epilepsies, and ecstasies attending their ministry, they are not peculiar to them ; the new - england presbyterians had these long before ; and in virginia, it is well known that the same effects attend the ministry of some clergymen of the church of england, particularly rev. messrs. derreaux garret, and archibald mroberts. the enchantment of sounds, attended with corresponding actions, have produced greater effects than these ; though i believe a preternatural and invisible hand works in the assemblies of the separate baptists, bearing down the human mind, as was the case in primitive churches. 1 corinthians 14 : 25. \" but virginia, in about ten years after their settlement, became, to the separates, their principal scene of action, of suffering, and success. their movements here, we shall now proceed to state ; being prepared, from semples history, to give a more extensive and circumstantial account of them, in this, than in the other states. [ samuel ] harris seemed destined of god to labor more extensively in virginia than in any other state. and having done much good in his own nelghborhood, in the year 1765, the time arrived for him to extend his labors. in january of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4624477563205288, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.762740"} {"text": "harris seemed destined of god to labor more extensively in virginia than in any other state. and having done much good in his own nelghborhood, in the year 1765, the time arrived for him to extend his labors. in january of this year, allen wyley, an inhabitant of culpepper, and who had been baptized by david thomas, hearing of the separate baptist preachers, traveled as far as pittsylvania, in order to get one or more of them to come and preach in his own county. he traveled on, scarcely knowing whither he went but an unseen hand directed his course. he providentially fell in with one of mr. harriss meetings. when he came into the meeting - house, mr. h. fixed his eyes upon him, being impressed previously that he had some extraordinary message. he asked him whence he came, etc. mr. w. told him his errand. upon which, after some deliberation, believing him to be sent of god, mr. h. agreed to go. taking three days to prepare, he set out with wyley, having no meetings on the way, yet exhorting and praying at every house where he went. arriving in culpepper, his first meeting was at wyleys own house. he preached the first day without interruption, and made appointments for the next. but when he began his meeting, such violent opposition was made by a company, who appeared with whips, sticks, clubs, and other rustick weapons, as to hinder his labors ; in consequence of which, he went, that night, over to orange county, and preached with much effect. he continued many days preaching from place to place, attended by great crowds, and followed throughout his meetings by several persons who had been either lately converted, or seriously awakened, under the ministry of the regular baptists, and also by many who had been alarmed by his own labors. when mr. harris left them, he exhorted them to be steadfast and advised some in whom he discovered talents, to commence the exercise of their gifts, and to hold meetings among themselves. in this ministerial journey, mr. harris sowed much good seed, which yielded afterwards great increase. the young converts took his advice, and began to hold meetings every sabbath, and almost every night in the week, taking a tobacco - house for their meeting - house. after proceeding in this way for some time, they applied to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4253622680418889, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.763645"} {"text": "afterwards great increase. the young converts took his advice, and began to hold meetings every sabbath, and almost every night in the week, taking a tobacco - house for their meeting - house. after proceeding in this way for some time, they applied to mr. david thomas, who lived somewhere north of the rappahannock, to come and preach for them, and teach them the ways of god more perfectly ; he came, but in his preaching expressed some disapprobation of the preaching of such weak and illiterate persons. this was like throwing cold water upon their flaming zeal ; they took umbrage, and resolved to send once more for mr. harris. some time in the year 1766, and a short time after mr. thomass preaching, three of the party, viz. elijah craig and two others, traveled to mr. harriss house in order to procure his services in orange and the adjacent parts, to preach and baptize the new converts. they found, to their surprise, that he had not been ordained to the administration of the ordinances. to remedy this inconvenience, he carried them about 60 miles into north - carolina to get james read, who was ordained. there is something singular in the exercise of mr. read about this time. he was impressed with an opinion that he had frequent teachings from god ; and indeed, from the account given by himself, we must either doubt his veracity, or admit that his impressions were supernatural. he declares that respecting his preaching in virginia, for many weeks, he had no rest in his spirit. asleep or awake, he felt his soul earnestly impressed with strong desires to go to virginia, to preach the gospel. in his dreams he thought that god would often shew him large congregations of virginians assembled to hear preaching. he was sometimes heard by his family to cry out in his sleep, \" o virginia! virginia! virginia! \" mr. graves, a member of his church, a good man, discovering his anxiety, and believing his impressions to be from god, offered to accompany him. just as they were preparing to set out, mr. harris and the three messengers mentioned above, came for him to go with them. the circumstances so much resemble peters call from joppa to caesarea, that we can hardly for a moment hesitate in placing implicit confidence in its being a contrivance of divine wisdom. mr. read agreed to go, without much hesitation. one of the messengers from spottsylvania went on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.416905296899995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.764863"} {"text": "to caesarea, that we can hardly for a moment hesitate in placing implicit confidence in its being a contrivance of divine wisdom. mr. read agreed to go, without much hesitation. one of the messengers from spottsylvania went on to appoint meetings on the way. the two preachers, after filling up some appointments in their own parts, pursued their contemplated journey, accompanied by mr. graves and the other two. in about two weeks they arrived in orange, within the bounds of blue - run church, as it now stands. when they came in sight, and saw a very large congregation, they were greatly affected. after a few minutes of prayer and reflection, they recovered their courage, and entered upon their great work. they preached with much effect on that day. the next day they preached at elijah craigs, where a vast crowd attended. david thomas and john garrard, both preachers of the regular order, were at this meeting. the ministers on both sides seemed desirous to unite, but the people were against it ; the larger part siding with the separates. as they could not unite, the next day being sabbath, both parties held meetings but a small distance from each other. baptism was administered by both. these things widened the breach. messrs. read and harris, however, continued their ministrations. mr. read baptized 19 the first day, and more on the days following. they went through spottsylvania into the upper parts of caroline, hanover, and goochland, sowing the seeds of grace and peace in many places. so much were they inspirited by these meetings, that they made appointments to come again the next year. in their second visit, they were accompanied by the rev. dutton lane, who assisted them in constituting and organizing the first separate baptist church between the rappahannock and james - river. this took place on the 20th of november, 1767. the church was called upper spottsylvania, and consisted of 25 members, including all the separate baptists north of james - river. this was a mother to many other churches. read and harris continued to visit these parts for about three years, with wonderful effect. in one of their visits, they baptized 75 at one time, and in the course of one of their journies, which generally lasted several weeks, they baptized upwards of 200. it was not uncommon, at their great meetings, for many hundreds of men to encamp on the ground, in order to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45666486033949283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.765892"} {"text": ", and in the course of one of their journies, which generally lasted several weeks, they baptized upwards of 200. it was not uncommon, at their great meetings, for many hundreds of men to encamp on the ground, in order to be present the next day. the night meetings, through the great work of god, continued very late ; the ministers would scarcely have an opportunity to sleep. sometimes the floor would be covered with persons struck down under the conviction of sin. it frequently happened, that when they would retire to rest at a late hour, they would be under the necessity of arising again, through the earnest cries of the penitent. there were instances of persons traveling more than one hundred miles to one of these meetings ; to go forty or fifty was not uncommon. on account of the great increase of members, through the labors of messrs. read and harris, aided by a number of young preachers, it was found necessary to constitute several other churches. read and harris, particularly the latter, were men of great zeal and indefatigable diligence and perseverance in their masters cause. their spirit was caught by many of the young prophets in orange and spottsylvania. lewis and elijah craig, john waller, james childs, john burrus, and others, animated by an ardent desire for the advancement of their masters kingdom, sallied forth in every direction, spreading the tidings of peace and salvation wherever they went. most of them illiterate, yet illumined by the wisdom from above, they would defend and maintain the cause of truth, against the arguments of the most profound. without visible sword or buckler, they moved on steady to their purpose, undismayed by the terrifick hosts of satan, which were backed by the strong arm of civil authority. magistrates and mobs, priests and sheriffs, courts and prisons, all vainly combined to divert them from their object. their labors were not limited to their own counties. in goochland, messrs. harris and read had baptized several ; among whom was reuben ford, who had professed vital faith about seven years before, under the ministry of the renowned whitefield and davis. mr. ford was baptized in the year 1769, by james read. these plants were watered by the labors of the spottsylvania preachers, particularly j. waller, who, early in his visits to goochland, baptized william webber and joseph anthony, who,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4352947052624194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.766799"} {"text": "year 1769, by james read. these plants were watered by the labors of the spottsylvania preachers, particularly j. waller, who, early in his visits to goochland, baptized william webber and joseph anthony, who, with reuben ford, had been exhorting, etc. previous to their being baptized. by the united labors of these several servants of god, the work of godliness progressed in goochland and round about. these young preachers were no sooner captivated by the king of zion, than they immediately began to fight under his banner. their success was equal to their diligence ; many believed, and were baptized in goochland ; insomuch that they thought themselves ripe for an independent government, and were accordingly constituted as a church, towards the last of the year 1771, which received the name of the county in which it was situated, and contained about 76 members. this was the mother church of those parts, for from it have been since constituted several others, particularly dover and licking - hole. william webber became pastor of dover church, which office he held until his death in 1808. reuben ford administered the word and ordinances to goochland and licking - hole. one william mullin, afterwards an useful preacher, had moved from middlesex and settled in the county of amelia. when the gospel reached his neighborhood, mr. mullin cordially embraced it. going afterwards, in 1769, on a visit to his relations in middlesex and essex, by arguments drawn from the scripture, he convinced his brother john, and his brother - inlaw james greenwood, with several others, of the necessity of being born again. of these, some found peace in believing, before they ever heard the gospel publickly preached. november, 1770, john waller and john burrus came down and preached in middlesex they continued preaching at and near the same place for three days ; great crowds came out. waller baptized five ; but persecution began to rage. some said they were deceivers ; others that they were good men. on the second day, a magistrate attempted to pull waller off the stage, but the clergyman of the parish prevented it. the next day a man threw a stone at waller while he was preaching ; but the stone missed him, and struck a friend of the man who threw it. james greenwood and others now began to hold publick meetings by day and by night ; much good was done by them. many believed, and only waited an opportunity to be baptized, there being", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4336032781711542, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.768612"} {"text": ", and struck a friend of the man who threw it. james greenwood and others now began to hold publick meetings by day and by night ; much good was done by them. many believed, and only waited an opportunity to be baptized, there being no ordained preacher nearer than spottsylvania. in the mean time, the laborers had not been idle in that part of the vineyard south of james - river. the two murphies, viz. william and joseph, aided by the indefatigable samuel harris, had carried the gospel into some of the counties above pittsylvania, where robert stockton and some other preachers were raised up. mr. harris, james read, jeremiah walker, and others, had proclaimed the tidings of peace in halifax, charlotte, lunenburg, mecklenburg, amelia, and almost all the counties to the west of richmond, on the south side of james - river. in these gatherings, there were many useful and several eminent ministers of the gospel brought in, particularly john williams, john king, james shelburne, henry lester, with some others. the gospel was first carried to these places much in the same way as it was into culpepper and spottsylvania, viz. in consequence of a special message to the preachers from some of the inhabitants. they constituted the first church in 1769, with about forty members, which was called nottoway. jeremiah walker soon moved and took the pastoral care of it : he had been preaching some time before this, in north - carolina, his native state ; but now moving to virginia, he for several years acted a conspicuous part in the concerns of the virginia baptists. in the year 1758, three years after stearns and his company settled at sandy - creek, a few churches having been constituted, and these having a number of branches which were fast maturing for churches, stearns conceived that an association composed of delegates from them all, would have a tendency to forward the great object of their exertions. for this purpose he visited each church and congregation, and explaining to them his contemplated plan, induced them all to send delegates to his meeting - house in january, 1758, when an association was formed, which was called sandy - creek, and which continues to the present time ; but it has experienced many vicissitudes of prosperity and adversity ; and at one time, on account of exercising too much power over the churches, it became much embarrassed in its movements, and very near", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4148822963437938, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.769821"} {"text": "which continues to the present time ; but it has experienced many vicissitudes of prosperity and adversity ; and at one time, on account of exercising too much power over the churches, it became much embarrassed in its movements, and very near to extinction. for twelve years, all the separate baptists in virginia and the two carolinas, continued in connection with this association, which was generally held at no great distance from the place where it originated. all who could, traveled from its remote extremities, to attend its yearly sessions, which were conducted with great harmony, and afforded sufficient edification to induce them to undertake with cheerfulness these long and laborious journies. by the means of these meetings, the gospel was carried into many new places, where the fame of the baptists had previously spread ; for great crowds attending from distant parts, mostly through curiosity, many became enamoured with these extraordinary people, and petitioned the association to send preachers into their neighborhoods. these petitions were readily granted, and the preachers as readily complied with the appointments. these people were so much engaged in their evangelical pursuits, that they had no time to spend in theological debates, nor were they very scrupulous about the mode of conducting their meetings. when assembled, their chief employment was preaching, exhortation, singing, and conversing about their various exertions in the redeemers service, the success which had attended them, and the new and prosperous scenes which were opening before them. these things so inflamed the hearts of the ministers, that they would leave the association with a zeal and courage, which no common obstacles could impede. \" at our first association, ( says the ms. of james read, who was present ) we continued together three or four days. great crowds of people attended, mostly through curiosity, the great power of god was among us. the preaching every day, seemed to be attended with gods blessing. we carried on our association with sweet decorum and fellowship to the end. then we took leave of one another, with many solemn charges from our reverend old father shubael stearns, to stand fast unto the end. \" at their next association they were visited by rev. john gano, who at that time resided in north - carolina, at a place called the jersey settlements. mr. gano was received by stearns with great affection ; but as there was at that time an unhappy shyness and jealousy between the regulars and separates, by the others", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4665614367577478, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.770879"} {"text": "time resided in north - carolina, at a place called the jersey settlements. mr. gano was received by stearns with great affection ; but as there was at that time an unhappy shyness and jealousy between the regulars and separates, by the others he was treated with coldness and suspicion ; and they even refused to invite him into their association. but mr. gano had too much knowledge of mankind, humility and good nature, to be offended at this treatment. he continued a while as a spectator of their proceedings, and then retired with a view of returning home. stearns was much hurt and mortified with the shyness and incivility of his brethren, and, in the absence of mr. gano, expostulated with them on the matter, and made a proposition to invite him to preach with them. all were forward to invite him to preach, although they could not invite him to a seat in their assembly. with their invitation he cheerfully complied, and his preaching, though not with the new - light tones and gestures, was in demonstration of the spirit and with power. he continued with them to the close of their session, and preached frequently, much to their astonishment, as well as edification. their hearts were soon opened towards him, and their cold indifference and languid charity were, before he left them, enlarged into a warm attachment and cordial affection. and so superior did his preaching talents appear to them, that the young and illiterate preachers said they felt as if they could never attempt to preach again. this association continued to progress with great harmony and prosperity, without any special occurrence, until 1769, when the ketockton association of regular baptists, desirous of effecting an union with them, ( which had before been unsuccessfully attempted ) by compromising those little matters of difference, which had unhappily prevented their communion with each other, sent, as messengers for the purpose, the rev. messrs. garret, major, and saunders, with a letter of which the following is an extract : \" beloved in our lord jesus christ, the bearers of this letter can acquaint you with the design of writing it. their errand is peace, and their business is a reconciliation between us, if there is any difference subsisting. if we are all christians, all baptists, all new - lights, why are we divided? must the little appellative names, regular and separate, break the golden band of charity, and set the sons and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48786825171455844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.771955"} {"text": "any difference subsisting. if we are all christians, all baptists, all new - lights, why are we divided? must the little appellative names, regular and separate, break the golden band of charity, and set the sons and daughters of zion at variance? \" behold how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity, \" but how bad and how bitter it is for them to live asunder in discord! to indulge ourselves in prejudice, is soon a disorder ; and to quarrel about nothing, is irregularity with a witness. o, our dear brethren, endeavor to prevent this calamity for the future. \" this excellent letter was presented to the association, and after a lengthy debate, the proposal for an union was rejected by a small majority. their answer to the regulars was, \" excuse us in love, for we are acquainted with our own order, but not so well with yours ; and if there is a difference, we might ignorantly jump into that which will make us rue it, etc. \" at the meeting of this body, in 1770, their harmony was interrupted and their assembly assumed a new and unpleasant appearance, and the division of the association, which convenience would have dictated, was now effected from painful necessity. it had been usual with them to do nothing in associations, but by unanimity. if in any measure proposed, there was a single dissentient, they labored first by arguments to come to unanimous agreement ; when arguments failed, they resorted to frequent prayer, in which all joined. when both these failed, they sometimes appointed the next day for fasting and prayer, and to strive to bring all to be of one mind. at this session they split in their first business ; nothing could be done on the first day. they appointed the next for fasting and prayer. they met and labored the whole day, and could do nothing, not even appoint a moderator. the third day was appointed for the same purpose, and to be observed in the same way. they met early, and continued together until three oclock in the afternoon, without having accomplished any thing. a proposal was then made, that the association should be divided into three districts, that is, one in each state. to this there was an unanimous consent at once. \" the cause of this division, ( says mr. edwards ) was partly convenience, but it was chiefly owing to a mistake which this association fell into, relative to their power and jurisdiction. they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.511515592469778, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.772990"} {"text": ". to this there was an unanimous consent at once. \" the cause of this division, ( says mr. edwards ) was partly convenience, but it was chiefly owing to a mistake which this association fell into, relative to their power and jurisdiction. they had carried matters so high as to leave hardly any power in particular churches, unfellow - shipping ordinations, ministers, and churches that acted independent of them ; and pleading, that though complete power be in every church, yet every church can transfer it to an association ; which is as much as to say, that a man may take out his eyes, ears, etc. and give them to another, to see, hear, etc. for him ; for if power be fixed by christ in a particular church, they cannot transfer it ; nay, should they formally give it away, yet is it not gone away. \" the good old mr. stearns, who was not wholly divested of those maxims which he had imbibed from the traditions of his fathers, is said to have been the principal promoter of this improper stretch of associational power, which, however, was soon abandoned by those, who, for a time, tampered with it, to their embarrassment and injury. how many communicants were comprehended in this association, at the time of its division, i have not been able to ascertain ; but they must have been considerably numerous. the division was made in the following manner. the churches in south - carolina formed an association by the name of congaree ; those in north - carolina were still known by the name of sandy - creek ; while those in virginia formed an association which was at first called rapid - ann, but was more commonly distinguished by the name of the general association of separate baptists. we are now prepared to treat wholly of the separates in virginia, as the history of those in the other states will be related under their respective heads. the association which originated in the manner above described, embraced all the separate baptists in virginia, except a very few churches, which were dismissed from it in 1776, to form the strawberry association, for the space of twelve years, viz. until the year 1783, when it was by mutual consent divided. from this association, as from a fruitful mother, have originated most of the present associations in virginia. and although there was one temporary division by mutual consent, and another occasioned by the discussion of an important subject,. which will soon be mentioned ; yet, generally speaking,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4735528514707652, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.774042"} {"text": "a fruitful mother, have originated most of the present associations in virginia. and although there was one temporary division by mutual consent, and another occasioned by the discussion of an important subject,. which will soon be mentioned ; yet, generally speaking, it continued a united, prosperous, and even powerful body, through all the calamitous scenes of the revolutionary, war ; and to them, the more afflictive scenes of persecution, which for a number of years were carried to a high degree in virginia, to which the separates, more than the regulars, were exposed. a brief account of the proceedings of the general association during the twelve years of its existing as such, will now be given. it has already been observed, that the division of the sandy - creek association took place in the year 1770, and the next year, the one under consideration was organized ; at which time it contained 14 churches, and 1335 members. these 14 churches were scattered in almost as many counties, and many of them were pretty high up in the state, both as it respected the sea - coast, and its southern boundary ; the most of them, however, were situated on the south of james - river. at the organization of this association, they adopted a set of rules for the regulation of their body, which consisted of nine articles, and the first and most important of them, which restricted the association within proper bounds, was as follows : \" it is unanimously agreed that this association has no power or authority to impose any thing upon the churches, but that we act as an advisory council. \" in 1773, the association had increased to 34 churches, which contained 3195 members. we are now about to relate an affair which took place in this body, which will probably produce mixed emotions in the mind of the reader. the following query, viz. \" are all the offices of apostles, prophets, evangelists, pastors, and teachers, mentioned in ephesians, 4th chapter, and 11th verse, now in use? \" had been introduced at a previous session of the association, when, after spending two days in debating upon it, they agreed to defer their decision on the subject, until their next session. during the recess of the association, as well as when it was assembled, this novel subject was discussed by many, with no little warmth and interest. it appears to have been first agitated by jeremiah walker, who labored hard, both in publick and private, to defend and propagate his sentiments. he even wrote", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45823657068315654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.775066"} {"text": "this novel subject was discussed by many, with no little warmth and interest. it appears to have been first agitated by jeremiah walker, who labored hard, both in publick and private, to defend and propagate his sentiments. he even wrote a piece upon the subject, entitled, free thoughts, etc. in which he ingeniously maintained that apostles, together with all the other offices enumerated in ephesians, etc. were still to be maintained in the church. reuben ford took an active part against walker, and wrote a pamphlet in opposition to his scheme. both of these men were followed by large and respectable parties, and both of their pamphlets were read before the association in 1774, when the query was again introduced, and the debates upon it resumed. but the majority favoring walkers speculations, an almost unanimous vote was obtained to carry them into practical operation. having thus resolved, they, in the first place, proceeded to choose one from among them, to officiate in the dignified character of an apostle. walker had been suspected of vain and ambitious views in pleading so hard for the establishment of this office ; but whatever were his desires and expectations, the venerable samuel harris, who was now about 50 years of age, was, by the unanimous voice of the association, elected an apostle. he accepted the appointment, and was immediately ordained to the apostolic function. his ordination, as appears by their minutes, was conducted in the following manner : \" the day being set apart as a fast day, we immediately proceeded to ordain him, and the hands of every ordained minister were laid upon him. [ it would seem by the above account, that those who had opposed the establishment of apostles, had retired from the association, before the offensive measure was adopted. ] publick prayer was made by john waller, elijah craig, and john williams. john waller gave a publick charge, and the whole association gave him the right hand of fellowship. \" the work assigned to this apostle, was to pervade the churches, for the purpose of performing, or at least of superintending the work of ordination, and to set in order the things that were wanting ; and he was ordered to report the success of his mission, at the next association. and for the discipline of this high officer, the following law was enacted, viz. \" if our messenger, or apostle, shall transgress in any manner, he shall be liable to dealing in any church where the transgression was committed ; and the said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4658313772812903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.776147"} {"text": "discipline of this high officer, the following law was enacted, viz. \" if our messenger, or apostle, shall transgress in any manner, he shall be liable to dealing in any church where the transgression was committed ; and the said church is instructed to call helps from two or three neighboring churches ; and if by them found a transgressor, a general conference of the churches shall be called, to restore, or excommunicate him. \" at this time there was a temporary division of this extensive association, and james - river was the dividing line. the scene which we have been describing, was acted on that part which lay south of this river ; but the northern section, in imitation of their southern brethren, not long after, in the same year, appointed for their apostles, john waller and elijah craig. thus virginia, whose ecclesiastical affairs were formerly governed by bishops, now beheld within her bounds, three baptist apostles! but these apostles made their first reports in rather discouraging terms, and no others were ever appointed. they finally concluded, that the office of apostles, like that of prophets, was peculiar to the apostolick age, and ceased with the cessation of that inspiration and those miraculous gifts, by which these characters were peculiarly distinguished. the reflecting reader will doubtless feel emotions of disgust and disapprobation, at these irregular sallies of zeal ; he will also, probably, be provoked at the same time to smile at the weakness of those who promoted them ; and the risibility of the affair may, in some measure, abate the severity of his censures. in 1775, the two divisions of the association, which had, for a short time, acted in separate capacities, now reunited, when it was found, that the whole number of churches amounted to 60 ; 31 on the north, and 29 on the south side of james - river. at this session the association was most painfully agitated by the discussion of the following very serious and important question, viz. \" is salvation by christ made possible for every individual of the human race? \" this query was debated with much interest, and also with much ability ; for notwithstanding the proceedings of the last meeting, by which their wisdom was so much impeached, there were, at this time, a number of preachers amongst the virginia baptists, who were men of considerable reading and theological knowledge, and they, in this interesting debate, exerted all their polemical powers. those, who supported the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4755772155636264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.777202"} {"text": "there were, at this time, a number of preachers amongst the virginia baptists, who were men of considerable reading and theological knowledge, and they, in this interesting debate, exerted all their polemical powers. those, who supported the affirmative of this question, were called arminians, while those who maintained the opposite opinion were denominated calvinists. but taking the spirit of the question, these appellations were not descriptive of the characters to whom they were applied ; for many decided calvinists hold, that the atonement of christ is general in its nature, though particular in its application ; and had these people been acquainted with the distinction made by dr. fuller and other modern divines, it might have relieved their embarrassments, and prevented their discord. but to avoid circumlocution, i shall, in relating the progress of this debate, make use of the term arminian and calvinist, as they were then applied, and as they are used in semples history. this important query occupied the first attention of the association. one whole day was spent in debating it, and most of the preachers spake more or less upon it. the weight of talents and influence seems to have been on the arminian side. samuel harris, jeremiah walker, john waller, and many other distinguished preachers, stood forward, and zealously as well as ably supported the argument in favor of universal provision. talents and ingenuity were not wanting on the other side. william murphy, john williams, and elijah craig stood foremost in favor of a calvinistick solution. the preponderating weight was at last cast into the calvinistick scale, and they, after a long and animated debate, finally obtained a small majority. this decision was on monday afternoon, immediately before an adjournment. that evening the arminian party holding a consultation, determined to bring on the subject again the next day, and to have a determination, whether their opinions upon this point should be a matter of bar to fellowship and communion. on tuesday, when they met, the business became very distressing. the arminian party having the moderator with them, withdrew out of doors. the other side also withdrew, and chose john williams as moderator. every thing was then done by message, sometimes in writing, and sometimes verbally. after some time was spent in this way, the following proposal was made by the arminian party : \" dear brethren, a steady union with you makes us willing to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4875531782814595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.778202"} {"text": "every thing was then done by message, sometimes in writing, and sometimes verbally. after some time was spent in this way, the following proposal was made by the arminian party : \" dear brethren, a steady union with you makes us willing to be more explicit, in answer to your terms of reconciliation proposed. we do not deny the former part of your proposal, respecting particular election of grace, still retaining our liberty with regard to construction. and as to the latter part, respecting merit in the creature, we are free to profess there is none. signed by order, samuel harris, moderator. \" to which the other replied as follows. \" dear brethren, inasmuch as a continuation of your christian fellowship seems nearly as dear to us as our lives, and seeing our difficulties concerning your principles, with respect to merit in the creature, particular election, and final perseverance of the saints, are in a hopeful measure removing, we do willingly retain you in fellowship, not raising the least bar. but do heartily wish and pray, that god, in his providence, in his own time, will bring it about, when israel shall all be of one mind, speaking the same things. signed by order, john williams, moderator. \" these terms being acceded to on both sides, they again met in the meeting - house, and resumed their business. their union was as happy, as their discord had been distressing. this great association, which the next year had increased to 74, churches, continued to meet together for the space of eight years from this period. but the revolutionary war coming on, the embarrassments and anxieties which it occasioned, in a great measure checked their progress and prosperity ; their meetings generally were but thinly attended, and their principal transactions appear to have consisted in making exertions to free themselves from the civil grievances and oppressions, under which they, as a denomination, labored.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5103215562954655, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.779059"} {"text": "how did we get so afraid of feelings? after all, emotions, including the so - called negative ones, are a natural part of being human. everyone experiences them \u2013 each and every day. yet some people cope with difficult emotions by repressing them. it becomes an automatic habit to sweep unpleasant feelings under the rug and to stop consciously noticing what the body is feeling. emotional eating can in part be the consequence of not allowing feelings to flow naturally. emotions themselves are felt in the physical body. notice how emotions can sometimes be felt as a knot in the stomach, a gripping feeling in the chest area, a tightening of the shoulders and neck, or perhaps a pounding tension in the head. if an emotion becomes blocked and is unable to flow freely, it gets trapped in the body. a natural response is to seek some way to make ourselves feel better. eating, or starving, can serve as a temporary antidote to the feelings of sadness, depression, hurt, anger, self - hate, guilt, stress, boredom, and so on. for some, the act of not eating all day serves to numb awareness of the physical body and emotions. limiting food intake can create a false sense of being \u2018 in control \u2019 and can lead to a feeling of calmness. for others over - eating, binge eating, or bulimia work more effectively to create a momentary solution. these behaviors can briefly calm, distract, and sometimes divert attention away from the original emotion. food itself, especially carbohydrates, can release powerful chemical and hormonal responses that create a sense of temporary well - being. any of these eating patterns can work by reducing tension and anxiety, suppressing feelings you can \u2019 t stand, removing your attention from an uncomfortable situation, and so on. holding down emotions is usually an attempt to protect ourselves from feeling pain. it is coping strategy designed to keep us safe. somewhere along the line an unconscious decision was made to avoid conflict, deny our feelings, and be strong by handling things ourselves. eventually, it became such a way of life, that there is now fear associated with letting feelings flow. even though suppressing emotions was once an effective coping mechanism, it comes with a price. unfelt and unexpressed emotions do not simply go away. it \u2019 s actually the resistance to feeling emotions when they arise that causes difficulty. as m. kathleen casey once wrote, \u201c pain is inevitable, suffering is optional. \u201d pain is something we all experience. suffering is caused when we attempt to suppress the discomfort we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45359328938565235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.786175"} {"text": "s actually the resistance to feeling emotions when they arise that causes difficulty. as m. kathleen casey once wrote, \u201c pain is inevitable, suffering is optional. \u201d pain is something we all experience. suffering is caused when we attempt to suppress the discomfort we feel. feeling isn \u2019 t fatal. but it \u2019 s tough to convince emotional eaters of that. one of the greatest obstacles to working with emotions is fear of the unknown and fear of the unexpected. when beginning to work with emotions it is natural to feel afraid. much effort was formerly spent treating emotions as if they were deadly. as a result, all that emotion has been locked up and kept under control. it \u2019 s scary to think what would happen if all those suppressed emotions were release. the process of opening up to hidden feelings often takes time. at first, it may feel like a flood of emotion, but as the pressure of unexpressed emotions releases, you will feel lighter. you will not cry forever. the anger will not keep on exploding forever. the pain will not go on forever. learning to gently and compassionately be with what you are feeling allows healing to occur. emotional exploration exercise each day for a week write down the emotions you experience. you may choose to write them down as you go through your day, last thing at night, or first thing in the morning. whatever suits you. don \u2019 t justify or excuse or give reasons. simply list them to get some idea of how emotional your life actually is. the next week, repeat the exercise above ( writing down your emotions ), but this time consider how you dealt with each of those emotions. how does food ( or the lack of food ) seem to help? if the end result wasn \u2019 t so good for you, consider other ways that may be appropriate expressions of those emotions. the first question to ask yourself is \u201c what am i feeling? \u201d - identifying emotions can be difficult if you habitually minimize or deny what you feel. if you \u2019 re not used to acknowledging your feelings, the answer might well be, \u201c i don \u2019 t know. \u201d - there is always a cause for our feelings. the problem may be that we \u2019 ve hidden our emotions from ourselves and others for so long. you might try locating the specific area in your body where the emotion is coming from. check your head, shoulder, throat, chest, heart, or stomach. notice the areas that are and are not feeling the emotion. - try asking yourself, \u201c what feelings am i not expressing? \u201d if that still", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4995880930937558, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.788491"} {"text": "the emotion is coming from. check your head, shoulder, throat, chest, heart, or stomach. notice the areas that are and are not feeling the emotion. - try asking yourself, \u201c what feelings am i not expressing? \u201d if that still draws a blank, then ask yourself, \u201c if i knew what i was feeling, what would it be? \u201d feelings are by their very nature unclear, vague, and foggy. allow yourself to be with what is still unknown. a starting place might be to state, \u201c i feel an uncomfortable feeling in my ( example ) stomach area. \u201d - decide which general category the \u2018 uncomfortable \u2019 feeling falls into. is it sad, angry, or fearful? once you have the category, refine the description until you find the emotion or feeling that most closely resonates with the feeling in your body. - having uncovered the emotions that had formerly been stored or repressed, take a look at them. no need to analyze and criticize. no need to judge yourself, blame yourself, or tell yourself that you \u201c shouldn \u2019 t \u201d feel that way. only look at them objectively, and tell them ( the feelings ) and tell yourself that it is okay to feel this way. remind yourself that what you resist, persists. realize that no matter how severe the emotions seem, feeling them is not dangerous. identify the feeling with your head, acknowledge them with your heart, and let them flow through you. - let yourself feel your anger, your sadness, your fear. really feel it! go ahead and cry, or beat your pillow \u2026 whatever you feel you need ( just don \u2019 t hurt anyone ). feel them. experience them. feeling them will allow space inside to feel other, more positive, experiences. - when you focus on a feeling, it may become larger and stronger. this can be scary and we may think we can \u2019 t stand it. if you begin to get overwhelmed by the emotion, redirect your awareness. notice again the areas of your body that don \u2019 t feel the emotion. find some distance from the place in your body where the emotion dwells. - remember to make the distinction that you are not your emotions. you are a person having an experience. if you are currently experiencing hopelessness, it is not the same as you \u2013 you are not hopelessness. you are a person experiencing hopelessness because of the thoughts you are thinking. ask yourself, \u201c what would i have to be thinking in order to create a feeling of hopelessness?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5229706381592873, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.789526"} {"text": "never before had there been such a total air victory in the history of aerial combat. the name \" flying tigers \" burned itself in the pages of world history for all time. for years after the flying tigers disbanded in 1942, they had been known as a mercenary air force in the service of the chinese government. finally on july 4, 1991, in a ceremony honoring the flying tigers, the united states government belatedly admitted the truth - the flying tigers had been created by secret order of president franklin roosevelt months before pearl harbor to help the chinese defend their cities from the relentless bombing by the japanese, who had invaded china in 1937. three hundred men and women were recruited from within the ranks of the u. s. armed services. pilots, aircraft mechanics, propeller specialists, doctors, nurses, clerks and even a chaplain joined what was called the american volunteer group. they signed a one - year contract to protect the only supply route open for the united states to deliver war material to china - the burma road. they boarded ships from the west coast in the spring and summer of 1941, traveling as missionaries, planters, even circus performers - disguises to mask their true mission and protect fdr ' s secret effort to keep china from falling to the japanese without provoking a war with japan. a. v. g. the american volunteer group the japanese had been bombing chinese cities since 1937 and had virtually destroyed china ' s air force. war between the united states and japan seemed imminent. the idea for a \" lafayette escadrille \" to assist the chinese in their struggle had been brewing for some time. claire lee chennault, a retired army air corps captain and air advisor to china, was authorized by generalissimo chiang kai - shek to form a volunteer group consisting entirely of american airmen to help train chinese aviators and protect china ' s skies. with the help of t. v. soong, chiang ' s brother - in - law, tom corcoran, an advisor to the president, and other high - ranking officials, chennault sold the idea to roosevelt. on april 15, 1941, president franklin roosevelt signed the executive order authorizing the formation of the american volunteer group. the order permitted members of the navy, marine corps, and army air corps to resign from their branch of the service with the assurance that they would be reinstated to their former rank or grade upon completion of their contract. the group was to defend the burma road, china ' s lifeline to burma and indian ocean ports. since the u", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44609285321418435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.802221"} {"text": "from their branch of the service with the assurance that they would be reinstated to their former rank or grade upon completion of their contract. the group was to defend the burma road, china ' s lifeline to burma and indian ocean ports. since the u. s. was technically at peace with japan, the plan required some subterfuge. central aircraft manufacturing co. ( camco ) was elected as the middleman. camco, owned by william pawley, had an aircraft factory at loiwing, china, supplying parts and planes to chiang ' s air force. the \" volunteers \" would sign a contract with camco for one year, performing certain services not technically relating to combat. recruiters fanned out across the country. the rumors soon spread that there was adventure and excitement in the exotic orient. pilots and crewmen of two carrier groups, temporarily at norfolk, virginia, for the christmas holidays, were contacted by retired commander rutledge irvine in early 1941. many were fascinated, but most were somewhat skeptical. the pay, perks, and rewards sounded too good to be true. a few months later, and after three more meetings with our supersalesman, a group of pilots and crew were off to san francisco on the way to the land of kipling. other recruiters signed up army and marine personnel. chennault had some bad experiences with the international squadron. he now wanted to put his own theories to the test. as the author of the controversial book, the role of defensive pursuit, and as a member of the famous aerobatic team \" three men on the flying trapeze \", chennault was held in awe by many airmen who wanted to fly with him. the avg recruiters signed up 100 pilots and 200 mechanics, armorers, parachute riggers, radio operators, photographers, meteorologists, and other ground support crews. the pay was good : $ 600 to $ 675 per month for pilots and from $ 250 up for ground crews. the contract didn ' t mention another important perk - $ 500 bonus for each enemy plane shot down - but it was understood ( this point was not understood by all - ed. note ). the first contingent sailed from san francisco aboard the dutch vessel jaeggersfontaineon july 11, 1941. chennault had left a few days before on a pan american clipper. the group was supposed to sail under complete secrecy. the passports read school teachers, entertainers, surveyors, farmers, engineers, and other innoc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4664909331139416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.803298"} {"text": "11, 1941. chennault had left a few days before on a pan american clipper. the group was supposed to sail under complete secrecy. the passports read school teachers, entertainers, surveyors, farmers, engineers, and other innocuous professions. no one was fooled. a few days after the ship sailed, the japanese newspapers announced that a group of american pilots has sailed for the far east to fight japan in china. \" the ship will be sunk \" the paper said. but it made it. a month later the second contingent sailed aboard another dutch ship, the \" bloemfontaine. \" the name of david lee \" tex \" and mine appeared on the passenger list. we had flown together as dive bomber pilots aboard the navy carriers ranger and yorktown. those of us who expected to enjoy the mysterious beauties of the far east and the exotic orient were in for a rude awakening. when we arrived in burma we had little time to explore the forbidden fruits of rangoon. instead we were sent 170 miles north to toungoo in the heart of the jungle. kyedaw airdrome, an abandoned raf field, was to be our training headquarters. it had a 4, 000 foot blacktop runway with decent barracks of bamboo and teak. but the heat in september, 1941 was stifling and every biting critter known to man infested the area. and when we saw the planes we were to fly, it didn ' t make us much happier. some of the pilots had only flown bombers or transports. even hill, neale, myself, and others with fighter experience had a tough time learning the quirks of the p - 40 tomahawk. but claire chennault was a great teacher. he inspired confidence and a fierce loyalty. even the hottest pilots forgot their prior training and absorbed chennault ' s lessons in tactics. for over three months he personally instructed and drilled us in his innovative tactics. \" the japanese are superbly trained pilots... they have proved themselves in years of combat in china... the japanese fighter planes are more maneuverable, have a better rate of climb but are more vulnerable than the p - 40... the p - 40 has better armor, more firepower and can dive at an extraordinary speed... use the p - 40s good points and you ' ll stay alive and beat the enemy... \", he lectured day after day. he sent us aloft to practice his strategies while observing our performance from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45899327284538366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.804205"} {"text": "at an extraordinary speed... use the p - 40s good points and you ' ll stay alive and beat the enemy... \", he lectured day after day. he sent us aloft to practice his strategies while observing our performance from his bamboo tower. accidents occurred daily while pilots tried to get the hang of the temperamental p - 40. the heat, training, lack of entertainment, the insects and boredom caused growing dissatisfaction. some quit the avg and went home. some asked for other duties. but chennault finally whipped a highly trained gung - ho group together. we were ready. he had our admiration and respect. most called him \" colonel \" or referred to him as \" the old man. \" december 7, 1941, \" pearl harbor attacked by japan. \" it was december 8th in burma. chennault ordered his men on the alert. we would not be caught on the ground. but nothing happened at toungoo. chennault had organized his group into three squadrons. on december 12th, he sent the 3rd squadron, ft1st. gif ( 3230 bytes ) \" hell ' s angels \" to rangoon to assist the raf. the other two squadrons stood by on continuous alert. on december 18th, the japanese attacked kunming, china with a large force of bombers. the 1st squadron, ft3rd. gif ( 4859 bytes ) \" the adam & eves \" and the 2nd, ft2nd. gif ( 1942 bytes ) \" the panda bears, \" were sent on the 650 mile trip to kunming early the following day and immediately went out on patrol, but there was no action. there was an early morning patrol on the 20th and again nothing. but chennault was certain that the enemy would attack after its successful raid on the 18th. his intuition and early warning net paid off. early during the morning of december 20th, a report was received warning that enemy bombers had been sighted 60 miles away. \" the old man \" said this is what he had been waiting for, american planes with american pilots with a little advance warning. he fired his red flares and the two squadrons took to the air. the enemy never reached kunming. the first report was that six of the ten japanese bombers had been shot down. later in the war chennault learned that only one of the enemy returned to its base. but the mission had one casualty. me! chennault wrote, \" the last the other pilots saw of rector, he was still", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4786292885531612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.805074"} {"text": "been shot down. later in the war chennault learned that only one of the enemy returned to its base. but the mission had one casualty. me! chennault wrote, \" the last the other pilots saw of rector, he was still chasing the japes at full throttle \". i had chased a little too far and didn ' t have enough gas to return. i bellied my p - 40 in... and walked back to base ( i was credited with shooting down the first enemy bomber that day ). the 20th of december, 1941 was a costly day for the japanese. the lost nine out of ten bombers and never hit the target. the japanese never again tried to bomb kunming as long as the avg defended the city. it was not until two years later that they made another try, and this time escorted by a large number of fighters. during january and february, 1942, the avg started to rack up the extraordinary record that gained them fame. over the skies of burma and china we destroyed 217 enemy aircraft in thirty one encounter and probably destroyed at least another 50. during that same period, we lost six pilots. the grateful chinese dubbed us the \" flying tigers \" and the name stuck. when the avg was disbanded on july 4, 1942, after only seven months in combat, we had destroyed 297 enemy planes with another 153 probably destroyed. twenty - two avg personnel lost their lives : four in aerial combat, six on strafing missions, ten in training accidents and two on the ground from bombing ( four were pows, three returned ). unfortunately, because of lack of tact and shortsightedness on the part of army brass, much of this valuable talent left china. most of the avg would have stayed on if they had been given decent treatment. all most wanted was a short leave and recognition of the service they had performed for their country. eighty - two members of the avg stayed on for various periods. forty - four pilots and ground crew agreed to stay an extra two weeks because of their loyalty to chennault. two pilots, john petach and arnold shamblin paid for that two weeks with their lives. bob neale, the top avg ace. led the newly formed 23rd fighter group until july 19th, when col. robert scott, jr. assumed command. in addition to the 20 pilots and 24 ground crew that stayed two extra weeks, five avg pilots and 28 ground personnel joined the army air corps and stayed in china. they formed the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44826774539223924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.806072"} {"text": "19th, when col. robert scott, jr. assumed command. in addition to the 20 pilots and 24 ground crew that stayed two extra weeks, five avg pilots and 28 ground personnel joined the army air corps and stayed in china. they formed the cadre of the 23rd fighter group. five of chennault ' s staff stayed on to form headquarters of the china air task force. the 1st, 2nd and 3rd pursuit squadrons were redesignated the 74th, 75th and 76th fighter squadrons. frank schiel was named c. o. of the 74th. tex hill commanded the 75th with gil bright as his second in command, and i commanded the 76th, with chuck sawyer as my deputy. one chapter in history ended july 4, 1942, and another began the same day with the same equipment, the same planes, and many of the same men. most of the avg who did not stay in china returned to their former branches of the service and performed brilliantly in other theaters. some later returned to china and served with the 14th air force. we did not consider ourselves mercenaries or soldiers of fortune. we were paid sums considerably larger than our military salaries. most of those who volunteered felt his was a unique opportunity to serve in a cause important to our country and a chance to improve our skills. a chance to get in on the ground floor with excitement and adventure thrown in make an irresistible combination. ( \" the original flying tigers \" by ed rector, 2nd sqdrn, vice squadron leader ) * in 31 encounters they destroyed 217 enemy planes and probably destroyed 43 others. * the tiger ' s losses in combat were four pilots killed in the air, one killed while straffing and one taken prisoner. * in the initial day in rangoon, between christmas and new year ' s eve of 1941, the americans officially shot down 75 planes with a loss of two tiger pilots and six planes of their own. never before had there been such a total air victory in the history of aerial combat. the name \" flying tigers \" burned itself in the pages of world history for all time. * in the seven months of combat that followed, the 85 surviving pilots and their tiger - toothed p - 40s shot down, by official count, 299 enemy planes. they destroyed another known 240 japanese aircraft. in addition, the tigers estimated a kill total upwards of a thousand aircraft which could not be confirmed officially, but which pilots recounted having watched disappear into the mountains or sea. absolutly brilliant!!! review by george i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4332834361833474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.806978"} {"text": "240 japanese aircraft. in addition, the tigers estimated a kill total upwards of a thousand aircraft which could not be confirmed officially, but which pilots recounted having watched disappear into the mountains or sea. absolutly brilliant!!! review by george i just got my flying tigers g1 in goatskin seal brown,, and it is absolutely awesome!!! it fit perfectly and its very warm ( posted on 9 / 26 / 11 ) could not be any better!!! review by tom sullivan ( december 2007 ) my g1 flying tigers arrived today, i dont see how the jacket could be any better. customer service was the best. thanks guys. tom - colorado springs ( posted on 7 / 28 / 10 ) fits like a glove review by lee adens ( october 2006 ) received my jacket yesterday, fantastic, fits like a glove, very impressed. thank you very much for all your help in my purchase and i hope to buy more in the future, once again many thanks. ( posted on 7 / 23 / 10 ) by far the best jacket i have ever owned review by dave morrow i just opened up the box with my new flying tiger g1 flight jacket. i want to tell you that i am very impressed with the quality of the materials and the workmanship. i have owned many flight jackets over the years but this jacket is by far the nicest and best quality of any of the jackets i have ever owned. the leather patches, stiching, lining are all exceptional. great job. thank you. ( posted on 7 / 22 / 10 ) - absolutly brilliant!!! review by george - i just got my flying tigers g1 in goatskin seal brown,, and it is absolutely awesome!!! it fit perfectly and its very warm ( posted on 9 / 26 / 11 ) - could not be any better!!! review by tom sullivan ( december 2007 ) - my g1 flying tigers arrived today, i dont see how the jacket could be any better. customer service was the best. thanks guys. tom - colorado springs ( posted on 7 / 28 / 10 ) - fits like a glove review by lee adens ( october 2006 ) - received my jacket yesterday, fantastic, fits like a glove, very impressed. thank you very much for all your help in my purchase and i hope to buy more in the future, once again many thanks. ( posted on 7 / 23 / 10 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41233447562061515, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.807884"} {"text": "emmett louis \" bobo \" till \" have you ever sent a loved son on vacation and had him returned to you in a pine box, so horribly battered and water - logged that someone needs to tell you this sickening sight is your son - - lynched? \" about this page this page is locked. want to contribute to this page? contact bgill emmett louis \" bobo \" till ( july 25, 1941 % u2013 august 28, 1955 ) was an african - american teenager from chicago, illinois who died in what has been characterized as a \" brutal murder \" in a region of mississippi known as the mississippi delta in the small town of money in leflore county. his murder was one of the key events that energized the nascent american civil rights movement. the main suspects were acquitted but later admitted to committing the crime. till ' s mother had an open casket funeral to let everyone see how her son had been brutally killed. he had been shot and beaten ; he was then thrown into the tallahatchie river with a 75 - pound cotton gin fan tied to his neck with barbed wire as a weight. his body stayed in the river for three days until it was discovered and retrieved by two fishermen. emmett till was the son of mamie till and louis till. emmett ' s mother was born to john and alma carthan in the small delta town of webb, mississippi ( \" the delta \" being the traditional name for the area of northwestern mississippi, at the confluence of the yazoo and mississippi rivers ). when she was two years old, her family moved to illinois. emmett ' s mother largely raised him on her own ; she and louis till had separated in 1942. emmett ' s father, louis till, was drafted into the u. s. army in 1943. while serving in italy, he was convicted of raping two italian woman and killing a third. he was executed by the army by hanging near pisa in july 1945. before emmett till ' s killing, the till family knew none of this, only that louis had been killed due to \" willful misconduct \". the facts of louis till ' s execution were only made widely known after emmett till ' s death, by segregationist senator james eastland, in an apparent attempt to turn public support away from mrs. till just weeks before the trials of roy bryant and j. w. milam, the implication being that criminal behavior ran in the till family. in 1955, till and his cousin were sent for a summer stay with till ' s great -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38684308932787975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.933721"} {"text": "mrs. till just weeks before the trials of roy bryant and j. w. milam, the implication being that criminal behavior ran in the till family. in 1955, till and his cousin were sent for a summer stay with till ' s great - uncle, moses wright, who lived in money, mississippi ( another small town in the delta, eight miles north of greenwood ). before his departure for the delta, till ' s mother cautioned him to \" mind his manners \" with white people. till ' s mother understood that race relations in mississippi were very different from those in chicago. the state had seen many lynchings during the south ' s lynching era ( ca. 1876 - 1930 ), and racially motivated murders were still not unfamiliar, especially in the \" delta \" region where till was going to visit. racial tensions were also on the rise after the united states supreme court ' s 1954 decision in brown v. board of education to end segregation in public education. till arrived on august 21. on august 24, he joined other teenagers as they went to bryant ' s grocery and meat market to get some candy and soda. the teens were children of sharecroppers and had been picking cotton all day. the market was owned by a husband and wife, roy bryant and carolyn bryant, and mostly catered to the local sharecropper population. till ' s cousin and several black youths, all under 16, were reported to have been with till in the store. depending on who tells the story, as till was leaving the store, he either whistled at or physically assaulted and propositioned carolyn bryant. she stood up and stormed to her car. the boys were terrified thinking she might return with a pistol and ran away. the news of this greatly angered her husband when he heard of it upon his return from out of town several days later. till ' s cousin, wheeler parker, jr., who was with him at the store, claims till did nothing but whistle at the woman. \" he loved pranks, he loved fun, he loved jokes... in mississippi, people didn ' t think the same jokes were funny. \" carolyn bryant later asserted that till had grabbed her at the waist and asked her for a date. she said the young man also used \" unprintable \" words. he had a slight stutter and some have conjectured that bryant might have misinterpreted what till said. by the time 24 - year - old roy bryant returned from a road trip three days after his wife ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.42941273485991827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.934643"} {"text": ", 000 \" blacks and thrown their bodies into the delta \u2019 s swamps and bayous. some supposed that relatives of till were hiding him out of fear for the youth \u2019 s safety or that he had been sent back to chicago where he would be safe. moses wright, a witness to till ' s abduction told the sheriff that a person who sounded like a woman had identified till as \" the one \" after which the men had driven away with him. bryant and milam claimed they later found out till was not \" the one \" who allegedly insulted mrs. bryant, and swore to sheriff george smith they had released him. they would later recant and confess after their acquittal. in an editorial on friday, september 2, greenville journalist hodding carter, jr.. asserted that \" people who are guilty of this savage crime should be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law, \" a brave suggestion for any mississippi newspaper editor to make. after till ' s horribly disfigured body was found, he was put into a pine box and nearly buried, but mamie till wanted the body to come back to chicago. a tutwiler mortuary assistant worked all night to prepare the body as best he could so that mamie till could bring emmett ' s body back to chicago. the chicago funeral home had agreed not to open the casket, but mamie till fought it, and after the state of mississippi would not allow the funeral home to open it, mamie threatened to open it herself, insisting she had a right to see her son. after viewing the body, she also insisted on leaving the casket open for the funeral and allowing people to take photos because she wanted people to see how badly till ' s body had been disfigured. news photographs of till ' s mutilated corpse circulated around the country, notably appearing in magazine, drawing intense public reaction. some reports indicate up to 50, 000 people viewed the body. emmett till was buried september 6 in burr oak cemetery in alsip, illinois. the same day, bryant and milam were indicted by a grand jury. when mamie till came to mississippi to testify at the trial, she stayed in the home of dr. t. r. m. howard in the all - black town of mound bayou. others staying in howard ' s home were black reporters, such as cloyte murdock of ebony magazine, key witnesses, and congressman charles diggs of michigan, the first chairman of the congressional black caucus. howard was a major civil rights leader", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38675566981769527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.936712"} {"text": "others staying in howard ' s home were black reporters, such as cloyte murdock of ebony magazine, key witnesses, and congressman charles diggs of michigan, the first chairman of the congressional black caucus. howard was a major civil rights leader and fraternal organization official in mississippi, the head of the regional council of negro leadership ( rcnl ), and one of the wealthiest blacks in the state. on the day before the trial, frank young, a black farm worker, came to howard ' s home. he said that he had information indicating that milam and bryant had help in their crime. young ' s allegations sparked an investigation that led to unprecedented cooperation between local law enforcement, the naacp, the rcnl, black journalists, and local reporters. the trial began on september 19. mose wright, emmett ' s great - uncle, was one of the main witnesses called up to speak. pointing to one of the suspected killers, he said \" dar he, \" to refer to the man who had killed his nephew. another key witness for the prosecution was willie reed, an 18 - year - old high school student who lived on a plantation near drew, mississippi in sunflower county. the prosecution had located him because of the investigation sparked by young ' s information. reed testified that he had seen a pickup truck outside of an equipment shed on a plantation near drew managed by leslie milam, a brother of j. w. and roy bryant. he said that four whites, including j. w. milam, were in the cab and three blacks were in the back, one of them till. when the truck pulled into the shed, he heard human cries that sounded like a beating was underway. he did not identify the other blacks on the truck. on september 23 the jury, made up of 12 white males, acquitted both defendants. deliberations took just 67 minutes ; one juror said they took a \" soda break \" to stretch the time to over an hour \" to make it look good. \" the hasty acquittal outraged people throughout the united states and europe and energized the nascent civil rights movement. aftermath of the trial even during the trial, howard and black journalists such as james hicks of the baltimor afro - american named several blacks who had allegedly been on the truck near drew including three employees of j. w. milam : henry lee loggins, levi ' too - tight ' collins, and joe willie hubbard. in the months after the trial, both hicks and howard called", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.36242736875871684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.937752"} {"text": "who had allegedly been on the truck near drew including three employees of j. w. milam : henry lee loggins, levi ' too - tight ' collins, and joe willie hubbard. in the months after the trial, both hicks and howard called for a federal investigation into charges that sheriff h. c. strider had locked up collins and loggins in jail to keep them from testifying. in a january 1956 article in look magazine for which they were paid $ 4, 000, j. w. milam and roy bryant admitted to journalist william bradford huie that he and his brother had killed till. they did not fear being tried again for the same crime because of the constitutional double jeopardy protection. milam claimed that initially their intention was to scare till into line by pistol - whipping him and threatening to throw him off a cliff. milam claimed that regardless of what they did to till, he never showed any fear, never seemed to believe they would really kill him, and maintained a completely unrepentant, insolent, and defiant attitude towards them concerning his actions. thus the brothers said they felt they were left with no choice but to fully make an example of till. the story focused exclusively on the role of milam and bryant in the crime and did not mention the possible part played by others in the crime. in february 1956 howard ' s version of events of the kidnapping and murder, which stressed the possible involvement of hubbard and loggins, appeared in the booklet time bomb : mississippi exposed and the full story of emmett till by olive arnold adams. at the same time a still unidentified white reporter using the pseudonym amos dixon wrote a series of articles in the california eagle. the series put forward essentially the same thesis as time bomb but offered a more detailed description of the possible role of loggins, hubbard, collins, and leslie milam. time bomb and dixon ' s articles had no lasting impact in the shaping of public opinion. huie ' s article became the most commonly accepted version of events. in 1957 huie returned to the story for look magazine in an article which indicated that local residents were shunning milam and bryant and that their stores were closed due to a lack of business. milam died of cancer in 1980 and bryant died of cancer in 1994. the men never expressed any remorse for till ' s death and seemed to feel that they had done no wrong. in fact, a few months before he died, bryant complained bitterly in an interview that he had never made as much money off till ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42377602601860287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.938997"} {"text": "the men never expressed any remorse for till ' s death and seemed to feel that they had done no wrong. in fact, a few months before he died, bryant complained bitterly in an interview that he had never made as much money off till ' s death as he deserved and that it had ruined his life. mamie ( as mamie till mobley ) outlived them, dying at the age of 81 on january 6, 2003. that same year her autobiography death of innocence : the story of the hate crime that changed america ( one world books, co - written with christopher benson ) was published. in 1991, a seven - mile stretch of 71st street in chicago was renamed \" emmett till road, \" after the slain boy in 2001, david t. beito, associate professor at the university of alabama and linda royster beito, chair of the department of social sciences at stillman college, were the first investigators in many decades to track down and interview on tape two key principals in the case : henry lee loggins and willie reed. they were doing research for their biography of t. r. m. howard. in his interview with the beitos, loggins denied that he had any knowledge of the crime or that he was one of the black men on the truck outside of the equipment shed near drew. reed repeated his testimony at the trial that he had seen three black men and four white men ( including j. w. milam ) on the truck. when asked to identify the black men, however, he did not name loggins as one of them. the beitos also confirmed that levi ' too - tight ' collins, another black man allegedly on this car, had died in 1993. in 1996, keith beauchamp started background research for a feature film he planned to make about till ' s murder, and asserted that as many as 14 individuals may have been involved. while conducting interviews he also encountered eyewitnesses who had never spoken out publicly before. as a result he decided to produce a documentary instead, and spent the next nine years creating the untold story of emmett louis till. the film led to calls by the naacp and others for the case to be reopened. the documentary included lengthy interviews with loggins and reed, both of whom the beitos had first tracked down and interviewed in 2001. loggins repeated his denial of any knowledge of the crime. beauchamp has consistently refused to name the fourteen individuals who he asserts took part in the crime, including the five who he claims are still alive. on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3885573733612784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.940167"} {"text": "first tracked down and interviewed in 2001. loggins repeated his denial of any knowledge of the crime. beauchamp has consistently refused to name the fourteen individuals who he asserts took part in the crime, including the five who he claims are still alive. on may 10, 2004, the united states department of justice announced that it was reopening the case to determine whether anyone other than milam and bryant was involved. although the statute of limitations prevented charges being pursued under federal law, they could be pursued before the state court, and the federal bureau of investigation and officials in mississippi worked jointly on the investigation. as no autopsy had been performed on till ' s body, it was exhumed on may 31, 2005 from the suburban chicago cemetery where it was buried, and the cook county coroner then conducted the autopsy. the body was reburied by relatives on june 4. it has been positively identified as that of emmett till. in february 2007, the jackson clarion - ledger reported that both the fbi and a leflore county grand jury, which was empaneled by joyce chiles, a black prosecutor, had found no credible basis for keith beauchamp ' s claim that 14 individuals took part in till ' s abduction and murder or that any are still alive. the grand jury also decided not to pursue charges against carolyn bryant donham, roy bryant ' s ex wife. neither the fbi nor the grand jury found any credible evidence that henry lee loggins, now living in an ohio nursing home, and identified by beauchamp as a suspect who could be charged, had any role in the crime. other than loggins, beauchamp still refuses to name the 14 people who he says were involved although the fbi and district attorney have completed their investigations of his charges and he is free to go on the record. a story by jerry mitchell in the clarion - ledger on february 18 describes beauchamp ' s allegation that 14 or more were involved as a \" legend. \" the same article also labels as \" legend \" a rumor that till had endured castration at the hands of his victimizers. the castration theory was first put forward uncritically in beauchamp ' s \" untold story \" although mamie till - mobley ( emmett ' s mother ) had said in an earlier documentary directed by stanley nelson, \" the murder of emmett till, \" ( 2003 ) that her son ' s genitals were intact when she examined the corpse. the recent autopsy, as reported by mitchell, confirmed mobley - till", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39560036245433317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.942307"} {"text": "dead but the fbi believes others who may have assisted bryant and milam may still be alive and can be brought to justice. she was born mamie carthan on november 23, 1921, in a small town near webb, mississippi, the only child of john and alma carthan. ironically, she was born just two miles from the town of sumner, where the trial of her son ' s killers would one day be held. her father wanted to leave the south and the cotton fields, and made plans soon after his daughter was born. he found work in the small industrial town of argo, illinois, near chicago, at the argo corn products refining company. alma carthan joined her husband in january 1924, and brought their two - year - old daughter mamie with her. they settled in a predominately black enclave in argo where everyone knew each other. but mamie ' s world was shattered at age 13 when her parents divorced. a bright girl and a good student, mamie buried herself in her schoolwork. a strict mother mamie ' s mother, a member of the fundamentalist church of god in christ, was strict. she had high hopes for her only child. \" in my day, the girls had one ambition - - to get married. very few kids finished high school, \" mamie would recall. but her parents encouraged her to finish. mamie was the first black student to make the a honor roll, and the fourth black student to graduate from the predominately white argo community high school. \" my mother always had been a firm disciplinarian and she kept me to a rigid code of conduct, \" she said. \" i wasn ' t allowed to run around with the gang and i had to give strict account for my whereabouts outside of school. \" every year, mamie would return to mississippi to visit relatives. she would spend the steamy summers with an aunt and socialize with other kids at church picnics. when she turned 18, she met a fellow from madrid, missouri named louis till. he worked at the argo corn company, was an amateur boxer, and was popular with many women. but louis till had his eye on mamie. when they met, he took her to an ice cream parlor for her first banana split. her parents disapproved, thinking the charismatic till was \" too sophisticated \" for their daughter. at her mother ' s insistence, she broke off their courtship. but the persistent till won mamie ' s heart,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4040911016184837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.944701"} {"text": "for her first banana split. her parents disapproved, thinking the charismatic till was \" too sophisticated \" for their daughter. at her mother ' s insistence, she broke off their courtship. but the persistent till won mamie ' s heart, and they married on october 14, 1940. both were 18 years old. nine months later, their only child, emmett louis till, nicknamed \" bobo, \" was born at cook county hospital in chicago. the boy was the apple of his mother and grandmother ' s eyes. aside from a bout with polio at age five, after which emmett would speak with a mild stutter, he was a healthy and happy boy. emmett would never know his father, who was shipped out to europe as an army private. mamie and louis till separated in 1942. three years later, mamie received a letter from the department of defense informing her, without a full explanation, that till was killed in italy due to \" willful misconduct. \" by the early 1950s, mamie and emmett had moved to chicago ' s south side. both of her parents had remarried and left argo, her mother to chicago and her father to detroit. mamie met and married gene \" pink \" bradley, but they divorced two years later. a terrible burden in 1955 mamie decided to take a long - awaited vacation to nebraska to visit relatives. she wanted her son to go with her. but emmett was set on joining his cousins and spending the end of the summer in mississippi. when she put her son on a southbound train, it was the last time she would see him alive. when her boy was killed, mamie turned to the strength of her family and faith. \" when i began to make the announcement that emmett had been found and how he was found, the whole house began to scream and to cry. and that ' s when i realized that this was a load that i was going to have to carry. i wouldn ' t get any help carrying this load. \" horrified by the mutilation of her son ' s body yet determined that it would not happen again, mamie made a stunning decision - - emmett would have an open casket funeral. \" i think everybody needed to know what had happened to emmett till, \" she said. some 50, 000 people streamed in to view emmett ' s corpse in chicago, with many people leaving in tears or fainting at the sight and smell of the body. after two of her son ' s killers, j. w. milam and roy bryant,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3766251362950841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.947164"} {"text": "000 people streamed in to view emmett ' s corpse in chicago, with many people leaving in tears or fainting at the sight and smell of the body. after two of her son ' s killers, j. w. milam and roy bryant, were acquitted of murder, the till case became an international cause clbre with news articles and editorials across the country and in europe condemning the verdict and mississippi. with the international firestorm, the naacp, black leaders and mamie were hopeful that milam and bryant would at least be punished for kidnapping. but just weeks before the grand jury met, mississippi senator james o. eastland, a staunch segregationist and plantation owner, dug up information on louis till ' s past and leaked it to the press. the u. s. army had executed private till in italy in 1945 for raping two italian women and killing a third. the insinuation : emmett ' s behavior ran in the family. on november 9, 1955, a mississippi grand jury refused to indict milam and bryant on kidnapping charges. both men were free. no government help mamie turned to the federal government for help, to no avail. she had not received her ex - husband ' s army records, and she asked how a senator, but not a widow, receive that information? she also tried to meet with president dwight eisenhower, but he refused. and fbi director j. edgar hoover wrote in a memo : \" there has been no allegation made that the victim [ emmett till ] has been subjected to the deprivation of any right or privilege which is secured and protected by the constitution and the laws of the united states... \" taking the fight to the people thousands of letters protesting the mississippi verdict poured into the white house. mamie took her fight to the people and gave speeches to overflowing crowds across the country. blacks were galvanized. membership in the naacp soared. african americans were angered by emmett ' s killing and the injustice, and moved by the loss of an only child to a young mother. those in the trenches of the civil rights movement realized they had to move their fight boldly to the front lines. in december 1955, rosa parks refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a montgomery city bus and was arrested for violating alabama ' s bus segregation laws. soon after, a 26 - year - old minister, martin luther king jr. called for a city - wide bus boycott. the civil rights movement was officially born. more than thirty years passed before emmett till", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38969850420074914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.948245"} {"text": "for violating alabama ' s bus segregation laws. soon after, a 26 - year - old minister, martin luther king jr. called for a city - wide bus boycott. the civil rights movement was officially born. more than thirty years passed before emmett till ' s story would find renewed national interest, becoming the subject of scholarly research and publication. filmmaker stanley nelson interviewed mamie, other family members, journalists, and eyewitnesses who remembered what had happened in mississippi so long ago, and by 2002, mamie was working on her own memoir. but in a sad turn of events, just two weeks before the national television premiere of the murder of emmett till, mamie till mobley died of heart failure in a chicago hospital. she was 81 years old. emmmitt till law moves in house this week, as the house oversight committee jousted angrily over the guilt or innocence of a bush appointee and as the senate sparred over an energy bill, members of the house judiciary committee came together to advance a bill that seeks to provide closure to the family members of men like till, many of whom are still alive and hopeful for justice. the bill, called the emmett till unsolved civil rights crime act, is a clean piece of legislation that will do exactly what its official heading says : it will create \" an unsolved crimes section in the civil rights division of the department of justice, and an unsolved civil rights crime investigative office in the civil rights unit of the federal bureau of investigation. \" to do that, it authorizes $ 10 million annually to federal agencies, which will be tasked with unearthing cold cases from the civil rights era and investigating them fully. there are nearly 100 stale cases that will immediately benefit from the bill ' s provisions and hundreds more that could potentially be brought back to life. rita schwerner bender, whose husband michael was murdered by the ku klux klan for registering black voters in mississippi, points out that there have been 518 unsolved lynchings in mississippi since 1955. as evidence has withered and witnesses have all but disappeared, many of those cases desperately require the sort of help that the so - called \" till bill \" will offer once signed into law. the hearings this week weren ' t without moments of politicking. rep. mike pence ( r - ind. ) asked one witness whether the bill would help solve cases of black on white violence. the answer is that it will in theory, but that in spirit % u2014and likely in practice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.35808320532966625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.949370"} {"text": "go anywhere in the 109th congress. but everybody % u2014congressmen, senators, aides and observers % u2014seems confident that this time around it will sail through. \" this bill upholds the integrity of the judicial system and ensures that those guilty of civil rights crimes will finally be held accountable, \" says caroline frederickson, aclu ' s washington director. \" we are encouraged that the house and senate judiciary committees voted in favor of the bill, and we strongly urge their colleagues to do the same when it comes to the floor. \" if they do follow suit, then stories like this one might not be so unusual in the months to come. cold case : the murder of emmett till people in the chicago neighborhood where emmett \" bobo \" till lived knew the 14 - year - old as an attention - getter. despite the stutter left by a bout with polio in his infancy, he had a confident, even cocky, personality and relished pranks and jokes. in an interview that appeared in the pbs documentary, the murder of emmett till, childhood acquaintance richard heard recalled how emmett entertained his schoolmates one day in gym : \" i remember emmett raising his shirt up to about his navel and making his belly roll, waves of fat rolling and it just broke us up. the whole gym went crazy. \" in early august 1955, emmett ' s great - uncle, moses \" preacher \" wright, traveled to chicago from mississippi and asked emmett ' s mother, mamie till mobley, if her son could spend the summer with his family. wright also invited two of emmett ' s chicago cousins to come on the trip. mamie agreed to let emmett go but worried about how he would behave in the south. although chicago was racially segregated, its racism was not of the jim crow stripe. chris crowe in getting away with murder quotes mamie saying, \" emmett was born and raised in chicago, so he didn ' t know how to be humble to white people. i warned him before he came down here ; i told him to be very careful how he spoke and to say ' yes sir ' and ' no ma ' am ' and not to hesitate to humble himself if he had to get down on his knees... i was trying to really pound into him that mississippi was not chicago... i explained to emmett that if he met a white woman, he should step off the street, lower his head, and not look up. and he thought that was the silliest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38322080764059085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.951286"} {"text": "to really pound into him that mississippi was not chicago... i explained to emmett that if he met a white woman, he should step off the street, lower his head, and not look up. and he thought that was the silliest thing he ' d ever heard. \" mamie may have been especially protective of emmett because he was her only child and she had long been raising him on her own. she had divorced his father, louis till, in 1943, when emmett was only 2. in 1945, she received word that louis till, a private in the military serving overseas, had died. sent along with the letter informing her of his death was one of his prized possessions : a signet ring with his initials, \" l. t. \" mamie gave that ring to emmett right before she kissed him goodbye for his visit to mississippi. emmett and his cousins arrived in money, a hamlet in the mississippi delta with only 55 residents on sunday, aug. 21, 1955. three days later, on a wednesday evening, emmett and his cousins were in church listening to moses wright preach. restless and bored, the boys made an early exit from the church, took wright ' s car, and drove to bryant ' s grocery & meat market. the murder of emmett till describes bryant ' s as a store that sold candy and provisions, primarily to blacks. roy bryant, 24, and carolyn bryant, 21, a white couple, owned and operated it. as the documentary states, \" the bryants lived with their two boys in cramped rooms behind the store. \" the bryants owned neither a car nor a tv. they were unable to eke out a living from the store alone so roy frequently took trucking jobs. on this particular day, roy was on the road, hauling a load of shrimp from new orleans to brownsville, tex. according to \" the shocking story of an approved killing in mississippi \" by william bradford huie that was published in look magazine in january 1956, when roy was absent, carolyn and their sons did not spend the night in the rooms behind the store. juanita milam, her sister - in - law, would come to the store during the day to stay with carolyn until the store closed at which time her husband would pick both women up, together with their kids, and drive them to his home. outside of bryant ' s, emmett and his cousins joined a group of young blacks already gathered there. emmett was soon bragging about his romantic success with white women and flashing photos of white women", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40266259591584175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.952185"} {"text": "together with their kids, and drive them to his home. outside of bryant ' s, emmett and his cousins joined a group of young blacks already gathered there. emmett was soon bragging about his romantic success with white women and flashing photos of white women, he had in his wallet, bragging that they were his \" girlfriends. \" according to crowe, emmett and his cousins had cut photos of white women out of magazines and put them in the compartments of their wallets for precisely this purpose. crowe continues, \" one of the boys pointed at the store and challenged emmett : ' you talkin ' mighty big, bo. there ' s a pretty little white woman in there in the sto '. since you chicago cats know so much about white girls, let ' s see you go in there and get a date with her. \" emmett went into bryant ' s while the others crowded around its window to watch the interaction. the account of what happened next is pieced together from the courtroom testimony of carolyn bryant and the recollections of those who watched through the window. carolyn bryant claimed the teenager requested two cents worth of gum and that, when she held her hand out for the payment, he grabbed her hand and brashly asked, \" how about a date, baby? \" she jerked her hand away and headed to the apartment at the back of the store to summon her sister - in - law. according to carolyn bryant ' s account, before she could get to that apartment, the boy stepped in front of her and put his hands around her waist, saying, \" you needn ' t be afraid of me, baby, i ' ve been with white women before. \" the store ' s door flew open and another black male rushed inside, grabbed emmett and hustled him out the door, but before they left, emmett said, \" bye, baby. \" carolyn left the store to get a gun from her sister - in - law ' s car. according to emmett ' s friends as well as carolyn bryant, emmett let out a wolf whistle \u2013 a whistle that would turn out to be the most infamous in the history of civil rights. then he and his friends piled into the pickup and sped off. stephen j. whitfield in a death in the delta writes that carolyn bryant confided the story of the incident to her sister - in - law. both women agreed to keep quiet because they feared what their husbands might do if they knew about it. while carolyn bryant and juanita milam kept silent,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4645740869199893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.953163"} {"text": "that carolyn bryant confided the story of the incident to her sister - in - law. both women agreed to keep quiet because they feared what their husbands might do if they knew about it. while carolyn bryant and juanita milam kept silent, emmett ' s amazed young friends did not. soon just about everyone in money had heard about it. when roy bryant came home from his texas trip on saturday, a black customer at his store told him of the encounter that was the talk of the town. bryant was infuriated. he asked his wife about it. according to crowe, she confirmed the truth of it but begged him to let it pass. bryant learned that emmett was staying at his great - uncle ' s home and decided to confront the boy. lacking a car, he asked his 36 - year - old balding half brother, j. w. \" big \" milam, juanita ' s husband, if he could borrow one. when bryant explained what he wanted it for, milam insisted on accompanying him. each man brought along a. 45 colt revolver. according to both crowe and whitfield, a loud call at the door awakened moses wright in the wee hours that sunday morning. wright went to the door to find milam and bryant standing there. milam carried his pistol in one hand and a flashlight in the other. he demanded to see \" the boy who done the talking at money. \" wright pleaded with them to leave the boy alone, saying, \" he ain ' t got good sense. he was raised up yonder. he didn ' t know what he was doing. \" wright ' s wife elizabeth joined her husband and said they would \" pay you gentlemen for the damages, \" but milam brushed aside her desperate offer. all accounts say that before leaving the home, milam asked wright how old he was. wright said he was 64. \" if you tell anybody about this, you won ' t live to get 65, \" milam warned. wright later testified that the boy was \" marched \" to a car where someone was asked if he was the \" right boy \" and a woman ' s voice answered, \" it is. \" one of emmett ' s cousins, curtis jones, rushed to a neighbor ' s house to use the phone to call the county sheriff to report the abduction. then he called his own mother in chicago who in turn called emmett ' s mother. mamie till - mobley phoned chicago police and asked them to ask their mississippi counterparts to find her son '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.425023900860183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.954234"} {"text": "to call the county sheriff to report the abduction. then he called his own mother in chicago who in turn called emmett ' s mother. mamie till - mobley phoned chicago police and asked them to ask their mississippi counterparts to find her son ' s kidnappers. crowe records her as recalling, \" i began calling every newspaper i could think of... i had expected no response from the newspapers, but to my surprise, everyone i called responded instantly. \" bryant and milam were arrested for kidnapping the following day, a monday. they admitted forcing the boy away from his home but claimed they let him go after carolyn bryant said he was not the one who had offended her. the two men stayed in jail while police searched for emmett. crowe writes that on the following wednesday, aug. 31, 17 - year - old robert hodges was fishing on the tallahatchie river when he was shocked by what looked like a human body. he contacted the tallahatchie county sheriff ' s office. fearing it was the body of the missing child, officers took moses wright to the river with them. a ferocious beating and days underwater had rendered the corpse ' s face unrecognizable, but it had a ring bearing the inscription \" may 25, 1943, l. t. \" crowe wrote, \" mose wright recognized it as the ring of louis till, emmett ' s father, a ring that emmett had worn. \" murder charges were filed against the jailed bryant and milam. emmett ' s body was shipped to chicago for burial. the mutilated body was displayed under glass at the roberts temple church of god. as mamie till related in an interview shown in the murder of emmett till, she wanted to \" let the people see what i ' ve seen... everybody needed to know what had happened to emmett till. \" about 50, 000 african - americans massed into the church to look at the dead child. many burst into tears ; some fainted. the chicago defender, a black newspaper, and jet, a national black magazine, ran photographs of emmett ' s disfigured face. much of the country viewed this slaying as symbolic of racism ' s evil. as whitfield wrote, an outraged roy wilkins, executive director of the naacp, observed, \" it would appear that the state of mississippi has decided to maintain white supremacy by murdering children. \" journalist rose jourdain recalled for the murder of emmett till, \" i think black people ' s reaction was so vis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3671778159677397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.955179"} {"text": "the naacp, observed, \" it would appear that the state of mississippi has decided to maintain white supremacy by murdering children. \" journalist rose jourdain recalled for the murder of emmett till, \" i think black people ' s reaction was so visceral. everybody knew we were under attack and that attack was symbolized by the attack on a 14 - year - old boy. \" whitfield records that while some white southerners were horrified that their region had been the cradle for this dreadful homicide, others were swept by a wave of sympathy for men they regarded as defending the \" southern way of life. \" many derided the \" outside agitators \" they blamed for the burgeoning civil rights movement as well as the prosecution of bryant and milam. the trial in sumner bryant and milam were tried in the city of sumner, the county seat of tallahatchie county. as whitfield notes, there were only five attorneys practicing law in sumner, but sympathy for the accused men was so strong among whites that all five attorneys agreed to defend the impoverished defendants pro bono. leading the defense team was j. j. breland, whom crowe quotes as saying that he and his co - attorneys wanted to \" let the north know that we are not going to put up with northern negroes ' stepping over the line. ' \" crowe further quotes breland as telling the greenwood commonwealth, \" the state has got to prove three things : that the boy was murdered. that it happened in the second judicial district of tallahatchie county. that bryant and milam did it. \" d. a. gerald chatham was the lead prosecutor. mississippi assistant atty. gen. robert b. smith assisted him. the judge was curtis m. swango. an all - white, all - male jury was impaneled. the trial opened sept. 19, 1955. dozens of journalists descended on sumner, including reporters from the daily worker, the nation, the african - american amsterdam news, and the new york post. whitfield reports that their courtroom seating was assigned according to race. white reporters sat close to the judge and jury while their black counterparts, along with emmett ' s mother, sat at a distant bridge table. u. s. rep. charles c. diggs jr. of michigan came to the trial to observe it. whitfield records how james hicks, a reporter for the amsterdam news and the national negro press association headed for the bench to secure rep. diggs a place in the courtroom. w", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3735397694467024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.956170"} {"text": "[ chatham ] asked her if she could identify the body in the photo. she looked at it and nodded. \" that ' s my son, my son, emmett till. \" her voice broke, and she took off her glasses to wipe away tears. \" are you sure? \" chatham asked. \" if i thought it wasn ' t my boy, i would be out looking for him now. \" mamie till recalled for the murder of emmett till how the defense suggested she conspired in an elaborate scheme to pretend her son had been murdered. she was asked if it was not true that she had plotted with the naacp to dig up a body, throw it in the river, and then pretend it was emmett for political purposes. \" isn ' t it true, \" a defense attorney prodded, \" that your son is in detroit, michigan with his grandfather right now? \" willie reed, 19, a sharecropper ' s son, testified that on that sunday, he saw four white men and two black men drive to a barn on property owned by milam ' s brother leslie. crowe recorded that he claimed, \" the two black men rode in the back of the pickup with emmett till. when the truck stopped, the men carried emmett into the barn from where willie later heard screams and ' licks and hollerings. ' \" on cross - examination, reed admitted that he had not seen milam in the truck. according to whitfield, reed ' s aunt, amanda bradley, \" also testified to hearing the beating from the shed. \" whitfield further writes that lefore county sheriff george smith testified that bryant had confessed to kidnapping emmett but claimed he had released him alive and unharmed. deputy sheriff john edd cothran testified to a similar confession from milam. then the defense began. it called carolyn bryant to the stand. whitfield states that \" over the objections of the defense, \" judge swango sent the jury out while she testified. the judge ruled that he believed the store incident occurred too long before the abduction for it to be legally admissible. carolyn bryant told the story recounted earlier in this article to the judge, attorneys, spectators and reporters. with the jury back, the defense called sheriff h. c. strider to the stand. according to crowe, \" strider testified that based on his previous experience, the body found in the tallahatchie river on aug. 31 had been missing for at least 10 to 20 days. he said the corpse was so deco", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3928757265056737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.959004"} {"text": "the stand. according to crowe, \" strider testified that based on his previous experience, the body found in the tallahatchie river on aug. 31 had been missing for at least 10 to 20 days. he said the corpse was so decomposed that it was impossible for him to recognize the victim or even determine if the body was black or white. \" an african - american reporter noted that it was odd that if the sheriff was unsure of the victim ' s race, why had he asked a black undertaker to treat the body. another doctor and an embalmer both testified that the victim had been dead for over a week before his body was found. in their summations before the jury, both the prosecution and the defense appealed to the jurors as fellow segregationists. prosecutor smith urged the jury to prove wrong those who thought mississippi ' s racial policies meant it condoned murder. smith said, \" i tell you, gentlemen, that emmett till was entitled to his constitutional rights ; he was entitled to his liberty, and once we go taking away his rights, then we are on the defensive and we can ' t complain what people do to us. those people, outside agitators, want j. w. milam and roy bryant turned loose. \" defense attorney john whitten argued, \" there are people in the united states who want to destroy the custom and way of life of southern white people and southern colored people.... they would not be above putting a rotting, stinking body in the river in the hope it would be identified as emmett till. \" the trial was over in five days. on sept. 23, 1955, the jury \u2013 after 67 minutes of deliberations \u2013 came back with verdicts of not guilty for both defendants. ( one juror told a journalist that the jury would not have taken even that long had the jurors not interrupted their deliberations to drink soda pop. ) a photograph taken in the immediate aftermath of the verdict shows the defendants and their wives smiling and hugging ; roy bryant is chomping on a recently lit cigar. kidnapping charges were still pending but a grand jury refused to return indictments. on nov. 9. milam and bryant were set free. according to the murder of emmett till, a european newspaper commented that, \" the life of a negro in mississippi is not worth a whistle. \" the program continued that african - americans packed meeting rooms to hear mamie till ' s story. the grieving mother told an assembled crowd :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.39220996440378914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.960067"} {"text": ", a european newspaper commented that, \" the life of a negro in mississippi is not worth a whistle. \" the program continued that african - americans packed meeting rooms to hear mamie till ' s story. the grieving mother told an assembled crowd : \" what i saw was a shame before god and man and the way the jury chose to believe the ridiculous stories of the defense attorneys. i just can ' t go into detail to tell you the silly things, the stupid things that were brought up as probabilities and they swallowed it like a fish swallows a hook, just anything, any excuse to acquit these two men. \" whitfield writes that roy wilkins denounced the trial as \" a travesty, a farce, a joke as far as it demonstrated the american principle of trial by jury to secure a just verdict. \" the injustice galvanized the civil rights movement. crowe notes that mamie till and moses wright had spoken to more than 250, 000 people by the end of 1955. just over three months after emmett till ' s death, seamstress rosa parks refused to give up her seat on the bus to a white passenger, leading to martin luther king jr. ' s famous montgomery bus boycott. according to whitfield, parks \" acknowledged the impact of the till case in arousing blacks to indignation. \" the success of the montgomery bus boycott led to similar and similarly successful protests in other major cities. milam and bryant confess all sources report that milam and bryant were ostracized after the trial. blacks boycotted the small stores that the extended milam and bryant families owned in money, glendora, and sharkey so that all three quickly went out of business. even segregationist whites, who supported bryant and milam during the trial, shunned them after it. their inability to get jobs led them to grant interviews for $ 4, 000 to reporter william bradford huie in which they purported to tell the truth of till ' s death. ( constitutional protection against double jeopardy meant they could not be prosecuted again for the slaying. attorneys for milam and bryant were in the room when they gave the interviews to huie. ) the january 1955 look magazine published huie ' s \" the shocking story of an approved killing in mississippi. \" the confessions should be taken as proof that milam and bryant got away with murder but cannot be assumed to be completely accurate. huie recalled, \" milam did most of the talking... milam was a bit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40613237354522547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.960998"} {"text": "killing in mississippi. \" the confessions should be taken as proof that milam and bryant got away with murder but cannot be assumed to be completely accurate. huie recalled, \" milam did most of the talking... milam was a bit more articulate than bryant was. bryant did some talking, particularly when they talked about what they were told had happened in the store. \" milam told huie that when they rousted emmett till out of bed on the night of saturday, aug. 15, 1955 their intention was to \" whip him... and scare some sense into him. \" milam continued that they planned to drive him to a bluff over the big river that milam considered \" the scariest place in the delta. \" the \" whipping \" planned was no spanking but a pistol - whipping with the threat of being thrown down the bluff and into the big river. they drove about 75 miles but milam could not find that bluff in the darkness. he claimed that they also could not intimidate their captive. \" we were never able to scare him, \" milam said. \" they had just filled him so full of that poison that he was hopeless. \" after driving to the tool house in back of the milam home, milam and bryant told huie that they took emmett in there and began pistol whipping him. according to his killers, the 14 - year - old boy remained defiant even after vicious blows to his head from a. 45. \" you bastards, i ' m not afraid of you, \" emmett supposedly told them. \" i ' m as good as you are. i ' ve ' had ' white women. my grandmother was a white woman. \" milam claimed he felt he had to murder emmett. \" i just decided it was time a few people got put on notice, \" he said. \" as long as i live and can do anything about it, niggers are gonna stay in their place... and when a nigger gets close to mentioning sex with a white woman, he ' s tired o ' livin. ' \" milam decided to murder the 14 - year - old and sink his body into the tallahatchie river. needing a weight to drag the body down, he remembered a big discarded fan at a gin in which he had recently installed new equipment. the captors ordered the badly bruised emmett back into the truck. they drove to the progressive ginning company. \" when we got to that gin, it was daylight,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4007678889071442, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.961929"} {"text": "a big discarded fan at a gin in which he had recently installed new equipment. the captors ordered the badly bruised emmett back into the truck. they drove to the progressive ginning company. \" when we got to that gin, it was daylight, \" milam recalled, \" and i was worried for the first time. somebody might see us and accuse us of stealing the fan. \" they claimed in the interview with huie that they forced emmett, who was strong for his age, to pick up the 75 - pound fan and load it into the truck. then they drove to the tallahatchie river and stopped beside a riverbank. milam ordered emmett to pick up the fan. the child staggered under its weight. milam ordered emmett to take off his clothes. it was a little before 7 a. m. on sunday morning. milam claimed the following exchange took place. milam : \" you still as good as i am? \" milam : \" you still ' had ' white women? \" with that, milam shot emmett in the head. he fell to the ground. milam and bryant tied the fan to his neck and rolled him into the water. parts of this account defy credibility. anyone who was pulled out of bed in the middle of the night by menacing people with guns would have to be disoriented and terrified and it is not believable that a teenager, however spunky, would have shown no fear under the circumstances. rather, it is more likely that milam and bryant described their victim as fearless and defiant because they believed such an attitude would justify the murder in the eyes of their peers. they do not mention anyone else with them but it is likely there were others. moses wright testified he heard a woman in the car identify emmett. many observers believe this must have been carolyn bryant. willie reed testified to seeing four white men and two black men in the truck in which emmett was driven to his death. after the trial, bitterly ironic information about the father emmett had never known, louis till, came to light. it was already widely reported that louis till had been a soldier in world war ii at the time of his death. an oct. 10, 1955 editorial in life magazine wrote that the elder till \" was killed in france fighting for the american proposition that all men are equal. \" army private louis till did not die honorably in combat. the american military executed him for raping two italian women and murdering a third. some saw a chance to visit the sins of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4186615872421605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.965192"} {"text": "france fighting for the american proposition that all men are equal. \" army private louis till did not die honorably in combat. the american military executed him for raping two italian women and murdering a third. some saw a chance to visit the sins of the father upon the son. on oct. 15, 1955, next to a story titled \" till ' s dad raped 2 women, murdered a third in italy, \" the jackson daily new ran an editorial accusing the naacp of raising \" fabulous sums of money \" based in part on the claim that private till had died fighting for his country. the editorial went on to tell \" the negro organizations... to stop peddling manufactured stories to the nation about mississippi and about their own people. \" filmmakers open the closed case the till case continued to send reverberations through society as years passed and the civil rights movement gained momentum. however, there was a persistent, gnawing sense of frustration on the part of mamie till - mobley and others because justice had been thwarted. the story of emmett till retained the ability to traumatize decades after the fact. according to an article entitled \" documentarian keith beauchamp reveals the truth about the lynching of emmett till, \" beauchamp was a 10 - year - old african - american boy living in baton rouge, la., when he first learned of emmett till. it was 26 years after the acquittal of roy bryant and j. w. milam. beauchamp happened to be leafing through old copies of jet when the famous photograph of emmett ' s mutilated remains arrested his gaze. the sight of a boy only four years older than himself murdered in such a grisly manner left beauchamp badly shaken. \" i ' m looking at this angelic face of a 14 - year - old, \" he recalled, \" and i ' m looking at this horrific face beside it that looked like a monster, and i could not believe that a little boy could be brutally murdered for just a whistle. \" as beauchamp grew up, he was frequently warned not to let what had happened to emmett till happen to him. he knew other young african - american men who received similar warnings. in an article called \" murder he wrote, \" sara faith alterman quotes beauchamp as stating, \" the emmett till case is very deeply embedded in the african - american male psyche ; it was something that was mentioned to me all the time, to teach me that racism still existed in america. \" alterman writes that beauchamp has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40619678755012845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.966353"} {"text": "as stating, \" the emmett till case is very deeply embedded in the african - american male psyche ; it was something that was mentioned to me all the time, to teach me that racism still existed in america. \" alterman writes that beauchamp has said that the horror suffered by till was brought home to him in a most personal way when he went out to a nightclub with friends one evening in 1989 and danced with a white woman. a bouncer accosted him. then another man dragged beauchamp outside and started roughing him up. the stranger was an undercover police officer and arrested beauchamp. in \" documentarian, \" beauchamp recalled that at the station, \" they tied me to a chair, pistol - whipped me, all kind of stuff. \" he was asked for his identification. beauchamp told alterman that he was released only when the detective on duty realized that he a close friend of the son of a major with the sheriff ' s department. as a young adult, beauchamp studied criminal justice at southern university, but left before getting a degree to work with new york friends who owned a production company. he worked on music videos, and then was offered a chance to produce his own feature film. the emmett till case was his natural subject. beauchamp devoted nine years to researching what would become the untold story of emmett louis till, a documentary released by thinkfilm and till freedom come productions in 2005. alterman writes that beauchamp started his research in a library where he assiduously read microfilm of archived articles connected to the case. what he found astonished and dismayed him. the pieces named witnesses that the authorities had never even bothered to question and possible participants who had never been charged. alterman quotes beauchamp, \" it was very strange that you have all of this overwhelming evidence that was just there, and nobody ever took the time to go back and research all of that stuff. \" beauchamp was especially impressed by a series of articles published by james hicks in 1955 in the cleveland call and post. in these articles, later gathered by christopher metress in the lynching of emmett till, hicks recounts his own investigation of the till case while the trial was in progress. both moses wright and willie reed testified to seeing black men in the truck with emmett till. hicks was determined to discover who those men were and believed he did. however, he discloses, \" i did not write it in mississippi for fear of bodily harm to myself, and to my colleagues. \" early on in his investigation, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40869932561552796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.967383"} {"text": ". hicks was determined to discover who those men were and believed he did. however, he discloses, \" i did not write it in mississippi for fear of bodily harm to myself, and to my colleagues. \" early on in his investigation, a clearly frightened african - american woman offered a tip. she told him that a young man called \" too tight \" was in the truck and that he had since disappeared from the area. she suggested he go to \" the only colored dance hall in town \" to learn too tight ' s real name. hicks followed her suggestion and visited a tavern called king ' s. at king ' s, hicks writes that he posed as \" a drifting guy who had dropped in for a beer. \" he asked, \" whatever happened to my boy too tight? \" the manager of king ' s stopped and stared. a group of men playing cards dropped them and turned to look at hicks. hicks \" grabbed [ the manager ] by the arm and moved over in a direction away from [ the card players ] and nearer the kitchen. \" the manager asked what he wanted with too tight and hicks replied that too tight was a friend of his. the manager told him that too tight was in jail. when hicks inquired as to what too tight was jailed for, the manager referred him to a woman seated nearby. hicks asked the woman for a dance. as they twirled around, they exchanged pleasantries, then hicks asked about too tight. she confirmed that too tight was in jail, but claimed she did not know why. she told hicks that too tight had been residing with her and her boyfriend, henry lee loggins, with whom she was cohabiting. she said loggins was also in jail but did not know what he was charged with either, then added : \" both of them worked for one of those white men who killed that boy from chicago and they came and got both of them. \" she said too tight ' s real name was leroy collins. in researching the till case, beauchamp met mamie till - mobley. the 24 - year - old filmmaker and the then 74 - year - old bereaved mother forged a strong friendship. in an article beauchamp wrote called \" the murder of emmett louis till : the spark that started the civil rights movement, \" he stated, \" our relationship would soon blossom and sculpt me into the man that i have become today. her charisma, wisdom and perseverance will always be a part of me. \" according to \" who killed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4366766544267141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.968362"} {"text": "movement, \" he stated, \" our relationship would soon blossom and sculpt me into the man that i have become today. her charisma, wisdom and perseverance will always be a part of me. \" according to \" who killed emmett till? \" an article by rebecca segall and david holmberg in the nation, feb. 3, 2003 \" special assistant to the atty. gen. jonathan compretta agreed to have a conference call on jan. 6 with beauchamp, mamie till - mobley and alvin sykes, president of the justice campaign of america, as a possible first step [ to re - opening the case ]. unfortunately, mamie till - mobley died that very day of heart failure, on the eve of a visit to atlanta for an appearance with beauchamp. \" beauchamp traveled to mississippi in his quest for the truth. according to alterman, \" he tracked down the people he had read about who allegedly witnessed the crime, but found they were reluctant to speak out. many were african - americans from the delta who had kept silent for decades, afraid of meeting a similar persecution if they revealed what they knew about the people who brutally murdered a 14 - year - old boy. \" eventually, beauchamp was able to persuade several witnesses to speak frankly with him and even to tell their stories on camera for the untold story of emmett louis till. almost half of a century after the events, some witnesses apparently remained fearful. ruthie mae crawford, a cousin of emmett who saw the incident in bryant ' s store from the window, allowed her name to be used and spoke on camera but only in shadow. mamie till - mobley, interviewed in the untold story of emmett louis till, asserts that several people helped murder her son : \" i know that milam and bryant had help when they murdered emmett till. \" she also stated that an african - american man, leroy \" too tight \" collins, was seen on the truck restraining emmett. another interviewee who appears on camera in shadow, \" willie, \" backs up her assertion about collins, claiming to have seen him and another man washing out blood from the truck. willie says they told him the blood was from a deer. \" justice, delayed but not denied, \" a magazine article published at the cbs news website on oct. 21, 2004, reports, \" beauchamp said that after reviewing thousands of old documents and talking to numerous witnesses with knowledge of the crime, he believes that at least 14 people may have been involved in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3808008025294266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.969611"} {"text": "article published at the cbs news website on oct. 21, 2004, reports, \" beauchamp said that after reviewing thousands of old documents and talking to numerous witnesses with knowledge of the crime, he believes that at least 14 people may have been involved in the kidnapping and murder of till and that five of them are still alive. \" according to an email from beauchamp to this writer, leroy \" too tight \" collins died several years ago. \" justice, delayed but not denied \" elaborates that the current justice department investigation focuses primarily on two individuals. one of them is the previously mentioned henry lee loggins, one of two local black men jailed shortly after till ' s murder. now in his 80s and living in ohio, loggins vociferously denies he played any part in the crime. loggins spoke to beauchamp and he appears in the untold story of emmett louis till. he claims he was not involved in the killing of till and knows nothing about it except what he has heard. however, beauchamp says that witnesses have identified him as the black man on the truck with collins and that fbi reports state that he was involved in it. the other person whose role is being closely examined is carolyn bryant. according to \" justice, delayed but not denied, \" she is now in her 70s, goes by the name carolyn donham, and lives in greenville, miss. in the commentary section of the untold story of emmett louis till, beauchamp reveals, \" i discovered in the course of my research that a warrant was made out for carolyn bryant in 1955 but it was never served. \" beauchamp hopes she will be charged and tried because he feels certain that she was present when emmett was abducted and that she identified him. another filmmaker, gode davis, who worked on a documentary about lynching, claims to have uncovered information about two other white men who participated in the till murder. segall and holmberg in their article in the nation about emmett till quote davis as saying that he interviewed a white man who claimed involvement in the crime and that this man knew the identity of another white man who may have been involved. the article also states that davis said he had contact with a white named billy wilson who claimed to have been a witness but not a participant. beauchamp, however, reports having a copy of a 1970 story in the mississippi southern patriot in which a man named billy wilson was said \" by blacks to brag about being one of the killers of emmett till in 1955 in money, miss. \" following a 22 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40952458167467076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.970696"} {"text": ", reports having a copy of a 1970 story in the mississippi southern patriot in which a man named billy wilson was said \" by blacks to brag about being one of the killers of emmett till in 1955 in money, miss. \" following a 22 - month fbi investigation, the u. s. justice department re - opened the emmet till case on may 10, 2004 by turning over more than 8, 000 pages of information about the case to joyce chiles, the district attorney for the 4th circuit court district of mississippi. in 2007, chiles sought a manslaughter charge against 73 - year - old carolyn bryant, the widow of one of the two confessed killers. on feb. 26, a grand jury in leflore county declined to issue any new indictments. the till case, for all intents and purposes, is now officially closed. solving cold cases cold cases are notoriously difficult to solve. memories and witnesses become extremely vulnerable to cross - examination. principals die. physical evidence gets misplaced or thrown out. a few major cold cases have been successfully prosecuted. one of the most significant was the june 12, 1963 murder of prominent civil rights activist medgar evers, who had been publicly investigating the murder of emmett till at the time he was shot. in the interview with mamie till - mobley shown in the untold story of emmett louis till, she says evers attended the trial every day, looked for witnesses, and escorted moses wright to and from the courtroom. ku klux klansman byron de la beckwith was arrested for the murder of medgar evers on june 23, 1963. he was tried twice before all - white juries that deadlocked, allowing him to go free. thirty years after his second trial, de la beckwith was brought to trial for a third time in 1994. new evidence about statements he had made bragging about the murder was entered into this trial before a racially mixed jury that convicted him. he died in prison in 2001. this intriguing story of belated justice was made into a movie released in 1996 and called the ghosts of mississippi that starred alec baldwin as bobby delaughter, the prosecutor, james woods as de la beckwith, and whoopi goldberg as evers ' widow, myrlie evers. according to \" ' justice can ' t just forget ' civil rights era killings [. pdf ], \" an article by bob kemper published in the atlanta journal - constitution on sept. 13, 2006, interest in several unsolved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40800518836970306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.971618"} {"text": "evers. according to \" ' justice can ' t just forget ' civil rights era killings [. pdf ], \" an article by bob kemper published in the atlanta journal - constitution on sept. 13, 2006, interest in several unsolved cases from the civil rights era has been renewed. the article discusses a few of them. one is that of georgia couples george and mae dorsey and roger and dorothy malcom who were believed to have been pulled from a car on july 25, 1946 by a white mob and then beaten to death. their murders were in apparent retaliation for roger malcom ' s having cut a white farmer with a knife a few days earlier. another case mentioned by kemper is that of jimmy lee jackson who was fatally shot by police during a voter registration demonstration in marion, ala. kemper notes, \" congress is weighing whether to create special cold - case units at the justice department and fbi that, with a $ 5 million annual budget, would exclusively focus on unsolved killings from the civil rights era. \" while there are major problems with prosecuting cold cases, there are advantages to pressing those specifically of the civil rights era. as kemper writes, \" once - terrified witnesses and relatives of suspects are increasingly willing to reveal what they know. \" none of those cases is more notorious than that of emmett till whose death struck a chord with so many people, including the martyred medgar evers. decades after evers ' s murder, a measure of justice was meted out to his murderer. no such justice awaits emmett till. by denise noe burr oak cemetery murdered august 27th 1955 \" the hate crime that changed america \" it was the darkest day of july 2001 ; perpetua had just acquired chicago burr oak cemetery. the property had been neglected for years. the grounds were overgrown and out of control. the tractors and trucks were old and junky. the office was in a deplorable state, disorganized and dirty. the staff greeted customers from behind bullet proof glass. and there had been no form of professional management anywhere near the property. most would have just decided that there was no hope for this property. most would have done what previous owners had done for so many years % u2013just take the cash and not improve the place. but slivy edmonds cotton, president of perpetua, decided to step up to the plate and immediately began making improvements to the property. finally a ray of light had shown itself to chicago burr oak cemetery. early on,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3949063239200646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.972610"} {"text": "the place. but slivy edmonds cotton, president of perpetua, decided to step up to the plate and immediately began making improvements to the property. finally a ray of light had shown itself to chicago burr oak cemetery. early on, perpetua developed a relationship with ms. mamie till - mobley. before her death in 2003, ms. mobley committed to lead the way in developing the emmett till historical museum at chicago burr oak. this museum honors and reflects ms. mobley ' s vision and will feature the emmett till story, and the story of many other african - americans who have made contributions to our community and to the world. this museum will include a mausoleum which will house emmett ' s remains, as well as those of his mother and step - father. groundbreaking ceremonies for the structure are scheduled to take place in the spring of 2005. you can contribute to this great cause by sending your tax - deductible donation to : chicago burr oaks cemetery emmett till historical museum 4400 west 127th alsip, il 60803 for more information, please contact carolyn towns at 773 - 233 - 5676 this article is the infamous confession of j. w. milam and roy bryant to the kidnapping and killing of emmett till. reporter william bradford huie reportedly paid the men $ 4000 for their story. it appeared in look 20 ( 24 january 1956 ) : 46 % u201350. disclosed here is the true account of the slaying in mississippi of a negro youth named emmett till. last september in sumner, miss., a petit jury found the youth ' s admitted abductors not guilty of murder. in november, in greenwood, a grand jury declined to indict them for kidnapping. of the murder trial, the memphis commercial appeal said : \" evidence necessary for convicting on a murder charge was lacking. \" but with truth absent, hypocrisy and myth have flourished. now, hypocrisy can be exposed ; myth dispelled. here are the facts. carolyn holloway bryant is 21, five feet tall, weighs 103 pounds. an irish girl, with black hair and black eyes, she is a small farmer ' s daughter who, at 17, quit high school at indianola, miss., to marry a soldier, roy bryant, then 20, now 24. the couple have two boys, three and two ; and they operate a store at a dusty crossroads called money : post office, filling station and three stores clustered around a school and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41576768007762077, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.973493"} {"text": ", to marry a soldier, roy bryant, then 20, now 24. the couple have two boys, three and two ; and they operate a store at a dusty crossroads called money : post office, filling station and three stores clustered around a school and a gin, and set in the vast, lonely cotton patch that is the mississippi delta. carolyn and roy bryant are poor : no car, no tv. they live in the back of the store which roy ' s brothers helped set up when he got out of the 82nd airborne in 1953. they sell \" snuff - and - fatback \" to negro field hands on credit : and they earn little because, for one reason, the government has been giving the negroes food they formerly bought. carolyn and roy bryant ' s social life is visits to their families, to the baptist church and, whenever they can borrow a car, to a drive - in, with the kids sleeping in the back seat. they call shane the best picture they ever saw. for extra money, carolyn tends store when roy works outside - - like truck driving for a brother. and he has many brothers. his mother had two husbands, 11 children. the first five - - all boys - - were \" milam children \" ; the next six - - three boys, three girls - - were \" bryant children. \" this is a lusty and devoted clan. they work, fight, vote and play as a family. the \" half \" in their fraternity is forgotten. for years, they have operated a chain of cottonfield stores, as well as trucks and mechanical cotton pickers. in relation to the negroes, they are somewhat like white traders in portions of africa today ; and they are determined to resist the revolt of colored men against white rule. on wednesday evening, august 24, 1955, roy was in texas, on a brother ' s truck. he had carted shrimp from new orleans to san antonio, proceeded to brownsville. carolyn was alone in the store. but back in the living quarters was her sister - in - law juanita milam, 27, with her two small sons and carolyn ' s two. the store was kept open till 9 on week nights, 11 on saturday. when her husband was away, carolyn bryant never slept in the store, never stayed there alone after dark. moreover, in the delta, no white woman or group of white women ever travels country roads after dark unattended by a man. this meant that during roy ' s absences - - particularly since", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42408494830307863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.974416"} {"text": "the store, never stayed there alone after dark. moreover, in the delta, no white woman or group of white women ever travels country roads after dark unattended by a man. this meant that during roy ' s absences - - particularly since he had no car - - there was family inconvenience. each afternoon, a sister - in - law arrived to stay with carolyn until closing time. then, the two women, with their children, waited for a brother - in - law to convoy them to his home. next morning, the sister - in - law drove carolyn back. juanita milam had driven from her home in glendora. she had parked in front of the store to the left ; and under the front seat of this car was roy bryant ' s pistol, a. 38 colt automatic. carolyn knew it was there. after 9, juanita ' s husband, j. w. milam, would arrive in his pickup to shepherd them to his home for the night. about 7 : 30 p. m., eight young negroes - - seven boys and a girl - - in a ' 46 ford had stopped outside. they included sons, grandsons and a nephew of moses ( preacher ) wright, 64, a ' cropper. they were between 13 and 19 years old. four were natives of the delta, and others, including the nephew, emmett ( bobo ) till, were visiting from the chicago area. bobo till was 14 years old : born on july 25, 1941. he was stocky, muscular, weighing about 160, five feet four or five. preacher later testified : \" he looked like a man. \" bobo ' s party joined a dozen other young negroes, including two other girls, in front of the store. bryant had built checkerboards there. some were playing checkers, others were wrestling and \" kiddin ' about girls. \" bobo bragged about his white girl. he showed the boys a picture of a white girl in his wallet ; and to their jeers of disbelief, he boasted of his success with her. \" you talkin ' mighty big, bo, \" one youth said. \" there ' s a pretty little white woman in the store. since you know how to handle white girls, let ' s see you go in and get a date with her? \" \" you ain ' t chicken, are yuh, bo? \" another youth taunted him. bobo had to fire or fall back. he entered the store, alone, stopped at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42113730026558527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 35, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.975272"} {"text": "s see you go in and get a date with her? \" \" you ain ' t chicken, are yuh, bo? \" another youth taunted him. bobo had to fire or fall back. he entered the store, alone, stopped at the candy case. carolyn was behind the counter ; bobo in front. he asked for two cents ' worth of bubble gum. she handed it to him. he squeezed her hand and said : \" how about a date, baby? \" she jerked away and started for juanita milam. at the break between counters, bobo jumped in front of her, perhaps caught her at the waist, and said : \" you needn ' t be afraid o ' me, baby. i been with white girls before. \" at this point, a cousin ran in, grabbed bobo and began pulling him out of the store. carolyn now ran, not for juanita, but out the front, and got the pistol from the milam car. outside, with bobo being ushered off by his cousins, and with carolyn getting the gun, bobo executed the \" wolf whistle \" which gave the case its name : the wolf - whistle murder : a negro \" child \" or \" boy \" whistled at her and they killed him. that was the sum of the facts on which most newspaper readers based an opinion. the negroes drove away ; and carolyn, shaken, told juanita. the two women determined to keep the incident from their \" men - folks. \" they didn ' t tell j. w. milam when he came to escort them home. by thursday afternoon, carolyn bryant could see the story was getting around. she spent thursday night at the milams, where at 4 a. m. ( friday ) roy got back from texas. since he had slept little for five nights, he went to bed at the milams ' while carolyn returned to the store. during friday afternoon, roy reached the store, and shortly thereafter a negro told him what \" the talk \" was, and told him that the \" chicago boy \" was \" visitin ' preacher. \" carolyn then told roy what had happened. once roy bryant knew, in his environment, in the opinion of most white people around him, for him to have done nothing would have marked him for a coward and a fool. on friday night, he couldn ' t do anything. he and carolyn were alone, and he had no car. saturday was collection day, their busy day in the store. about 10 : 30 saturday night, j. w.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4464361744475549, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.976143"} {"text": "and a fool. on friday night, he couldn ' t do anything. he and carolyn were alone, and he had no car. saturday was collection day, their busy day in the store. about 10 : 30 saturday night, j. w. milam drove by. roy took him aside. \" i want you to come over early in the morning, \" he said. \" i need a little transportation. \" j. w. protested : \" sunday ' s the only morning i can sleep. can ' t we make it around noon? \" roy then told him. \" i ' ll be there, \" he said. \" early. \" j. w. drove to another brother ' s store at minter city, where he was working. he closed that store about 12 : 30 a. m., drove home to glendora. juanita was away, visiting her folks at greenville. j. w. had been thinking. he decided not to go to bed. he pumped the pickup - - a half - ton ' 55 chevrolet - - full of gas and headed for money. j. w. \" big milam \" is 36 ; six feet two, 235 pounds ; an extrovert. short boots accentuate his height ; khaki trousers ; red sports shirt ; sun helmet. dark - visaged ; his lower lip curls when he chuckles ; and though bald, his remaining hair is jet - black. he is slavery ' s plantation overseer. today, he rents negro - driven mechanical cotton pickers to plantation owners. those who know him say that he can handle negroes better than anybody in the country. big milam soldiered in the patton manner. with a ninth - grade education, he was commissioned in battle by the 75th division. he was an expert platoon leader, expert street fighter, expert in night patrol, expert with the \" grease gun, \" with every device for close - range killing. a german bullet tore clear through his chest ; his body bears \" multiple shrapnel wounds. \" of his medals, he cherishes one : combat infantryman ' s badge. big milam, like many soldiers, brought home his favorite gun : the. 45 colt automatic pistol. \" best weapon the army ' s got, \" he says. \" either for shootin ' or sluggin '. \" two hours after big milam got the word - - the instant minute he could close the store - - he was looking for the chicago negro. big milam reached money a few minutes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4151900691009252, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 37, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.976991"} {"text": ". \" either for shootin ' or sluggin '. \" two hours after big milam got the word - - the instant minute he could close the store - - he was looking for the chicago negro. big milam reached money a few minutes shy of 2 a. m., sunday, august 28. the bryants were asleep ; the store was dark but for the all - night light. he rapped at the back door, and when roy came, he said : \" let ' s go. let ' s make that trip now. \" roy dressed, brought a gun : this one was a. 45 colt. both men were - - and remained - - cold sober. big milam had drunk a beer at minter city around 9 ; roy had had nothing. there was no moon as they drove to preacher ' s house : 2. 8 miles east of money. preacher ' s house stands 50 feet right of the gravel road, with cedar and persimmon trees in the yard. big milam drove the pickup in under the trees. he was bareheaded, carrying a five - cell flashlight in his left hand, the. 45 in the right. roy bryant pounded on the door. preacher : \" who ' s that? \" bryant : \" mr. bryant, from money, preacher. \" preacher : \" all right, sir. just a minute. \" preacher came out of the screened - in porch. bryant : \" preacher, you got a boy from chicago here? \" bryant : \" i want to talk to him. \" preacher : \" yessir. i ' ll get him. \" preacher led them to a back bedroom where four youths were sleeping in two beds. in one was bobo till and simeon wright, preacher ' s youngest son. bryant had told preacher to turn on the lights ; preacher had said they were out of order. so only the flashlight was used. the visit was not a complete surprise. preacher testified that he had heard of the \" trouble, \" that he \" sho ' had \" talked to his nephew about it. bobo himself had been afraid ; he had wanted to go home the day after the incident. the negro girl in the party urged that he leave. \" they ' ll kill him, \" she had warned. but preacher ' s wife, elizabeth wright, had decided that the danger was being magnified ; she had urged bobo to \" finish yo ' visit. \" \" i thought they might say something to him, but i didn ' t think they ' d kill a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4273943847049678, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 38, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.977814"} {"text": "' s wife, elizabeth wright, had decided that the danger was being magnified ; she had urged bobo to \" finish yo ' visit. \" \" i thought they might say something to him, but i didn ' t think they ' d kill a boy, \" preacher said. big milam shined the light in bobo ' s face, said : \" you the nigger who did the talking? \" \" yeah, \" bobo replied. milam : \" don ' t say, ' yeah ' to me : i ' ll blow your head off. get your clothes on. \" bobo had been sleeping in his shorts. he pulled on a shirt and trousers, then reached for his socks. \" just the shoes, \" milam hurried him \" i don ' t wear shoes without socks, \" bobo said ; and he kept the gun - bearers waiting while he put on his socks, then a pair of canvas shoes with thick crepe soles. preacher and his wife tried two arguments in the boy ' s behalf. \" he ain ' t got good sense, \" preacher begged. \" he didn ' t know what he was doing. don ' t take him. \" \" i ' ll pay you gentlemen for the damages, \" elizabeth wright said. \" you niggers go back to sleep, \" milam replied. they marched him into the yard, told him to get in the back of the pickup and lie down. he obeyed. they drove toward money. elizabeth wright rushed to the home of a white neighbor, who got up, looked around, but decided he could do nothing. then, she and preacher drove to the home of her brother, crosby smith, at sumner ; and crosby smith, on sunday morning, went to the sheriff ' s office at greenwood. the other young negroes stayed at preacher ' s house until daylight, when wheeler parker telephoned his mother in chicago, who in turn notified bobo ' s mother, mamie bradley, 33, 6427 s. st. lawrence. had there been any doubt as to the identity of the \" chicago boy who done the talking, \" milam and bryant would have stopped at the store for carolyn to identify him. but there had been no denial. so they didn ' t stop at the store. at money, they crossed the tallahatchie river and drove west. their intention was to \" just whip him... and scare some sense into him. \" and for this chore, big milam knew \" the scariest place in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.368080474089433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 39, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.978631"} {"text": "money, they crossed the tallahatchie river and drove west. their intention was to \" just whip him... and scare some sense into him. \" and for this chore, big milam knew \" the scariest place in the delta. \" he had come upon it last year hunting wild geese. over close to rosedale, the big river bends around under a bluff. \" brother, she ' s a 100 - foot sheer drop, and she ' s a 100 feet deep after you hit. \" big milam ' s idea was to stand him up there on that bluff, \" whip \" him with the. 45, and then shine the light on down there toward that water and make him think you ' re gonna knock him in. \" brother, if that won ' t scare the chicago - - - - - - -, hell won ' t. \" searching for this bluff, they drove close to 75 miles. through shellmound, schlater, doddsville, ruleville, cleveland, to the intersection south of rosedale. there they turned south on mississippi no. 1, toward the entrance to beulah lake. they tried several dirt and gravel roads, drove along the levee. finally, they gave up : in the darkness, big milam couldn ' t find his bluff. they drove back to milam ' s house at glendora, and by now it was 5 a. m.. they had been driving nearly three hours, with milam and bryant in the cab and bobo lying in the back. at some point when the truck slowed down, why hadn ' t bobo jumped and run? he wasn ' t tied ; nobody was holding him. a partial answer is that those chevrolet pickups have a wraparound rear window the size of a windshield. bryant could watch him. but the real answer is the remarkable part of the story. bobo wasn ' t afraid of them! he was tough as they were. he didn ' t think they had the guts to kill him. milam : \" we were never able to scare him. they had just filled him so full of that poison that he was hopeless. \" back of milam ' s home is a tool house, with two rooms each about 12 feet square. they took him in there and began \" whipping \" him, first milam, then bryant smashing him across the head with those. 45 ' s. pistol - whipping : a court - martial offense in the army... but mp ' s have been known to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3929362414290959, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 40, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.979450"} {"text": "in there and began \" whipping \" him, first milam, then bryant smashing him across the head with those. 45 ' s. pistol - whipping : a court - martial offense in the army... but mp ' s have been known to do it.... and milam got information out of german prisoners this way. but under these blows bobo never hollered - - and he kept making the perfect speeches to insure martyrdom. bobo : \" you bastards, i ' m not afraid of you. i ' m as good as you are. i ' ve ' had ' white women. my grandmother was a white woman. \" milam : \" well, what else could we do? he was hopeless. i ' m no bully ; i never hurt a nigger in my life. i like niggers - - in their place - - i know how to work ' em. but i just decided it was time a few people got put on notice. as long as i live and can do anything about it, niggers are gonna stay in their place. niggers ain ' t gonna vote where i live. if they did, they ' d control the government. they ain ' t gonna go to school with my kids. and when a nigger gets close to mentioning sex with a white woman, he ' s tired o ' livin '. i ' m likely to kill him. me and my folks fought for this country, and we ' ve got some rights. i stood there in that shed and listened to that nigger throw that poison at me, and i just made up my mind. ' chicago boy, ' i said, ' i ' m tired of ' em sending your kind down here to stir up trouble. goddam you, i ' m going to make an example of you - - just so everybody can know how me and my folks stand. ' \" so big milam decided to act. he needed a weight. he tried to think of where he could get an anvil. then he remembered a gin which had installed new equipment. he had seen two men lifting a discarded fan, a metal fan three feet high and circular, used in ginning cotton. bobo wasn ' t bleeding much. pistol - whipping bruises more than it cuts. they ordered him back in the truck and headed west again. they passed through doddsville, went to the progressive ginning company. this gin is 3. 4 miles east of boyle : boyle is two miles south of cleveland. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3920228970257391, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 41, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.980686"} {"text": "than it cuts. they ordered him back in the truck and headed west again. they passed through doddsville, went to the progressive ginning company. this gin is 3. 4 miles east of boyle : boyle is two miles south of cleveland. the road to this gin turns left off u. s. 61, after you cross the bayou bridge south of boyle. milam : \" when we got to that gin, it was daylight, and i was worried for the first time. somebody might see us and accuse us of stealing the fan. \" bryant and big milam stood aside while bobo loaded the fan. weight : 74 pounds. the youth still thought they were bluffing. they drove back to glendora, then north toward swan lake and crossed the \" new bridge \" over the tallahatchie. at the east end of this bridge, they turned right, along a dirt road which parallels the river. after about two miles, they crossed the property of l. w. boyce, passing near his house. about 1. 5 miles southeast of the boyce home is a lonely spot where big milam has hunted squirrels. the river bank is steep. the truck stopped 30 yards from the water. big milam ordered bobo to pick up the fan. he staggered under its weight... carried it to the river bank. they stood silently... just hating one another. milam : \" take off your clothes. \" slowly, bobo pulled off his shoes, his socks. he stood up, unbuttoned his shirt, dropped his pants, his shorts. he stood there naked. it was sunday morning, a little before 7. milam : \" you still as good as i am? \" milam : \" you still ' had ' white women? \" that big. 45 jumped in big milam ' s hand. the youth turned to catch that big, expanding bullet at his right ear. he dropped. they barb - wired the gin fan to his neck, rolled him into 20 feet of water. for three hours that morning, there was a fire in big milam ' s back yard : bobo ' s crepe - soled shoes were hard to burn. seventy - two hours later - - eight miles downstream - - boys were fishing. they saw feet sticking out of the water. bobo. the majority - - by no means all, but the majority - - of the white people in mississippi 1 ) either approve big milam ' s action or else 2 ) they don ' t di", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42792877404089646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 42, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.981764"} {"text": "they saw feet sticking out of the water. bobo. the majority - - by no means all, but the majority - - of the white people in mississippi 1 ) either approve big milam ' s action or else 2 ) they don ' t disapprove enough to risk giving their \" enemies \" the satisfaction of a conviction. emmett till murder defendant, j. w. milam, in court with his family. significant articles 2 shortly after the \u201c confession \u201d article by william bradford huie appeared in the 24 january 1956 edition of look magazine, a series of articles began to appear in the black newspaper, the california eagle. although this series claims to unfold the truth about the emmett till murder while differing drastically from huie, the articles received very little attention. scanning several of the newspapers that had prominently featured the till case and also commented on huie \u2019 s article, none mentioned the eagle articles. the california eagle installments were written by a journalist under the pseudonym amos dixon. an introductory note in the first installment claimed that dixon not only had covered the trial, but that he \u201c talked freely to those who knew what happened. \u201d unlike huie, who had milam and bryant as his sources, dixon maintained that there were accomplices to the murder and names them. his account matches more closely the testimonies of witnesses willie reed and mandy bradley, although at the same time, there are some obvious errors of fact. mississippi doctor and civil rights leader t. r. m. howard may have been behind the publication of these articles. historians david beito and linda royster beito, in their forthcoming biography of howard, provide evidence for this in that howard and eagle publisher loren miller had been friends for over two decades. according to the beitos, howard did aid the publishing of another investigative piece, time bomb ( also included on this website ) which reached similar conclusions to dixon, and which appeared around the same time the eagle articles were published. dixon maintains that others, including two other milam brothers and three other blacks were involved in the murder of emmett till. these names had already been familiar to howard and had surfaced in the investigative articles by black reporter james hicks ( see the link to hick \u2019 s investigations on this site also ). despite some obvious shortcomings, these articles have deserved greater attention and are an important source in maintaining early on the involvement of others in the murder of emmett till. interview with mamie till - mobley dec 3 1996 dsa : what kind of a boy was emmett till?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3966656243102139, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 43, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.984103"} {"text": ", these articles have deserved greater attention and are an important source in maintaining early on the involvement of others in the murder of emmett till. interview with mamie till - mobley dec 3 1996 dsa : what kind of a boy was emmett till? mtm : i would say that to me, emmett was very ordinary. but as i look at today \u2019 s youth, i realize that emmett was very extraordinary. i was a working mother, and at the time that emmett was killed, i was a single parent. his step - father and i had gone our separate ways, and it was just the two of us. i worked all kinds of hours. i worked for the united states air force, and i was a clerk in charge of secret and confidential files. i was the only one with the combination to the files outside of the officer in charge, which meant that i had to go to work \u2013 i didn \u2019 t fool around. and i would work sometimes six or seven days in a row. i would work from 8 to13 hours a day, and that meant that emmett had all the house responsibility. i mean everything was really on his shoulders, and emmett took it upon himself. he told me if i would work, and make the money, he would take care of everything else. he cleaned, and he cooked quite a bit. and he even took over the laundry \u2013 so much so that i \u2019 d been relieved of the laundry for so long, that when emmett was killed, and i went down for the first time to operate the washing machine, i called my mother crying, telling her that emmett had broken the machine and he hadn \u2019 t told me ( it wouldn \u2019 t ring for me \u2013 i had a ringer washer ). i was just so carried away in grief that i guess i was glad to even be able to call her and tell her something about emmett even if it was something that i thought was negative \u2013 breaking the ringer and not telling me. and my mother asked, \u201c did you engage the ringer? \u201d and i wanted to know, \u201c what do you mean? \u201d she said, \u201c honey, you have to tighten the ringer. \u201d i ran all the way from the second floor down to the basement. i had to go outside and down, tighten the ringer, ran back upstairs, and i really cried. i said, \u201c mama, it \u2019 s not broken, it \u2019 s ok. \u201d and i don \u2019 t know, it was just such an emotional moment with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4299058535331286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 44, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.984996"} {"text": "and down, tighten the ringer, ran back upstairs, and i really cried. i said, \u201c mama, it \u2019 s not broken, it \u2019 s ok. \u201d and i don \u2019 t know, it was just such an emotional moment with me. dsa : was this right after his death, or before you had gone to mississippi? mtm : no, i had been to mississippi. it looks like to me it was summertime. i don \u2019 t know what in the world was going on, but i hadn \u2019 t washed in all this length of time, but it had to be summertime. you know, you kind of lose details, but it was after the house had quieted down, and the house didn \u2019 t quiet down until i think, about november. and so it could have been one of the indian summer days in november. but i know it was time that i had to go downstairs and wash. when i returned home, my mother came home with me, and i didn \u2019 t have to worry about any laundry until she returned to her home, and that was sometime about mid - november. so this could well have been november. dsa : now, being from chicago, did you have direct experience with southern racism yourself before emmett \u2019 s death? mtm : i had heard people talk about it, but no direct encounter. dsa : so when emmett went down to visit, did you have some concerns about the way life was down there? mtm : yes, i did, because i had been reading in jet magazine about all the killings that had been going on, and i was aware that tension was high. but in talking to my uncle, preacher mose wright, i was also assured by him that \u201c things were getting much better, and you are unduly concerned. \u201d dsa : how were you first informed that something had happened? mtm : mose wright \u2019 s oldest daughter called me that sunday morning about 9 : 30 to let me know that emmett had been taken from her dad \u2019 s house. dsa : at this point they hadn \u2019 t found him yet, right? mtm : oh, no, they didn \u2019 t find him until wednesday. dsa : now, the case received national attention. did this surprise you? mtm : it really did, because what happened to a black person in the united states of america was \u201c ho - hum. \u201d whole families disappeared and nobody raised an eyebrow. the black people were afraid to talk about it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4299805859347213, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 45, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.985992"} {"text": "did this surprise you? mtm : it really did, because what happened to a black person in the united states of america was \u201c ho - hum. \u201d whole families disappeared and nobody raised an eyebrow. the black people were afraid to talk about it because they knew that if they opened their big mouths, they would disappear as well. dsa : what was it like for you to go down there for the trial? what was the climate \u2013 the emotion in the air there? mtm : i could really describe my own feelings. i knew that for me to attend that trial did not mean that i was going to get back alive, and so i had to make a decision. was it more important for me to be alive, or was it more important for me to attend the trial? and i made the decision that i had business in mississippi, and my coming back dead or alive was of less importance than my being there on the scene alive as long as i could maintain life. and it was on that basis that i went. it left my mother devastated, but i was compelled to go. i had to go to mississippi. dsa : it must have been a brave thing for you, as well as mose wright, who pointed these men out in the courtroom. what a risk you took! mtm : yes, indeed. i never thought about it as being brave. it was just something i had to do, and if there was anything i could do to help the prosecuting attorney, then i had to do that. i just had to do it. dsa : one of the things you said in a segment shown on eyes on the prize was that the verdict was the one you had expected. with that in mind, how did you view the trial? it was obviously a farce from the beginning. mtm : definitely, and that was the way i described it. dsa : but was there a point where you had some hope that maybe justice would prevail? mtm : oh my goodness, as i listened to the testimonies that i was allowed to listen to, it was an open and shut case that the men would be convicted. but i guess what i really did, i was gauging the outcome by the actions of the outside crowd. and i knew when that jury retired, it was time for us to get out of the area. and i also noticed the black people who were attending the trial. they stayed until the jury retired. when the jury retired, they retired. and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4376609591305871, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 46, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.986943"} {"text": ". and i knew when that jury retired, it was time for us to get out of the area. and i also noticed the black people who were attending the trial. they stayed until the jury retired. when the jury retired, they retired. and i spoke to my party, and i told them, \u201c i would like for us to leave now. \u201d and congressman diggs said, \u201c what, and miss the verdict? \u201d i said, \u201c this is one you will want to miss. the verdict is \u2018 not guilty. \u2019 \u201c and they looked at me like they thought i was nuts. but because of their concern for me, the two carloads of us started back to mt. bayou, mississippi. and about 45 minutes out of sumner, the verdict came : \u201c not guilty. \u201d and they were just stunned. i mean, nobody said a word. it was just as if someone had taken our voices. but you could hear the cheering and the uproar in the little town. and we knew that had we been there, we could have been lynched. dsa : what has been your feeling for the killers, milam and bryant, over the years? mtm : mercifully, the lord just erased them out of my mind, out of my sight, with no conscious feelings toward them. not hate, not love. i \u2019 ve occasionally wondered what their lot in life was like. but i have heard enough, that i know they suffered more than i \u2019 ve suffered. because they suffered not only from guilt, but to the people for whom they had been such heroes, they were now curses. and they became friendless, family - less, homeless, jobless. i mean, they lost it all. and at least i have gained a world of friends. i have a home, i had a job, i had something to look forward to because i work with children constantly. our lives just went in opposite directions. i became a benefactor to society, they became a scourge to society. dsa : so in a sense, they have been in a prison for the last forty years. mtm : oh yes. dsa : one of them has passed away i believe, right? mtm : both of them. dsa : oh, they both have now? dsa : oh, ok. mtm : i think one passed sometime in 1994. that was bryant. dsa : ok. i knew milam had died around 1981, and one of the books i had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4280207734566363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 47, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.987830"} {"text": "oh, they both have now? dsa : oh, ok. mtm : i think one passed sometime in 1994. that was bryant. dsa : ok. i knew milam had died around 1981, and one of the books i had read was written a few years ago, so it must have been before bryant \u2019 s death. has anyone in their family, or any of their friends ever tried to contact you to apologize on their behalf or anything like that? mtm : no. no contact whatsoever. dsa : considering how much racism \u2013 including lynching \u2013 had been tolerated in the south, and then to have the killers ostracized for what they did, do you see that as the turning point then, as far as people saying, \u201c enough is enough! \u201d? mtm : well, i think the fact that i was able to get emmett \u2019 s body out of mississippi, and then to put that body on display for five days, and people could walk by and see what racism had really generated. i mean, to hear that they hung people on a tree, that they cut their fingers off and passed them out for souvenirs, to hear that, to read it, that is one thing. but to actually see it with your eyes, that is a different thing. and 600, 000 people, which is a conservative estimate, walked by and looked at emmett. people from all over the world came and attended the trail and they also passed by and looked at emmett. it was something that was unprecedented, and people really didn \u2019 t know that things this horrible could take place, and the fact that it happened to a child, that make all the difference in the world. dsa : was that hard for you to have him on display like that? mtm : it was very hard. dsa : were you thinking of the benefits to society, and what this would do for america? mtm : i didn \u2019 t even think of the benefits to society. the main thing i thought about was : \u201c let the world see what has happened, because there is no way i could describe this. \u201d and i needed somebody to help me tell what it was like. dsa : being 41 years since the murder, do you feel america still remembers this case? do you feel much more needs to be said about it? mtm : i certainly do. dsa : and what could someone like me, as an up - and - coming historian do to help remind people of it? mtm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39916384318579806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 48, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.988670"} {"text": "this case? do you feel much more needs to be said about it? mtm : i certainly do. dsa : and what could someone like me, as an up - and - coming historian do to help remind people of it? mtm : well, what you are doing. you are writing, you are talking. i often ask people to send letters to the justice department, because justice has not been done. and i am yet trying to bring about justice in this case. not necessarily against the perpetrators, but the state, in the trial of these men. they made no effort whatsoever to see to it that justice was done. in fact, it was a conspiracy to make sure that justice was not done \u2013 even to the fact that they destroyed the case records \u2013 the transcripts of the trial. dsa : i didn \u2019 t know that. dsa : are you happy with the books that have been written \u2013 a death in the delta and emmett till : the sacrificial lamb of the civil rights movement? mtm : i am happier with clenora hudson weems, because i sat with her for \u2013 i don \u2019 t know \u2013 over a period of two years, telling her everything i knew, and helping her to find the material, and even then there are some things that are incorrect. a death in the delta, is less accurate, and the one thing that i did not like was that the author said that he had tried to contact me and i refused to answer. now, i don \u2019 t know where his letters went, but i \u2019 ve been here at 8434 since january 1961, and i didn \u2019 t receive any correspondence from him. i would have gladly cooperated, because it is an advantage to me to know that people are talking about and thinking about emmett till. stephen whitfield, i believe it was. dsa : yes. so, tell me a little bit about the \u201c emmett till players \u201d that you founded. mtm : these are boys and girls that i have taught. i began teaching them to do dr. king \u2019 s speeches. i started in 1973 quite by accident. i was a freed assistant at the carter elementary school. we were told to do a commemorative program honoring dr. king on his birthday. and, the time was passing, time was passing, and nothing was happening. i went to the principal and i asked him, \u201c what are we going to do? \u201d he said, \u201c mrs. mobley, i don \u2019 t know what you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4308407565483047, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 49, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.989547"} {"text": ", the time was passing, time was passing, and nothing was happening. i went to the principal and i asked him, \u201c what are we going to do? \u201d he said, \u201c mrs. mobley, i don \u2019 t know what you are going to do. \u201d and that \u2019 s when i found out it was up to me, and i had about three weeks. i had no children. i had no classroom. and i said, \u201c i don \u2019 t have any children. \u201d and he said, \u201c the teachers will give you children. \u201d so i went to the fourth, fifth, and sixth grade teachers and asked them for assistance. \u201c give me some of your children. \u201d but before that i went to the library, and i asked our librarian, \u201c what do you have? she said, \u201c i have three records. \u201d and i persuaded her to let me take those records out. i listened to those records. and i became so engrossed with what dr. king was saying, until when i went to school the next morning, i had not been to bed. i had put those records on cassette tapes, and then i transcribed them on the typewriter. i would be working with one ( i had more than one tape recorder \u2013 i \u2019 ve always had two and three of everything ) and while one was recording a record i would be transcribing record number one. i think i finished up about 5 : 30 that morning, and got myself ready to go to school. and i knew exactly what i was going to do. i was going to go through those speeches and select certain ones for the children to recite during an assembly program. i took all of that day and wrote out what i wanted them to do. then i went to my teachers and i asked them to send me some children. and they sent me the worst they had ; the non - learners, the ones with problems. but they performed and did it beautifully. my god, those kids worried about their ability to do it. but i did everything i could for them so that they could get up in front of that school. they worried that they would forget their speeches. i gave them multiple copies and had them place them on their mirrors, on the door to their bedroom, and on the refrigerator. they wouldn \u2019 t have a chance to forget those speeches because they would be everywhere they went. and when they delivered them, they did it like they had known those speeches all their lives. i was proud of them and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4390181625713412, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 50, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.990401"} {"text": ", and on the refrigerator. they wouldn \u2019 t have a chance to forget those speeches because they would be everywhere they went. and when they delivered them, they did it like they had known those speeches all their lives. i was proud of them and they were proud of themselves. when they were on that stage it was as though they suddenly became someone new. that was the beginning. they continued to perform at assemblies, and my church sponsored many events that allowed them to continue to perform. over the years there have been hundreds of these kids, the emmett till players. and so many have gone on to become such benefactors to society. i have some who are now preachers. i still hear from them and they thank me for the opportunity i gave them. dsa : that \u2019 s great. so, do you still have a lot of contact with them? mtm : yes. yes, i hear from just about every one of them. dsa : it sounds like you have made a difference in a lot of lives. mrs. mobley, i thank you so much for your time today, and for sharing your story with me. interview with hugh stephen whitaker ~ part 1 june 22 2005 hugh stephen whitaker was born in 1939 in charleston, ms ( near sumner, the site of the emmett till murder trial ). his stepfather, n. z. troutt, was chief of police in charleston in 1955, and he was appointed as deputy sheriff for the duration of the trial. for his master \u2019 s thesis, submitted to florida state university in 1963, he wrote \u201c a case study in southern justice : the emmett till case, \u201d the first book length study of the emmett till murder, and the only such source for another twenty - seven years. whitaker \u2019 s thesis is the only one to reference the original trial transcript, in addition to first - hand interviews with many of the trial participants ( the sheriff, prosecutors, defense attorneys, and all of the jurors ). two years after receiving his master ' s degree, he wrote his doctoral dissertation, \u201c a new day : the effects of negro enfranchisement in selected mississippi counties \u201d ( all of which were in the mississippi delta ), also submitted to florida state university. he taught at temple university, the university of southern california, and florida state university. currently, he is a researcher with the florida department of health. formerly married to aide steele of tutwiler, he has two daughters, linda and heather, and two grandchildren. he is engaged to be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4230031189162907, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 51, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.991593"} {"text": "southern california, and florida state university. currently, he is a researcher with the florida department of health. formerly married to aide steele of tutwiler, he has two daughters, linda and heather, and two grandchildren. he is engaged to be married to penny young in the fall of 2005. dsa : how old were you, and where were you living at the time of the emmett till murder case? hsw : i was fifteen years old. i was living in charleston, one of the two ( the larger ) county seats in tallahatchie county. maps in my thesis show it. my stepfather, n. z. troutt, was chief of police in charleston. he considered running for sheriff in 1955 and decided that he did not have the money necessary to run a campaign. he was deputized by strider to assist with the trial. a bomb was stuck under my bedroom window ( on the front porch ) about six feet from my head, during the trial. i jumped out of bed and the culprit removed the bomb and ran to a car and sped off. dsa : did you know any of the players in the trial? hsw : i knew everyone who was involved in the trial - - sheriff, prosecutor, judge, defense attorneys, and all the jurors, i believe, at least casually. most had children in school with me. i did not know the defendants except by reputation, or any of the african american people from money, mississippi. money was not really incorporated. most of the \u201c town, \u201d which was really small, was located on or near the west bank of the tallahatchie river ( again see the maps in the theses online ). the river, at that point, separates tallahatchie county from leflore county. the kidnapping occurred in leflore county, near the west bank of the river. the murder occurred near a bridge, but on the east bank of the river, making tallahatchie county the actual murder site. money would have been about 15 - 20 miles from charleston. again see the maps in the thesis. the prosecutors decided to select jurors primarily from the northeast section of the county - - the hill county, rather than the delta. the delta had very rich soil, was totally flat, and had large plantations or farms. sheriff strider lived on the west bank of the river, and had a farm of several thousand acres, planted almost totally in cotton, and employed hundreds of african american farm hands.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4041596775894407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 52, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.992568"} {"text": "rich soil, was totally flat, and had large plantations or farms. sheriff strider lived on the west bank of the river, and had a farm of several thousand acres, planted almost totally in cotton, and employed hundreds of african american farm hands. he had a road from highway 32 to his home, and there were seven white concrete block, well manicured homes, occupied by seven african american families - - employees. on the top of each roof, facing west, was one ten - foot high word - - s - t - r - i - d - e - r ( a little aside ). the prosecutorial strategy was to get jurors from as far away from money as possible, thinking this was the best strategy. however, this led to the selection of mostly farmers who farmed mainly small farms with poor soil, in the hill area, and who viewed african americans as competitors - - much the same as many in the same situation today view hispanics. also, most of the people who knew j. w. milam, and to a lesser degree, his half brother roy bryant, disliked and / or feared them. so the jury selection strategy backfired and played into the defense ' s hands. clearly it would have been possible to find jurors who would have voted for conviction based on the evidence. in fact one of the jurors told his son, who was about my age, that the original vote was 9 - 3 for acquittal. unanimity came on the second ballot. in 1962 - 63, when i interviewed them, no one mentioned two ballots. dsa : how did you come to choose the emmett till murder as the topic of your master \u2019 s thesis? hsw : i mentioned to my advisor, dr. marion irish, who was a national vice president of the american political science association, and co - author of the best - selling text on american government - - that the till case happened in my home county, and that i knew most of those involved. one of my committee members was from memphis, tn, which is nearby. he also insisted that i choose this topic. then the whole committee insisted. they provided some small amount of travel funds to cover my research - - perhaps a couple of hundred dollars. dsa : you and other historians of the case have referred to the changing tide, or attitude, in mississippi in the days following the discovery of the body. mississippians, who at first were outraged over the murder, soon became defensive about attacks upon their state", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4429016900910051, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 53, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.993535"} {"text": ": you and other historians of the case have referred to the changing tide, or attitude, in mississippi in the days following the discovery of the body. mississippians, who at first were outraged over the murder, soon became defensive about attacks upon their state by \u201c outside agitators. \u201d did you see this change at the time, or mainly later through your research in newspapers and other documents? hsw : i think i covered this in the thesis. there was an initial cry for justice and for the prosecution of the two half - brothers, by both the power structure and by the residents in general. for many residents, this attitude never changed. however, as the thesis says, the attitudes of many - - strider, the defense attorneys, who initially refused to represent milam and bryant, and many others, was turned around by the comments in the national press. the statement by till ' s mother \" i want a special prosecutor appointed, and i want the state of mississippi to pay for it \" was reported rather irresponsibly by the press as \" the whole state of mississippi will have to pay for this. \" \" this \" was interpreted as the murder, of course. within days, this became an \" us \" versus \" them \" conflict, and resistance to the prosecution began to develop. soon after the trial, bryant ' s store was boycotted by its almost 100 % african american clientele, and it rapidly bankrupted and closed. also, no one in the county would rent them land for farming, in 1956. this forced the brothers into bootlegging in this \" dry \" state. when milam drove a pickup pulling a flatbed trailer carrying a whisky still that he had stolen, through charleston, from the eastern border to the western one, down main street, highway 32, around the courthouse square, people were incensed. as many told me in 1962, \" after all we did for those boys, for them to do that... \". milam and bryant were then essentially forced to move from the area to texas. this trial probably somewhat speeded voter registration of african americans in the area. none were registered to vote in 1955. currently, a majority of the elected officials in tallahatchie county are african americans. effective july 1, 2005 the main north - south highway ( us 49 ) through the delta and tallahatchie county was named the emmett till memorial highway by the mississippi legislature. this bill was proposed and endorsed by the county commissioners ( called in mississippi \" the county board", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4518378820628519, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 54, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.994542"} {"text": "2005 the main north - south highway ( us 49 ) through the delta and tallahatchie county was named the emmett till memorial highway by the mississippi legislature. this bill was proposed and endorsed by the county commissioners ( called in mississippi \" the county board of supervisors \" ) of both leflore and tallahatchie counties. dsa : did you attend the trial or spend time in sumner during the trial? if so, what do you recall about the experience? hsw : my stepfather was deputized and \" put in charge \" of the trial. i believe i attended one of the days of the trial, but did not get inside the courtroom, which was packed with press. perhaps i was there for only part of the day. no one was willing to discuss much with a fifteen - year - old kid. seeing the enormity of the press coverage in a town of 700 residents ( sumner, the other of the two county seats ), and especially meeting david halberstam, were the most memorable parts then. dsa : when you did your research and talked to the sheriff, attorneys, and jurors, did you sense that you were the first to talk to them since the case dropped out of the newspapers in early 1956, or had they been badgered for interviews in the intervening years? hsw : interest in the case died down quickly after 1955 in mississippi. the locals were not proud of what had occurred, and were angered by the brothers selling their story to huie and look magazine. the moonshine still incident further angered the locals. after the trial and immediate attention, no one seemed to have interviewed them. certainly no one who was perceived as seeking the truth, as opposed to someone with an agenda, talked with them. my research was perceived by most people as an academic exercise. most people did not think the research would see the light of day beyond the academic world. and the half - brothers had left the area for texas. and i was a \" local boy \", so people were very honest and straightforward with me. dsa : did sheriff strider talk to you about his theory at the time of the trial that the body recovered from the tallahatchie river was not that of emmett till? especially in light of the confession article that was published in look magazine? hsw : sheriff strider talked with me quite freely on this. he gave me his ( i think ) entire collection of hate mail, as well as many from people who supported his actions. he and county attorney hamilton caldwell", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.438987025432562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 55, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.996866"} {"text": "published in look magazine? hsw : sheriff strider talked with me quite freely on this. he gave me his ( i think ) entire collection of hate mail, as well as many from people who supported his actions. he and county attorney hamilton caldwell both confirmed that neither of them, nor really anyone involved with the case, had any doubts that the body was that of emmett till. it was unclear whether strider or the defense attorneys came up with the idea to create a \" smoke screen \" which would give the jurors an \" out \". both the sheriff and the lawyers implied to me that the \u201c smoke screen \u201d was their idea. the jurors selected were going to acquit. this \" smoke screen \" gave the jurors an \" out \", and kept them from receiving as much scorn as everyone involved felt would be coming at them. not one juror stated to me that he had any doubt about the body ' s identity, or that the accused had actually murdered till. strider, the jurors, and everyone involved really resented the look article. it clearly made them all look like fools for having supported the brothers. i interviewed huie at his home in alabama for an entire day. huie gave me complete information on all that had transpired, and copies of all his books. huie also gave me many ideas about writing style, and about being courageous in seeking to be fair, accurate, and honest. he was very strong in his attitudes about civil rights, and was a great influence on my research and upon the rest of my life. it was not easy for him to be a white supporter of equality and justice in alabama in the early 1960 ' s. i should finally say that neither strider nor anyone involved with the case ever doubted the identity of the body or who the killers were. and no one expressed anything but extreme dislike and disapproval for milam and bryant. all hoped they would never return to mississippi, even for a visit. i should say that the defense attorneys confirmed the accuracy of the look article. they also confirmed that the brothers acted alone. my suspicions about this last theory are shown on page 150 of the thesis. it was unclear to me why sheriff strider had locked up two of the three african american men - - under false identities - - thought to be \" involved \" with the murder, before and for the duration of the trial, unless they were involved or had direct knowledge of the murder. huie never expressed to me any doubts that the two brothers acted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4892493287895867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 56, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.998142"} {"text": "- under false identities - - thought to be \" involved \" with the murder, before and for the duration of the trial, unless they were involved or had direct knowledge of the murder. huie never expressed to me any doubts that the two brothers acted alone. he was pretty adamant about this. and i felt the brothers - - especially milam - - had such enormous egos that it would not have occurred to them that it was necessary to involve anyone else. dsa : moses wright said that there was a third person on the doorstep when milam and bryant came to his home. do you, or did huie consider the accuracy of this testimony, if the men did act alone? do you think the third man was simply there to show them the way to wright \u2019 s cabin and then had no further involvement? hsw : huie and his lawyers both believed milam and bryant when they said in the interview for look magazine that no one else was along. while it is possible someone showed them the house, i tend to doubt it. dsa : when you did your research, did you consider the conflicting conclusions between huie \u2019 s article and other investigative articles of the time, such as the booklet time bomb, and the articles by \u201c amos dixon \u201d in the black newspaper, the california eagle, that say there were accomplices? hsw : i used every press article and magazine article available to me at the time of the writing. i never saw either of those, that i can remember. huie was the only journalist to have access to the defendants. there was never any doubt as to guilt or who had killed till, in the area - - not among anyone connected to the case. i searched my old copy of the mississippi code, which was applicable then, and most crimes had a two - year statute of limitations, excluding murder. it seems that an article in the past month in mississippi newspapers seems to indicate that a truck the same color as milam ' s was at the drew location on the date it was seen. the occupants were said to be going fishing. this refers to the willie reed story, and the recent press reports seem to refute this. i did research on the 1955 press coverage at florida a & m university library, and also through interlibrary loan. hard as it is for today \u2019 s young people to believe, there was no internet then. i was the first white student allowed to use the library. i had to sneak in a back door and work in a carrel in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4539689527329922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 57, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:29.999166"} {"text": "and i see the testimony of willie reed. first, the route of the truck that night, as showed to huie ( he actually drove the entire route of the supposed kidnapping ) did not pass near the spot identified. this is the story referred to above, concerning a pickup truck of similar color to the one owned by milam. as you can see from the thesis, i had doubts in 1962 about whether the brothers acted alone. i could never get any definitive statement from anyone, not even my stepfather, as to why, if the three persons i mentioned were not \" involved \" or witnesses, they were locked in jail under false identities before and during the trial, on sheriff strider \u2019 s orders. i assumed that one of them had washed the blood from the truck sunday morning, though milam had assured huie and the lawyers that he alone washed out the truck. milam was not one to do manual labor if he could pass the chore along, especially to african americans. dsa : do you recall hearing about any reaction of bryant and milam ' s family ( mother, siblings, others ) to the look article? do you believe they knew the men were guilty of the crime from the beginning? hsw : no, i didn \u2019 t hear of their reaction. i ' m sure they did know that they were guilty all along, or at least felt they were capable of it. that ' s why carolyn bryant and milam ' s wife, juanita, tried to keep the incident at the store from the brothers in the first place. whether the family felt killing an african american ( at that time ) was a crime is another question. i don ' t know. dsa : did you try to track down bryant and milam, to interview them for your thesis? yes, but they had moved to texas, living in relative anonymity. on a student budget of $ 133 a month, i hardly had the assets to look for them. [ i had to pay tuition out of that $ 133, too. ] dsa : there was an article in the chicago defender at the time of the murder, which attributes a quote to leflore county sheriff george smith, to alma spearman, emmett till \u2019 s grandmother, where he calls bryant \u201c a mean, cruel man, \u201d who was implicated in the beating death of a black man the previous year. later, till \u2019 s uncle, crosby smith, said in an interview that when he reported the kidnapping to sheriff smith the morning after, smith said that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43953075076779247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 59, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.001281"} {"text": ", cruel man, \u201d who was implicated in the beating death of a black man the previous year. later, till \u2019 s uncle, crosby smith, said in an interview that when he reported the kidnapping to sheriff smith the morning after, smith said that bryant and milam had done something similar to that in glendora, mississippi. had you ever heard any stories about their involvement in other violence toward an african american prior to the till murder? hsw : i never heard of smith saying that. he never said it to me in my interviews with him. milam also denied any such thing about himself. i ' d be pretty sure bryant never killed anyone before this. he was pretty mild - mannered when by himself. this may have been a reference to the murder on december 3, 1955 of clinton melton at a service station in glendora, mississippi by elmer kimbell, who reportedly was driving j. w. milam \u2019 s pickup truck at the time of the murder. dsa : how long did it take for your thesis to be known and quoted? hsw : scribner ' s, random house and, i believe, columbia university press all expressed a lot of interest in publishing the thesis in the fall of 1963. then bear bryant, football coach at the university of alabama, successfully sued look magazine for libel for something like $ 5. 5 million, an enormous sum then. that caused the publishers to have reservations. also, i knew that if i published it, probably both my parents would be fired from their jobs, and perhaps worse. my stepfather worked for the state police - - the highway patrol - - as a special investigator. my mother was the head librarian for the tallahatchie county system. they would have suffered severe repercussions. as i said earlier, there had been a bomb placed under our window about four feet from my head as i slept, during the trial. after the initial requests ( at least three publishers read it and expressed interest ) i refused to let anyone publish it. probably that was a mistake, as i look back. dsa : did you receive immediate feedback and interest in it? hsw : i \" printed \" 25 copies on the department \u2019 s mimeograph machine, and bound them in paper covers. when i went to the justice department, i saw one of those copies on ramsey clark ' s desk. the library copies were checked out by nearly every author who wrote a book on it. the husband of the woman who typed part of it for me ( i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44207361866604844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 60, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.002342"} {"text": "went to the justice department, i saw one of those copies on ramsey clark ' s desk. the library copies were checked out by nearly every author who wrote a book on it. the husband of the woman who typed part of it for me ( i gave her a copy ) sonny simpson, wrote a book on the case. he quoted me heavily. james baldwin was one of the first ten or so persons checking out the library ' s copy ( the library tracks the persons checking it out by interlibrary loan ). he used it, of course, in writing the play blues for mister charlie. dsa : there was not another book length study of emmett till until stephen whitfield ' s a death in the delta in 1988. it seems that interest in the case was renewed in the mid - 1980 ' s. are you able to gauge the accuracy of that perceived new interest by how many, or few people, sought you out to comment on the case, or quoted you, between 1963 and 1988? hsw : i once ran my name through amazon. com to see how many books still in print quoted me. it was a lot. many things - - from keith beauchamp ' s documentary to the fact that this is the 50th anniversary of the murder, to the reopening of the case, contributed to the renewed interest in the thesis. the internet, also, is a major cause. dsa : what was your stepfather ' s reaction to the acquittal? hsw : he was, like all the locals, glad to be out of the spotlight and see the press crush leave. you realize that about 2000 press descended on a town of 700. and the threats that came against him and our family lead to some apprehension. like the bomb on our front porch - - which i caught before it detonated. that said, after the immediacy of the trial, he knew an enormous injustice had been done. he once saved the life of an african american friend of mine who sheriff strider was going to shoot in the back, by slamming a car door on strider ' s arm. he also discovered several bodies of african american men who were lynched, in his capacity as special investigator with the state police. one was burned to death, chained to a tree. my stepfather was also at oxford, ms on the campus, at the lyceum building, defending james meredith, and was knocked out with a tear gas canister. he was there the entire week of the riots, as was my stepbrother", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4457590604053211, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 61, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.003278"} {"text": "my stepfather was also at oxford, ms on the campus, at the lyceum building, defending james meredith, and was knocked out with a tear gas canister. he was there the entire week of the riots, as was my stepbrother nat troutt ( his son ), who commanded a national guard unit there. nat later became commanding general of the entire mississippi national guard, as well as a state senator and judge. my stepfather, n. z. troutt, also marched with james meredith as his protection on the march down u. s. highway 51. when meredith was shot, he stepped in front of meredith, and was struck by some of the birdshot. he chased the perpetrator through the woods, caught and arrested him. all of these incidents sharply influenced his attitudes. he was always considered \" fair \" by the african american population ; he would have been considered \" progressive \" by the standards of the time. mr. troutt never had anything but contempt for milam and bryant. both my parents knew a great injustice had been done. but during the immediate time between the murder and the trial, everyone \u2019 s concern in the county was for their safety. and he was charged with protecting everyone connected with the case. my mother went on to desegregate the county library system - - she was over all four or five branches. she hired an african american as assistant librarian when this was almost unheard of. the woman went on to become my mother ' s closest friend. to answer your question - - i guess that neither of them thought the trial was fair. they really disliked - - hated would not be an understatement - - the brothers - - much more so, j. w. milam. all the locals felt that milam was the person to blame ; bryant was really \" dragged along \" by his much older half - brother. the whiskey still incident described in the thesis only added to everyone ' s strong dislike for milam. my stepfather was the one who first told me about the two african american men who were locked in the jail under assumed names. he never told me if he knew about the fact before the trial. he certainly did after the conclusion of the trial. both he and i assumed that the men had knowledge of the murders, but did not participate in them, except for washing out the pickup the next day. though milam swore to huie that he alone had washed out the pickup, milam, as i said earlier, would never do manual labor if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44549464642915015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 62, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.004352"} {"text": "the murders, but did not participate in them, except for washing out the pickup the next day. though milam swore to huie that he alone had washed out the pickup, milam, as i said earlier, would never do manual labor if he could pass the job along to one of his \" hands. \" dsa : what was your reaction to the acquittal? hsw : i was, of course, 15 at the time. i guess you could say that all of us, black and white, knew that the verdict would be \" not guilty. \" though it seemed incomprehensible to most of the kids my age that any juror could reach that decision. i don ' t think the kids our age who played football and baseball after school with kids of both races, could comprehend that racism could be that deep among our elders. in a town that small, one didn ' t divide people into groups - - rich ( there weren ' t any ) and poor, smart or less smart, better car or \" rattletrap \", etc. everyone was your friend, because you needed them at some time in your life. the town had the \" domino \" theory. if you knocked down any one of them, everyone would suffer some consequences - - like dominos in a row falling down. so no one \" told \" on another. that said, this seemed to be an open and shut case, and no juror could reasonably acquit. there were, in reality, a good 50 % of the local white males who would have voted to convict on the evidence. the defense just did a good job of eliminating them from the jury, from helping to pick the jury list, to challenging the folks who would have been fair. if women had been able to serve on juries - - or african americans, this decision ( acquittal ) would not have been reached. some other researchers who talked at length with the jurors, years later, swear that there were three ballots ( that was told to me, too. ) i was told that all three ballots were unanimous, but in retrospect, if the ballots had been unanimous, there should not have been three votes. as i said earlier, i was told recently by one of the juror ' s sons, that three of the jurors voted \" guilty \u201d on the first ballot. two quickly changed their votes, but one held out for a while, until the others wore him down. of course, this all took much less", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4536291247974279, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 63, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.005280"} {"text": "trial. i tend to think that their involvement consisted of cleaning up the blood in milam \u2019 s pickup and perhaps burning till ' s clothes and shoes. their testimony would have made it very difficult for a juror to rationalize a \u201c not guilty \u201d verdict. dsa : if you were to rewrite your thesis, would you do anything differently now? hsw : if i could go back to 1962 - 63, i would probably try to interview milam and bryant and their families. i was really afraid of milam, though i could have had lots of \" go - betweens \" to vouch for me. i would also try to interview more of the african americans who were involved, though nearly all had left mississippi. i was constrained by time - - i was taking classes and i had very little in the way of resources. dsa : is there anything you wish you would have included that you did not? hsw : i had accumulated a number of pictures and photographs, including several of till before and after his death, all of which were censored out by my major professor. they would have added to the work. in retrospect, i would have probably given in and published the thesis as a book. i think it would have been good for whites to feel shame in the 1960 ' s, and for african americans of the day, especially youth, to see that some white southerners could be counted on to tell the truth. i remember, in the summer of 1964, twelve of us - - eight whites and four african americans - - were spending the summer in chapel hill, paid for by nelson rockefeller, studying and doing research on negro enfranchisement in the south. an african american kid, some two years younger than i, was passing through on his way to chicago, where he was to start graduate study at northwestern. he could not find any hotel in chapel hill which would let him have a room. i asked the alumni house, where we were staying, to put a rollaway bed in my room for him, and he stayed the night. he stayed up all night reading my thesis, and he kept saying, again and again, \" ain ' t no way a white man could have written this. \" i am not sure i would have included the fact, though it was fact and relevant to explaining the mind set of the jurors, that young till ' s father had been hanged by the army for raping three italian women, and murdering the last victim. he was being", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.438936871292666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 65, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.008591"} {"text": "have included the fact, though it was fact and relevant to explaining the mind set of the jurors, that young till ' s father had been hanged by the army for raping three italian women, and murdering the last victim. he was being extolled by some press as a war hero who died fighting for his country, when the true facts were as stated. it was inflammatory then, but really impacted the perceptions. dsa : people in this case often come out as one - dimensional characters. do you feel that the press characterized sheriff strider correctly? hsw : you can see some of the impacts of strider in my thesis, or in the reprint of it, in the upcoming issue of rhetoric and public policy. strider was complex. he gave me whatever i wanted - - all his mail during that period, which he had saved. his was probably the largest plantation in the county, some 6, 000 acres of very fertile delta land. \" his \" african american farm hands had electricity and running water, and new concrete block houses, when this was very rare in the delta. he was known for treating his employees better than most. read the stuff from the thesis about him. at the same time, he was at the time of the till murder, and in 1962, an ardent segregationist, determined to keep black people \" in their place. \" if he had to pay his hundreds of black employees a living wage, it would really have cut into his income. and the story above about trying to shoot an unarmed black man in the back ( his hands were raised in the \" surrender \" position ) tells it all. dsa : were there sides to him that you knew already, or discovered in your interviews with him that would paint a better or more accurate picture of him? hsw : the sheriff in mississippi at the time could not succeed himself. two families, the rices and the dogans, rotated the job since around 1900. one family would run, and the other would be his main deputy. four years later the positions would be reversed. the sheriff \u2019 s office was very lucrative, because of prohibition in the state. bootleggers could operate only if they paid off the sheriff weekly. they were open, even to the point of having liquor stores one block from the courthouse. strider had a line outside his office every monday morning. anyway, these two families \u2013 - the rices and the dogans - - were not farmers - - they were really \" town \" people. they were known by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4389682998513048, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 66, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.009536"} {"text": "block from the courthouse. strider had a line outside his office every monday morning. anyway, these two families \u2013 - the rices and the dogans - - were not farmers - - they were really \" town \" people. they were known by most black persons as reasonably fair. strider, however, was elected sheriff for one term. and he would enforce the \" code \". black employees of a plantation would be offered free housing, and tendered credit at the plantation or \" company \u201d store ( remember \" sixteen tons? \" ). the employee would be paid so poorly ( daily wages for a \u201c skilled \u201d tractor driver in those days was $ 3. 50 for a dawn - to - dark work - day ). cotton pickers were paid by the hundred pounds picked, usually a dollar. so they never \" caught up \" in their credit. so if an employee tried to leave for a better job or working conditions, strider would \" go get them \" and bring them forcibly back to the original farm, where they might be severely beaten for attempting to leave. while he was extremely polite and helpful to me in my research, neither my stepfather nor i had much respect for him. we disliked what he stood for. dsa : does anything stand out in the hate mail that strider gave you? hsw : i referred to the worst letters in the thesis. see them there. the letter to all the p. o. box holders in money may be the worst. the recurring theme was that they would threaten his life - - and usually with some explicit type of torture. then when ( see the thesis ) strider was shot at, and barely missed - - it hit the car on the post between the car windows as he sat in his car, he really was afraid. he did not run for sheriff again because of reaction to his role in the till case. however, a fairly large number of the letters strider received were admonishing him not to give in - - to try to save \" our way of life. \" dsa : did the majority of the letters come from illinois like he stated? hsw : a large number were from illinois. it was certainly not 50 % of the ones he saved. and i had nearly one thousand of them. some of the most threatening ones were from the chicago area. few friendly ones were from there. dsa : did any of the defense attorneys express any regret for having taken the case, or securing the acquittal? hsw : they did not say", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4733898714509009, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 67, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.010746"} {"text": "of the most threatening ones were from the chicago area. few friendly ones were from there. dsa : did any of the defense attorneys express any regret for having taken the case, or securing the acquittal? hsw : they did not say so in 1962 - 63. but i am certain that whitten, at least, had some regrets later. they all stated that it brought them in a lot of business later. not because they defended \" these peckerwoods, \" as the attorneys said, but that they were seen as able lawyers during the trial. at least some of their clients told them so. they all recounted the whisky still story described above and in the thesis, as evidence of how disgusted everyone was with milam and bryant. the attorneys arranged the huie ( look ) interview, and drew up the releases and contract. the publication of the look article cast the attorneys in a bad light. the answer is no, they never expressed regret, in 1962 - 63. i am sure they did so later. but not to me. dsa : i have read where one of them later said that he was not proud of his involvement. hsw : this was whitten. none of them were proud of what they did. to a one, they said they never asked their clients, \" did you do it? \" at least not until the huie interviews, which came after the trial. emmett till foundation mamie till - mobley, founder and president ( 1973 - 2003 ) bertha thomas, executive director ( 2003 - present ) statement of mission and purpose the emmett till foundation is a chicago - based, nonprofit organization dedicated to the memory of emmett louis till, whose brutal murder on august 28, 1955, and the acquittal of his confessed kidnappers, became the impetus for the civil rights movement of the mid fifties. the emmett till foundation is committed to teaching boys and girls to become responsible american citizens and serious scholars as well as becoming well - versed in christian living through : * * memorizing and delivering excerpts from dr. martin luther king \u2019 s speeches and other multi - ethnic artists. * * sponsoring programs throughout the u. s. through which they can deliver these addresses, thereby increasing their interaction with multi - cultural groups in a variety of settings. * * building self - esteem through positive audience response. * * encouraging participation in all aspects of the educational process : academic, artistic, cultural, scientific, and sports. emphasis is upon selecting a field of specialization and moving toward that goal. *", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42707795730734127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 68, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.011696"} {"text": ". * * building self - esteem through positive audience response. * * encouraging participation in all aspects of the educational process : academic, artistic, cultural, scientific, and sports. emphasis is upon selecting a field of specialization and moving toward that goal. * * awarding college scholarships for scholastic excellence. these are awarded yearly on july 25, emmett \u2019 s birthday. * * training children in christian ethics, emphasizing family unity through problem discussions with peers and parents. membership and contribution form to become a member of the foundation or to make a contribution to assist in providing positive alternatives for these youths, you may print and use this form. all donations are tax deductible through the foundation \u2019 s 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) status. name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ date _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ street address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ city _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ state _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ zip code _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ membership cost will be posted soon make checks payable to : the emmett till foundation p. o. box 199265 chicago, il 60619 emmetttillmurder. com & footnot. com is not affiliated with the emmett till foundation but is happy to advertise for this worthy cause. all questions regarding the foundation should be made to the above address, and not to this website. tribute to mamie till - mobley my life changed forever after my first conversation with mamie till - mobley. at that moment i learned what real greatness was. losing a child is something i hope i never experience. however, the way she lost hers would be unbearable beyond words. she triumphed over that loss, although she made the realization of justice for his murder her life - long goal. she told me once : \u201c i cry everyday. but i cry as i move. \u201d from that first brave act of putting her son \u2019 s mutilated body on display to show the world the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44899691494867155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 69, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.013213"} {"text": "justice for his murder her life - long goal. she told me once : \u201c i cry everyday. but i cry as i move. \u201d from that first brave act of putting her son \u2019 s mutilated body on display to show the world the ugliness of racism, until the day she took her last breath nearly 48 years later, she never stopped moving. the world is a better place because of that. she also told me once that her mother was a homebody, and that she ( mamie ) was headed in the same direction. she had preferred a quiet life for herself, and envisioned that as her future. emmett \u2019 s death changed all that. she became an advocate, something she never would have foreseen. she traveled and spoke, and kept her son \u2019 s case before the public as best she could. she became a teacher of children by profession, but was a teacher to everyone she spoke to. those of us who listened will never forget her. in 1973, she began teaching groups of children who would eventually become the emmett till players. these children \u2013 hundreds of them over the years \u2013 look to her with gratitude for what she did for them. she inspired them to become better. they learned from her as she instilled in them the message of dr. martin luther king \u2019 s speeches. that message took root and grew in their souls. many have gone on to great things and they credit her for that. she lost a child, but gained a world of children. emmett \u2019 s death and mamie \u2019 s life \u2013 together, what did each did for the cause of freedom can never be measured. i once asked mamie if she would like a chance to meet and sit down with carolyn bryant, the woman who emmett allegedly whistled at in money, mississippi in august 1955 \u2014 the event that led to his death. \u201c oh, that would be wonderful, \u201d she said. \u201c just to sit down as mother to mother. \u201d surely mamie would have had questions for carolyn. decades long questions. however, she had no bitterness in her heart as she fantasized what such a meeting would be like. she saw it more for carolyn \u2019 s benefit. surely any person with a conscience at all would want to seek forgiveness. if not for what she may have done to provoke emmett \u2019 s death, at least to apologize for her husband \u2019 s and brother - in - law \u2019 s actions. that moment would have benefited carolyn. she would have found in mamie a caring, loving person ready to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41847163900919415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 70, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.015541"} {"text": "may have done to provoke emmett \u2019 s death, at least to apologize for her husband \u2019 s and brother - in - law \u2019 s actions. that moment would have benefited carolyn. she would have found in mamie a caring, loving person ready to forgive. that it never took place was certainly carolyn \u2019 s loss. i cherish my last conversation with mamie, held in december 2002 - - a month before her death. she was excited. she caught me up on all the news. a new documentary by stanley nelson, the murder of emmett till, was going to premier on pbs the following month. it was also going to play at the sundance film festival in park city, utah, close to my home. she also told me that there was a good chance that her son \u2019 s case would be reopened. i hadn \u2019 t talked to her for a few months, but i promised to call more often. she was happy to hear that, and gave me her dialysis schedule so that i would be sure to call when she was home. i regret that we did not talk again. i regret that i did not write down every word she said to me for the six years that i knew her. but i cherish the memories of a remarkable woman. my life is truly better because of her. i learned of mamie \u2019 s death during a happy moment. i had just purchased a new cell phone that day, and it had access to the internet. as i lie in bed, i was playing with the phone and all of its fancy features. i decided to log on to the day \u2019 s headlines. because each headline was too long to fit on the screen, it was necessary to click on the one i was interested in and let it scroll by in its entirety. i noticed one headline in particular, and all i could see before scrolling was \u201c emmett till \u2019 s \u2026 \u201d i feared what the rest of the headline would say, and it took me over ten minutes to get the nerve to click on it and read the rest. when i did, my greatest fear was realized : \u201c emmett till \u2019 s mother dies. \u201d i didn \u2019 t sleep that night. i got up the next morning, sad and depressed, still feeling tremendous loss. less than two weeks later i attended the sundance film festival, and the premier of stanley nelson \u2019 s documentary. it wasn \u2019 t quite the same. every time mamie and i got off the phone, she would say to me, \u201c god bless you. \u201d in knowing her,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4238640342119544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 71, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.016558"} {"text": "the sundance film festival, and the premier of stanley nelson \u2019 s documentary. it wasn \u2019 t quite the same. every time mamie and i got off the phone, she would say to me, \u201c god bless you. \u201d in knowing her, i can honestly say, he certainly did. burr oak cemetery ~ mamie till - mobley \" darling, you have not died in vain. your life has been sacrificed for something. \" the most prominent location at burr oak, immediately inside the southeast entrance, is occupied by the crypt of mamie till - mobley ( 1921 - 2003 ), mother of emmt till gerald chatham and r. b. smith, iii prosecutors in the emmett till murder case. jim crow press at till trial eight men covering trial in mississippi for defender readers. jim crow press at till trial, frisk newsmenpicking of jury delays opening l. alex wilson / chicago defender 24sep1955 sumner, miss. \u2014 when court adjourned monday afternoon no jury had been selected to hear the case for and against two men charged with the kidnapping and murder of emmett till, 14 - year - old chicagoan. but a number of things, many of them precedent making and unusual, had occurred. difficulty in selection of the jury can be attributed to several factors : 1. \u2014 they had contributed to a defense fund for j. w. milam and roy bryant, half brothers charged with the crime. 2. \u2014 they were related to attorneys involved in the case or to the defendants. 3. \u2014 they had formed definite opinions about the case. 4. \u2014 they lived in the area where the crime was committed. the day opened hot and humid, the heat eventually climbing to an almost unbearable 95 degrees that drove every one including sheriff h z strider to abandon a white sports coat he was wearing when he briefed the press prior to opening of the court. this correspondent was the only negro reporter present when the briefing occurred. strider explained to the more than 100 newsmen present that he had provided seats for 22 white newsmen inside the rail where they could easily hear the proceedings. the negro press, he explained, was to be limited to four seats directly behind the rail where the public is seated. \" we don ' t mix down here, \" he explained. \" and don ' t intend to start now. \" strider was advised by this writer that the negro newsmen might not be able to hear proceedings well from their positions. he said \" whenever you are unable to hear just let me know", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.39145172262335154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 72, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.017641"} {"text": "explained. \" and don ' t intend to start now. \" strider was advised by this writer that the negro newsmen might not be able to hear proceedings well from their positions. he said \" whenever you are unable to hear just let me know. well have order in this court. \" sheriff strider then told the newsmen they would have to go back downstairs and come up the front and into. the courtroom and submit to search. the reporters were lightly frisk. ed and photographers had to allow deputies to rummage through their camera cases. \" i have received over 150 threatening letters and i don ' t intend to be shot. if there is any shooting, we would rather he doing it. \" here he made reference to himself and to his deputies. judge curtis swango welcomed the press to the court after calling for order and allowed time before opening for photographers to make pictures. here a precedent was established when a negro photographer, j. j. mason. representing defender publications, climbed on chairs like other lensmen to get his \" shots. \" then the judge laid down the rules for the press and others in the courtroom. no pictures were to be made during the transaction of the business of the court ; no sketches ; no recordings or broadcast. he stated that smoking would be allowed and suggested that the men take off their coats for comfort. negro spectators numbering approximately 40 were seated and stood in the left rear of the courtroom. outside of the court room in the corridor a crowd was jammed beneath the door. the alleged slayers of emmett l. till, j. w. milam and roy bryant, were brought into the court accompanied by their wives. the wives and children arrived at the sumner courthouse in a green 1955 chevrolet with a memphis - shelby county license no. 294 - 247. during the court session the children played about in the court room while both milam and bryant sat quietly and without handcuffs. both of the wives appeared to be slightly worried and not once during the session was a smile noted on either face. throughout the morning session both men maintained somber expressions. milam appeared to be nervous, smoking incessantly and shifting about restlessly in his seat. while almost the whole panel of 120 veniremen was being exhausted for one reason or another, six whites armed with shot guns were reportedly patrolling the area near money, miss., where the crime occurred. the purpose, it is believed, was to find out why so much negro traffic had been going through the area. prosecution attorneys, gerald chatham and roy smith", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42953735271826976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 73, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.018649"} {"text": "with shot guns were reportedly patrolling the area near money, miss., where the crime occurred. the purpose, it is believed, was to find out why so much negro traffic had been going through the area. prosecution attorneys, gerald chatham and roy smith iii, made clear in their challenges to members selected for trial jury that they would press for a fair and impartial trial. during the vigorous challenges three men were disqualified for contributing to a defense fund to aid the defendant ; six were tossed out for holding fixed opinions of the case and one was ordered to stand aside because he was the brother to one who had contributed to the defense fund. another was disqualified because he was a distant relative of the defense attorney. earlier, atty. chatham said in his talk to the prospective jurors, \" the state of mississippi will take every step to see that an impartial and fair trial is held in this case. \" when atty. smith took over the questioning he asked \" would you be moved by any consideration, race or anything else in helping to see that a fair trial is held? \" this line of questioning was responsible for eliminating most of the first panel selected for jury service. what appears to be a lead to a sensational development in the emmett l. till slaying is now, being investigated. this writer is unable to comment further at this time. among the members of the negro press present were : james hicks of the afro american newspaper and nnpa ; simeon booker, clotye murdock and david jackson of ebony ; mrs. nannie mitchell turner, publisher of the st. louis argus, steve duncan and william b. franklin of the st. louis argus ; l. alex wilson, ( defender publications ) and ernest withers of the same paper. among members of the white press present were clark porteus of memphis press - scimitar ; john popham of new york times ; jim kilgallen of ins ; paul burton, of ins ; murray kempton of new york post ; william desmond, new york daily news and john gunter of the memphis commercial appeal. definition of veniremen : people who are summoned to the courthouse so that they may be questioned and perhaps chosen as jurors in trials of civil or criminal cases. source : nolo here ' s cast for sumner, miss. trial : pen pictures of judge, attorneyschicago defender 24sep1955the judge clarksdale, miss \u2014 \" judge curtis swango is one judge who runs his court. \" that statement", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43505267261849506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 74, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.019647"} {"text": "food standards australia new zealand \u2019 s ( fsanz ) vision is to ensure a safe food supply that supports the health of people in australia and new zealand. to achieve this vision, fsanz develops effective, evidence based food standards in collaboration with australian and new zealand governments. in undertaking food regulatory science, fsanz ensures that food regulatory measures are based on the best available scientific evidence, using a risk analysis framework. the successful application of science is critical to the effectiveness and appropriateness of food regulatory measures, and underpins the risk management decision making process. read more about scientific issues facing fsanz in chief scientist, dr paul brent ' s series of articles - from the desk of the chief scientist. fsanz science strategy the scientific work of fsanz forms the basis of our ability to ensure food safety and protect the public health and safety of consumers. to ensure that fsanz is undertaking the highest quality science, fsanz implements a science strategy which outlines a strategic approach to ensuring our scientific capability. fsanz launched its first science strategy in 2006. the fsanz science strategy 2010 - 2015 builds on the original strategy and identifies new areas to enhance our science. the primary intention of the new science strategy is to position our food regulatory science to address current and emerging challenges through a focus on seven key strategic areas. underpinning the strategy will be yearly implementation plans which will identify specific objectives and deliverables fsanz will undertake to meet the aims identified. the fsanz science strategy implementation plan 2012 focuses on continuing to build our specialist scientific expertise, continuing to enhance the systematic collection, analysis and reporting of data relating to our food regulatory science, and increasing our capacity to predict, investigate and respond to emerging food safety issues. risk analysis framework maintaining the safety of food requires constant vigilance by government, industry and consumers as the food supply continues to change as a result of new technologies, expanding trade opportunities, ethnic diversity in the population and changing individual diets. the challenge for food regulators is to maintain a food regulatory system that delivers safe food for the population, enables consumers to make informed choices and maintains public confidence in the food supply chain. fsanz develops food standards, and joint codes of practice with industry, covering the composition and labelling of food sold in australia and new zealand and australia - only food standards addressing food safety issues and primary production and processing. in considering the risks associated with food, fsanz uses the widely accepted framework of risk analysis. risk analysis frameworks are a structured way of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4758235686882763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.028508"} {"text": "what is plantar fasciitis? plantar fasciitis is a painful inflammation of the sheath ( the plantar fascia ) connecting the heel and the toes. excessive stretching of the plantar fascia creates pain and swelling, making walking and standing uncomfortable. this condition can even lead to the formation of calcium deposits on the heel bone, resulting in heel spurs. causes of plantar fasciitis this condition can be caused by a variety of issues, including : - inadequate arch support, or shoes with soles that are too thin to protect the foot - stress on the foot created by a lot of standing or walking - unusual physical activity - tight calf muscles - obesity, which also produces additional stress on the foot - excessive stretching of the plantar fascia due to exercise such as running or dancing plantar fasciitis symptoms heel pain is the most common symptom of plantar fasciitis. pain is typically worst in the morning when you first stand on your feet, although it can occur at any time of the day. you may also experience heel or arch pain if you have been walking or standing for long periods of time, or stretching your arch while walking up stairs. pain typically develops gradually, and may affect one or both feet. the pain often feels as if you are being stabbed in the heel. as the plantar fascia stretches over the course of the day, pain may subside. best insoles, sleep aids and shoes for plantar fasciitis products that can help alleviate symptoms of plantar fasciitis are typically those that help keep the plantar fascia stretched, and / or provide additional support to the arch. these products include : - shoes with deep heel cups and superior arch support, which in turn allows you to relieve stress on the bottom of the foot. - rocker - sole shoes, which can help stretch the plantar fascia. - orthotics and insoles to provide extra arch support. - heel cups or cushions, which provide extra cushioning and stability to the heel. - sleep aids that can keep your feet flexed. - plantar fasciitis sleeves, which apply compression to your arches. specific products that can be helpful to those with plantar fascia : - > rocker sole shoes such as : dansko clogs, alegria, finnamic by finn comfort, mbt, or sano by mephisto. - shoes with exceptional support like : orthaheel / dr. andrew weil,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41498603492251973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.034539"} {"text": "michael kanellos, contributor i write about the intersection of science, business and ambition. the debate has raged for years in alternative transportation. electric vehicle ( ev ) advocates claim that the steady improvement in battery technology, the pervasiveness of the grid, and software and services to enable things like high - speed charging will make electrification of at least some portion of the transportation market inevitable. tesla motors ceo elon musk predicts that 13 percent or more of cars coming off production lines could be electric by 2020 while nissan \u2019 s carlos ghosn says 20 percent of its cars by 2020 will be electrics, and that doesn \u2019 t count standard hybrids, which are partly electric. electric will even play a role in public transportation, argues proterra, which has created an electric bus for municipal transportation and a complementary high - speed dc charger that can get its 68 - passenger behemoths back on the street in 20 minutes or less. cng advocates, however, claim they have a big advantage on their side : reality. cng cars already exist and natural gas, thanks to hydraulic fracturing, could remain relatively cheap for some time. who is right? to be honest, both. evs and cng vehicles will percolate into the market over the next ten years depending on the circumstances. here \u2019 s a general roundup of the pluses and minuses. 1. efficiency. evs tend to win hand down in this category, primarily because the large natural gas - burning turbines at power plants remain far more efficient than the small ones squeezed into cars. a 2010 report from mit states : while both evs ( electric vehicles ) and ngvs ( natural gas vehicles ) have significant infrastructure requirements, there are major differences in their relative efficiencies. an ngv does not have comparable efficiency gains relative to electrification via natural gas generation. in general, 1, 000 cubic feet ( cf ) of natural gas, converted to electricity, yields 457 miles in an ev. this same 1, 000 cf in an ngv would only have a range of around 224 miles. ( the quote comes from page 24 of the study. ) a 2006 paper by marc tarpenning and martin eberhard, the first two of the five people listed as founders at tesla motors, found natural gas vehicles less efficient than hydrogen, hybrids, gas, diesel and electrics. yes, tarpenning and eberhard are ev proponents, but the numbers work. proterra \u2019 s all - electric bus gets between 17", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4919338384350069, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.038493"} {"text": "the 45 million year old beer pint glasses full of fossil fuels beer are raising eyebrows around northern california. this could be due to the fact that the unique ingredient for the line of fossil fuels beer is a yeast strain dating back to the eocene epoch, which is about 45 million years ago. a team of scientists, dr. raul cano ( cal poly, san luis obispo, ca ) and lewis \" chip \" lambert ( fremont, ca ), are partnering with brew masters to produce what is surely one of the most interesting and unique beers of this or any time. the history of the yeast literally dates back before the dawn of man, to a time when the earth was warm, tropical and teeming with life. modern mammals that we see today were beginning to appear in what is known as the eocene epoch ( from the greek word eos meaning \u201c dawn \u201d ). during this time, a snapshot of biological life was trapped by tropical tree sap. over the course of millions of years, the sap hardened into amber, which preserved and protected its contents. that is, until dr. cano, using amber obtained from locations around the world ( including burma, central and north america ), isolated and revived a bacterium, which had lain dormant in the gut of an encased bee for approximately 45 million years ( science 268, pp. 1060 - 1064, 1995 ). during his research, dr. cano, periodically working with mr. lambert, isolated a few yeast strains that resembled modern saccharomyces cerevisiae. in other words, they are similar to the yeast we use every day for brewing and baking, except the newly discovered yeasts were much further back in the evolutionary chain. essentially, dr. cano isolated the long lost ancestors of modern brewing yeast. through chance and circumstance, a small group of people teamed up to form fossil fuels brewing co., which is utilizing the unique yeast strains to brew exceptional beer. although not widely publicized, a select few northern californians had the opportunity to try some of the pilot brews and they raved about new ( old? ) pale ale. jay r. brooks, the tasting director of the exalted celebrator beer news magazine commented when comparing the fossil fuels brew to an identical pale ale differing only in the strain of yeast ( celebrator, october / november 2006, pp : 27 - 29 ) : \" [ fossil fuels ] is smoother, with softer fruity flavor characteristics and just a touch of lemon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43252500742478805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.041160"} {"text": "| updated : 4 / 11 / 2007 4 : 49 pm | | published : 4 / 11 / 2007 4 : 49 pm carpal tunnel syndrome, or cts ( c - t - s ), is a common problem that affects the hand and wrist, which may be linked to job tasks that require repetitive use of the hands, such as typing. however people can develop cts regardless of the type of work they do. conditions such as arthritis or a wrist fracture can cause cts, as well. cts results when the median nerve, which runs into the hand to supply sensation to your thumb, index finger, middle finger, and half of your ring finger, becomes irritated. usually, this occurs because there ' s too much pressure on the nerve as it runs into your wrist through an opening called the carpal tunnel. one of the first symptoms of cts is numbness along the median nerve, which is quickly followed by pain in the same area. the pain may radiate up your arm to your shoulder and sometimes your neck. if the condition is allowed to progress, weakness of your thumb muscles can occur, which results in an inability to bring your thumb into opposition with your other fingers and hinders your grasp. if you suffer from any of these symptoms, consult a physician.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4796924713415508, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.043413"} {"text": "frederick county bicycle registration citizens advisory committee community assistance patrol crime tips line household property list project life saver explorer post # 1218 legal & courts sheriff / adult detention it is important that as many individuals as possible understand what community policing is and how it can benefit the citizens of frederick county and the members of the frederick county sheriff ' s office. community policing requires a law enforcement agency - wide philosophical commitment to involve citizens as partners in the process of reducing and controlling the problems of crime and fear of crime, drugs and neighborhood decay. community policing, when properly implemented, results in the improvement of the overall quality of life in the community. what is community policing? community policing is a philosophy. it is a partnership between law enforcement and the community working together to identify crime related problems, determining their root causes and then applying solutions which will permanently reduce or eliminate these problems. when members of a community and law enforcement work together to improve the quality of life in that community, the benefits of community policing are realized. law enforcement benefits by ending a recurring problem. the citizens benefit from the improvement in their quality of life. those police officers and community members who participated in the solution receive the self - satisfaction which results from having addressed a problem and then arriving at a workable solution. 10 principles of community policing 1. community policing is a community - based philosophy. the direction for law enforcement efforts comes more from listening to the citizens of the community about what concerns them than from law enforcement assumptions about what the community wants. 2. community policing focuses on creative problem - solving. all persons involved are encouraged to look at the bigger picture to solve pattern or chronic problems. 3. community policing promotes the development of trust. it emphasizes a direct working relationship between citizens and the police to develop the ownership of problems. 4. community policing establishes a broader role for each law enforcement member. each member serves as a liaison with the community and assists its citizens in solving community problems. 5. community policing stresses community involvement and emphasizes citizen participation in the problem - solving process. this means that the community must accept its responsibility to actively participate in problem - solving. community policing acknowledges that the police cannot be successful without citizen assistance. 6. community policing is proactive, not reactive. community policing anticipates problems and prevents them from occurring or continuing. 7. community policing emphasizes providing help where it is needed most. community policing especially provides for closer contact with juveniles and the elderly as a means of better understanding their needs. 8. community policing enhances traditional policing through interaction with the community. law", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5212412936657054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.049528"} {"text": ". 7. community policing emphasizes providing help where it is needed most. community policing especially provides for closer contact with juveniles and the elderly as a means of better understanding their needs. 8. community policing enhances traditional policing through interaction with the community. law enforcement will continue to respond to emergencies and perform in traditional capacities. they will also explore a wide range of responses to community problems and ask for citizen assistance as part of the problem - solving process. 9. community policing involves everyone within a law enforcement agency. successful community policing is not limited to the patrol section ; it is a change in the policing philosophy of the entire agency. 10. community policing personalizes law enforcement service. law enforcement members work directly with the citizens they serve to identify and prioritize problems, and to devise and implement problem - solving strategies. what does community policing mean to me? since 1978, serious questions have been raised about whether conventional law enforcement strategies provide effective protection. traditionally, the assumption has been that criminal, as well as disorderly activity, would be deterred if law enforcement were visible presence on the streets and promptly arrested people who broke the law. community policing doesn ' t question the goal of policing - just the means. consider that the type of crime that terrifies americans most ( muggings, rape, robbery, burglary and homicide ) is rarely encountered by law enforcement on patrol. crimes are seldom solved through criminal investigations alone. crimes are usually solved because the perpetrator is immediately known or because a suspect is identified through information ( description, tag number, etc. ) provided by the citizens. how do i become involved? citizen involvement is a must if community policing is to be successful to become involved with improving the quality of life in your neighborhood, contact the frederick county sheriff ' s office or your local police. in an emergency, call 911 for law enforcement. to report suspicious activity in your community, or any other non - emergency situation, dial 694 - 2071. for more information about how community policing can make a difference in your community, call the frederick county sheriff ' s office at 694 - 1046 and ask to speak with the community policing supervisor. working together, we can and will improve the quality of life in frederick county. powered by civicplus 12 east church street frederick, md 21701", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49551703872527697, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.050482"} {"text": "new resource available for argentine blueberry industry researchers are helping fill in the information gap for the relatively new argentine blueberry industry. with the aim of bringing argentine producers, technicians and managers a practical tool to diagnose blueberry diseases, researchers from universidad nacional de tucuman ( unt ) have developed the spanish - language book \u201c diseases in blueberry cultivation : a manual for recognition. \u201d in a conversation with www. freshfruitportal. com, author silvia hongn commented that the book is not intended to make up for a scientific void but to fill in the gap of practical tools identify blueberry diseases. \u201c the research is a result of practical application. the information from the book is based in that spirit, \u201d said hongn from the unt department of plant pathology in the college of agriculture and animal husbandry. the book has over 200 photographs, representing the biotic and abiotic disorders studied by the working group in plantations from tucuman, salta, entre rios and buenos aires. \u201c every disease is described with signs and symptoms, which will be useful to the producer or technician. there is also a description of the fungus because the idea was also to collaborate with those diagnostic laboratories, \u201d she said. the researcher explained that blueberry diseases present with different characteristics depending on the area of cultivation. \u201c we had a lot of information on diseases primarily from various u. s. states, but they were more for guidance. you could not apply that information directly to our problem, \u201d she said. \u201c the disease impact is different from the information we have from there ( u. s. ). we must bear in mind that development in tucuman is sustained by incorporating new varieties developed in georgia and florida, which in north america were the last areas incorporated into blueberry production. \u201c we are working with such varieties, patented varieties that have been slowly replacing the varieties we started with in the late 90 \u2032 s. so we don \u2019 t have many terms of comparison because the only literature that has some parallels is generated in georgia and florida. \u201c here diseases have formed that are not described elsewhere in the world where blueberries are cultivated, \u201d the researcher explained. this occurrence stems, in some cases, from the inability to access information relating to certain diseases and in other cases, correct interpretation is made difficult from using results generated under different production systems. a book with history hongn detailed the book \u2019 s long history. unt began to study phytosanitary problems during the first tucuman planting and has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43845789611903807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.053902"} {"text": "cases, correct interpretation is made difficult from using results generated under different production systems. a book with history hongn detailed the book \u2019 s long history. unt began to study phytosanitary problems during the first tucuman planting and has continued to comprehensively address the development of diseases. \u201c we got the first blueberry sample in \u2019 98 - \u2019 99 and at that time, we knew nothing about blueberries or even what the fruit was like. it caught my attention and i paid a lot of attention to the diagnosis and that was received by the producer. so i was invited to run through the first farm in tucuman, \u201d she said. \u201c there we began to take the first steps, getting involved with the crop. beginning in 2002, we started to make systematic checks on all farms established in the province and i became enormously involved with the issue because there was so much to be done, \u201d she added. since then, hongn has been consistently working on the issue and in that time, producers have shown great interest in the progress made. \u201c thanks to the support of producers, we were able to form a collaborative team and work on the area, \u201d she said, a fact that added to the personal motivation of the researchers in the field.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4908291388483311, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.054507"} {"text": "- learn what inspired the white house kitchen garden and follow its progress from planting to harvest - see how gardens can help build stronger communities and encourage healthy lifestyles - a fact - filled and thought - provoking book with colorful photographs that bring the story to life in american grown, first lady michelle obama tells the story of what inspired her to plant the white house kitchen garden in the spring of 2009, and then documents the garden ' s progress though the growing season, from designing and planting to tending and harvesting. the author candidly shares her challenges as a novice gardener, as well as her joy at watching lettuce, tomatoes, collards, sweet potatoes and other crops flourish on the south lawn. as the white house kitchen garden grew, so did the national conversation about the way we eat and the impact it has on the health and well - being of our children. throughout the book, the author weaves in stories about gardens all across the country, from a wwii - era victory garden in chicago to urban and school gardens that not only provide nutritious harvests for the gardeners, but also build community, stock food shelves and teach children important lessons about making healthy life choices. the book also includes loads of helpful tips for home gardeners, plus recipes for making the most of the harvest.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4026377197506736, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.055881"} {"text": "posted september 1, 2006 atlanta communications & marketing contact lisa grovenstein johnson part of team designing and building prototypes for better sanitation when given a choice this summer between helping out with designs for environmentally friendly luxury condos less than a mile away from campus and designing and building solar latrines to improve sanitation in bolivia, georgia tech all - american wide receiver calvin johnson chose the latrine project without hesitation. \" are you sure? \" said kevin caravati, a student project advisor and senior research scientist at the georgia tech research institute ( gtri ). \" the other project is right down the street. \" johnson ' s response was brief and to the point. \" i want to help the less fortunate, \" he answered. four billion people globally suffer from chronic waterborne disease, and an estimated 13 million children die annually of diarrhea - conditions linked to a lack of adequate sanitation. in a developing country with extreme conditions like bolivia, poor sanitation poses a serious health risk, contaminating the limited water supply and attracting disease - carrying insects. \" you realize how fortunate you are when you see that people around the world don ' t have clean water and sanitation, \" johnson said. emory university ' s center for global safe water approached georgia tech ' s school of civil and environmental engineering and gtri to help remove a significant sanitation roadblock faced by developing countries - the design and cost flaws of current united nations latrines. \" we wanted help with the project, but it was tough to find students enthusiastic about latrines, \" caravati said. \" calvin was our first volunteer. he wanted to have a hands - on experience to build a prototype that had the potential to have a huge global impact on people. \" johnson immediately began work on designs for an inexpensive dry latrine system that uses the sun ' s rays to safely transform bacteria - laden waste into fertilizer. he was then joined by his project partner brad davis, a building construction student at georgia tech, and the two hammered out a final design with caravati. the goal was to create an improved solar latrine out of the most affordable and available materials. the interior needed to be heated at a minimum of 120 degrees fahrenheit to kill pathogens, and the design and materials had to be as simple and cost effective as possible. \" we focused on designing the most inexpensive and durable model, taking into account what materials would be readily available in those nations. this gave calvin and me the ability to think outside of the box and use everyday materials in our", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4749423300295365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.059154"} {"text": "and cost effective as possible. \" we focused on designing the most inexpensive and durable model, taking into account what materials would be readily available in those nations. this gave calvin and me the ability to think outside of the box and use everyday materials in our design, \" davis said. the team made two prototypes from a hodgepodge of household items, including a bicycle tube to insulate the waste and retain heat, a bleach bottle, plexi - glass, scrap wood and tin foil. the central idea was to ' bake ' the waste with an oven - like design that could reach temperatures of more than 150 degrees fahrenheit while still keeping the inhabited area cool enough for users. johnson, davis and caravati were able to build two very effective prototypes that would cost only $ 78 per unit, compared to $ 120 for existing models used. they were also able to reach sustained temperatures of over 150 degrees while still keeping the inhabited area cool enough for users. with the initial prototypes completed, johnson and the rest of the georgia tech project team plan to travel in january to a remote area of bolivia ' s andes mountains to build several of the new latrines and instruct locals on how to build their own. \" i ' m looking forward to making the trip to bolivia after the season, \" johnson said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4804862609133486, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.059701"} {"text": "the high renaissance is well known for its cultural giants. leonardo da vinci, raphael, and above all michelangelo epitomize a period when the human spirit seemed to grow and gain in confidence. there is no more visible proof of this than michelangelo ' s seventeen - foot - tall statue of david, more than twice the height of any major piece of sculpture before it. and italy was not the only country which suddenly seemed to be populated by more - than - life - size men of genius, shakespeare and cervantes among them. this collection is designed to illustrate the musical side of this astonishing period in european history, from england via flanders and spain to rome. music and musicians can bestride their world in one of two ways. they can either write a masterpiece which is in itself colossal ; or they can write so many great works that they slowly change the countryside around them. thomas tallis did both. by writing music of the highest quality in every style of the period for nearly sixty years he influenced everybody who followed him. and he also wrote spem in alium, perhaps not his most influential composition - who could follow it? - but unquestionably the largest single work of the period. conceived for forty independent voice - parts arranged in eight five - part choirs, spem in alium, like michelangelo ' s david, seems to break through what lesser men had come to accept as normal in music and enter a new world. the effect of forty parts coming together in properly argued polyphony is quite staggering. how did tallis do it, without modern aids like computers or even sufficiently large pieces of manuscript paper on which to line up all the voices? there is much about spem in alium which is not known - like why he thought of such a thing in the first place - but the greatest imponderable is how any mind could invent so much detail. nothing comes close to rivalling it. the western wind mass by john taverner is big in a quite different way from spem in alium. throughout the renaissance period there was a vogue for taking popular tunes of the day and dressing them up, a technique which jazz musicians were to emulate in later times. taverner chose the beautiful melody known as \u2018 westron wynde ', a love song which encourages the wind and the rain to do their worst so long as the singer and his beloved can be together. in choosing such a profane model for a mass - setting taverner was not in fact doing anything very uncommon ; what was unusual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4867390963210591, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.071076"} {"text": "song which encourages the wind and the rain to do their worst so long as the singer and his beloved can be together. in choosing such a profane model for a mass - setting taverner was not in fact doing anything very uncommon ; what was unusual was quoting the tune thirty - six times. i do not know any set of variations before purcell ' s \u2018 grounds ' to go so far ; and, like purcell, taverner has the imagination to make them all interesting. he is quite deliberate about it : nine statements in each of the four movements, each one taking on new ideas and counter - themes. no one can miss the tune itself, since it is quoted twenty - one times in the top part, where it is always perfectly audible. it also comes ten times in the tenor part and five in the bass, though it is never sung by the altos. taverner also helps the listener by making each variation self - contained and running them straight into each other without extra material. this makes the music quite sectional, alternating solo and full passages, but with the melody always present. taverner was sufficiently a giant of his time to start a brief tradition of western wind settings : there are examples by his younger contemporaries christopher tye and john sheppard. if ever there was a giant among renaissance composers, it was josquin. it has become something of a modern cliche to compare his standing with that of beethoven : a composer who could take any form of music and transform it. part of his great influence came from the fact that he travelled throughout europe, the first super - star among composers, a fact which was acknowledged at the time not least because he expected to be paid more than anyone else. he was especially present in rome, from where he undoubtedly shaped the course of italian polyphony in general, and palestrina ' s style in particular. josquin ' s missa pange lingua is perhaps his best - known work and possibly his last mass - setting. in general outline it is not dissimilar from taverner ' s western wind mass : a set of variations on a well - known tune, but in this case the tune is a chant melody from the liturgy for the feast of corpus christi ; and josquin almost never quotes it straight. indeed it is so hidden in the polyphonic texture that one may think of the whole composition as a fantasy on a plainsong, rather than a set of variations. the clearest statement is at the beginning of the third agnus dei, where the melody", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4416776612653276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.072189"} {"text": "it is so hidden in the polyphonic texture that one may think of the whole composition as a fantasy on a plainsong, rather than a set of variations. the clearest statement is at the beginning of the third agnus dei, where the melody finally emerges in recognizable form in the soprano part. giovanni pierluigi da palestrina was by far and away the most celebrated italian composer of the high renaissance and, like josquin, a legend in his lifetime. he was also, unlike any other renaissance composer of any nationality, celebrated from his own time to ours without interruption. i wonder if any other composer in the history of music, apart from wagner, has had so much written about him. and apart from all this he was working in and around the vatican at the same time as michelangelo in his later years, whom he must have known. as a result there is no other composer who is so closely identified with the culture of the italian renaissance period. his missa brevis was probably written for the sistine chapel choir to sing, which would mean that its first performances would have taken place surrounded by michelangelo ' s newly painted frescoes. why the piece is called \u2018 brevis ' is something of a mystery, since the music is not especially short and all the usual movements are present. it may be because it is scored for only four voices, though this was quite commonplace. the final, glorious agnus dei increases the number of voices to five by introducing a second soprano part, in canon with the first. unlike his teacher tallis, william byrd didn ' t write any single gigantic work by which he may be remembered. indeed he is best remembered for his many small - scale pieces which, despite their size, revolutionized english composition. like several of the other giants in this collection, byrd turned his hand to every form of music available to him, transforming them as he went : music for keyboard, lute, viol consort, voices with viol consort, sacred vocal writing for both the catholic and protestant churches, and madrigals. to compare him with shakespeare has some force since their lives overlapped, they both worked in london at the same time, and they both had the same characteristic intelligence of mind which penetrated to the heart of the words they were involved with. byrd ' s mass for four voices is one of the three masses he wrote in the 1590s and published, without title pages, in defiance of the protestant ban on catholic artefacts. this is not gigantic music in any sense, but subtle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4805465689001606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.073169"} {"text": "involved with. byrd ' s mass for four voices is one of the three masses he wrote in the 1590s and published, without title pages, in defiance of the protestant ban on catholic artefacts. this is not gigantic music in any sense, but subtle, intimate writing which in recent times has achieved greater renown than many much weightier musical edifices of the period. the spanish sixteenth century had its own great men and women to celebrate, from st ignatius loyola and st teresa of avila, to el greco, morales and victoria. it will be seen from these names that the accent there in the high renaissance was on the catholic church and spiritual life. tomas luis de victoria was no exception to this. after being ordained priest in rome in 1575 he spent the years from 1587 until his death employed at the court in madrid, initially acting as chaplain to the dowager empress maria, for whose funeral he wrote this requiem in 1603. it comes as no surprise to discover that victoria only wrote sacred music, and not very much of it by some standards, but what he did write is of such intensity that for many people his larger works, and especially the six - voice requiem, are without rival amongst high renaissance masterpieces. the slow, inevitable unfolding of this music, movement by movement, in complete serenity surely has a message for all time. \u00a9 2006 peter phillips", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43959454989961905, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.073690"} {"text": "sacral and coccygeal vertebrae the sacral and coccygeal vertebras consist, at an early period of life, of nine separate pieces, which are united in the adult so as to form two bones, five entering into the formation of the sacrum, four into that of the coccyx. occasionally, the coccyx consists of five bones. the sacrum is a large, triangular bone, situated at the lower part of the vertebral column, and at the upper and back part of the pelvic cavity, where it is inserted like a wedge between the two innominate bones ; its upper part or base articulating with the last lumbar vertebrae, its apex with the coccyx. the sacrum is curved upon itself, and placed very obliquely, its upper extremity projecting forward, and forming, with the last lumbar vertebra, a very prominent angle, called the promontory or sacro - vertebral angle ; whilst its central part is directed backward, so as to give increased capacity to the pelvic cavity. it presents for examination an anterior and posterior surface, two lateral surfaces, a base, an apex, and a central canal. the anterior surface is concave from above downward, and slightly so from side to side. in the middle are seen four transverse ridges, indicating the original division of the bone into five separate pieces. the portions of bone intervening between the ridges correspond to the bodies of the vertebrae. the body of the first segment is of large size, and in form resembles that of a lumbar vertebra ; the succeeding ones diminish in size from above downward, are flattened from before backward, and curved so as to accommodate themselves to the form of the sacrum, being concave in front, convex behind. at each end of the ridges abovementioned are seen the anterior sacral foramina, analogous to the intervertebral foramina, four in number on each side, somewhat rounded in form, diminishing in size from above downward, and directed outward and forward ; they transmit the anterior branches of the sacral nerves and the lateral sacral arteries. external to these foramina is the lateral mass, consisting at an early period of life of separate segments ; these become blended, in the adult, with the bodies, with each other, and with the posterior transverse processes. each lateral mass is traversed by four broad, shallow grooves, which lodge the anterior sacral", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45129883602867227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.083513"} {"text": "an early period of life of separate segments ; these become blended, in the adult, with the bodies, with each other, and with the posterior transverse processes. each lateral mass is traversed by four broad, shallow grooves, which lodge the anterior sacral nerves as they pass outward, the grooves being separated by prominent ridges of bone, which give attachment to the slips of the pyriformis muscle. if a vertical section is made through the center of the sacrum, the bodies are seen to be united at their circumference by bone, a wide interval being left centrally, which, in the recent state, is filled by intervertebral substance. in some bones this union is more complete between the lower segments than between the upper ones. the posterior surface is convex and much narrower than the anterior. in the middle line are three or four tubercles, which represent the rudimentary spinous processes of the sacral vertebra. of these tubercles, the first is usually prominent, and perfectly distinct from the rest ; the second and third are either separate or united into a tubercular ridge, which diminishes in size from above downward ; the fourth usually, and the fifth always, remaining undeveloped. external to the spinous processes on each side are the laminae, broad and well marked in the first three pieces ; sometimes the fourth, and generally the fifth, are only partially developed and fail to meet in the middle line. these partially developed laminae are prolonged downward as rounded processes, the sacral cornua, and are connected to the cornua of the coccyx. between them the bony wall of the lower end of the sacral canal is imperfect, and is liable to be opened in the sloughing of bed - sores. external to the laminae is a linear series of indistinct tubercles representing the articular processes ; the upper pair are large, well developed, and correspond in shape and direction to the superior articulating processes of a lumbar vertebra ; the second and third are small ; the fourth and fifth ( usually blended together ) are situated on each side of the sacral canal and assist in forming the sacral cornua. external to the articular processes are the four posterior sacral foramina ; they are smaller in size and less regular in form than the anterior, and transmit the posterior branches of the sacral nerves. on the outer side of the posterior sacral foramina is a series of tubercles, the ru", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4864612555952087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.084429"} {"text": "disk. it is bounded behind by the large, triangular orifice of the sacral canal. the orifice is formed behind by the laminae and spinous process of the first sacral vertebra : the superior articular processes project from it on each side ; they are oval, concave, directed backward and inward, like the superior articular processes of a lumbar vertebra ; and in front of each articular process is an inter - vertebral notch, which forms the lower part of the foramen between the last lumbar and first sacral vertebra. lastly, on each side of the large oval articular plate is a broad and flat triangular surface of bone, which extends outward, supports the psoas magnus muscle and lumbo - sacral cord, and is continuous on each side with the iliac fossa. this is called the ala of the sacrum, and gives attachment to a few of the fibers of the iliacus muscle. the posterior part of the ala represents the transverse process of the first sacral segment. the apex, directed downward and slightly forward, presents a small, oval, concave surface for articulation with the coccyx. the spinal canal runs throughout the greater part of the bone ; it is large and triangular in form above, small and flattened, from before backward, below. in this situation its posterior wall is incomplete, from the non - development of the laminae and spinous processes. it lodges the sacral nerves, and is perforated by the anterior and posterior sacral foramina, through which these pass out. structure. - it consists of much loose, spongy tissue within, invested externally by a thin layer of compact tissue. differences in the sacrum of the male and female - the sacrum in the female is shorter and wider than in the male ; the lower half forms a greater angle with the upper, the upper half of the bone being nearly straight, the lower half presenting the greatest amount of curvature. the bone is also directed more obliquely backward, which increases the size of the pelvic cavity ; but the sacro - vertebral angle projects less. in the male the curvature is more evenly distributed over the whole length of the bone, and is altogether greater than in the female. peculiarities of the sacrum - this bone, in some cases, consists of six pieces ; occasionally, the number is reduced to four. sometimes the bodies of the first and second segments are not joined or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4421581936813585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.086463"} {"text": "and is altogether greater than in the female. peculiarities of the sacrum - this bone, in some cases, consists of six pieces ; occasionally, the number is reduced to four. sometimes the bodies of the first and second segments are not joined or the laminae and spinous processes have not coalesced. occasionally the upper pair of transverse tubercles are not joined to the rest of the bone on one or both sides ; and, lastly, the sacral canal may be open for nearly the lower half of the bone, in consequence of the imperfect development of the laminae and spinous processes. the sacrum, also, varies considerably with respect to its degree of curvature. from the examination of a large number of skeletons it would appear that in one set of cases the anterior surface of this bone was nearly straight, the curvature, which was very slight, affecting only its lower end. in another set of cases the bone was curved throughout its whole length, but especially toward its middle. in a third set the degree of curvature was less marked, and affected especially the lower third of the bone. articulations - with four bones : the last lumbar vertebra, coccyx, and the two innominate bones. attachment of muscles - to eight pairs : in front, the pyriformis and coccygeus, and a portion of the iliacus to the base of the bone ; behind, the gluteus maximus, latissimus dorsi, multifidus spinee, and erector spinse, and some : the extensor coccygis.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45808657828918664, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.087076"} {"text": "click to view large map - to protect a representative cross section of the atoll ' s habitats, including windward and leeward peripheral reefs, the atoll lagoon with its patch reefs, and sea grass beds. - to protect at least some of the cuts or passes in the reef, as these are considered ecologically very important in terms of water flow and exchange, for movement of larvae, for species with feeding migrations, and species such as lobsters which migrate back and forth between the lagoon and deeper water for spawning purposes. - to provide an undisturbed area for recruitment of species to adjacent areas, and to protect nursery and spawning areas such as the spawning banks east of long caye and middle caye. - to provide an area for recreational diving, sport fishing, boating, and appreciation of the marine environment. - to provide a relatively undisturbed area with representative natural ecosystems that can be used for applied research. use and entry - no extractive uses are allowed, with the exception of subsistence fishing by registered residents of the atoll ( under review ), and catch - and - release sport fishing by licensed fishermen. - spear fishing is not permitted by the subsistence fishers. - anchors cannot be deployed in areas where moorings are provided. - divers must register with the reserve manager. - dive boats must obtain a license to operate in the zone.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42556457217511434, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.088586"} {"text": "| | favorite bible stories in simple english | cain and able, first murder \u00a9 by james dearmore, july, 1999 what a sad story the bible tells us in the fourth chapter of genesis! cain and abel were brothers, the sons of adam and eve. how they should have loved each other! yet we find that cain killed abel. why did he do this? well, cain was a husbandman, that is, a man who tilled the ground ; abel was a shepherd, who kept sheep. one day each offered a sacrifice to god. cain brought the fruit of the ground, and abel brought a perfect lamb. this perfect lamb was a type, or \" picture \", of the perfect lamb of god, jesus, who was to come and sacrifice himself to cover the sins of the world, and make it possible for man to again be in fellowship with god. god accepted abel ' s offering, but not cain ' s. why? well, i am quite sure that it was because abel offered his sacrifice according as god had commanded, and had faith in the promised saviour ; but cain simply acknowledged god ' s goodness in giving him the fruits of the earth. cain ' s produce was not according to god ' s command, and was the work of his own hands. while the accepted sacrifice of abel was according to god ' s plan, and pictured the coming redeemer, jesus, to die for our sins. god had no doubt told them, too, that when they came to worship him, they were to bring a lamb or a kid as a sacrifice for their sins ; this abel had done, but cain had not. so cain was angry because god had accepted abel ' s offering and not his ; and now he hated his brother abel. god knew the evil thoughts which cain had towards his brother, and asked him, \" why art thou wroth? \" ( that means, \" why are you so angry? \" ) and said, \" if thou doest well, shalt thou not be accepted? \" but then cain did still more wickedly. when they were out in the field, just the two of them alone, he killed his brother. was it not a cruel deed? they were alone when this murder was committed, yet one eye saw it all. god ' s eye sees everything! god saw it, and said to cain : \" where is abel, thy brother? \" this true story from the bible teaches us that we cannot sin without god knowing about it! cain then told god a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43029584045424396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.092368"} {"text": "this is the third annual report from the online gm contamination register, which reviews reported cases of contamination and illegal plantings and releases of gm ( genetically modified ) organisms. the question mark has been used by greenpeace in ge - crop fields around the world to highlight the lack of information concerning genetically modified organisms. executive summary : the gm contamination register was started by genewatch uk and greenpeace international in 2005, to address the failure of international agencies to monitor contamination. in 2007, 39 incidents were added to the register. in addition, changes to the reporting format and the discovery of new cases led to the addition of 1 case for 2003, 2 cases for 2005 and 32 cases for 2006, bringing the total number of incidents recorded in the database to 216. the 28 incidents of contamination reported in 2007 involved food ( 19 ), feed ( 7 ) and seed ( 2 ). the year saw an increase in the number of feed cases reported due to the eu ' s rapid alert system for food and feed now making a clearer distinction between the two. there were 11 cases of illegal release of gmos detected in 2007. four cases involved the illegal sale of gm zebra danio fish. two cases involve the spillage of seed from trucks in japan and brazil ( cotton ). two cases involve gm lines that have been part of field trials in past years now appearing in commercially cultivated field in germany and thailand. the final three cases are soybean growing in romania ( which was legal until it joined the eu in 2007 ), the continued illegal growing of gm maize in mexico and the discovery of gm maize in peru where no commercial planting is allowed. the gm contamination register report 2007 provides detailed accounts of all the 2007 entries, discusses the responses to gm contamination and presents conclusions and recommendations as to how the problem should be addressed. num. pages : 44", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48862235628021716, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.094318"} {"text": "concentrating solar power ( csp ) technologies that use mirrors instead of photovoltaic ( pv ) panels are challenging to finance. csp is a newer technology that is just starting to bring down costs through economies of scale and improved efficiencies. but there is a compelling rationale for concentrating technologies. pv doesn \u2019 t entirely answer the needs of the transmission system, while csp with thermal energy storage ( tes ) can. \u201c dispatchable csp can discharge from storage to serve high - price peak loads that occur outside the daylight hours, including the late afternoon and early evening, \" according to brightsource director of economic and pricing analysis dr. udi helman. the value of this extra peak power makes csp more competitive \u201c by several dollars per megawatt - hour. \u201d pv cannot be dialed up or down, whereas by channeling more or less csp output to storage, it can be ramped. once in storage, it can also be released in varying amounts. this is the kind of flexibility conventional generators have which allows utilities, by altering the level of their output, to accommodate the forecast uncertainty and variability of non - dispatchable renewable generation. this provides grid operators with ramping reserves and regulation services. csp plants with tes have the flexibility of conventional thermal plants, according to helman, and \u201c offer higher ramp rates and ranges than large thermal plants. \u201d this could not only replace some conventional generation but could \u201c provide a more flexible generation mix \u201d that would \u201c result in greater use of non - dispatchable solar pv and wind. \u201d finally, helman noted, \u201c tes allows shifting of the solar resource to periods of reduced solar output, \u201d and it does so, he said, \u201c with relatively high efficiency. \u201d in doing these things, helman explained, it saves money. peak generation has higher value. furthermore, according to helman, \u201c as more renewables are added, it will change energy market prices. \u201d first, pv will displace \u201c older, more expensive gas plants. \u201d then, \u201c right after the daylight hours, as other plants - - primarily gas - - are ramped up to compensate for the rapid ramp - down of inflexible solar production, \u201d he explained, citing simulations by the california independent system operator corporation ( caiso ) that show that stored csp generation can be dispatched. \u201c the costs of these reserves are currently estimated to be in the range of $ 4 to $ 8 per megawatt - hour in california by 2020", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47586929001349687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.100842"} {"text": "california independent system operator corporation ( caiso ) that show that stored csp generation can be dispatched. \u201c the costs of these reserves are currently estimated to be in the range of $ 4 to $ 8 per megawatt - hour in california by 2020 or at high penetrations in other systems, \u201d according to helman, especially where \u201c gas peakers or other types of storage to support integration \u201d are built. the implication : a balance between pv and csp will make it possible to use more pv - - and to use more sun. \u201c some percentage of solar production could be curtailed more frequently as additional non - dispatchable wind and solar generation is added to the grid, \u201d helman explained, citing an nrel study. \u201c as [ non - dispatchable ] pv production increases, this becomes more probable. dispatchable csp can be stored rather than produced, and hence allows for integration of more total solar than if only non - dispatchable solar generation is interconnected. \u201d according to nrel calculations, helman noted, if a future gas price of $ 4. 50 per mmbtu is assumed, a relative fuel savings benefit of csp with tes over pv is about 0. 5 cents per kilowatt - hour. depending on the size and storage capacity of the csp / tes system, the total value is 0. 7 cents to 2. 0 cents per kilowatt - hour. \u201c nrel \u2019 s studies show, \u201d helman explained, \u201c that at some point, the incremental value of increasing the solar field and adding storage begins to diminish, \u201d because \u201c overnight energy prices are low, so selling more energy at lower prices will not increase the csp value. \u201d the total value of csp with tes has been estimated by nrel modeling and simulations. at 10 percent to 15 percent solar, with gas prices in the range of $ 4. 50 to $ 9. 00 per mmbtu, the estimated value of csp with storage is an additional 1. 6 cents to 4. 0 cents per kilowatt - hour. the nrel research, according to dr. helman, breaks those values into four categories : 1 ) the energy shifting value is ~ 0. 5 cents to 1. 0 cents per kilowatt - hour ; 2 ) the increased capacity factor value is ~ 0. 7 cents to 2. 0 cents per kilowatt - hour ; 3 ) if pv is 6 cents per kilowatt - hour, the value of reduction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4739091417448808, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.101752"} {"text": "per kilowatt - hour ; 2 ) the increased capacity factor value is ~ 0. 7 cents to 2. 0 cents per kilowatt - hour ; 3 ) if pv is 6 cents per kilowatt - hour, the value of reduction in curtailment is estimated at ~ 0. 3 cents per kilowatt - hour ; and 4 ) the reserve and integration value is 0. 1 cents to 0. 7 cents per kilowatt - hour. a real - world approximation of the total value of csp with tes is that the original ppas with sce set brightsource \u2019 s seven solar power plants \u2019 obligation at approximately four million megawatt - hours of electricity per year. with the addition of tes at three plants, new agreements set the same level of production, but with one fewer plant. \u201c from a policy standpoint, a simplistic approach to choosing a generation technology might be based simply on picking the option with the lowest overall levelized cost of electricity ( lcoe ), \u201d nrel researchers observed, but \u201c deployment based simply on lowest lcoe ignores the relative benefits of each technology to the grid, how their value to the grid changes as a function of penetration, and how they may actually work together to increase overall usefulness of the solar resource. \u201d read the first three parts of herman trabish ' s series : tags : brightsource energy, caiso, california, california independent system operator corporation, capacity factor value, concentrating solar power plant, concentrating technologies, conventional generators, conventional thermal plants, csp, curtailed, curtailment, dispatchable, economies of scale, energy market", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4762358416883535, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.102363"} {"text": "more than one million fossils and artifacts were unearthed during the construction the diamond valley lake reservoir in hemet. these time - swept relics make their home in the western science center ' s museum complex, creating a bridge between ancient eras and the scientific advances of the future. the campus itself is steeped in advanced design tactics, making it the first museum in california to earn a platinum leed certification from the u. s. green building council. a rooftop covered with 3, 000 solar panels provides more than half of the museum ' s power needs, and a combination of heat - resistant windows and forced - air circulation keeps the interior cool while spending less energy on air conditioning and ice sculpture maintenance. a journey through the ages begins from the moment visitors step from the parking lot and under the life on earth timelime, a 156 - foot corridor of geologic time rings from pre - cambrian to holocene that leads to the museum lobby. inside, they explore permanent and temporary exhibits, including \" max, \" the largest mastodon skeleton found in the western united states and the discovery lab highlighting the tool contemporary architects use every day. crowds can take a seat in the immersion theater with a 270 - degree screen to watch a pair of short films about the time when giant creatures roamed california and how the region was excavated and preserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44190673612864934, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.103717"} {"text": "overview of alcohol abuse americans have a complicated history with alcohol. at the end of the 19th century, politicians, women ' s groups, and churches banded together to convince lawmakers to outlaw alcohol. in 1919, the u. s. congress passed the 18th amendment, making the sale and distribution of alcohol illegal. alcohol consumption declined but did not stop. in 1933, prohibition ended and since then, millions of americans have made alcohol a part of their social life. in the 1960s, e. m. jellinek pioneered the idea that excessive and harmful use of alcohol was a disease. within a decade, public campaigns were launched in the united states to educate people about alcoholism as an illness. alcohol abuse definitions in 1980, the american psychiatric association ' s diagnostic and statistical manual iii refined the definition of alcoholism by differentiating between alcohol abuse and dependence. people continue to use the terms \" alcoholism \" when they mean any harmful use of alcohol and \" problem drinking \" when they mean abuse, when in fact alcoholism and abuse have specific clinical definitions. alcoholism, also known as alcohol dependence, is a chronic, progressive, and potentially fatal disease. characteristics of alcoholism include the following : - drinking excessive amounts frequently - inability to curb drinking despite medical, psychological, or social complications - increased tolerance to alcohol - occurrence of withdrawal symptoms when the person stops drinking alcohol abuse is a chronic disease in which the person refuses to give up drinking even though it causes neglect of important family and work obligations. abuse, left untreated, can lead to dependence. characteristics of alcohol abuse include the following : - drinking when it is dangerous ( e. g., while driving ) - frequent, excessive drinking - interpersonal difficulties with family, friends, or coworkers caused by alcohol - legal problems related to drinking incidence & prevalence of alcohol abuse alcohol use typically begins in the late teens and early twenties, although a substantial number of people start drinking even earlier. the national institutes of health ( nih ) reports that the younger the age, the greater the chance the person will abuse or become dependent on alcohol. according to a february 2011 report from the world health organization ( who ), alcohol contributes to approximately 2. 5 million deaths each year worldwide ( nearly 4 percent of all deaths ). about 6 percent of all male deaths and 1 percent of all female deaths are related to harmful effects of alcohol. in young people ages 1529, 320, 000 ( 9 percent ) of all deaths are alcohol related. in january 2013, the cdc issued a sobering report indicating that binge drinkingdefined", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4649186351606002, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.107291"} {"text": "in the united states, as many as 10 million females and 1 million males are fighting a life - and - death battle with an eating disorder such as anorexia or bulimia. millions more are struggling with binge - eating disorder. the true number is difficult to know because many people manage to hide their eating problems even from those closest to them. once thought to be restricted to middle - and upper - income families, eating disorders are increasingly found at every social and economic level. eating disorders most commonly start in girls between ages 14 and 17 years but are also seen in adolescent boys and younger children. overall, girls with eating disorders outnumber boys by about 10 to 1. the roots of the problem appear to be complex. outside influences are one contributor to eating disorders ; for example, magazines, movies, and television promote thinness. most young people can deal with the message, but those who develop an eating disorder are more susceptible and cannot keep the media images in perspective. young people are rarely aware of the extent to which images are altered to make models or actresses appear perfect, and they aspire to what they perceive as perfect beauty. however, there are invariably more complex and deep - seated psychological issues and genetic vulnerabilities that influence who is susceptible, including low self - esteem. no age group is immune. eating disorders in children younger than 14 years are described as childhood onset. some women secretly persist in eating disorders from their teens into their 20s, 30s, and beyond. others develop abnormal eating and exercise behaviors in response to stress long after adolescence is over. this type of eating and overconcern with body shape and image is an occupational hazard for those whose jobs or activities rely on appearance, such as fashion models, dancers and other performers, and competitive athletes like gymnasts. types of eating disorders the principal eating disorders are anorexia nervosa, or self - starvation, and bulimia nervosa, or binge eating followed by purging through induced vomiting or laxative abuse to prevent weight gain. another less \u201c formal \u201d but common eating disorder is bulimorexia \u2014 starvation alternating with gorging and induced purging. whatever the specific behavior and diagnosis, those with eating disorders share a preoccupation with their food, weight, and shape ; have a severely erratic or inadequate food intake ; and can \u2019 t regulate their eating and related emotions. they often have other symptoms of anxiety, depression, and obsessive - compulsive thoughts and symptoms.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45949661536737413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.114345"} {"text": "food, weight, and shape ; have a severely erratic or inadequate food intake ; and can \u2019 t regulate their eating and related emotions. they often have other symptoms of anxiety, depression, and obsessive - compulsive thoughts and symptoms. some develop substance use problems over time. girls who start menstruating earlier than their peers tend to have more problems with body image and a somewhat higher risk of eating disorders. children from families with eating disorders and obsessive - compulsive disorders are also more vulnerable. eating disorder risk factors * family history of eating disorder or obesity affective illness or alcoholism in first - degree relatives ballet, gymnastics, modeling, \u201c visual sports \u201d personality traits ( eg, perfectionism ) parental eating behavior and weight physical or sexual abuse history of excessive dieting, frequently skipped meals, compulsive exercise * source : rome es, ammerman s, rosen ds, et al. children and adolescents with eating disorders : the state of the art. pediatrics. 2003 ; 111 : e98 \u2013 e108 risks for adolescent athletes high school and college athletes are particularly susceptible to eating disorders. for example, some coaches encourage wrestlers to develop strength by training above their weight limits but competing at a lower weight, just under the limit. wrestlers may be pressured to lose several pounds in the few days before a competition. adolescent athletes are often urged to follow drastic and unbalanced weight - loss regimens ( eg, eating only bananas or oranges for days ). in the past, several college wrestlers died when trying to make a weight class by going without food and water and working out while wearing special clothing to promote sweating. these practices are unsafe. the american college of sports medicine and some states have released guidelines for weight control and monitoring high school and collegiate wrestlers ( www. acsm. org ). coaches should be responsible for encouraging healthful eating and exercise. parents who suspect that their children are subjected to dangerous or abusive practices should stop their children \u2019 s involvement and bring their concerns to the attention of school or college authorities. common forerunners for eating disorders be on the lookout for diet fads, especially with adolescent girls. some, such as high - protein, very low - carbohydrate regimens, require medical supervision when used in adolescents. they \u2019 ve been around for decades and resurface periodically under new names. the more extreme diet routines are never intended for long - term adoption. prescription and nonprescription over - the - counter and over - the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4557849677200104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.115553"} {"text": "it \u2019 s true - - animals can get bloated too. it \u2019 s a little different than with people, though, and a lot more dangerous. if your veterinarian says that your dog has bloat, she means that your dog \u2019 s stomach is full of excess gas, fluid, or foam. bloat can be caused by a number of things. most often dogs and cats get bloat because they swallow excess air. it can also occur when the valve at the bottom of the stomach is blocked and the gas and other material produced by the digestive process can \u2019 t exit the stomach. bloat happens very rapidly and can be fatal in 30 minutes, when it \u2019 s severe. if your pet \u2019 s abdomen is distended and / or you notice nausea, vomiting, attempts to vomit, sudden weakness, or collapse, contact your veterinarian immediately. bloat is a life - threatening condition. often, when the stomach becomes enlarged ( or dilated ), it then twists somewhere between a quarter and a full turn ; the twisting is called volvulus. when an animal has gastric dilation and volvulus ( gdv ), the openings at at the top and the bottom of the stomach twist, blocking all materials from entering or leaving. as the digestive process continues, the stomach will swell more and more. as the stomach gets larger, it can press against blood vessels and decrease circulation. this can eventually lead to death of the tissue in the stomach walls. it can also take up some of the room the diaphragm needs to expand, which makes it hard for the animal to breathe. if left untreated, the circulation and breathing problems caused by gdv and bloat can cause infections, bleeding disorders, heart failure and sudden death. gdv is most often found in larger dogs that have eaten a large or abnormal meal. what to look for the most obvious sign of bloat is a distended, swollen - looking belly, particularly one that appears quickly. some other noticeable symptoms of bloat occur when an animal tries to empty its stomach. particularly with gdv, dogs and cats will try to vomit or belch but aren \u2019 t able to ; they will retch and seem restless and nauseated. they may also become short of breath as their abdomens become compressed. some animals may act depressed or show signs of pain. in severe cases, the pressure the stomach places on blood vessels can cause irregular blood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.419396489519806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.119582"} {"text": "retch and seem restless and nauseated. they may also become short of breath as their abdomens become compressed. some animals may act depressed or show signs of pain. in severe cases, the pressure the stomach places on blood vessels can cause irregular blood flow, abnormal heart rhythms, and shock, which can cause animals to collapse and can lead to rapid death. what to do bloat must be treated by a veterinarian immediately. if she suspects your pet has bloat, your veterinarian can stabilize him and treat him for shock by giving him intravenous fluids and monitoring his heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure. she can check for the condition by performing a physical exam and abdominal x rays. she can also check for gas in his stomach by inserting a tube through the esophagus or inserting a needle through the abdomen. if an animal is diagnosed simply with bloat, that is if the stomach hasn \u2019 t become twisted, sometimes the veterinarian can simply decompress the stomach with the tube or needle and no other treatment is necessary. if an animal has gdv, on the other hand, he will most likely need to be treated surgically. during surgery, a veterinarian can untwist and reposition the stomach so that material can move through it. then she can examine the tissue of the stomach to make sure it wasn \u2019 t injured or deprived of blood when it swelled. she can also check the spleen, which is attached to the stomach and can be damaged when the stomach twists. often veterinarians will also perform a gastropexy during surgery, which involves attaching the stomach to the abdominal wall so it won \u2019 t twist again in the future. a dog that has had bloat is at a great risk of gdv in the future if a gastropexy isn \u2019 t done. because the causes of bloat aren \u2019 t entirely clear, there is no known way to prevent it absolutely. veterinarians do know that large breed dogs with broad, deep barrel chests are more likely to develop bloat than other animals ; if you have a breed like this, you can watch carefully for bloat. you can also feed your pet small, regularly spaced meals, which are less likely to stretch his stomach. presoak the food in water for 30 minutes before feeding your dog. you can prevent him from drinking large volumes of water at one time, too. limiting exercise after meals can help as well.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4354094657132306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.120680"} {"text": "angioplasty and stenting are procedures used to treat pad by opening narrowed or blocked arteries, restoring normal blood flow. these procedures are called endovascular ( \" inside the blood vessels \" ) procedures because they are performed through a small cut in an artery, instead of a large incision as with surgical procedures. during balloon angioplasty, a long, thin tube called a catheter is inserted into an artery ( usually in the groin ) and guided to the blocked artery. once in place, a balloon is inflated, pushing the blockage against the artery wall and restoring blood flow. in some cases, a tiny wire mesh tube called a stent is left in place to prop the artery open. angioplasty and stent placement a. balloon carrying stent is moved into place in blocked artery. b. balloon is inflated, opening artery and expanding stent. c. balloon is removed, leaving stent in place to prop artery open. this section deals with angioplasty and stenting for pad in the legs. to learn about how these procedures are used in women with carotid ( neck ) artery disease to prevent a stroke, see carotid stenting. to learn about procedures to treat kidney artery disease, click here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4601128839320592, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.121965"} {"text": "an australian study has shown that children who drink both plain and flavoured milk have higher intakes of essential nutrients such as calcium, phosphorous, iodine and magnesium than children who don ' t. a recent study in the lancet has found no association between a mothers vitamin d status during pregnancy and the bone density of her children at age 9 - 10 years. this throws into question the value of vitamin d screening during pregnancy. a recent article in the journal of paediatrics and child health provides an overview of the important role of breast milk bioactive proteins in enhancing nutrition and growth and protecting the breastfed infant from bacterial and viral infections. it also looks at their possible future application in infant formula and other infant products. a study of the prevalence of overweight and obesity in pregnant women in victoria ' s rural goulburn valley region has found that nearly two thirds of them were overweight or obese, much higher than tha found in metropolitan regions. this places rural women at greater risk of pregnancy and birth complications. a study undertaken by newcastle university has found that chronic functional constipation ( cfc ) in children is associated with drinking cows milk. the cause appears unrelated to the type of casein in the milk but rather to some other component. a new zealand study, published in nutrition & dietetics found that independent risk factors for iron deficiency ( id ) in children aged 6 - 23 months were prematurity and low birthweight, increased body mass index ( bmi ), consuming fruit only as a between meal snack and not with meals, not having milk formula, drinking cows milk daily and consuming only homemade foods as first solids.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44840085168835786, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.123747"} {"text": "related entries : taraxacum the root of cichorium intybus, linne. common names : chicory, succory, wild succory. illustration : johnson ' s med. bot., fig. 138. botanical source. \u2014 chicory is a perennial plant, having a spindle - shaped, fleshy, whitish, and milky root. the stem is solid, round, furrowed, hispid, very tough, growing 2 or 3 feet high. the radical leaves are spreading, above a span long, numerous, runcinate, toothed, and roughish. the cauline leaves smaller, sessile, less lobed, the uppermost cordate, acuminate, and entire. the flowers are large, 1 or 2 inches in diameter, axillary, in pairs, sessile, placed rather remote on the long, rather naked branches, and of a beautiful bright - blue color. corollas flat and 5 - toothed ; involucre roughish ; anthers and stigma blue ( l. \u2014 w. ). history. \u2014 chicory is a native of europe, but cultivated in this country, where it grows in grass - fields and along roadsides, bearing large, elegant blue flowers in july and august. the root is quite bitter, and imparts its virtues to water. the young leaves are used as a salad. the plant is extensively cultivated for its root, which is used as a substitute for coffee, or for adulterating it ; it is dried, roasted, and ground. j. l. lassaigne states that an infusion of pure coffee acquires a more or less intense green color, when some drops of a solution of persulphate of iron are added to it ; while an infusion of chicory retains its brownish color, becoming more intense with a greenish tint. mr. horsley proposed bichromate of potassium as a test. it produces no coloration with an infusion of chicory, but gradually changes the weakest infusion of coffee to a deep porter - brown color. when the two infusions are mixed, boil the mixture with the bichromate, add a few grains of sulphate of copper, and again boil. a flocculent precipitate is formed, of a more or less deep sepia - brown color, the intensity of which varies with the quantity of coffee contained. it is sometimes used as an adulterant of dandelion root.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4204281004476822, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.127309"} {"text": "flocculent precipitate is formed, of a more or less deep sepia - brown color, the intensity of which varies with the quantity of coffee contained. it is sometimes used as an adulterant of dandelion root. chemical composition. \u2014 besides the usual vegetable constituents, this root consists of more than one - third inulin ( c12h20o10 ), a fine, white, tasteless, and odorless powder, obtained chiefly by expression of the grated roots of various composite plants ( see inula ). a very pure and pleasantly aromatic alcohol may be obtained from chicory root after the inulin has been converted into sugar by means of the mineral acids. a bitter glucosid, having the formula c32h34o19, was obtained in colorless crystals from the flowers by nietzki, in 1876. alcohol and hot water dissolve it freely, while it is not soluble in ether. sugar, pectin, and a bitter principle, not yet isolated, also exist in the root. the leaves yield a bitter body, albuminoids, sugar, and salts. action, medical uses, and dosage. \u2014 tonic, diuretic, and laxative. the decoction, used freely, is said to have proved efficient in jaundice, engorgement of the liver, and other chronic visceral diseases, as well as in cutaneous eruptions, gout, hectic fever, etc. an ounce of the root to a pint of water forms a good decoction. it is used as an adulterant of coffee. related species. \u2014 cichorium endivia, linne. garden endive, a native of the mediterranean countries, is said, by some french physicians, to be a remedy for jaundice. it is also cultivated and eaten as a salad. king ' s american dispensatory, 1898, was written by harvey wickes felter, m. d., and john uri lloyd, phr. m., ph. d.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5054147554439661, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.127991"} {"text": "develop or perish when j. r. smallwood \u2019 s liberal government took office, it immediately announced that the central item on its agenda was to develop, diversify, and modernize the economy of newfoundland and labrador. \u201c we must develop or perish, \u201d said smallwood in july, 1949. \u201c we must develop or our people will go in the thousands to other parts of canada. we must create new jobs.... develop, develop, develop \u2014 that \u2019 s been my slogan and that will remain my slogan. \u201d photographer unknown. reproduced by the permission of the archives and manuscripts division ( j. r. smallwood collection 075, 5. 04. 241 ), queen elizabeth ii library, memorial university, st. john ' s, newfoundland. thus there was to be a break with a past characterized by poverty, uncertainty and backwardness. under the new dispensation, the province was to be brought into the mainstream of the 20th century world, using large amounts of government money. this was to be a programme of forced growth, with the government subsidizing, encouraging and working with private business. smallwood did not have a well - defined plan, already developed and in place, and does not seem to have consulted the reconstruction plan presented in 1944 by the commission of government. impatient for results and impetuous by nature, smallwood threw himself and his inexperienced government into a frenzy of activity. the pace was extraordinary, with decisions being taken on several fronts at the same time. nevertheless, the broad outlines of the government \u2019 s approach can be described. first, the modernization of the fishing industry, already under way, had to continue. in practice this meant that priority was given to developing the offshore trawler fishery, with the catch being processed in newly - built fish plants, frozen, and marketed mainly in the united states. the shipyard created by the government at marystown in the late 1960s was designed to service the offshore fleet. the traditional inshore, small - boat salt fishery gradually declined into insignificance, and the labrador schooner fishery disappeared. second, the government wanted to diversify the provincial economy by encouraging the establishment of new industries. at first, this programme was associated with the latvian emigre alfred valdmanis, who smallwood hired as director general of economic development in 1950. using the financial surplus left by the commission of government and provincial government loans, and exploiting valdmanis \u2019 business contacts in germany, the government oversaw the establishment of sixteen new industries on the west", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4121617740907839, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.135360"} {"text": ", and doyle obliged by forming labrador linerboard ltd., which began construction of a heavily - subsidized mill at stephenville in 1971. the government understood that if industry was to come to the province, and if its people were to be employed in the sector, then improved educational facilities were vital, as well as roads and air fields. as a result, the government invested heavily in these areas, relying to a considerable extent on federal funds. at the same time, the government encouraged the resettlement of small, isolated communities to that basic services, like education and health, could be more readily provided. reviewing the province \u2019 s record in 1980, the economic council of canada concluded that the \u201c new industries \u201d scheme of the 1950s had been an expensive failure, and with reference to natural resource development, wrote that in many cases, \u201c \u2014 the government largely overlooked the concept of economic rent - the fact that natural resources normally have an intrinsic market value over and above the costs of exploiting them. such rents might have been tapped more carefully for government revenues.... newfoundland is already left with the fact that benefits in mining and forestry, and in hydro - electric generation, have been foregone. \u201d ( economic council of canada, 7 ). in the rush to attract industry and generate jobs, the government had failed to gather the revenues that it might and should have obtained, in spite of sometimes massive subsidization. much the same applied to large industrial developments such as long harbour and stephenville, where the return on huge government investment seemed to have been limited. by the time smallwood left office in 1972, he could point to some dramatic changes in the economy and society of newfoundland and of labrador. the population had increased by over 40 percent to 522, 000, per capita income by almost 300 percent, and there was no question that the average standard of living had improved significantly. yet per capita income was only 50 percent of the canadian average, and there was still a heavy outflow of people to mainland canada and elsewhere - an average of almost 4, 000 a year by the late 1960s - since for all its efforts and expenditures, the government had not been able to create enough jobs to meet the demands of an expanding, youthful population. the unemployment rate remained stubbornly high, and the provincial government reliant on federal transfer payments. in a real sense, the province was still undeveloped. article by jim hiller with melanie martin. \u00a92006, newfoundland and labrador heritage web site", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4464879847608968, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.137761"} {"text": "the president... may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices.... article ii, section 2, clause 1 the opinion clause arose out of the debates at the constitutional convention regarding whether the american president would exercise executive authority singly or in concert with other officials or privy councilors. a brief review of english custom illuminates the choices made by the framers. formally, parliamentary \" ministers \" were ministers to the king. in addition, all british citizens were \" subjects \" of the king, and the king could require any nobleman, judge, or member of parliament to serve in his privy council and provide him with personal or official advice. by the end of the eighteenth century, however, the ministerial offices had assumed such practical and administrative power that it diminished the king ' s responsibility for actions taken by the government. the king was expected to defer increasingly to his ministers ' decisions. the state of the english executive at the time of the framing was this : legally, the king could do no wrong ; politically, the king was responsible for no administrative wrong. at various stages during the convention, the framers rejected proposals to divide or condition executive power. their intent from contemporary records is clear : they wanted \" [ e ] nergy in the executive, \" as alexander hamilton put it in the federalist no. 70 ; and they wanted to maximize presidential responsibility for executive decisions. some of the framers, including james madison, desired a single executive but supported a council of revision \u2014 composed of the president and judges \u2014 to exercise the veto power. rufus king explained why the proposal was rejected : \" if the unity of the executive was preferred for the sake of responsibility, the policy of it is as applicable to the revisionary [ veto ] as to the executive power. \" yet, vesting all executive power in one person was enough of a break with english tradition to cause unease. several delegates supported a constitutional \" privy council \" or \" council of state, \" which could not bind the president but would provide him with advice. one argument advanced against a privy council was that the department head most responsible for the matter put to the council might evade his special share of responsibility for the decision. the opinion clause was born of this concern. the original version assumed the president would have a privy council but that he could \" require the written opinion of any one or more of the [ relevant ] members [ of the council ]...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4220316501271584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.143310"} {"text": "decision. the opinion clause was born of this concern. the original version assumed the president would have a privy council but that he could \" require the written opinion of any one or more of the [ relevant ] members [ of the council ]... [ and ] every officer abovementioned shall be responsible for his opinion on the affairs relating to his particular department. \" but the framers rejected even a weak advisory council. charles pinckney concluded that : \" the president shd. be authorized to call for advice or not as he might chuse. give him an able council and it will thwart him ; a weak one and he will shelter himself under their sanction. \" later, a committee headed by gouverneur morris was tasked with further consideration of the matter. the committee also rejected the idea. morris explained : \" the presidt. by persuading his council to concur in his wrong measures, would acquire their protection for them. \" instead, morris proposed language that formed the basis of the current opinion clause, merely authorizing the president \" to call for the opinions of the heads of departments, in writing. \" to distinguish this proposal even further from that of a collegial council, the clause was later revised to specify that written opinions could be obtained \" upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices. \" thus modified, the clause does not encourage the president to seek a consensus from all department heads on any matter. as adopted, the opinion clause reinforces the authority and accountability of an executive who is bound by law. the president may demand written reports regarding his principal officers ' performance of their duties ( a typical management prerogative ), but not concerning his personal business. the framers ' rejection of a formal cabinet independent of the president prevents department heads from exercising an independent sphere of influence over policy and denies them a forum in which to enlist others in debates over the president ' s policies. in addition, the opinion clause contains a negative inference reinforced by article ii, section 3, which allows the president to recommend to congress such measures \" as he shall judge necessary and expedient. \" the two clauses reflect the constitution ' s separation of powers structure by preventing congress from requiring presidential appointees to report directly to congress rather than to the president. as chief justice john marshall noted in marbury v. madison ( 1803 ), \" to aid [ the president ] in the performance of these duties, he is authorized to appoint certain officers, who act by his authority and in conformity with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46628451148706207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.144323"} {"text": "president. as chief justice john marshall noted in marbury v. madison ( 1803 ), \" to aid [ the president ] in the performance of these duties, he is authorized to appoint certain officers, who act by his authority and in conformity with his orders. \" congress can require reports from the respective departments, but congress cannot interfere with prior presidential review of those reports and presidential control over what is transmitted to congress. as a result of the debates over the opinion clause and a privy council, the constitution nowhere requires a formal cabinet. president george washington found it prudent to organize his principal officers into a cabinet, and it has been part of the executive branch structure ever since. nevertheless, no \" prime minister \" deflects the political accountability of the president. presidents have used cabinet meetings of selected principal officers but to widely differing extents and for different purposes. secretary of state william h. seward and then professor woodrow wilson advocated use of a parliamentary - style cabinet government. but president abraham lincoln rebuffed seward, and woodrow wilson would have none of it in his administration. several twentieth - century presidents made pledges to use their \" cabinets \" as deliberative bodies, but eisenhower was one of the few who did so. recent cabinets have grown unwieldy for effective deliberations with up to twenty - five members, including key white house staff in addition to department and agency heads. president ronald reagan formed seven subcabinet councils to review many policy issues, and subsequent presidents have followed that practice. but most recent presidents have met infrequently with their entire cabinets. in an age when the president relies heavily on white house staff for immediate advice and assistance, presidents often use cabinet meetings to make the cabinet members feel more a part of the president ' s inner circle or to increase their loyalty to the administration. a cabinet that has no constitutional blessing may actually make it a more valuable tool than one constrained by constitutional design. there is more flexibility in the president ' s choice of which officers and councilors should be included. moreover, a cabinet that meets at the pleasure of the president will naturally be more mindful to serve his interests rather than their own or those of their departments. thus, the framers increased the likelihood that the president will obtain useful advice from his principal officers by leaving the advice structure entirely to his discretion. - todd gaziano - director, center for legal and judicial studies - center for legal and judicial studies - the heritage foundation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4436675531834556, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.148700"} {"text": "page 3 of 6 louisiana biology professor ann findley trains high school teachers and offers on - site support to build a culture of science at their schools. that was rachelle haroldson \u2019 s experience. a year after she completed brainu \u2019 s partner program for high school science teachers, her students were dissecting a sheep brain, exploring how it compared structurally with a human brain. and after her students assembled model neurons from beads and string as they studied neural signaling, she had them investigate questions like : what is a drug? if you take a drug, what does it do to your body? the students learned how alcohol affects decision making in the frontal lobes and how marijuana mimics endogenous cannabinoids. \u201c when they thought about their brain as a muscle and that they were weakening it [ with drugs ], that seemed to have a profound impact on them, \u201d haroldson recalls. honing science skills to help students learn science through inquiry, teachers must first understand how scientific inquiry works. but many are simply not up to speed. they may lack research experience or \u2014 especially in middle schools \u2014 they may be teaching a subject for which they weren \u2019 t trained, says developmental biologist barbara wakimoto of the university of washington in seattle. scientists, like wakimoto, can play an important role offering the research experience and inquiry - focused approach. k \u2013 12 science education requires a multifaceted strategy that should involve scientists as well as preservice and in - service training, says david asai, hhmi \u2019 s undergraduate science education program director. \u201c the community of scientists, in particular, can provide excellent ways for in - service teachers to build more inquiry into their teaching. in - service teachers can be the principal partners with scientists, who can help develop those tools, and they can be a huge resource for future teachers. \u201d wakimoto and two colleagues run an intensive four - week summer life sciences teaching institute for 20 washington state k \u2013 8 teachers. they focus on upper elementary and middle school teachers because, unlike high school teachers who see their students for one period a day, these teachers \u201c are with students long enough to get them excited about science, \u201d wakimoto says. wakimoto and program manager helen buttemer show teachers how to create simple inquiry - based lessons with readily available materials \u2014 for example, testing the adhesive powers of slug slime, studying lentil seed germination, or observing fruit fly mating rituals. they train teachers to walk students through a scientific investigation using a tool called", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.52140239147594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.152012"} {"text": "- based lessons with readily available materials \u2014 for example, testing the adhesive powers of slug slime, studying lentil seed germination, or observing fruit fly mating rituals. they train teachers to walk students through a scientific investigation using a tool called an inquiry board. the teacher records ideas on an eight - section poster board as the class brainstorms a question, the variables to test, the controls, the experimental setup, and the predicted outcome. after the study is completed, the class tabulates results, looking for patterns, and answers the original question. wakimoto \u2019 s colleagues follow up by visiting each participating teacher \u2019 s home school, often bringing equipment to lend. \u201c when we go back to the classrooms, we find these inquiry boards all over the state, \u201d she says. high school teachers need the hands - on experience as well. in louisiana, for example, many teachers are certified to teach high school biology or chemistry with just a smattering of college courses in the subject. they \u201c have a working knowledge of the discipline, but they have no lab skills and no research experience as an undergraduate with respect to how science is really done, \u201d says ann findley, a biology professor at the university of louisiana at monroe ( ulm ). photo : misty keasler", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48518075439427183, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.152610"} {"text": "first trimester screening screening during the first trimester is a combination of ultrasound and two blood tests. these tests can help determine the risk of certain birth defects. alpha - fetoprotein screening is a blood test that measures the level of afp in the mothers ' blood. abnormal levels may indicate certain problems with the fetus. fetal ultrasound is a test used during pregnancy that creates an image of the fetus in the mother ' s uterus, or womb. chorionic villus sampling ( cvs ) this prenatal test involves taking a sample of tissue from the placenta to test for chromosomal abnormalities and certain other genetic problems. amniocentesis is a procedure used to obtain a small sample of the amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus during pregnancy. the fluid is analyzed to help diagnose certain birth defects. fetal blood sampling fetal blood sampling is a procedure to remove a small amount of blood from the fetus during pregnancy. it may be taken to diagnose problems or an infection. fetal movement counting fetal movement counting, often called kick counting, is a way a mother can help monitor the movements of her unborn baby by counting the number of kicks in a certain time period. biophysical profile ( bpp ) a biophysical profile is a test that combines a nonstress test with ultrasound. it ' s usually performed in the last trimester. doppler flow studies doppler flow is a type of ultrasound that measures the flow of blood through a blood vessel. doppler flow studies may be used to assess blood flow in the umbilical blood vein and arteries, fetal brain, and fetal heart. cesarean delivery is the surgical delivery of a baby by an incision through the mother ' s abdomen and uterus. this procedure is performed when it is determined to be a safer method than a vaginal delivery for the mother, baby, or both. during childbirth, the vagina may not stretch enough. if this occurs, your health care provider may perform an episiotomy to help enlarge the opening and deliver the baby. a biophysical profile is a test that \u2019 s sometimes given during your third trimester of pregnancy. it is typically done if the health of your baby is in question because of the results of another test, because of certain pregnancy symptoms, or if your pregnancy is high risk.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5317108306402527, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.154843"} {"text": "today, all of paraguay is celebrating and rejoicing its 201 - year old independence from spain. the spanish arrived in the 1500 \u2019 s and stayed for nearly 300 years as it colonized the region, converted natives to christianity and enslaved native indian populations. paraguay gained independence from spain in 1811 but not before becoming the primary site of jesuit missions and settlements. ecuador is home to an estimated 6. 5 million people, the majority of which are catholic. after surviving several financial and political corruption scandals in the \u2018 90s the country continues to try to move away from an informal economy and have a more transparent government. president obama and secretary of state hillary clinton sent the following congratulatory message to the people of paraguay : on behalf of president obama and the people of the united states, i am delighted to send best wishes to all paraguayans as you celebrate the anniversary of your independence this may 15. paraguay and the united states are united by our common democratic values and respect for individual rights and liberties. together, we are working to deepen democratic institutions, strengthen human rights, combat crime, and promote effective, transparent governments and judicial systems. as you celebrate this joyous occasion, know that the united states stands with you as a partner and friend. we look forward to continuing to work closely together as partners for peace and prosperity. tapevyaite ( que disfruten este dia ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4547555041391941, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.156247"} {"text": "photo : cholera in cuba the cuban government said that the cholera outbreak that erupted in june, killing three and infecting 417, is over, communist party daily granma reported tuesday. \u201c ten days have passed since the latest confirmed case, whereby the public health ministry says that this outbreak is over, \u201d the newspaper said of the epidemic that originated in manzanillo, a city of 130, 500 residents located some 900 kilometers ( 560 miles ) east of havana. authorities also said that there were cases \u201c associated \u201d with the outbreak in other municipalities in surrounding granma province and in the neighboring provinces of santiago de cuba and guantanamo and even in havana. \u201c all these later events, characterized as isolated cases, occurred through people who traveled from manzanillo and were identified by an effective system of epidemiological monitoring and treated with timely measures, \u201d the ministry said. of the 417 registered cholera cases, the majority were adults, the bulletin added, going on to emphasize the \u201c indispensable... and effective cooperation of the public. \u201d after learning of the health emergency, the government decided as a precaution to suspend the traditional summer carnivals in manzanillo and bayamo, another city in granma province. in addition, the venezuelan government sent to the island 20 military doctors to provide support. cuban president raul castro spoke out on july 24 to denounce \u201c propagandistic campaigns \u201d regarding the cholera cases designed to \u201c discredit \u201d the island \u2019 s health care system and asserted that the outbreak was under control. the most recent cholera epidemic in cuba occurred in 1882 and the latest cases were registered shortly after the downfall of strongman fulgencio batista in 1959, according to official information. despite the fact that it said the outbreak was \u201c concluded, \u201d the cuban government is also saying it will maintain its vigilance to avoid \u201c the recurrence of new cases. \u201d in addition, the national government is reiterating its call for the public to take preventive measures concerning personal hygiene, water and food. for several weeks, the authorities have been issuing daily preventive messages along the same lines to avoid the spread of the aedes aegypti mosquito, which transmits dengue fever, although there have been no reported cases of that disease.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3798132282991136, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.158660"} {"text": "masonic temple ( old ) as the 19th century was winding to a close, the masonic fraternity in detroit was starting to build a growing membership. there were many masonic branches spread out throughout detroit at the time, and in 1891, they agreed to consolidate their groups into one home, united in solidarity and in base of operations. on aug. 11, 1892, masonic groups bought land on lafayette boulevard and first street, just outside of the heart of downtown, for a little more than $ 50, 000 ( about $ 1. 2 million today, when adjusted for inflation ). to pay for the $ 344, 198 building ( about $ 8. 75 million today ), the individual members were asked to chip in about $ 80 each, the equivalent of $ 1, 800 today. the ashlar, oriental and palestine lodges, the monroe chapter and the damascus commandery gave $ 1, 000 each ( $ 23, 500 today ) ; corinthian gave $ 1, 400 ( $ 33, 000 today ) ; the peninsular chapter and detroit and union responded with $ 1, 500 each ( $ 35, 000 today ) ; zion forked over $ 3, 000 ( $ 70, 000 today ) ; and the monroe council gave $ 500 ( $ 11, 800 today ). the groups then united to form what would become the masonic temple association of detroit, which still exists today. the association was formally formed march 19, 1894. to build their new home, the masons turned to another mason, george d. mason and his firm, mason & rice. the plans and specifications for the building were formally adopted on dec. 3, 1892. excavation began oct. 1, 1894, and the cornerstone was laid jan. 23, 1895. the dedication ceremonies were held with much fanfare and celebrated by thousands of masons and their families on st. john the baptist day, june 24, 1895. the masonic groups moved in over the next several months. among the city leaders active in getting the temple built were future mayor william c. maybury, a past master who served as chairman of the masonic relations committee. just under two years after the new temple opened, maybury would be elected mayor of detroit. the masons \u2019 new home would tower seven stories over the street, a 140 - foot - tall red brick building. the building quickly became a landmark downtown as one of the city \u2019 s tallest buildings, at least for a few years. the free press called the temple \u201c one of the showplaces of the era \u201d before the automobile", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39982656903279884, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.164109"} {"text": "tall red brick building. the building quickly became a landmark downtown as one of the city \u2019 s tallest buildings, at least for a few years. the free press called the temple \u201c one of the showplaces of the era \u201d before the automobile made detroit king, the paper noted in 1935. its auditorium had room for 750 people - 400 on the main floor and 350 in the balcony - but that would soon prove to be not nearly enough space. at the time it was built, the temple \u2019 s membership numbered only 3, 200. by 1908, the building was crowded to capacity as the rise in detroit \u2019 s industrial might flooded the organization with new members. concessions had to be made, such as putting restrictions on the use of the dining room and assembly halls. \u201c we thought the old temple would care for our needs for 50 years, but we outgrew it in 12 years, \u201d frank fisher, secretary of the masonic temple association, told the christian science monitor in february 1926. the masonic temple association decided to add onto the building, and bought another 50 feet of land along lafayette boulevard from the newland estate and 16 more feet from the benevolent order of elks. architect george d. mason, who had originally designed the building, was brought back on board to explore enlarging the temple. postcards were printed up touting the plan to extend the building east, along lafayette boulevard. but the temple \u2019 s rolls continued to grow, and the plan was abandoned in 1913 : the association decided even the addition wouldn \u2019 t be enough room. it was time to look for a new home where the still booming membership could continue to grow. the association settled on a parcel of land north of downtown on second avenue and bagg street ( now known as temple avenue ). the cornerstone of the new temple was laid in 1922, and the building opened four years later. after the masons moved to comfier confines in their new temple, the building housed the cadillac athletic club. but when the club went under in the 1930s, the building fell back into the masonic temple association \u2019 s hands. the masons were paying more than $ 10, 000 a year ( nearly $ 160, 000 today ) in taxes and maintenance on the empty building. in november 1935, it was announced that the landmark would be leveled. clarence w. videan, the group \u2019 s president, told the free press at the time that by leveling the building and turning it into a parking lot, the land could make the group money instead of cost", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38734728700623033, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.165093"} {"text": "< browse to previous essay | browse to next essay > wawona, pacific lumber and codfishing schooner historylink. org essay 2072 : printer - friendly format the schooner wawona, launched at fairhaven, california in 1897, was the largest three - masted sailing schooner ever built in north america. for 17 years, wawona hauled lumber up and down the pacific coast. in 1914, she was sold to the robinson fisheries company of anacortes, washington, and for the next 30 years was employed in the bering sea codfishing trade. in 1964, a group of concerned citizens from king county, washington, purchased her in an effort to preserve her as a maritime museum. wawona became a national historic site in 1970, the first ship in the nation to be listed on the national register. stricken with water intrusion and a beetle infestation, the wawona was reluctantly deemed too expensive to restore and was demolished in 2009. the age of wood wawona was launched on september 12, 1897, at the h. d. bendixen shipyard in fairhaven, california. wawona was built to haul lumber for the dolbeer & carson lumber company of eureka, california, and originally cost $ 29, 075. for 17 years, she carried sawn lumber, harvested from the primeval forests of northern california and the pacific northwest, up and down the pacific coast. wawona is a yosemite indian name for the northern spotted owl, believed to be the guardian of the forest. at 165 feet in length and with a beam of 36 feet, she was the largest three - masted sailing schooner ever built in north america. she was built as a baldheaded schooner ( no topmasts ), gaff - rigged ( the sail lies in the direction of the ship ' s length ) for easy handling by her crew. her builder, hans bendixen, was a danish shipwright who arrived in san francisco in 1863. his shipyard, established in 1879, eventually built more than 75 schooners ( a schooner is a fore - and - aft rigged sailing vessel ) and four square - rigged ships. from lumber to fish in 1914, wawona was sold to the robinson fisheries company of anacortes, washington, for employment in the bering sea codfishing trade. each spring for the next 30 years, wawona was loaded with salt for preserving fish, coal for cooking and heat, and a six - month supply of provisions and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3855290723648818, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.170233"} {"text": "in the nation to be listed on the national register and a reminder of an industry that shaped the growth and history of the northwest. in 1977 the wawona was designated a seattle landmark. after her listing on the national register, the wawona spent nearly three decades educating visitors and serving as a very visual example of the region ' s history. but even as the schooner ' s role in the historical community grew increasingly prominent, time and the water were taking their inevitable toll. in 2005, water intrusion followed by a beetle infestation highlighted the vessel ' s deteriorating condition. faced with an estimated $ 15 million bill to repair her severe decay, northwest seaport made the difficult decision to demolish the wawona. portions of the ship, including the captain ' s cabin, were salvaged for planned display at the museum of history & industry when that organization relocates to the naval reserve building ( armory ). harriet tracey delong, pacific schooner wawona ( bellevue : documentary book publishers corp., 1985 ) ; eric lacitis, \" lake union voyage last for wawona, \" the seattle times, march 5, 2009, p. b - 1. note : this essay was updated on march 5, 2009 < browse to previous essay browse to next essay > licensing : this essay is licensed under a creative commons license that encourages reproduction with attribution. credit should be given to both historylink. org and to the author, and sources must be included with any reproduction. click the icon for more info. please note that this creative commons license applies to text only, and not to images. for more information regarding individual photos or images, please contact the source noted in the image credit. major support for historylink. org provided by : the state of washington | patsy bullitt collins | paul g. allen family foundation | museum of history & industry | 4culture ( king county lodging tax revenue ) | city of seattle | city of bellevue | city of tacoma | king county | the peach foundation | microsoft corporation, other public and private sponsors and visitors like you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4172508333745155, "token_count": 419, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.172353"} {"text": "we \u2019 ve all felt it... that \u201c thump - thump \u201d in our chest during exercise. sometimes, it \u2019 s a little flutter. other times, it can feel like our heart is going to jump out of our chest. while most know it \u2019 s important to monitor heart rate during exercise, many don \u2019 t know why. \u201c monitoring your heart allows you to measure whether you \u2019 re working out too much, or not enough, \u201d says katie varnado, athletic training supervisor with ati sports medicine. \u201c one needs to hit an intensity level that will provide optimal health benefits, while remaining at a safe level. \u201d most healthy people should have a target heart rate zone from 50 \u2013 75 % of your maximum heart rate, or within the moderate exercise intensity zone. if you \u2019 re below this level, you may not be working out enough. on the flip side, if you \u2019 re above this level, you may be straining yourself. katie offers these steps in calculating your appropriate maximum heart rate : step 1 : subtract your age from 220 to get your average maximum heart rate in beats per minute. ( example : 220 \u2013 42 years old = 178 beats per minute / maximum heart rate ) step 2 : multiply your maximum heart rate by. 5 to determine the bottom 50 % of your target heart rate zone. ( example : 178 x. 5 = 89 beats per minute ) step 3 : multiply your maximum heart rate by. 75 to determine the top 75 % of your target heart rate zone. ( example : 178 x. 75 = 134 beats per minute ) step 4 : once you have calculated your maximum heart rate, use it to monitor the intensity level of your exercise. to measure your heart rate, place your index and middle fingers over your carotid artery on either side of your neck, or radial pulse on your wrist at the base of your palm, and feel your pulse. count your heart beats for 10 seconds, then multiply that number by six. this determines your beats per minute while exercising. for those just beginning an exercise program, varnado recommends aiming for the bottom 50 % of your target heart rate zone for the first few weeks. then, slowly progress to the middle and upper levels over the next six months. varnado reminds everyone that your target heart rate should be used a guideline for finding exercise intensity. anyone beginning an exercise program should always consult with their physician first. for more information on target heart rate and exercise, visit target heart rate and exercise.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44105731059517905, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.175017"} {"text": "ottawa - delays in regulating greenhouse gas emissions mean canada is quickly locking in old - fashioned infrastructure that will fill the air with carbon for decades to come, new research shows. the longer the federal government waits to clamp down on emissions and business continues as usual, the more difficult and costly it becomes to meet environmental targets, the research concludes. the new research comes from the soon - to - be - defunct national round table on the environment and the economy, the federally funded advisory group formed to give advice and research on sustainable development. the harper government is in the process of abolishing the agency. it ' s likely the first time analysts have measured the country ' s shrinking room to manoeuvre as a result of investments made while businesses wait for governments to crack down on emissions. the research also shows that electricity could be the salvation, as long as that sector can attract huge investment. the research will be included in one of the advisory body ' s final reports to be published in a few weeks, but was presented by the round table ' s president, david mclaughlin, at a conference earlier this month. his slide presentation was obtained by the canadian press. \" we have said consistently that delay is costly, \" mclaughlin said. now, he says, the research shows just how costly. his charts and graphs show that as ottawa waits to implement regulations on emitters, investment in coal, oil, gas, electricity and buildings will be guided by the high - emission standards which have been the norm. the effects could be felt for decades, since the life - span of much infrastructure is about 40 years \u2014 compounding the stock of emissions already in the atmosphere. so any infrastructure built after the new regulations eventually come into place will have to be extra - efficient in order to make up for the delays of the past, mclaughlin said. \" the more and more of those ( locked - in ) investments that are made, the less and less options they ( governments ) have for actually finding emissions reductions in the economy, \" explained alex wood, senior director at sustainable prosperity, the think - tank that hosted the conference where mclaughlin presented his findings. \" and with less and less options available, they become more expensive. \" the international energy agency has been sounding the alarm about locked - in global emissions for months now. in its november report, the iea warned that on world scale, it will be impossible to meet climate - change targets unless radical changes are undertaken in the next five years. the iea said the world has a difficult task in limiting global warming to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43246304716565426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.181287"} {"text": "in its november report, the iea warned that on world scale, it will be impossible to meet climate - change targets unless radical changes are undertaken in the next five years. the iea said the world has a difficult task in limiting global warming to two degrees celsius because existing infrastructure already produces 80 per cent of the carbon that would be consistent with such a target. that leaves little room to do anything else. canada faces a similar conundrum, the round table research shows. there is a growing consensus that ottawa ' s regulatory approach is moving too slowly to meet the government ' s 2020 target to reduce emissions to 17 per cent below 2005 levels. last week, the federal environment commissioner ' s audit of the government ' s regulations confirmed that reaching the target would be \" unlikely. \" so far, ottawa ' s regulations have tackled just one sector out of eight. so the round table research focuses on how canada can meet its 2050 targets instead. canada and other g8 countries have committed to cutting emissions to 65 per cent below 2005 levels by that year. it ' s possible that canada could meet this target, mclaughlin said, but the longer ottawa waits to put a clear price on carbon, the harder and more costly it will be. the lack of clear details on what the federal government will expect has already caused casualties, added wood. two major, emissions - friendly developments have recently collapsed, mainly because ottawa has not put forward enough information about how its carbon regime will function, wood said. investors pulled out of the pioneer carbon - capture and storage project in alberta, despite having $ 779 million in federal and provincial subsidies. ottawa - based iogen cancelled plans for a biofuel plant in manitoba. mclaughlin sees hope in electricity. he says his research shows it will take massive investment \u2014 up to $ 16 billion annually \u2014 to meet the 2050 target. that money would be in addition to what is already invested in the carbon - producing sectors of canada ' s economy. most of that would have to be in electricity, especially in hydro. his presentation showed that to meet the 2050 target, current investment of $ 12 billion a year in electricity would have to double. but in order to attract that kind of money, mclaughlin said governments need to issue \" strong, sustained, properly oriented price signals \" that give policy certainty to investors.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42206889845681517, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.182227"} {"text": "in reality no - one is \" pro - abortion, \" but rather we, along with the mainstream populace of the vast majority of the developing world, are \" pro the right to abortion. \" each woman should be allowed and empowered to make her own decision as to whether she continues her pregnancy - according to her health, her morals, her religion, her resources and all the other circumstances she finds herself in. 11 july, according to the un, is world population day. the aim is to ensure universal access for the world ' s women to reproductive health services, including, in the fine print, voluntary family planning. in truth, the latter offers what is arguably the most cost - effective means of reducing human misery in the long term. over the years we have seen a lot of good, bad and ugly promises, campaigns and programmes. some, such as increasing child vaccinations, have been very successful. but in the run up to the finish line for the millennium development goals in 2015, we see that we are still way off key targets for women and children. we know that there is a gap into which a minimum of 200million women fall because their needs for contraception are unmet. getting condoms, pills and other supplies onto the ground is one essential part of what needs to be done to deal with this. but it is only one side of the coin. if women are to be able to make use of these then we need to also tackle the flip side of the coin - the gender inequality and unequal power relations between men and women which mean that women and girls often cannot decide when or whether they have sex, including whether contraception is used.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4010643163408664, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.183954"} {"text": "some of my fellow mississippian want to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the civil war with license plates honoring confederate general nathan bedford forrest. forrest, born into a large, poor family was a self - made man amassing a fortune through cotton planting, land speculation and slave trading. he was one of the very few to enter the civil war as a private and rise to the rank of general. after the war came to an end he was one of the initial leaders of the ku klux klan. forrest ' s obituary says of his pre - war years, \" he was known to his acquaintances as a man of obscure origin and low associations, a shrewd speculator, negro trader, and duelist... \" during the civil war, general forrest had many noted moments including the fort pillow massacre of black soldiers who had laid down their guns. a letter written to his sister immediately after the massacre by confederate soldier, achilles clark, provided this account : \" the slaughter was awful. words cannot describe the scene. the poor... negroes would run up to our men, fall upon their knees, and with uplifted hands scream for mercy but they were ordered to their feet and then shot down. i, with several others, tried to stop the butchery, and at one time had partially succeeded, but general forrest ordered them shot down like dogs and the carnage continued. finally our men became sick of blood and the firing ceased. \" klan leader forrest had a few noted moments after the war, too. author andrew ward writes, \" in the spring of 1867, forrest and his dragons launched a campaign of midnight parades ; ' ghost ' masquerades ; and ' whipping ' and even ' killing negro voters... to scare blacks off voting and running for office. ' \" this is the person the mississippi division of the sons of confederate veterans want to honor, remember, memorialize on license plates as part of their commemoration of the war between the states. this is the effort, honoring nathan bedford forrest on license plates, mississippi governor haley barbour said he wouldn ' t denounce. speaking as a mississippian to these fellow mississippians i must say this is an effort i find horrific, absurd and unbecoming of the mississippi i love. you belittle all mississippians by seeking to memorialize our history by elevating images and memories of anyone who articulated and carried out some of our worst moments. general forrest belongs in history books and museums where we learn about and from our past, where we ponder", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.428679674111938, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.187047"} {"text": "all mississippians by seeking to memorialize our history by elevating images and memories of anyone who articulated and carried out some of our worst moments. general forrest belongs in history books and museums where we learn about and from our past, where we ponder those moments we must never repeat. he doesn ' t belong as a person of honor in the commemoration of our heritage and history. when debates arise over symbols and heritage and identification i am infuriated when such ideas as this license plate rears their ugly heads. we can ' t have one state, much less one nation, when we embrace symbols that reflect a tense and asymmetrical heritage. it ' s a false heritage we seek to elevate when our symbols divide rather than include. our energy and spirits are washed down into the gutter when we fight to uphold a heritage that seeks to alienate rather than embrace. yes, some of our heritage belongs in museums. we have plenty of nobility and decency to embrace and stand on, stand on together, without the insecurities and ignorance of racism elevated to places of honor. my credentials as a mississippian and southerner are unimpeachable and this license plate idea from the sons of confederate veterans needs to end. governor barbour may not be willing to denounce it but i am as are thousands of mississippians. we all should. follow burns strider on twitter : www. twitter. com / bstrider", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.467109171145805, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.187560"} {"text": "by henry morris, ph. d. * in a recent book, two eminent authors ( both evolutionists ) give a glowing assessment of the human mind and the brain through which it functions. the human brain is the most astonishing and mysterious of all known complex systems. inside this mass of billions of neurons, information flows in ways that we are only starting to understand. the memories of a summer day on the beach when we were kids ; imagination ; our dreams of impossible worlds. consciousness. our surprising capacity for mathematical generalization and understanding of deep, sometimes counter intuitive, questions about the universe. our brains are capable of this and much more. how? we don ' t know : the mind is a daunting problem for science. 1 this testimony brings to mind a statement made more than thirty years ago by the atheistic biochemist, isaac asimov, arguably the most prolific scientist writer of all time. he said that :... in man is a three - pound brain which, as far as we know, is the most complex and orderly arrangement of matter in the universe. how could the human brain develop out of the primeval slime? 2 asimov ' s answer to this key question was that the energy from the sun somehow provided the information necessary to create life and ultimately the human brain. he had no explanation as to how this miracle of complexity could have been produced by the sun, and neither does anyone else. the current authors ( sole and godwin ) are frank enough to acknowledge, simply, that \" we don ' t know. \" the mind is, indeed, \" a daunting problem for science. \" the fact is that science can never provide the answer as long as its practitioners deny the truth of a divine creation. the psalmist, on the other hand, gladly acknowledged god, and said in awe : \" i will praise thee ; for i am fearfully and wonderfully made \" ( psalm 139 : 14 ). he then continued with remarkable insight : \" my substance was... made in secret, and curiously wrought... \" ( psalm 139 : 15 ). the word so picturesquely translated in the king james bible as \" curiously wrought \" is the hebrew raqam meaning \" embroidered, \" or \" did needlework, \" and it is so translated in the other passages where it is used. the idea of highly intricate needlework is most appropriate in trying to describe the amazing network of interconnected neurons in the human brain. human beings have something on the order of 100, 000 genes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5883897947810752, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.194093"} {"text": "is so translated in the other passages where it is used. the idea of highly intricate needlework is most appropriate in trying to describe the amazing network of interconnected neurons in the human brain. human beings have something on the order of 100, 000 genes, and human brains have more than 1 trillion nerve cells, with about 100 - 1, 000 trillion connections ( synapses ) between them. that ' s at least 1 billion synapses per gene, even if each and every gene did nothing but control the production of synapses ( and it doesn ' t ). 3 but astoundingly complex as the human brain may be, it still does not explain how all this serves to produce consciousness, let alone how it can generate abstract thought and inventive ingenuity and all the myriad thoughts and reasonings of the human brain, not to mention its imaginations and even its dreams. anthropologist matt cartmill acknowledges this vital gap in our knowledge. the phenomenon of consciousness is the source of all value in our lives. as such, it should be at the top of the scientific agenda. yet despite its fundamental importance, consciousness is a subject that most scientists are reluctant to deal with. we know practically nothing about its mechanisms or its evolution. 4 what a marvelous paradox this is! the gift of consciousness is the basic phenomenon which permits scientists to investigate the processes of nature and develop descriptions thereof, but they have no understanding of consciousness itself. the machineries of consciousness are an almost perfect mystery. 5 not only does the human brain somehow generate consciousness and then complex thought processes, but also the ability to communicate those thoughts to others. the phenomenon of language ( real language, not animal barks and grunts ) is still another amazing phenomenon for which there is no evolutionary explanation. languages can rather quickly \" evolve \" into different languages, but how did language evolve? and was there one original language, or have various languages evolved independently? evolutionists do not know. if they refuse to consider god ' s explanation in the bible, they will probably never know. all contemporary modern humans use very complex languages. there are no \" primitive \" languages : the 5, 000 or more spoken today are equally flexible and expressive, and their grammar and syntax are sometimes richer and more precise than that of the more widespread languages like english or spanish, which have undergone some simplification over the centuries. 6 there is, therefore, no evidence whatever for any supposed evolutionary origin of human language, though each individual language can \" evolve \" into some different language in relatively short", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5930833225917485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.195103"} {"text": "languages like english or spanish, which have undergone some simplification over the centuries. 6 there is, therefore, no evidence whatever for any supposed evolutionary origin of human language, though each individual language can \" evolve \" into some different language in relatively short time ( e. g., compare chaucer ' s english to modern english ). yet linguists have been notably unsuccessful in trying to map out an \" original \" language from which the other language families have come. neither the origin of language itself nor the origin of the major linguistic families is amenable to an evolutionary explanation. one of the world ' s most distinguished linguistic ethnologists admits this. it is not certain that all languages have a common origin. most linguists consider both problems insoluble. 7 not really! the biblical account fits all the facts. language is a special gift of god, imparted to the first man and woman when he created them \" in his image, \" so that they could communicate with god and other humans. the original language families were also supernaturally imparted by god to thwart the rebellion against him at the tower of babel. not only did god provide a means of oral communication, but also a means of communicating in writing. the first book in fact was apparently written by adam himself ( genesis 5 : 1 ). after the flood and the confusion of tongues at babel, this ability was lost, except possibly by noah, shem, and any others who had not participated in the rebellion. but the others still retained the basic mental tools to learn how to write, this time in their new languages. it was not long, at least in the great civilizations that developed in certain early nations, before practically everyone could read and write. probably the earliest was in sumeria, including assyria and others in the tigris - euphrates region. as many as half a million cuneiform tablets, hand size up to book - page size, are now stored in the museums of the learned, from baghdad upriver out to moscow and berkeley. surely many more are waiting to be found. these samples are of every quality : once prized accounts and receipts, schoolboys ' lessons, litigation profound or droll, literary essays, erotica, mathematics \u2014 and entire ancient epics, centuries older than father abraham ' s. a mostly unread treasury, comprising the equivalent of tens of thousands of large printed volumes. 8 in none of these very ancient archaeological sites, whether in the middle east or egypt, china", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5270312230470363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.196212"} {"text": "ancient epics, centuries older than father abraham ' s. a mostly unread treasury, comprising the equivalent of tens of thousands of large printed volumes. 8 in none of these very ancient archaeological sites, whether in the middle east or egypt, china, or india, is there any indication of a gradual evolution of language or writing. the languages just seem to spring into existence fully developed in complex form when they first appear. so - called \" primitive \" languages are invariably highly complex languages, and the same is true of their written form, with the ability to read and write evidently widespread in each community. indeed the human brain and human consciousness, along with the ability to express human thoughts in speaking and writing, are amazing phenomena without any adequate evolutionary explanation. the same is true of the marvelous dna molecules in which are encoded all the programmed information for the reproduction and growth of every cell of the human body. as the psalmist implied, our brains have indeed been very \" curiously wrought \" in our mothers ' wombs ( psalm 139 : 15 ), through the intricately entwined dna coding extending all the way back to mother eve and father adam and ultimately to the infinite mind and skillful hands of the great designer himself. as the patriarch job stressed, contemplating all the wonderful works of god in creation : \" who knoweth not in all these that the hand of the lord hath wrought this? \" ( job 12 : 9 ). - richard sole and brian godwin, signs of life ( new york : basic books inc., 2000 ), p. 119. - isaac asimov, \" in the game of energy and thermodynamics you can ' t even break even, \" smithsonian institute journal, june 1970, p. 10. - paul r. ehrlich, human natures ( washington, d. c., shearwater books, 2000 ), p. 4. dr. ehrlich is a professor at stanford university. emphasis his. - matt cartmill, \" do horses gallop in their sleep? \" key reporter ( autumn 2000 ), p. 6. - ibid., p. 8. - luigi lura cavalli - sforza, genes, people and languages ( new york : north pointe press, 2000 ), p. 59. - ibid., p. 142. dr. cavalli - sforza is professor of genetics at stanford. - philip morrison and phylis morrison, \" information technology, 2500 b. c. \" scientific american ( vol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5401453057233265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.197309"} {"text": "predation did not come from evolution by daniel criswell, ph. d. * although the origin of predation is poorly understood, it is incorrect to attribute to young - earth creation the assertion that predatory animals quickly and recently evolved the physical features necessary for predation. it is a common fallacy that carnivores evolved from a change in form and function. no physical evolution was required to change herbivores to predators - - it was merely a change in behavior. the view that an alteration of genomes and phenotypes, such as sharp teeth and claws, would have been required to supply the physical features for predation from herbivorous features common in plant - eating animals is not correct. the shape of the teeth, the ability to run fast for short distances, and all the other physical attributes given to predators can be used for acquiring plant food sources as well. a few examples of mammal diets will verify this quite well. large, sharp teeth are not used solely for killing and ripping flesh from other animals. fruit bats have sharp, pointed teeth, similar to those in cats, designed to quickly tear flesh from fruit. these teeth easily could remove flesh from an animal, but the fruit bat does not use them for this purpose. the same teeth in many kinds of predatory animals used to shred meat can also be used to shred plant material. large canine teeth are also used in communication. many animals - - including chimpanzees, dogs ( wild and domestic ), big cats, and other predators - - expose their canines to communicate ownership of mates, animal groups, food resources, and territory. teeth are vital to the success of animals, both for communication as well as for feeding. bears of the american northwest provide the best example in the wild of how behavior determines diet. grizzly bears and black bears are well - equipped to destroy the life of other animals. but they also use their physical tools to eat fruits and vegetables. as a biologist, i have personally witnessed bears clean apples out of an apple tree, consume large quantities of clover, and strip all the berries from wild raspberry, huckleberry, and choke cherry plants. these activities are also well documented in the scientific literature. although classified as carnivores, bears are actually opportunistic omnivores and are quite capable of living off a vegetarian diet if the food source is available. many \" meat - eating \" animals fall into this category. this \" predatory \" animal, like others, will eat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4753496354702048, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.201158"} {"text": "are actually opportunistic omnivores and are quite capable of living off a vegetarian diet if the food source is available. many \" meat - eating \" animals fall into this category. this \" predatory \" animal, like others, will eat the most nutritious meals that are the most easily obtainable. domesticated animals also provide an excellent example of how the behavior of an animal can be altered to utilize a specific food source. dogs and cats have the same tooth structure as wild wolves and lions, respectively, yet these animals are able to change their behavior and eat processed food ( cereal ) made mostly from corn meal, soybean meal, and rice. the ability and desire to eat prepared cereal or \" chow \" emphasizes another misconception concerning social predators. most people are under the impression that these animals are after the same meat that we would use for roasts and steaks. they aren ' t. the choice portions of a killed herbivore are the internal organs that are rich in vitamins and other nutrients acquired from a vegetarian diet. this is what social predators, like wolves and lions, are after. the lower ranking animals are left with the steaks, roasts, and bones, while the higher ranking animals enjoy the benefits of a more nutritious, \" vegetarian \" diet found in the gut. the need for predation by these animals clearly results from a change in behavior, not from a change in form and function. it is also interesting to note that, typically, predators have to learn to kill. social predators are not born with the knowledge of how to hunt and kill. they must learn these skills from the other animals in their group. a change in form and function implies evolution has occurred through new genetic information, while a change in behavior requires no new genetic information. the latter is what we clearly observe, and it is perfectly consistent with a literal rendering of genesis 1 : 30 : \" and to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl of the air, and to every thing that creepeth upon the earth, wherein there is life, i have given every green herb for meat : and it was so. \" * dr. daniel criswell has a ph. d. in molecular biology. cite this article : criswell, d. 2009. predation did not come from evolution. acts & facts. 38 ( 3 ) : 9.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4836007020313422, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.202070"} {"text": "the mother of the aztec creation story was called \" coatlique \", the lady of the skirt of snakes. she was created in the image of the unknown, decorated with skulls, snakes, and lacerated hands. there are no cracks in her body and she is a perfect monolith ( a totality of intensity and self - containment, yet her features were sqaure and decapitated ). coatlique was first impregnated by an obsidian knife and gave birth to coyolxanuhqui, goddess of the moon, and to a group of male offspring, who became the stars. then one day coatlique found a ball of feathers, which she tucked into her bosom. whe she looked for it later, it was gone, at which time she realized that she was again pregnant. her children, the moon and stars did not believe her story. ashamed of their mother, they resolved to kill her. a goddess could only give birth once, to the original litter of divinity and no more. during the time that they were plotting her demise, coatlicue gave birth to the fiery god of war, huitzilopochtli. with the help of a fire serpent, he destroyed his brothers and sister, murdering them in a rage. he beheaded coyolxauhqui and threw her body into a deep gorge in a mountain, where it lies dismembered forever. the natural cosmos of the indians was born of catastrophe. the heavens literally crumbled to pieces. the earth mother fell and was fertilized, while her children were torn apart by fratricide and them scattered and disjointed throughout the universe. begin your journey, learn the steps to - your indian ancestry start your family tree find ancestors, indian census rolls", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44304736128801553, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.205719"} {"text": "london, feb 19 : bee venom shots could kill backaches by reducing inflammation, says a british study. the therapy is rooted in ancient traditional remedies, where bee stings were used to tackle a wide range of ailments. but it can be an effective tool in modern medicine, too, according to a number of studies. an analysis of studies by university of exeter researchers found bee venom contained compounds that may ease joint pain. another trial, conducted by the university of north carolina, investigated the effect of bee venom on back and leg pain. researchers found that it reduced pain by up to two - thirds, but because other treatments were used in the study, it was difficult to pinpoint precisely how much effect the bee venom itself had, the daily mail reports. in a new trial, bee venom shots will be compared with salt - water injections for the treatment of chronic low back pain. dried bee venom will be turned into a gel and injected into up to 10 traditional acupuncture sites in the lower back. the new trial, at the university hospital of gangdong, korea, will involve 100 patients \u2013 half will receive the real treatment, and half will receive dummy injections, and both groups will receive a total of six treatment sessions over three weeks. a spokeswoman from the charity arthritis research uk said : \u201c there is lots of anecdotal evidence that bee venom can be used to treat inflammatory arthritis and also reduce the pain associated with arthritis. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4152970470356123, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.207387"} {"text": "vicugna pacos or alpaca is a native species to south america. they are kept in herds that graze at high altitudes in the andes of ecuador, southern peru, northern bolivia and northern chile, year round. they look similar to sheep, but are larger and have long erect necks. alpacas only have fleece fibers, not woolen fibers, and are used for woven and knitted items including blankets, sweaters, hats, coats and other textile goods as well as ponchos in south america. alpaca fiber comes in many different natural colors including 52 classified in peru. alpaca in the textile industry primarily refers to the hair or fleece fiber of peruvian alpaca. indigenous sources the majority of our alpaca fiber from outside of arequipa, peru in the puno and cusco areas, close to many artisan work groups. these alpacas are free range roaming animals with pasture rotation. the alpacas are not fed hormones and do not receive chemical dippings for ticks or parasites. there are no chemical ingredients allowed on the land or animals. there are many great benefits to using alpaca fiber. much like sheep ' s wool in many regards, alpaca is lighter weight but warmer and softer to the touch ( not prickly ) than wool. it has only a minimum of lanolin fiber which makes it nearly hypoallergenic. this allows indigenous to use this natural fiber in a variety of our knit and woven garments that will breathe naturally, provide warmth and be gentle to the skin. our undyed alpaca has a natural color spectrum which ranges from the whitest white to intense black and includes over twenty brown and grew tones. undyed color combinations create a wide variety of natural beauty and diversity in our garments without using chemicals which adversely effect the environment. gossypium spp or cotton plant is a shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions of the americas, india and africa. varieties of the american species ( upland cotton ) however, is the cotton grown today that dominates most commercial use. the soft fiber that grows around the seeds of the plant is spun into thread to make a soft, breathable textile, which is the most widely used natural - fiber cloth in clothing today. indigenous uses only certified organic cotton, which is grown without any harmful pesticides, herbicides, insecticides or artificial fertilizers. according to the organic trade association ( ota ), conventional cotton uses approximately 25 % of the world ' s insecticides", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44711142550386246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.214928"} {"text": "only certified organic cotton, which is grown without any harmful pesticides, herbicides, insecticides or artificial fertilizers. according to the organic trade association ( ota ), conventional cotton uses approximately 25 % of the world ' s insecticides and more than 10 % of the pesticides. most of our organic cotton is produced in northern peru near trujillo and amazonas, but some is also produced in the south. our organic certification is provided by skal, a non - profit that surveys and certifies organic production. organic cotton clothing is popular for a reason. the soft texture and breathable nature make it a very wearable fiber. in addition, the arrangement of the cellulose gives cotton a good degree of strength, durability and absorbency. indigenous uses organic cotton in our lighter knits and wovens and with other natural fibers to add strength and soft texture to our blends. it is believed that in ancient china, possibly as early as 6000 bc, silk fabric was first developed. originally reserved for the kings of china, silk spread gradually through chinese culture and then to many regions of asia. silk rapidly became a popular luxury fabric because of its soft texture and luster. today, the best - known type of silk is obtained from cocoons by the larvae of the bombyx mori silkworm. they are most commonly raised in captivity so the silk may be used in textiles. \" wild silks \" are produced by caterpillars ( other than the mulberry silkworm ) and cannot be artificially cultivated like bombyx mori. a natural protein fiber, silk gets its shiny appearance from the triangular prism - like structure of the fibers which allows the silkcloth to refract light at different angles. indigenous silk fiber is sourced in south america. the silkworms are preserved in the process of obtaining the fiber. typically, commercially reared silkworms are killed before the adult moths can emerge. in addition to silk being a natural and renewable fiber, indigenous uses silk to add stability and that soft, luxurious touch and sheer to our knitted blends. the term \" merino \" originally was restricted to denote the wool of the merino sheep reared in spain, which can be traced back as far as the 12th century. today in the knitting trades, \" merino \" generally implies an article made from the very softest wool. the utility of the fiber itself is evident in cold - weather and high - performance applications, offering superior breathability, temperature regulation, moisture control, and inherent anti", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4915496106679786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.216012"} {"text": "trades, \" merino \" generally implies an article made from the very softest wool. the utility of the fiber itself is evident in cold - weather and high - performance applications, offering superior breathability, temperature regulation, moisture control, and inherent anti - microbial properties. unlike \" traditional \" wool, merino is much finer, softer, and itch - free for all but those with severe sensitivities or lanolin allergies. merino sheep are found all around the world but typically dominate in argentina, australia, new zealand, south africa and the western united states where sheep are bred for their wool rather than their meat. indigenous sources merino wool fiber most often from the andes in argentina. we are big fans of this natural fiber - as is anyone who has ever worn merino wool. the superior insulation, breathability, soft feel and lack of itch are excellent additives to our fiber blends. typically a fiber used in fall and winter garments, merino wool can be found in both our wovens and knits. our finishing and dye process indigenous works hard to ensure that dyes that create our beautiful color palette and complement our natural fibers do not harm the planet. our low - impact dyeing programs intend to eliminate harmful chemicals and waste, providing innumerable environmental and health benefits. our yarns and dyeing processes are created within the global organic textile standards ( gots ) and the parameters of the oeko - text standard 100. while standards are evolving, we are active participants in several organic trade associations and certifying groups advancing legitimate, credible standards and transparency and accountability in organic and environmentally friendly production. we make conscious decisions about the chemicals and substances we will use in the processing and dyeing stages of production, and will not use those we feel will harm the planet, even if they are in mainstream use by the textile industry. indigenous excludes all of the following that we consider environmentally toxic : - aromatic solvents - all apeos ( i. e. nonylphenol, octylphenol, apeo - polymers ) - fluorocarbons ( such as pfos and pfoa ) - formaldehyde and other short - chain aldehydes - genetically modified organisms of any sort ( gmos ) - halogenated solvents - heavy metals ( except iron and low salt ) - plasticizers such as pah, phthalates, bisphenol - azo dyes and pigments that release carcinogenic arylamine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4650093310976576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.216917"} {"text": "| eastern european avian flu similar to 1918 strain canwest news service | january 27, 2006 by sharon kirkey vietnamese vendors prepare meat for new year ' s shoppers at a downtown hanoi market on thursday. chicken or duck is often central to lunar new year feasts. more similarities have been found between the bird flu creeping into eastern europe and the 1918 spanish flu that decimated populations worldwide, including the discovery of an entirely new way bird flu may kill human cells. researchers from st. jude children ' s research hospital in memphis, tenn., have found that bird flu viruses carry a gene that can latch onto many crucial proteins inside human cells, presumably disrupting their function and causing far more severe disease than human viruses. the research provides a new hypothesis for why certain bird flu viruses are particularly lethal for humans. | subscribe to alex jones ' prisonplanet. tv and receive a multitude of member benefits. by helping us in the fight against the new world order, you receive special video reports, high quality audio interveiws, and full length documentaries for downloading and streaming. click here for enrollment info and subscription options published in today ' s issue of the journal science, the research comes as canada prepares to release an updated pandemic flu plan that includes new infection control and border measures, from strategies to get people to wash their hands and cough into kleenex, to surveillance systems in airports and emergency rooms to detect the virus ' s introduction into canada. there ' s no evidence so far that the h5n1 avian flu is transforming into the next human pandemic flu strain, but \" we certainly are really increasing our efforts in terms of preparedness, \" says dr. theresa tam, of the public health agency of canada. but a sars survivor, and infectious disease specialist, says canada is \" nowhere close \" to being ready for a pandemic should it happen. dr. allison mcgeer, of mount sinai hospital in toronto, says more money and time needs to be spent on looking for new drugs for influenza, which masks will truly protect people, how sick people will be cared for when there aren ' t enough health - care workers and getting canadians to agree on \" fair and reasonable \" distribution of vaccines. in what is being described as the first large - scale mapping of bird flu viruses, researchers from st. jude mapped 2, 196 bird flu genes culled from ducks, gulls, shorebirds and poultry samples collected over 30 years, looking for patterns and comparing them to human flu bugs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4515967017667156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.222482"} {"text": "large - scale mapping of bird flu viruses, researchers from st. jude mapped 2, 196 bird flu genes culled from ducks, gulls, shorebirds and poultry samples collected over 30 years, looking for patterns and comparing them to human flu bugs. they also mapped the complete genome for 169 bird flu viruses. the work doubles the amount of genetic information available on avian flu. the team honed in on a gene called ns 1. after looking at nearly 1, 200 bird, human and swine ns 1 proteins, they found a particular feature of that gene which is unique in bird viruses and different from human ones. in bird viruses, the gene produces a protein that allows the virus to bind to \" scaffolding \" proteins inside human cells. \" it ' s like a large number of policemen being held hostage. society falls apart, \" says mcgeer. in human viruses, the protein doesn ' t bind to certain cells, which may explain why they ' re not as virulent. it hasn ' t been proven yet. \" but, we think that if you interfere with that many proteins in cells, you ' re going to have a deleterious consequences, \" said author dr. clayton naeve of st. jude. the finding fits with what doctors on the ground in asia have seen : the h5n1 virus can attack not just the airways, like regular flu, but multiple organs and systems, including the kidney, liver, spleen and brain. infection has been fatal in more than half the reported cases, and most cases occur in previously healthy children and young adults. the h5n1 avian flu sweeping across asia has this \" bird \" form of the protein. the milder pandemics of 1957 and 1968 had the \" human \" one. the 1918 spanish flu virus, which scientists now believe came from birds, had a very similar \" bird \" protein that the researchers believe behaves the same way. the protein could become a key target for the development of vaccines and new anti - flu drugs. mcgeer says the research answers \" a big piece of the puzzle. \" does it tell you h5n1 is going to be the next pandemic? no. what it does is add to our understanding of the evolution of influenza viruses. \" naeve says it is possible that whatever makes h5n1 so pathogenic, or toxic to humans, could persist even if the virus adapts to spread easily from humans to humans, and becomes pandemic. if or when that happens is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48247040140888653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.223487"} {"text": "naeve says it is possible that whatever makes h5n1 so pathogenic, or toxic to humans, could persist even if the virus adapts to spread easily from humans to humans, and becomes pandemic. if or when that happens is anyone ' s guess. some virologists believe h5n1 is not going to be the next human pandemic. the virus, which surfaced in hong kong in 1997, has been in contact with humans for eight years \" and we haven ' t seen the required mutation, \" says dr. james mahony, a professor of pathology and molecular medicine at mcmaster university. the 1918 virus, by contrast, jumped from birds to humans and was quickly lethal. on thursday, indonesia reported that a 22 - year - old chicken seller infected with the h5n1 virus died, the country ' s 15th death from bird flu. china on wednesday confirmed the country ' s 10th case of human infection with h5n1, a 29 - year - old woman from chengdu city in the province of sichuan. it ' s not known if she was exposed to infected birds. the virus has infected 152 people in six countries since 2003, killing 84 of them. at least some species of migratory birds are carrying the virus to new areas along migratory flyways, according to a report presented this week to the who ' s executive board, and the chance the virus will spread to poultry in new areas \" is now high. \" health officials in canada are monitoring the outbreak of bird flu in turkey, where two people have died. \" to date, people are still convinced there is no efficient human to human transmission, \" says tam, associate director of the immunization and respiratory infections division at the public health agency of canada. but, \" we really have no idea how this virus will behave next if it undergoes some mutation. \" the updated influenza pandemic plan will include recommendations for the use of masks. droplets, or larger \" blobs \" of secretions primarily spread flu. general surgical masks should be enough should a pandemic happen, tam says. \" public health experts feel that putting a mask on an ill person when they ' re coughing or sneezing and have to move around... is a sensible thing to do. \" having well people milling about on the streets wearing masks all the time, we don ' t know if it ' s effective or not. \" the public focus will be on hand hygiene, tam says. infowars : because there ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44301894520669993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.224420"} {"text": "s. l. baker january 19, 2012 when natural health advocates warn against mainstream medicine \u2019 s arsenal of weapons used to fight cancer, including chemotherapy and radiation, their concerns often revolve around how these therapies can weaken and damage a person \u2019 s body in numerous ways. but scientists are finding other reasons to question some of these therapies. it turns out that while chemotherapies may kill or shrink tumors in the short term, they may actually be causing malignancies to grow more deadly in the long term. for example, natural news previously reported : ( http : / / www. naturalnews. com / 029042 _ cancer _ cells _ chemotherapy. html ) that scientists at the university of alabama at birmingham ( uab ) comprehensive cancer center and uab department of chemistry are currently investigating the very real possibility that dead cancer cells left over after chemotherapy spark cancer to spread to other parts of the body ( metastasis ). and now comes news that a little - explored specific cell type, the pericyte, found in what is called themicroenvironmentof a cancerous tumor actually may halt cancer progression and metastasis. and by destroying these cells, some anti - cancer therapies may inadvertently be making cancer more aggressive as well as likely to spread and kill. a study just published in the january 17 issue of the journalcancer cellconcludes that anti - angiogenic therapies ( which shrink cancer by cutting off tumors \u2019 blood supply ) may be killing the body \u2019 s natural defense against cancer by destroying pericyte cells that likely serve as important gatekeepers against cancer progression and metastasis. pericytes cover blood vessels and support their growth. for the new research, raghu kalluri, md, phd, chief of the division of matrix biology at beth israel deaconess medical center ( bidmc ) and professor of medicine at harvard medical school ( hms ), investigated whether targeting pericytes could inhibit tumor growth in the same way that other antiangiogenic cancer drugs do. dr. kalluri and his research team worked with mice genetically engineered to support drug - induced depletion of pericytes in growing tumors. next, they removed pericytes in implanted mouse breast cancer tumors, decreasing pericyte numbers by 60 percent. compared with control animals, there was a 30 percent decrease in the size of cancerous tumors over 25 days. but there was a serious catch to these results. contrary to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45790622715233625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.228541"} {"text": "implanted mouse breast cancer tumors, decreasing pericyte numbers by 60 percent. compared with control animals, there was a 30 percent decrease in the size of cancerous tumors over 25 days. but there was a serious catch to these results. contrary to conventional mainsteam medical wisdom, the scientists discovered the number of secondary lung tumors in the engineered mice had increased threefold compared to the control mice, indicating that the tumors had metastasized. how cancer drugs can spread cancer cells \u201c if you just looked at tumor growth, the results were good, \u201d dr. kalluri said in a press statement. \u201c but when you looked at the whole picture, inhibiting tumor vessels was not controlling cancer progression. the cancer was, in fact, spreading. this suggested to us that without supportive pericytes, the vasculature inside the tumor was becoming weak and leaky \u2014 even more so than it already is inside most tumors \u2013 and this was reducing the flow of oxygen to the tumor. \u201d that change, he explains, makes cancer cells more mobile, so they can travel through those leaky vessels to new locations. it also makes cancer cells behave more like stem cells, so they are better able to survive. because cancer therapies such as imatinib, sunitinib and others are known to decrease pericytes in tumors, the scientists next carried out the same experiments in mice with primary tumors. only this time, they used the chemotherapy drugs imatinib and sunitinib instead of genetic programs to decrease pericyte numbers. both imatinib and sunitinib caused 70 percent pericyte depletion \u2014 and they also increased metastasis threefold. in order to see if their findings are relevant to human patients, the research team examined 130 breast cancer tumor samples of varying cancer stages and tumor sizes and compared pericyte levels with prognoses. the result? the samples with low numbers of pericytes in tumor vasculature correlated with the most deeply invasive cancers, distant metastasis and five to ten year survival rates less than 20 percent. \u201c these results are quite provocative and will influence clinical programs designed to target tumor angiogenesis, \u201d ronald a. depinho, president of the university of texas md anderson cancer center, said in a press statement. \u201c these impressive studies will inform and refine potential therapeutic approaches for many cancers. \u201d for more information : this article was posted : thursday, january 19, 2012 at 5 : 52 am", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42773931756266953, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.229869"} {"text": "daily inspirationlearn to care about yourself enough to be around others who are caring, and accept that you cannot make others care. by dr. margaret paul five reasons to stop saying good jobby alfie kohn send this article to a friend must reading for every parent. find out why saying \" good job! \" creates many negative consequences for your child. hang out at a playground, visit a school, or show up at a child ' s birthday party, and there ' s one phrase you can count on hearing repeatedly : \" good job! \" even tiny infants are praised for smacking their hands together ( \" good clapping! \" ). many of us blurt out these judgments of our children to the point that it has become almost a verbal tic. plenty of books and articles advise us against relying on punishment, from spanking to forcible isolation ( \" time out \" ). occasionally someone will even ask us to rethink the practice of bribing children with stickers or food. but you ' ll have to look awfully hard to find a discouraging word about what is euphemistically called positive reinforcement. lest there be any misunderstanding, the point here is not to call into question the importance of supporting and encouraging children, the need to love them and hug them and help them feel good about themselves. praise, however, is a different story entirely. here ' s why. 1. manipulating children. suppose you offer a verbal reward to reinforce the behavior of a two - year - old who eats without spilling, or a five - year - old who cleans up her art supplies. who benefits from this? is it possible that telling kids they ' ve done a good job may have less to do with their emotional needs than with our convenience? rheta devries, a professor of education at the university of northern iowa, refers to this as \" sugar - coated control. \" very much like tangible rewards - or, for that matter, punishments - it ' s a way of doing something to children to get them to comply with our wishes. it may be effective at producing this result ( at least for a while ), but it ' s very different from working with kids - for example, by engaging them in conversation about what makes a classroom ( or family ) function smoothly, or how other people are affected by what we have done - - or failed to do. the latter approach is not only more respectful but more likely to help kids become thoughtful people. the reason praise can work in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4710081415171512, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.243794"} {"text": "( or family ) function smoothly, or how other people are affected by what we have done - - or failed to do. the latter approach is not only more respectful but more likely to help kids become thoughtful people. the reason praise can work in the short run is that young children are hungry for our approval. but we have a responsibility not to exploit that dependence for our own convenience. a \" good job! \" to reinforce something that makes our lives a little easier can be an example of taking advantage of children ' s dependence. kids may also come to feel manipulated by this, even if they can ' t quite explain why. 2. creating praise junkies. to be sure, not every use of praise is a calculated tactic to control children ' s behavior. sometimes we compliment kids just because we ' re genuinely pleased by what they ' ve done. even then, however, it ' s worth looking more closely. rather than bolstering a child ' s self - esteem, praise may increase kids ' dependence on us. the more we say, \" i like the way you.. \" or \" good _ _ _ _ _ _ ing, \" the more kids come to rely on our evaluations, our decisions about what ' s good and bad, rather than learning to form their own judgments. it leads them to measure their worth in terms of what will lead us to smile and dole out some more approval. mary budd rowe, a researcher at the university of florida, discovered that students who were praised lavishly by their teachers were more tentative in their responses, more apt to answer in a questioning tone of voice ( \" um, seven? \" ). they tended to back off from an idea they had proposed as soon as an adult disagreed with them. and they were less likely to persist with difficult tasks or share their ideas with other students. in short, \" good job! \" doesn ' t reassure children ; ultimately, it makes them feel less secure. it may even create a vicious circle such that the more we slather on the praise, the more kids seem to need it, so we praise them some more. sadly, some of these kids will grow into adults who continue to need someone else to pat them on the head and tell them whether what they did was ok. surely this is not what we want for our daughters and sons. 3. stealing a child ' s pleasure. apart from the issue of dependence, a child deserves to take delight in her accomplishments, to feel pride in what she ' s learned how", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4814613471770042, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.244787"} {"text": ". surely this is not what we want for our daughters and sons. 3. stealing a child ' s pleasure. apart from the issue of dependence, a child deserves to take delight in her accomplishments, to feel pride in what she ' s learned how to do. she also deserves to decide when to feel that way. every time we say, \" good job! \", though, we ' re telling a child how to feel. to be sure, there are times when our evaluations are appropriate and our guidance is necessary - - especially with toddlers and preschoolers. but a constant stream of value judgments is neither necessary nor useful for children ' s development. unfortunately, we may not have realized that \" good job! \" is just as much an evaluation as \" bad job! \" the most notable feature of a positive judgment isn ' t that it ' s positive, but that it ' s a judgment. and people, including kids, don ' t like being judged. i cherish the occasions when my daughter manages to do something for the first time, or does something better than she ' s ever done it before. but i try to resist the knee - jerk tendency to say, \" good job! \" because i don ' t want to dilute her joy. i want her to share her pleasure with me, not look to me for a verdict. i want her to exclaim, \" i did it! \" ( which she often does ) instead of asking me uncertainly, \" was that good? \" 4. losing interest. \" good painting! \" may get children to keep painting for as long as we keep watching and praising. but, warns lilian katz, one of the country ' s leading authorities on early childhood education, \" once attention is withdrawn, many kids won ' t touch the activity again. \" indeed, an impressive body of scientific research has shown that the more we reward people for doing something, the more they tend to lose interest in whatever they had to do to get the reward. now the point isn ' t to draw, to read, to think, to create - the point is to get the goody, whether it ' s an ice cream, a sticker, or a \" good job! \" in a troubling study conducted by joan grusec at the university of toronto, young children who were frequently praised for displays of generosity tended to be slightly less generous on an everyday basis than other children were. every time they had heard \" good sharing! \" or \" i ' m so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4790643523616918, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.245741"} {"text": "grusec at the university of toronto, young children who were frequently praised for displays of generosity tended to be slightly less generous on an everyday basis than other children were. every time they had heard \" good sharing! \" or \" i ' m so proud of you for helping, \" they became a little less interested in sharing or helping. those actions came to be seen not as something valuable in their own right but as something they had to do to get that reaction again from an adult. generosity became a means to an end. does praise motivate kids? sure. it motivates kids to get praise. alas, that ' s often at the expense of commitment to whatever they were doing that prompted the praise. 5. reducing achievement. as if it weren ' t bad enough that \" good job! \" can undermine independence, pleasure, and interest, it can also interfere with how good a job children actually do. researchers keep finding that kids who are praised for doing well at a creative task tend to stumble at the next task - and they don ' t do as well as children who weren ' t praised to begin with. why does this happen? partly because the praise creates pressure to \" keep up the good work \" that gets in the way of doing so. partly because their interest in what they ' re doing may have declined. partly because they become less likely to take risks - a prerequisite for creativity - once they start thinking about how to keep those positive comments coming. more generally, \" good job! \" is a remnant of an approach to psychology that reduces all of human life to behaviors that can be seen and measured. unfortunately, this ignores the thoughts, feelings, and values that lie behind behaviors. for example, a child may share a snack with a friend as a way of attracting praise, or as a way of making sure the other child has enough to eat. praise for sharing ignores these different motives. worse, it actually promotes the less desirable motive by making children more likely to fish for praise in the future. once you start to see praise for what it is - and what it does - these constant little evaluative eruptions from adults start to produce the same effect as fingernails being dragged down a blackboard. you begin to root for a child to give his teachers or parents a taste of their own treacle by turning around to them and saying ( in the same saccharine tone of voice ), \" good praising! \" still, it ' s not an easy habit to break. it can seem strange", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48448839316536774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.248079"} {"text": "teachers or parents a taste of their own treacle by turning around to them and saying ( in the same saccharine tone of voice ), \" good praising! \" still, it ' s not an easy habit to break. it can seem strange, at least at first, to stop praising ; it can feel as though you ' re being chilly or withholding something. but that, it soon becomes clear, suggests that we praise more because we need to say it than because children need to hear it. whenever that ' s true, it ' s time to rethink what we ' re doing. what kids do need is unconditional support, love with no strings attached. that ' s not just different from praise - it ' s the opposite of praise. \" good job! \" is conditional. it means we ' re offering attention and acknowledgement and approval for jumping through our hoops, for doing things that please us. this point, you ' ll notice, is very different from a criticism that some people offer to the effect that we give kids too much approval, or give it too easily. they recommend that we become more miserly with our praise and demand that kids \" earn \" it. but the real problem isn ' t that children expect to be praised for everything they do these days. it ' s that we ' re tempted to take shortcuts, to manipulate kids with rewards instead of explaining and helping them to develop needed skills and good values. so what ' s the alternative? that depends on the situation, but whatever we decide to say instead has to be offered in the context of genuine affection and love for who kids are rather than for what they ' ve done. when unconditional support is present, \" good job! \" isn ' t necessary ; when it ' s absent, \" good job! \" won ' t help. if we ' re praising positive actions as a way of discouraging misbehavior, this is unlikely to be effective for long. even when it works, we can ' t really say the child is now \" behaving himself \" ; it would be more accurate to say the praise is behaving him. the alternative is to work with the child, to figure out the reasons he ' s acting that way. we may have to reconsider our own requests rather than just looking for a way to get kids to obey. ( instead of using \" good job! \" to get a four - year - old to sit quietly through a long class meeting or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47315311916008845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.249130"} {"text": ". we may have to reconsider our own requests rather than just looking for a way to get kids to obey. ( instead of using \" good job! \" to get a four - year - old to sit quietly through a long class meeting or family dinner, perhaps we should ask whether it ' s reasonable to expect a child to do so. ) we also need to bring kids in on the process of making decisions. if a child is doing something that disturbs others, then sitting down with her later and asking, \" what do you think we can do to solve this problem? \" will likely be more effective than bribes or threats. it also helps a child learn how to solve problems and teaches that her ideas and feelings are important. of course, this process takes time and talent, care and courage. tossing off a \" good job! \" when the child acts in the way we deem appropriate takes none of those things, which helps to explain why \" doing to \" strategies are a lot more popular than \" working with \" strategies. and what can we say when kids just do something impressive? consider three possible responses : * say nothing. some people insist a helpful act must be \" reinforced \" because, secretly or unconsciously, they believe it was a fluke. if children are basically evil, then they have to be given an artificial reason for being nice ( namely, to get a verbal reward ). but if that cynicism is unfounded - and a lot of research suggests that it is - then praise may not be necessary. * say what you saw. a simple, evaluation - free statement ( \" you put your shoes on by yourself \" or even just \" you did it \" ) tells your child that you noticed. it also lets her take pride in what she did. in other cases, a more elaborate description may make sense. if your child draws a picture, you might provide feedback - not judgment - about what you noticed : \" this mountain is huge! \" \" boy, you sure used a lot of purple today! \" if a child does something caring or generous, you might gently draw his attention to the effect of his action on the other person : \" look at abigail ' s face! she seems pretty happy now that you gave her some of your snack. \" this is completely different from praise, where the emphasis is on how you feel about her sharing. * talk less, ask more. even better than descriptions are questions. why tell him what part of his drawing impressed you when you can ask him what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4696219757205691, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.250090"} {"text": "\" this is completely different from praise, where the emphasis is on how you feel about her sharing. * talk less, ask more. even better than descriptions are questions. why tell him what part of his drawing impressed you when you can ask him what he likes best about it? asking \" what was the hardest part to draw? \" or \" how did you figure out how to make the feet the right size? \" is likely to nourish his interest in drawing. saying \" good job! \", as we ' ve seen, may have exactly the opposite effect. this doesn ' t mean that all compliments, all thank - you ' s, all expressions of delight are harmful. we need to consider our motives for what we say ( a genuine expression of enthusiasm is better than a desire to manipulate the child ' s future behavior ) as well as the actual effects of doing so. are our reactions helping the child to feel a sense of control over her life - - or to constantly look to us for approval? are they helping her to become more excited about what she ' s doing in its own right - or turning it into something she just wants to get through in order to receive a pat on the head. it ' s not a matter of memorizing a new script, but of keeping in mind our long - term goals for our children and watching for the effects of what we say. the bad news is that the use of positive reinforcement really isn ' t so positive. the good news is that you don ' t have to evaluate in order to encourage. # # # copyright 2001 by alfie kohn. this article may be downloaded, reproduced, and distributed without permission as long as each copy includes this notice along with citation information ( i. e., name of the periodical in which it originally appeared, date of publication, and author ' s name ). permission must be obtained in order to reprint this article in a published work or in order to offer it for sale in any form. please write to the address indicated on the contact page at www. alfiekohn. org. http : / / www. alfiekohn. org alfie kohn send this article to a friend print this article bookmarked 5 time ( s ) join the inner bonding community to add your comment to articles and see the comments of others...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47401743758890036, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.251094"} {"text": "people with autism can experience limitations in their intellectual functions, in their interpersonal development, in their adaptive behaviour and thinking, and in the language they use ( verbal and non verbal, in both semantic and pragmatic aspects ). in order to improve their functioning and achieve wellbeing on an emotional and physiological level, they need forms of support that are centred on the person, and based on an analysis of their particular needs. just like anybody else, they should have the opportunity to take part in family life, in school, in a job, and in their community in general. sources of support and opportunities to participate must be offered as early as possible and must continue for their entire livesand be adapted to match the evolution of the individual. professionals, families and the rest of society must be involved in the process. technologies can help autistic people and their social environment particularly in the sphere of education and communication. thanks to the personal adaptation and use of specific technology in their daily lives, we are observing that people with autism can be helped to relate better to others, to learn, and to feel better in themselves. the use of mobile devices also offers the possibility of using applications that help the user to communicate in different environments and places. these devices also allow families, educators and professionals to intervene in the educational process. their portability also enables users to perform learning activities any time, anywhere. in addition, the connectivity between mobile devices is very useful in performing communication and learning activities in a group setting, helping the integration of the user in their social environment. we are working on two projects that take advantage of these possibilities. the first is the sc @ ut project ( rodriguez et al., 2009 ) ( sc @ ut, 2011 ), for designing adapted communicators, which runs on computers, pocket pcs and nintendo ds. the second is picaa ( fernandez et al, 2009 ) ( picaa, 2011 ), a platform for creating adaptable and collaborative didactic activities via the iphone, ipod touch and ipad devices. in this paper we present the main characteristics of these devices and our experiences of their use, highlighting the benefits observed amongst the population using them. 2. related works in the context of interactive environments such as learning and teaching, several tools have been developed, for example : vtech ( vtech, 2011 ) has commercialized multiple products that combine entertaining electronic formats and engaging content that help children learn. however, these products are not targeted at children with special needs. jclic ( click, 2011 ) is an environment that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5273651127598951, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.274320"} {"text": "vtech ( vtech, 2011 ) has commercialized multiple products that combine entertaining electronic formats and engaging content that help children learn. however, these products are not targeted at children with special needs. jclic ( click, 2011 ) is an environment that allows the creation of individual activities, but it only runs on desktop computers. hot potatoes ( hot potatoes, 2011 ), a suite to create interactive multiple - choice, short - answer, jumbled - sentence, crossword, matching / ordering and gap - fill exercises for the world wide web. in ( schelhowe, 2009 ) a mobile application is presented, designed for people with special needs who exhibit a mild to severe level of mental disability. it is focused on fostering the learning process directly within the context of use, with a flexible learning speed and a fixed structure. a server is used to feed clients\u00b4 mobiles with learning materials that are adapted to the learner profile. a customization and decision engine is used to fulfil this objective. user profiles are provided by the application but they are not configurable. the teacher does not intervene in their creation and they cannot be modified. some learning applications have been developed for the iphone os system, such as iwritewords ( iwritewords, 2011 ). this teaches children handwriting while they play an entertaining game. meanwhile proloquo2go ( proloquo, 2011 ) is a product that provides a communication solution for people who have speaking difficulties. these applications are designed for individual use only and they are not configurable. none of these systems proposes an adaptive approach that takes into account professional directives in an educational context and user - specific needs, and nor do they provide mobility capabilities together with functionalities for cooperative work. in the following sections we present two of our products that are being used by autistic people for communication and learning. 3. communication - the sc @ ut project language is the main medium for communication and information. it is an instrument to structure thinking, and to regulate the personality and social behaviour. language allows us to express what is inside. lack of communication can impoverish a person as it can make them come across as unfriendly, provoking anomalous behaviours that affect their social relationships and their life in general. augmentative and alternative communication systems ( aac ) ( mirenda, 2003 ) help people with the above mentioned problems to communicate, and enable them to be trained in social abilities. when making interventions relating to language, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5324696686457615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.275563"} {"text": "life in general. augmentative and alternative communication systems ( aac ) ( mirenda, 2003 ) help people with the above mentioned problems to communicate, and enable them to be trained in social abilities. when making interventions relating to language, the use of total communication ( schlesinger, 1986 ) is a good choice. total communication includes the use of images ( pictograms, photos, or drawings ), sounds ( words or sentences ), written language and gestures during the communication process. all of these media provide alternative forms of support to people with cognitive problems, such as autistic people, because they help the individual communicate with others ( schaeffer et al, 1980 ). in the next section we describe sc @ ut, the tool that we have developed to provide aac, with total communication. its main advantages over other systems are that it is adaptable to the user at interface and content levels, and that it can run in mobile devices. 3. 1. sc @ ut - description sc @ ut consists of two applications : the communicator and the generator of communicators. a communicator is an electronic device for supporting augmentative and alternative communication. the sc @ ut communicator shows a structure of templates with images, similar to a communication board made with paper. images can be pictograms, photos or drawings, which represent objects that the user can ask for, actions that can be carried out or things that the user wants to say ( feelings or opinions, for instance ) ( figure 1 ). when an image is selected, an associated sound, previously stored, is heard. this sound, which can be a word or a sentence, represents reinforcement for the user and allows people who listen to it to know what the user wants. moreover, our communicator provides links between templates. visiting a new template is possible from a previous one, when a specific image is selected in it. this navigation between templates allows the construction of structured sentences, or the classification of actions and elements. an animated pictogram can be also shown when an image is selected. we have used this property to support total communication, presenting an animated character that performs a gesture, showing the text and sound associated ( figure 2 ). we have drawn 2, 200 animated pictograms ( aumentativa, 2011 ) from the gesture language of benson - schaeffer. the vocabulary of this language has been designed to be used by people with cognitive impairment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5371272632039261, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.276527"} {"text": "figure 2 ). we have drawn 2, 200 animated pictograms ( aumentativa, 2011 ) from the gesture language of benson - schaeffer. the vocabulary of this language has been designed to be used by people with cognitive impairment as an alternative language with which to communicate. as figure 2 shows, sc @ ut provides a version for the nintendods portable game console. the arrival of the nintendo ds game console in the market was presented as an interesting possibility, offering several advantages over other devices : feedback : two screens ( one of them touch ) allowing more possibilities of interaction. multimedia : being a gaming device, it offers tremendous multimedia capabilities ( sound, video, graphics ). battery life : approximately 11 hours. robustness : a device intended to be used by children ( bumps and scratches on the screen ). motivation : commercial games can also be used in addition, or as a reward for the child. thanks to the new possibilities that this offers it is possible to introduce new functionality in the communicator, taking full advantage of nintendo ds features, such as new concepts based on visual and auditory stimulation, in addition, of course, to its work as a communicator. being a two - screen device, the top screen can be used to provide feedback. thus animations can be shown without losing the context of the action, presenting the cause and the effect of the action together. this helps to identify the sound and image with the concept, and therefore promotes learning. the second tool provided by sc @ ut is the generator. it is used by educators and families to create and modify communicators, which are adapted to the needs, capabilities, interests, abilities and evolution of users. the generator allows the user profile and the templates for each user to be specified ( figure 3 ). for example, it offers the possibility of indicating the order in which the images of a template can be selected, and the time during which an image is shown, avoiding the selection of another one. in addition, it allows an agenda and a timetable of actions for each day of the week to be designed, thus helping users to know what can they do and to organize their time. 3. 2. sc @ ut - experience of use we have been working on this project since 2006. sc @ ut has been used under controlled conditions by approximately 100 handicapped people, mainly with autism, from the south of spain ( andalusia ), at educational centres and schools, but also at occupational units for adults. the duration of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5568140049495915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.277507"} {"text": "2006. sc @ ut has been used under controlled conditions by approximately 100 handicapped people, mainly with autism, from the south of spain ( andalusia ), at educational centres and schools, but also at occupational units for adults. the duration of the interventions varied from six months to one year, depending on the population and teachers. the overall objective of our studies had been to show the benefits of using sc @ ut amongst people with severe problems of language and communication and of differing ages, for which we propose the following study hypotheses : h1 : the use of sc @ ut by autistic adults and school - age students improves communication, language development and learning. h2 : improving communication leads to the reduction of disruptive and challenging behaviour. h3 : sc @ ut supports total communication, helping teachers to adapt and customize the content and structure of the communicators. in addition, we also propose the following objectives : to give support to teachers and families who use these tools at any time. to collect user feedback and improve the tool and its usability to make it more flexible and adaptable to the difficulties that people with alternative communication needs may have. to promote the university ' s commitment to society. the intervention process was performed in the following stages : definition of hypotheses to be validated in the project. presentation of the project to address the participating institutions and professionals. training of professionals involved in the systems of augmentative and alternative communication, the use of icts, in particular the sc @ ut program. providing them information on the process to be followed in the study and the materials to be used. evaluation and selection of candidate students participating in the intervention. in selecting students we consider their communication needs and their scope for interaction according to their cognitive and motor limitations. their experience with alternative augmentative communication systems is also taken into account. in addition, we identify the communicative behaviours of users that can be improved with communication support. implementation \u2013 intervention with sc @ ut as a communication system : performing a pre - test amongst all participants. for each student, choosing the device to use, from among all those available, according to which one will be best suited to his / her needs. selecting pictograms, photographs, sounds, videos, scenarios and animations of sign language gestures. for each student, designing his / her personal communicator : the user profile for the presentation of content and interaction, templates, and the agenda. use of the communicator by the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5162811942150982, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.278577"} {"text": "scenarios and animations of sign language gestures. for each student, designing his / her personal communicator : the user profile for the presentation of content and interaction, templates, and the agenda. use of the communicator by the student two or three times weekly for approximately forty - five minutes each time. the professionals can make adjustments and modifications to the communicator during the intervention to adapt to the progress and responses from the student. involving tutors and family to generalize what they learned in other settings. the development team visits the users to interview the professionals and families, and observe the use of programs. evaluation of results from the pre - test, undertaking the post - test, distributing questionnaires to gather the opinions of the professionals concerned, and video recording in some cases. this allows the validity of the hypotheses to be checked. modification of software to fix bugs detected and incorporate participants\u00b4 suggestions for improvement and feedback from questionnaires and observations made during the visits of the development team for monitoring. creation of a website providing free download of the software. dissemination via conferences, training courses and journals. 3. 3. sc @ ut benefits all of the autistic people that participated in the study had specific communicative limitations. at best, they only spoke single words, which could only be understood by their parents and close relatives. not all had this form of expression, making it very difficult to understand them. some of them used gestures ( three or four at most ), while others simply looked to the interlocutor in the hope they would guess their needs. several students presented disruptive behaviour, for instance they appeared to be in despair because they felt misunderstood, and this led them to cry, scream, throw a tantrum and self - harm or, in extreme cases, assault their classmates or adults responsible for their care. they commonly presented a lack of communication, and visible isolation. we performed the statistical studies in real situations with a degree of quasi - experimental control as we left many variables ( staff, facilities, schedules, illnesses, absenteeism, etc. ) without control. for the purpose of testing assumptions, we used nonparametric tests, in particular, the mann - whitney u test and the wald - wolfowitz test. the number of individuals involved in a first study, only for autistic students, was 22. the second study involves 67 students ( 80 % with autism ). we used observation questionnaires as the exam of the existing abilities of communication,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5234490081692879, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.279949"} {"text": ". the number of individuals involved in a first study, only for autistic students, was 22. the second study involves 67 students ( 80 % with autism ). we used observation questionnaires as the exam of the existing abilities of communication, the communication interview and a scale of evaluation of the communicative pattern in deficient subjects. observing the values obtained by the tests in the control and experimental groups, in both experiments, we conclude that the degree of significance is high. it implies that intervention is effective, concluding that sc @ ut helps students in several of the aspects suggested by baumgart ( baumgart, 1990 ) : decreased disruptive behaviours : some students worked specifically to display communication options to prevent such conduct, and others exhibited less disruptive behaviour simply because of feeling better understood and increased personal satisfaction. improved oral language through auditory and visual reinforcement and systematic work : for those individuals with opportunities to develop oral language, sc @ ut represents a useful speech tool when phrases or words constructed with the communicator are repeated. some individuals even learn to anticipate particular components, after confirming that the device tells them what they already know. the verbal label associated with the concepts is useful for helping students to read, being a tool of learning and reinforcement. helps solve communication issues : the student can access a wide range of templates to be used in different scenarios to express needs, feelings and ideas. in some individuals, the templates have been used to train in social skills and respond to daily situations. reduced level of anxiety, which affects daily living and learning. in particular, the improved communication calms the user, and their level of anxiety caused by misunderstanding of the social environment is brought down to more acceptable levels. increasing the impulse to communicate : once they feel confident that they will be understood, some individuals begin to take the lead on communication and participation, which was unthinkable before the intervention. learning and consolidation of gestural vocabulary, increasing the use of gestures for communication : this implies that the student has internalized the gesture as a means of communication, making it independent of any external communication device and promoting spontaneity. we think the use of characters with these signs is more stimulating and encourages users to imitate them. despite the use of sign language, users must continue with the device to communicate with people who do not understand his / her gestures. improved communication between peers and teachers, thus promoting integration and standardization in their social environment. we have also proved that sc @ ut helps teachers and family, concluding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5247393417685747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.281770"} {"text": "users must continue with the device to communicate with people who do not understand his / her gestures. improved communication between peers and teachers, thus promoting integration and standardization in their social environment. we have also proved that sc @ ut helps teachers and family, concluding the following : the generator helps the professional to make a personalized intervention, allowing them to adapt templates, the number and size of pictograms, photographs and images and sounds, animations, etc. it also facilitates the modification of the communicators when the student progresses. improved coordination between professionals and family. in many cases, this improvement is thanks to the interest shown by the student, which led to his or her speech therapist communicating with their tutors and parents to share the experience with them. the familiarity of the supporting devices, and the low cost and free devices of the computer program have also encouraged some families to use sc @ ut in their homes. professionals from occupational centres and day - stay units are grateful for the initial training that was given in augmentative and alternative communication and the use of icts for education. in general, they are specialists in specific fields ( such as ceramics, graphic arts, textiles, etc. ) but not in aac. with regard to interventions using pictograms with signs, the professionals value their utility in teaching the total communication model to the students. table 1 summarises the contributions of sc @ ut. sc @ ut has been developed for the linux platform, thanks to a project funded by the consorcio fernando de los rios, spain. the usability of the generator tool has also been improved. 4. learning - picaa learning to read, write, make calculations and solve problems is the basis for living an autonomous life and for being integrated both at work and in daily life. education of people with cognitive impairments, including those with autism, must begin as early as possible. people with autism require ongoing intervention that has to be systematic and based on personal motivation. the person has to work on each task in accordance with their skills, bearing in mind that their personal work rhythm and learning style may differ from those of others. therefore, individualization of the learning process is necessary. however, at the same time, the students must learn to interact with others. cooperative learning in a classroom setting prepares them to perform daily activities and to integrate in their social environment. cooperative learning ( johnson et al, 2000 ) is a pedagogical method that applies some of the ideas from social constructivism, a psycho - peda", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5216397622361492, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.282826"} {"text": "in a classroom setting prepares them to perform daily activities and to integrate in their social environment. cooperative learning ( johnson et al, 2000 ) is a pedagogical method that applies some of the ideas from social constructivism, a psycho - pedagogical paradigm based on the theories of vigotsky and piaget. cooperative learning requires students to work together on a common task. it promotes the personal growth processes, developing the potential of each individual to learn by himself or with others in different situations. therefore, it is very useful for students with cognitive impairments. the teacher intervenes to create activities and to assign group learning tasks, manages time and resources, and monitors whether the students and groups are working well ( smith, 1996 ). the main contributions that the cooperative relationship can offer the students with autism are ( barkley, 2005 ) : teachers and classmates can act as role models to imitate ; opportunities to do, to say and to feel ; team and personal auto - regulation ; observing different perspectives from a same subject ; constant positive reinforcement ; and development of cognitive, social and affective abilities. the use of technology allows the learning content and user interaction to be adapted, helping the teachers to design personalized learning activities that can be carried out in a group setting. the tactile interaction on mobile devices, which includes learning activities with multimedia content, stimulates the students, gains their attention and reinforces their learning. picaa, a learning mobile platform for teachers and students which provides an adaptive and cooperative learning tool, works to this particular objective. 4. 1. picaa - description picaa integrates, in a single application running on a mobile device, features that allows children and educators to interact with different elements, according to the actions they will carry out and the educational approach. its main objective is to facilitate the user \u2019 s curricular adaptation by the educator. learning activities and content must be sufficiently flexible to adapt to the characteristics of each user and integrate the personal data of their inner world, respecting their own particular work rhythm. activities must be also modified by educators according to user progress or changes in his or her environment. the content, structure and user interface of the applications can be adapted depending on such requirements in order to achieve accessible applications. this is very useful because there are many differences between the interests and learning needs of autistic children, therefore the personalization of learning activities is essential in class. the picaa platform allows four kinds of activities to be defined that cover the basic learning tasks. the kinds of activities designed are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5460120161996661, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.283879"} {"text": "differences between the interests and learning needs of autistic children, therefore the personalization of learning activities is essential in class. the picaa platform allows four kinds of activities to be defined that cover the basic learning tasks. the kinds of activities designed are : exploration : sequencing of screens to navigate across a hypermedia system. this allows simple communicators, agendas or stories to be created. images, sounds and animations are presented. ( figure 4 ). association : assignation of elements to sets. this provides a basis for memory exercises, calculation, discrimination and categorization. ( figure 5. a ). puzzle : includes pieces with different shapes and numbers. ( figure 5. b ). sort : consists of items that the student must put in the correct sequence. this activity can be performed with graphics or text. ( figure 5. c ). these activities are aimed at developing the following skills and abilities : perception and visual and auditory discrimination. acquisition and expansion of vocabulary and understanding of meaning. development of memory. improvement of phonetics, syntax and pragmatics of language. working hand - eye coordination ( fine motor ). examining assumptions, conclusions and interpretations. learning cause and effect. generalization of concepts. managing notions of space / time. development of attitudes such as responsibility, cooperation and collaboration. development of skills for handling numbers and their applications. learning strategies for soling simple problems. the application is available for three types of devices : the iphone smartphone, the ipod touch device and the ipad tablet ( figure 6 ). picaa, as with sc @ ut, differentiates between two kinds of use. as we have seen, the students can perform activities, but, the educators can also use it to define user profiles, design the activities and plan a daily agenda ( figure 7 ). the educator can configure aspects of the activities relative to their content and presentation, for instance : number of components or concepts to be taught, screen composition, screen position ( rotation or not ), multimedia used to represent the components, difficulty level ( goals of the exercise, working out the punctuation ), reinforcements and help to the users. figure 7 shows how to design one of the exercises and the personal agenda. additionally, the educator can configure some of the rules to be considered when working in a group context. for instance, the order to be followed when selecting components and the information that the users can see about the interaction performed by other users when they work in a group ( number of participants,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.526917036027734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.284845"} {"text": "of the rules to be considered when working in a group context. for instance, the order to be followed when selecting components and the information that the users can see about the interaction performed by other users when they work in a group ( number of participants, orderly turns, punctuation, etc. ). 4. 2. picaa - experience of use we began to develop picaa in 2009. it is available for free, in both english and spanish, at the online store app store where it has been downloaded by over 4, 000 users worldwide. to include the educators and students in the development and validation process, we performed a pilot project during a school term. the overall objective of picaa was to serve as a support tool for people with learning disabilities and poor communication, for which we propose the following hypotheses : h1. the use of picaa in school improves communication, and facilitates learning and the development of language. h2. the integration of the tool on a completely mobile platform system favours adaptation by professionals, families and students. some 13 autistic children with ages ranging from 4 to 12 and their teachers participated in the pilot project at several schools from the andalusia and murcia regions of spain. picaa was mainly used for the following purposes : communicative use of exploration activities, as an aac tool. planning and anticipating circumstances through images based on what is going to happen. teaching specific topics from curricular areas by designing specific activities. working on reading and language comprehension. bits of intelligence. the intervention process was performed following the same stages as applied in the sc @ ut pilot. 4. 3. picaa benefits the participation of students and educators in the development process has been very useful because the resulting feedback and suggestions have allowed improvements to be made to the user interface, the tool to be more accessible and usable, and the functionality of the program to be more complete and versatile. table 2 summarizes the main benefits. the initial evaluation of teachers is very positive and highlights benefits both for themselves and for their students. we now summarize the main views expressed in the questionnaires that have permitted us to validate the initial hypotheses : they consider the tool to be simple and easy to use, highlighting the key advantage as being the capacity to both work on the device and make changes more quickly. thanks to its design and tactile interaction it is intuitive even for people with little knowledge of it. the multimedia resources used in activities are integrated into the device itself. using", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5217611288272793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.285884"} {"text": "being the capacity to both work on the device and make changes more quickly. thanks to its design and tactile interaction it is intuitive even for people with little knowledge of it. the multimedia resources used in activities are integrated into the device itself. using them is easy because the use of electronic resources means that no scissors, glue, paper, photocopying, recording, etc are required, and that the tool can be reused. students have the opportunity of performing activities that were not previously accessible to them, because both the interface and the content can be adapted. the students can perform the tasks anywhere, thanks to the mobility of the system. this allows their families to intervene in the educative process and facilitates their communication with the school environment. the use of electronic devices with multimedia content becomes more stimulating and attractive to students than traditional resources and in some cases may even be the only alternative for students with sensory limitations. mobile devices can be used to provide customized and integrated support for people with autism. we have designed two applications : sc @ ut for aac and picaa for learning. both of these can be configured by educators to enable users to follow their own work rhythm, and also integrate with peers, educators and family. the transfer of our experiences of these applications is easy considering that the software is free and available via the internet. the devices are inexpensive, readily available and in many cases already present in homes and schools. our recommendations for transfer are to follow a systematic approach to intervention and to promote widespread use by education professionals and families. regarding to the creation of software for people with special needs, we recommend a user - centred design, based on the participation of end users in the specification, design and evaluation of prototypes. in this sense, pilot studies are essential to validate the benefits, detect errors and draw on new suggestions from users to improve the programs and deliver quality products. as a working group, our assessment is positive and also highlighted the importance of the involvement of the university in applied projects, which may benefit disadvantaged sectors of society.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49515456565681615, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.286819"} {"text": "wednesday, november 17, 2010 digital medievalist rock stars martin foys and asa mittman in the new york times, an article on digital humanities featuring a photo of a looming martin at his dapper best : figuring out how to collect, house and connect more than 350 years of scholarship motivated martin k. foys, a medievalist at drew university in madison, n. j., to create a digital map of the bayeux tapestry, a gargantuan 11th - century embroidery displayed in a museum in bayeux, france, that depicts the battle of hastings, when the normans conquered england. at 224 feet long, about two - thirds the length of a football field, this tapestry is both a work of art and a historical document that mingles text and image. \u201c it is almost impossible to study traditionally, \u201d mr. foys said. no one person could digest the work \u2019 s enormous amount of material, and no single printing could render it accurately, so mr. foys created a prize - winning digital version with commentary that scholars could scroll through. such digital mapping has the potential to transform medieval studies, mr. foys said. his latest project, which he directs with shannon bradshaw, a computer scientist at drew, and asa simon mittman, an art historian from california state university, chico, is an online network of medieval maps and texts that scholars can work on simultaneously. once specific areas of maps are identified and tagged with information, it becomes possible to analyze and compare quantifiable data about images and sources, he explained, adding, \u201c we have a whole new set of tools not dominated by the written word. \u201d the online network of maps is distinct from most scholarly endeavors in another respect : it is communal. the traditional model of the solitary humanities professor, toiling away in an archive or spending years composing a philosophical treatise or historical opus is replaced in this project with contributions from a global community of experts. \u201c the ease with which a community can collaborate on the production of scholarship is something that is fundamentally changing the way we do our work, \u201d said mr. foys, whose 2007 book, \u201c virtually anglo - saxon, \u201d discusses the influence of technology on scholarship. read the whole story here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4841147250327199, "token_count": 450, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.289174"} {"text": "machalski, franciszek, polish iranist ( b. braddock, pennsylvania, 1904 ; d. krakow, poland, 1979 ). machalski was born to a polish peasant family that was working in the united states. when he was six his parents returned to their small farm in zo\u0142ynia, near \u0142ancut in southern poland. in 1924, in spite of his family \u2019 s very modest means, machalski entered the jan kazimierz university of lwow ( now lvov in western ukraine ), at that time a major academic center of southeastern poland. he first studied polish and german literatures, then became interested in sanskrit, taught by professor stefan stasiak ( 1884 - 1962 ), and finally choose islamic studies, headed by professor zygmunt smogorzewski ( 1884 - 1931 ). in 1930, under the supervision of the latter, he defended his doctoral thesis on the prophecy of muhammad, at the same time ( 1929 - 31 ) being employed as a vice - assistant at the chair of the history of islam. in 1931 - 39, machalski taught polish literature at the schools of the provincial cities of t\u0142umacz and tarnopol. he then published two works on the oriental influence on polish modernist poetry ( machalski, 1932a and 1932b ), and one on naser kosrow \u2019 s safar - nama ( machalski, 1937 ). as a result of his world war ii experiences, he became seriously involved in iranian studies. soon after nazi germany attacked poland from the west on 1 september 1939, the red army entered its eastern provinces. under soviet occupation, massive deportations of polish citizens to siberia and central asia took place. machalski was arrested by the soviet secret police ( nkvd ) in june 1941, and passed through a long chain of detention camps and prisons, ending in verkhne - uralsk in kazakhstan. in the same month, hitler attacked the soviet union, which forced the soviets to join the allies. according to a treaty concluded between the polish government in exile and the kremlin ( sikorski - majski treaty of 30 july 1941 ), a polish army was created on soviet territory, and amnesty was announced for polish prisoners and deportees so that they could enlist. a part of this army ( of ca. 80, 000 ), under the command of general wladyslaw anders, together with some 40, 000 civilians, was allowed to leave the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4542120814009204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.302604"} {"text": "polish prisoners and deportees so that they could enlist. a part of this army ( of ca. 80, 000 ), under the command of general wladyslaw anders, together with some 40, 000 civilians, was allowed to leave the ussr through its southern border to persia in order to join the allied forces operating in the mediterranean region. as a member of the polish troops, machalski entered persia through bandar - e pahlavi in april 1942, but was immediately sent to a military camp in palestine. he came back to tehran in the spring of 1943 under a scholarship granted to him by the polish society for iranian studies ( polskie towarzystwo studiow iranskich ), founded by a group of polish exiled professors and intellectuals in persia. during his three - year stay in persia ( 1943 - 46 ), while working as a teacher and supervisor of polish schools, machalski was involved in the activities of the society, first as its secretary, then its president, and board member of its bulletin ( studia iranskie - etudes iraniennes ), of which three volumes appeared in 1943 - 45. the activities of the society included research on different aspects of persian life and culture ( for this, scholarships were granted to young scholars and students ), cooperation with persian cultural and educational institutions ( most importantly the tehran university ), contacts with academics, writers, journalists, etc., as well as a program of introducing persian culture to polish refugees, and polish culture to the persians, through a series of lectures, publications, and meetings. due to his knowledge of basic ( literary rather than colloquial ) persian, acquired during his studies, machalski eagerly took on the role of interpreter and mediator. in this capacity, he made many personal contacts ( among others with sa\u02bfid nafisi, sayyed mohammad - \u02bfali jamalzada, mojtaba minovi, and bozorg \u02bfalavi, qq. v ), and acquired knowledge of everyday realities, and of intellectual and political life of persia. in 1945 he became a member of anjoman - e iransenasi ( society of iranian studies ) in tehran. machalski \u2019 s book of memoirs, wedrowki iranskie ( ` iranian wanderings, \u2019 machalski, 1960e ), although affected by communist censorship, is an interesting testimony of his experiences. in persia, machalski published some translations of classical and modern persian poetry ( machalski, 1944 and 1945b", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43863349989211453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.303523"} {"text": "wanderings, \u2019 machalski, 1960e ), although affected by communist censorship, is an interesting testimony of his experiences. in persia, machalski published some translations of classical and modern persian poetry ( machalski, 1944 and 1945b ), a paper on the persian language ( machalski, 1945a ), and another on persian borrowings in the polish language ( machalski, 1946 ). at the beginning of 1946 machalski left for lebanon and for over a year worked in a polish school and in the polish institute in beirut, where his valuable research on polish - iranian commercial and industrial relations was published in 1948 ( machalski, 1948b ). his paper on lebanese folk poetry appeared in 1957 ( machalski, 1957 ). in the summer of 1947 machalski returned to poland to join his wife and children, repatriated from the soviet union. while working as a schoolteacher in bytom in upper silesia, machalski lectured on persian language and literature at the jagellonian university in krakow from 1951, and obtained a formal post in 1956, thus initiating specialized persian studies at this university. prior to that, classical literary persian had been taught by professor tadeusz kowalski ( 1889 - 1948 ), as a part of the islamic studies curriculum, and some old persian and avestan \u2014 at the department of indology \u2014 by professor helena willman - grabowska ( 1870 - 1957 ), but no separate iranian studies existed in krakow. in 1969 machalski became associate professor, and since that time up to his retirement in 1974, he was the head of the department of iranian studies at the institute of oriental philology of jagellonian university. for many years, he chaired the krakow branch of the polish oriental society ( polskie towarzystwo orientalistyczne ), was a member of the oriental committee of the polish academy of sciences, and a board member of the periodical folia orientalia, published in krakow since 1959. under the communist regime, machalski had few possibilities to visit persia. he only went for short visits on the occasion of conferences or celebrations in 1966, 1971, and 1976, so his research and teaching were chiefly based on the knowledge, experience, and books collected in persia during the war. machalski was a teacher to subsequent generations of krakow iranologists, the first to teach persian as a live, modern language, and to promote iranian studies as an independent discipline in poland. machalski \u2019 s scholarly interests", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45265520905371703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.304465"} {"text": "persia during the war. machalski was a teacher to subsequent generations of krakow iranologists, the first to teach persian as a live, modern language, and to promote iranian studies as an independent discipline in poland. machalski \u2019 s scholarly interests were numerous. while his works on classical persian literature bring little new and are generally aimed at introducing great iranian names ( avicenna, ferdowsi, kayyam, sa \u2019 di, hafez, jami ) to the polish public, his most important works are those concerning the literature of the qajar and early pahlavi periods : modern persian historical novel ( machalski, 1952 ) ; shams and toghra by m. b. khosrovi of kermanshah ( machalski, 1956 and 1959d ) ; and, most importantly, la litterature de l \u2019 iran contemporain. la poesie persane in 3 volumes published in 1965, 1967, and 1980, the last one post mortem ( machalski, 1965 - 80 ). machalski \u2019 s further works concerning literary developments of the same epoch are \u201c le roman sur la vie de nader sah afsar \u201d ( 1960d ) ; \u201c principeaux courants de la prose persane moderne \u201d ( 1961c ) ; \u201c ak - ond molla fath \u02bfali ( 1962a ) ; \u201c persian poetry of the revolution \u201d ( 1963a ) ; \u201c persian court poetry of the kagar epoch \u201d ( 1964 ) ; and \u201c persian literature of the 20th century \u201d ( 1971b ). he also published a number of monographic papers on modern poets such as \u02bfesqi ( 1959b ), nima yusij ( 1960b ), naderpur ( 1963b ), bahar ( 1970b ), and others. some of his best papers are devoted to cultural and political life in pahlavi persia : \u201c materiaux pour la genese du thiatre moderne en iran \u201d ( machalski, 1959a ) ; \u201c political parties in iran in the years 1941 - 46 \u201d ( machalski, 1961b ) ; \u201c vahid dastgardi and his armagan \u201d ( machalski, 1962b ) ; \u201c la presse en iran sous le regime des allies \u201d ( machalski, 1966 ) ; \u201c notes on the intellectual movement in iran 1921 - 41 \u201d ( machalski, 1967c ), and \u201c iranian magazine zkave", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44433612767123476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.305289"} {"text": ") ; \u201c la presse en iran sous le regime des allies \u201d ( machalski, 1966 ) ; \u201c notes on the intellectual movement in iran 1921 - 41 \u201d ( machalski, 1967c ), and \u201c iranian magazine zkaveh \u2019 \u201d ( machalski, 1971a ). a number of machalski \u2019 s works concern polish - iranian cultural relations : \u201c persian borrowings in polish \u201d ( machalski, 1946 ) ; \u201c polish influences in persian industry \u201d ( machalski, 1948b ) ; \u201c contemporary polish novel in persian translation \u201d ( machalski, 1953b ) ; \u201c les motifs iraniens dans la litterature polonaise, \u201d ( machalski, 1965 ) ; \u201c la litterature de l \u2019 iran en pologne \u201d ( machalski, 1974 ) ; \u201c ahis other field of interest was persian onomastics, both toponyms ( machalski, 1953a ) and personal names ( machalski, 1967a, 1967b, and 1970d ). machalski translated some pieces of classical and modern persian literature into polish, most importantly dastan - e zal - o rudaba, which he rendered in prose and commented on ( machalski, 1961a ). his translations of modern authors ( bahar, jamalzada, hoejazi, hedayat, mostafawi, and others ) were regularly published in przeglad orientalistyczny, a quarterly of the polish oriental society. a selection of bozorg \u02bfalavi \u2019 s prose, translated by machalski together with jozef bielawski, came out in warsaw in 1955 as a book jej oczy ( ` her eyes, \u2019 persian original title cesmha - yas ). machalski was not only a scholar, but also a fervent popularizer of knowledge about persia. some of his works, such as a popular history of iran ( machalski, 1960c ), a large entry on iranian religions ( machalski, 1968 ), and a number of articles in newspapers and magazines, were addressed to the general public. he compiled a persian reader in two volumes ( machalski, 1953c ), which includes samples of classical and modern persian literature, and on which several generations of students were educated. abbreviations : fo - folia orientalia ; po - przeglad orientalistyczny ; ro - rocznik orientalistyczny", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44015910792621415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.306201"} {"text": "classical and modern persian literature, and on which several generations of students were educated. abbreviations : fo - folia orientalia ; po - przeglad orientalistyczny ; ro - rocznik orientalistyczny ; si - studia iranskie \u201c mysl indyjska w poezji antoniego langego \u201d ( indian thought in a. lange \u2019 s poetry ), przeglad humanistyczny, 1932a, pp. 417 - 22. orientalizm w tworczosci antoniego langego ( orientalism in a. lange \u2019 s works ), tarnopol, 1932b ( prace podolskiego towarzystwa przyjacio\u0142 nauk, 2 ). \u201c uwagi o liczbie mnogiej rzeczownikow w safar - nameh \u201d ( notes on plural in the safar - nama ), ro xiii, 1937, pp. 123 - 28. \u201c przek\u0142ady z literatury perskiej \u201d ( traductions de la litterature persane faites en vers du persan ), \u201d si ii, 1944, pp. 140 - 47 ( ferdowsi, kayyam, hafez, adib - al - mamalek, habib yagma\u02bei, sahryar mirza, basij ). \u201c jezyk perski ( la langue persane ), \u201d si iii, 1945a, pp. 1 - 28. \u201c spotkanie zala z rudabe \u2014 urywek z szachname firdusiego. prze\u0142ozy\u0142 z oryg. perskiego ( la rencontre de zal et de roudabe. fragment du shah - nameh de ferdousi - traduit en vers du persan ), \u201d si iii, 1945b, pp. 200 - 05. \u201c kalemat - e farsi dar zaban - e lahestani, \u201d yad - nama - ye pur - e davud, tehran, 1946. \u201c quelques remarques sur l \u2019 etat actuel de l \u2019 historiographie persane, \u201d ro xv, 1948a, pp. 100 - 13. \u201c wp\u0142ywy polskie w przemysle perskim \u201d ( polish influences in persian industry ), teka be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5184922532013756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.306905"} {"text": "historiographie persane, \u201d ro xv, 1948a, pp. 100 - 13. \u201c wp\u0142ywy polskie w przemysle perskim \u201d ( polish influences in persian industry ), teka bejrucka i, beirut, 1948b, pp. 15 - 32. historyczna powiesc perska wspo\u0142czesnej doby ( modern persian historical novel ), krakow, 1952. \u201c notatki do topografii iranu \u201d ( notes to the topography of iran ), ro xvii, 1953a, pp. 290 - 94. \u201c wspo\u0142czesna powiesc polska w perskim przek\u0142adzie \u201d ( contemporary polish novel in persian translation ), nowa kultura 9 ( 153 ), 1 march 1953b, p. 6. wypisy perskie ( persian reader ), 2 vols., krakow, 1953c ; enl. ed. krakow, 1972. \u201c sams et togra, roman historique de m. bagir kosrovi, \u201d charisteria orientalia 15, 1956, pp. 149 - 63. \u201c z poezji ludowej libanu \u201d ( from lebanese folk poetry ), po 1 / 21, 1957, pp. 55 - 60. \u201c materiaux sur la genese du thiatre moderne en iran, \u201d fo i / 2, 1959a, pp. 332 - 35. \u201c le modernisme dans l \u2019 oeuvre poetique de m. reda \u02bfesqi, \u201d fo i / 1, 1959b, pp. 62 - 86. \u201c sur la productivite des suffixes deverbatifs des adjectifs en persan moderne \u201d, fo i / 2, 1959c, pp. 251 - 58. ` szams i togra \u2019 m. b. chosrowiego z kermanszahu ( shams and togra by m. b. kosrovi of kermansah ), krakow, 1959d ( zeszyty naukowe uniwersytetu jagiellonskiego. prace historyczno - literackie, vol. 3 ). \u201c basile nikitine. 1. i. 1885 - 8. vi. 1960 \u201d, fo ii, 1960a, pp. 211 - 13. \u201c nima yusij ( es", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46764462629122294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.307587"} {"text": "literackie, vol. 3 ). \u201c basile nikitine. 1. i. 1885 - 8. vi. 1960 \u201d, fo ii, 1960a, pp. 211 - 13. \u201c nima yusij ( essai d \u2019 une caracteristique ), \u201d fo ii, 1960b, pp. 58 - 82. od cyrusa do mosaddeka ( from cyrus to mosaddeq ), warsaw, 1960c. \u201c le roman sur la vie de nader sah afsar par san\u02bfati - zadeh kermani, \u201d fo ii, 1960d, pp. 222 - 31. wedrowki iranskie ( iranian wanderings ), warsaw, 1960e. firdausi, opowiesc o mi\u0142osci zala i rudabe, tr. and comm. by f. machalski, wroclaw, 1961a. \u201c political parties in iran in the years 1941 - 46, \u201d fo iii, 1961b, pp. 135 - 70. \u201c principaux courants de la prose persane moderne, \u201d ro xxv / 2, 1961c, pp. 121 - 30. \u201c ak - ond molla fath \u02bfali d \u2019 isfahan et son k - - e segeft, \u201d fo iv, 1962a, pp. 340 - 43. \u201c vahid dastgardi and his zarmagan \u2019, \u201d fo iv, 1962b, pp. 81 - 104. \u201c poezja perska rewolucyjnej doby 1906 - 11 \u201d ( persian poetry of the revolution 1906 - 11 ), po 4 / 48, 1963a, pp. 285 - 98. \u201c sur la poesie de nader naderpur, \u201d fo v, 1963b, pp. 165 - 74. \u201c wspomnienie o stefanie stasiaku \u201d ( in memory of stefan stasiak ), po 1 / 45, 1963c, pp 23 - 28. \u201c persian court poetry of the kagar epoch, \u201d fo vi, 1964, pp. 1 - 40. la litterature de l \u2019 iran contemporain. la poesie persane : vol. i la poesie persane de l \u2019 epoque du \u201c reveil des iraniens \u201d jusqu \u2019 a coup d \u2019 etat de reda kan ( environ 1880 - 1921 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45255648921528624, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.308254"} {"text": "poesie persane : vol. i la poesie persane de l \u2019 epoque du \u201c reveil des iraniens \u201d jusqu \u2019 a coup d \u2019 etat de reda kan ( environ 1880 - 1921 ), krakow, 1965 ; vol. ii la poesie de l \u2019 epoque de reda sah pahlavi 1921 - 1941, krakow, 1967 ; vol. iii la poesie persane apres la seconde guerre mondiale, krakow, 1980. \u201c les motifs iraniens dans la litterature polonaise, \u201d fo vii, 1965, pp. 173 - 81. \u201c la presse en iran sous le regime des allies ( 1942 - 44 ), \u201d acta orientalia ( lugd. bat. ) xxx, 1966, pp. 142 - 50. \u201c iranskie imiona osobowe w napisach klinowych achemenidow \u201d ( iranian personal names in achaemenid cuneiform inscriptions ), onomastica xii, 1967a, pp. 276 - 85. \u201c noms des femmes iraniennes, \u201d fo ix, 1967b, pp. 93 - 97. \u201c notes on the intellectual movement in iran 1921 - 41, \u201d yadname - ye jan rypka. collection of articles on persian and tajik literature, ed. j. becka, prague, 1967c, pp. 179 - 85. \u201c religie persji \u201d ( religions of persia ), in zarys dziejow religii, ed. j. keller et. al., warsaw, 1968, pp. 303 - 41. firdausi i jego \u201c szah - name \u201d ( ferdowsi and his sah - nama ), krakow, 1970a. \u201c muhammed taqi bahar as a painter of nature, \u201d silver jubilee souvenir, calcutta, 1970b, pp. 233 - 37. \u201c notes on the folklore of iran, \u201d fo xii, 1970c, pp. 141 - 54. \u201c die personennamen der schuljugend von iran, \u201d fo xii, 1970d, pp. 155 - 63. \u201c iranian magazine zkaveh \u2019 ( a contribution to the history of iranian press abroad ), \u201d fo xiii, 1971a, pp. 343 - 48. \u201c literatura perska xx wieku \u201d ( persian literature of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45842395863534213, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.308972"} {"text": "\u201c iranian magazine zkaveh \u2019 ( a contribution to the history of iranian press abroad ), \u201d fo xiii, 1971a, pp. 343 - 48. \u201c literatura perska xx wieku \u201d ( persian literature of the 20th century ), po 4 / 80, 1971b, pp. 333 - 41. \u201c la litterature de l \u2019 iran en pologne ( apercu bio - bibliographique ), \u201d acta iranica, hommage universel iii, 1974, pp. 397 - 410. \u201c abolqasem ferdousi et son sahnameh en pologne, \u201d fo xviii, 1977, pp. 211 - 17. isfahan, miasto polskich dzieci, ed. i. beaupre - stankiewicz, d. waszczuk - kamieniecka, and j. lewicka - howwels, londyn, 1988. a. krasnowolska, \u201c iranian studies in poland, \u201d iranian studies xx, 1 - 4, 1988, pp. 179 - 222. idem, \u201c franciszek machalski ( 1904 - 1979 ), \u201d in uniwersytet jagiellonski. z\u0142ota ksiega wydzia\u0142u filologicznego, eds. j. michalik and w. walecki, krakow, 2000, pp. 588 - 92. idem, \u201c francisek mak - alski va hozur - e panahandegan - e lahestani dar iran teyy - e jang - e jahani - ye dovvom, \u201d pol - e firuza, vol. 4, no. 13, 2004, pp. 195 - 202. kto jest kim w polsce. informator biograficzny, warsaw, 1984, p. 583. a. pisowicz, \u201c franciszek machalski ( 1904 - 1979 ), \u201d po 3 / 111, 1979, pp. 335 - 37. sprawozdanie z dzia\u0142alnosci towarzystwa studiow iranskich / compte rendu de l \u2019 activite de la societe des etudes iraniennes ( 20 xi 1942 \u2014 20 iv 1944 ), studia iranskie ii, 1944, pp. 148 - 57. december 11, 2006 originally published : november 15, 2006 last updated : november 15,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4928670429776533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.309850"} {"text": "brighid means the exalted one in irish, and the woman, is a figure of intense power in irish mythological and religious imagination. in ireland the mythological, the pagan, the local, and the universal, the philosophical, the religious and the topographical are mixed up. time is not lost but put aside or walked around as though it were laid out on a map, in an always continuing whole, allowing for tir na nog and notions beyond usual physical laws to become mixed into the resources of irish, gaelic and celtic thinking. such understanding is what draws artists, musicians and sensitive people - - wonder - filled - - to the treasure house of irish tradition. february 1st or 2nd is a day claimed by celtic seasonal thinkers, who called the holiday imbolc to celebrate brid in the form of cailleach - becoming - maiden who collects kindling to make fire in the winter that will warm the spring and make her young again. this holiday then is understood through the stories of incredible brighid. she was the inventor of the mourning songs called caoineadh \" keening. \" in the story, she keens to mourn the death of her son ruadan and so invents the artform. irish traditions are often attributed to a supernatural being giving it that unkillable quality that frustrates all snobbery against it. brighid ' s is like the tibetan ritual of ushering souls to nirvana in the book of the dead. ogma invents writing in the form of ogham. lugh all - arts ildanach invents fidchell or chess played with king in the center of the board, and many other useful arts. the modern irish word for normal chess is ficheall. the irish tradition of making crosses on imbolc or la fheile bhride is remembered as a christian ritual and has become that for most irish people. the spiral of the brighid cross invokes the north star and the pattern that the big dipper makes in the sky over the course off a year. as the night sky turns around the north star, the big dipper turns through the seasonal year like the hand of a clock. coordinating life in macro - processes is deeply settling to the mind, especially in the winter months. brigid is the fire - keeper of that flame of life that mothers tend to so that we don ' t die in the winter, and so the lines of family are not broken by the trauma of the cold months. in the winter brig", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47140132553010783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.312593"} {"text": "- ishn global - ehs research training - loosen updid you ever think about how your style as a safety trainer can encourage either mindlessness or mindfulness? dr. langer made this case : when facts are presented unconditionally as an absolute truth, alternative ways of thinking about something are stifled. she backed this up with an interesting study. a collection of objects was introduced in an ordinary, unconditional way to one group, as for example, \" this is a dog ' s chew toy. \" for the second group, objects were introduced conditionally with the extra phrase \" could be, \" as in, \" this could be a dog ' s chew toy. \" after the objects were introduced, the groups were asked to complete some survey forms. then the experimenter announced that the survey could not continue because the wrong instructions had been given and no spare forms were available. several subjects suggested, though, that the rubber chew toy could be used as an eraser to correct the flawed forms. interestingly, this resourceful idea came only from the conditional group, those told, \" this could be a dog ' s chew toy. \" do you discuss safety rules as unconditional mandates? or do you focus on safety principles that imply certain guidelines but can be customized? it ' s obvious which approach stimulates more creativity and ownership among individuals and work teams. the uncertainty of the second approach allows people to use their minds in figuring out how to adapt a safety principle for a particular situation. in turn, they feel like they own the solution they came up with, and they will be committed to mindfully follow the personalized procedures. leadership - let your guard downhere ' s a related way to promote innovation and initiative : as a leader, display a degree of \" uncertainty. \" dr. langer suggests that a leader should show confidence that a particular job will get done, but without being certain of the best way to do it. again, this allows employees room to be mindfully alert, creative, and self - motivated. workers are less afraid to make mistakes, and more willing to suggest ways to improve a process. as a safety leader, you should confidently expect employees to take appropriate precautions to prevent injuries. but you shouldn ' t pretend to know exactly how they should do this. after all, employees are the real safety experts. they know what hazards need to be eliminated or avoided, and what safety - related behaviors need to occur more or less often. most likely, they are also effective at encouraging safe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5726055959595054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.317536"} {"text": "they should do this. after all, employees are the real safety experts. they know what hazards need to be eliminated or avoided, and what safety - related behaviors need to occur more or less often. most likely, they are also effective at encouraging safe behaviors and discouraging at - risk behaviors. i hope you see how a leadership quality of \" confident uncertainty \" can empower workers to go beyond the call of duty for safety and health. teamwork - note the differenceswe tend to give global labels to people - student, patient, homosexual, union representative, safety professional, athlete or homeless person. each label influences how we view people, judge them, and react to their communication with us. you can see the affect this can have on teamwork, which often makes or breaks safety efforts. mindless labeling, or premature cognitive commitment ( see last month ' s article ), leads to stereotyping, prejudice, interpersonal conflict, and sometimes even hate crimes. now here ' s a twist : dr. langer suggests the key to reducing prejudice is to make more - not fewer - distinctions between people. when people become more mindful of the many differences among individuals, and how these differences can vary according to time, place, and the people involved, it becomes harder to stick labels on people. it becomes impossible to view people and their behavior as black or white, normal or abnormal, masculine or feminine, safe or unsafe. in this case, an employee should not be labeled \" safe \" or \" unsafe \" at a particular job. it helps teamwork and overall safety efforts to realize each person works at their own level of safety, and that level can fluctuate dramatically from one situation to another. involvement - give ' em a choicethe degree of personal control you give people helps determine their level of participation in efforts to improve workplace safety and health. people mindful of having personal control are more likely to actively care. in a seminal study, dr. langer and her colleagues gave one group of elderly residents in a connecticut nursing home the opportunity to care for a houseplant and to make a number of minor decisions about their daily routines. a year and a half later, these residents were more cheerful, alert, and active than a similar group who were not given these choices. the most remarkable result : less than half as many of the residents in the \" choice group \" had died compared to those in the other group. dr. langer suggests we can be more motivated to take charge by becoming more mindful of the many", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5027798167309212, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.319237"} {"text": "the most remarkable result : less than half as many of the residents in the \" choice group \" had died compared to those in the other group. dr. langer suggests we can be more motivated to take charge by becoming more mindful of the many choices we actually make during ordinary activities. what time we get up in the morning, what we wear, what we eat for breakfast, how we get to work - there are alternatives and options for all of these routine, almost mindless decisions. becoming more mindful of how we shape our days can increase our perception of personal control, and our motivation. you can apply the same thinking to even the most routine jobs, and people can become more mindful of actions and attitudes that could be safer, more useful, and more productive. understanding mindful versus mindless behavior has many benefits. it gives us insight into individual perceptions and interpersonal conflict. when we listen to conversation based on mindless labeling, or see mindless behavior, we understand how it leads to nonproductive relationships and at - risk behaviors. by diagnosing a situation more accurately we can develop an effective intervention process. at the very least, we become more aware of our own mindlessness and can begin work on changing ourselves. you can always build on awareness, on mindful activity. by e. scott geller, ph. d., senior partner, safety performance solutions, and professor of psychology, virginia tech. for information on related books, training manuals, videotapes, audiotapes, and customized consulting, call sps at ( 540 ) 951 - 7233 ( safe ), and visit www. safetyperformance. com. sidebar 1 - be mindful of... 1 using conditional rather than unconditional statements when training, assigning jobs, or stating expectations ; 2 showing confidence as a leader but displaying some degree of uncertainty regarding exactly how a job should be safely completed ; 3 making more distinctions between individuals and avoiding global categorization of people and events ; and 4 becoming more mindful of our daily choices we so often take for granted. sidebar 2 - benefits of being mindful - people mindful of having personal control are more likely to actively care and be involved. - teamwork and overall safety is helped when you realize each person works at their own level of safety. - leaders who exhibit \" confident uncertainty \" can empower workers to come up with their own solutions for safety and health. - focusing on safety principles that can be customized instead of mandates allows employees", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5113268889635436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.320257"} {"text": "encyclopedia of southern jewish communities the jewish population of tennessee has always been concentrated in the state \u2019 s four largest cities. nowhere is this more evident than in clarksville, tennessee, which is the state \u2019 s fifth largest and fastest growing city, but which has never had a significant jewish population. in 2005, over 123, 000 people lived in clarksville, only a handful of which were jews. nestled on the banks of the cumberland river, clarksville is located in the ohio valley, just 45 minutes north of nashville. founded in 1785 and named for the noted revolutionary war hero george rogers clark, clarksville was initially opened to settlement by veterans of george washington \u2019 s continental army. the city grew in the early 19th century as it became linked to other cities through river boat traffic, improved roads, and eventually, in 1859, the railroad. tobacco was the area \u2019 s main cash crop, and tobacco plantations sprouted along with an increasing number of slaves. clarksville strongly supported secession, but was captured by the union army in 1862. clarksville suffered a major blow in 1878 when fire swept through the city \u2019 s downtown, destroying fifteen acres of property, including the county courthouse. jews first arrived in clarksville in the years before the civil war. david kohn, a german - born immigrant, was a young merchant in clarksville in 1860 ; jacob kline, only seventeen years old, was a clerk in the kohn \u2019 s store. by 1870, both men had moved away from clarksville. william rosenfield came to clarksville after the civil war, and opened a millinery shop by 1870. he and his wife bertha had eight children, few if any of whom remained in clarksville when they were adults. william kleeman was one of the first jews to settle in clarksville permanently. born in bavaria in 1835, kleeman came to the united states in 1852. after spending time in new york and illinois, kleeman moved with his family to clarksville after the civil war, where he opened a dry goods store. by 1880, he had closed the dry goods business and opened a butcher shop. his sons ike, arthur and edward later joined him in the business. in the 20th century, the kleemans became a very prominent family in town, though many of them converted to christianity. william kleeman, ike ' s son, served as mayor of clarksville in the 1950s ; a local community center in clarksville bears his name. kleeman descendants still reside in clarksville today. eastern european", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.354841576350975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.328058"} {"text": "of them converted to christianity. william kleeman, ike ' s son, served as mayor of clarksville in the 1950s ; a local community center in clarksville bears his name. kleeman descendants still reside in clarksville today. eastern european jews also made their way to clarksville around the turn of the century. russian - born shyer rubenstein came to america in 1894 and soon settled in clarksville ; he later opened a dry goods store with german - born isaac schindler. shyer was later joined by other family members, including morris and charles rubenstein, who also owned dry goods stores. morris owned a store on franklin street called \u201c the famous. \u201d a cousin of the rubenstein family, joseph goldberg, would leave a significant legacy in clarksville. born in russia, goldberg came to the united states in 1894, initially settling in chicago. around 1900, he moved to clarksville to join his cousins ; he started out peddling with merchandise from the rubenstein & schindler dry goods store. goldberg soon saved enough money to open a furniture store in clarksville, though eventually he became infatuated with the new technology of motion pictures. pursuing his passion, goldberg built the lillian theater on franklin street in 1912. described by the local newspaper as \u201c one of the most elaborate and up - to - date movie houses in the south, \u201d the theater burned down within its first year. undaunted, goldberg rebuilt the lillian in 1914. goldberg also bought the majestic theater and converted it to a live performance venue. he also constructed several buildings along what became known as the \u201c goldberg block, \u201d which he rented to merchants. goldberg died in 1925, and management of the lillian theater was taken over by his son ralph, who was forced the close the facility during the great depression. he sold it in 1939, when it was reopened as the roxy theater. when joe died, the local newspaper praised him, writing that \u201c few have contributed so substantially to clarksville \u2019 s business development in the same time, and with a keener and truer interest in its welfare. \u201d goldberg \u2019 s descendants continued to live in clarksville into the 21st century ; ralph \u2019 s son, william goldberg, owned a store in town before he died in 2007. in the early 20th century, the small but growing jewish community began to worship together. in 1906, they founded a congregation called b \u2019 nai abraham ( people of abrham ). joseph rosenfield was the president ; j. adler was treasurer, while edward klee", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4159914210441645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.330255"} {"text": ", the small but growing jewish community began to worship together. in 1906, they founded a congregation called b \u2019 nai abraham ( people of abrham ). joseph rosenfield was the president ; j. adler was treasurer, while edward kleeman was secretary. they originally met in the knights of pythias hall, but later rented an old disciples of christ church on madison street. b \u2019 nai abraham did not have a rabbi, relying on lay reader simon katz to lead services. occasionally, a rabbi from nashville would come up to lead services. this early congregation was short - lived, disbanding in 1908. even when they did not have a congregation, clarksville jews ran a religious school to teach their children about judaism. in 1919, maurice latner and ella klein ran the brandeis sunday school in clarksville. in 1929, clarksville jews founded another congregation, which they named beth el ( house of god ). in 1931, they dedicated two rented rooms on the second floor of the local masonic temple as their synagogue. rabbi michael aaronson, who worked for the union of american hebrew congregations, came down from cincinnati to give the dedication address. about 75 people attended the dedication ceremony, including several jews from small towns in southern kentucky who joined the clarksville congregation. rabbi aaronson, who had been blinded while fighting in world war i, also spoke to the local american legion chapter during his visit to the city. beth el joined the reform movement in 1931, and began to host student rabbis from hebrew union college in cincinnati. in 1933, the congregation held its first confirmation ceremony. student rabbi eric friedland officiated at the sunday morning service in which four young men and women were confirmed. although the congregation was nominally reform, most members came from orthodox backgrounds and their worship style was a mixture of the two. when services were lay - led, they were more orthodox ; when student rabbis came to lead services, they were reform. beth el also held social events, such as the 1933 congregational picnic held at kleeman \u2019 s farm, which attracted 100 people from clarksville and such kentucky towns as hopkinsville, russellville, bowling green, and greenville to eat what the newspaper reported as a \u201c delectable chicken barbecue dinner. \u201d indeed, beth el was a regional congregation. the congregation reached a peak of activity when it hired rabbi alfred vise as its spiritual leader in 1939. vise was a german refugee who had fled the country after his synagogue in hamburg was destroyed by the nazis during kristal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38712812704132293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.331218"} {"text": "was a regional congregation. the congregation reached a peak of activity when it hired rabbi alfred vise as its spiritual leader in 1939. vise was a german refugee who had fled the country after his synagogue in hamburg was destroyed by the nazis during kristalnacht. congregation ohavai sholom of nashville helped to bring rabbi vise over and helped pay his salary while he was in clarksville. rabbi vise served the small congregation for five years, before leaving to take a pulpit in blytheville, arkansas. without vise \u2019 s leadership, and facing declining membership numbers, beth el disbanded in the late 1940s. the jewish community of clarksville was never large. according to a 1937 population survey, 55 jews lived in the city. in 1940, beth el had only 19 contributing members, and its rented sanctuary only seated 100 people. by 1945, its membership had dropped sharply to 12 households. most of its members were russian - born merchants who owned clothing or furniture stores on franklin street downtown ( left ). many of the families were related to each other, tracing their roots back to latvia. many of the children raised in clarksville, like joseph cohen, moved to larger cities to find greater career opportunities ; cohen became a professor of english at tulane university in new orleans and founded the school \u2019 s jewish studies program. many moved to nearby nashville, and with the construction of the interstate highway connecting the two cities, it became easier for clarksville jews to attend religious services in the capitol city. indeed, clarksville jews had long been connected to nashville \u2019 s jewish community, with nashville rabbis conducting funerals in clarksville, and clarksville jews being buried in nashville \u2019 s jewish cemeteries. since world war ii, clarksville has grown tremendously. in 1942, the u. s. army built fort campbell just ten miles north of clarksville in southern kentucky. the base is currently the home of the 101st airborne division and about 28, 000 military personnel. the growth of fort campbell has led to a boom in clarksville, which is now the fastest growing city in the state. in 1960, 22, 000 people lived in clarksville ; by 2000, over 100, 000 did. 2005 estimates put the population at around 125, 000. usually, a booming economy and a rising population go hand - in - hand with a growing jewish community, but this is not the case in clarksville. its jewish population is extremely small, consisting of only a handful of families. the reason for this seeming anomaly is likely rooted in recent large -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4264307736108106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.332183"} {"text": "go hand - in - hand with a growing jewish community, but this is not the case in clarksville. its jewish population is extremely small, consisting of only a handful of families. the reason for this seeming anomaly is likely rooted in recent large - scale changes in southern jewish life. historically, southern jews were concentrated in retail trade, and thrived in areas where the economy was booming. but clarksville \u2019 s growth has occurred during a period in which the jewish storeowner has largely disappeared. the sons and daughters of shopkeepers have gone to college, become professionals, and moved away to larger cities. put simply, there aren \u2019 t enough jewish store owners to take advantage of the economic opportunities in clarksville. indeed, those jews who do live in the city are likely either professors at austin peay state university or doctors at the growing regional medical center. if this growth had occurred 50 to 100 years earlier, clarksville would have likely emerged as a large and active jewish community. despite their small numbers and lack of jewish institutions, jews have left their mark on clarksville. from the roxy theater, which was rebuilt in 1947 after another fire, to the harriet cohn guidance center, which was donated by jessel and harriet cohn to help those with mental health needs, jews have been an important part of life in clarksville for well over a century.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3638841732542707, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.332737"} {"text": "the space il organization has set an ambitious goal for itself \u2013 to send an israeli spaceprobe to the moon in 2015. the project received significant backing on monday when the bezeq telecommunications company announced it had signed on. bezeq will provide the advanced communications infrastructure needed for the spaceflight and also support space il ' s educational activities. the vessel will weigh less than 140 kilograms ( 308 pounds ), making it the smallest spacecraft ever to land on the moon. space il hopes the project will demonstrate ground - breaking technological capabilities in the field of building miniature smart spacecraft, which cost about a tenth of typical spacecraft. bezeq will be responsible for the probe ' s transmissions from the moon to a control center in the city of yehud, in central israel. \" this remarkable cooperation will enable us to meet the tremendous technological challenge and inspire the young generation, \" space il chairman yanki margalit said of bezeq \u2019 s support. space il is a non - profit group set up by israeli space enthusiasts to take part in the international google lunar x prize competition. according to the google lunar x prize website, a $ 30 million prize will be given to the first privately funded team that lands a robot on the moon, has the robot travel 500 meters on the lunar surface and sends back video, images and other data to earth. \" we are motivated by a mission : to reinvigorate the israeli start - up nation by undertaking a challenging task that will ignite the imagination of the country \u2019 s young generation, \" space il ' s website says. \" driven by a national mission to advance israel \u2019 s scientific and technological fields, space il is determined to push ingenuity further than ever before. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45509255638709945, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.334529"} {"text": "how to make economics come alive for students on a sunny april afternoon, students in associate professor william kolberg \u2019 s environmental economics class were not sitting captive in their seats, staring at graphs, and listening to the drone of a professorial lecture. instead, they were standing up, haggling and negotiating with each other in the center of the room, trying to close a deal. once the deal was made, they headed to the front of the room where kolberg waited to record the results of their negotiations in a growing list of numbers on the blackboard. the students repeated this scenario three or four times throughout the class period, generating excitement and data simultaneously. what was going on? were these students studying economics or playing a game? the answer, according to kolberg, is both - - this kind of \u201c classroom experiment \u201d is designed not only to engage students but also to impart a deeper understanding of important economic concepts. kolberg notes that \u201c so much information has been accumulated in the field of economics that the temptation is there just to feed students the information. but the undergraduate experience requires some amount of discovery, and there is more effective learning when students try to discover the answers themselves. \u201d he adds : \u201c while studying supply and demand may seem abstract, and well... boring, participating in an experimental market can be almost... exciting. \u201d students agree : applied economics major mike nowak \u2018 08 reports that this kind of classroom experiment \u201c helps you learn the concepts because it \u2019 s hands - on ; you do the experiment and actually get to see how it really works for a market to find equilibrium - - it makes a big impression on you. \u201d \u201c plus, it \u2019 s fun, \u201d says craig rosenberg \u2018 08, economics minor. \u201c everyone enjoys the day more when we do experiments. \u201d kolberg observes that \u201c it \u2019 s not only good for students ; it \u2019 s good for the instructor because it \u2019 s energizing to see how into it the students get. \u201d associate professor patrick meister also makes extensive use of classroom \u201c games \u201d in his teaching : \u201c i believe that an extremely effective and important way for students to learn economics is to \u2018 do \u2019 economics. the in - class games give the students a framework to help learn related concepts. furthermore, the link between in - class economic games and real - world competitive situations is especially interesting to students who are hungry to know how to apply economic theory to real markets. \u201d meister has authored articles on some of the games he has designed - -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.481720728946883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.339602"} {"text": ", the link between in - class economic games and real - world competitive situations is especially interesting to students who are hungry to know how to apply economic theory to real markets. \u201d meister has authored articles on some of the games he has designed - - including one in which students simulate an airline auction - - and feels that these simulations are keys to effective teaching. meister also organized the economics department \u2019 s first - ever fed challenge team in fall 2006, working closely with associate professor roger hinderliter. this challenge plunges students into the heady world of national monetary policy. coached by hinderliter ( who once worked for the federal reserve as an economic adviser ), students spent several weeks analyzing macroeconomic data and developing an argument about the next steps for monetary policy in the federal reserve. supported by an h & s ithaca fund award, the team traveled to buffalo for the competition. students agreed that it was a learning experience : \u201c we gained invaluable insights into what we need to do next time to be serious competitors. \u201d meister and hinderliter have created a one - credit fall semester course for student team members, who will compete for a second time in november \u2019 s fed challenge. another theme in making economics come alive is \u201c relevance. \u201d faculty provide students with real - world examples that enable them to see how abstract theory and concepts are connected to their own lives. professor frank musgrave says the goal is to have \u201c current issues examined in an academic environment. \u201d he makes extensive use of the wall street journal to help students connect what they learn in the classroom to what is going on in the world. assistant professor shaianne osterreich, whose teaching and research focus on globalization, shares this approach : \u201c students come in perhaps with a vague awareness of \u2018 globalization, \u2019 and all they know is that there \u2019 s an uneasiness about it, but they don \u2019 t know why. \u201d her goal is to provide students with the analytic tools to understand current events. professor elia kacapyr, chair of the economics department, believes that another way to make economics come alive is to show students that \u201c as a behavioral science, economics is concerned with all sorts of questions, most of which have nothing to do with money, interest rates, or the dow jones industrial average. i like to show students papers [ written ] by top - notch economists that investigate the behavior of criminals, voting patterns in presidential elections, and factors affecting substance abuse. \u201d kacapyr also engages his students in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4791737606391966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.340642"} {"text": "wep is the encryption standard that comes with wifi lans. it uses rc4 encryption, which is the same as that used by the security built into standard web browsers ( ssl ). one might think, therefore, that it is sufficiently tried and tested to be trusted. well, there ' s not a great deal wrong with rc4 - - but there is a great deal wrong with its implementation within wifi. put simply, it should not be used in this manner. ( technically, it is a stream cipher being used where a stream cipher should not be used. a block cipher would have been better for wlans. but rc4 was easy and cheap to implement - and with 40 bit keys it was not subject to the then existent us export laws. ) problems with wep were known at the end of year 2000. but in summer 2001, the well - known cryptographers fluhrer, mantin and shamir ( the ' s ' of rsa ) published a new paper in which \u201c we show that rc4 is completely insecure in a common mode of operation which is used in the widely deployed wired equivalent privacy protocol ( wep, which is part of the 802. 11 standard ), in which a fixed secret key is concatenated with known iv modifiers in order to encrypt different messages. our new passive ciphertext - only attack on this mode can recover an arbitrarily long key in a negligible amount of time... \u201d in simple english, this is devastating news for the security of 802. 11 wlans. basically, there is no security. it prompted phil belanger, past chairman and current marketing director of weca, to comment : \u201c we perceive this as serious and different from the previous attacks, and we ' re not going to say ' don ' t worry about it '. however, we ' ve always said that if privacy is a concern, you need to be using end - to - end security mechanisms, like virtual private networks, along with the wlan. \u201d without going into the technical details, rc4 ' s implementation within wifi means that in cryptographic terms it is a trivial matter to break the encryption. to make matters worse, there is a freely available hacking tool on the internet ( airsnort ) that can do all the hard work automatically. as a result, wireless lans using wep encryption are as vulnerable to script kiddies ( wannabee hackers without their technical expertise ) as they are to genuine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6072137833073417, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.346642"} {"text": "world ocean conference, a fight to get oceans into the climate change debate 13 may 2009 | international news release for immediate release : 11 may, 2009 manado, north sulawesi, indonesia, 11 may, 2009 ( iucn ) \u2013 the manado ocean declaration draft will be review at the world ocean congress in manado urging the un to put marine issues at the top of the agenda at the climate talks in copenhagen. with two - thirds of our planet being oceans, we need to protect our oceans to protect our future. climate change will not only have an effect on natural resources and on coastal infrastructure but will displace a large number of people. sea level rise will cause seawater intrusion which will severely affect aquaculture and agriculture, as well as access to fresh water. \u201c one meter sea rise could inundate 17 % of bangladesh, completely flood the maldives and many of the pacific island states. up to 30 % loss of global coastal wetlands is expected if sea temperature increase by 3 - 4\u00b0c above pre - industrial levels. increased concentrations of co2 in seawater will lead to ocean acidification reducing calcification functions of corals. changes in precipitation will cause flooding, landslides and more run - off from land to the sea. storm surges will contribute to beach erosion, loss of infrastructure and reduced water quality, thereby jeopardising, health, food security, and livelihoods such as fisheries and tourism, making coastal communities even more vurlnerable to extreme weather events \u201d, says anne walton, noaa. the un talks in copenhagen ( cop15 ) at the end of the year is expected to result in a new agreement on reducing carbon emissions by a set target for all developed nations by 2012, the year which the kyoto protocol expires. \u201c the manado ocean declaration must ensure that impacts of climate change on oceans, particularily coral reefs, mangroves and seagrasses are recognised \u201d says, bernard o \u2019 callaghan, iucn regional coordinator for oceania. \u201c the consequences of a failure to do so will be devastating, especially for the millions of people in developing countries that depend on these \u201d. policy - makers need to make sure that effective climate change adaptation measures are adopted and implemented now. helping to influence such changes is a part of iucn \u2019 s mandate \u201d, says bernard o \u2019 callaghan, iucn regional coordinator for oceania for more information or to set up interviews, please contact : minna epps, iucn asia media relations, m + 62 812 4471 6215, e firstname.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.407714820533854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.349647"} {"text": "| scientific name : | | samoana abbreviata | | species authority : | | ( mousson, 1869 ) | | taxonomic notes : | | this species seems closely related to samoana conica, but its shells are dextral, whereas those of s. conica are sinistral. its shell is generally yellowish - green in colour. least common of the three tutuila partulids. | | red list category & criteria : | | critically endangered b2ab ( iii ) ver 3. 1 | | reviewer / s : | | barker, g., triantis, k., garcia, n. & pippard, h. | this species is currently known only from a single location within an area of occupancy of less than 5 km2, and a very small known population ( 15 specimens recorded in 1998 ). therefore the population is considered to be declining, as is its quality of habitat due to the introduction of e. rosea. it is therefore listed as critically endangered. continued biosecurity vigilance is critical to prevent further invasive species establishments in this species ' habitat. surveys to determine the current distribution of this species and its population size, status and trends are also recommended, as is site and species protection in american samoa. | range description : | | this is a single island endemic that occurs in american samoa on the island of tutuila, at the following localities : alava / maugaloa ridge, faiga ridge and along the vatia powerline trail, toa ridge. in addition, empty shells have been found on pagatatua ridge, levaga ridge and polauta ridge. the estimated area of occupancy is approximately less than 5 km2 ( cowie and cook 1999 ). | native : american samoa ( american samoa ) | range map : | | click here to open the map viewer and explore range. | this is the least common of the three tutuila partulids. it is considered very rare and current population trends are unknown, although there is evidence for historical decline ( cowie and cook 2001 ). the bishop museum malacological collection database lists 139 collections of this species made in 1926 and 1930 from many localities spread across tutuila ; some of these collections including numerous specimens. clearly it was widespread and in some places abundant. subsequently, however, until the 1998 survey, it had not been seen alive since 1940. in a 1998 survey ( cowie and cook 1999 ), a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42943981378151264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.353245"} {"text": "; some of these collections including numerous specimens. clearly it was widespread and in some places abundant. subsequently, however, until the 1998 survey, it had not been seen alive since 1940. in a 1998 survey ( cowie and cook 1999 ), a total of eight live individuals was seen at seven of the quantitative survey stations. three of these stations were on alava / maugaloa ridge ; one each were at mid - elevations on faiga ridge and along the vatia powerline trail ; and two were on toa ridge. single empty shells were collected at each of two additional stations on maugaloa ridge, and one each on pagatatua ridge, levaga ridge and polauta ridge. five additional live individuals were seen at five points along the alava / maugaloa ridge trail ; one was seen high on toa ridge ; and one was seen on polauta ridge. therefore, a total of 15 live individuals was seen. its distribution strongly mimics those of eua zebrina and samoana conica with a concentration in the central area from toa ridge to the vatia powerline trail and along alava / maugaloa ridge in this area. finding samoana abbreviata alive is of major significance, but it is clearly surviving in extremely low numbers. | habitat and ecology : | | this is an arboreal species from moist forest from near the coast to crest of ridge. | | major threat ( s ) : | | the main threats to this species are habitat modification and destruction resulting from the impacts of invasive species ( e. g. exotic plants ) and agricultural activities and encroaching settlements. in addition, the species is particularly threatened by the introduction of the predatory snail e. rosea. | | conservation actions : | | the entire known distribution of the species is in the national park of american samoa ( tutuili section ). however, there are no species - specific management actions in place to control the current threats to the species. as eradication of e. rosea isn ' t likely to be possible, captive breeding and species monitoring is highly recommended. establishing miniature preserves ( enclosures ) that exclude e. rosea is also recommended. | | citation : | | cowie, r. 2012. samoana abbreviata. in : iucn 2012. iucn red list of threatened species. version 2012. 2. < www. iucnredlist. org >. downloaded on 21 may 2013. | | feedback : | | if you see", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42076156619346766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.354374"} {"text": "hold for release until 03 / 20 / 2012 study provides first - ever focus on community college stem programs that seek to recruit women. washington, dc \u2014 jobs in science, engineering, technology, and math ( stem ) fields are expected to grow by 17 percent between 2008 and 2018, nearly double the growth of all other fields. a new report from the institute for women \u2019 s policy research ( iwpr ) shows that women are underrepresented in all but one stem field, and have been losing ground in receipt of stem degrees from community colleges over the last decade. according to the new report, increasing opportunities for low - income women and student parents in science, technology, engineering, and math at community colleges, the share of women pursuing degrees in stem fields at community colleges is significantly declining. in 1997, women earned 33. 8 percent of these degrees but that number dropped to 27. 5 percent in 2007. although women make up close to half of the labor force, only one in four stem jobs is held by a woman. \u201c investing in stem education for low - income women and student parents is a win - win strategy, \u201d said cynthia costello, author of the report. \u201c it strengthens the economic security of american families, and expands the number of highly - skilled stem workers to make the nation more competitive in the 21st century. \u201d women \u2019 s median annual earnings in most stem fields are higher than what women earn in most occupations that are female - dominated. in fact, women with stem jobs earn one - third more than women in non - stem jobs. community colleges provide opportunities to low - income women and student parents to earn associate \u2019 s degrees in a variety of fields. currently, women with associate \u2019 s degrees earn only 77 percent of what men earn, in part because men are more likely to enter higher - paying fields such as stem. at the associate \u2019 s degree level, women are more likely to pursue career fields that are considered \u201c traditional \u201d such as consumer services ( 86. 7 percent female ), health sciences ( 84. 6 percent female ), and education ( 73. 8 percent female ). analysis of data from the integrated postsecondary education data system ( ipeds ) found the share of women receiving short - and medium - term certificates ( both requiring less than two years to complete ) in stem fields decreased by half between 2000 \u2013 2001 and 2008 \u2013 2009. a very small proportion of associate \u2019 s degrees in stem fields are awarded to women of color, including african american women ( 3. 3 percent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47465136814717124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.358622"} {"text": "less than two years to complete ) in stem fields decreased by half between 2000 \u2013 2001 and 2008 \u2013 2009. a very small proportion of associate \u2019 s degrees in stem fields are awarded to women of color, including african american women ( 3. 3 percent ) ; hispanic women ( 2. 2 percent ) ; and asian, native hawaiian, and pacific islander women ( 1. 3 percent ). president barack obama has emphasized that higher education is key to preparing americans for the jobs available in today \u2019 s economy, and the president \u2019 s 2013 budget proposal would provide $ 3 billion federally for stem education, an increase of 2. 6 percent over the current level. addressing the needs of low - income women and student parents is integral to boosting the number of students pursuing higher education in the united states : almost four in ten postsecondary students are low - income ( 39. 8 percent ) and women make up the great majority ( 81 percent ) of low - income students who are single parents. \u201c as the nation works to improve access to community college credentials, it is critical that women and people of color have equal access to high quality degrees, such as those in stem fields, that lead to family - sustaining wages. a number of exciting programs around the country are working to break those gender and race divides, and their techniques can serve as a model for other community colleges that want to equalize enrollment in stem programs, \u201d said barbara gault, ph. d., vice president and executive director of iwpr. promising programs use active recruitment strategies to reach out to individuals who might not think of themselves pursuing stem careers. low - income women and student parents may require more intensive resources and academic supports to succeed in stem fields at community colleges. resources such as affordable child care and financial aid are essential to helping these students complete their education. academic advising is also crucial for disadvantaged students who may be unfamiliar with how to successfully navigate the demands of college. experts from promising programs around the country are available for comment. the report outlines recommendations for improving access to stem programs for women, particularly low - income women attending community colleges, and provides snapshots of some of the most promising programs from across the country that target women. a podcast featuring cynthia costello, the report author, is available to listeners for download. in the podcast, costello explains how more women holding jobs in stem fields would bring greater economic security to women and their families and improve the economic health of the nation as a whole. for more information, please visit http : / / tinyurl.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49714820590061765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.359646"} {"text": "pre - birth acupuncture refers to a series of treatments in the final weeks of pregnancy to prepare women for childbirth. research1 has demonstrated that the mean duration of labour in a group of women giving birth for the first time was reduced from 8 hours and 2 minutes in the control group ( 70 women ) to 6 hours and 36 minutes in the group of 70 women who had received pre - birth acupuncture. in clinical practice acupuncture is an ideal method to help women prepare themselves to have the most efficient labour possible. feedback suggests that pre - birth acupuncture offers a range of positive effects in labour that goes beyond reducing the time spent in labour, with midwives reporting a reduced rate of medical intervention. this article outlines the use of pre - birth treatments in clinical practice in the hope that this will encourage practitioners to promote this practical treatment. western medical information in preparation for birth, a woman \u2019 s doctor or midwife will usually recommend weekly visits when the gestational age of 36 - 37 weeks has been reached. during these visits the foetus is checked to detect its position and heartbeat. monitoring is carried out for gestational diabetes ( a form of diabetes that can develop during pregnancy and will usually resolve post birth ) and pregnancy induced hypertension ( also known as pre - eclampsia, a collection of symptoms including high blood pressure, oedema and protein in the urine that if left untreated can lead to problems such as small for dates babies and eclamptic fitting in the mother ). \u2018 minor \u2019 discomforts that the women may be experiencing around this time, and which are considered normal include heartburn, constipation, varicose veins, haemorrhoids, leg cramps, bleeding gums, nasal congestion, nosebleeds, backache, swelling of the hands and feet, difficulty in sleeping and increased anxiety and tiredness. it is also considered normal for the woman to have profuse transparent leucorrhoea, and to experience frequent urination as the baby drops and places further pressure on her bladder. on the plus side her breathing should become easier at this time as the baby descends further into the pelvis. termed \u2018 lightening \u2019, \u2018 dropping \u2019 or \u2018 engagement \u2019, this descending typically occurs two to four weeks prior to delivery in a first pregnancy, though it may not occur until birth in subsequent pregnancies. from about 37 weeks onwards, a woman \u2019 s preparation for labour usually consists of attending educational antenatal classes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47077953449759496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.375244"} {"text": "descending typically occurs two to four weeks prior to delivery in a first pregnancy, though it may not occur until birth in subsequent pregnancies. from about 37 weeks onwards, a woman \u2019 s preparation for labour usually consists of attending educational antenatal classes, talking through her plans and fears with her midwife or doctor and trying to rest as much as possible. traditional chinese medicine traditional chinese medicine has a long history of advocating that women modify their lifestyle throughout pregnancy, to ensure healthy babies and efficient births. this has involved advice on regulating physical activity, following dietary guidelines and maintaining a calm emotional state. an early reference to this practice exists in the records of the historian which tells how the mother of the first emperor of the western zhou dynasty ( 11th century to 771 b. c. e. ) refused to look upon adverse colours, hear indecent sounds, or the utterance of any arrogant words, and because of this she gave birth to a son who achieved great things2. later references to what became known as \u2018 foetal education \u2019 included recommendations that pregnant women abstain from the use of non - prescribed medications, all alcohol and lifting heavy objects. advice was also given on taking frequent leisurely walks and regulating sleep ( avoiding both excessive sleep and undue fatigue ). abstaining from the seven passions, the five unfavourable tastes and all sexual activity was also seen as essential2. dr. xu zi cai ( 493 - 572 c. e. ) detailed beneficial and detrimental foods for each month of pregnancy. during the second month of pregnancy, for example, the mother should avoid pungent, hot or drying foods, and if women experienced abdominal or umbilical fullness and a bearing down sensation in the third month, rooster soup should be taken3. as a woman approached the completion of her pregnancy, dr. xu zi cai advised that she concentrate her qi in the lower dantian, three cun below her umbilicus, to promote the growth of the foetus \u2019 s joints and its mental development. this interest in promoting optimal conditions during pregnancy, and in preparing for an efficient birth has continued to the present day in traditional chinese medicine, with the emphasis on a women \u2019 s qi and blood prior to delivery ( \u201c if the qi is correct and if the blood is circulating well labour is described as harmonious \u201d 4 ). acupuncture sessions prior to labour provide an ideal opportunity to ensure that the qi and blood, the five emotions and the zangfu are all in harmony. possible", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48010416427496394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.376409"} {"text": "if the blood is circulating well labour is described as harmonious \u201d 4 ). acupuncture sessions prior to labour provide an ideal opportunity to ensure that the qi and blood, the five emotions and the zangfu are all in harmony. possible text box : traditional chinese medicine has a long history of advocating that women modify their lifestyle throughout pregnancy, to ensure healthy babies and efficient births. acupuncture can be used in two main ways in the later stages of pregnancy. firstly, specific pre - birth treatments, in the form of a standard set of points, can help prepare a woman \u2019 s body for birth, with an emphasis on preparing the cervix and pelvis for labour. secondly, treatment can be given to deal with medical conditions such as pregnancy induced hypertension, and symptoms such as heartburn and haemorrhoids. using a standard set of acupuncture points once a week for three weeks prior to the woman \u2019 s due date is an accepted practice in german hospitals where acupuncture is practised. midwives who have trained in a special acupuncture course use yanglingquan gb - 34, zusanli st - 36 and sanyinjiao sp - 6, with zhiyin bl - 67 as an added point on the woman \u2019 s third visit. other formulas used elsewhere for this purpose are i. zusanli st - 36, yanglingquan gb - 34, sanyinjiao sp - 6 and shenmai bl - 625, and ii. zusanli st - 36, yanglingquan gb - 34, shenmai bl - 62 and jiaoxin kid - 86. for many years my use of pre - birth treatments in clinical practice involved women who had experienced problems with a previous birth, and were seeking to make their subsequent delivery as natural as possible. while my own follow - up of these women ' s resulting birth experiences was positive ( with the majority reporting an efficient labour ), i remained reluctant to promote the general use of pre - birth treatments. my concern was that women seeking acupuncture had prepared for their birth in many other ways, for example finding supportive midwives, practising yoga for pregnancy and taking homoeopathic medicines, and i was unsure how to accurately measure the effects of pre - birth treatment against these. however, after running an acupuncture course for midwives in i997, i received feedback suggesting that pre - birth treatment was more than just a useful support", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5004458431024682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.377405"} {"text": "unsure how to accurately measure the effects of pre - birth treatment against these. however, after running an acupuncture course for midwives in i997, i received feedback suggesting that pre - birth treatment was more than just a useful support to reassure concerned women. the midwives suggested it should be offered to all birthing women, reporting that it consistently increased the chances of women experiencing a natural efficient labour. they commented that the time women spent in active labour was notably shorter than in those that did not receive treatment, and felt that the effect of introducing pre - birth acupuncture as part of midwifery care had contributed to reduced intervention rates, including medical inductions and caesarean sections. treatment was given by midwives once a week, from 37 or 38 weeks until delivery. the acupuncture points used were taken from research1 concluding that the use of the acupuncture points zusanli st - 36, yanglingquan gb - 34, shenmai bl - 62 and sanyinjiao sp - 6 once a week for several weeks prior to a woman ' s due date effectively reduced the time women spent in labour. all points were needled bilaterally, with the woman sitting over a chair, or unilaterally, with the woman lying comfortably on her side. they were used with an even needling technique and usually retained for 20 minutes. jiaoxin kid - 8 could be substituted for sanyinjiao sp - 6 if the midwife was concerned about using sanyinjiao sp - 6 ( see below ). if the baby \u2019 s position was not optimal ( that is posterior or remaining high ) kunlun bl - 60 or zhiyin bl - 67 was substituted for shenmai bl - 62 by some midwives. i was initially concerned that although sanyinjiao sp - 6 was used in the above research, it might potentially have the effect of promoting a premature labour or a labour that was excessively rapid in certain women. it must be noted that although women may be under the impression that the faster labour is, the better they will feel about the experience, this is not necessarily true. extremely intense rapid labours ( for example three hours from start to finish in a woman having her first baby ) can be very shocking for the mother, so much so that women often describe feelings of panic and thoughts that they were about to die. these extreme labours can also contribute to acute medical problems such as foetal distress and postpartum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48072024578859407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.378400"} {"text": "first baby ) can be very shocking for the mother, so much so that women often describe feelings of panic and thoughts that they were about to die. these extreme labours can also contribute to acute medical problems such as foetal distress and postpartum haemorrhage. there is therefore a vast difference between a labour that is short and efficient, and a rapid uncontrolled labour, potentially resulting in medical problems. for this reason, midwives were advised to follow the guidelines i use in clinical practice when a woman presents with a labour history that includes a previous rapid birth or premature labour, which is to substitute jiaoxin kid - 8 for sanyinjiao sp - 6, to give a reduced number of pre - birth treatments to the woman, or to omit the use of sanyinjiao sp - 6 from the pre - birth treatment. however, in treating women without a history of a previous rapid or premature labour where sanyinjiao sp - 6 is routinely used, no untoward effects have been noted. midwives report that the use of sanyinjiao sp - 6 noticeably helps the cervix soften and dilate prior to labour commencing, a desirable outcome and one that is a positive indicator for an efficient labour. midwives also commented that they had observed a trend in women who received pre - birth treatment to either go into spontaneous labour around their due dates, or, if an induction was required, to respond well to acupuncture treatment for induction and progress efficiently to a natural birth. this confirms my own clinical observation of a noticeable reduction in the number of women seeking induction treatments since i began offering pre - birth treatments. \u2022 zusanli st - 36, needled perpendicularly 1 to 1. 5 cun, used as a pre - birth point, due to its qi tonifying and blood nourishing properties. \u2022 yanglingquan gb - 34, needled with a perpendicular or slightly oblique posterior insertion 1 to 1. 5 cun. used as a pre - birth point to help relax and soften the ligaments prior to labour. \u2022 sanyinjiao sp - 6, needled with a perpendicular or oblique proximal insertion 1 to 1. 5 cun. used as a pre - birth point to aid in cervical dilatation. \u2022 jiaoxin kid - 8, needled perpendicularly 0. 5 to 1 cun. used as part of a formula for pre - birth together with zusanli st - 36, yanglingqua", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47976949540462954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.379460"} {"text": "to aid in cervical dilatation. \u2022 jiaoxin kid - 8, needled perpendicularly 0. 5 to 1 cun. used as part of a formula for pre - birth together with zusanli st - 36, yanglingquan gb - 34, and shenmai bl - 62, possibly due to its ability to regulate the conception ( ren ) and penetrating ( chong ) vessels and assist the uterus. \u2022 shenmai bl - 62, needled with an oblique inferior insertion 0. 3 to 0. 5 cun. used as part of a formula for pre - birth treatment together with zusanli st - 36, yanglingquan gb - 34 and jiaoxin kid - 8, possibly due to its influences over the lumbar region and hip. \u2022 kunlun bl - 60, needled perpendicularly 0. 5 to 1 cun or directed superiorly to join with taixi kid - 3, 1. 5 to 2 cun. used as a pre - birth point due to its descending action. \u2022 zhiyin bl - 67, needled with a perpendicular or oblique insertion directed proximally 0. 1 to 0. 2 cun. used as a pre - birth point for its action in promoting the optimal position of the baby for birth. as pre - birth treatments offer the advantage of seeing a woman regularly for several weeks prior to labour, points can be carefully added to the standard treatment to deal with presenting problems, such as, pregnancy induced hypertension, insomnia, heartburn or posterior positioned babies. help can also be offered for emotional problems, such as, frustration over a unwanted mother - in - law or friend that wants to be present for the birth, or fear and anxiety that this birth will follow the pattern of a previous birth ( or a friend \u2019 s birth ), for example a 36 - hour labour ending with an emergency caesarean section. care should be taken, however, not to scatter the woman \u2019 s energy, and thus the number of points used should be kept to a minimum. this is also an excellent time to advise on the benefits of preventive rest. explaining the traditional chinese ideas on regulating physical activity and trying to maintain emotional balance to ensure that she enters birth in the best possible energetic state. i have also found these pre - birth visits provide an ideal opportunity to discuss the use of acupressure points in labour for pain relief7, and the role chinese medicine can play in postnatal recovery.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5039881525893037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.380461"} {"text": "in the best possible energetic state. i have also found these pre - birth visits provide an ideal opportunity to discuss the use of acupressure points in labour for pain relief7, and the role chinese medicine can play in postnatal recovery. the traditional chinese medicine view is that a healthy pregnancy depends on adequate rest, a suitable diet and emotional well being. this provides a welcome alternative middle ground to the two prevalent approaches found in modern western culture : that pregnancy is a medical problem that medicine should control, on the one hand, and that pregnancy is something that no healthy woman should let change her daily life, on the other. the often - subtle pressure to be a \u201c super pregnant mum \u201d comes from a perception ( from the woman herself or from those surrounding her ), that all any woman really requires for a \u201c healthy \u201d pregnancy is a few antenatal visits. in contrast, the advice from the chinese classic admonitions to ladies states, \u201c a pregnant woman carries with her the finest piece of jade. she should enjoy all things, look at fine pictures and be attended by handsome servants \u201d 8 while the advice concerning servants may today be somewhat impractical, this passage does convey a great respect for pregnancy in terms of physical activity, it is important for a woman to find a form of gentle, stamina building exercise that suits her lifestyle. this should be invigorating but not exhausting. suggestions include walking, swimming, tai chi or yoga classes designed for pregnancy. it is also just as important for women to be able to rest before becoming exhausted. in the latter stages of pregnancy it is suggested that a woman creates a \u201c down time \u201d during the day when she can just rest or have a sleep. whatever a woman \u2019 s experience of labour is going to be, it will not be enhanced by feelings of tiredness and exhaustion. dietary recommendations include avoiding spicy, pungent and greasy foods. i often find there is a problem with excessive mucus production in the later stages of pregnancy, as women tend to increase their consumption of damp producing foods ( for example dairy products, rich meats, bananas and concentrated juices, especially orange and tomato ) in the belief that these are healthy and that they need the extra calcium or iron these foods provide. while women may not want to go to the extent of avoiding all of the \u201c seven passions \u201d ( which includes avoiding sex until after the birth ), it is useful to ask women to pay attention to activities that upset them, instead of dismissing these feelings as \u201c just ho", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5046016897954398, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.381596"} {"text": "want to go to the extent of avoiding all of the \u201c seven passions \u201d ( which includes avoiding sex until after the birth ), it is useful to ask women to pay attention to activities that upset them, instead of dismissing these feelings as \u201c just hormonal \u201d. it might be helpful to avoid watching disturbing films, reading sad books, or listening to negative news reports and instead where possible concentrate on more positive events. clinical experience from midwive \u2019 s practice one aspect of the acupuncture course for midwives that has been particularly useful in my practice is the use of pre - birth treatments. i believe that this has made an impact on the birth experience of the primigravida women who have received the treatment. all first - time mothers under my care, from october 2000 to february 2001, agreed to have pre - birth acupuncture, once a week for three weeks. these were their outcomes : janice : normal birth, five - hour labour. andrea : normal birth, nine - hour labour. robin : normal birth, six - hour labour. suzette : normal birth, seven - hour labour. nicky : water birth, seven - hour labour. rachael : normal birth, seven - hour labour. janice went overdue and received two consecutive days of acupuncture treatment for induction. ( ciliao bl - 32, sanyinjiao sp - 6 and hegu l. i. - 4 ). she went into labour spontaneously on the third day. ciliao bl - 32 was used with success for an anterior lip during her labour. ( anterior lip is when during the later part of the first stage of labour the cervix becomes swollen, and is unable to fully dilate to allow the baby to descend. as the women is in the later stages of labour she will have the urge to push but will be told by her midwife not to as she is effectively just making the lip more swollen by forcing the baby ' s head onto the cervix. this becomes a problem during labour as it is very uncomfortable for the woman and delays progress ). during labour andrea remained 6cm dilated for three hours. ciliao bl - 32, sanyinjiao sp - 6 and hegu l. i. - 4 were used, and one hour later she was actively pushing. nicky costello \u2013 midwife i have been using zusanli st - 36, yanglingquan gb - 34, sanyinjiao sp - 6 and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45026144297293774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.382634"} {"text": "l. i. - 4 were used, and one hour later she was actively pushing. nicky costello \u2013 midwife i have been using zusanli st - 36, yanglingquan gb - 34, sanyinjiao sp - 6 and kunlun bl - 60 as pre - birth treatments at 37, 38 and 39 weeks gestation. i also often include taichong liv - 3, yintang ( m - hn - 3 ) and baihui du - 20 to help relaxation and enhance the woman \u2019 s calmness in this anticipatory time. i have found that this is also a great time to chat while waiting for the treatment to be completed. i have found that the women who have had this preparatory acupuncture usually come into labour before 42 weeks gestation and have an efficient labour. they make good progress and do not usually stop and start. the cervix is usually quite effaced by the time they reach 3cm dilatation and progress is often swifter than those women who have not had any acupuncture. i do notice a difference between those who have had the pre - birth acupuncture in that even if the head is \u2018 high \u2019 and will not come down ( despite using jianjing gb - 21 ), or if the position is posterior ( and has not responded to zhiyin bl - 67 ) so that women end up having a caesarean section, those women who have had acupuncture will have a much more favourable cervix than those who have not. liz brunton - midwife beverly had a history of long labour, going 2 weeks overdue with all her previous 3 children and requiring medical inductions for 2 of them. she was very keen to try pre - birth acupuncture for this pregnancy, as in her opinion it could only help. at 37 and 38 weeks zusanli st - 36, yanglingquan gb - 34, shenmai bl - 62, and jiaoxin kid - 8 were used. at 39 weeks sanyinjiao sp - 6 was substituted for jiaoxin kid - 8 and jianjing gb - 21 was added. at 40 weeks jianjing gb - 21, zusanli st - 36, sanyinjiao sp - 6, hegu l. i. - 4, taichong liv - 3 and ciliao bl - 32 were used. beverly went into spontaneous labour 2 days later. i used hegu l.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4213250751858402, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.383500"} {"text": ", sanyinjiao sp - 6, hegu l. i. - 4, taichong liv - 3 and ciliao bl - 32 were used. beverly went into spontaneous labour 2 days later. i used hegu l. i. - 4 and sanyinjiao sp - 6 when she arrived in the delivery suite, as the contractions seemed to have spaced out. within half an hour they were coming more frequently and more regularly. she had her quickest ever labour ( 8 hours and18 minutes ) and it was her first - ever drug - free labour. karen wakelin \u2013 midwife pre - birth acupuncture offers acupuncturists the opportunity to promote a safe and effective treatment to promote natural labour. it is ideally suited for western style private practice and overcomes the limitations of being on call when providing acupuncture for women during labour. with acupuncturists able to use their training to provide individualised treatments, they have the possibility of offering holistic care on top of a set of prescribed treatment points. i would encourage all acupuncturists interested in supporting women through the birthing process to promote this treatment, allowing women access to the benefits of acupuncture as part of their preparation for labour. notes and references 1 kubista e, kucera h, geburtshilfe perinatol 1974 ; 178 224 - 9. 2 zhang ting - liang. a handbook of traditional chinese gynaecology, blue poppy press, 1987, p4. 3 maciocia, g., obstetrics & gynecology, churchill livingstone 1998, pp. 447 - 449. 4 auteroche, b., navailh, r., acupuncture en gynecologie et obstetrique, chapter 11, maloine 1996. 5 beal, m., journal of nurse midwifery, vol 37, no. 4, july / august 1992, p263. 6 alison, j. 1993 in a lecture given to the new zealand register of acupuncturists. 7 betts, d. acupressure analagesia : providing pain relief during labour, the journal of chinese medicine, issue 59, january 1999, pp25 - 27 and http : / / home. clear. net. nz / pages / debra _ betts 8 gascoigne, s., the manual of conventional medicine for alternative practitioners, jigm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4386347547524798, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.384316"} {"text": "this is part 1 of 2. part 2 is my guide to the use of semantic html elements i \u2019 ve seen a lot of articles discussing the importance of html and xhtml semantics. i \u2019 ve seen articles describing what it means for a document to be semantic. most of these articles, however, don \u2019 t provide a serious overview of what html elements actually may be considered semantic \u2014 and what those semantic elements actually mean. and, even more particularly, why it matters. semantics is an erudite area of study. literally, semantics can be fairly defined as the study of meaning in communication. communication can readily be extended to cover symbolic notations, representations of language, organization of language, body language and information structures. in developing a web page, we are organizing a means to communicate the content of that page : ideally, we are organizing the page in such a manner that it will be understood regardless of the method by which the page is accessed. it should be equally understandable whether seen, heard, or felt. the semantics of html structure, then, are clearly an important part of web design. sending mixed signals to the user agent or the user by using a blockquote purely for it \u2019 s native indentation is an abuse of semantics : even the visual impact is dependent on the assumption that user agents will consistently render a blockquote in an indented manner. it \u2019 s not precisely an issue that you \u2019 ve used a semantic element for presentational means, because, in fact, you \u2019 ve done more than that : you \u2019 ve presented a block of text which is not quoted material as if it were. semantic elements of html carry meaning regardless of your knowledge of that meaning. the result is that the misuse of an element creates the potential to mislead or confuse an end - user. the most obvious examples in common use are those which make use of elements with semantic meaning which also offer a browser - contributed default presentation in order to use that presentational style. the blockquote example above is not uncommon ; similarly, the use of empty p elements to create extra white space or heading elements used as a questionable seo technique in substitution for normal paragraphs. now, you may point to the following paragraph, from the html 4. 01 specifications, as a response to my opinion : authors may also create an a element that specifies no anchors, i. e., that doesn \u2019 t specify href, name, or id. values for these attributes may be set at a later time through scripts. the fact", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5483265956074359, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.389219"} {"text": "to my opinion : authors may also create an a element that specifies no anchors, i. e., that doesn \u2019 t specify href, name, or id. values for these attributes may be set at a later time through scripts. the fact that it is allowed by the specification does not make it a best practice. with all due respect to the w3c, this should not be permitted. for reference, the html 5 specification currently reads : if the a element has no hrefattribute, then the element is a placeholder for where a link might otherwise have been placed, if it had been relevant. in addition, although i won \u2019 t quote everything, the specification states that an anchor which does have the href attribute must specify a uri as the value of that attribute. it appears to essentially state that an anchor element should have no semantic meaning if the href attribute is not set and valid. but i could be wrong. the best means to avoid the misuse of elements is to have a clear understanding of when and why a given element should be used in web development. to hopefully expand on your knowledge in that respect, i \u2019 m attempting to provide a semantic guide to html elements for your reference and rich disagreement. be aware, however, that semantics are largely a matter of opinion. it \u2019 s not a question of blindly following the guidelines set by a group ; it \u2019 s a question of interpreting those guidelines to the best of your ability and belief. this guide reflect how i think html elements should be used ; and i welcome your opinions. other html semantics articles - guidelines from wcag 2. 0 on the use of html for semantic structure - traditional html semantics ( part i of a three - part series on web semantics by john alsopp ) - html : the foundation of the web \u2013 niels matthijs - semantic html and search engine optimization \u2013 from the opera developer community, by joost de valk - who will read your semantic html? \u2013 jesse skinner - when semantic markup goes bad \u2013 matthew paul thomas - semantics \u2013 why bother? \u2013 mel pedley at accessites - html semantics from western civilization, pty. - graph the semantic html structure of your web page \u2013 joe dolson", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4951835084857735, "token_count": 453, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.390099"} {"text": "what is square one? it is our foundation ; the starting point. often, the premise for our project is not complete and we return to square one to reevaluate our theories. we always return to square one stronger, better informed and more fully equipped. five hundred and twenty years ago, technology wasn ' t even a term. but, for one young man, there were indestructible things to measure his theory. if the tide went out and came back, was it true the world was flat? if the sun rose each day and went down another way, was not the world round? if the north star could be seen every season of the year, would it not be seen far away in the west indies? christopher columbus had the information and foundation he needed for square one. in order to get to square two, a boat and a crew, he had a bit of convincing to do with people who had what he needed for this tour. he approached several kings and queens of the day. it was hard to find those interested in ventures outside of their own little corner of the world. however, king ferdinand ii and queen isabella of spain heard a different refrain. the riches of the west indies appealed to them. not only spices, but gold perhaps? new peoples, new lands! they granted columbus three ships, the nina ( small ) the pinta ( smaller ) and the santa maria ( the bigger one ) and their crews, supplies, including rum, part of the daily ration and pay for some 90 hardy men. they sailed for the west indies aug. 3, 1492. square three was on the sea, with only the north star and a sextant to guide the tenuous troop. after weeks of sailing only one man seemed sure of the effort ' s outcome : christopher columbus. he wrote in his captain ' s log, sept. 24, 1492 and i paraphrase : \" i ' m having serious trouble with the crew. i am told by a few trusted men ( these are few in number! ) that if i persist in going forward [ the crew ] will toss me into the sea some night. but i hold to what i know in my heart to be true. i believe that which i have set out to do will be completed to the benefit of all peoples and my fair queen. \" indeed, just over two weeks later, oct. 11, 1492, the crew spotted land. square four had been reached! america, the beautiful! the florida key islands! a flag", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5109907351431863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.392598"} {"text": "maybe you have used scratch foam for printmaking in the art room. i \u2019 ve seen a lot of beautiful art work using scratch foam and printer \u2019 s ink applied with brayers. but did you know scratch foam prints can look like this? this set of four cupcake prints were all made from the same scratch foam plate during a single 40 - minute class. 3rd graders used watercolor marker and scratch foam to create multiple prints. we did an easy directed drawing of a cupcake onto scratch foam, colored the foam with watercolor markers, and then printed the cards onto damp paper. - scratch foam, cut to desired size - sketch paper, cut to same size as foam - dull pencil - masking tape - watercolor markers in assorted colors ( i use mr. sketch markers ) - oil pastels or other embellishments ( optional ) - shallow tub ( dishpan ) of water - beach towel ( several if you are teaching multiple or large classes ) - plastic sleeve protectors for printing station - white construction paper for printing \u2013 cut larger than scratch foam set up a printing station. fill tub with water depth of 2 - 3 inches. set out a folded towel. tape a sleeve protector to the table. slide in an alignment sample ( see below ). cut a stack of printing papers, enough for each student to make at least 3 prints. think about drying space ( always an issue when printing multiples ). drying rack? clothes line? - draw cupcake onto sketch paper. click here for my step - by - step how to draw a cupcake instructions. - remind students : no letters, no words, no numbers. - tape sketch paper on top of scratch foam. - go over cupcake sketch with a dull pencil. the lines should transfer to the scratch foam below. - pull up the paper. drawing directly on the foam, go over any lines you missed with the pencil. you can also add sprinkles or other small lines at this time. - discard the sketch paper and tape. tape sketch on top of scratch foam. go over lines with dull pencil to incise foam below. - use the watercolor markers to ink the scratch foam. students should use multiple colors. fill the scratch foam completely with color. color in the scratch foam with watercolor markers. - take your foam to the printing station. - write your name in small letters on white construction paper. use pencil. - dip white construction paper in water - put wet paper in folded towel to blot - align inked scratch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4588972795588056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.397666"} {"text": "watercolor markers. - take your foam to the printing station. - write your name in small letters on white construction paper. use pencil. - dip white construction paper in water - put wet paper in folded towel to blot - align inked scratch foam on sleeve protector ink side up - put damp white paper on scratch foam name side up ( align using the sleeve protector ) - rub paper firmly without wiggling - pull the print printing station. students align foam with white rectangle, damp paper with blue rectangle. the third graders were amazed!!!! vibrant colored cupcakes for their beautiful birthday cards. are you ready for even more fun????? - students re - ink the scratch foam plates using a different color scheme. it doesn \u2019 t matter if the plate still has a little color on it \u2013 go right over the plate with a different color. students should carefully sign their name on the back of the foam plate with pencil. write small. a word of caution : as always, test this project out yourself before attempting with your students. 1 ) the degree of dampness of the printing paper is critical. too dry and the ink won \u2019 t transfer to the paper. too wet and the ink will bleed and blur as the paper dries. for blotting, a fresh beach towel is ideal. my towel was too damp by the third class of the day. i wish i had a couple of fresh dry ones with me. next year! 2 ) size of drawing matters. tiny drawings the size of a thumbnail just won \u2019 t look good. day 2 : embellish prints with oil pastels students have the option of embellishing their dry prints. these cupcakes are decorated with oil pastel. this is a great way to rescue students less - than - perfect prints. can you imagine these with a little clear glitter and / or a sequin? next we trim our cupcake prints and glue them onto colored construction paper. what fabulous birthday cards for all our family and friends. fun \u2013 colorful \u2013 successful \u2013 easy to clean up! this would be a great wayne thiebaud lesson plan \u2013 it relates to his dessert paintings in terms of subject matter and repetition. wayne thiebaud. cakes. 1963 a huge thank you to carol catelano webb, master art teacher, who taught this printing process at a san diego art educators workshop back in 2005.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42998134767555274, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.398644"} {"text": "here ' s what it takes to make a deadly virus transmissible through the air : as few as five genetic mutations, according to a new study. this research, published in the journal science, is the second of two controversial studies to finally be released that examines how the h5n1 bird flu virus can be genetically altered and transmitted in mammals. publication of both studies had been delayed many months due to fears that the research could be misused and become a bio - security threat. although these particular engineered forms of h5n1 have not been found in nature, the virus has potential to mutate enough such that it could become airborne. h5n1 influenza can be deadly to people, but in its natural forms it does not easily transfer between people through respiratory droplets, as far as scientists know. the world health organization has recorded 355 humans deaths from it out of 602 cases, although some research has questioned this high mortality rate. the journals science and nature had agreed to postpone the publication of the two studies related to the genetically altered virus. in january, the national science advisory board for biosecurity recommended that this research be published without \" methods or details \" that terrorists might be able to use for biological weapons. the board also said the data could assist in preparing for a possible future outbreak, however. then in february, the world health organization convened a meeting, at which the recommendation was to publish the studies - just not yet. in april, the national institutes of health chimed in, also recommending publication. the first study to be published on the topic was in the journal nature, and was led by the university of wisconsin - madison researcher yoshihiro kawaoka. it was released in may. the other research group, which authored the new study in science, was led by ron fouchier at the erasmus medical center in rotterdam, netherlands. both kawaoka and fouchier ' s groups created a mutated version of h5n1 that made it easier to transmit from mammal to mammal. they used ferrets because these animals are a good approximation for how viruses behave in humans. fouchier ' s study examines what mutations would be necessary to get the virus airborne. he and colleagues found five mutations consistent in a form of the h5n1 flu virus that could spread among ferrets through the air. none of the ferrets died after developing the flu, the researchers said. in a separate analysis, researchers looked at the likelihood that an airborne avian flu virus would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4903712744757904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.404198"} {"text": "muscular dystrophy ( diss - tro - fee ) is the umbrella term to describe more than 40 diseases affecting primarily skeletal muscles. some forms first become apparent in infancy or childhood, but others don ' t appear until later. the distribution and amount of the affliction depend on the type of dystrophy. the diseases are generally inherited, although not always ; they involve progressive muscle weakness, and they ' re most commonly found in males. they differ in severity, depending on the age they first appear, the muscles affected, the rate at which symptoms progress ( pro - gress ), and the way they ' re inherited. these diseases include motor neuron ( new - ron ) diseases, diseases of the neuromuscular junction, and diseases of peripheral nerves. one disease you may have heard of is a - l - s, also known as lou gehrig ' s ( geh - rigg ' s ) disease. researchers have identified genes for nearly all the disorders, which makes it more likely to make an accurate diagnosis, as well as lead to developing treatments. some of the disorders are nongenetic and are caused by misdirected activity of the body ' s immune system. researchers are working on ways to change the immune system ' s actions to compensate for these activities. there ' s no cure, but symptoms can be treated with exercise programs, physical therapy, and rehabilitative ( re - huh - bill - uh - tay - tiv ) devices. with improved medical care, especially with problems involving the heart and lungs, children with muscular dystrophy are living longer than ever before.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5279143306214764, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.407920"} {"text": "webmd medical news daniel j. denoon laura j. martin, md march 29, 2012 - - one in every 88 u. s. children - - and one in 54 boys - - has autism, the cdc now estimates. the latest analysis, from a 2008 survey, shows autism is up 23 % since 2006 and 78 % since 2002. \" this is a large number of children and families affected by autism, \" study leader marshalyn yeargin - allsopp, md, chief of the cdc ' s developmental disabilities branch, tells webmd. \" with nearly a doubling of prevalence since cdc started tracking in 1992, autism is officially becoming an epidemic in the u. s. we are dealing with a national emergency that is in need of a national plan, \" mark roithmayr, president of the advocacy group autism speaks, said at a cdc teleconference held to announce the findings. more autism research and better services for people living with autism will be expensive. but the cost of autism already is astronomical, according to preliminary findings from an autism speaks - funded study by martin knapp, phd, of the london school of economics, and david mandell, scd, of the university of pennsylvania. at the new 2008 prevalence rate of one in 88 american children, autism costs the u. s. $ 137 billion a year. it has been estimated that 45 % of americans with autism have an intellectual disability. the lifetime cost for each person who has an intellectual disability related to autism is $ 2. 3 million, knapp and mandell estimate. why the huge increase in autism? that isn ' t clear. a number of factors likely contribute to the increase, says coleen a. boyle, phd, director of the cdc national center on birth defects and developmental disabilities. \" we know that some of it is due to how children with autism are identified and served in their local communities, \" boyle tells webmd. \" we do feel doctors are getting better at diagnosing autism. \u2026 but we don ' t know how much is due to better identification and diagnosis, how much is due to availability of services, and how much is a true rise in prevalence. \" roithmayr says there ' s a critical need to answer this question. \" the increase in prevalence is only partly explained by the broadening of the diagnosis, improved detection and more awareness, \" he said. \" a large proportion of autism, some 50 %, remains unexplained. \" one hint comes from data showing that autism prevalence", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3937298913143649, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.414235"} {"text": "is only partly explained by the broadening of the diagnosis, improved detection and more awareness, \" he said. \" a large proportion of autism, some 50 %, remains unexplained. \" one hint comes from data showing that autism prevalence is higher in areas where doctors are better at diagnosing autism in kids with relatively high intellectual ability. the cdc ' s huge multi - year study to explore early development ( seed ), begun in 2008, is exploring various autism risk factors. the very first results should start coming out later this year. but since seed follows kids from the time of their mother ' s pregnancy, it will take time for the study to mature. it ' s known that autism results from a complex interaction between genetic and environmental influences. but it ' s not known which types of autism are most closely linked to which factors. the cdc study - - the autism and developmental disabilities monitoring ( addm ) study - - is based on data from over 337, 000 8 - year - olds in 14 states. that ' s 8. 4 % of all u. s. 8 - year - olds. the study first used health and education records to identify kids with possible autism. then all of the records were analyzed by autism professionals to identify kids who fit the current autism diagnosis. autism rates varied widely across states. autism prevalence was one in 47 kids in utah, but only one in 210 children in alabama. study sites that relied only on health records to identify kids with autism had significantly lower autism rates than sites that had both health and education records. for example, in colorado there was a single county with access to both education and health records. the autism rate there was twice as high as the rate in six colorado counties with health records only. despite the different autism rates across sites, the overall autism prevalence detected is similar to that estimated by other national health surveys. \" this method is really the gold standard for tracking autism, \" boyle says. \" one thing we do know is we don ' t overestimate autism prevalence. \" while it ' s important to understand why so many kids have autism, it ' s even more important to do something about it, says rebecca landa, phd, director of the center for autism and related disorders at baltimore ' s kennedy krieger institute. landa led one of the 14 sites in the addm study. \" the practical side of this is we have one in 88 children in our country with an autism spectrum disorder, \" landa tells webmd. \" that has very big", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.448396452701343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.415241"} {"text": "institute. landa led one of the 14 sites in the addm study. \" the practical side of this is we have one in 88 children in our country with an autism spectrum disorder, \" landa tells webmd. \" that has very big implications for how we prepare teachers and daycare providers - - and how to be parents. \" landa ' s own research shows that the earlier children with autism get proper education, the better they function - - emotionally, socially, and intellectually. \" i wish i could say things have changed a lot, but it is not enough, \" landa says. \" more and more universities are preparing teachers to work with kids with autism, but many times it is a single lecture or just one course. we need to be building strategies into not just special education but also in the regular education training, because the strategies we used to teach children with autism are helpful for all children. teaching a child does more than show that child how to act : it actually changes the way that child ' s brain develops. \" if we are altering children ' s brain, we should be thinking of education as neuro - education, \" landa says. \" something as serious as altering a child ' s brain development will impact a child ' s whole live : how they interact with others, how they view themselves, how they contribute to society. these things have such huge ramifications not only for each child and each family but for our country. there are warning signs that a child is not developing normally and may have autism. parents should consult the cdc ' s developmental milestones checklist - - and those who become concerned should immediately have their child evaluated by a medical professional. sources : cdc mmwr surveillance summaries, march 30, 2012. news release, cdc. cdc web site. rebecca landa, phd, director, center for autism and related disorders, kennedy krieger institute, baltimore. coleen a. boyle, phd, director of cdc \u2019 s national center on birth defects and developmental disabilities. marshalyn yeargin - allsopp, md, chief of the developmental disabilities branch. here are the most recent story comments. view all the views expressed here do not necessarily represent those of kget tv 17 - in the spirit of the golden empire the health news section does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. see additional information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44349190010360406, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.416316"} {"text": "spreading misinformation about hiv could actually increase the spread of the virus itself, said some local hiv advocates. they ' re worried recent statements by state sen. stacey campfield about the origins and transmission of hiv could keep people from taking precautions. \" what it will do is keep heterosexuals and other high - risk individuals from testing, \" said advocate larry frampton, co - chair of the northeast tennessee regional community planning group. frampton, who is hiv - positive, has been an advocate for more than 20 years and is a certified hiv tester. in recent years, he and other advocates have put much effort into reaching young black heterosexual men, whose hiv infection numbers have spiked. \" we already have an uphill battle in that community because of the stigma associated with hiv, \" said frampton. he said partnering with churches has helped, \" but when you get a state senator who comes out and says, essentially, it ' s impossible to transmit hiv heterosexually, that really puts a big dent in all the work we ' re doing. \" it also fuels the stigma, said angela, 49, who ' s been hiv - positive for 19 years but still asked to withhold her last name. \" the majority of ( hiv - positive ) women i know are hesitant about revealing their status, \" she said. \" most of them are afraid of prejudice and fear spilling over on their child. \" angela said she was infected through heterosexual activity and has worked to make women aware of their risk. \" i ' m afraid this will cause people to either be lax ( with precautions ) or just ignore the possibility they ' re at risk, \" she said. heterosexual transmission accounts for more than 20 percent of hiv diagnoses in tennessee through 2009. knox county health department director dr. martha buchanan said heterosexuals are the fastest growing u. s. group for new hiv diagnoses, with blacks at particularly high risk.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41824803683617773, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.418290"} {"text": "it ' s all politics tue october 23, 2012 why are elections on tuesdays? originally published on wed october 24, 2012 12 : 43 pm it ' s tuesday \u2014 exactly two weeks out from nov. 6, election day. why is voting day for american federal elections always a tuesday? the answer is a bit obscure and has to do with buggies. let me explain. the story starts all the way back with the founding fathers. \" the constitutional convention just met for a very brief time during the summer of 1787, \" senate historian don ritchie says. \" by the time they got finished they were exhausted and they hadn ' t made up their minds on a lot of things. \" they were pooped. so they left the question of when federal elections should be held undecided. without that laid out, states were left to set their own voting dates, which meant several decades of electoral chaos. ritchie describes it as a \" crazy quilt of elections \" held at all different times, all over the country. finally, in 1845, congress decided to get things under control. ritchie says lawmakers reasoned that monday was out because ( this is where the buggies come in ) people would have to travel to the polls in their buggies on sunday, the sabbath. and in a mostly farming society, wednesday wouldn ' t work because that was often market day. so, tuesday was the day, and that seemed to work great for 19th century voters. \" in the 1840s, elections were a big to - do \u2014 there was a lot of hoopla, there were parades, \" ritchie says. \" whole families would come on wagons from the farms ; people would get dressed up for the occasion. \" though the america of buggies and markets has long since given way to minivans and supermarkets, tuesday remains the day we vote. \" that may have made sense in 1845, but the world has moved on, \" rep. steve israel, a new york democrat, says. \" democracies have moved on, and so congress should also move on and make it easier for people to vote. \" there are, of course, other options for a lot of folks, like absentee and early voting. still, there are voters who can ' t cast ballots unless they can find a way to get to the polls on tuesday. \" in 15 states you do not have an opportunity to vote early or by an absentee ballot or by mail, which means you have to vote on tuesday, \" says jacob soboroff of why tuesday,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41202894035354937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.424805"} {"text": "to get to the polls on tuesday. \" in 15 states you do not have an opportunity to vote early or by an absentee ballot or by mail, which means you have to vote on tuesday, \" says jacob soboroff of why tuesday, who also is a host and producer for huffpost live. \" it ' s just ridiculous ; it ' s absurd. there is absolutely no good reason whatsoever to vote on the tuesday after the first monday in november. \" soboroff and israel say tuesday voting bars access to democracy and keeps america ' s voter turnout chronically low. they point to census survey data showing that 1 in 4 people says he ' s too busy or his schedule doesn ' t allow him to get to the polls. their solution? move election day to the weekend. israel has been introducing and reintroducing a bill to move voting to the weekend. but moving poll day turns out to be no easy task. the weekend voting bill keeps dying in committee. and earlier this year, when the government accountability office talked to elections officials about how weekend voting would work, they came up with a list of logistical difficulties, from keeping equipment safe overnight to recruiting poll workers to work the weekend. there ' s also, of course, no guarantee that moving election day would change voter turnout. then there ' s the simple fact that americans have gotten used to voting on tuesday. \" we ' re a very traditional county, and that became a tradition in a lot of ways, \" says ritchie. \" that ' s the way people were accustomed to doing it, people could count on it, you could set your calendars on it. \" for this election, the date is set. so \u2014 as in every presidential election since the 1840s \u2014 tuesday is the day to vote. david greene, host : this morning after the debate is a tuesday. and in exactly two weeks, many voters will head to the polls and cast their ballots. npr ' s selena simmons - duffin wondered : why do americans vote on tuesdays? selena simmons - duffin, byline : the answer, turns out, is a little obscure. senate historian don ritchie had to dig through some historical documents so he could explain. don ritchie : in the early 19th century, basically, it was a crazy quilt of elections. simmons - duffin : he says, the constitutional convention didn ' t get to some key details, leaving states to set their own voting dates, which meant several decades of electoral chaos. ritchie : so finally in 1845, congress passed law.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4220678907987794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.425709"} {"text": "elections. simmons - duffin : he says, the constitutional convention didn ' t get to some key details, leaving states to set their own voting dates, which meant several decades of electoral chaos. ritchie : so finally in 1845, congress passed law... simmons - duffin : if it were monday, they reasoned, people would have to travel in their buggies on sunday, the sabbath. and in a mostly farming society, wednesday was out because that was often market day. tuesday was the day and that seemed to work great. ritchie : in the 1840s, elections were a big to - do. there was a lot of hoopla, there were parades. whole families would come on wagons from the farms, people would get dressed up for the occasion. representative steve israel : well, that may have made sense in 1845 but the world has moved on, democracies have moved on. and so, congress should move on and make it easier for people to vote. simmons - duffin : now that there are no buggies or market days, democratic congressman steve israel, of new york, says tuesday no longer works. it isn ' t exactly a convenient day for a lot of folks. when the census has surveyed people about why they don ' t vote, one - in - four says they ' re too busy, or their schedules don ' t allow them to get to the polls. now many states have other options like early voting. but not all, says jacob soboroff with advocacy group why tuesday. jacob soboroff : in 15 states, you do not have an opportunity to vote early or with an absentee ballot or by mail, which means you have to vote on tuesday. simmons - duffin : soboroff and congressman israel say this bars access to democracy. they say it keeps america ' s voter turnout chronically low. but moving election day from tuesday turns out to be no easy task. ritchie : we ' re a very traditional country and that became a tradition in a lot of ways. simmons - duffin : historian don ritchie says people can set their calendars to it, they can count on it, they ' re used to it. and though congressman israel has been introducing and reintroducing a bill to move voting to the weekend, it keeps dying in committee. israel : i ' m not giving up. i think it ' s just that important. simmons - duffin : it ' s not exactly a very sexy issue. it ' s a little bit technical. israel : you know,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4196416309302683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.426558"} {"text": "troy is a city which existed over 4. 000 years and known as the center of ancient civilizations. for several years people thought that it was the city mentioned only in the tales and never existed until it was initially based in the 19th century. troy ( truva in turkish ) is located in hisarlik near canakkale province where the remains of this once - great city can be visited. what was left are the remains of the destruction of schliemann, the famous german archaeologist or a treasure hunter as some people call him. today, an foreign team of german and american archaeologists bring the troy of the bronze age back to life under a sponsored project by daimler \u2013 benz, and another turkish team is at law wars with russia and germany to get back the stolen trojan treasures. troy appeared in greek and latin literature. homer first mentioned story of troy in iliad and odyssey. later, it became the most popular subject in greek drama. the book of virgil \u2019 s aeneid contains the best known account of the sack of troy. in addition, there are untrue stories under the names of dictys cretensis and dares phrygius. in the bronze age, troy had a great power because of its strategic location between europe and asia. in the 3rd and 2nd millennia bc troy was a cultural center. after the trojan war, the city was abandoned from 1100 to 700 bc. about 700 bc greek settlers began to occupy the troas region, troy was resettled and named as ilion. alexander the great ruled the area around the 4th century bc. after romans captured troy in 85 bc, it was restored partially by roman general sulla and named as new ilium. through the byzantine rule, troy lost its importance. the ruins of troy were first found by charles mclaren in 1822. the german archaeologist heinrich schliemann excavated troy from 1870 to 1890. his theft of treasure from troy and his damage to the site will be always remembered in turkish archaeological history. wilhelm dorpfeld followed to excavate troy after schliemann. today, a new german team \u2018 s still working to rebuild troy ruins by using new advanced technologies since 1988. there are nine levels at troy ; troy i to v relates roughly with early bronze age ( 3000 to 1900 bc ). its inhabitants were known as trojans in this period. troy vi and vii were built in the middle and late bronze age. troy viii to ix belongs to hellenistic and roman ilion ( latin ilium ). troy was destroyed many times and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4235922058630835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.434640"} {"text": "). its inhabitants were known as trojans in this period. troy vi and vii were built in the middle and late bronze age. troy viii to ix belongs to hellenistic and roman ilion ( latin ilium ). troy was destroyed many times and rebuilt each time. troy is one of the most famous cities in the history, remembering us hector, achilles and achaean greeks, the sake of helen, paris, agamemnon and priam. its story is written in every language, trojan heroes, achilles \u2019 heel and odyssey became figures in poems. from alexander the great to lord byron, many important figures of the history stood on the site of the great heroes. however, people always wondered whether the trojan war happened or not, or if there was really a wooden horse or not. the tale of troy is told by homer with the iliad and the odyssey. homer was drawing on a vast cycle of stories about trojan war. the iliad features a few weeks in the tenth year of the war. reported by greek sources, troy stood near the dardanelles. there was clearly no dispute about its location in the story that we are all familiar : the dardanelles, the islands of imbros, samothrace and little tenedos, mount ida to the south east, the plain and the river scamander. it was an ancient city an its inhabitants were known as teucrians or dardanians but also as trojans or ilians which got this name from eponymous heroes, tros and his uncle ilus. in other source mentioned that troy and ilius were two separate places but homer insists on using these two names for troy. on the mainland of greece at that time, the most powerful king was agamemnon. his residence was at mycenae. at that time, the inhabitants of greece called themselves as arhaians, danaans, or argiues not greeks or hellenes. agamemnon married clytemnestra, daughter of tyndareus of sparta and sister to helen. helen was the most beautiful woman in the world, she had married with agamemnon \u2019 s brother menelaos who became king in lakonia. two brothers had a great power in southern greece. on the other hand, in troy laemedon was the king of ilios, the son of ilus who had given his name to troy. laemedon tried to cheat the gods of their rewards. he would not give up the immortal snow \u2013 white horses sent by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40388662619853893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.435553"} {"text": "in troy laemedon was the king of ilios, the son of ilus who had given his name to troy. laemedon tried to cheat the gods of their rewards. he would not give up the immortal snow \u2013 white horses sent by herakles ( hercules ). but herakles sailed to the troad ( troy ), attacked, and captured the city. laemedon and his sons were killed except the youngest, podarces, who was released and took a new name, priam, as a young king of troy and the city was restored again. priam ruled over troy successfully for three generations. he had fifty sons and twelve daughters. his eldest son was the great warrior hector. and one of his sons, paris, was the important figure in troy \u2019 s history. the famous myth tells ; eris - strife - had thrown down a golden apple \u2018 for the fairest \u2019 at the wedding of peleus and thetis, and zeus couldn \u2019 t decide between his wife hera, athena ( goddess of wisdom ), and aphrodite ( goddess of love ). the goddesses were led to the trojan mount ida where priam \u2019 s most handsome son paris lived. hera offered him the lordship of all asia ; athena the victory in war and wisdom beyond any other man ; aphrodite the most beautiful woman in the world. as usual, men being men, stories being stories, paris gave the apple to helen. paris went to sparta to give the apple to helen. menelaus, husband of helen, arranged a feast for him. when menelaus left there to visit the king of knossos, helen and paris ran away and sailed to troy. but there is some contradiction in this part, some source says that paris carried of helen by force and plundered elsewhere in the aegean sea before time for troy. when menelaus heard how it happened, he begged his brother agamemnon to take revenge. the king sent envoys to troy to demand helen \u2019 s restitution but envoys came back with empty hands. then menelaus gathered an army. in the story, great heroes were achilles, odysseus ( ulysses ) and ajax. at aulis, the army seers read the signs that troy would fall in the tenth year of the war. then menelaus army sailed to asia minor and attacked teuthrania in mysia opposite of lesbos, but they had mistaken depending on trojan territory and the army", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36314009251789736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.436411"} {"text": "new york ( ap ) \u2014 imagine a store without a cash register and no other accurate ways to quickly tally up daily sales. that was the case for all retail establishments before the 1880s. most store owners were left in the dark about whether they were making a profit or loss \u2014 and many suffered since it was easy for sales clerks to steal from the cash drawer. that all changed with the invention of the cash register following the civil war by a little - known saloon owner, setting into motion decades of innovation. here, a look at the history of the cash register and some highlights at ncr, formerly known as the national cash register co., which helped to make the machine ubiquitous at stores across the country starting in the early 1900s : \u2014 1879 : james ritty, a saloon owner in dayton, ohio, patents a machine with a mechanism that ' s inspired from the apparatus that counts the spins of an ocean liner ' s propeller in its engine room. the so - called \" incorruptible cashier \" was the first mechanical cash register and had metal keys with denominations pressed into them to indicate the amount of the sale. there was a bell to ring up sales. \u2014 1880 - 1883 : ritty ' s mechanical register catches the attention of john h. patterson, a businessman, who purchased several machines for his general store in coalton, ohio. he buys several more for his retail coal business in dayton, ohio. 1884 : patterson bought the rights to ritty ' s invention from jacob h. eckert, who had purchased the rights from ritty. the price : $ 6, 500. he renamed the company the national cash register co. from the national manufacturing co. and started to put the registers into production. that company is now known as ncr, the global technology firm. 1888 - 1895 : eighty - four companies sell cash registers but only three actually survived long - term. patterson, who aggressively bought out his competition and had a flair for sales, sets up an inventions department to create bigger and better thief - proof registers. he opened the first training program for his sales people. 1902 : the cash register offers shopkeepers cumulative totals and can give an audit trail of transactions. that helps businesses collect market research data. 1906 : charles kettering, researcher for the national cash register co., designs the first register powered by an electric motor. 1915 : the cash register, dressed in fancy cast - metal cases, became an essential tool in nearly every retail establishment. the registers were made of different materials including brass, cast -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4300238468106049, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.442389"} {"text": "register co., designs the first register powered by an electric motor. 1915 : the cash register, dressed in fancy cast - metal cases, became an essential tool in nearly every retail establishment. the registers were made of different materials including brass, cast - iron and wood. national cash register ran the largest brass foundry in the world during that period. by 1915, more than 1. 5 million cash registers were sold. 1960s : the retail industry shifts to electronic registers. early 1970s : national cash register introduces the first cash register that ' s part of the store ' s entire computer system. at the same time, national cash register introduces a bar coding scanning system to be used with the machine. 1974 : the national cash register changes its name to ncr corp. it makes the first bar code scanners. 1991 : ncr acquired by at & t 1994 : ncr name changes to at & t gis by the end of 1996. 1995 : at & t gis changes its name back to ncr corp. in anticipation of being spun off to at & t shareholders by january 1997 as an independent, publicly traded company. 1998 : ncr installs first self - checkout system at a ball ' s hen house grocery store in kansas city, missouri. 2003 : self - checkout areas become mainstream at many grocery stores and other discounters. 2012 : ncr launches a new software program that runs on apple ' s ipad that ' s connected to the keyboard at the cash register counter or can be detached and used as a mobile checkout device. source : ncr corp. and museum of american heritage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43938516548367007, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.442979"} {"text": "explanation for claude and medea by zoe weil ( if you ' re interested in purchasing a physical copy of claude and medea, contact martin rowe at firstname. lastname @ example. org claude couldn ' t wait to go to school the next morning. he wondered what ms. rattlebee had in store for the class and looked forward to something strange and exciting taking place in the green room. when he walked into the classroom, ms. rattlebee was writing on the board. her back was to the class, and she was wearing an extra large t - shirt that went down to her knees. a bunch of kids in the class were laughing at a quote that covered the middle of ms. rattlebee ' s back. it read : \" my life is my message \" - mahatma gandhi ms. rattlebee turned around to address the class, and the laughing students tried very hard to contain themselves, especially when she immediately referred to the quote on her back. \" some of you may have noticed mahatma gandhi ' s words on the back of my dress. \" ( penelope snorted at the word \" dress. \" ) can any of you tell me what you think he meant when he said this? \" most of the class were doing their best to compose themselves and were in no position to even attempt to answer ms. rattlebee ' s question. medea raised her hand. \" i think that he meant that what he did in his life, who he was and how he acted, was more important than what he said. \" \" yes, medea, that ' s exactly right. mahatma gandhi was a very great man who helped free india from british rule using only non - violent methods. he was very famous and very revered, and one day a reporter came to him and asked, \" what is your message to people? \" gandhi replied, ' my life is my message. ' \" none of us is gandhi, \" ms. rattlebee continued, \" but his quote is true for everybody. how each of us acts ; how each of us treats others ; how each of us is in the world - that is our message. \" today is my last day with you. i ' m sad to be leaving, but i ' ve been told that mr. bryant has recovered quite nicely and will be returning tomorrow. i thought about what i wanted to do during our last class together, and i decided that the most important thing i had to teach you is that your life is your message. so i ' d like you to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49462279553354976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.454287"} {"text": "quite nicely and will be returning tomorrow. i thought about what i wanted to do during our last class together, and i decided that the most important thing i had to teach you is that your life is your message. so i ' d like you to read the question i ' ve written on the board and quietly write an essay in response. \" on the board, written in florid script, was this question : is your life the message you want it to be? \" i don ' t expect this assignment to be easy, but i do expect you to write something. so take out a piece of paper and a pencil and get started. you have thirty minutes before i ' ll interrupt you. and don ' t worry. you can be completely honest because no one is going to read what you write except you. \" thirty minutes! few of the students had any idea how to answer such a strange question, and most were thinking, \" what on earth am i going to do for the next thirty minutes? \" once bill rittenhouse heard that no one else would read what he wrote, he started drawing geometric shapes on his piece of paper, while penelope began writing a list of presents she wanted for christmas. hardly any of the students were taking the assignment seriously, but claude could feel his brain start buzzing again. this time his body began to tremble, too. he was suddenly struck by the realization that, in fact, his life was not really the message he wanted it to be. this is what he wrote : i don ' t think my life is really the message i want it to be. i mean, before ms. rattlebee came to worthington, i would ' ve said it was. well, i might not have understood the question really. but after what she ' s taught us, and now that medea and i are talking about doing something to make a difference, i think i know what the question means. and i think i know what gandhi meant because i ' ve heard about him, and he really practiced what he preached. i haven ' t done much of anything for anyone. i mean i ' m nice enough, but i haven ' t ever thought much about other people ( or animals ), and i think if my life was really the message i wanted it to be, i ' d be different. i ' d do more for others. i wouldn ' t think only about myself. i guess becoming a vegetarian is part of making my life the message i want it to be, so that ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.477097013132679, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.455214"} {"text": "it to be, i ' d be different. i ' d do more for others. i wouldn ' t think only about myself. i guess becoming a vegetarian is part of making my life the message i want it to be, so that ' s good. i ' m glad i met medea. i hope she thinks her life is the message she wants it to be because she ' s pretty cool. i know this isn ' t supposed to be about medea, but getting to know her makes me feel like my life is more the message i want it to be. that doesn ' t really make sense, but it ' s how i feel. i wonder what everyone else is writing. i wonder what austin thinks about his life. or bill. or penelope. how could penelope really think her life is the message she wants it to be? what could she be writing? i don ' t think i ' m supposed to be writing about the other kids. it really doesn ' t matter what they think about their life, or what they write. what matters is what i think about mine. and what i do with mine. so, what am i going to do? that ' s the big question. too bad ms. rattlebee is leaving. i feel like telling her how much i ' ve liked her classes, but i don ' t want anyone else ( except medea ) to see me talking to her. i don ' t know what else to write. i do want my life to be a better message than it ' s been so far. i think i can make it better. at least i can try. claude finished writing and looked up at the clock. it had been almost thirty minutes. he started to read over what he wrote when ms. rattlebee began talking to the class again. \" okay everyone. time to finish up. i ' m going to pass out envelopes. please put your paper in an envelope, seal it, address it to yourself, and hand it back to me. some time, when you least expect it, you ' ll receive it in the mail. when you do, open it up and read what you wrote, and notice what you think about it, and how you feel. pay attention to whether you have made your life more the message you want it to be. \" the students did as ms. rattlebee asked, although it was clear that some of them did so reluctantly. penelope was sneering as she shoved her christmas list into an envelope ; austin looked irritated,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46687374243887825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.456065"} {"text": "the message you want it to be. \" the students did as ms. rattlebee asked, although it was clear that some of them did so reluctantly. penelope was sneering as she shoved her christmas list into an envelope ; austin looked irritated, and bill looked bored, but claude stared at his self - addressed envelope and marveled at the changes that had taken place inside him. when he passed it to ms. rattlebee, he looked into her eyes feeling only gratitude and thanks. she smiled at him and, as if she could read his mind, whispered, \" you ' re quite welcome, claude. \" then she turned to the class. \" and now it ' s goodbye. i ' ve written my address and phone number on the board. if you ever want to contact me, please do. i hope that you ' ll think about all the ways you can make your one and only life the message you want it to be. there are a lot of things in the world that still need to be fixed, and who better than you. \" and at that, she picked up her giant bag, turned on her small feet, and walked out of the room. claude was filled with sadness. ms. rattlebee was surely the most bizarre person he ' d ever encountered. she was the shortest grown up he ' d ever met, with the highest voice he ' d ever heard, and the silliest clothes he ' d ever seen. but she was also the most unique, original, and interesting teacher he ' d ever had. the four mornings he ' d spent with her were the most important and memorable of all the mornings in all the years he ' d been at school. he wondered for a moment if he would simply turn back into the claude who was so familiar to him - the one who didn ' t have many cares in the world and was definitely not trying to figure out how to save it. but then he thought about what he ' d just written, and he understood it was too late to go back to being that claude. he knew he had to do something that mattered. claude was in a funk for most of the rest of the day. the only thing that lifted his spirits was remembering that he and medea would be getting rooper and walking through the park after school. knowing that he would have her to talk to brightened his spirits. walking through central park with rooper, claude told medea all about brady, the little brown dog he ' d met the day before, and about his conversation with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4808701212412734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.457309"} {"text": "park after school. knowing that he would have her to talk to brightened his spirits. walking through central park with rooper, claude told medea all about brady, the little brown dog he ' d met the day before, and about his conversation with his dad. \" that ' s it, claude! that ' s what we ' ll do. we ' re going to get to the bottom of these dog thefts and stop them! \" \" what?! are you crazy, medea? it ' s one thing to learn about what ' s happening in the world and try to do something about it, and it ' s another thing to become detectives in our spare time and stop criminals from stealing dogs. i thought you had to stay out of trouble? what makes you think the police won ' t find out who ' s stealing the dogs? \" \" claude, remember what ms. rattlebee said when she pretended to be the alien, grinwhistle? people let all sorts of horrible things happen to animals. do you think the dognappings are a high priority for the police? \" \" okay, maybe that ' s true, but what do you think we should do? \" \" we can watch the dogs who are tied up on the street and find out who ' s taking them, that ' s what. it would be best if we split up, though, so we can watch more dogs, \" she continued, thinking out loud, \" but then we can ' t communicate with each other. \" \" i think we have some walkie talkies at home. then we could talk to each other if one of us saw anything happen. and if not, i ' ll get some. i have money saved up. plus i have a credit card if we really need it. \" a strange look passed over medea ' s face, but it quickly faded. she couldn ' t imagine having a credit card of her own. \" good. then it ' s settled. how about we start saturday so we ' ll have all afternoon. that is, if you ' re free, \" medea suddenly seemed shy and uncertain. \" sure, i can do it saturday. \" \" excellent. you bring the walkie talkies, and we ' ll meet at two o ' clock. how about 86th and madison. i don ' t think you should bring rooper. \" ( rooper looked up expectantly at the sound of his name, but realized it wasn ' t good news for him and dropped his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4588545239050892, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.458184"} {"text": "from the life of george albert smith in 1919 george albert smith, then a member of the quorum of the twelve apostles, was called as president of the european mission. in a message to the local saints shortly after his arrival, president smith noted the difficult conditions in europe, which was still recovering from the devastations of world war i : \u201c i realize that we are living in an important period in the world \u2019 s history. with new, strained conditions confronting the nations, and a spirit of unrest rife almost everywhere, among the children of men, i, therefore, sense the great responsibility assumed in meeting them, and most earnestly desire divine guidance in the discharge of my duties. \u201d president smith had faith that despite the trying times they faced, the efforts of the members and the missionaries would be rewarded with success : \u201c assisted by good, capable associates at [ mission ] headquarters, and faithful men and women in the field, i look with pleasant anticipation for a fruitful harvest of honest souls. \u201d 1 one of president smith \u2019 s most pressing duties as mission president was to increase the number of missionaries in europe. the church had sent very few missionaries to europe during the war, and now food shortages and other economic problems made european government officials unwilling to grant visas to foreigners. president smith \u2019 s difficult task was to persuade these officials to allow missionaries into their countries. in a letter to his daughter emily, president smith told of a trip to london for this purpose. \u201c our american ambassador has been very kind and succeeded in securing an interview for us with sir robert horne, the minister of labour for great britain. when we presented ourselves at his office, we handed our letter from the ambassador to sir robert \u2019 s secretary, who asked us if our business would hold over as his chief was leaving in a few minutes for scotland to be gone three weeks. i assured him that we would greatly appreciate five minutes of his time now as we did not live in london and our business was urgent. the secretary went in to sir robert and soon returned with the information that he would postpone his trip and meet us at four o \u2019 clock that day. i had prayed most fervently that morning that our way might be opened and when we were invited to return i felt most grateful to our heavenly father. \u201d at the appointed hour, president smith and his companions were invited into sir robert horne \u2019 s private office. \u201c we tried to tell him what we needed and assured him that great britain needed what we were asking. for an hour and nearly a half", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.37503434901650834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.473376"} {"text": "\u201d at the appointed hour, president smith and his companions were invited into sir robert horne \u2019 s private office. \u201c we tried to tell him what we needed and assured him that great britain needed what we were asking. for an hour and nearly a half he was a most interested listener to part of the history of the church and our belief, etc. \u201c when i had finished he again asked what we wanted of him and when we told him we wanted the privilege of recruiting our missionary forces up to two hundred and fifty, the same as before the war, he said it would afford him pleasure to issue instructions to his department to allow that number to land as fast as they should arrive. of course we were much pleased and left him with the assurance that he had lifted quite a burden from our minds. \u201c i feel sure we made a friend of one of england \u2019 s most influential men and i would not hesitate to go to him at any time if necessity required. \u201d 2 james gunn mckay, one of president smith \u2019 s missionaries who was present at the meeting with sir robert horne, later said : \u201c look at the wonderful work he accomplished. there were only a few elders there [ in the mission ]. the way seemed to be hedged up, and yet he came imbued with the inspiration of the lord, and was able to knock at the doors of the officials, to gain their confidence ; and eventually we obtained the privileges we wanted, that elders might come to take up their work and fulfil their missions in furthering the cause of god and accomplishing his work, and in that way he secured to us a testimony that god directs that work. \u201d 3 elder mckay attributed president smith \u2019 s success to his \u201c faith and devotion and charity toward all those with whom he associated. \u201d \u201c i labored with him, \u201d he said. \u201c i counseled with him ; i prayed with him, and i know that his faith and loyalty are as deep as life itself. \u201d 4 [ see suggestion 1 on page 188. ] teachings of george albert smith the power of faith is evident in the scriptures. we are informed that without faith we cannot please god [ see hebrews 11 : 6 ]. it is the moving cause of all action, and scripture is replete with evidences of the power of faith. it was noah \u2019 s faith that enabled him to build an ark, and as a result of obedience to the commandments of god he and his household were saved, while those who lacked faith were buried in the great flood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4545101516918382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.474342"} {"text": "of the power of faith. it was noah \u2019 s faith that enabled him to build an ark, and as a result of obedience to the commandments of god he and his household were saved, while those who lacked faith were buried in the great flood [ see genesis 6 : 13 \u2013 22 ; 7 : 1 \u2013 24 ]. it was through faith that lot and the members of his family were preserved when fire from heaven consumed the cities of sodom and gomorrah, and destroyed the inhabitants who had not faith [ see genesis 19 : 12 \u2013 25 ]. 5 by faith moses led the children of israel from bondage, passing through the red sea as by dry land, which, the pursuing hosts of the egyptians essaying to do, were drowned. the multitude were fed with bread from heaven. when moses smote the rock in horeb, water gushed forth to slake [ satisfy ] their thirst ; and, passing through the wilderness, they were led to the promised land. [ see exodus 14 : 21 \u2013 31 ; 16 : 14 \u2013 15 ; 17 : 5 \u2013 6. ] 6 when daniel continued to pray openly to the god of israel, contrary to a decree which had been prepared by his enemies purposely to destroy him, he was cast into a den of lions and left there all night. he knew his heavenly father could preserve him and his confidence was unshaken. the next morning the king went early to the pit and found daniel alive. his faith had rendered the wild beasts harmless and earned for him the devotion of the king. [ see daniel 6 : 4 \u2013 28. ] three hebrews, shadrach, meshach, and abednego, who refused to worship a golden image set up by nebuchadnezzar, were cast into a fiery furnace heated seven times hotter than usual. they trusted in the living god and their faith was rewarded by the preservation of their lives. [ see daniel 3 : 8 \u2013 28. ] by faith, the prophet elijah called down fire from heaven to consume his offering, and the king and the people were convinced that the god of israel was god and that baal was not [ see 1 kings 18 : 36 \u2013 40 ]. it was by faith that the brother of jared and his followers retained the language of their fathers during the confusion of tongues at the tower of babel, and were brought to this western hemisphere [ see ether 1 : 33 \u2013 43 ]. \u2026 it was a similar faith that enabled lehi to bring his family across the sea", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41243429080990834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.475246"} {"text": "language of their fathers during the confusion of tongues at the tower of babel, and were brought to this western hemisphere [ see ether 1 : 33 \u2013 43 ]. \u2026 it was a similar faith that enabled lehi to bring his family across the sea and plant their feet on this land, choice above all other lands. it was faith that enabled the disciples of jesus to endure the persecution that overtook them, and in spite of the opposition of the jews, to establish the gospel which the savior had delivered to them. 7 it was by faith that all the miracles were wrought by the redeemer of the world, and by those who were associated with him. from the beginning of time until now it has been the faithful man who has had power with god. 8 [ see suggestion 2 on pages 188 \u2013 89. ] the power of faith is evident in the lives of righteous saints in this dispensation. in this latter dispensation it was because of his implicit faith in god that the boy prophet [ joseph smith ] went into the woods and knelt down and prayed, and received the first great heavenly manifestation that came to him, by which the personality of the godhead was again made known to mankind. it was by faith that he was able to go to the hill cumorah and receive from the hands of the angel those sacred records that he later translated by the gift and power of god. it was by faith he led his people from kirtland to the land of missouri and back to illinois, and though repeatedly plundered and driven from their homes, the faith that had been planted in their hearts remained with them, and they knew that god was mindful of them. it was by faith that the great city of nauvoo was founded, under the direction of the prophet joseph smith ; and by faith the glorious truths contained in the doctrine and covenants were received by him. it was by faith that brigham young led the people into this western land [ the salt lake valley ] ; and, when he arrived upon the summit of the mountain and looked over the valley, god gave to him a witness that this was the place where israel should be planted. \u2026 it was by faith that the people laid the corner stone of this great temple [ the salt lake temple ], in their weakness and in their poverty, believing that god would prepare the way and provide the means whereby the structure might be completed. it was by faith that the mercy of our heavenly father was extended to the people, when, in their distress, they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44691145473143434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.476151"} {"text": "in their weakness and in their poverty, believing that god would prepare the way and provide the means whereby the structure might be completed. it was by faith that the mercy of our heavenly father was extended to the people, when, in their distress, they saw their crops being consumed by the crickets, with no means of preventing it, and, in the providence of god, their prayers were answered, and they received a witness of it in the coming of the gulls to preserve their harvest and deliver them from starvation. \u2026 \u2026 it has been by faith that the men who have stood at the head of this work have been inspired, from time to time, to give the instructions that we have needed. it is by faith that we are edified \u2026 by those who minister in the name of the lord, and the comforter quickens their understanding, bringing things past to their remembrance and showing them things to come ; thus evidencing the spirit of revelation. 9 it has been by faith that the elders of israel have gone forth, leaving home and loved ones, and enduring the reproach of the world, to bear witness that god lives and that jesus is the christ, and that joseph smith was a prophet of the lord. by faith your sick have been healed, your dead have been raised to life. were the records available of the miracles wrought among this people \u2026, it would be a testimony of the power of god, through faith, unsurpassed in any age of the world. it is this principle, my brethren and sisters, that points us heavenward, that gives us hope in the battle of life. when we become confused, and find ourselves confronted by obstacles we, seemingly, cannot overcome, having faith in the redeemer of the world, we can go to him and know that our prayers will be answered for our good. 10 [ see suggestion 3 on page 189. ] the question has often been asked : is it possible that the boys and girls, the young men and women who have been reared in this generation of the church would be willing to suffer the hardships, privations and trials that their fathers and mothers endured for the gospel \u2019 s sake? would they leave their homes of comfort to people a new country in the interest of their faith? i say to you that if there has been planted in their hearts a knowledge of the divinity of this work as we know it, if faith has been given them by reason of our keeping the commandments of the lord, if they have been taught to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42733212541698784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.477100"} {"text": "i say to you that if there has been planted in their hearts a knowledge of the divinity of this work as we know it, if faith has been given them by reason of our keeping the commandments of the lord, if they have been taught to know that jesus is the christ and that joseph smith was a prophet of the lord, then i say unto you, yes! they would do what their fathers and mothers have done, take their place in the ranks of latter - day israel. if it meant privation, if it meant sickness and distress, or even expatriation from home, there are hundreds and thousands of our sons and daughters who, knowing that this is the gospel of christ, would, if need be, seal their testimony with their lives. 11 [ see suggestion 2 on pages 188 \u2013 89. ] the lord will open the way for us to do what he asks if we exercise faith. i remember one day i was impressed to say to a missionary who was going to a certain town where they would not let us hold street meetings : \u201c now remember, give the lord a chance. you are going to ask a favor. give the lord a chance. ask him to open the way. \u201d the young man went to that city, went into the office of the mayor, and asked if he could see him. he was going to ask if they might change the rule. when he got there, he found that the mayor was out of town. the young man came out of the office, looked down the hall and saw on a door at the end of the hall, \u201c chief constable \u2019 s office. \u201d he hesitated a moment, and something said to him : \u201c give the lord a chance. \u201d he walked into the chief constable \u2019 s office and told him what he had come for. when he finished the man said : \u201c well, what street corner would you like? \u201d he said : \u201c i don \u2019 t know this city as well as you do. i would not ask for a corner that would be undesirable, or where we would block the traffic. would you mind going with me to select a corner? \u201d just think of a missionary asking the chief constable to pick a corner on which to preach the gospel! the constable said : \u201c surely, i will go with you. \u201d in fifteen minutes they had one of the best corners in town, with permission to preach the gospel of jesus christ where it had not been preached on the streets since before the war [ world war i ]. \u2026", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.429153142396951, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.477989"} {"text": ", i will go with you. \u201d in fifteen minutes they had one of the best corners in town, with permission to preach the gospel of jesus christ where it had not been preached on the streets since before the war [ world war i ]. \u2026 the lord has a way of accomplishing things that we are unable to do, and never asks us to do anything that he does not make the way possible. that is what he told us through nephi. he will not require anything without preparing the way. \u201c and it came to pass that i, nephi, said unto my father : i will go and do the things which the lord hath commanded, for i know that the lord giveth no commandments unto the children of men, save he shall prepare a way for them that they may accomplish the thing which he commandeth them. \u201d [ 1 nephi 3 : 7. ] if you have something that the lord asks or expects you to do and you don \u2019 t know just how to proceed, do your best. move in the direction that you ought to go ; trust the lord, give him a chance, and he will never fail you. 12 what a wonderful thing it is to know that we can, if we will, hold our heavenly father \u2019 s hand and be guided by him. no other people in the world have the assurance that this group of people has. 13 [ see suggestion 4 on page 189. ] god grants faith as a gift to the righteous. our faith is conditioned upon our righteous lives. we cannot live improperly and have faith as we should, but if we keep the commandments of the lord, we can have faith, and it will grow and increase as our righteousness increases. 14 if there are any of us who lack faith in this work it is because we have not kept the commandments of god. if there are any who do not know that this is the work of our father, it is because they have not done their duty. i know as i know that i live that this is the lord \u2019 s work, and that knowledge comes as a result of keeping his commandments. 15 we know that faith is a gift of god ; it is the fruitage of righteous living. it does not come to us by our command, but is the result of doing the will of our heavenly father. if we lack faith let us examine ourselves to see if we have been keeping his commandments, and repent without delay if we have not. \u2026 may the lord increase our faith,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43279721467363014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.479147"} {"text": "but is the result of doing the will of our heavenly father. if we lack faith let us examine ourselves to see if we have been keeping his commandments, and repent without delay if we have not. \u2026 may the lord increase our faith, and may we live to be worthy of it. 16 suggestions for study and teaching consider these ideas as you study the chapter or as you prepare to teach. for additional help, see pages v \u2013 vii. look for evidences of george albert smith \u2019 s faith in the story on pages 179 \u2013 81. one of president smith \u2019 s missionaries said that his accomplishments \u201c secured to us a testimony that god directs that work \u201d ( page 182 ). how have you been influenced by the faith of others, such as a family member or a close friend? review the examples of faith on pages 182 \u2013 86. what other examples of faith are particularly meaningful to you? how could you use these examples to help someone who is exercising faith but has not yet received the blessings he or she desires? how has your faith given you \u201c hope in the battle of life \u201d? how can faith help us overcome fear or other \u201c obstacles we, seemingly, cannot overcome \u201d? ( page 186 ). read the story that begins on page 186, and compare it with the story in \u201c from the life of george albert smith. \u201d what experiences have you had that are similar to these? what do you think it means to \u201c give the lord a chance \u201d? president smith taught that \u201c faith is a gift of god \u201d that \u201c does not come to us by our command \u201d ( page 188 ). how does this principle influence the way you try to increase your faith and inspire faith in others? what are some specific things we can do to \u201c retain \u201d the gift of faith? ( see alma 32 : 35 \u2013 43 ). teaching help : \u201c to help learners prepare to answer questions, you may want to tell them before something is read or presented that you will be asking for their responses \u2026. for example, you could say, \u2018 listen as i read this passage so that you can share what most interests you about it \u2019 or \u2018 as this scripture is read, see if you can understand what the lord is telling us about faith \u2019 \u201d ( \u201c greeting, \u201d millennial star, july 10, 1919, 440 \u2013 41. in glenn r. stubbs, \u201c a biography of george albert smith, 1870 to 1951 \u201d ( phd diss., brigham young university, 1974 ), 142 \u2013 43. james gunn mckay", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4830609508772344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.481571"} {"text": "moedal ( the monopole and exotics detector at the lhc ) is the newest of the experiments that will investigate particle collisions at the large hadron collider. approved by the cern research board in december 2009, the moedal experiment will search for very specific exotic particles. the experiment is relatively small, cheap and quick to install but its physics potential is huge. the moedal detector will consist of layers of plastic attached to the walls and ceiling of the cavern that houses the velo detector of the lhcb experiment. physicists will look for tell - tale collinear ' etch - pits ' created by a stable particle such as a magnetic monopole or a massive stable supersymmetric particle crossing through the plastic. the international moedal collaboration, made up of physicists from canada, cern, the czech republic, germany, italy, romania and the us, is preparing to deploy the moedal detector during the next long shutdown of the lhc, which will start late in 2011. the full detector comprises an array of approximately 400 nuclear track detectors ( ntds ). each ntd consists of a 10 - layer stack of plastic and altogether they have a total surface area of 250 m2. the detectors are deployed at the intersection region at point - 8 on the lhc ring around the vertex locato ( velo ) of the lhcb detector.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5451058361497011, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.483118"} {"text": "this section only applies if a network card is to be configured. if a network card will not be used, there is likely no need to create any configuration files relating to network cards. if that is the case, remove the network symlinks from all run - level directories ( / etc / rc. d / rc *. d ). which interfaces are brought up and down by the network script depends on the files and directories in the / etc / sysconfig / network - devices hierarchy. this directory should contain a sub - directory for each interface to be configured, such as ifconfig. xyz, where \u201c xyz \u201d is a network interface name. inside this directory would be files defining the attributes to this interface, such as its ip address ( es ), subnet masks, and so forth. the following command creates a sample ipv4 file for the eth0 device : cd / etc / sysconfig / network - devices & & mkdir - v ifconfig. eth0 & & cat > ifconfig. eth0 / ipv4 < < \" eof \" onboot = yes service = ipv4 - static ip = 192. 168. 1. 1 gateway = 192. 168. 1. 2 prefix = 24 broadcast = 192. 168. 1. 255 eof the values of these variables must be changed in every file to match the proper setup. if the onboot variable is set to \u201c yes \u201d the network script will bring up the network interface card ( nic ) during booting of the system. if set to anything but \u201c yes \u201d the nic will be ignored by the network script and not be brought up. the service variable defines the method used for obtaining the ip address. the clfs - bootscripts package has a modular ip assignment format, and creating additional files in the / etc / sysconfig / network - devices / services directory allows other ip assignment methods. this is commonly used for dynamic host configuration protocol ( dhcp ), which is addressed in the blfs book. the gateway variable should contain the default gateway ip address, if one is present. if not, then comment out the variable entirely. the prefix variable needs to contain the number of bits used in the subnet. each octet in an ip address is 8 bits. if the subnet ' s netmask is 255. 255. 255. 0, then it is using the first three oct", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4851609669525017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.486297"} {"text": "needs to contain the number of bits used in the subnet. each octet in an ip address is 8 bits. if the subnet ' s netmask is 255. 255. 255. 0, then it is using the first three octets ( 24 bits ) to specify the network number. if the netmask is 255. 255. 255. 240, it would be using the first 28 bits. prefixes longer than 24 bits are commonly used by dsl and cable - based internet service providers ( isps ). in this example ( prefix = 24 ), the netmask is 255. 255. 255. 0. adjust the prefix variable according to your specific subnet. if the system is going to be connected to the internet, it will need some means of domain name service ( dns ) name resolution to resolve internet domain names to ip addresses, and vice versa. this is best achieved by placing the ip address of the dns server, available from the isp or network administrator, into / etc / resolv. conf. create the file by running the following : cat > / etc / resolv. conf < < \" eof \" # begin / etc / resolv. conf domain [ your domain name ] nameserver [ ip address of your primary nameserver ] nameserver [ ip address of your secondary nameserver ] # end / etc / resolv. conf eof replace [ ip address of the nameserver ] with the ip address of the dns most appropriate for the setup. there will often be more than one entry ( requirements demand secondary servers for fallback capability ). if you only need or want one dns server, remove the second nameserver line from the file. the ip address may also be a router on the local network.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5050439769983965, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.487169"} {"text": "at this point in time, virus scanners for linux are aimed at detecting and disinfecting data served to windows hosts by a linux file / mailserver. this can be useful to help stop the spread of viruses among local, non - unix machines. due to the lack of viruses for linux, there are presently no scanners ( that i ' m aware of ) to detect viruses within the linux os, or its applications. trojans present a greater threat to the linux os itself than do viruses, and can be detected by regularly verifying the integrity of your binaries, or by using a rootkitdetector. is linux vulnerable to viruses? in a practical sense, no. technically... due to the design of linux, it is difficult for viruses to spread far within a system, as they are confined to infecting the user space of the user who executes them. of course, this is a problem if infected files are launched by root, but as a security conscious individual, you wouldn ' t be running untrusted files as root, would you? it is theoretically possible for a virus launched by a regular user to escalate its privileges using system exploits. however, a virus with this capability would be quite sizable, and difficult to write. as of this date, few viruses have actually been discovered for linux, and the ones that have been discovered aren ' t worth losing sleep over. this will undoubtedly change with time. viruses do exist for linux, but are probably the least significant threat you face.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47344453670796666, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.488720"} {"text": "kids learn gender stereotypes at home when playing with their toddlers, fathers are more assertive while mothers are more compliant, a new study found. these differences could help ingrain gender stereotypes in children early on, the researchers said. psychologists observed 80 sets of parents interacting with their young children in two situations : a 15 - minute play session with toys in the lab, and a 10 - minute snack break where parents fed kids cheese, crackers and raisins. all sessions were videotaped, and scientists later coded the interactions to calculate how often certain types of behaviors occurred. the researchers found that both fathers and mothers acted very similarly during snack time, which the scientists dubbed \" caregiving sessions. \" however, when parents played with books and toys with their kids, the researchers noted a marked difference between the way that fathers interacted with children and how mothers interacted with kids. \" fathers model higher levels of instrumental and assertive behavior, whereas mothers model higher levels of facilitative or cooperative behavior, \" wrote the researchers, led by eric w. lindsey of penn state berks university in pennsylvania, in a paper published june 2 in the journal sex roles. for example, fathers issued more imperatives ( such as \" put the toy in the bag \" ) and polite commands ( \" why don \u2019 t you try pushing that \" ) than mothers, while mothers gave more play leads, such as \" wanna look at the book? \" or \" let \u2019 s see what \u2019 s in this bag. \" \" in their responses to children \u2019 s initiations mothers were more likely to comply than fathers, whereas fathers were more likely to reject or ignore children than mothers, \" the researchers wrote. the children in the study were all between 15 and 18 months old. interestingly, in both situations the researchers noted no differences in the ways the children acted based on their gender. the scientists suspect the parent gender differences occurred only during play time, and not in the caregiving sessions, because all parents were more assertive during snack time. \" children were more involved in determining the direction of interaction during the play context, whereas parents were more ' in charge ' during the caregiving context, \" the psychologists wrote. \" thus, it appears that even at a very young age both girls and boys are sensitive to contextual differences in interactional settings and adjust their behavior according to [ the ] nature of the situation. \" ultimately, these subtle gender differences between how mothers and fathers act could be imparting important lessons to children about what it means to be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4812534886720121, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.491788"} {"text": "calf muscle stretching excessive tightness of the calf muscles can contribute to many foot problems and some knee problems. the achilles tendon attaches the calf muscle to the back of the heel. as the calf muscle tightens up it limits the movement of the ankle joint. when there is not adequate range of motion at the ankle during walking or exercising the foot joints are forced to move in an abnormal fashion. the foot is forced to flatten and the forces generated into the ball of the foot are extreme in nature. over time, this repeated strain results in a variety of foot problems. the calf muscle has a natural tendency to tighten, as we get older. exercise also causes the muscle to tighten. calf muscle stretching is very useful in the treatment of many foot disorders and for the prevention of foot problems. the typical runners stretch, by leaning into a wall, is helpful. an alternative method of stretching is to stand approximately two feet from a wall. facing the wall, turn your feet inward so you are pigeon toed. lean forward into the wall keeping your heels on the floor and the knees extended. also keep your back straight and do not bend at the hips. hold the stretch for 10 seconds and do the stretch ten times in a row. do the stretching three times each day. always stretch the calf muscles following any form of exercise. if the stretching causes pain it should not be performed. the stretch should be felt in the body of the muscle not in the achilles tendon or the back of the knee. if you are unable to perform the stretch properly consult with a doctor or physical trainer. article provided by podiatrynetwork. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4120323773285334, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.494772"} {"text": "chant is written in neumes, which are notes sung on a single syllable. gregorian chant has no meter at all, though it does have a rhythm of groups of 2 or 3 notes. vertical lines separate musical phrases and may sometimes allow a pause for taking a breath, like chant is not in a major key or a minor key, but in modes ( though there are some modes which can sound like a modern scale ). chant is written on a 4 - line staff, instead of 5 lines as music is written on now. marks where do is on the staff. here it is on the third line from the bottom, so if do is on c then the lines would go f - a - c - e. would mean that do is on the top line, so if do is on c the notes on the lines would be d - f - a - c. is a fah clef, and indicates where fah is on the staff. here, do would be on the bottom space. this is just a single note this is the same as a punctum. when one note is written above another note like this, the bottom note is sung first, and then the note above it. when the higher note comes first, it is written like this. three or more notes going upward. three or more notes going upward, but the middle one has a vertical episema : that note is slightly lengthened. three or more notes going downwards. | torculus ( pes flexus ) three notes that go up and then back down. | porrectus ( flexus resupinus ) a high note, a low note, and a high note. the line starts at the first note and goes down to the middle note. four notes, going up and then dropping down. a porrectus with a low note on the end. the opposite of a scandicus flexus. one note up and two notes down. four notes in a row, going downwards. four notes in a row, going up. | epiphonus ( liquescent podatus ) little notes lose some of their fullness because they are sung on a complicated syllable. | cephalicus ( liquescent flexa ) in liquescent neumes that look like this, the top note comes before the bottom note! | pinnosa ( liquescent torculus ) again, the top note comes before the note underneath. the little note always comes last. the little note is highest. this is marked by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46666858531776184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.498839"} {"text": "this, the top note comes before the bottom note! | pinnosa ( liquescent torculus ) again, the top note comes before the note underneath. the little note always comes last. the little note is highest. this is marked by a jagged line in the middle. the first note is held a little longer than the middle one. these are other ways of showing that a note is held : one is by putting a dot ( punctum - mora ) after the note. it is a little bit like a dotted note in modern music. the second way of showing that a note is held is by having more than one of the same note in a row on the same syllable. this is called a repurcussive neume. a horizontal line ( episema ) above a neume means to hold the note, or slow down, a little like rit. in modern music. a vertical line ( episema ) written under a note means it has a mild emphasis, like an accent mark. there is one accidental that may be used in chant notation, it is the b - flat which does look a lot like the modern sometimes the flat sign can be written at the beginning instead of in front of the note, and then it ' s like a key signature. otherwise, it only lasts for one word. at the end of a line of chant, a little, skinny note ( custos ) is written to show what note is coming up next in the following line. and that is how to read gregorian chant notation! you can write to me at : rick kephart < > | home | | religion | | latin mass | | denton | | prayer requests | | homeschooling | | england | | italy | | florida | | musical | | gregorian chant | | lph resource center |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4937538172131125, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.500486"} {"text": "karl marx. capital volume one the change of value that occurs in the case of money intended to be converted into capital, cannot take place in the money itself, since in its function of means of purchase and of payment, it does no more than realise the price of the commodity it buys or pays for ; and, as hard cash, it is value petrified, never varying. just as little can it originate in the second act of circulation, the re - sale of the commodity, which does no more than transform the article from its bodily form back again into its money - form. the change must, therefore, take place in the commodity bought by the first act, m - c, but not in its value, for equivalents are exchanged, and the commodity is paid for at its full value. we are, therefore, forced to the conclusion that the change originates in the use - value, as such, of the commodity, i. e., in its consumption. in order to be able to extract value from the consumption of a commodity, our friend, moneybags, must be so lucky as to find, within the sphere of circulation, in the market, a commodity, whose use - value possesses the peculiar property of being a source of value, whose actual consumption, therefore, is itself an embodiment of labour, and, consequently, a creation of value. the possessor of money does find on the market such a special commodity in capacity for labour or labour - power. by labour - power or capacity for labour is to be understood the aggregate of those mental and physical capabilities existing in a human being, which he exercises whenever he produces a use - value of any description. but in order that our owner of money may be able to find labour - power offered for sale as a commodity, various conditions must first be fulfilled. the exchange of commodities of itself implies no other relations of dependence than those which, result from its own nature. on this assumption, labour - power can appear upon the market as a commodity, only if, and so far as, its possessor, the individual whose labour - power it is, offers it for sale, or sells it, as a commodity. in order that he may be able to do this, he must have it at his disposal, must be the untrammelled owner of his capacity for labour, i. e., of his person. he and the owner of money meet in the market, and deal with each other as on the basis of equal rights, with this difference alone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.550721756525135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.523025"} {"text": "be the untrammelled owner of his capacity for labour, i. e., of his person. he and the owner of money meet in the market, and deal with each other as on the basis of equal rights, with this difference alone, that one is buyer, the other seller ; both, therefore, equal in the eyes of the law. the continuance of this relation demands that the owner of the labour - power should sell it only for a definite period, for if he were to sell it rump and stump, once for all, he would be selling himself, converting himself from a free man into a slave, from an owner of a commodity into a commodity. he must constantly look upon his labour - power as his own property, his own commodity, and this he can only do by placing it at the disposal of the buyer temporarily, for a definite period of time. by this means alone can he avoid renouncing his rights of ownership over it. the second essential condition to the owner of money finding labour - power in the market as a commodity is this \u2014 that the labourer instead of being in the position to sell commodities in which his labour is incorporated, must be obliged to offer for sale as a commodity that very labour - power, which exists only in his living self. in order that a man may be able to sell commodities other than labour - power, he must of course have the means of production, as raw material, implements, & c. no boots can be made without leather. he requires also the means of subsistence. nobody \u2014 not even \u201c a musician of the future \u201d \u2014 can live upon future products, or upon use - values in an unfinished state ; and ever since the first moment of his appearance on the world \u2019 s stage, man always has been, and must still be a consumer, both before and while he is producing. in a society where all products assume the form of commodities, these commodities must be sold after they have been produced, it is only after their sale that they can serve in satisfying the requirements of their producer. the time necessary for their sale is superadded to that necessary for their production. for the conversion of his money into capital, therefore, the owner of money must meet in the market with the free labourer, free in the double sense, that as a free man he can dispose of his labour - power as his own commodity, and that on the other hand he has no other commodity for sale, is short of everything necessary for the realisation of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5241862173465239, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.523996"} {"text": ". the particular functions of money which it performs, either as the mere equivalent of commodities, or as means of circulation, or means of payment, as hoard or as universal money, point, according to the extent and relative preponderance of the one function or the other, to very different stages in the process of social production. yet we know by experience that a circulation of commodities relatively primitive, suffices for the production of all these forms. otherwise with capital. the historical conditions of its existence are by no means given with the mere circulation of money and commodities. it can spring into life, only when the owner of the means of production and subsistence meets in the market with the free labourer selling his labour - power. and this one historical condition comprises a world \u2019 s history. capital, therefore, announces from its first appearance a new epoch in the process of social production. we must now examine more closely this peculiar commodity, labour - power. like all others it has a value. how is that value determined? the value of labour - power is determined, as in the case of every other commodity, by the labour - time necessary for the production, and consequently also the reproduction, of this special article. so far as it has value, it represents no more than a definite quantity of the average labour of society incorporated in it. labour - power exists only as a capacity, or power of the living individual. its production consequently pre - supposes his existence. given the individual, the production of labour - power consists in his reproduction of himself or his maintenance. for his maintenance he requires a given quantity of the means of subsistence. therefore the labour - time requisite for the production of labour - power reduces itself to that necessary for the production of those means of subsistence ; in other words, the value of labour - power is the value of the means of subsistence necessary for the maintenance of the labourer. labour - power, however, becomes a reality only by its exercise ; it sets itself in action only by working. but thereby a definite quantity of human muscle, nerve. brain, & c., is wasted, and these require to be restored. this increased expenditure demands a larger income. if the owner of labour - power works to - day, to - morrow he must again be able to repeat the same process in the same conditions as regards health and strength. his means of subsistence must therefore be sufficient to maintain him in his normal state as a labouring individual. his natural wants, such as food, clothing, fuel,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5678001991608559, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.526447"} {"text": "be able to repeat the same process in the same conditions as regards health and strength. his means of subsistence must therefore be sufficient to maintain him in his normal state as a labouring individual. his natural wants, such as food, clothing, fuel, and housing, vary according to the climatic and other physical conditions of his country. on the other hand, the number and extent of his so - called necessary wants, as also the modes of satisfying them, are themselves the product of historical development, and depend therefore to a great extent on the degree of civilisation of a country, more particularly on the conditions under which, and consequently on the habits and degree of comfort in which, the class of free labourers has been formed. in contradistinction therefore to the case of other commodities, there enters into the determination of the value of labour - power a historical and moral element. nevertheless, in a given country, at a given period, the average quantity of the means of subsistence necessary for the labourer is practically known. the owner of labour - power is mortal. if then his appearance in the market is to be continuous, and the continuous conversion of money into capital assumes this, the seller of labour - power must perpetuate himself, \u201c in the way that every living individual perpetuates himself, by procreation. \u201d the labour - power withdrawn from the market by wear and tear and death, must be continually replaced by, at the very least, an equal amount of fresh labour - power. hence the sum of the means of subsistence necessary for the production of labour - power must include the means necessary for the labourer \u2019 s substitutes, i. e., his children, in order that this race of peculiar commodity - owners may perpetuate its appearance in the market. in order to modify the human organism, so that it may acquire skill and handiness in a given branch of industry, and become labour - power of a special kind, a special education or training is requisite, and this, on its part, costs an equivalent in commodities of a greater or less amount. this amount varies according to the more or less complicated character of the labour - power. the expenses of this education ( excessively small in the case of ordinary labour - power ), enter pro tanto into the total value spent in its production. the value of labour - power resolves itself into the value of a definite quantity of the means of subsistence. it therefore varies with the value of these means or with the quantity of labour requisite for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5434349894923292, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.527457"} {"text": "and developed only in a crippled state. but the value of every commodity is determined by the labour - time requisite to turn it out so as to be of normal quality. it is a very cheap sort of sentimentality which declares this method of determining the value of labour - power, a method prescribed by the very nature of the case, to be a brutal method, and which wails with rossi that, \u201c to comprehend capacity for labour ( puissance de travail ) at the same time that we make abstraction from the means of subsistence of the labourers during the process of production, is to comprehend a phantom ( etre de raison ). when we speak of labour, or capacity for labour, we speak at the same time of the labourer and his means of subsistence, of labourer and wages. \u201d when we speak of capacity for labour, we do not speak of labour, any more than when we speak of capacity for digestion, we speak of digestion. the latter process requires something more than a good stomach. when we speak of capacity for labour, we do not abstract from the necessary means of subsistence. on the contrary, their value is expressed in its value. if his capacity for labour remains unsold, the labourer derives no benefit from it, but rather he will feel it to be a cruel nature - imposed necessity that this capacity has cost for its production a definite amount of the means of subsistence and that it will continue to do so for its reproduction. he will then agree with sismondi : \u201c that capacity for labour... is nothing unless it is sold. \u201d one consequence of the peculiar nature of labour - power as a commodity is, that its use - value does not, on the conclusion of the contract between the buyer and seller, immediately pass into the hands of the former. its value, like that of every other commodity, is already fixed before it goes into circulation, since a definite quantity of social labour has been spent upon it ; but its use - value consists in the subsequent exercise of its force. the alienation of labour - power and its actual appropriation by the buyer, its employment as a use - value, are separated by an interval of time. but in those cases in which the formal alienation by sale of the use - value of a commodity, is not simultaneous with its actual delivery to the buyer, the money of the latter usually functions as means of payment. in every country in which the capitalist mode of production reigns, it is the custom not to pay", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49633161792209496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.529842"} {"text": "the use - value of a commodity, is not simultaneous with its actual delivery to the buyer, the money of the latter usually functions as means of payment. in every country in which the capitalist mode of production reigns, it is the custom not to pay for labour - power before it has been exercised for the period fixed by the contract, as for example, the end of each week. in all cases, therefore, the use - value of the labour - power is advanced to the capitalist : the labourer allows the buyer to consume it before he receives payment of the price ; he everywhere gives credit to the capitalist. that this credit is no mere fiction, is shown not only by the occasional loss of wages on the bankruptcy of the capitalist, but also by a series of more enduring consequences. nevertheless, whether money serves as a means of purchase or as a means of payment, this makes no alteration in the nature of the exchange of commodities. the price of the labour - power is fixed by the contract, although it is not realised till later, like the rent of a house. the labour - power is sold, although it is only paid for at a later period. it will, therefore, be useful, for a clear comprehension of the relation of the parties, to assume provisionally, that the possessor of labour - power, on the occasion of each sale, immediately receives the price stipulated to be paid for it. we now know how the value paid by the purchaser to the possessor of this peculiar commodity, labour - power, is determined. the use - value which the former gets in exchange, manifests itself only in the actual utilisation, in the consumption of the labour - power. the money - owner buys everything necessary for this purpose, such as raw material, in the market, and pays for it at its full value. the consumption of labour - power is at one and the same time the production of commodities and of surplus - value. the consumption of labour - power is completed, as in the case of every other commodity, outside the limits of the market or of the sphere of circulation. accompanied by mr. moneybags and by the possessor of labour - power, we therefore take leave for a time of this noisy sphere, where everything takes place on the surface and in view of all men, and follow them both into the hidden abode of production, on whose threshold there stares us in the face \u201c no admittance except on business. \u201d here we shall see, not only how capital produces, but how capital", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5195132117038198, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.530859"} {"text": "in view of all men, and follow them both into the hidden abode of production, on whose threshold there stares us in the face \u201c no admittance except on business. \u201d here we shall see, not only how capital produces, but how capital is produced. we shall at last force the secret of profit making. this sphere that we are deserting, within whose boundaries the sale and purchase of labour - power goes on, is in fact a very eden of the innate rights of man. there alone rule freedom, equality, property and bentham. freedom, because both buyer and seller of a commodity, say of labour - power, are constrained only by their own free will. they contract as free agents, and the agreement they come to, is but the form in which they give legal expression to their common will. equality, because each enters into relation with the other, as with a simple owner of commodities, and they exchange equivalent for equivalent. property, because each disposes only of what is his own. and bentham, because each looks only to himself. the only force that brings them together and puts them in relation with each other, is the selfishness, the gain and the private interests of each. each looks to himself only, and no one troubles himself about the rest, and just because they do so, do they all, in accordance with the pre - established harmony of things, or under the auspices of an all - shrewd providence, work together to their mutual advantage, for the common weal and in the interest of all. on leaving this sphere of simple circulation or of exchange of commodities, which furnishes the \u201c free - trader vulgaris \u201d with his views and ideas, and with the standard by which he judges a society based on capital and wages, we think we can perceive a change in the physiognomy of our dramatis personae. he, who before was the money - owner, now strides in front as capitalist ; the possessor of labour - power follows as his labourer. the one with an air of importance, smirking, intent on business ; the other, timid and holding back, like one who is bringing his own hide to market and has nothing to expect but \u2014 a hiding. 1. \u201c in the form of money... capital is productive of no profit. \u201d ( ricardo : \u201c princ. of pol. econ., \u201d p. 267. ) 2. in encyclopaedias of classical antiquities we find such nonsense as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5240531811763152, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.533141"} {"text": "of money... capital is productive of no profit. \u201d ( ricardo : \u201c princ. of pol. econ., \u201d p. 267. ) 2. in encyclopaedias of classical antiquities we find such nonsense as this \u2014 that in the ancient world capital was fully developed, \u201c except that the free labourer and a system of credit was wanting. \u201d mommsen also, in his \u201c history of rome, \u201d commits, in this respect, one blunder after another. 3. hence legislation in various countries fixes a maximum for labour - contracts. wherever free labour is the rule, the laws regulate the mode of terminating this contract. in some states, particularly in mexico ( before the american civil war, also in the territories taken from mexico, and also, as a matter of fact, in the danubian provinces till the revolution effected by kusa ), slavery is hidden under the form of peonage. by means of advances, repayable in labour, which are handed down from generation to generation, not only the individual labourer, but his family, become, de facto, the property of other persons and their families. juarez abolished peonage. the so - called emperor maximilian re - established it by a decree, which, in the house of representatives at washington, was aptly denounced as a decree for the re - introduction of slavery into mexico. \u201c i may make over to another the use, for a limited time, of my particular bodily and mental aptitudes and capabilities ; because in consequence of this restriction, they are impressed with a character of alienation with regard to me as a whole. but by the alienation of all my labour - time and the whole of my work, i should be converting the substance itself, in other words, my general activity and reality, my person, into the property of another. \u201d ( hegel, \u201c philosophie des rechts. \u201d berlin, 1840, p. 104, \u00a7 67. ) 4. the capitalist epoch is therefore characterised by this, that labour - power takes in the eyes of the labourer himself the form of a commodity which is his property ; his labour consequently becomes wage - labour. on the other hand, it is only from this moment that the produce of labour universally becomes a commodity. 5. \u201c the value or worth of a man, is as of all other things his price \u2014 that is to say, so much as would be given for the use of his power. \u201d (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.479069551283759, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.534202"} {"text": "that the produce of labour universally becomes a commodity. 5. \u201c the value or worth of a man, is as of all other things his price \u2014 that is to say, so much as would be given for the use of his power. \u201d ( th. hobbes : \u201c leviathan \u201d in works, ed. molesworth. lond. 1839 - 44, v. iii. p. 76. ) 6. hence the roman villicus, as overlooker of the agricultural slaves, received \u201c more meagre fare than working slaves, because his work was lighter. \u201d ( th. mommsen, rom. geschichte, 1856, p. 810. ) 7. compare w. th. thornton : \u201c over - population and its remedy, \u201d lond., 1846. 9. \u201c its ( labour \u2019 s ) natural price... consists in such a quantity of necessaries and comforts of life, as, from the nature of the climate, and the habits of the country, are necessary to support the labourer, and to enable him to rear such a family as may preserve, in the market, an undiminished supply of labour. \u201d ( r. torrens : \u201c an essay on the external corn trade. \u201d lond. 1815, p. 62. ) the word labour is here wrongly used for labour - power. [ > 10. rossi : \u201c cours d \u2019 econ. polit., \u201d bruxelles, 1842, p. 370. 11. sismondi : \u201c nouv. princ. etc., \u201d t. i, p. 112. 12. \u201c all labour is paid after it has ceased. \u201d ( \u201c an inquiry into those principles respecting the nature of demand, \u201d & c., p. 104. ) le credit commercial a du commencer au moment ou l \u2019 ouvrier, premier artisan de la production, a pu, au moyen de ses economies, attendre le salaire de son travail jusqu \u2019 a la fin de la semaine, de la quinzaine, du mois, du trimestre, & c. \u201d [ \u201c the system of commercial credit had to start at the moment when the labourer, the prime creator of products, could, thanks to his savings, wait for his wages until the end of the week. \u201d ] ( ch. ganilh : \u201c des systemes d \u2019 econ. polit. \u201d 2eme", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4700907153454652, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.535068"} {"text": "your definition of \u201c comfort \u201d may be different from your neighbor \u2019 s, and understanding some key terms can help make your search for improved heating and air conditioning efficiency and performance less confusing \u2026 and more effective. advanced reciprocating compressor \u2013 a type of compressor that uses a more efficient process for compressing refrigerant for better cooling efficiency. afue \u2013 ( annual fuel utilization efficiency ) tells how much energy is being converted to heat. for example, an afue of 90 means that 90 % of the fuel is being used to warm your home, while the other 10 % escapes as exhaust with the combustion gases. air handler \u2013 is a device used to condition and circulate air as part of a heating, ventilating, and air \u2013 conditioning ( hvac ) system. an air handler is usually a large unit that resembles a furnace, runs off electric and is usually used residentially with heat pumps. btu \u2013 ( britishthermal unit ) used for both heating and cooling, btu is a measure of the heat given off when fuel is combusted. or for cooling, it \u2019 s a measure of heat extracted from your home. one btu is equal to the heat given off by a wooden kitchen match. capacity \u2013 the amount a heating or cooling system takes to heat or cool a given amount of space. for heating, this is usually expressed in btus. for cooling, it is measured in tons ( 12, 000 btu \u2019 s in a ton of cooling ). carbon monoxide ( co ) \u2013 an odorless, colorless and toxic gas. because it is impossible to see, taste or smell the toxic fumes, co can kill you before you are aware it is in your home. at lower levels of exposure, co causes mild effects that are often mistaken for the flu. these symptoms include headaches, dizziness, disorientation, nausea and fatigue. the effects of co exposure can vary greatly from person to person depending on age, overall health and the concentration and length of exposure. condenser coil \u2013 the high pressure high temperature refrigerant gas leaves the outdoor compressor and enters the outdoor condensing coil where it is cooled to a liquid state by the condensing unit fan that blows outside air across the condensing coil or by immersion of the condensing coil in cooling water in some designs. the heat produced in these steps is transferred to the outside by a fan which blows outside air across the condensing coil. the liquid refrigerant is then", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6218899408738227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.545527"} {"text": "coil or by immersion of the condensing coil in cooling water in some designs. the heat produced in these steps is transferred to the outside by a fan which blows outside air across the condensing coil. the liquid refrigerant is then able to return to the indoor components for cooling and dehumidifying the building interior. digital thermostat \u2013 is an electronic thermostat powered by electric, battery or both. it has digital screen which displays temperature and other information. it \u2019 s accurate to + / \u2013 0. 1\u00b0c. it ensures reliable and efficient temperature regulation and can be either programmable or non \u2013 programmable. downflow \u2013 a type of furnace that takes cool air in from the top, heats it and blows warm air out of the bottom \u2014 common when a furnace is located in a slab home. ecm \u2013 ( electronically controlled motor ) is an ultra \u2013 high efficient dc driven motor, which is much more efficient than an ac motor. this allows you to circulate and filter the air in your home continuously for about the same cost as operating a standard light bulb. electronic air cleaner ( eac ) \u2013 filters out large particles and contaminants from indoor air. it then electronically pulls out tiny particles that have been magnetized, such as viruses and bacteria, drawing them to a collector plate. load estimate \u2013 a series of studies performed to determine the heating or cooling requirements of your home. an energy load analysis uses information such as the square footage of your home, window or door areas, insulation quality and local climate to determine the heating and cooling capacity needed by your furnace, heat pump or air conditioner. when referring to heating, this is often known as a heat loss analysis, since a home \u2019 s heating requirements are determined by the amount of heat lost through the roof, entry ways and walls. when referring to cooling it \u2019 s considered a heat gain. evaporator coil \u2013 part of a split \u2013 system air conditioner or heat pump located indoors. the evaporator coil cools and dehumidifies the air by converting liquid refrigerant into a gas, which absorbs the heat from the air. the warmed refrigerant is then carried through a tube to the outdoor unit ( condenser coil ). fan coil \u2013 an indoor component of a heat pump system, used in place of a furnace. it provides additional heating through electric elements on cold days when the heat pump cannot provide adequate heating. freon \u2013 a trademark used for a variety of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6016947970512747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.546836"} {"text": "). fan coil \u2013 an indoor component of a heat pump system, used in place of a furnace. it provides additional heating through electric elements on cold days when the heat pump cannot provide adequate heating. freon \u2013 a trademark used for a variety of nonflammable gaseous or liquid fluorinated hydrocarbons employed primarily as working fluids in refrigeration and air conditioning and as aerosol propellants. hvac \u2013 term used for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. hspf \u2013 ( heating seasonal performance factor ) is a measure of the heating efficiency of a heat pump. the higher the hspf number, the more efficiently the heat pump heats your home. horizontal flow \u2013 a type of furnace, installed on its \u201c side, \u201d that draws in air from one side, heats it and sends the warm air out the other side. most often used for installations in attics or crawl spaces. humidifier \u2013 a piece of equipment that adds water vapor to heated air as it moves out of the furnace. this adds necessary moisture to protect your furnishings and reduce static electricity. humidity levels should range from 35 \u2013 50 %. matched system \u2013 a heating and cooling system comprised of products that have been certified to perform at promised comfort and efficiency levels when used together, and used according to design and engineering specifications. natural gas \u2013 this energy fuel is a mixture of naturally occurring combustible gases found underground and is widely used for heating and cooking, as well as for a variety of industrial applications. operating cost \u2013 the day \u2013 to \u2013 day cost of running your home comfort equipment, based on energy use. payback analysis \u2013 is the overall measure of the efficiency and value of your home comfort system. by combining your purchase price and ongoing operating costs, a payback analysis determines the number of years required before monthly energy savings offset the purchase price. r410a refrigerant \u2013 an environmentally sound refrigerant designed to protect the earth \u2019 s ozone layer. federal law requires all manufacturers phase out ozone depleting refrigerants within a certain date. it is approved by the us environmental protection agency as a replacement for freon 22 *. seer \u2013 ( seasonal energy efficiency ratio ) is a measure of the cooling efficiency of your air conditioner or heat pump. the higher the seer number, the more efficient the system is at converting electricity into cooling power. setback thermostat or programmable thermostat \u2013 a thermostat with built \u2013 in memory, can be programmed for different temperature", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6310657197487257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.547867"} {"text": "higher the seer number, the more efficient the system is at converting electricity into cooling power. setback thermostat or programmable thermostat \u2013 a thermostat with built \u2013 in memory, can be programmed for different temperature settings at different times of the day. scroll compressor \u2013 a special designed compressor that works in a circular motion, as opposed to up \u2013 and \u2013 down piston action. it has fewer moving parts and provides smooth, efficient and reliable operation. split system \u2013 refers to an air conditioner or heat pump that has components in two locations. usually, one part of the system is located inside ( evaporator coil ) and the other is located outside your home ( condenser coil ). two \u2013 stage furnace \u2013 is a furnace that can operate on both low and high heat settings. low heat is typically used around 80 % of the time. low stage heat has a lower btu output and runs quieter. upflow \u2013 a type of furnace that draws air in from the bottom, heats it and then blows the warmed air out the top into the duct work. this type of furnace is usually installed in a basement or an out \u2013 of \u2013 the \u2013 way closet. ventilator \u2013 a ventilator captures heating or cooling energy from stale indoor air and transfers it to fresh incoming air. zoning \u2013 a way to increase your home comfort and energy efficiency by controlling when and where heating and cooling occurs in a home. thermostats are used to control operating times of the equipment. dampers are used to direct airflow to certain parts or \u201c zones \u201d of the home.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5971323346386258, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.548484"} {"text": "| integrative therapy quick links : | - acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, all, aml, anemia, ataxia telangiectasia, benzene, bloom ' s syndrome, bone marrow, chemotherapy, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, cll, cml, computed tomography, ct, cytogenetic analysis, erythrocytes, fanconi ' s anemia, hairy cell leukemia, hematopoietic, htlv - i, human t - cell leukemia virus i, leukemic, leukocytes, lymphocytic, lymphoid tissue, malignant, myelogenous, myeloid cells, oncogenes, petechia, platelets, radiation therapy, radionuclide scan, relapse, remission, spleen, splenectomy, thrombocytosis, tumor suppressor, ultrasound, white blood cells, x - ray. - leukemia is cancer of the bone marrow and blood. the bone marrow is the soft, inner part of the bones that makes red and white blood cells. leukemia is characterized by the uncontrolled accumulation of white blood cells ( leucocytes ). - under normal circumstances, the blood - forming ( hematopoietic ) cells of the bone marrow make leukocytes to defend the body against infectious organisms, such as viruses and bacteria. leukocytes fight infection through a process known as phagocytosis. during phagocytosis, the leukocytes surround and destroy foreign organisms. white blood cells also produce, transport, and distribute antibodies as part of the body ' s immune response. if some leukocytes are damaged and remain in an immature form, they become poor infection fighters that multiply excessively and do not die off as they should. immature leukocytes are those that have just been formed in the bone marrow. - these damaged leukemic cells accumulate and lessen the production of oxygen - carrying red blood cells ( erythrocytes ), blood - clotting cells ( platelets ), and normal leukocytes. if untreated, the surplus leukemic cells overwhelm the bone marrow, enter the bloodstream, and eventually invade other parts of the body, such as the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and central nervous", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5232252815201563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.618769"} {"text": "body fight infections. for this reason, individuals with leukemia often get infections and have fevers. also, those with leukemia often have less than the normal amount of healthy red blood cells and platelets. as a result, there are not enough red blood cells to carry oxygen through the body. with this condition, called anemia, individuals may look pale and feel weak and tired. when there are not enough platelets, patients bleed and bruise easily. - like all blood cells, leukemia cells travel through the body. depending on the number of abnormal cells and where these cells collect, patients with leukemia may have a number of symptoms. some of the common symptoms of leukemia include : fever, chills, and other flu - like symptoms ; weakness and fatigue ; frequent infections ; loss of appetite and / or weight ; swollen or tender lymph nodes, liver, or spleen ; easy bleeding or bruising ; tiny red spots, called petechia, under the skin ; swollen or bleeding gums ; sweating, especially at night ; and / or bone or joint pain. - in acute leukemia, symptoms appear and get worse quickly. in chronic leukemia, symptoms may not appear for a long time. when symptoms do appear, they generally are mild at first and get worse gradually. doctors often find chronic leukemia during a routine checkup - before there are any symptoms - with blood tests revealing abnormal white blood cell counts. - in acute leukemia, the abnormal cells may collect in the brain or spinal cord. the result may be headaches, vomiting, confusion, loss of muscle control, and seizures. leukemia cells can collect in the testicles and cause swelling. some individuals develop sores in the eyes or on the skin. leukemia also can affect the digestive tract, kidneys, lungs, or other parts of the body. - chronic leukemia often goes undetected for many years until it is identified in a routine blood test. nearly one in five chronic leukemia patients have no symptoms at the time of their diagnosis. in chronic leukemia, the abnormal blood cells may gradually collect in various parts of the body. chronic leukemia may affect the skin, central nervous system, digestive tract, kidneys, and testicles. - once a doctor suspects that an individual ' s blood is abnormal, blood and bone marrow tests are performed to rule out leukemia. additional tissue samples may be needed to confirm the diagnosis or to help plan treatment. - if an individual has symptoms that suggest leukemia, the doctor may do a physical exam and ask about the personal and family medical history. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4746401753766935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.620705"} {"text": "performed to rule out leukemia. additional tissue samples may be needed to confirm the diagnosis or to help plan treatment. - if an individual has symptoms that suggest leukemia, the doctor may do a physical exam and ask about the personal and family medical history. the doctor also may order laboratory tests, including blood tests. - bone marrow tests : the bone marrow is sampled by a technique known as bone marrow aspiration. during this procedure, a thin, hollow needle with a syringe attachment is used to suction up ( aspirate ) a teaspoon - sized sample of liquid bone marrow from the back of the hip bone. a larger needle is then employed to obtain a bone marrow biopsy ( \" core \" biopsy ), which removes roughly a 1 / 16 inch cylindrical piece of bone marrow from the hip site. after the bone marrow samples are obtained, they are examined by many physician specialists, including a pathologist ( disease diagnosis specialist, who examines samples under a microscope ), hematologist ( blood specialist ), and oncologist ( cancer specialist ). the individual is generally awake during the procedure, but local anesthetics ( such as lidocaine ) and sedatives ( such as midazolam or versed\u00ae ) may be administered. there is usually no pain involved. - cytogenetic analysis : cytogenetic analysis detects changes in the chromosomes, including the presence of the philadelphia chromosome ( a genetic abnormality that can lead to leukemia ). it can be done using a regular microscope or a more modern lab technology called fluorescence in situ hybridization ( fish ). blood will be drawn from the individual and analyzed for the genetic abnormality. - x - ray : x - rays are used to see whether there are enlarged lymph nodes in the chest, localized masses in the lungs, or evidence of spreading to the outer bones or joints. - computerized tomography ( ct ) : computed tomography ( ct ) scan is a computer - assisted x - ray that produces cross - sectional images of the body. ct scans are not often used in leukemia patients unless the doctor suspects that the disease has spread to other organs. in such cases, ct scans may detect changes in the lymph nodes around the heart, trachea ( windpipe ), or abdomen. lymph node enlargement is more common in patients with acute or chronic lymphocytic leukemia ( all, cll ). - magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) : magnetic resonance imaging ( mri", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5222323984718278, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.621706"} {"text": "( windpipe ), or abdomen. lymph node enlargement is more common in patients with acute or chronic lymphocytic leukemia ( all, cll ). - magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) : magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) scan is a procedure that uses electromagnets and radio waves to create computer - generated pictures of the internal organs. mri may be used if the doctor suspects that leukemia involves the brain or lungs. - radionuclide scan : a radionuclide scan may be performed to rule out non - leukemic disorders in individuals who complain of bone pain. the radiologist injects the individual with a radioactive chemical ( such as gallium - 67 ), which will accumulate in areas of infection or malignancy and can be viewed with a special camera. this procedure is not used for individuals who already have been diagnosed with leukemia. - fatigue : leukemia can cause individuals to have too few red blood cells, resulting in anemia. anemia can make the individual feel tired by decreasing the number of red blood cells that can carry oxygen to tissues. treatment for leukemia, such as with chemotherapy, can also cause a drop in red blood cells, leading to fatigue. - excess bleeding : blood cells called platelets help control bleeding by prompting the blood to clot. a shortage of blood platelets ( thrombocytopenia ) can result in easy bleeding and bruising, including frequent or severe nosebleeds, bleeding from the gums, or tiny red marks caused by bleeding into the skin. - pain : leukemia can cause bone pain or joint pain as the bone marrow expands when excess white blood cells build up. - enlarged spleen : some of the extra blood cells produced when an individual has leukemia are stored in the spleen, causing the spleen to become swollen or enlarged. rarely, the spleen becomes so large that it is at risk of bursting. more commonly, the swollen spleen takes up space in the abdomen and makes the individual feel full even after small meals or causes pain on the left side of the body below the ribs and difficulty breathing. - stroke or excess clotting : some individuals with cml produce too many platelets. without treatment, this high platelet count, called thrombocytosis, can cause excessive clotting of the blood, which can lead to stroke. stroke is neurological damage to the brain due to a lack of oxygen. an increase in blood clotting can lead to the blocking of blood vessels in the brain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.50022661908459, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.622724"} {"text": "be given intravenously ( iv, through a vein ), orally ( by mouth ), subcutaneously ( subq, or injected under the skin ), intramuscularly ( injected into muscle ), or intrathecally ( injected into cerebrospinal fluid ). - chemotherapy used to treat leukemia varies, because there are many different forms of this disease. in general, leukemia treatment combines chemotherapy with a number of different anticancer drugs, which destroy cancer cells by preventing them from growing and dividing rapidly. unfortunately, a number of the body ' s normal, noncancerous cells ( e. g., hair cells, red and white blood cells, blood - clotting platelets, cells that line the gastrointestinal tract ) also divide rapidly, and are harmed by chemotherapy. damage to these cells causes side effects, which depend upon the type and dose of the drugs, as well as the length of time that they are used. - if the leukemia does not respond to one or two courses of treatment, a different drug program may be used to achieve remission. a different drug program may also be used if a relapse occurs. - chemotherapy side effects may include : temporary hair loss ; mouth sores ; anemia or a decreased number of red blood cells that may cause fatigue, dizziness, and shortness of breath ; leukopenia or a decreased numbers of white blood cells that may lower resistance to infection ; thrombocytopenia or a decreased number of platelets that may lead to easy bleeding or bruising ; and gastrointestinal symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. - radiation therapy : radiation therapy is used along with chemotherapy for some kinds of leukemia. radiation therapy ( also called radiotherapy ) uses high - energy rays to damage cancer cells and stop them from growing. - radiation therapy for leukemia may be given in two ways. for some individuals, the doctor may direct the radiation to one specific area of the body where there is a collection of leukemia cells, such as the spleen or testicles. others may receive radiation that is directed to the whole body. this is called total - body irradiation. this type of radiation usually is given before a bone marrow transplant. - depending on how and where the radiation is administered, it may cause certain side effects such as fatigue ( extreme tiredness ), loss of appetite, nausea, diarrhea, and skin problems. radiation of lymph node areas may result in suppression", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46637078770574913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.624664"} {"text": "depending on how and where the radiation is administered, it may cause certain side effects such as fatigue ( extreme tiredness ), loss of appetite, nausea, diarrhea, and skin problems. radiation of lymph node areas may result in suppression of the immune system to varying degrees. irradiation of the underlying bone and the marrow within the bone may result in suppression of the blood counts. - interferon therapy : interferons are a class of proteins that are released by virus - infected cells. they help normal cells to make antiviral proteins. interferons also help the body to reduce leukemia cell growth and reproduction, while strengthening the body ' s immune response. interferon - alpha ( infa ) is a type of interferon that frequently is used to treat leukemia. - interferon - alpha can be given by a number of methods. subcutanous injection is the customary route. inf - a is usually offered to all newly diagnosed patients who are not candidates for stem cell transplantation. possible ifn - a - related complaints include fevers, chills, muscle aches, bone pain, headaches, concentration difficulties, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and general flu - like symptoms when starting the drug. such symptoms usually last for one to two weeks, but may be lessened by drugs such as acetaminophen ( tylenol\u00ae ). side effects recur if the inf - a dosage is increased, but they are temporary and usually improve after inf - a therapy is completed. - stem cell transplantation : stem cell transplantation, or bone marrow transplant, is a treatment that allows use of very high doses of chemotherapy along with total body irradiation in order to kill the leukemic cells. at the completion of high - dose therapy, the individual ' s immune system is essentially depleted, and they are at high risk of developing serious life - threatening infections. these individuals are treated in specially designed, sterile, air - filtered marrow transplant rooms. stem cell transplantation is a surgical procedure performed under general anesthesia. - immediately upon completion of the high - dose therapy, stem cells from a healthy, complete blood cell matched donor, usually a sibling or, less commonly, a parent, are transplanted into a vein whereupon they migrate to the marrow where they grow and multiply before entering the circulation. this process may take two to three weeks to be completed. on rare occasions, when a donor is not available, one ' s own marrow cells,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.483534526000167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.626985"} {"text": "into a vein whereupon they migrate to the marrow where they grow and multiply before entering the circulation. this process may take two to three weeks to be completed. on rare occasions, when a donor is not available, one ' s own marrow cells, usually pretreated in order to remove residual, but otherwise unseen, leukemic cells, are infused. this approach is far less successful than the use of matched donor cells. - if an individual receives stem cells from a matched donor, the type of stem cell transplant is called allogeneic. if the individual ' s own stem cells are reintroduced back into the patient following high dose therapy, the infusion is called autologous. side effects include fever and fatigue. a splenectomy is the surgical removal of the spleen. the spleen is located in the abdomen, on the left side. the spleen acts as a filtering system for blood cells. when an individual has chronic leukemia, the spleen tends to collect leukemia cells, transfused platelets ( given during surgery ), and red blood cells. frequently, the spleen enlarges from storing these cells. this makes it difficult for the chemotherapy to reduce the quantity of diseased cells. if the spleen is not removed, it sometimes grows so large that it causes breathing difficulty and compresses other organs. in that case, a splenectomy may be needed. splenectomy is used along with other treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation. - note : although there are few studies to support the use of integrative therapies in leukemia, many of the following therapies have been reported useful in the management of cancer in general. - strong scientific evidence : - vitamin a : vitamin a is a fat - soluble vitamin, which is derived from two sources : preformed retinoids and provitamin carotenoids. retinoids, such as retinal and retinoic acid, are found in animal sources such as livers, kidneys, eggs, and dairy produce. carotenoids like beta - carotene ( which has the highest vitamin a activity ) are found in plants such as dark or yellow vegetables and carrots. the prescription drug all - trans - retinoic acid ( atra, vesanoid\u00ae ) is a vitamin a derivative that is an established treatment for acute promyelocytic leukemia and improves median survival in this disease. treatment should be under strict medical supervision. vitamin a supplements should not be used simultaneously with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4619939683107379, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.628293"} {"text": "other activity that requires strict attention. use cautiously with physical symptoms that can be brought about by stress, anxiety or emotional upset because imagery may trigger these symptoms. if feeling unusually anxious while practicing guided imagery, or with a history of trauma or abuse, speak with a qualified health care provider before practicing guided imagery. - meditation : there is good evidence that various types of meditation may help improve quality of life in cancer patients. studies have shown benefits for mood, sleep quality, and the stresses of treatment. the specific effects of meditation are not fully understood. additional research is needed in this area. - use cautiously with underlying mental illnesses. people with psychiatric disorders should consult with their primary mental healthcare professional ( s ) before starting a program of meditation, and should explore how meditation may or may not fit in with their current treatment plan. avoid with risk of seizures. the practice of meditation should not delay the time to diagnosis or treatment with more proven techniques or therapies, and should not be used as the sole approach to illnesses. - psychotherapy : psychotherapy is an interactive process between a person and a qualified mental health care professional ( psychiatrist, psychologist, clinical social worker, licensed counselor, or other trained practitioner ). there is good evidence that psychotherapy may enhance quality of life in cancer patients by reducing emotional distress and aiding in coping with the stresses and challenges of cancer. therapy may be supportive - expressive therapy, cognitive therapy or group therapy. while some patients seek psychotherapy in hopes of extending survival, there conclusive evidence of effects on medical prognosis is currently lacking. psychotherapy may help people come to terms with the fact that they may die of cancer, which is the 4th stage of dealing with a terminal illness, including denial, anger, bargaining, and acceptance. - psychotherapy is not always sufficient to resolve mental or emotional conditions. psychiatric medication is sometimes needed. the reluctance to seek and use appropriate medication may contribute to worsening of symptoms or increased risk for poor outcomes. in order to be successful, psychotherapy requires considerable personal motivation and investment in the process. this includes consistent attendance and attention to treatment recommendations provided by the practitioner. not all therapists are sufficiently qualified to work with all problems. the client or patient should seek referrals from trusted sources and should also inquire of the practitioner ' s training and background before committing to work with a particular therapist. some forms of psychotherapy evoke strong emotional feelings and expression. this can be disturbing for people with serious mental illness or some medical conditions. psychotherapy may help with post - part", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.54258965176996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.632167"} {"text": "' s training and background before committing to work with a particular therapist. some forms of psychotherapy evoke strong emotional feelings and expression. this can be disturbing for people with serious mental illness or some medical conditions. psychotherapy may help with post - partum depression, but is not a substitute for medication, which may be needed in severe cases. - yoga : yoga is an ancient system of relaxation, exercise, and healing with origins in indian philosophy. several studies report enhanced quality of life in cancer, lower sleep disturbance, decreased stress symptoms and changes in cancer - related immune cells after patients received relaxation, meditation and gentle yoga therapy. yoga is not recommended as a sole treatment for cancer but may be helpful as an adjunct therapy. - yoga is generally considered to be safe in healthy individuals when practiced appropriately. avoid some inverted poses with disc disease of the spine, fragile or atherosclerotic neck arteries, risk for blood clots, extremely high or low blood pressure, glaucoma, detachment of the retina, ear problems, severe osteoporosis, or cervical spondylitis. certain yoga breathing techniques should be avoided in people with heart or lung disease. use cautiously with a history of psychotic disorders. yoga techniques are believed to be safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding when practiced under the guidance of expert instruction ( the popular lamaze techniques are based on yogic breathing ). however, poses that put pressure on the uterus, such as abdominal twists, should be avoided in pregnancy. - unclear or conflicting scientific evidence : - acupuncture : acupuncture, or the use of needles to manipulate the \" chi \" or body energy, originated in china over 5, 000 years ago. there has been limited research on acupuncture for cancer pain, and the research that was done was shown to have mixed results. more studies are needed to determine potential benefits. evidence from several small studies supports use of acupuncture at a specific point on the wrist ( p6 ) to help chemotherapy patients reduce nausea and vomiting. acupuncture may also reduce the pain associated with cancer. - needles must be sterile in order to avoid disease transmission. avoid with valvular heart disease, infections, bleeding disorders or with drugs that increase the risk of bleeding ( anticoagulants ), medical conditions of unknown origin, or neurological disorders. avoid on areas that have received radiation therapy and during pregnancy. use cautiously with pulmonary disease ( like asthma or emphysema ). use cautiously in elderly or medical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5321784753001004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.633196"} {"text": "anticoagulants ), medical conditions of unknown origin, or neurological disorders. avoid on areas that have received radiation therapy and during pregnancy. use cautiously with pulmonary disease ( like asthma or emphysema ). use cautiously in elderly or medically compromised patients, diabetics or with history of seizures. avoid electroacupuncture with arrhythmia ( irregular heartbeat ) or in patients with pacemakers. - aloe : transparent gel from the pulp of the meaty leaves of aloe vera has been used on the skin for thousands of years to treat wounds, skin infections, burns, and numerous other skin conditions. dried latex from the inner lining of the leaf has traditionally been used as an oral laxative. preliminary research suggests that aloe may help in the area of cancer prevention or may aid in the regression of cancerous tumors. additional research is needed in this area. - caution is advised when taking aloe supplements as numerous adverse effects including a laxative effect, cramping, dehydration and drug interactions are possible. aloe should not be used if pregnant or breast - feeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. - american pawpaw : evidence supporting the use of the american pawpaw ( asimina triloba ) tree for cancer treatment in humans is largely anecdotal and subjective. however, use in humans has reported minimal side effects, and evidence from animal and test tube studies suggest that american pawpaw extract does have some anticancer activity. pawpaw standardized extract has been used for 18 months in patients with various forms of cancer. well - designed studies on the long - term effects of pawpaw extracts are currently lacking. pawpaw should not be used if pregnant or breast - feeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. - antineoplastons : antineoplastons are a group of naturally occurring peptide fractions, which were observed by stanislaw burzynski, md, phd in the late 1970s to be absent in the urine of cancer patients. there is inconclusive scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of antineoplastons in the treatment of cancer. several preliminary human studies ( case series, phase i / ii trials ) have examined antineoplaston types a2, a5, a10, as2 - 1, and as2 - 5 for a variety of cancer types. it remains unclear if antineoplastons are effective, or what doses may be safe. until better research is available,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45054365932598534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.634080"} {"text": "a2, a5, a10, as2 - 1, and as2 - 5 for a variety of cancer types. it remains unclear if antineoplastons are effective, or what doses may be safe. until better research is available, no clear conclusion can be drawn. - avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to antineoplastons. use cautiously with high medical or psychiatric risk, an active infection due to a possible decrease in white blood cells, high blood pressure, heart conditions, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, liver disease or damage, or kidney disease or damage. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - arabinoxylan : arabinoxylan is made by altering the outer shell of rice bran using enzymes from hyphomycetes mycelia mushroom extract. arabinoxylan has been found to improve immune reactions in patients with diabetes and cancer of various types. arabinoxylan products may contain high calcium and phosphorus levels, which may be harmful for patients with compromised renal ( kidney ) function. caution is advised when taking arabinoxylan supplements, as numerous adverse effects including drug interactions are possible. arabinoxylan should not be used if pregnant or breast - feeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. - aromatherapy : healing with fragrant oils has been used for thousands of years. aromatherapy is often used in people with chronic illnesses ( frequently in combination with massage ), with the intention to improve quality of life or well - being. there is currently not enough scientific evidence to form a firm conclusion about the effectiveness of aromatherapy for quality of life in cancer. - essential oils should only be used on the skin in areas without irritation. essential oils should be administered in a carrier oil to avoid toxicity. avoid with a history of allergic dermatitis. use cautiously if driving or operating heavy machinery. avoid consuming essential oils. avoid direct contact of undiluted oils with mucous membranes. use cautiously if pregnant. - art therapy : art therapy involves the application of a variety of art modalities including drawing, painting, clay and sculpture. art therapy enables the expression of inner thoughts or feelings when verbalization is difficult or not possible. limited evidence suggests that art therapy may be of benefit in cancer caregiving for families of cancer patients. possible benefits include reduced stress, lowered anxiety, increased positive emotions and increased positive communication with cancer patients and health care professionals. art therapy may also reduce pain and other symptoms in cancer patients. more studies are needed to determine how best to use this form of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47873946048813354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.635001"} {"text": "possible benefits include reduced stress, lowered anxiety, increased positive emotions and increased positive communication with cancer patients and health care professionals. art therapy may also reduce pain and other symptoms in cancer patients. more studies are needed to determine how best to use this form of intervention with this population. art therapy may also benefit children hospitalized with leukemia during and after painful procedures. limited available study suggests that art therapy improves cooperation with treatment. children requested art therapy again when procedures were repeated, and parents reported that children were more manageable after art therapy. - art therapy may evoke distressing thoughts or feelings. use under the guidance of a qualified art therapist or other mental health professional. some forms of art therapy use potentially harmful materials. only materials known to be safe should be used. related clean - up materials ( like turpentine or mineral spirits ) that release potentially toxic fumes should only be used with good ventilation. - astragalus : astragalus ( astragalus membranaceus ) has been used in chinese medicine for centuries for its immune enhancing properties. although early laboratory and animal studies report immune stimulation and reduced cancer cell growth associated with the use of astragalus, reliable human evidence in these areas is currently lacking. in chinese medicine, astragalus - containing herbal mixtures are also sometimes used with the intention to reduce side effects of chemotherapy and other cancer treatments. astragalus - containing herbal combination formulas may also have beneficial effects in aplastic anemia. due to a lack of well - designed research, a firm conclusion cannot be drawn. - caution is advised when taking astragalus supplements, as numerous adverse effects including drug interactions are possible. astragalus should not be used if pregnant or breast - feeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. - baikal skullcap : although the outcomes of early studies using baikal skullcap for cancer are promising, high - quality clinical studies are needed in this area before a conclusion can be made. avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to baikal skullcap ( scutellaria barbata ), its constituents, or members of the lamiaceae family. use cautiously if taking sedatives and / or operating heavy machinery. use cautiously if taking antineoplastic ( anticancer ) agents or agents metabolized by cytochrome p450 enzymes. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. baikal skullcap is an ingredient in pc - spes, a product that has been recalled from the u. s. market", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5080115391215771, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.635928"} {"text": ") agents or agents metabolized by cytochrome p450 enzymes. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. baikal skullcap is an ingredient in pc - spes, a product that has been recalled from the u. s. market and should not be used. - bee pollen : bee pollen is considered a highly nutritious food because it contains a balance of vitamins, minerals, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, enzymes, and essential amino acids. research has found that bee pollen may reduce some adverse effects of cancer treatment side effects. additional study is needed before a firm recommendation can be made. caution is advised when taking bee pollen supplements as allergic reactions may occur in sensitive individuals. bee pollen should not be used if pregnant or breast - feeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. - beta - glucan : treatment with a beta - glucan, called lentinan, plus chemotherapy ( s - 1 ) may help prolong the lives of patients with cancer that has returned or cannot be operated on. more research is needed in this area. avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to beta - glucan. when taken by mouth, beta - glucan is generally considered safe. use cautiously with aids or aids - related complex ( arc ). avoid using particulate beta - glucan. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - bitter melon : bitter melon ( momordica charantia ) is used in avurvedic medicine from india to lower blood sugar levels. research has also found that bitter melon extracts may be beneficial in cancer therapies. map30, a protein isolated from bitter melon extract, is reported to possess anti - cancer effects in laboratory studies. potential anti - cancer effects have not been studied appropriately in humans. caution is advised when taking bitter melon supplements, as numerous adverse effects including blood sugar lowering and drug interactions are possible. bitter melon should not be used if pregnant or breast - feeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. - black tea : black tea ( camellia sinensis ) is from the same plant as green tea, but the leaves are processed differently. black tea usually contains more caffeine than green tea. several studies have explored a possible association between regular consumption of black tea and rates of cancer in several populations. this research has yielded conflicting results, with some studies suggesting benefits, and others reporting no effects. laboratory and animal studies report that components of tea, such as polyphenols, have anti", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48938780359372325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.636802"} {"text": "consumption of black tea and rates of cancer in several populations. this research has yielded conflicting results, with some studies suggesting benefits, and others reporting no effects. laboratory and animal studies report that components of tea, such as polyphenols, have antioxidant properties and effects against tumors. however, effects in humans remain unclear, and these components may be more common in green tea rather than in black tea. some animal and laboratory research suggests that components of black tea may actually be carcinogenic, or cancer causing, although effects in humans are not clear. overall, the relationship of black tea consumption and human cancer prevention remains undetermined. - avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to caffeine or tannins. skin rash and hives have been reported with caffeine ingestion. use caution with diabetes. use cautiously if pregnant. heavy caffeine intake during pregnancy may increase the risk of sids ( sudden infant death syndrome ). very high doses of caffeine have been linked with birth defects. caffeine is transferred into breast milk. caffeine ingestion by infants can lead to sleep disturbances / insomnia. infants nursing from mothers consuming greater than 500 milligrams of caffeine daily have been reported to experience tremors and heart rhythm abnormalities. tea consumption by infants has been linked to anemia, decreased iron metabolism, and irritability. - bovine cartilage : in early study, bovine tracheal cartilage ( preparations such as catrix\u00ae and vitacarte\u00ae ) has been studied for the treatment of cancer with encouraging results. high quality clinical research is needed to better determine the effectiveness of bovine tracheal cartilage preparations for cancer treatment. - avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to bovine cartilage or any of its constituents. use cautiously with cancer, renal ( kidney ) failure, or hepatic ( liver ) failure. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - bromelain : bromelain is a sulfur - containing digestive enzyme ( proteins which help with digestion ) that is extracted from the stem and the fruit of the pineapple plant ( ananas comosus ). there is not enough information to recommend for or against the use of bromelain in the treatment of cancer, either alone or in addition to other therapies. one small study found that a bromelain supplement decreased tumor size in 12 breast cancer patients. patients took the supplements for different periods of time, lasting from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5010054732005126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.637765"} {"text": "by the liver ( like amiodarone, phenobarbital, valproic acid ). stop use two weeks before surgery / dental / diagnostic procedures with bleeding risk, and do not use immediately after these procedures. use cautiously if driving or operating heavy machinery. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - chlorophyll : preliminary evidence in suggest that chlorophyll may aid in the reduction of side effects associated with photodynamic therapies, such as those used in management of malignant tumors. further research is required to support the use of chlorophyll as a laser therapy adjunct for cancer treatment. - avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to chlorophyll or any of its metabolites. use cautiously with photosensitivity, compromised liver function, diabetes or gastrointestinal conditions or obstructions. use cautiously if taking immunosuppressant agents or antidiabetes agents. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - chrysanthemum : early study indicates that hua - sheng - ping ( includes chrysanthemum morifolium, glycyrrhiza uralensis, and panax notoginseng ) may be beneficial for patients with precancerous lesions. however, more research is needed. - avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to chrysanthemum, its constituents, or members of the asteraceae / compositae family, such as dandelion, goldenrod, ragweed, sunflower, and daisies. use cautiously if taking medication for gout, cancer, or hiv. use cautiously with compromised immune systems or if taking immunomodulators. avoid with photosensitivity or if taking photosensitizers. avoid large acute or chronic doses of ingested pyrethrin. avoid pyrethrin with compromised liver function, epilepsy, or asthma. avoid ocular exposure to pyrethrin. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - coenzyme q10 : further research is needed to determine if coenzyme q10 ( coq10 ) may be of benefit for cancer when used with other therapies. - allergy associated with coenzyme q10 supplements has not been reported, although rash and itching have been reported rarely. stop use two weeks before surgery / dental / diagnostic procedures with bleeding risk and do not use immediately after these procedures. use caution with a history of blood clots, diabetes, high", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5071015616884583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.640664"} {"text": "not been reported, although rash and itching have been reported rarely. stop use two weeks before surgery / dental / diagnostic procedures with bleeding risk and do not use immediately after these procedures. use caution with a history of blood clots, diabetes, high blood pressure, heart attack, or stroke, or with anticoagulants ( blood thinners ) or antiplatelet drugs ( like aspirin, warfarin, clopidogrel ( like plavix\u00ae ), or blood pressure, blood sugar, cholesterol or thyroid drugs. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - copper : copper is a mineral that occurs naturally in many foods, including vegetables, legumes, nuts, grains and fruits, as well as shellfish, avocado, and beef ( organs such as liver ). preliminary research reports that lowering copper levels theoretically may arrest the progression of cancer by inhibiting blood vessel growth ( angiogenesis ). copper intake has not been identified as a risk factor for the development or progression of cancer. copper is potentially unsafe when used orally in higher doses than the rda. copper supplements should not be used if pregnant or breast - feeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. - cranberry : several laboratory studies have reported positive effects of proanthocyanidins, flavonoid components of cranberry ( vaccinium macrocarpon ) and other fruits such as blueberries, grape seed, and pomegranate, on health. based on early laboratory research, cranberry has been proposed for cancer prevention. additional study is needed in humans before a conclusion can be made. - avoid if allergic to cranberries, blueberries or other plants of the vaccinium species. sweetened cranberry juice may effect blood sugar levels. use cautiously with a history of kidney stones. avoid more than the amount usually found in foods if pregnant or breastfeeding. - dandelion : limited animal research does not provide a clear assessment of the effects of dandelion on tumor growth. well - conducted human studies are needed to better determine dandelion ' s effects on cancer. - avoid if allergic to chamomile, feverfew, honey, yarrow, or any related plants such as aster, daisies, sunflower, chrysanthemum, mugwort, ragweed, or ragwort. use cautiously with diabetes or bleeding disorders, gastroesophageal reflux disease ( gerd ), kidney", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46615453597852136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.641841"} {"text": "and reports from manufacturers are available on the internet, although these cannot be considered scientifically viable as evidence. individuals with cancer are advised not to delay treatment with more proven therapies. caution is advised when taking essiac\u00ae supplements, as numerous adverse effects including drug interactions are possible. essiac\u00ae should not be used if pregnant or breast - feeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. - focusing : focusing ( experiential therapy ) is a method of psychotherapy that involves being aware of one ' s feelings surrounding a particular issue and understanding the meaning behind words or images conveyed by those feelings. early evidence suggests focusing may improve mood and attitude in cancer patients. firm recommendations cannot be made until well - designed clinical trials are available. - side effect reporting is rare, but patients should consult with a qualified healthcare practitioner before making decisions about medical conditions and practices. individuals with severe emotional difficulties should not abandon proven medical and psychological therapies but rather choose focusing as a possible adjunct. - folic acid : folic acid or folate is a form of a water - soluble b vitamin needed for human health. preliminary evidence suggests that folate may decrease the risk of several types of cancer. additional research is needed to make a conclusion. folic acid supplementation may mask the symptoms of pernicious, aplastic, or normocytic anemias caused by vitamin b12 deficiency and may lead to neurological damage. - avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to folate or any folate product ingredients. use cautiously if receiving coronary stents and with anemia and seizure disorders. it is recommended that pregnant women consume 400 micrograms daily in order to reduce the risk of fetal defects. folate is likely safe if breastfeeding. - gamma linolenic acid ( gla ) : gla is an omega - 6 essential fatty acid. some laboratory and human studies indicate that gla may have anti - tumor activity and may be used as a cancer treatment adjunct. additional research is needed in this area. - caution is advised when taking gla supplements, as numerous adverse effects including an increased risk of bleeding and drug interactions are possible. gla should not be used if pregnant or breast - feeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. - garlic : preliminary human studies suggest that regular consumption of garlic ( allium sativum ) supplements may reduce the risk of developing several types of cancer. some studies use multi - ingredient products so it is difficult to determine if garlic alone may play a beneficial role in cancer prevention. further", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4900496673452386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.643935"} {"text": "that regular consumption of garlic ( allium sativum ) supplements may reduce the risk of developing several types of cancer. some studies use multi - ingredient products so it is difficult to determine if garlic alone may play a beneficial role in cancer prevention. further well - designed human clinical trials are needed to conclude whether eating garlic or taking garlic supplements may prevent or treat cancer. - caution is advised when taking garlic supplements, as numerous adverse effects including an increased risk of bleeding and drug interactions are possible. garlic should not be used if pregnant or breast - feeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. - ginseng : early studies report that ginseng taken by mouth may be of benefit in cancer prevention, especially if ginseng powder or extract is used. weak studies suggest that ginseng in combination with other herbs may improve cell activity, immune function, and red and white blood cell counts in patients with aplastic anemia ; however, other studies have found decreases in blood cell counts. early studies suggest that ginseng may decrease radiation therapy side effects and may be used as a chemotherapy adjunct to improve body weight, quality of life, and the immune response. there is currently not enough evidence to recommend the use of panax ginseng or american ginseng for these indications. study results are unclear, and more research is needed before a clear conclusion can be reached. - caution is advised when taking ginseng supplements, as numerous adverse effects including an increased risk of drug interactions are possible. ginseng should not be used if pregnant or breast - feeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. - goji : polysaccharide constituents, such as alpha - and beta - glucans from a variety of plants, are reported to have immune system enhancing properties. in clinical study, lycium barbarum polysaccharides ( lbp ) demonstrated a synergistic effect in various cancer treatments, when administered in conjunction with powerful immune stimulating drugs. - use cautiously in patients who are taking blood - thinning medications, such as warfarin. use cautiously in asthma patients and in patients with sulfite sensitivities. the new york department of agriculture has detected the presence of undeclared sulfites, a food additive, in two dried goji berry products from china. avoid in patients who are allergic to goji, any of its constituents, or to members of the solanaceae family. - grape seed : there is currently little information available on the use of grape seed extract", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4710369215622999, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.644884"} {"text": "dried goji berry products from china. avoid in patients who are allergic to goji, any of its constituents, or to members of the solanaceae family. - grape seed : there is currently little information available on the use of grape seed extract in the treatment of human cancer. further research is needed before a recommendation can be made. - avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to grapes or other grape compounds. use cautiously with bleeding disorders or if taking blood thinners such as warfarin, aspirin, non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ), or anti - platelet agents. use cautiously with drugs processed using the liver ' s cytochrome p450 enzyme system. use cautiously with blood pressure disorders or if taking ace inhibitors. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - green tea : green tea is made from the dried leaves of camellia sinensis, a perennial evergreen shrub. green tea has a long history of use in health and longevity, dating back to china approximately 5, 000 years ago. although used for centuries to help prevent diseases, the relationship of green tea consumption and human cancer in general remains inconclusive. evidence from well - designed clinical trials is needed before a firm conclusion can be made in this area. - caution is advised when taking green tea supplements, as numerous adverse effects including an increased risk of drug interactions are possible. green tea should not be used if pregnant or breast - feeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. - healing touch : preliminary data suggests that healing touch ( ht ) may increase quality of life in cancer. however, due to weaknesses in design and the small number of studies, data are insufficient to make definitive recommendations. studies with stronger designs are needed. ht should not be regarded as a substitute for established medical treatments. use cautiously if pregnant or breastfeeding. - hoxsey formula : \" hoxsey formula \" is a misleading name, because it is not a single formula, but rather is a therapeutic regimen consisting of an oral tonic, topical ( on the skin ) preparations, and supportive therapy. the tonic is individualized for cancer patients based on general condition, location of cancer, and previous history of treatment. an ingredient that usually remains constant for every patient is potassium iodide. other ingredients are then added and may include licorice, red clover, burdock, stillingia root, berberis root, pokeroot, cascara, aromatic usp 14, prickly ash bark, and buckthorn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4992120122031018, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.651778"} {"text": ". other ingredients are then added and may include licorice, red clover, burdock, stillingia root, berberis root, pokeroot, cascara, aromatic usp 14, prickly ash bark, and buckthorn bark. a red paste may be used, which tends to be caustic ( irritating ), and contains antimony trisulfide, zinc chloride, and bloodroot. a topical yellow powder may be used, and contains arsenic sulfide, talc, sulfur, and a \" yellow precipitate. \" a clear solution may also be administered, and contains trichloroacetic acid. - well - designed human studies available evaluating the safety or effectiveness of hoxsey formula are currently lacking. caution is advised when taking the hoxsey formula supplements, as numerous adverse effects including an increased risk of drug interactions are possible. hoxsey formula should not be used if pregnant or breast - feeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. - hydrazine sulfate : hydrazine is an industrial chemical marketed as having the potential to repress weight loss and cachexia ( muscle wasting ) associated with cancer, and to improve general appetite status. however, in large randomized controlled trials, hydrazine has not been proven effective for improving appetite, reducing weight loss, or improving survival in adults. the national cancer institute ( nci ) sponsored studies of hydrazine sulfate that claimed efficacy in improving survival for some patients with advanced cancer. trial results found that hydrazine sulfate did not prolong survival for cancer patients. the u. s. food and drug administration ( fda ) has received requests from individual physicians for approval to use hydrazine sulfate on a case - by - case \" compassionate use \" basis on the chance that patients with no other available effective cancer treatment options might benefit from this therapy. the overall controversy in the use of hydrazine sulfate is ongoing, and relevance to clinical practice is unknown. the use of hydrazine sulfate needs to be evaluated further before any recommendations can be made. - hydrazine sulfate may cause cancer. avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to hydrazine sulfate or any of its constituents. use cautiously with liver or kidney problems, psychosis, diabetes or seizure disorders. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. side effects have been reported, including dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. - iodine : iodine is an element ( atomic number 53 ), which is required by humans for the synthesis of thyroid hormones ( triiodothyronine / t3 and thy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4522901339472903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.652885"} {"text": "been reported, including dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. - iodine : iodine is an element ( atomic number 53 ), which is required by humans for the synthesis of thyroid hormones ( triiodothyronine / t3 and thyroxine / t4 ). the potential role of non - radioactive iodine in cancer care remains unknown. antioxidant and anti - tumor effects have been proposed based on laboratory research. in contrast, some scientists have asserted that tumors may uptake more iodine than normal tissues. it has been suggested that high rates of gastric ( stomach ) cancer or low rates of breast cancer in coastal japan may be due to high iodine intake, although this has not been demonstrated scientifically. povidone - iodine solutions have been used as a part of alternative cancer regimens, such as the hoxsey formula. preliminary study has also indicated povidone - iodone solution as a potential rectal washout for rectal cancer. overall, no clear conclusion can be drawn based on the currently available evidence. - reactions can be severe, and deaths have occurred with exposure to iodine. avoid iodine - based products if allergic or hypersensitive to iodine. do no use for more than 14 days. avoid lugol solution and saturated solution of potassium iodide ( sski, pima ) with hyperkalemia ( high amounts of potassium in the blood ), pulmonary edema ( fluid in the lungs ), bronchitis, or tuberculosis. use cautiously when applying to the skin because it may irritate / burn tissues. use sodium iodide cautiously with kidney failure. avoid sodium iodide with gastrointestinal obstruction. iodine is safe in recommended doses for pregnant or breastfeeding women. avoid povidone - iodine for perianal preparation during delivery or postpartum antisepsis. - jiaogulan : preliminary evidence indicates that gypenosides extracted from gynostemma pentaphyllum may decrease cancer cell viability, arrest the cell cycle, and induce apoptosis ( cell death ) in human cancer cells. immune function in cancer patients has also been studied. additional study is needed in this area. - avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to jiaogulan ( gynostemma pentaphyllum ), its constituents, or members of the cucurbitaceae family. use cautiously with blood disorders or taking anticoagulants or anti - platelet drugs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5395671661214723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.654225"} {"text": "however, these studies have not been well designed, and better research is needed before the use of maitake for cancer can be recommended. - caution is advised when taking maitake supplements, as numerous adverse effects including an increased risk of bleeding and drug interactions are possible. maitake should not be used if pregnant or breast - feeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. - meditation : not enough research has shown meditation to be of benefit in cancer prevention. more studies are needed. - use cautiously with underlying mental illnesses. people with psychiatric disorders should consult with their primary mental healthcare professional ( s ) before starting a program of meditation, and should explore how meditation may or may not fit in with their current treatment plan. avoid with risk of seizures. the practice of meditation should not delay the time to diagnosis or treatment with more proven techniques or therapies, and should not be used as the sole approach to illnesses. - melatonin : there are several early - phase and controlled human trials of melatonin in patients with various advanced stage malignancies. there is currently not enough definitive scientific evidence to discern if melatonin is beneficial as a cancer treatment, whether it increases ( or decreases ) the effectiveness of other cancer therapies, or if it safely reduces chemotherapy side effects. - melatonin is not to be used for extended periods of time. caution is advised when taking melatonin supplements, as numerous adverse effects including drug interactions are possible. melatonin is not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding unless otherwise advised by a doctor. - milk thistle : milk thistle ( silybum marianum ) has been used medicinally in china for over 2, 000 years, most commonly for the treatment of liver and gallbladder disorders. there are early reports from laboratory experiments that the components silymarin and silibinin found in milk thistle may reduce the growth of human cancer cells. however, effects have not been shown in high - quality human trials. - caution is advised when taking milk thistle supplements, as numerous adverse effects including an increased risk of bleeding and drug interactions are possible. milk thistle should not be used if pregnant or breast - feeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. - mistletoe : mistletoe is one of the most widely used unconventional cancer treatments in europe. mistletoe extracts have been studied for a variety of human cancers as well as melanoma and leukemia. however, efficacy has not been conclusively proven for any one condition. in fact, some studies have shown lack of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47054866261175254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.656663"} {"text": "treatments in europe. mistletoe extracts have been studied for a variety of human cancers as well as melanoma and leukemia. however, efficacy has not been conclusively proven for any one condition. in fact, some studies have shown lack of efficacy of certain preparations for a variety of cancers. larger, well - designed clinical trials are needed. - caution is advised when taking mistletoe supplements, as numerous adverse effects including nausea, vomiting, and drug interactions are possible. mistletoe should not be used if pregnant or breast - feeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. - moxibustion : moxibustion is a healing technique employed across the diverse traditions of acupuncture and oriental medicine for over 2, 000 years. moxibustion uses the principle of heat to stimulate circulation and break up congestion or stagnation of blood and chi. moxibustion is closely related to acupuncture as it is applied to specific acupuncture points. preliminary evidence suggests that moxibustion may reduce side effects of chemotherapy or radiation therapy. more studies are needed. - use cautiously over large blood vessels and thin or weak skin. avoid with aneurysms, any kind of \" heat syndrome, \" cardiac disease, convulsions or cramps, diabetic neuropathy, extreme fatigue and / or anemia, fever, inflammatory conditions, over allergic skin conditions or ulcerated sores, or skin adhesions. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. avoid areas with an inflamed organ, contraindicated acupuncture points, face, genitals, head, inflamed areas in general, nipples, and skin adhesions. avoid in patients who have just finished exercising or taking a hot bath or shower. use cautiously with elderly people with large vessels. it is considered not advisable to bathe or shower for up to 24 hours after a moxibustion treatment. - oleander : laboratory studies of oleander ( nerium oleander ) suggest possible anti - cancer effects, although reliable research in humans is not currently available. there are reports that long - term use of oleander may have positive effects in patients several types of cancer. more research is needed. - caution is advised when taking oleander supplements, as numerous adverse effects including drug interactions are possible. oleander should not be used if pregnant or breast - feeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. - omega - 3 fatty acids : omega - 3 fatty acids are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5074853770062311, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.658045"} {"text": "advised when taking oleander supplements, as numerous adverse effects including drug interactions are possible. oleander should not be used if pregnant or breast - feeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. - omega - 3 fatty acids : omega - 3 fatty acids are essential fatty acids found in some plants and fish. a balance of omega - 6 and omega - 3 fatty acids is advised for health. several population studies report that dietary omega - 3 fatty acids or fish oil may reduce the risk of developing several different types of cancer. well conducted clinical trials are necessary before a clear conclusion can be drawn regarding the use of omega - 3 fatty acids for cancer prevention. - caution is advised when taking omega - 3 fatty acid supplements, as numerous adverse effects including an increase in bleeding and drug interactions are possible. omega - 3 fatty acid supplements should not be used if pregnant or breast - feeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. - para - aminobenzoic acid : n - butyl - p - aminobenzoate ( bab ) has been shown to be a lipid - soluble local anesthetic. early study found significant pain relief in patients with intractable cancer pain after an epidural injection of bab suspension. larger scale clinical study is needed to confirm these findings. - avoid with known hypersensitivity to paba or its derivatives. avoid oral use in children and pregnant or nursing women. use cautiously in patients with renal disease, bleeding disorders or taking anticoagulants, diabetics or patients at risk for hypoglycemia. discontinue use if rash, nausea, or anorexia occurs. pharmaceutical doses of paba and its derivatives should only be taken under appropriate medical supervision. paba should not be given concurrently with sulfonamides. - perillyl alcohol : perillyl alcohol has been used to treat cancer. however, high quality scientific studies are lacking. further research is required before recommendations can be made. - avoid if allergic / hypersensitive to perillyl alcohol. avoid use in the absence of medical supervision. use cautiously in patients under medical supervision. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - prayer : initial studies of prayer in patients with cancer ( such as leukemia ) report variable effects on disease progression or death rates when intercessory prayer is used. better quality research is necessary before a firm conclusion can be drawn. - prayer is not recommended as the sole treatment approach for potentially serious medical conditions, and should not delay the time it takes to consult with a healthcare", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4555346133522811, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.659234"} {"text": "intercessory prayer is used. better quality research is necessary before a firm conclusion can be drawn. - prayer is not recommended as the sole treatment approach for potentially serious medical conditions, and should not delay the time it takes to consult with a healthcare professional or receive established therapies. sometimes religious beliefs come into conflict with standard medical approaches, and require an open dialog between patients and caregivers. in clinical study, patients certain that they were receiving intercessory prayer had a higher incidence of complications following cardiac bypass surgery than those who did not know they were being prayed for. - psk : psk, or protein - bound polysaccharide, is obtained from cultured mycelia of coriolus versicolor, a mushroom thought to have antimicrobial, antiviral, and antitumor properties. preliminary human study in patients with acute leukemia suggests that adjunct psk therapy may prolong duration of remission and survival time. in other study in patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, no significant increases in survival were found. well - designed clinical trials are required in order to determine if psk therapy may in fact prolong remission and increase survival time in individuals with acute leukemia. - psk generally seems to have a low incidence of mild and tolerable side effects. in one report, three cases of toxicity were noted, and psk was discontinued. psk has been associated with side effects of gastrointestinal upsetand darkening of the fingernails, but these effects have been limited and general safety has been demonstrated with daily oral doses for extended periods. darkening of the fingernails and coughing have been reported during administration of the powder form of psk. - reiki : reiki may contribute to reduced perception of pain, improved quality of life, and reduced fatigue in cancer patients. more studies are needed. - reiki is not recommended as the sole treatment approach for potentially serious medical conditions, and should not delay the time it takes to consult with a healthcare professional or receive established therapies. use cautiously with psychiatric illnesses. - reishi mushroom : reishi ( ganoderma lucidum ) has been shown to have antineoplastic and immunomodulatory effects in animal studies. human studies exist of advanced cancer patients using ganopoly\u00ae, a ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide extract. results show improved quality of life and enhanced immune responses, which are typically reduced or damaged in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy and / or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5038158089808868, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.660891"} {"text": "of advanced cancer patients using ganopoly\u00ae, a ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide extract. results show improved quality of life and enhanced immune responses, which are typically reduced or damaged in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy and / or radiation therapy. well - designed long - term studies are needed confirm these results and to determine potential side effects. - caution is advised when taking reishi supplements, as numerous adverse effects including an increased risk of bleeding and drug interactions are possible. reishi should not be used if pregnant or breast - feeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. - resveratrol : the effects of resveratrol cannot be adequately assessed from trials using foods, wine, or combination products containing resveratrol and other substances. well - designed clinical trials of resveratrol alone are needed before a recommendation can be made in regards to cancer prevention and / or treatment. - avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to resveratrol, grapes, red wine or polyphenols. resveratrol is generally considered safe and is commonly found in food and beverages. use cautiously with bleeding disorders, abnormal blood pressure. use cautiously with drugs that are broken down by the body ' s cytochrome p450 system or digoxin ( or digoxin - like drugs ). avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - seaweed : bladderwrack ( fucus vesiculosus ) is a brown seaweed that grows on the northern coasts of the atlantic and pacific oceans, and the north and baltic seas. bladderwrack appears to suppress the growth of various cancer cells in animal and laboratory studies. however, reliable human studies to support a recommendation for use in cancer are currently lacking. - caution is advised when taking bladderwrack supplements, as numerous adverse effects including an increased risk of drug interactions are possible. bladderwrack should not be used if pregnant or breast - feeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. - selenium : selenium is a trace mineral found in soil, water, and some foods. it is an essential element in several metabolic pathways. several studies suggest that low levels of selenium ( measured in the blood or in tissues such as toenail clippings ), may be a risk factor for developing cancer. population studies suggest that people with cancer are more likely to have low selenium levels than healthy matched individuals, but in most cases it is not clear if the low selenium levels are a cause or merely a consequence of disease", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4996044930727357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.663620"} {"text": "for developing cancer. population studies suggest that people with cancer are more likely to have low selenium levels than healthy matched individuals, but in most cases it is not clear if the low selenium levels are a cause or merely a consequence of disease. it currently remains unclear if selenium is beneficial for cancer prevention or cancer treatment. - avoid if allergic or sensitive to products containing selenium. avoid with a history of nonmelanoma skin cancer. selenium is generally regarded as safe for pregnant or breastfeeding women. however, animal research reports that large doses of selenium may lead to birth defects. - shark cartilage : for several decades, shark cartilage has been proposed as a cancer treatment. studies have shown shark cartilage or the shark cartilage product ae - 941 ( neovastat\u00ae ) to block the growth of new blood vessels, a process called \" anti - angiogenesis, \" which is believed to play a role in controlling growth of some tumors. there have also been several reports of successful treatments of end - stage cancer patients with shark cartilage, but these have not been well - designed and have not included reliable comparisons to accepted treatments. many studies have been supported by shark cartilage product manufacturers, which may influence the results. in the united states, shark cartilage products cannot claim to cure cancer, and the u. s. food and drug administration ( fda ) has sent warning letters to companies not to promote products in this way. without further evidence from well - designed human trials, it remains unclear if shark cartilage is of any benefit in cancer and patients are advised to check with their doctor and pharmacist before taking shark cartilage. - shark cartilage available in asian grocery stores and restaurants should not be eaten due to declining populations of sharks. caution is advised when taking shark cartilage supplements, as numerous adverse effects including an increased risk of drug interactions are possible. shark cartilage should not be used by patients who are pregnant or breast - feeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. - shiitake mushroom : shiitake ( lentinus edodes ) has been taken by mouth for boosting the immune system, decreasing cholesterol levels, and for anti - aging. lentinan, derived from shiitake, has been injected as an adjunct treatment for cancer and hiv infection. laboratory, animal and human studies of lentinan have shown positive results in cancer patients when used as a chemotherapy adjunct.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45212204096502295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.667067"} {"text": "- aging. lentinan, derived from shiitake, has been injected as an adjunct treatment for cancer and hiv infection. laboratory, animal and human studies of lentinan have shown positive results in cancer patients when used as a chemotherapy adjunct. further well - designed clinical trials on all types of cancer are required to confirm these results. - caution is advised when taking shiitake supplements, as numerous adverse effects including an increased risk of bleeding and drug interactions are possible. shiitake should not be used if pregnant or breast - feeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. - slippery elm : slippery elm is found as a common ingredient in a purported herbal anticancer product called essiac\u00ae and a number of essiac - like products. these products contain other herbs such as rhubarb, sorrel, and burdock root. currently, there is not enough evidence to recommend for or against the use of this herbal mixture as a therapy for any type of cancer. avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to slippery elm. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - sorrel : early evidence suggests that herbal formulations containing sorrel, such as essiac\u00ae, do not shrink tumor size or increase life expectancy in patients with cancer. however, currently there is a lack of studies evaluating sorrel as the sole treatment for cancer. a conclusion cannot be made without further research. - avoid with a known allergy or hypersensitivity to sorrel. avoid large doses due to reports of toxicity and death, possibly because of the oxalate found in sorrel. many tinctures contain high levels of alcohol and should be avoided when driving or operating heavy machinery. sorrel formulations may cause nausea or vomiting when taken with the prescription drugs metronidazole ( flagyl\u00ae ) or disulfiram ( antabuse\u00ae ). avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - soy : soy ( glycine max ) contains compounds which have been reported to be effective as a cancer treatment. genistein, an isoflavone found in soy, has been found in laboratory and animal studies to possess anti - cancer effects, such as blocking new blood vessel growth ( anti - angiogenesis ), acting as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor ( a mechanism of many new cancer treatments ), or causing cancer cell death ( apoptosis ). in contrast, genistein has also been reported to increase the growth of pancreas tumor cells", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4595817513204957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.668115"} {"text": ", acting as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor ( a mechanism of many new cancer treatments ), or causing cancer cell death ( apoptosis ). in contrast, genistein has also been reported to increase the growth of pancreas tumor cells in laboratory research. until reliable human research is available, it remains unclear if dietary soy or soy isoflavone supplements are beneficial, harmful, or neutral in people with various types of cancer. - caution is advised when taking soy supplements, as numerous adverse effects including an increased risk of drug interactions are possible. soy should not be used if pregnant or breast - feeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. - spiritual healing : cancer patients, especially those who fear recurrence or are unhappy with their physicians, commonly use prayer and spiritual healing. more research is needed to address the effects of spiritual healing on anxiety, depression, and quality of life in patients with cancer. - spiritual healing should not be used as the only treatment approach for medical or psychiatric conditions, and should not delay the time it takes to consider more proven therapies. - sweet annie : certain constituents found in sweet annie show promise for use in cancer when used in combination with standard chemotherapy. however, currently there is not enough scientific evidence in humans to make a strong recommendation for this use. - avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to sweet annie ( artemisia annua ), its constituents, or members of the asteraceae / compositae family such dandelion, goldenrod, ragweed, sunflower, and daisies. use cautiously in patients who are pregnant, taking angiogenic agents, or recovering from surgery or other wounds. use cautiously if taking cardiotoxic or neurotoxic agents or with compromised cardiac or neural function. use cautiously if taking immunostimulants or quinolines. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation ( tens ) : transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation ( tens ) is a non - invasive technique in which a low - voltage electrical current is delivered through wires from a small power unit to electrodes located on the skin. although tens has been used with some success in cancer pain, there is not enough reliable evidence to draw a firm conclusion in this area. tens is often used in combination with acupuncture. - avoid with implantable devices, like defibrillators, pacemakers, intravenous infusion pumps, or hepatic artery infusion pumps. use cautiously with decreased sensation, like", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5045302464229242, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.669286"} {"text": "is often used in combination with acupuncture. - avoid with implantable devices, like defibrillators, pacemakers, intravenous infusion pumps, or hepatic artery infusion pumps. use cautiously with decreased sensation, like neuropathy, and with seizure disorders. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - thiamin ( vitamin b1 ) : thiamin deficiency has been observed in some cancer patients, possibly due to increased metabolic needs. it is not clear if lowered levels of thiamin in such patients may actually be beneficial. currently, it remains unclear if thiamin supplementation plays a role in the management of any particular type ( s ) of cancer. - thiamin is generally considered safe and relatively nontoxic. avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to thiamin. rare hypersensitivity / allergic reactions have occurred with thiamin supplementation. skin irritation, burning, or itching may rarely occur at injection sites. large doses may cause drowsiness or muscle relaxation. use cautiously if pregnant or breastfeeding. - thymus extract : preliminary evidence suggests that thymus extract may increase disease - free survival and immunological improvement in several types of cancer. additional study is needed in this area. - avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to thymus extracts. use bovine thymus extract supplements cautiously due to potential for exposure to the virus that causes \" mad cow disease. \" avoid with an organ transplant or other forms of allografts or xenografts. avoid if receiving immunosuppressive therapy, with thymic tumors, myasthenia gravis ( neuromuscular disorder ), untreated hypothyroidism, or if taking hormonal therapy. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - traditional chinese medicine ( tcm ) : the ancient chinese philosophy of taoism provided the basis for the development of chinese medical theory. tcm uses over 120 different herbs in cancer treatment, depending on the type of cancer and its cause according to chinese medical theory. studies have reported significant benefits include reducing tumors, reducing treatment side effects and improved response to treatment. more studies of stronger design are needed before tcm can be recommended with confidence as an adjunct to cancer treatment, although centuries of traditional use in cancer cannot be discounted. - chinese herbs can be potent and may interact with other herbs, foods or drugs. consult a qualified healthcare professional before taking. there have been reports of manufactured or processed chinese", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5121046781746533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 35, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.670477"} {"text": "to cancer treatment, although centuries of traditional use in cancer cannot be discounted. - chinese herbs can be potent and may interact with other herbs, foods or drugs. consult a qualified healthcare professional before taking. there have been reports of manufactured or processed chinese herbal products being tainted with toxins or heavy metal or not containing the listed ingredients. herbal products should be purchased from reliable sources. avoid ma huang, which is the active ingredient in ephedra. avoid ginseng if pregnant or breastfeeding. - turmeric : turmeric ( curcuma longa ) is commonly used for its anti - inflammatory properties. several early animal and laboratory studies report anti - cancer ( colon, skin, breast ) properties of curcumin. many mechanisms have been considered, including antioxidant activity, anti - angiogenesis ( prevention of new blood vessel growth ), and direct effects on cancer cells. currently it remains unclear if turmeric or curcumin has a role in preventing or treating human cancer. there are several ongoing studies in this area. - caution is advised when taking turmeric supplements, as numerous adverse effects including an increased risk of bleeding and drug interactions are possible. turmeric should not be used if pregnant or breast - feeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. - vitamin c ( ascorbic acid ) : dietary intake of fruits and vegetables high in vitamin c has been associated with a reduced risk of various types of cancer in population studies ( particularly cancers of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, colon, or lung ). however, it is not clear that it is specifically the vitamin c in these foods that is beneficial, and vitamin c supplements have not been found to be associated with this protective effect. experts have recommended increasing dietary consumption of fruits and vegetables high in vitamin c, such as apples, asparagus, berries, broccoli, cabbage, melon ( cantaloupe, honeydew, watermelon ), cauliflower, citrus fruits ( lemons, oranges ), fortified breads / grains / cereal, kale, kiwi, potatoes, spinach, and tomatoes. vitamin c has a long history of adjunctive use in cancer therapy, and although there have not been any definitive studies using intravenous ( or oral ) vitamin c, there is evidence that it has benefit in some cases. better - designed studies are needed to better determine the role of vitamin c in cancer prevention and cancer treatment. - avoid if allergic or sensitive to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48013444235777014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.671548"} {"text": "using intravenous ( or oral ) vitamin c, there is evidence that it has benefit in some cases. better - designed studies are needed to better determine the role of vitamin c in cancer prevention and cancer treatment. - avoid if allergic or sensitive to vitamin c product ingredients. vitamin c is generally considered safe in amounts found in foods. vitamin c supplements are also generally considered safe in most individuals if taken in recommended doses. large doses ( greater than 2 grams ) may cause diarrhea and gastrointestinal upset. avoid high doses of vitamin c with glucose 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, kidney disorders or stones, cirrhosis ( inflammation of the liver ), gout, or paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria ( bleeding disorder ). vitamin c intake from food is generally considered safe if pregnant or breastfeeding. it is not clear if vitamin c supplements in doses higher than dietary reference intake recommendations are safe for pregnant or breastfeeding women. vitamin c is naturally found in breast milk. - vitamin d : limited research suggests that synthetic vitamin d analogs may play a role in the treatment of human cancers. however, it remains unclear if vitamin d deficiency raises cancer risk, or if an increased intake of vitamin d is protective against some cancers. until additional trials are conducted, it is premature to advise the use of regular vitamin d supplementation for cancer prevention. - avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to vitamin d or any of its components. vitamin d is generally well - tolerated in recommended doses ; doses higher than recommended may cause toxic effects. use cautiously with hyperparathyroidism ( overactive thyroid ), kidney disease, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, and histoplasmosis. vitamin d is safe in pregnant and breastfeeding women when taken in recommended doses. - vitamin e : reliable scientific evidence that vitamin e is effective as a cancer treatment is currently lacking. - caution is merited in people undergoing chemotherapy or radiation, because it has been proposed that the use of high - dose antioxidants may actually reduce the anti - cancer effects of these therapies. this remains an area of controversy and studies have produced variable results. patients interested in using high - dose antioxidants such as vitamin e during chemotherapy or radiation should discuss this decision with their medical oncologist or radiation oncologist. caution is advised when taking vitamin e supplements, as numerous adverse effects including an increased risk of bleeding and drug interactions are possible. avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to vitamin e", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4545226124721882, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 37, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.672637"} {"text": "this decision with their medical oncologist or radiation oncologist. caution is advised when taking vitamin e supplements, as numerous adverse effects including an increased risk of bleeding and drug interactions are possible. avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to vitamin e. avoid with retinitis pigmentosa ( loss of peripheral vision ). use cautiously with bleeding disorders or if taking blood thinners. avoid above the recommended daily level in pregnant women and breastfeeding women. - fair negative scientific evidence : - apricot : available clinical trials on the use of whole apricots for cancer are currently lacking. however, some research has been conducted on \" laetrilet, \" an alternative cancer drug marketed in mexico and other countries outside of the u. s. laetrilet is derived from amygdalin found in apricot pits and nuts such as bitter almond. there are multiple animal studies and initial human evidence to suggest that laetrilet is not beneficial in the treatment of cancer. based on a phase ii trial in 1982, the u. s. national cancer institute concluded that laetrilet is not an effective chemotherapeutic agent. nonetheless, many people still travel to use this therapy outside the u. s. - multiple cases of cyanide poisoning, including deaths, have been associated with laetrilet therapy. avoid if allergic to apricot, its constituents or members of the rosaceae family, especially the prunoideae subfamily of plants. avoid eating excessive amounts of apricot kernels ( about 7 grams daily, or more than ten kernels daily ). use cautiously with diabetes. use cautiously when taking supplements containing beta - carotene, iron, niacin, potassium, thiamine or vitamin c. use cautiously when taking products that may lower blood pressure. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - beta - carotene : while diets high in fruits and vegetables rich in beta - carotene have been shown to potentially reduce certain cancer incidences, results from randomized controlled trials with oral supplements do not support this claim. - there is some concern that beta - carotene metabolites with pharmacological activity can accumulate and potentially have cancer - causing ( carcinogenic ) effects. a higher, statistically significant incidence of lung cancer in male smokers who took beta - carotene supplements has been discovered. beta - carotene / vitamin a supplements may have an adverse effect on the incidence of lung cancer and on the risk of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4610092554670821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 38, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.673789"} {"text": "higher, statistically significant incidence of lung cancer in male smokers who took beta - carotene supplements has been discovered. beta - carotene / vitamin a supplements may have an adverse effect on the incidence of lung cancer and on the risk of death in smokers and asbestos exposed people or in those who ingest significant amounts of alcohol. in addition, high - dose antioxidants theoretically may interfere with the activity of some chemotherapy drugs or radiation therapy. therefore, individuals undergoing cancer treatment should speak with their oncologist if they are taking or considering the use of high dose antioxidants. beta - carotene in the amounts normally found in food does not appear to have this adverse effect. avoid if sensitive to beta - carotene, vitamin a or any other ingredients in beta - carotene products. - bitter almond : \" laetrile \" is an alternative cancer drug marketed in mexico and other countries outside of the united states. laetrile is derived from amygdalin, found in the pits of fruits and nuts such as the bitter almond. early evidence suggests that laetrile is not beneficial in the treatment of cancer. in 1982, the u. s. national cancer institute concluded that laetrile was not effective for cancer therapy. nonetheless, many people still travel to use this therapy outside the united states. - multiple cases of cyanide poisoning, including deaths, have been associated with laetrile therapy. avoid if allergic to almonds or other nuts. use cautiously if driving or operating machinery. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding because of the risk of birth defects. - hypnotherapy, hypnosis : hypnosis did not reduce radiotherapy side effects such as anxiety and did not improve quality of life in patients undergoing curative radiotherapy in early high - quality studies. - use cautiously with mental illnesses like psychosis / schizophrenia, manic depression, multiple personality disorder or dissociative disorders, or with seizure disorders. - iridology : there is currently limited available data supporting iridology as a tool for cancer diagnosis. additional study is needed. - iridology should not be used alone to diagnose disease. studies of iridology have reported incorrect diagnoses, and thus, potentially severe medical problems may go undiagnosed. in addition, research suggests that iridology may lead to inappropriate treatment. iridology is therefore not recommended as a sole method of diagnosis or treatment for any condition. - vitamin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4857039513244632, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 39, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.674838"} {"text": "and thus, potentially severe medical problems may go undiagnosed. in addition, research suggests that iridology may lead to inappropriate treatment. iridology is therefore not recommended as a sole method of diagnosis or treatment for any condition. - vitamin e : recent evidence from well - conducted clinical study reports no reduction in the development of cancer with the use of natural - source vitamin e taken daily. previously, there have been laboratory, population, and other human trials examining whether vitamin e is beneficial in general cancer prevention, including that for prostate, colon, or stomach cancer. results of these prior studies have been variable. at this time, based on the best available scientific evidence, and recent concerns about the safety of vitamin e supplementation, vitamin e cannot be recommended for cancer prevention. - avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to vitamin e. avoid with retinitis pigmentosa ( loss of peripheral vision ). use cautiously with bleeding disorders or if taking blood thinners. avoid above the recommended daily level in pregnant women and breastfeeding women. - chemical exposure avoidance : if the individual works with chemicals on a daily basis, such as in the case of hairdressers, printers, and painters, they should follow all safety instructions to avoid unsafe exposure. if an individual has their own well as their water source, they may wish to have it tested for contaminants such as lead and arsenic, which both may be linked to cancer. local health departments can be a source of water testing. - exercise and weight control : controlling weight and exercising regularly can reduce the risk of developing cancer. the american cancer society recommends at least 30 minutes of physical activity five or more days a week if the individual can physically tolerate it. - fruits, vegetables and whole grains : fruits, vegetables and whole grains contain vitamins, minerals, fiber and antioxidants, which may help protect from developing various types of cancer. eating five or more servings of fresh fruits and vegetables every day is important for good health. a variety of produce should be included in the individual ' s diet such as kale, chard, spinach, dark green lettuce, peppers, and squashes. - limit alcohol consumption : consuming moderate to heavy amounts of alcohol, such as more than one drink a day for women and two for men, may increase the risk of developing certain cancers. this is particularly true if the individual has a close relative, such as a parent, child or sibling with cancer. - smoking cessation : smoking can increase the risk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5073337419336907, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 40, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.675838"} {"text": "for women and two for men, may increase the risk of developing certain cancers. this is particularly true if the individual has a close relative, such as a parent, child or sibling with cancer. - smoking cessation : smoking can increase the risk of cancers such as lung and bladder. - vitamins and minerals : calcium, magnesium, pyridoxine ( vitamin b6 ), and folic acid may help reduce the risk of certain cancers. good food sources of calcium include skim or low - fat milk and other dairy products, shrimp, and soy products such as tofu and soy milk. magnesium is found in leafy greens, nuts, peas and beans. food sources of vitamin b6 include grains, legumes, peas, spinach, carrots, potatoes, dairy foods and meat. folic acid is found in dark leafy greens such as spinach and lettuce, and in legumes, melons, bananas, broccoli and orange juice. - american academy of family physicians.. accessed april 12, 2009. - american cancer society.. accessed april 12, 2009. - bassil kl, vakil c, sanborn m, et al. cancer health effects of pesticides : systematic review. can fam physician. 2007 oct ; 53 ( 10 ) : 1704 - 11. - centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ).. accessed april 12, 2009. - hehlmann r, hochhaus a, baccarani m ; european leukemianet. chronic myeloid leukaemia. lancet. 2007 jul 28 ; 370 ( 9584 ) : 342 - 50. - kwan ml, buffler pa, wiemels jl, et al. breastfeeding patterns and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. br j cancer. 2005 aug 8 ; 93 ( 3 ) : 379 - 84. - leukemia and lymphoma society.. accessed april 12, 2009. - lightfoot tj, roman e. causes of childhood leukaemia and lymphoma. toxicol appl pharmacol. 2004 sep 1 ; 199 ( 2 ) : 104 - 17. - national cancer institute.. accessed april 12, 2009. - natural standard : the authority on integrative medicine.. copyright \u00a9 2009. accessed april 12, 2009. - nething j, ringwald - smith k, williams r, et al. establishing the use of body mass index as an indicator", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4498285580138271, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 41, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.676731"} {"text": "- natural standard : the authority on integrative medicine.. copyright \u00a9 2009. accessed april 12, 2009. - nething j, ringwald - smith k, williams r, et al. establishing the use of body mass index as an indicator of nutrition risk in children with cancer. jpen j parenter enteral nutr. 2007 jan - feb ; 31 ( 1 ) : 53 - 7. - robak t. recent progress in the management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. cancer treat rev. 2007 sep 26 ; [ epub ahead of print ]. causes and risk factors - age : approximately 60 - 70 % of leukemia cases occur in individuals who are older than 50. the most common form of leukemia among children under 19 years of age is all. the incidence of all among one to four - year - old children is more than 9 times greater than the rate for young adults ages 20 - 24. - gender : incidence rates for all types of leukemia are higher among males than among females. males account for more than 56 % of the cases of leukemia. this may be hormonally related. - radiation exposure : the risk of chronic myelogenous leukemia ( cml ) is increased among individuals who have been exposed to high doses of radiation. radiation damages bone cells and may cause cancerous cells to develop. atomic bomb survivors in japan, those who lived near the nuclear reactor accident in chernobyl, and armed forces who participated in american nuclear detonations during the late 1950s are examples of groups exposed to high levels of radiation. it is important to note, however, that standard diagnostic x - rays pose little or no increase in leukemia risk. - chemicals : the risk for acute leukemia is increased 20 times among workers with long - term exposure to benzene. risk also is increased among workers exposed to some other solvents, herbicides, and pesticides. agricultural chemicals, in particular, have been linked with an increased risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia ( cll ). in addition, some reports suggest that leukemia risk may be increased in workers in factories exposed to dioxin, styrenes, butadienes, or ethylene oxides. - viruses : the human t - cell leukemia virus i ( htlv - i ) is related to acute t - cell leukemia. this type of leukemia is well documented in parts of the caribbean and asia, but it is uncommon in the united states and europe. higher rates of leukemia have also been reported in workers who are exposed to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4797401429245899, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 42, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.678038"} {"text": ") is related to acute t - cell leukemia. this type of leukemia is well documented in parts of the caribbean and asia, but it is uncommon in the united states and europe. higher rates of leukemia have also been reported in workers who are exposed to animal viruses, such as butchers, slaughterhouse workers, and veterinarians. - genetics : studies have reported that in some types of leukemia, such as aml, genetics also may play a role in the risk for recurrence of the disease. leukemia risk is increased 15 times among children with down ' s syndrome, which is a genetically linked chromosomal abnormality ( usually an extra copy of chromosome 21 ). three rare inherited disorders, including fanconi ' s anemia, bloom ' s syndrome, and ataxia telangiectasia, also have an increased risk for leukemia. - race : leukemia varies among racial and ethnic groups with different genetic make - ups. for example, rates of lymphoma and leukemia, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia ( cll ), are especially high in some jewish populations, whereas asian populations rarely develop cll. first - degree relatives, including parents, children, and siblings of cll patients, have two to four times the risk for leukemia due to genetics. - leukemia is one of the top 15 most frequently occurring cancers in minority groups. - cigarette smoking : cigarette smoking is a known lifestyle - related risk factor for leukemia. potential leukemia - causing chemicals in tobacco smoke include benzene, polonium - 210, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( pahs ). these carcinogens ( cancer - causing substances ) are absorbed by the lungs and are spread via the bloodstream. it is estimated that one in four cases of acute myelogenous leukemia ( aml ) is the result of cigarette smoking. - cancer therapy : individuals who have received chemotherapy and radiation therapy for previous cancers have a slightly greater chance of getting secondary leukemia ( leukemia that arises after therapy ). acute myelogenous leukemia ( aml ) has been reported after chemotherapy and / or radiotherapy for various solid tumors ( such as breast cancer and ovarian cancer ), blood malignancies, and non - malignant conditions. the chemotherapeutic agents most often associated with secondary leukemias are procarbazine, chlorambucil, etoposide, mechlorethamine, teniposide, and cyclophosphamide. the risk is increased when these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47670720574895636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 43, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.681123"} {"text": "most often associated with secondary leukemias are procarbazine, chlorambucil, etoposide, mechlorethamine, teniposide, and cyclophosphamide. the risk is increased when these drugs are combined with radiation therapy. many secondary leukemias are amls that develop within nine years after treatment of hodgkin ' s disease, non - hodgkin ' s lymphoma, or childhood cll. further chemotherapy often is ineffective in patients with secondary aml. their prognosis is less favorable than that of typical aml patients. - other causes : the use of the antibiotic chloramphenicol has been linked with the development of childhood leukemia. chloramphenicol is rarely used today. other medications, such as growth hormones and phenylbutazone, also have reportedly shown some associations with leukemia. leukemias and lymphomas have been observed in recipients of organ transplants, and certain immunodeficiency syndromes are associated with leukemias. types of leukemia - leukemia is divided into four categories. it can be myelogenous or lymphocytic and acute ( fast growing ) or chronic ( slow growing ). acute leukemia is fast - growing and can overrun the body within a few weeks or months. by contrast, chronic leukemia is slow - growing and progressively worsens over years. the terms myelogenous or lymphocytic denote which type of white blood cell is involved. - acute myelogenous leukemia ( aml ) : acute myelogenous leukemia ( aml ), also called acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, is the most common type of leukemia. aml occurs in children and adults. aml is fast growing and requires aggressive treatment. - acute lymphocytic leukemia ( all ) : acute lymphocytic leukemia ( all ) is the most common type of leukemia in young children. all accounts for 80 % of all childhood leukemias. all is also fast growing and requires aggressive treatment. - chronic lymphocytic leukemia ( cll ) : chronic lymphocytic leukemia ( cll ) is a common adult leukemia. cll is more common in jewish people of russian or eastern european descent. it almost never affects children. individuals with cll may be well for years without treatment. - chronic myelogenous leukemia ( cml ) : chronic myelogenous leukemia ( cml ) is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45021006000882346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 44, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.682136"} {"text": "jewish people of russian or eastern european descent. it almost never affects children. individuals with cll may be well for years without treatment. - chronic myelogenous leukemia ( cml ) : chronic myelogenous leukemia ( cml ) is a type of leukemia that mainly affects adults. cml is associated with a chromosome abnormality called the philadelphia chromosome, which creates an abnormal gene called bcr - abl. the bcr - abl gene produces an abnormal protein called tyrosine kinase that doctors and researchers believe causes leukemia cells to grow and develop. before treatment, an individual with cml may have few or no symptoms for months or years before entering a phase in which the leukemia cells grow more quickly. - other chronic myeloid disorders : like cml, this group of diseases causes chronic leukemia by the creation of too few or too many myeloid cells ( a type of white blood cell ). chronic myeloid disorders include myelodysplastic syndromes and myeloproliferative disorders such as essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and myelofibrosis. these conditions may cause fluctuations in white blood cell levels and lead to acute myeloid leukemia ( aml ). - acute vs. chronic leukemia : acute leukemia is a rapidly progressing disease that results in the accumulation of immature leukocytes ( white blood cells ) in the marrow and blood. the marrow often can no longer produce enough normal red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. anemia, a deficiency of red cells, develops in virtually all leukemia patients. the lack of normal white cells impairs the body ' s ability to fight infections. a shortage of platelets results in bruising and easy bleeding. - therefore, acute leukemia needs to be treated immediately ; otherwise, the disease may be fatal within a few months. fortunately, some subtypes of acute leukemia respond very well to available therapies and they are curable. children often develop acute forms of leukemia, which are managed differently from leukemia in adults. - chronic leukemia progresses more slowly and allows greater numbers of more mature, functional cells to be made. unlike acute leukemia, chronic leukemia does not always require treatment. for older adults or people with early - stage cll and few troublesome symptoms, the risks associated with the disease do not warrant the risks and discomfort associated with treatment, such as nausea, fatigue, and infection. if symptoms change or worsen, the individual can discuss treatment options with their doctor. copyright \u00a9", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4715264282170805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 45, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.683376"} {"text": "spotting skin cancer think you ' re not at risk? you may be ignoring the signs. may 29, 2000 - - when 31 - year - old j. t. fields saw an odd - looking \" freckle \" growing on the bridge of his nose, he did what comes naturally to men : he ignored it. j. t. was shocked when the \" freckle \" turned out to be skin cancer. thankfully, it was squamous cell cancer, one of two types of non - melanoma skin cancers ( the other is basal cell cancer ) that have a better than 95 % cure rate if detected early. like j. t., \" most men ignore changes or symptoms in their skin when they first occur, \" says christopher arpey, md, university of iowa assistant professor of dermatology. \" men are much more likely [ than women ] to think a skin abnormality will go away on its own, even if it ' s itching, bleeding, or hurting. \" this certainly rang true for j. t. \" i thought it was a zit, \" he said. \" even when it bled, i thought, ' hmm - - how did i get that bruise? ' \" in fact, it was almost by accident that he even asked a doctor about it. j. t. went to see a dermatologist for another problem. \" while i was there, \" he said, \" i pointed to it and asked him what he thought it was. \" his doctor took a careful look and calmly told him it was probably skin cancer. however calmly stated, it ' s a serious diagnosis. men are much more likely than women to die from skin cancer or suffer deformities from surgery to remove it. though men are at only a slightly higher risk of developing skin cancer than women, the real challenge is getting a diagnosis and then getting treatment earlier. the big picture more than 1. 3 million americans will get skin cancer this year. it ' s the most common type of cancer among men. nearly all cases will be basal or squamous cell cancers, which affect the middle and outer layers of the skin. fewer than 4 % ( about 45, 000 cases ) will be the more deadly melanoma, a cancer of melanocytes, the cells that produce the skin pigment called melanin. while there are other factors, such as aging and genetic vulnerability, exposure to ultraviolet rays is a major factor in all three types. the good news is that skin cancer is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4470629852724934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.688921"} {"text": "melanocytes, the cells that produce the skin pigment called melanin. while there are other factors, such as aging and genetic vulnerability, exposure to ultraviolet rays is a major factor in all three types. the good news is that skin cancer is very likely to be cured if it ' s caught in time. but for men, that ' s a big if. \" it ' s easier for me to convince women to check their skin regularly than men, \" says arpey. \" whether it ' s a pap smear or a breast exam, women grow up with the idea that they have to check themselves out. men don ' t. \" certain types of people are at greater risk of developing skin cancer. construction workers, farmers, lifeguards, and athletes are especially susceptible. there ' s a range of six skin types grouped according to level of risk, from high to low. people in the type i group, \" always burns easily, never tans \" ( such as very pale redheads ), are most at risk. there ' s less risk for those in the type vi group, \" never burns, deeply pigmented \" ( such as many africans ). j. t. is type ii, \" always burns easily, tans minimally. \" he ' s pale with very sun - sensitive skin. if you are like j. t. and spend time outdoors, you ought to be very concerned if you ' re not taking precautions. a history of one or more severe childhood sunburns is a signal flare for greater skin cancer risk. ask j. t. in high school, he fell asleep on the beach and burned his nose so badly that the skin came off in sheets. \" my nose looked like grilled cheese for two weeks, \" he says. simple ways to lower your risk according to steven pearlman, md, a clinical associate professor of dermatology at columbia university college of physicians and surgeons, taking precautions is easy. \" get out of the sun, \" he says, \" or protect yourself with clothing and sunblock. \" ninety percent of skin cancer is caused by getting too much sun exposure. if you have to be outdoors, experts recommend avoiding sun exposure between 10 a. m. and 3 p. m. when the sun is strongest and, if possible, wearing tightly woven clothing so that the sun ' s rays can ' t sneak through. of course, the best way to prevent skin cancer is to stay indoors, but you can enjoy a few rays by putting the lot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4858773730494053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.690073"} {"text": "is strongest and, if possible, wearing tightly woven clothing so that the sun ' s rays can ' t sneak through. of course, the best way to prevent skin cancer is to stay indoors, but you can enjoy a few rays by putting the lotion in motion. always wear sunblock with a minimum spf ( sun protection factor ) of 15 on exposed skin if you ' re going to be outside for more than 15 or 20 minutes, whether it ' s sunny or not. the ultraviolet rays that damage your skin can easily pass through clouds when it ' s overcast. a suntan may make you look good, but enough unprotected exposure to change your skin color can add to your risk of cancer. even tanning beds should be avoided. prevention and early detection go hand in hand. remember to check your skin on a regular basis for any new or suspicious changes. look for waxy spots that crust or bleed, or for a mound of tissue or wounded skin that just won ' t heal. and don ' t wait for your doctor to notice, like j. t. did. if you see something new or strange, get it checked out. grilled cheese belongs on your plate, not on your nose. michael alvear is an atlanta - based writer. besides webmd and other publications, his work has appeared in the los angeles times and the internet magazine salon. \u00a91996 - 2005 webmd inc. all rights reserved. last editorial review : 1 / 30 / 2005 10 : 49 : 06 pm get the latest health and medical information delivered direct to your inbox free!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4334167700003513, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.690888"} {"text": "whipple disease ( intestinal lipodystrophy ) is the result of a rare bacterial infection that damages the lining of the small intestine and may involve other organs of the body. whipple disease affects mainly white men aged 30 to 60. it is caused by an infection with the organism tropheryma whippelii. the infection usually involves the small intestine but can affect other organs, such as the heart, lungs, brain, joints, and eyes. symptoms of whipple disease include diarrhea, inflamed and painful joints, fever, and weight loss. other common symptoms are abdominal pain, loss of appetite, fatigue and weakness caused by anemia, cough, and pain when breathing caused by inflammation of the membrane layers covering the lungs ( pleura ). fluid may collect in the space between the pleural layers ( a condition called pleural effusion \u2014 see pleural and mediastinal disorders : pleural effusion ). the lymph nodes may become enlarged. in some people, the skin becomes darker. people with whipple disease may develop heart murmurs. confusion, memory loss, or uncontrolled eye movements indicate that the infection has spread to the brain. if left untreated, the disease is progressive and fatal. diagnosis and treatment a doctor can make the diagnosis of whipple disease by identifying bacteria in the small intestine or an enlarged lymph node. to identify the bacteria, doctors remove tissue ( biopsy ) from the small intestine using an endoscope ( a flexible viewing tube equipped with a light source and a camera through which a small clipper can be inserted ) or remove tissue from an enlarged lymph node. the tissue is then examined under a microscope. whipple disease can be cured with antibiotics. usually people are given ceftriaxone or penicillin initially by vein, followed by trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole taken by mouth for at least 12 months. symptoms subside rapidly. despite an initial response to antibiotics, however, the disease can recur. last full review / revision january 2013 by atenodoro r. ruiz, jr., md", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4710780962082986, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.694638"} {"text": "components of food if you are trying to make heart - healthy changes to your lifestyle and diet, it is helpful to know some basics about nutrition, starting with the components of food. facts about calories : you need enough calories to maintain your energy level, but no more than you can burn off. this is called an energy balance. if you take in more calories than you burn, you gain weight. if you take in fewer calories than you burn, you lose weight. if you balance the two, you maintain your weight. even when you are dieting, however, calories should not be cut back so much that your energy needs are not met. the number of calories you need depends primarily on age, gender, and activity level. facts about dietary cholesterol : remember : \" cholesterol - free \" does not mean \" fat - free. \" dietary cholesterol is a fat - like substance found in all foods of animal origin : egg yolks, meat, poultry, fish, milk, and milk products. because our bodies make cholesterol, it is not required in our diets. however, because most people eat foods that contain cholesterol, it is important to avoid excessive amounts. the amount of cholesterol you consume can affect your blood cholesterol levels. types of fats fatty acids are the basic chemical units in fat. they may be saturated, polyunsaturated, monounsaturated, or trans fats. these fatty acids differ in their chemical compositions and structures, and in the way in which they affect your blood cholesterol levels, according to the following : is used by the liver to manufacture cholesterol. has been shown to raise blood cholesterol levels, particularly the ldl or \" bad \" cholesterol level which can increase your risk of heart attack and stroke. should comprise no more than 10 percent of your daily calorie intake. saturated fat can be found in : meats, butter, cocoa butter, coconut, and palm oils. do not appear to raise blood cholesterol levels. examples include : safflower, sunflower, corn, and vegetable oils, and soybean oils. do not seem to increase bad cholesterol levels and may help boost hdl or \" good \" cholesterol in the blood. increased hdl levels have been linked to a lower risk of heart disease. examples include olive and canola oils. trans fats : by - products of hydrogenation, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5004471883870294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.702204"} {"text": "help boost hdl or \" good \" cholesterol in the blood. increased hdl levels have been linked to a lower risk of heart disease. examples include olive and canola oils. trans fats : by - products of hydrogenation, a chemical process used to change liquid unsaturated fat to a more solid fat. structurally similar to saturated fat, trans fatty acids may have a great impact on raising total and ldl cholesterol levels. trans fats should be avoided as much as possible. total fat intake should be no more than 30 percent of your daily calorie intake. facts about fats : all fats contain about the same number of calories teaspoon for teaspoon. there is no low - fat fat. fat is the most concentrated source of calories, supplying more than twice as many calories per gram as either carbohydrates or proteins. most people tend to get far too much fat in their diet, which contributes to health problems, such as obesity, high blood cholesterol, and heart disease. while coconut and palm oils contain no cholesterol, they are high in saturated fat and should be avoided. facts about fiber : facts about sodium : although salt is the major contributor of sodium in our diets, sodium and salt are not the same, contrary to popular belief. a teaspoon of table salt contains 2, 300 milligrams of sodium. sodium is a mineral needed to maintain body fluids and proper nerve function. it occurs naturally in some foods, but most of the sodium in our diets comes from seasonings and ingredients we add to foods. although sodium is essential, most of us consume more than we need. in some people, too much sodium in the diet can cause the blood pressure to rise, putting them at risk for heart disease and stroke.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4517956253197122, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.702999"} {"text": "in a few milliseconds my brain made the connection and i had one of those \" so that is where it came from! \" moments. i had no idea what they were. my friendly tour guide, fred ware, told me that i was looking at \" core memory. \" it was an early form of memory technology that used small holes, or cores, through which wires were inserted. this setup allowed the machine to control the polarity of the magnetic field created and thereby store data inside of them. when i first started programming on a unix machine in college, i would occasionally do something stupid like try to peek at the contents at memory address zero which would do bad things, cause a crash, and give me a \" core dump. \" i had always assumed that the \" core \" referred to in the error message was an adjective for \" main, \" but when i saw real \" core memory, \" i realized that i had misunderstood the term for years. our industry is full of terms that seem awkward unless you know their history. even basic things like the \" print \" method in almost all languages doesn ' t make much sense unless you see that it goes back to the days when you connected to a computer via a teletype ( tty ) machine that printed its result on rolled paper. this isn ' t unique to computing. human languages have quite a bit of history in their words. for example, the word \" salary \" comes from the bygone days when you were paid for your labor in salt. the difference with computing history is that most of it happened recently and most of the people that created it are still alive. great stories are just below the surface of things you use each day. while i knew that linux is a unix - like operating system that was started by linus torvalds when he was a student the university of helsinki, i didn ' t realize until last week the interesting story of \" unix \" itself. the name probably came about as a result of a silly pun. it was a \" castrated \" version of multics. the multics operating system was developed in the mid 1960 ' s to be a better time - sharing operating system for the expensive computer time of the day. perhaps frustrated with the complexity of mutlics, ken thompson wrote a rough \" simplified \" version of it in a month. thus, the story goes, it was \" uniplexed \" and simpler where multics was \" multiplexed \" and complicated. unix ' s history gives color to the people that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5654164807581312, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.711833"} {"text": "wrote a rough \" simplified \" version of it in a month. thus, the story goes, it was \" uniplexed \" and simpler where multics was \" multiplexed \" and complicated. unix ' s history gives color to the people that created it. i ' m certainly no ken, but i can relate to the feeling that some code seems overly complex and feel the itch to rewrite it to something simpler. it ' s neat to see that his diversion worked out so well. it ' s also a testament to the people behind multics that most of the central ideas in our \" modern \" operating systems trace their origin to it. programming languages tend to have a story as well. usually the most interesting is the philosophy that drove their creation. a good representative sample is the philosophical gap between simula and c + +. \" from the very outset simula was regarded as a system description language \" this naturally led to the bold design objective # 6 : \" it should be problem - oriented and not computer - oriented, even if this implies an appreciable increase in the amount of work which has to be done by the computer. \" it was so bold, that they had to tone it down a bit. they still had 1960 ' s hardware after all : \" another reason for the [ de - emphasizing the above goal ] was that we realized that the success of simula would, regardless of our insistence on the importance of problem orientation, to a large to a large extent depend upon its compile and run time efficiency as a programming language. \" regardless, it ' s telling of its philosophy. as david west writes : \" both parnas and the simula team point to an important principle. decomposition into subunits is necessary before we can understand, model, and build software components. if that decomposition is based on a ' natural ' partitioning of the domain, the resultant models and software components will be significantly simpler to implement and will, almost as a side effect, promote other objectives such as operational efficiency and communication elegance. if instead, decomposition is based on ' artificial, ' or computer - derived, abstractions such as memory structures, operations, or functions ( as a package of operations ), the opposite results will accrue. \" as david continues, the philosophy of simula was : \"... to make it easier to describe natural systems and simulate them in software, even if that meant the computer had to do more work. \" bjarne stroustrup took a different approach with c +", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5494725885242231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.712956"} {"text": "of simula was : \"... to make it easier to describe natural systems and simulate them in software, even if that meant the computer had to do more work. \" bjarne stroustrup took a different approach with c + + : \" simula ' s class - based type system was a huge plus, but its run - time performance was hopeless : the poor runtime characteristics were a function of the language and its implementation. the overhead problems were fundamental to simula and could not be remedied. the cost arose from several language features and their interactions : run - time type checking, guaranteed initialization of variables, concurrency support, and garbage collection... \" ( emphasis added ) \" c with classes [ precursor to c + + ] was explicitly designed to allow better organization of programs ; ' computation ' was considered a problem solved by c. i was very concerned that improved program structure was not achieved at the expense of run - time overhead compared to c. \" ( emphasis added ) this simple historical account alone can probably guide you to answers to things that seem odd or annoying about c + +. it also reveals a larger truth. usually if someone way smarter than me, like bjarne, creates or does something that i think is weird, there ' s probably an interesting historical reason behind it. in c + +, the driving force was almost always performance. i find it amusing that a lot of the \" new \" ideas in languages and runtimes are just bringing back things from simula that c + + took out. practicalities like performance often hinder the adoption of otherwise superior technology. betamax lost because it only held an hour of video compared to vhs ' s three. not being able to store a full length movie is a real problem. the qwerty keyboard layout was designed in the 1860 ' s when it was important to separate common letter pairs like \" th \" in order to prevent typebar jamming. when computer keyboards were designed, the designers simply copied the already popular qwerty layout to ease adoption even though other, potentially more efficient, layouts were available. sometimes a \" good enough \" solution wins because the better approach isn ' t worth the transition cost. popular history often misleads people into thinking that things came easily to the innovators. the real stories offer hope because they demonstrate that you too can make history if you ' re willing to persevere. google ' s founders larry page and sergey brin were turned down when they tried to sell their core", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5014457293547476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.715760"} {"text": "to the innovators. the real stories offer hope because they demonstrate that you too can make history if you ' re willing to persevere. google ' s founders larry page and sergey brin were turned down when they tried to sell their core pagerank algorithm to altavista and yahoo. one of my favorite stories is that almost no one believed bob kahn, the inventor of tcp, when he advocated that congestion control would be important on a large network. it wasn ' t until the first 12 packets were sent out and congestion actually occurred did people finally agree that it could be a problem. \" it ' s disputed whether newton ever observed an apple fall. he certainly was never struck by one, unless there ' s secret evidence of fraternity food fights while he was studying in cambridge. even if the apple incident took place, the telling of the story discounts newton ' s 20 years of work to explain gravity, the feat that earned him the attention of the world \" ( emphasis added ) \" journalists have always asked me what the crucial idea was or what the singular event was that allowed the web to exist one day when it hadn ' t before. they are frustrated when i tell them there was no eureka moment. it was not like the legendary apple falling on newton ' s head to demonstrate the concept of gravity... it was a process of accretion ( growth by gradual addition ). \" what ' s the history lesson? don ' t worry if you never have an apple falling on your head moment. newton didn ' t have one either. things take a lot of hard work and perseverance. true stories of innovator ' s persistence go on and on. while you ' re slogging away, don ' t worry about mistakes too much : \" anyone who was never made a mistake has never tried anything new. \" - einstein simply learn from them and move on. although doing something insanely great might take a long time, it demonstrates how important people are in our industry. people are the most important part of any industry because it is through them and their stories that history is created. people are especially important in computing. unfortunately, some of their most interesting stories are practically unknown by most : - alan turing wrote the paper that effectively started computing as we know it. - william shockley practically put the \" silicon \" in \" silicon valley, \" - our modern internet exists in large part because of the fascinating story of j. c. r. licklider who used arpa funding to work on his dream", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5505304748409467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.716833"} {"text": ". - william shockley practically put the \" silicon \" in \" silicon valley, \" - our modern internet exists in large part because of the fascinating story of j. c. r. licklider who used arpa funding to work on his dream that everyone should have a personal computer connected to an \" intergalactic computer network. \" - bob taylor, the man that led the wildly successful xerox palo alto research center ( parc ) inspired creativity in the great people that worked with him by creating environment that encouraged exploration and laughter. - dave cutler was in large part the reason why we have the much more reliable nt kernel running on our computers and aren ' t stuck with \" toy \" windows 9x one. their stories are full of little gems. you sometimes get to see what drove their curiosity. bob barton, arguably one of the greatest hardware designers ever, made the comment \" i often thank ibm because they gave me so much motivation to do better. \" i ' m sure that google ' s founders could say the same thing about altavista of the 1990 ' s. i think that one of the reasons for the plummeting enrollment in computer science majors is that there is a lack of understand of people and their stories in our field. this leads to the perception that a career in computing will result in a \" social death. \" i might be biased, but i think we have great stories. if you haven ' t visited it yet, check out the videos on the computer history museum section on youtube. they ' re quite interesting. i ' ll close with one lesson from computing history : don ' t be afraid to dream big. when vint cerf had to put an upper limit in 1977 on the number of addresses for what would become the internet, he probably thought that 4 billion addresses would never be used, but that ' s the \" address exhaustion \" problem that we ' re facing now. be careful when creating something, it just might exceed your wildest dreams. why do we as an industry largely ignore our history and rarely mine its rich stories? do we think we ' re moving too fast for it to be relevant? i think that it ' s important to understand our history exactly because we ' re moving so fast. it seems that learning principles that are timeless or much longer lived is more valuable than keeping up with the deep intricacies of the latest technology of the day that won ' t matter in a year or two. what ' s your favorite piece of computing history? who are the people that you remember", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.518428685437483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.718110"} {"text": "dry eyes, tired and gritty eyes dry eyes - the problem dry eyes occur when the quality or quantity of your tears are insufficient to keep the surface of your eyes moist. the tear ducts, glands and cornea all work together to supply a constant flow of tears to the eye, which is spread across the eye through blinking. the tear itself is made up of water ( giving moisture ), oils ( giving lubrication ), mucous ( for even spreading ) as well as antibodies and special proteins ( for protection from infection ). without a good flow of good quality tears and regular blinking, dry eyes can occur. between 17 - 30 % of people experience dry eyes at some point during their life according to some studies. the common symptom of dry eyes is dryness associated with a gritty feeling. but some people may feel like something is in their eye, have redness, itching or blurring of vision. it normally affects both eyes. dry eyes - common causes of dry and tired eyes it is a common problem for eyes to feel dry, tired and gritty. our hectic and demanding lifestyles can really take their toll on our eyes, as can our environment, age and health. - lifestyle - whether it is an early start to the day, a late night out, another long day in front of a computer or a long journey, the effect is the same. dry & tired eyes. did you know when you work at your computer screen your blink rate drops on average from 10 blinks per minute to 3 - 4 times per minute2. blinking is essential to keep your eyes moisturized and to clear them of any irritants. so, whether you are reading, driving, or using the computer \u2013 keep blinking! - environment - we all know that dry eyes can result from windy, dry, air conditioned, and heated climates. did you know that high altitudes can also dry our eyes? - travel \u2013 most wearers of contact lenses find air travel the worst for drying out eyes and lenses. but it isn \u2019 t just lens wearers that struggle. did you know the air quality in a plane has a very low relative humidity \u2013 effectively drying our eyes out whilst we fly. - activities - whether it is close work such as computer use or reading or even watching tv, if we don \u2019 t blink enough our eyes will feel tired. did you know having your eyes glued to the screen for 90 minutes also slows down the rate at which you blink to as little as 3 per times per minute", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47600374660353295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.722186"} {"text": "or even watching tv, if we don \u2019 t blink enough our eyes will feel tired. did you know having your eyes glued to the screen for 90 minutes also slows down the rate at which you blink to as little as 3 per times per minute. 3 - age and health \u2013 eyes tend to become drier as we get older ( especially over 60 ) as we produce fewer tears. hormone levels can also affect the dryness of eyes, with the menopause having a great impact. the side effects of certain medicines such as antihistamines, antidepressants, beta - blockers and diurectics can dry out eyes. blepharitis ( inflammation of the rims of the eyelids ) can also cause dry eyes. - laser surgery \u2013 patients often have dry eyes for the immediate weeks after surgery dry eyes can also be the sign of more serious eye problems, so recurring dryness should not be ignored. if your eyes are very sensitive to light, become very red or painful or your vision starts to deteriorate, you should visit your gp. dry eyes - treatment and advice - eye drops and ointments \u2013 ensure you choose a drop that moisturises and lubricates such as murine\u00ae dry & tired eyes. keep them to hand at work and at home. use regularly. if you wear contact lenses, ensure to choose a product suitable for lenses such as murine\u00ae contacts refresh & clean eye drops. - think \u2018 blink \u2019 \u2013 when undertaking an activity with long periods of concentration ( reading, computer use, tv watching ). make a big effort to blink regularly. - close your eyes \u2013 periodically close them for short periods through the day to help refresh them. - protect your eyes \u2013 wear sunglasses when possible in environments that are likely to dry your eyes, such as sunny, windy, dusty or polluted ones. - remove contact lenses \u2013 especially when travelling by air or anytime you are in a very drying environment or doing an activity that can dry your eyes. keep drops to hand for all other times. - drink water! 1nhs direct patient information leaflets 2m. j. doughty, 2002, optom vis science : july 2002 volume70 issue 7 pp 439 - 447 3dr john stern, why do we blink?, special to msnbc, feb 1999 warnings : if eye symptoms persist, consult your doctor. disclaimer \u2013 prestige brands ( uk ) limited, the owner of the murine\u00ae brand of eye drops, is not providing any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46001248906990133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.723277"} {"text": "the scholars of cairo this short article is taken from the full article which is available here as a pdf file the first egyptian of international renown and possibly one of the greatest scholars of islam that ever lived, although he is hardly known, is ahmad ibn yusuf ibn ibrahim ibn al - daya al misri, ( the latter word means the egyptian ). he flourished in egypt in the second half of the 9th century and died about 912. he set up some of the earliest foundations of modern mathematics and in medieval europe, he was known as ametus filius joseph. a mathematician and secretary to the tulunids, who ruled in egypt from 868 to 905, he wrote a book on similar arcs ( de similibus arcubus ), a commentary on ptolemy ' s centiloquium, and a book on proportions kitab al - nisba wal tanasub ( \" de proportione et proportionalitate \" ). the latter book is significant due to its influence on medieval thought through leonardo da pisa and jordanus nemorarius ( theorem of menelaos about the triangle cut by a transversal ; al - qatta, sector ; hence figura cata, regula catta ). the liber hameti de proportione et proportionalitate and the liber de arcubus similibus were translated by the famed twelfth century latin translator, gerard of cremona. the translation of the commentary on the centiloquium was possibly made by another translator, plato tiburtinus who wrongly attributed it to the other egyptian scholar ' ali ibn ridwan. this work was first printed in venice, 1493 ( \" incipit liber centum verborum ptholemei cum commento haly. \" ) ahmad, or else his father yusuf ibn ibrahim ibn al - daya, may be the author of the history of the astronomers, ascribed to one ibn al - daya. abu kamil al - hasib al - misri ( 850 - 930 ) ( i. e the egyptian calculator ) originated from egypt and flourished after al - khwarizmi, who died c. 930, and before al - ' imrani, who died in 955, and so can be placed about the beginning of the tenth century. he was a mathematician who perfected al - khwarizmi ' s work on algebra and whose mathematics included a number of subjects such as determination and construction of both roots of quadratic equations ; multiplication and division of algebraic quantities ; addition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.434092079924495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.746014"} {"text": "tenth century. he was a mathematician who perfected al - khwarizmi ' s work on algebra and whose mathematics included a number of subjects such as determination and construction of both roots of quadratic equations ; multiplication and division of algebraic quantities ; addition and subtraction of radicals ; study of the pentagon and decagon ( algebraic treatment ). his kitab al - jabr ( book on algebra ) is available in many manuscripts, such as in istanbul and berlin, and also in diverse languages and translations such as hebrew, german, and english. abu kamil wrote taraif al - hisab ( rarities of arithmetic ) which is available, but incomplete at leiden ( 199 / 6 ), but there are more complete latin translations of this treatise in paris ( 7377 a / 6 ), and hebrew translations from spanish. his treatise on the measurement of the pentagon and decagon, in arabic misahat al - mukhamas wa ' l muashar, is available in istanbul ( kara mustafa 379 / 2 ) and in latin translation in paris ( 7377 a / 5 ) and in translation into hebrew, german, italian, and partial translation into russian. abu kamil also wrote on inheritance by means of roots, inheritance by means of algebra, a book on indefinite problems, a treatise on the measurement of the land, another on measurement and geometry, one on reunion and separation and another entitled kitab al - kafi ( sufficient book ). abu kamil ' s mathematics were largely used by his successors whether muslims or western christians, such as al - karkhi and leonardo da pisa. there have been a number of modern studies of abu kamil including those by weinbergand levey. ibn yunus ( d. fustat in 1009 ) was an astronomer and a mathematician whose father was a distinguished historian. ibn yunus came to fame in 1804 when a leiden manuscript of his was first studied ; ibn yunus ' main work was al - zij al - hakimi ( zij meaning an astronomical handbook ) which begins with a list of observations made by himself and others. ibn yunus made observations for nearly thirty years ( 977 - 1003 ) using amongst others, a large astrolabe of nearly 1. 4 m in diameter, observations that resulted in the well known ` hakemite ' tables which contained more than 10, 000 entries of the sun ' s position throughout the years. centuries later ibn yunus ' s al - zij al - hakimi relied upon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4789718646021617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.748746"} {"text": ", observations that resulted in the well known ` hakemite ' tables which contained more than 10, 000 entries of the sun ' s position throughout the years. centuries later ibn yunus ' s al - zij al - hakimi relied upon by the french mathematician laplace who used the tables prepared by ibn yunus in his determination of the ` obliquity of the ecliptic ' and the ` inequalities of jupiter and saturn ' s ' and also by the american newcomb who used his observations of the eclipse in his investigations on the motions of the moon. ibn al - haytham was born in basra ( in modern day iraq ) in 965 and died in cairo in 1039 ce. he is known under the latin name of al - hazen. although he made important contributions to mathematics, astronomy, medicine and chemistry, his main achievements were in optics. due to his high reputation as a mathematician and engineer, he caught the attention of the fatimid caliph al - hakem ( ruled 996 - 1021 ) who asked for his services. the caliph received him personally and with great honours. however, although a patron of sciences, al - hakem was a cruel leader who murdered his enemies and had other dark sides to his personality such as ordering the sacking of the city of al - fustat ; on one occasion he went as far as ordering the killing of all dogs since their barking annoyed him. al - hakem ' s support for science may have been partly because of his interest in astrology. he had invited ibn al - haytham to cairo after hearing that he had a plan for regulating the annual inundation of the nile. however, once having taken measures on the ground, ibn al - haytham realised the plan was not feasible. ibn al - haytham knew that al - hakem was a dangerous man whom he could not trust. it appears that ibn al - haytham pretended to be mad, others say that he left egypt altogether for syria where he sought protection under the rule of one of its emirs until after al - hakem ' s death in 1021. during this time he undertook scientific work and after al - hakem ' s death he was able to show that he had only pretended to be mad. according to the muslim biographer, al - qifti, ibn al - haytham lived for the rest of his life near the al - azhar mosque, teaching, writing mathematics texts and earning money by copying", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4676082670656666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.750107"} {"text": "he had only pretended to be mad. according to the muslim biographer, al - qifti, ibn al - haytham lived for the rest of his life near the al - azhar mosque, teaching, writing mathematics texts and earning money by copying texts. ibn al - haytham died in 1039, a very devout man. his theory of light and vision is neither identical with nor originated from the mainly greek theories that preceded his time and which he adequately corrected. it was ibn al - haytham who resolved the century old issues of vision and set up the foundations for the modern science of optics. ibn al - haytham rejects the axiomatic approach of his predecessors, whereby postulates were assumed to be self evident and any experiments were just meant to reinforce axioms. ibn al - haytham also had the capacity to resolve complex issues into independent yet closely interrelated simple investigations ( the whole - mark of every genius mind ), subjecting every single problem to a quantitative analysis of its variable under strictly controlled conditions. ( for more on ibn al - haytham, see entry on basra ) abul hasan ali ibn ridwan ibn ali ibn ja ' far al - misri was born in jiza near cairo, c. 998, the son of a poor baker in al - guzah. flourished in cairo and died there in 1061 or in 1067. astrologer, physician, author of many medical writings of which the most popular was his commentary on galen ' s ars parva which was translated by gherardo cremonese. in his treatise on hygiene with special reference to egypt ( fi dal ' mudar al - abdan bi - ard misr ), ibn ridwan discusses preventive measures, sanitation, the rules of hygiene and the causes of plague. ibn ridwan subscribes to a code of strict ethics, which he himself describes : ' i wear clothes that are adorned by the marks of distinguished people and by cleanliness. i use a delicate perfume, am silent, and hold my tongue where the failings of men are concerned. i endeavour to speak always decently and take care not to swear and to blame the opinions of others \u2026 i avoid eager desires and covetousness ; and if adversity befalls me, i rely on allah the most high, and meet it reasonably without faintheartedness nor weakness. ' he also holds that a man should study medicine with the intent of acquiring the art and not money, but this did not mean that he would lose the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45542225489530996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.751126"} {"text": "i rely on allah the most high, and meet it reasonably without faintheartedness nor weakness. ' he also holds that a man should study medicine with the intent of acquiring the art and not money, but this did not mean that he would lose the chance of making money : ` when a doctor treats the ailments of the wealthy and they are in severe pain, he can make what financial conditions he likes, and when he knows that his patients will carry out their bargain, it is then his responsibility to produce the cure. the money that he earns should be spent on such useful ends as befits him. i mean on the assistance of relatives, charitable acts and the purchase of drugs suitable for curing disease. nor should he refrain under any circumstances from tending the poor and associating with them. ' ibn ridwan dwells on many issues including the causes of pestilence, and remarkably he states as one of the causes the following : ` psychic events create epidemic disease when a common fear of a ruler grips the people. they suffer prolonged sleeplessness and worry about deliverance or the possibility of trouble. as a result their digestion becomes bad and their natural heat is changed. sometimes people are forced into violent action in such condition. when they expect a famine in some years, they increase their hoarding. their distress intensifies because of what they anticipate may happen. ' abd al - rahman ibn nasr ibn abdallah ibn muhammad al - nabarawi al - shafi ' i ( al - adawi al - shairazi ) is an egyptian scholar who flourished probably in the time of salah. al - din ( sultan 1169 - 1193 ). he wrote a handbook for the use of police officers in charge of markets ( muhtasib ; hence, spanish almotacen ; their function was called hisba ), enabling them for instance to verify weights and measures and to test the genuineness of wares. ( see entry on malaga for greater detail on the functions of the muhtassib ). that handbook, divided into forty chapters, is entitled nihayat al - rutbat al - zarifat fi talab al - hisbat ( summus terminus auctoritatis politae de quaerendo munere honorifico praefecturae annonae ). an elaboration of it bearing the same title was edited by one ibn bassam in the thirteenth or fourteenth century ; it contains 114 chapters dealing with almost as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46167263375303275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.752190"} {"text": "with, many of which were on medical subjects, only one is in print, compendium memorabilium aegypti, which is based on his studies and experiences in egypt, where he visited at the request of salah al - din ( who must have been at an old age by then ). the arabic manuscript now in the bodleian library was translated by joseph white of oxford in 1782 and published at tubingen in 1789 under the title abdolatiphi compendium \u2026 an arabic latin edition containing the arabic text was published by j. white at the clarendon press in 1800 ; a good french translation appeared in paris in 1810, and a german translation by wahl was published at halle in 1790 ; other editions of this work were by hunt in 1746, mousley 1808, and de sacy in 1803. it is important here to quote briffault on a crucial aspect of scientific progress, in which abd al - latif has a role : ` contrast that spirit of scientific minuteness and perseverance in observation ( amongst the muslims ) with the speculative methods of the ancients who scorned mere empiricism ; with aristotle who wrote on physics without performing a single experiment, and on natural history without taking the trouble to ascertain the most easily verifiable facts, who calmly states that men have more teeth than women, while galen, the greatest classical authority on anatomy, informs us that the lower jaw consists of two bones, a statement which is accepted unchallenged till ' abd al - letif takes the trouble to examine human skulls. ' ibn abi al - hawafar ( 13th century ) wrote a treatise on ophthalmology natijat al - fikar ` alaj amrad al bassar ( the thoughtful conclusions on the treatment of the diseases of visions ). the work has been written for the last ayyubid sultan of egypt al - salih najm al - din al - ayyubi ( ruled egypt 1240 - 1249 ). the work was publicised on the occasion of the congress of medicine held in cairo in december 1928, presented by n. kahil under the french title : une ophtalmologie arabe par un practicien du caire du 13em siecle ( an arabic ophthalmologic work of the 13th century by a doctor of cairo ). the work ' s therapeutical and surgical parts contain many facts unknown to the greeks. according to kahil, this treatise", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4628512390755848, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.754337"} {"text": "du 13em siecle ( an arabic ophthalmologic work of the 13th century by a doctor of cairo ). the work ' s therapeutical and surgical parts contain many facts unknown to the greeks. according to kahil, this treatise is superior to every european treatise up to the beginning of the eighteenth century. it includes fifteen chapters, such as : diseases of the cornea ; problems of imaginary vision ; diseases of the iris ; diseases of the crystalline ; diseases of the optical nerve ; diseases of the eye muscles ; diseases of the eyelids ; poor eyesight ; hygiene of the eyes. one of the historians of mamluk egypt was muhyi al - din ibn abd al - zahir ( 1223 - 92 ) who wrote a contemporary biography of baybars ( ruled 1260 - 1277 ). he also wrote biographies of his successors, qalawun ( ruled 1279 - 90 ) and his son al - ashraf ( 1290 - 3 ). al - zahir received traditional islamic education and rose to become the chief clerk of baybar ' s chancery. an eminent arabic stylist, which was an important qualification for the post, he was responsible for the drafting of state papers. the greater part of al - zahir ' s biography of baybars ( al - rawd al - zahir fi sirat al - malik al - zahir ) was written during its subject ' s lifetime. of the manuscripts there are two extant copies, one nearly complete, the other covering approximately the first third of the work. ibn al - furat was born in cairo and lived between the years 1334 - 1405. he was a hanafite scholar of cairo, where he studied with notable scholars of the time. amongst these are his shuyukh abu ' l faraj ibn abd al - hadi, abu ' l futuh al - dallasi and abu bakr ibn sannaj, and was licensed by the two great scholars of damascus al - mazzi and al - dhahabi. ibn al - furat eventually became a teacher and a khatib ( preacher ) in the mu ' izziya school in cairo, and also issued marriage contracts and gave authentic witness testimony at the courts. he wrote his book, tarikh al - duwal wal muluk, which depicts best mamluk crusade history. this treatise survives, incomplete, in the national library of vienna, whilst a section from it, unknown, has long been preserved in the vatican library until", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4668449584606218, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.755290"} {"text": "tarikh al - duwal wal muluk, which depicts best mamluk crusade history. this treatise survives, incomplete, in the national library of vienna, whilst a section from it, unknown, has long been preserved in the vatican library until discovered by the scholar le strange. it was he who described this part in the journal of the royal asiatic society. parts of ibn al - furat ' s work have been selected and translated by u and m. c. lyons. they gave those extracts in two volumes, the first of which being the arabic text, the second its translation. from those extracts can be gleaned some very interesting events of the later stages of the frankish presence on muslim land such as the recovery of jerusalem, tiberias, ascalon and other places from the franks. most of all, in ibn al - furat ' s work, the focus is on the rise of and campaigns of baybars. the history of the states of the kings ( tarikh al - duwal wal muluk ) has attracted the attention of other scholars such reinaud who uses extracts relevant to the sixth crusade and the occupation of damieta. more recently, elshayyal has been engaged in bringing back to light this great historian of islam. elshayyal enlightens on previous scholarly works on ibn al - furat ' s history, the manuscript of ibn al - furat ' s treatise, his sources, and the edition of his text. el shayyal ' s contribution to the knowledge of ibn al - furat was enhanced by his own edition of ibn al - furat ' s work in a doctoral thesis at the university of edinburgh. in the following, it is worth citing briefly an extract from ibn al - furat to gather both impact and scale of the crusades on muslim history. ibn al - furat writes : sultan baybars received news that the french king, louis, son of louis, together with the kings of the franks, had set sail for an unknown destination. these kings were : the king of england ( lord edward ), the king of askusina, the king of nevers ( john tristan ), the king of navarre ( theobald v ) who was the count of champagne, the king of barcelona ( james i of aragon ), the nephew ( robert ii count of artois ) of the french king, the count of flanders ( guy ) accompanied by his mother ( margaret ) who had five hundred knights with her, the count of toulouse (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3959076414169599, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.756230"} {"text": "barcelona ( james i of aragon ), the nephew ( robert ii count of artois ) of the french king, the count of flanders ( guy ) accompanied by his mother ( margaret ) who had five hundred knights with her, the count of toulouse ( alphonse of poitou and toulouse ), and the count of albano. the sultan devoted his attention to his frontiers and his galleys, and on his return to egypt he built bridges of boats for the troops to cross from fustat to the island of al - rauda, and from al - rauda to al - jiza. he turned his thoughts to the region of ascalon and considered whether louis might make for it to build it up as he had built up caesarea in the past. for ascalon contained the remains of walls, more particularly those of its citadel. so he set off there himself. kamal al - din al - damiri was born in 1349 and died 1405. he was nominally a religious preacher at several mosques in his birth place, cairo, especially at the koubbah or the cupola of baybars. he then went on to occupy one of the chairs at the university of al - azhar. he was a very pious person who accomplished many trips to mecca. he wrote two main works on jurisprudence, a commentary on the sunah of ibn madjah and another work on minhadj of nawawi. however, he also wrote one of the greatest medieval works on zoology and animals. this work, hayat al - hayawan ( the life of animals ) has been edited repeatedly and has also been translated into english by lieutenant colonel jayakar. extracts in french have been published by silvestre de sacy. the treatise is organised in alphabetical order. the lion, whose arabic name begins with a ( assad ) comes first. the author tells of many traditions relating to the animal, giving names, epithets, or honorific surnames by which the animal is depicted. the author then dwells on issues such as whether the lion ' s flesh could be consumed or not. in this specific instance, we are informed that the flesh of animals, such as the lion, which have canine teeth that are used to grab their prey, are forbidden for use. thus the jackal, for instance, is equally forbidden because it too lives thanks to the use to its canine teeth. al - damiri also dwells on the moral character of the beasts, also adding proverbs related to each of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42067188909119135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.757293"} {"text": "use. thus the jackal, for instance, is equally forbidden because it too lives thanks to the use to its canine teeth. al - damiri also dwells on the moral character of the beasts, also adding proverbs related to each of the animals and also the use of animal, or parts of it, for medical purposes. a brief extract on a scorpion variety ( djerrarah ) can be given here : ` it is a species which when moving about, drags its tail. these scorpions are small, and are of yellowish colour. we find them in askar mokram in khuzistan, generally in wells dug for making of sugar, or on molds prepared for sugar \u2026 djahiz says that these scorpions can kill, and can cause the flesh to rot very quickly. ibn djami tells that the venom is hot and dry, and that it creates within the chest a feeling of suffocation ; but the place of the bite itself is not painful. as a counter poison can be used water of barley, or cheese water, or a puree of apples mixed with cold water. ' al - maqrizi ( d. 1441 ) was a man of the law and a teacher in cairo who collected his material, a great deal of which is absolutely unique, to compile his major work kitab al - khitat. al - maqrizi also compiled kitab al - suluk li ma ' rifat duwal al muluk ( book of entrance to the knowledge of the dynasties of the kings ) which is a history of egypt from the time of salah al - din ( 1169 ) to 1440 - 1. it is thus a history of two dynasties, the ayyubids and the mamluks. the frenchman quatremere made a translation of a large portion of this work, and also an edition of the arabic version up to 1354. al - maqrizi informs us of all that happened in egypt throughout the few centuries preceding him in extensive details : places, towns, events, daily life, culture, economy and even finance. al - maqrizi also describes the crusades and crusaders especially those that involved the french ruler st louis. his focus is on mamluk egypt and cairo. it is thanks to al - maqrizi that we know so much about the history of the institutions of cairo and its structures. we find, for example, information in the descriptions about the actual buildings", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4702104346451764, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.758233"} {"text": "is on mamluk egypt and cairo. it is thanks to al - maqrizi that we know so much about the history of the institutions of cairo and its structures. we find, for example, information in the descriptions about the actual buildings of the hospitals ; al - maqrizi provided details of the history, situation and structure of five hospitals in cairo. maqrizi has left us a vivid description of the progress of what was probably the most costly outbreak of the plague which happened during 1347 - 9. it broke out in egypt in the autumn of 1347. by april 1348 it had spread throughout the country and reached its peak in november 1348 and january 1349 before finally subsiding in february 1349. during these one and a half years it wreaked havoc throughout egypt from alexandria in the north to the outskirts of aswan in the south. in alexandria the plague carried off one hundred people each day and at its height this number rose to two hundred. the royal tiraz factory was closed down for lack of workers ; the markets and customs houses suspended operations for lack of merchants and travellers. the delta areas were similarly affected. in mahalla the plague was so intense that the prefect ( walli ) could find no one to come to complain to him ; and the qadi, when approached by people to validate their wills, because of their small number, could find no witnesses except with great exertion. in the countryside, there was almost no one left to cultivate the land or collect the harvests. because of the plague, an expanse of land in upper egypt which was previously inhabited by 6, 000 tax payers contained only 116 who could pay taxes. in cairo, the number of daily deaths rose from 300 at the beginning of october 1348 to 3000 towards the end of the month. many streets were left with empty houses. survivors helped themselves to abandoned property, houses, furniture and money. maqrizi claims that in cairo alone 900 000 people died, and that the figure would be doubled were it to include some of its suburbs and adjacent areas. the history of egypt is also handled by ibn taghribidi ( d. 1469 ) who wrote an - nujum az - zahira fi muluk misr wal - qahira ( the brilliant stars in the kings of misr and cairo. it gives excellent accounts of events from the time of the muslim arrival until 1468, that is to the eve of the author ' s death. it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43658875612244685, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.762868"} {"text": "misr wal - qahira ( the brilliant stars in the kings of misr and cairo. it gives excellent accounts of events from the time of the muslim arrival until 1468, that is to the eve of the author ' s death. it is divided into seven volumes of annals ; so extensive that juynboll, matthe, and popper all worked on the edition of extracts from the work. hasan ibn hussain al - tuluni who was born in cairo in 1432 / 3 belongs to a famed family of architects. in 1453, he became the chief architect mu ' allam al - mi - mariyya. he is known to have erected the mausoleum of khusqadam in cairo, for which he received a robe of honour in 1462. he also was commissioned to restore the mosque in the citadel, and to enlarge and renew parts of it. between 1481 and 1491 we find him in charge of the restoration of the main mosque on the island of rauda and the construction of mills with waterwheels, a feat of engineering which was considered at the time to be one of the sights of cairo. ibn iyas mentions that the sultan ordered the nilometer to be repaired and restored at the same time and al - tuluni too was responsible for this work. in 1487 he restored the bridge of abu - l - munajja. in 1493 he made pilgrimage to mecca and in 1502 - 3, he is mentioned as chief architect again. he died in 1517 to be succeeded by his son shihab al - din. this outline has missed many scholars of cairo but ought not miss a little known scholar, izz al - din al - wafai, whose accomplishments seem remarkable as can be shown in the following brief outline based on the large entry devoted to him by rosenfeld and ihsanoglu. al - wafai ( d. 1469 ) was primarily a mathematician, muezzin and muwaqqit at the muayyad mosque in cairo who wrote a staggering number of forty treatises as listed by rosenfeld and ihsanoglu. these treatises are concerned with mathematics including arithmetic, operations with sexagesimal ratio ( kept at oxford i 967 / 5, 1034 / 2 ), and a large number of works dealing with instruments. amongst these is al - nujum al - zahirat fi amal bi ' l rub al - muqantarat ( brilliant stars on operations with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45750624669682777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.766216"} {"text": "5, 1034 / 2 ), and a large number of works dealing with instruments. amongst these is al - nujum al - zahirat fi amal bi ' l rub al - muqantarat ( brilliant stars on operations with the almucantar quadrant, in 25 chapters and an introduction - manuscript kept in cairo, miqat 197, istanbul, leiden, paris, tunis, etc \u2026 ). other treatises include nuzhat al - nazar fil amal bi ' shams wa ' l qamar ( delight of the observer on operations with the sun and the moon ), a treatise on the sine quadrant, a treatise on instrument called equatorial circle, a treatise on operations with the shadow plane, a treatise on operations with concave sundials, a treatise on the perfect astrolabe, various guides to pupils on how to make astronomical operations, a speech on almucantars on terrestrial equator and so on. from the list it appears that al - wafai ' s works can be found in libraries stretching from cairo to istanbul, turin, manchester, princeton, oxford, tunis, leiden, paris, berlin, beirut, jakarta and rome. by : fstc ltd, tue 24 may, 2005", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45511768948604925, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.767377"} {"text": "all about email addresses email today is among the most common forms of communication. it feels as though everybody uses email these days, and use it quite frequently. while some people receive only a message or two every week, others will send and receive thousands within that same time. email got started back in 1968, at a business called bolt beranek and newman ( bbn ). this company was hired by the department of defense to create what was, at the time, called arpanet ( advanced research projects agency network ), which was later to be known as the internet. arpanet was to be used for communications among military and educational institutions. engineer ray tomlinson was assigned to a project in 1971, which had two main parts : sndmsg and readmail. sndmsg was the first form of electronic mail. it had already existed for several years and was an exceptionally primitive way for users of the same machine to send messages to one another. text files could be created and delivered to inboxes on the same machine. it could not send to different machines. the mailbox consisted only of a simple text file to which additional text could be added. data could not, however, be deleted or edited. tomlinson ' s goal for the project, however, was to broaden the capabilities of sndmsg. he had already been working on a project called cypnet, which had the purpose of transferring files among different computers within the arpanet. therefore, he modified his cypnet to allow appended files. tomlinson ' s next decision was a mark in history. he created the current email address format, with the mailbox name, the @ symbol, and the machine ' s node name. he then sent the first email message - to himself. its contents have been forgotten over time. it was simply sent between two arpanet network pdp - 10 nodes. from that point on email became exceptionally popular, where 75 % of all arpanet traffic was email within two years of time. one of the first large email programs for the public that achieved real popularity was eudora. it was written as an email client by steve dorner in 1988. today, research shows that over half of all americans use email for approximately half an hour every day. 87 million americans actively use email.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45568946704450297, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.770074"} {"text": "a quality family literacy program has well - trained staff who can meet the diverse learning needs of participating family members. the staff understand the theory and research underlying family literacy, bring practical skills to program delivery, and keep up - to - date through ask yourself how these statements apply to your program. our family literacy program staff \u2026 - are well qualified for their particular positions, with appropriate educational credentials and knowledge of family literacy programming, according to our - as a team, bring expertise and years of practical experience from a variety of backgrounds including adult literacy, early childhood education, elementary and community education, social work and educational administration. - have received intensive training in the theories and research that underlie family literacy and in effective instructional practices, prior to starting this family literacy program. - receive regular, high - quality professional development opportunities to broaden their knowledge of specific areas of family literacy, and enable them to develop more practical skills. - have a good understanding of the following : - child development - emergent literacy and the reading process - adults as learners - the dynamics of working with families - differences in learning styles and abilities - involving reluctant readers - life skills support - diversity issues - power imbalances in society - community development - the socio - political context of literacy - participatory critical reflection - levels of expectation and accountability - relevant administrative issues - assessment and evaluation - are prepared to use a variety of instructional strategies and make modifi cations to meet the various literacy needs of participants of diverse backgrounds, different capabilities and different learning styles. - use age - appropriate instructional methods and materials that take into account participants \u2019 initial assessments and goals, follow their progress, and build on their achievements. - encourage participants \u2019 self - expression and critical thinking through group discussions and learner - centred program activities.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41135450163797277, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.772644"} {"text": "tungsten carbide cobalt is an alloy of a hard ceramic phase, the tungsten carbide ( wc ) and a ductile metallic phase, the cobalt ( co ). hard metals such as wc - co are non - natural materials not occurring in nature. they are produced by mixing carbide and metal powders, a forming step and a thermal treatment ( sintering ). from hard metals, mainly tools are produced for chipping ( turning, milling, drilling ) or non - chipping shaping ( drawing, rolling, spinning ), as well as for cutting ( stamping ) or breaking of metals, wood, paper, plastic, stone, and coal. further, surgery equipment is produced from wc - co. likewise, different technical wear - resistant parts like nozzles or reinforcements ( e. g. for mills ) are made of wc - co. well - known products include hard metal driller or hard metal coated circular saw blades for hobby craftsmen as well as the small balls in ball pens. important properties of wc - co are hardness, strength, high breaking and beating ductility as well as high electrical and thermal conductivity. by varying the metallic cobalt content and the tungsten carbide grain size, important properties of the alloy can be specifically adapted. this fact is illustrated in figure 1 with respect to hardness. by varying the cobalt content between 0 and 20 mass per cent, hard metals can cover a hardness range from tempered steel to super - hard alloys. the smaller the carbide grain the harder an object can penetrate the surface and the higher is its hardness. in 1999, the task - force ` hard metals ` of the german industrial union for powder metallurgy suggested a classification of wc - co hard metals according to grain size, which is today accepted worldwide ( table 1 ). for hard metal grain sizes below 1 \u00b5m, exceptional combinations of hardness and strength are achievable, which makes such alloys interesting for the production of hard materials and very fine tools. ground breaking for the development of hard metal industries was the work of the osram studiengesellschaft in berlin and the patent filed in 1923 by karl schroter, which was bought by the krupp company later on. as soon as 1926, krupp introduced the first alloy under the name widia to the market. widia is short for \u201c wie diamant \u201d ( german for ` diamond - like ` ) and refers to the extraordinary hardness of the material. nowadays, large production facilities are located in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4836631591168015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.775629"} {"text": "below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine - read text ( when available ) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole. intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter - representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter. because it is uncorrected material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages. do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading ; exclusively for search engines. ocr for page 1 critical needs and gaps in understanding prevention, amelioration, and resolution of lyme and other tick - borne diseases : the short - term and long - term outcomes - workshop report overview tick - borne diseases ( tbds ) represent some of the world \u2019 s most rapidly expanding arthropod - borne infectious diseases, yet significant gaps remain in our understanding and knowledge about them. in the united states, many tick - borne diseases such as anaplasmosis and the borrelioses, ehrlichioses, and rickettsioses are on the rise. reasons include shifts in the prevalence and distribution of animal reservoirs and tick vectors as well as the movement of humans into areas where the animal hosts and tick populations are abundant. from a public health standpoint, the burden of disease is of growing concern, as is the incomplete understanding of the complex interactions of ticks, hosts, pathogens, and habitats that underlie changing disease patterns and the potential for climate change to exacerbate these trends. the committee on lyme disease and other tick - borne diseases : the state of the science was formed at the request of the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases to hold a 2 - day workshop on the state of the science of lyme disease and other tbds. the committee was requested to be inclusive in the breadth of scientific approaches and disciplines, but to exclude treatment guidelines from the workshop. furthermore, the workshop was to provide a forum for broad scientific and public input and to produce a workshop report that would highlight the major themes of the workshop and commissioned papers. the committee was not constituted to develop conclusions or recommendations. the committee recognized that the limitation of a 2 - day workshop meant that not all proposed topics or speakers could be accommodated ; it did its best to cover a range of topics and speakers. ocr for page 2 critical needs and gaps in understanding prevention, amelioration, and resolution of lyme and other tick", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4935541840251849, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.786036"} {"text": "meant that not all proposed topics or speakers could be accommodated ; it did its best to cover a range of topics and speakers. ocr for page 2 critical needs and gaps in understanding prevention, amelioration, and resolution of lyme and other tick - borne diseases : the short - term and long - term outcomes - workshop report the presentations summarized in this document represent the views of the individual speakers and should not be interpreted as a consensus or an endorsement by the institute of medicine, the committee, or its sponsors. furthermore, the committee recognizes that the language and terminology used to describe various facets and manifestations of lyme disease and coinfecting conditions are not uniform throughout the report \u2014 this reflects differences in scientific perspective among speakers and authors. as highlighted by many presenters, a standard lexicon that is consistently applied and understood would improve and advance research efforts related to lyme disease and other tick - borne diseases. furthermore, addressing the major knowledge gaps identified in this report is likely to lead to standardization of terminology as the unknown becomes the known. the following sections of the overview summarize the committee \u2019 s highlights of presentations and discussions from the scientific portion of the agenda. the committee appreciates the time and efforts of the presenters and commissioned paper authors and the many participants who shared their stories to provide a context for these discussions. the interactions with patients and advocates were useful and constructive and served as an effective reminder of why scientific observations and gaps in knowledge need to be filled. science is lagging behind as the burden of these diseases increases. the reader is directed to chapter 3 for the rich presentation of participant views. emerging infections, tick biology, and host \u2013 vector interactions the recognized number of serious diseases transmitted by ticks has increased over the past 30 years. the emergence and increased incidence of several major tbds has been attributed to specific human activities and behaviors that disrupt ecosystems. increases in human population and demographic shifts have brought dramatic changes in the distribution and composition of natural habitats, as people modify the land for living spaces, agriculture, or recreation. these changes mean that people and animals interact at many more interfaces, creating new opportunities for the transmission of zoonotic pathogens, including those responsible for tbds. this session examined the natural history of ticks and their wildlife and domestic hosts ; outlined the contributions of animal health experts to understanding human tbd ; explored genetic diversity among pathogens, vectors, and hosts ; and showed how scientists are investigating the microbial community found within the ticks themselves. during the session, the individual speakers highlighted a number of research", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5570559581328688, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.787371"} {"text": "animal health experts to understanding human tbd ; explored genetic diversity among pathogens, vectors, and hosts ; and showed how scientists are investigating the microbial community found within the ticks themselves. during the session, the individual speakers highlighted a number of research gaps and opportunities for studying tbds. some of these gaps and opportunities cut across individual presentations and comments from the audience. a few of the themes discussed included ocr for page 3 critical needs and gaps in understanding prevention, amelioration, and resolution of lyme and other tick - borne diseases : the short - term and long - term outcomes - workshop report regional differences in the distribution of ticks and tick - borne pathogens and their contribution to human disease. environmental systems and the \u201c one health \u201d ( i. e., the interface of human, animal, and environmental health that includes complexities of the ecosystems or the interface of biological communities and their physical or abiotic environment ) approach to understanding tick - borne diseases. the biology and dynamic characteristics of disease vectors. the risk of tbds as they relate to ecological fragmentation and reduced wildlife diversity. the tick microbiome and its role in transmission of pathogens to humans. surveillance, spectrum, and burden of tick - borne disease, and at - risk populations an understanding of the science of lyme disease and other tbds begins with the surveillance, spectrum, and burden of disease. this session focused on the current state of knowledge of the prevalence, incidence, patterns, and severity of key tbds in the united states and their impact on patients. the presenters discussed efforts to track the movement of pathogens in the environment, how infection moves from animals to people, and the burden of human infection and disease, especially among vulnerable populations. some themes discussed included the relative contributions of changes in surveillance, clinical recognition, and testing patterns to the rising incidence of all of the major tick - borne diseases. the impact of coinfection in severity of human tbds. biological understanding of persistent symptoms. pathogenesis understanding pathogenesis of an infectious disease at the cellular and molecular levels is critical for discovering, developing, and implementing methods to prevent infection, and to improve patient outcomes after treatment. scientists rely on several approaches to study the pathogenesis of tick - borne diseases. these include in vitro laboratory studies, in vivo studies of experimental and natural infections in animals, and patient studies based on clinical trials and specimens from biopsies and autopsies. while no one approach can represent the full spectrum and complexity of human disease, ocr for page 4 critical needs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5451474736055124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.788426"} {"text": "vivo studies of experimental and natural infections in animals, and patient studies based on clinical trials and specimens from biopsies and autopsies. while no one approach can represent the full spectrum and complexity of human disease, ocr for page 4 critical needs and gaps in understanding prevention, amelioration, and resolution of lyme and other tick - borne diseases : the short - term and long - term outcomes - workshop report the ability to \u201c reduce \u201d or \u201c control \u201d the number of variables by using in vitro and in vivo models allows more rapid and less equivocal determination of key variables in disease progression \u2014 knowledge required to improve prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of tick - borne disease in patients. this session focused on the state of the science regarding the pathogenesis of tick - borne infections \u2014 specifically those caused by pathogens in the genera anaplasma, borrelia, ehrlichia, and rickettsia. themes discussed included the following : research based on animal models for the testing of hypotheses related to the clinical manifestations and severity of symptoms or disease. the role of the immune response to tick - borne infection and its effect on bacterial load and disease manifestations. new technologies in animal models that explore mechanisms of pathogen persistence following antibiotic treatment. translating research findings from the animal model to clinical application. diagnostics and diagnosis diagnostics and diagnosis, which are essential to improve outcomes of tick - borne diseases, have different connotations. diagnostics provide a cluster of objective measures directed toward identifying the cause of a disease. after scientists discover the causative agent of an emerging infectious disease, such as borrelia burgdorferi or ehrlichia chaffeensis, they develop, evaluate, and refine diagnostic tests over time. diagnosis, in contrast, rests on a patient \u2019 s history and symptoms and observed physical and laboratory findings in a particular epidemiologic context. ultimately, accurate diagnosis requires knowledge of the epidemiology and clinical manifestations, as well as specific and sensitive diagnostic tests. in this session, the presenters explored the limitations of existing tests for lyme borreliosis and other tick - borne diseases, and they discussed promising new approaches to diagnostics that may improve the diagnosis of these diseases, and the challenges and needs for improving initial diagnosis. some themes discussed in this session included the current status of diagnostic tests and biomarkers for tbds. the role of central system sensitivity and fatigue and other sequelae as possible biomarkers of tbds. measurement of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5275401948615768, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.789435"} {"text": "needs for improving initial diagnosis. some themes discussed in this session included the current status of diagnostic tests and biomarkers for tbds. the role of central system sensitivity and fatigue and other sequelae as possible biomarkers of tbds. measurement of qualitative symptoms reported by patients. biorepositories for tick - borne diseases. syndromic - based diagnostics for tbds. ocr for page 5 critical needs and gaps in understanding prevention, amelioration, and resolution of lyme and other tick - borne diseases : the short - term and long - term outcomes - workshop report prevention research efforts have been focused on ameliorating the symptoms and consequences of tick - borne diseases through treatment. however, the development, deployment, and evaluation of strategies to prevent the occurrence of tick - borne diseases were also discussed as a high priority. prevention of infection is much more preferable to treating the short - and long - term consequences of disease. in this session, the presentations addressed current and future opportunities for vaccine development, the role and effectiveness of behavior change, and vector - control strategies. a few of the themes discussed in this session included research and development of safe, effective, multipathogen human and animal vaccines for tick - transmitted diseases. land - use practices and public education as current tools to improve mitigation and prevention of tbds. social and behavioral considerations for tbd prevention interventions. educational programs for the public. assessing the impact of educational programs for patients and clinicians. summation the committee invited a panel of stakeholders to listen to the presentations and discussions during the course of the 2 - day workshop and to share their observations regarding the research gaps and priorities in the science of tick - borne diseases. the panel members were not asked to come to a consensus but rather to express their individual viewpoints. the panelists included a representative from a patient advocacy group, a clinician specializing in lyme disease, a clinician - scientist specializing in ehrlichia and anaplasma, a clinician - scientist studying pathogenesis, and a european clinician - scientist who provided a global perspective. following the discussion, the committee invited participants to share their thoughts. a few of the views presented during this session included perspectives on the following : research funding gaps for other tbds. contribution of a national integrated research plan for advancing the science on tbds. the merits of a long - term study of lyme disease and other tbd patients. the role of public - private partnerships and other collaborative efforts to enhance the research on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5064678850436297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.790433"} {"text": "below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine - read text ( when available ) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole. intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter - representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter. because it is uncorrected material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages. do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading ; exclusively for search engines. ocr for page 75 - - > 4 a strategy for the future the previous chapters focused on the scientific directions in airborne geophysics that are possible with precise positioning and on the technological developments required to pursue them. to fulfill these research objectives, certain requirements must also be met. there needs to be improved access to airborne technology ; development of flexible operational measurement systems ; better interagency and interdisciplinary coordination ; and reevaluation of gps security systems. as a result of deliberations based on the input it received, the committee on geodesy offers the following recommendations for meeting these requirements : recommendation 1. the new capabilities in precise positioning and accurate navigation should be made more accessible to the user community. an initiative to increase access should include both the establishment of an airborne earth science facility and a coordinated effort at educating its potential users. a facility dedicated to airborne earth sciences would consist of instrumented aircraft that are made available to researchers for fixed periods of time. such a facility must provide a broad range of services to meet the needs of the basic and applied research communities. in particular, it must promote the use of discovery, process - oriented, and development platforms. these platforms would give researchers the ocr for page 76 - - > capability of conducting broad regional surveys with one or two sensors, or high - resolution surveys with a broad spectrum of sensors. technical development platforms allow new technologies to be evaluated and modified in order to develop accurate operational measurements. access to each of these systems would provide fertile ground for scientific and technological advances. management of the facility, evaluation of proposals for the use of its aircraft, and efforts to educate the potential user community about its capabilities could be coordinated through a variety of management structures, including the following : coordinating interagency working group ; university consortium funded by the government ; university / government / private - sector partnership ; and central ( nonprofit ) coordinating committee. models for each of these approaches exist throughout the government and academic community. for example, an inter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5582501558740375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.798215"} {"text": "coordinating interagency working group ; university consortium funded by the government ; university / government / private - sector partnership ; and central ( nonprofit ) coordinating committee. models for each of these approaches exist throughout the government and academic community. for example, an interagency working group of nine federal agencies is pooling data, technology, and resources to create a data and information system for the u. s. global change research program. in the seismology community, incorporated research institutions for seismology ( iris ), a university consortium funded by government agencies, is responsible for distributing research funds and coordinating the installation of seismograph stations. doe ' s domestic energy initiative is an example of a university / government / private - sector partnership. finally, a nonprofit coordinating committee, the joint oceanographic community, coordinates the operations of the drilling ship the joides resolution for the national science foundation. each of these cooperative ventures was driven by the need to access technology that is too complex, expensive, or logistically difficult to be managed by an individual investigator or agency. airborne geophysical technology presents similar difficulties and will require the establishment of a central facility to ensure its broader use. existing capabilities at nasa, nsf, usgs, or the navy could form the basis for such a government - operated facility and any number of airborne geophysical companies could provide aircraft from the private sector. as with ocean surveys, no single method of cooperation is likely ocr for page 77 - - > to meet all scientific needs. consequently, some missions could be flown privately and others could be flown under contract by federal agencies. to ensure maximum use of these platforms, it is necessary to educate the potential and established user communities. educational efforts should begin with the encouragement of collaborative projects between scientists and the federal and commercial developers of airborne geophysical technology and precise positioning. in addition, conferences that attempt to merge the small airborne geophysical community with the broader science community should be convened regularly. an appropriate forum might be a three - day chapman conference, sponsored by the american geophysical union, which would provide ample time for informal interaction and initiation of collaborative research. recommendation 2. airborne geophysical measurements should be coordinated across disciplines, programs, and funding agencies to promote interdisciplinary research and to optimize use of the aircraft. programs in airborne geophysics are currently concentrated in a few agencies, corporations, and university departments. this segregation of effort limits both the effective use of expensive aircraft and the development of innovative research. for example, integration of gravity and magnetic measurements with major photogrammetric missions could produce", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5453335784565785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.799435"} {"text": "are currently concentrated in a few agencies, corporations, and university departments. this segregation of effort limits both the effective use of expensive aircraft and the development of innovative research. for example, integration of gravity and magnetic measurements with major photogrammetric missions could produce significantly more data at a relatively small incremental cost. such coordinated missions would be beneficial to both the funding agencies, which save money, and to the broader scientific community, which gains data and the opportunity to do interdisciplinary research. recommendation 3. to ensure uniform coverage that is sufficiently accurate to resolve both long - and short - wavelength geologic features, technological developments should aim at integrating gps with a broad spectrum of well - calibrated measurement systems. uniform, accurate measurements are needed for both long - wavelength regional studies and short - wavelength process - oriented studies. future technological developments must address both needs to ensure that airborne geophysical methods become routine tools for the scientific, resource, and environmental industries. currently, only a limited number of accurate operational systems are routinely available. these include high - resolution airborne magnetics and photogrammetry, which are commercially available, and airborne gravity, which is available through ocr for page 78 - - > government, industry, and academia. topographic mapping systems are still largely in the developmental stage and are not available for routine scientific operations. other technological advances should focus on the design and implementation of experiments that require multiple measurement systems on a single platform. these applications require well - calibrated, integrated operational systems. the design process should look beyond the proof - of - concept and developmental stages to the practical considerations of an aircraft survey. integrated operational systems will place specific restrictions on equipment size, power requirements, and survey design. recommendation 4. in light of the serious impact on airborne geophysics, particularly for emerging industrial applications, the continuous operation of the antispoofing system should be carefully evaluated. the applications and technological advances discussed in previous chapters depend on access to gps signals that make it possible to locate the aircraft ' s antenna to better than 1 m. when as is on, these applications can be accomplished only if other parts of the positioning system are improved. such improvements include replacing all but one manufacturer ' s existing gps receivers with models that use a different encoded signal for positioning ; installing additional ground tracking systems so that aircraft are never more than tens of kilometers away from a ground station ; or coupling the gps receiver to the inertial guidance system in the aircraft to account for the dynamics of the aircraft. even when as is off, very high resolution applications will require improved navigation and post", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5784967536682251, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.801628"} {"text": "about one - third that of total phosphorus intake. nevertheless, individuals with high dairy product intakes will have diets with higher phosphorus density values, since the phosphorus density of cow milk is higher than that of most other foods in a typical diet. the same is true for diets high in colas and a few other soft drinks that use phosphoric acid as the acidulant. a 12 - ounce serving of such beverages contains about 50 mg ( < 2 mmol ), which is only 5 percent of the typical intake of an adult woman. however, when consumed in a quantity of five or more servings per day, such beverages may contribute substantially to total phosphorus intake. a milk phosphorus at three different weeks of lactation ( atkinson et al., 1995 ). b phosphorus content of soy formula includes about 3 mmol / l, present as phytate phosphorus which is likely not to be bioavailable ( devizia and mansi, 1992 ). intake from supplements phosphorus supplements are not widely used in the united states. based on a national survey in 1986, about 10 percent of u. s. adults and 6 percent of children aged 2 to 6 years took supplements containing phosphorus ( moss et al., 1989 ). usage by men and women was similar, as was the dose taken by users : a median of about 120 mg ( 3. 9 mmol ) / day and a ninety - fifth percentile of 448 mg ( 14. 5 mmol ) / day. young children who took supplements had a median supplemental intake of only 48 mg ( 1. 5 mmol ) / day and a ninety - fifth percentile of intake of 200 mg ( 6. 5 mmol ) / day. effects of inadequate phosphorus intake hypophosphatemia and phosphorus depletion inadequate phosphorus intake is expressed as hypophosphatemia.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4546464055821728, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.803456"} {"text": "... a forum for american indian issues... thu oct 18, 2012 at 14 : 12 : 25 pm pdt | archaeology is the study of the past through material remains. one of the goals of archaeology is discovery and description. discovery and description, however, is only the first step : archaeologists also seek to develop explanations. understanding the past means that we should try to understand how people lived in the past and why changes occurred. ultimately, archaeology seeks to understand human behavior. in addition, there is also a concern, some would say an obligation, of communicating archaeological insights to the general public. one way of doing this is through displays at museums and interpretive centers. one of these interpretive centers is found in southern alberta : the head - smashed - in buffalo jump interpretive centre. | ojibwa : : the archaeology of head - smashed - in, alberta | indian people have lived in southern alberta for more than 11, 000 years. by 6, 000 years ago, they were using a sophisticated hunting technique that involved driving buffalo over a cliff at head - smashed - in. in 1965 archaeologists began their first dig at this site which led to the establishment of the interpretive centre which now explains the archaeological findings. the fifth level of the interpretive centre, uncovering the past, shows the archaeology behind the displays and explains how archaeologists uncover the past. below the impressive buffalo at the top of the cliff there is a replica of the archaeological dig. the replica is a cast of an actual dig. digging is often done with a trowel, the dirt placed into the bucket, which is then screened to find small items. shown above is the grid used to help record the context of the finds. the idea of \" dig \" in archaeology often means going down many meters. in general, the farther down you go, the farther back in time you go. archaeology is more than just digging up pretty or exotic objects to be displayed in museums : the context of all items is carefully recorded. the photos above shows the notebooks used to record the findings. the diorama shown above displays an archaeological dig on the right and the indian village on the left. this shows what the site was like when it was in use and then what it looks like to the archaeologist. the archaeologists ' job is to use the material remains left at the site to reconstruct what happened there. the amount of detail in this diorama is amazing. a hide scraping tool is shown above. a series of interactive displays ( some of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5084433837544396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.809565"} {"text": "the archaeologists ' job is to use the material remains left at the site to reconstruct what happened there. the amount of detail in this diorama is amazing. a hide scraping tool is shown above. a series of interactive displays ( some of which are shown above ) explains some of the different artifacts found at head - smashed - in. the displays show not only different types of artifacts, but also how they are made and used. in honor of my mother, the flora sombrero lind navajo endowment fund has been set up to accept your donations. this scholarship endowment has been established at the american indian college fund to honor flora sombrero lind, as an enrolled member of the navajo nation who was born at inscription house, arizona of the many goats clan circa 1925. this scholarship endowment is funded by flora ' s family and friends who want to see navajo students pursue higher education and carry on their great navajo heritage. please leave a comment here if you donate. - please specify what your donation is for in the notes section of the paypal window. either propane for pine ridge or rosebud or hosting fees for this blog. - - navajo if you like to help aji and wings please mail a check to them at the address here : click the contact tab for address.... a forum for the discussion of political, social and economic issues affecting the indigenous peoples of the united states, including their lack of political representation, economic deprivation, health care issues, and the on - going struggle for preservation of identity and cultural history about us : navajo ( neeta lind ) senior historian & writer land of enchantment veterans affairs correspondent bill in md no way lack of brain | ndn news & links the native american rights fund ( narf ) is a non - profit 501c ( 3 ) organization that provides legal representation and technical assistance to indian tribes, organizations and individuals nationwide - a constituency that often lacks access to the justice system. narf focuses on applying existing laws and treaties to guarantee that national and state governments live up to their legal obligations. indigenous peoples and human rights news reporting from native america - daily kos - native appropriations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4470634144523719, "token_count": 436, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.811018"} {"text": "\" the oldest and most common dig against organic agriculture is that it cannot feed the world ' s citizens ; this, however, is a supposition, not a fact. and industrial agriculture isn ' t working perfectly, either : the global food price index is at a record high, and our agricultural system is wreaking havoc with the health not only of humans but of the earth. there are around a billion undernourished people ; we can also thank the current system for the billion who are overweight or obese. \" says mark bittman in his recent ny times opinion piece. \" yet there is good news : increasing numbers of scientists, policy panels and experts ( not hippies! ) are suggesting that agricultural practices pretty close to organic \u2014 perhaps best called \u201c sustainable \u201d \u2014 can feed more poor people sooner, begin to repair the damage caused by industrial production and, in the long term, become the norm. \" says mark bittman in his recent ny times opinion piece. industrial ( aka \u201c conventional \u201d ) agriculture depends upon a great deal of low cost resources, including large amounts of water and the fossil fuel that are required in the production of chemical fertilizer, large scale machinery to work the land, extensive irrigation, and, of course, vast levels of transportation. the end result is that the \" conventional \" system needs more resources than the earth can replenish, as is obvious in the use of non - renewable fossil fuels and limited resources like water. \" fun / depressing fact : it takes the earth 18 months to replenish the amount of resources we use each year. looked at another way, we \u2019 d need 1. 5 earths to be sustainable at our current rate of consumption. \" according to the ny times article \" sustainable agriculture can feed the world \" by mark bittman agro - ecology and related methods are going to require resources too, but they \u2019 re more in the form of labor, both intellectual \u2014 much research remains to be done \u2014 and physical : the world will need more farmers, and quite possibly less mechanization. many adherents rule out nothing, including in their recommendations even gmos and chemical fertilizers where justifiable. meanwhile, those working towards improving conventional agriculture are borrowing more from organic methods. ( many of these hybrid systems were discussed convincingly in andrew revkin \u2019 s dotearth blog last week. ) worldwatch institute \u2019 s state of the world 2011 shows agriculture innovation is key to reducing poverty, stabilizing climate nearly a half - century after", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47077812088801496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.819643"} {"text": "these hybrid systems were discussed convincingly in andrew revkin \u2019 s dotearth blog last week. ) worldwatch institute \u2019 s state of the world 2011 shows agriculture innovation is key to reducing poverty, stabilizing climate nearly a half - century after the green revolution, a large share of the human family is still chronically hungry. while investment in agricultural development by governments, international lenders, and foundations has escalated in recent years, it is still nowhere near what is needed to help the 925 million people who are undernourished. since the mid - 1980s when agricultural funding was at its height, agriculture ' s share of global development aid has fallen from over 16 percent to just 4 percent today. in 2008, $ 1. 7 billion dollars in official development assistance was provided to support agricultural projects in africa, based on statistics from the organisation for economic co - operation and development ( oecd ) \u2014 a miniscule amount considering the vital return on investment. given the current global economic conditions, investments are not likely to increase in the coming year. much of the more recently pledged funding has yet to be raised, and existing funding is not being targeted efficiently to reach the poor farmers of africa. \u201c the international community has been neglecting entire segments of the food system in its efforts to reduce hunger and poverty, \u201d said danielle nierenberg, co - director of worldwatch \u2019 s nourishing the planet project. \u201c the solutions won \u2019 t necessarily come from producing more food, but from changing what children eat in schools, how foods are processed and marketed, and what sorts of food businesses we are investing in. \u201d serving locally raised crops to school children, for example, has proven to be an effective hunger - and poverty - reducing strategy in many african nations, and has strong parallels to successful farm - to - cafeteria programs in the united states and europe. moreover, \u201c roughly 40 percent of the food currently produced worldwide is wasted before it is consumed, creating large opportunities for farmers and households to save both money and resources by reducing this waste, \u201d according to brian halweil, nourishing the planet co - director. state of the world 2011 draws from hundreds of case studies and first - person examples to offer solutions to reducing hunger and poverty. these include : in 2007, some 6, 000 women in the gambia organized into the try women \u2019 s oyster harvesting producer association, creating a sustainable co - management plan for the local oyster fishery to prevent overharvesting and exploitation. oysters and fish are an important, low -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47837641368071204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.820815"} {"text": "6, 000 women in the gambia organized into the try women \u2019 s oyster harvesting producer association, creating a sustainable co - management plan for the local oyster fishery to prevent overharvesting and exploitation. oysters and fish are an important, low - cost source of protein for the population, but current production levels have led to environmental degradation and to changes in land use over the last 30 years. the government is working with groups like try to promote less - destructive methods and to expand credit facilities to low - income producers to stimulate investment in more - sustainable production. in kibera, nairobi, the largest slum in kenya, more than 1, 000 women farmers are growing \u201c vertical \u201d gardens in sacks full of dirt poked with holes, feeding their families and communities. these sacks have the potential to feed thousands of city dwellers while also providing a sustainable and easy - to - maintain source of income for urban farmers. with more than 60 percent of africa \u2019 s population projected to live in urban areas by 2050, such methods may be crucial to creating future food security. currently, some 33 percent of africans live in cities, and 14 million more migrate to urban areas each year. worldwide, some 800 million people engage in urban agriculture, producing 15 \u2013 20 percent of all food. pastoralists in south africa and kenya are preserving indigenous varieties of livestock that are adapted to the heat and drought of local conditions \u2014 traits that will be crucial as climate extremes on the continent worsen. africa has the world \u2019 s largest area of permanent pasture and the largest number of pastoralists, with 15 \u2013 25 million people dependent on livestock. the food, agriculture and natural resources policy analysis network ( fanrpan ) is using interactive community plays to engage women farmers, community leaders, and policymakers in an open dialogue about gender equity, food security, land tenure, and access to resources. women in sub - saharan africa make up at least 75 percent of agricultural workers and provide 60 \u2013 80 percent of the labor to produce food for household consumption and sale, so it is crucial that they have opportunities to express their needs in local governance and decision - making. this entertaining and amicable forum makes it easier for them to speak openly. uganda \u2019 s developing innovations in school cultivation ( disc ) program is integrating indigenous vegetable gardens, nutrition information, and food preparation into school curriculums to teach children how to grow local crop varieties that will help combat food shortages and revitalize the country \u2019 s culinary traditions. an estimated 33 percent of african children currently face hunger and malnutrition,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45688474531279905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.822084"} {"text": ", and food preparation into school curriculums to teach children how to grow local crop varieties that will help combat food shortages and revitalize the country \u2019 s culinary traditions. an estimated 33 percent of african children currently face hunger and malnutrition, which could affect some 42 million children by 2025. school nutrition programs that don \u2019 t simply feed children, but also inspire and teach them to become the farmers of the future, are a huge step toward improving food security. the state of the world 2011 report is accompanied by other informational materials including briefing documents, summaries, an innovations database, videos, and podcasts, all of which are available at www. nourishingtheplanet. org. the project \u2019 s findings are being disseminated to a wide range of agricultural stakeholders, including government ministries, agricultural policymakers, farmer and community networks, and the increasingly influential non - governmental environmental and development communities. in conducting this research, worldwatch \u2019 s nourishing the planet project received unprecedented access to major international research institutions, including those in the consultative group on international agricultural research ( cgiar ) system. the team also interacted extensively with farmers and farmers \u2019 unions as well as with the banking and investment communities. the worldwatch institute and the nourishing the planet project are gratefully supported by the bill and melinda gates foundation and additional foundations, governments, and institutions including the rockefeller and surdna foundations, the united nations foundation, the goldman environmental prize, the shared earth foundation, the wallace global fund, the winslow foundation, and many more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4558705867969742, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.823078"} {"text": "herpes simplex virus from natural wellbeing herpes simplex virus herpes simplex virus facts herpes simplex virus is the infection which has been on earth for quite sometime now. the infection is defined in encarta dictionary as viral skin condition marked by some clusters of small watery blister. the disease is categorized in two, which is type one or the hsv - 1 and the type two or hsv - 2. the disease could affect the lips, mouth, and the genitals. simple virus in the mouth is also known as mouth or oral herpes, while simple virus in the genitals is known as genital herpes. the infection is normally spread through contact and sexual intercourse with the person who ' s infected by the condition. lots of people happens to carry this condition without the idea of having this contagious virus. it can damage a person ' s immune system. kissing with the person that has oral herpes could be dangerous as it can simple spread through contact and salivary glands. the sign of infection varies in the person. some may have the symptom earlier than the others. some signs of the infections may include blisters and cold sores. the disease has life cycle of twenty one days. it disappears afterwards but leaves the person with virus. barrier protection processes are the most dependable way to prevent transmission of herpes simplex virus, through they can just decrease the risk than totally eliminate it. on the other hand, there are several drugs over the counter that claims to give complete relief as well as total eradication of the disease. before you start with any treatment, make sure that you have diagnosis through skin clinic and look for the physician ' s advice. pharmaceutical companies often come out with different drugs, few of them claims that they can totally cute the ailment. once you learn that you have herpes simplex virus, get rid from young kids and prevent kissing them as they can easily get infection. their immune system isn ' t capable yet of fighting scourge. herpes simplex actually is the most usual virus found in human, it causes infections in the skin as well as in the mucous membrane. however, it is also the cause of more viral infection in some other parts of human body. virus infection from herpes can cause serious extensive disease in the immune suppressed person ( cancer and hiv patients, for instance ). like other members of herpes virus family, herpes simplex virus remains in the body for life. simplex virus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4776277388675149, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.827521"} {"text": "ca. 5 may 1642 \u2013 ca. 1710 john archdale, colonial governor and proprietary shareholder of carolina, was born in england, the son of thomas and mary nevill archdale and the grandson of richard archdale, a london merchant. archdale ' s first connection with america came through the marriage of his sister mary to ferdinando gorges the younger, one of the heirs to the proprietorship of maine. claim to the proprietary was contested by the massachusetts government, which annexed maine in 1652 and governed the province until the restoration of charles ii, when gorges moved to make good his claim. gorges ordered charles ii proclaimed in the province, commissioned civil officers in opposition to the massachusetts ones, and appealed to the privy council for confirmation of his proprietary rights. when, in 1664, gorges received confirmation of his title to maine, he sent archdale to make good his claim against massachusetts and to settle the government of maine on a sure foundation under authority of his charter. archdale ' s visit, however, coincided with the visit of the crown ' s commissioners for the reduction of new netherlands and for the investigation of the new england governments. the crown commissioners disallowed both the massachusetts and the gorges claims to the civil government of maine and established a government directly responsible to the crown. archdale returned to england in 1665 ; in 1677, gorges sold to massachusetts his proprietary title to the soil of maine. in december 1673, archdale married ann dobson cary, a widow whose son by her previous marriage, thomas cary, was subsequently deputy governor of north carolina. the archdales had by this marriage one son, thomas, and a daughter, mary. archdale ' s conversion to quakerism occurred some time after 1674. in 1678 he bought the berkeley of stratton share in the proprietary of carolina, though he subsequently made over the title to his infant son, thomas. in 1682 archdale made plans to visit carolina on behalf of the proprietors in order to collect quitrents and to help quiet the disturbances in the colony. he arrived in the fall of 1683 and remained for about three years, during which period he acted intermittently as governor of north carolina. in july 1694, thomas smith, governor of the southern part of carolina, requested that the proprietors send out a new governor with full powers to deal with the unrest and dissension among the colonists. the proprietors commissioned archdale governor of both halves of carolina, and he made a tour of the english colonies on his way to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39981373594443936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.868500"} {"text": "the proprietors send out a new governor with full powers to deal with the unrest and dissension among the colonists. the proprietors commissioned archdale governor of both halves of carolina, and he made a tour of the english colonies on his way to assume the government of the proprietary. he landed in maine early in 1695 and traveled south, visiting every colony en route to charleston, which he reached in august 1695. once in charleston he set about \" to allay the heates \" of the people, to moderate the differences between dissenters and churchmen, and to choose a council and call an assembly. at this time he appointed as deputy governor of south carolina joseph blake, who was to carry out in that province many of archdale ' s plans for the colony ; his deputy governor for north carolina was thomas harvey, who was also sympathetic to archdale ' s program of reforms and who carried on his program there. archdale tried to deal fairly with huguenot settlers in the face of hostility from the english - speaking settlers in south carolina. during archdale ' s tenure as governor, the south carolina assembly passed a number of important acts, since known as archdale ' s laws. a poor law, a comprehensive slave law, and in recognition of archdale ' s quaker principles, a law exempting conscientious objectors from military duty were enacted. in both carolinas compromises were reached over quitrents and land sales. archdale is credited by some with introducing to the carolinas seed - rice from madagascar. he oversaw the construction of improved public roads and ( in south carolina ) military fortifications, and he showed great tact in his dealings with the spanish governor of st. augustine. in return for his outstanding services to the two provinces, archdale received votes of thanks from both the north and south carolina assemblies. in 1696 archdale ' s son, thomas, sold the berkeley of stratton share in the proprietary of carolina to joseph blake, and archdale returned to england. in 1698, archdale was elected to the house of commons as member for wycombe. however, when archdale offered to affirm rather than swear the oath required of members, the house refused to seat him. a by - election was held, and his brother thomas was elected to fill the vacant seat. archdale purchased the sir william berkeley share of carolina in 1705 and for three years took an active part as a member of the proprietary board. on 22 oct. 1708 he sold his proprietary share to his son -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41095119946840475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.869898"} {"text": "was elected to fill the vacant seat. archdale purchased the sir william berkeley share of carolina in 1705 and for three years took an active part as a member of the proprietary board. on 22 oct. 1708 he sold his proprietary share to his son - in - law and daughter, john and mary danson, and died \" a year or two \" afterward, according to contemporary testimony by maurice ashley, a fellow proprietor of carolina. archdale wrote a short article, undated but probably after 1702, entitled \" weighty considerations, \" and presented it to the house of commons for its consideration. in 1707 he published a short tract entitled a new description of that fertile and pleasant province of carolina with a brief account of its discovery and settling and the government thereof to this time, with several remarkable passages of divine providence during my time. archdale mss ( manuscript division, library of congress, washington, d. c. ). samuel a. ashe, ed., biographical history of north carolina, vol. 1 ( 1905 ). henry g. hood, jr., the public career of john archdale ( 1642 \u2013 1717 ) ( 1976 ). william l. saunders, ed., colonial records of north carolina, vols. 1, 2, 4, 5 ( 1886 \u2013 1887 ). worldcat ( searches numerous library catalogs ) garraty, john a., and mark c. carnes. 1999. american national biography. new york : oxford university press. johnson, allen w. 1929. dictionary of american biography. 3, brearly - chandler. london : h. milford. jones, rufus m. 2007. the quakers in the american colonies. gardners books. monroe, haskell. 1962. religious toleration and politics in early north carolina. north carolina historical review. 39 ( july ) : 267 - 283. raimo, john. 1980. biographical directory of american colonial and revolutionary governors, 1607 - 1789. westport, ct : meckler books. salley, a. s. 1911. narratives of early carolina, 1650 - 1708. new york : c. scribner ' s sons. http : / / www. archive. org / details / narrearlycarolina00sallrich. sirmans, marion eugene. 1966. colonial south carolina. a political history. 1663 - 1763. chapel hill : univ. of north carolina p. commission to appoint john archdale as governor of north carolina and south carolina, carolina. lords proprietors, august 31", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38729472080781047, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.870865"} {"text": "eugene. 1966. colonial south carolina. a political history. 1663 - 1763. chapel hill : univ. of north carolina p. commission to appoint john archdale as governor of north carolina and south carolina, carolina. lords proprietors, august 31, 1694, volume 01, pages 389 - 390 university of north carolina at chapel hill. 2008. colonial and state records of north carolina. [ chapel hill, n. c. ] : university library, unc - chapel hill : http : / / docsouth. unc. edu / csr / index. html / document / csr01 - 0200 instructions to john archdale concerning the government of carolina, carolina. lords proprietors. october 17, 1694 volume 01, pages 391 - 392, university of north carolina at chapel hill. 2008. colonial and state records of north carolina. [ chapel hill, n. c. ] : university library, unc - chapel hill : http : / / docsouth. unc. edu / csr / index. html / document / csr01 - 0201 \" historic bath :. \" n. c. historic sites, n. c. office of archives & history : http : / / www. nchistoricsites. org / bath / caryreb. htm ( accessed january 29, 2013 ). william p. cumming, the southeast in early maps, third edition. chapel hill : university of north carolina press, 1998. map 27. ; philip d. burden, the mapping of north america : a list of printed maps 1511 - 1670. herts, england : raleigh publications, 1996. map 155. http : / / dc. lib. unc. edu / u? / ncmaps, 1109 archdale ' s address, 1695. image courtesy of the new york public library. from popular history of the united states, from the first discovery of the western hemisphere by the northmen to the end of the civil war. ( new york : scribner, c1876 - 1881 ) bryant, william cullen ( 1794 - 1878 ), author. available from http : / / digitalgallery. nypl. org / nypldigital / dgkeysearchdetail. cfm? trg = 1 & strucid = 701091 & imageid = 808280 & word = archdale % 2c % 20john % 2c % 201642 %", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4227017695464741, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.871679"} {"text": "stronger car brakes, special toilets and even plus sized wheelchairs : the rising cost of america ' s expanding waistline the nation ' s rising rate of obesity has been well - chronicled, but now businesses, governments and individuals are coming to grips with the costs of those extra pounds. u. s. hospitals are ripping out wall - mounted toilets and replacing them with floor models to better support obese patients. the federal transit administration wants buses to be tested for the impact of heavier riders on steering and braking. cars are burning nearly a billion gallons of gasoline more a year than if passengers weighed what they did in 1960. the additional medical spending due to obesity is double previous estimates and exceeds even those of smoking, a new study shows. many of those costs have dollar signs in front of them, such as the higher health insurance premiums everyone pays to cover those extra medical costs. other changes are coming into the overall scenery as wider seats are used in public places like sports stadiums and bus stops. the startling economic costs of obesity, often borne by the non - obese, could become the epidemic ' s second - hand smoke. only when scientists discovered that nonsmokers were developing lung cancer and other diseases from breathing smoke - filled air did policymakers get serious about fighting the habit, in particular by establishing nonsmoking zones. the costs that smoking added to medicaid also spurred action.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4309241130658801, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.874169"} {"text": "social worker \u00bb search for more jobs social workers are concerned with well being and development of individuals and communities, human rights, and social justice. they empower people to develop and use the skills and resources needed to deal with personal and social problems. social workers may work with individuals directly or plan and / or carry out programs that benefit individuals, groups and communities. they work in a range of settings, including private practice, in the not - for - profit sector and public service and therefore have a wide range of typical tasks. tasks may include : - provide counselling to individuals in crisis which includes the assessment of needs and planning interventions - guide small groups of people with common issues ( eg unemployed, single parents, migrants ) to develop skills, share experiences and support each other - provide the necessary support to empower community groups - facilitate engagement between clients and appropriate community services and programs \u2013 providing letters of referral and reports where necessary - research community problems, needs and solutions which may lead to reports, policy development, and program development - evaluate social programs and policies - lobby to change policies and procedures that affect the social welfare of people in the pursuit of social justice for all members of the community - manage and train staff - develop and maintain professional networks and attend professional meetings some social workers work in generalist roles while others choose to specialise in areas such as disability services, family and child welfare services, youth services, juvenile and family law support, health services, and mental health services. social work requires a commitment to social justice together with a level of emotional maturity ; strong interpersonal skills with the ability to work objectively in crisis situations. social workers need to be able to collaborate effectively with others as well as to work independently. strong organisational skills together with analytical and problem solving skills are necessary for this work.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43431709477209457, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.876004"} {"text": "three must - have conversations about online child safety ( bpt ) - academic performance expectations, attendance at school functions, and balancing extra - curricular activities with time for homework - parents and children have a lot to talk about at the beginning of the school year. few conversations, however, will be as important - or as fraught with tension - as discussing how children should, and should not, behave online. while many kids look forward to reuniting with school friends from last year, they ' ll be meeting new people, too. many of those interactions will take place, in part, in the digital world, bringing online child safety front - of - mind for parents as back - to - school season arrives. to help protect your child while he or she is online, start the school year with three important conversations : how to behave when connecting online the anonymity of the internet makes meeting strangers seem appealing and safe. but kids should use at least the same level of caution when meeting someone new online as they would in the real world. explain to kids why they should never initiate or accept online contact from someone they haven ' t first met in person ; given all the information we tend to give away in our online profiles, it ' s like walking up to a stranger on the street and inviting him or her into your home. employ tools like safetyweb to help keep kids safe online. the tool helps parents monitor online activity, and includes an active blog / forum that allows parents and pros to discuss the latest child - rearing challenges of the digital age. review the privacy settings on your child ' s social media accounts so that your son or daughter understands what ' s visible to friends, and what is visible to everyone else ( preferably, nothing ). create the social media accounts with your child so that you know what sites she uses and who her online friends are. establish designated times when children are allowed online for social media use and times when they can use the internet for schoolwork. never allow children to use the internet behind closed doors. yes, they ' ll probably say everyone else does it and that you ' re ruining their lives, but keeping internet - enabled devices in a common area can help make it easier for you to protect your child. how to behave when interacting online as a parent, you have two concerns for your child ' s online life : first, that he or she experiences no harm from online interactions. second, that he or she causes no harm to others. the digital world makes communication fast and easy,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48777884527134385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.880142"} {"text": "as a parent, you have two concerns for your child ' s online life : first, that he or she experiences no harm from online interactions. second, that he or she causes no harm to others. the digital world makes communication fast and easy, yet its drawbacks are many : it ' s highly conducive to impulsive behavior, it ' s difficult to accurately convey tone and intention, and it ' s nearly impossible to erase something once it ' s posted online. children need to understand the limitations of this form of communication, and that missteps online can have a long - term impact in the real world. the anonymity of the internet has made it easier for people to be mean to each other, and given rise to a whole new type of bullying : cyberbullying. a study by isafe. org found that 58 percent of fourth - through eighth - graders have had mean or hurtful things said to them online, and ( even more disturbingly ) 53 percent admitted to having said something mean or hurtful to another person online. help your child understand the type of behavior that constitutes cyberbullying so that she can both avoid cyberbullies and avoid engaging in acts of cyberbullying. in addition to monitoring your child ' s online behavior, encourage him to have a robust social life in the real world - the environment in which we really learn how to behave with others. how to behave when interacting in person while you ' re teaching about appropriate online behavior, it ' s important to reinforce lessons about being a good person in face - to - face interactions. bullying has been around as long as people have ; teach children how to recognize instances of in - person bullying, and help them learn techniques for coping with bullies. being a good citizen of the digital world starts with being a good person in the real world. reinforce with kids the importance of good behavior both online and in person, and - most importantly - lead by example.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4735645222346518, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.882849"} {"text": "by dr ananya mandal, md there are multiple causes of liver disease. while some are infective, some are genetic or autoimmune and some metabolic. this makes diagnosis difficult and often there are a battery of tests that need to be performed in order to correctly diagnose the underlying cause for the disease. patients who develop signs of liver disease even nonspecific ones like weakness, fatigue and nausea need to seek medical advice if their symptoms are not otherwise explained. fever, jaundice, pain over the right upper part of the liver should prompt medical attention. history and physical examination diagnosis of liver disease is based on initial history and physical examination. history of previous illness, drug or alcohol intake, family history of liver disease needs to be evaluated in detail. history of contaminated blood transfusion, unprotected sexual intercourse or sharing contaminated needles can raise suspicion of a chronic infective liver disease with viruses like hepatitis b or c. on physical examination all parts of the body including lungs, heart, skin, brain, nervous system and abdomen can provide clues to the cause and extent of liver diseases. there are certain blood tests that may provide confirmatory findings. tests for diagnosis of liver disease ( 1, 2, 3 ) there are three main types of test that are performed in liver disease diagnosis : laboratory tests, radiological studies and biopsies : - - blood \u2013 initial tests for liver disease include complete blood examination. the blood parameters that the tests use are : - - serum enzymes \u2013 ast ( aspartate amionotransferase ) and alt ( alanine aminotransferase ) are liver enzymes that are raised when there is liver injury or inflammation. liver enzymes may be raised in both alcoholic and non - alcoholic fatty liver diseases. - ggt ( gamma glutamyl transferase ) and alkaline phophatase are also enzymes that are released from bile ducts and are raised in liver diseases. - blood levels of bilirubin rise in liver disease. estimation of both conjugated and unconjugated forms of this bile in blood is indicative of different liver diseases. - blood levels of protein and albumin are indicative of healthy functioning of the liver. in liver disease there is derangement of these levels. routine blood tests like complete blood count may also be helpful in liver disease estimation. total blood counts of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets may be reduced in advanced liver disease where there is suppression of bone marrow that is the seat of production of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4410023319340722, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.888490"} {"text": "blood tests like complete blood count may also be helpful in liver disease estimation. total blood counts of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets may be reduced in advanced liver disease where there is suppression of bone marrow that is the seat of production of these cells. routine estimation of blood clotting mechanisms and ability are also indicated. in chronic liver disease the impaired protein formation leads to decline in levels of clotting factors and raises the risk of bleeding tendencies and easy bruising. in such patients there clotting functions are impaired. liver disease may also be accompanied with pancreas inflammation. pancreatic lipase thus needs to be assessed to rule out such inflammation. liver disease may also be associated with disturbed kidney function. this can be assessed by looking at blood urea, creatinine, electrolytes and bun. in patients who have developed hepatic encephalopathy there is raised blood levels of ammonia that can be detected on blood examination. certain autoantibodies are detected in blood of patients with autoimmune hepatitis. blood virological examinations are advised in viral hepatitis. viral load of blood is often done to detect and monitor treatment of viral hepatitis like hepatitis b and c. - ascitic fluid \u2013 ascitis is accumulation of fluid in the abdomen. this fluid may sometimes be aspirated and examined under microscope. in liver cancers the examination may reveal cancerous cells. imaging and radiographical studies are used to detect and confirm liver diseases. these include \u2013 - ultrasonogram or usg of the abdomen \u2013 this uses sound waves to detect liver pathology. this is useful, inexpensive and a noninvasive method to diagnose several conditions. it is most commonly used to detect gall bladder stones and other pathologies. an usg with doppler can also look at the blood flow in the portal venous system and diagnose obstructions and portal hypertension. - ct scan \u2013 computed axial tomographical image or scan can be used to look at deeper tissues within the liver in detail to diagnose several liver disease conditions. - mri or magnetic resonance imaging is a clearer imaging study to look at the damaged liver tissues for clues regarding pathology. - ercp ( endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ) \u2013 in this procedure a long thin tube, called an endoscope, that has a camera at its tip is guided into the gastrointestinal tract to look at the bile and pancreatic ducts. any pathology in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45893872571260286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.889604"} {"text": "nasa appears to have resolved problems with a new urine recycling system on the international space station, bolstering hopes it will be able to expand the research outpost ' s crew next year, officials at the space agency said on tuesday. reusing wastewater is essential for doubling the size of the crew living aboard the station from three members to six, especially since the space shuttles, which produce water as a by - product of their electrical systems, are to be retired in two years. the device, part of a $ 250 million new life - support system aboard the station, shut down during three previous attempts to purify urine. nasa wants the visiting shuttle endeavour crew to bring home processed samples for analysis before declaring the water purification system suitable for use. two rounds of modifications to stabilise the device ' s centrifuge appear to have worked, flight director brian smith said on tuesday. it completed a full five - hour run on monday and was nearing completion of a second full run early on tuesday. engineers planned to keep the device operating all day in hopes of producing enough processed urine before endeavour ' s departure on friday. the device was ferried into orbit and installed in the station ' s destiny laboratory after the shuttle arrived on 16 november. the shuttle ' s stay at the station was extended a day to wait for the samples. \" we ' re going to try to keep it going all day and have the crew just reload the ( urine ) tank as it gets low, \" smith said. also tuesday, nasa tested the station ' s newly repaired solar wing rotary joint, which was cleaned and restored during four spacewalks by endeavour astronauts. the joint had been contaminated by metal filings, prompting nasa to lock it in place to prevent damage. immobilising the wing, however, prevented panels from tracking the sun for full power. while the crews slept, engineers on the ground watched as the joint automatically pivoted to track the sun for the first time in a year. \" there ' s months worth of testing left to go before we can really determine what impact all four ( spacewalks ) had on that joint, \" smith said. endeavour is due back at the kennedy space center in florida on sunday after 16 days in orbit. nasa plans eight more flights to the station, a $ 100 billion project of 16 nations, before the shuttles are retired in 2010. if you would like to reuse any content from new scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. new scientist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4534961459897122, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.893750"} {"text": "station, a $ 100 billion project of 16 nations, before the shuttles are retired in 2010. if you would like to reuse any content from new scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. new scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to. have your say only subscribers may leave comments on this article. please log in. only personal subscribers may leave comments on this article tue nov 25 23 : 37 : 32 gmt 2008 by andos so, the stabilising and vibration dampening rubber stand that the water recycler was originally attached to actually amplified vibrations and made the centrifuge unstable? damn. it ' s good that they got it working. i wonder why the original design worked out so counter - actively? i guess with these things you just have to get them up there and try them out to find out what works best. quote of the week wed nov 26 02 : 01 : 59 gmt 2008 by dann abc news ( australia ) covered this story recently. i quote : \" a spokesman said their number one priority was to get a sample of recycled water back to earth for testing. \" ' number one ' priority indeed... : - ) all comments should respect the new scientist house rules. if you think a particular comment breaks these rules then please use the \" report \" link in that comment to report it to us. if you are having a technical problem posting a comment, please contact technical support.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5444506457860856, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.894519"} {"text": "swaddled in a cloud of dust and gas, a baby solar system 450 light years away offers one of the best peeks yet at what our sun may have looked like in its infancy. the star is surrounded by enough raw material to build at least seven jupiter - sized planets. but it was unclear from previous studies whether the disc of debris swirling around developing star l1527 irs was moving in the necessary way to spawn planets. john tobin of the national radio astronomy observatory in charlottesville, virginia, and colleagues found that the disc ' s motion mirrors the way planets orbit stars, hinting that it has all the right moves for planet formation ( nature, doi. org / jxm ). - new scientist - not just a website! - subscribe to new scientist and get : - new scientist magazine delivered every week - unlimited online access to articles from over 500 back issues - subscribe now and save if you would like to reuse any content from new scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. new scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to. have your say only subscribers may leave comments on this article. please log in. only personal subscribers may leave comments on this article", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46450577048167163, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.897324"} {"text": "air pressure and resistance name : loretta h. is there a relationship between air pressure and air resistance? recently, i had said that the air resistance acting on a falling object is actually the air pressure that is acting on the object. this did not sound right. air pressure that is acting on an object is i know a constant value per square area. however, what i was trying to say was that since air resistance is actually a force that is acting on the falling object and it is acting on every area of the object, and since we know that pressure = force divided by area, therefore, air resistance is somehow related to the pressure of air acting on that object. please do enlighten me on this. thanks. air resistance is due to the force exerted on the air by the falling object to push the air aside to let the object proceed through the air. by newton ' s third law ( for every force there is an equal and opposite reaction ) the air pushes on the object with an equal and opposite force. the air comes together behind the object, of course, but the resulting pressure there is less that the pressure in front of the object. the difference in these pressures ( times an area, as you mention ) is the cause of the air resistance. since, for a stationary object, the air pressure is equal on all sides of the object, it exerts no net force on the object. if the air pressure is increased, the net force on a stationary object is still zero. the net force on a moving object will increase due to the fact that the air is denser and the object has to push more air aside. the detailed calculation of air resistance is complicated, but the basic idea, as stated here, is simple. best, dick plano hi, loretta!!! i can only understand this problem by considering that the bigger the pressure, the more resistance there will be against the movement of a body. and that because there will be more air to be crossed. the behavior of the limit layer surely will show us that at the front the pressure will be greater than behind, where greater turbulence should be expected. if there were no movement the only force acting on the body is that due to pressure differences, vertical, from the bottom to the top. this force is independent from the value of pressure. if the body moves across the air, there will be a greater pressure ahead and vacuum at the tail ( depending upon how big is the speed ). if a body falls, the resistance will be increasingly bigger,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4891749944683122, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.903881"} {"text": "is independent from the value of pressure. if the body moves across the air, there will be a greater pressure ahead and vacuum at the tail ( depending upon how big is the speed ). if a body falls, the resistance will be increasingly bigger, till it reaches a value where there will be no more acceleration, or be, constant speed. on the other extreme, without air, there always will be acceleration, what means increasing velocity. when comets reach the earth atmosphere - as you know - the friction is so high that the tempe - ture increases and oxygen starts a chemical reaction and burns the comet. in a planet where the gravity is bigger than at the earth, there will be more gases present, and the friction will be you are ok in this as long as you are careful about what you mean by air pressure. the pressure that acts to oppose an object moving through air is not the ambient air pressure. that pressure exerts the same force on all sides of the object, so the net force from it is zero. when an object moves through the air, its motion causes the air pressure in front to increase while the pressure behind decreases, and this pressure difference produces a net force on the object. if the object suddenly stops moving, it will take a while for the higher pressure air in front to leak around to the back, and while this is happening, the object will still feel a net force from the pressure difference. so it is the pressure that causes the force. but drag is more complicated than this because there are other things that happen as the object moves. the air and the object are heated, there is turbulence, jets make a condensation trail, etc. all of these things must be \" paid for \" out of the momentum ( and energy ) of the moving object, and any time momentum changes, there is by definition a force of some kind. there is a relation between air pressure and air resistance, but air resistance and air pressure are not the same thing. if air pressure were zero, air resistance would also be zero. still non - zero air pressure does not mean any air resistance is being felt. air pressure is from all directions. air pressure can be different on different parts of an object, but in most cases it is quite large all around. air pressure is due to molecules crashing into the object from all air resistance is due to the motion of an object through the air. the object pushes the air molecules out of the way. the molecules push back. because the air molecules in front get", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5231866632031241, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.905225"} {"text": ". air pressure is due to molecules crashing into the object from all air resistance is due to the motion of an object through the air. the object pushes the air molecules out of the way. the molecules push back. because the air molecules in front get squeezed together more tightly, pressure in front is greater. air molecules in back get a little spread out, so air pressure in back is less. the net effect is a force opposite the direction of motion. just as important to air resistance is the shape of the moving object. a narrow, pointed object pushes the molecules aside quite easily. a flat front must push the molecules harder to get them to the side. it is like hammering a sharp nail versus a dull peg into a piece of wood. for an arrow, the air molecules in front do not get so tightly squeezed together as for the dull peg. air pressure may be viewed as part of why air resistance exists, but it is not air resistance itself. dr. ken mellendorf illinois central college air pressure does act on all ( exposed ) surfaces of an object. the presence of air pressure does not depend on the state of motion of an object, or even the presence of an object. it is a property of the air alone. wind resistance can only be talked about in terms of the resistance to motion of an object in the air. the presence of a body to be acted on and the motion of the air around it creates an increase in the air pressure in front of the object compared to the air pressure behind the object. this difference in air pressure results in a new force resisting the motion of the object, which we call wind resistance. click here to return to the physics archives update : june 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5077328358740387, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.905994"} {"text": "females and males in the range of 5 to 10mm. slim and pale - coloured. often found together with a silken nest, the ' sac '. identification of the relevant species is possible only on the basis of microscopic characters. cheiracanthium species are common in many parts of the world, including europe. the species most likely to be responsible for a bite include : c. punctorium ( europe ) ; c. mildei ( europe and n. america ) ; c. inclusum ( north, central and south america ) ; c. lawrencei ( south africa ) ; and c. japonicum ( japan ). imported species are frequently associated with grapes. some species of the genus bite readily if their movements are restricted. typically, the bite is sharp and painful, with pain, immediate and radiating, lasting for 30 - 45 mins, plus erythema and swelling. a wheal may develop, producing a necrotic area which can take 8 weeks to heal. cheiracanthium lawrencei is said to be capable of causing cutaneous necrosis. pain or numbness at the site of the bite may be followed by sweating and nausea lasting for up to 24 hours. after 48 hours, necrotic scar tissue may develop around the site of the bite ( newlands et al., 1980 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4098674738543111, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.907261"} {"text": "tue august 21, 2012 deaths tell the story of life in old hong kong originally published on wed august 22, 2012 9 : 01 am below a noisy flyover alongside hong kong ' s happy valley racecourse, there ' s a little - noticed green oasis stretching up the hillside, punctuated by imposing victorian chest tombs, granite obelisks and delicate angels. this is hong kong cemetery, the last resting place of the early settlers who colonized the island, starting in the 1840s. for my mother, patricia lim, the cemetery is a repository of the island ' s early untold early history. \" i was fascinated by the way hong kong had grown up, and nobody knew anything about it, \" she says. \" all hong kong history is here. and hong kong people never realized. and almost nobody ever visited it. \" she decided to remedy that by spending the past decade penning her love letter to the graveyard. this is my mother ' s third book about hong kong, and her most ambitious yet. by the time she finished, her initial idea for a simple pamphlet about the cemetery had grown into a 600 - page book, forgotten souls : a social history of the hong kong cemetery, which retells the story of hong kong through the lives of those buried in happy valley. portrait of life on ' a barren rock ' nowadays, these overgrown memorials are pretty much all that remain of those lives. these were not the elite \u2014 the colonial governors and administrators \u2014 but the ordinary people who built hong kong and gave their lives to do so : the merchants and missionaries, the opium traders and auctioneers, the prostitutes and pirates. \" their stories were not told before i wrote my book, \" my mother says. \" it ' s a social history. it ' s a history of the ordinary people. \" the earliest graves belong to those who died during the first opium war ( 1839 - 1842 ), which ended with hong kong ' s ceding to the british. the very first memorial is a handsome pillar topped with an urn belonging to british lt. benjamin fox, who died in 1841 after a cannonball shattered his leg as he was trying to capture high land north of guangzhou \u2014 which lies across the modern - day border between hong kong and mainland china \u2014 during a skirmish in the first opium war. despite the loss of lives on their part, the british were not impressed with their new acquisition. british foreign secretary lord palmerston described the island of hong kong as \" a barren rock with nary a house upon it, \" and concluded", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3744833441787349, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.921154"} {"text": "opium war. despite the loss of lives on their part, the british were not impressed with their new acquisition. british foreign secretary lord palmerston described the island of hong kong as \" a barren rock with nary a house upon it, \" and concluded, incorrectly as we now know, \" it will never be a mart for trade. \" the lives of the early settlers were precarious, often ending prematurely and brutally. one police constable, ernest goucher, died in 1915 after a tiger mauled him. others met their end in similarly gruesome fashion : being shot by pirates, hijacked by bandits and poisoned by bread laced with arsenic. more numerous still were the victims of disease, particularly cholera and dysentery, though even sunstroke was a killer in those days. the average life expectancy of a colonial policeman in the late 19th century was just 31 years. dodgy characters, model missionaries untimely deaths have become a stock - in - trade for my mother, who mapped the cemetery ' s 8, 000 graves, recording their epitaphs and tracing their stories through contemporaneous newspaper accounts, letters home and diaries. it ' s not the familiar story of today ' s city of verve, entrepreneurialism and shiny skyscrapers. it ' s a tale of a rough - and - tumble place that \u2014 as one inhabitant, richard collinson, described it in 1844 \u2014 \" has been built almost in a day, \" much of it by dodgy characters. men like charles markwick, described by my mother as \" a swashbuckler, who owned riverboats, had a tavern, had a shop, was an auctioneer and a smuggler. he was so rich he ate off beautifully embossed silver plates. \" he was strangled in his bed in 1857, and his murderer was hanged, after the british threatened to bombard the village sheltering him. but many settlers led model lives, such as henrietta shuck from kilmarnock, va., the first western woman to set foot in hong kong. the american missionary arrived there, newly married at age 17. she died a decade later in 1844, as her epitaph sums up, \" in the prime of life, in the midst of her labors and in the meridian of her usefulness. \" shuck died of exhaustion, my mother says. and no wonder : she gave birth to five children, managed a household of 37 people and taught in the newly established school. she also concerned herself with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42486570623368425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.922069"} {"text": "and in the meridian of her usefulness. \" shuck died of exhaustion, my mother says. and no wonder : she gave birth to five children, managed a household of 37 people and taught in the newly established school. she also concerned herself with the well - being of others, and described the condition of the wives of western soldiers in hong kong as being \" worse than that of the slaves in virginia. \" life was so hard back then, my mother calculated, that female missionaries, on average, died after only four years in hong kong. ' not a sexy subject ' my mother ' s fascination with the graveyard isn ' t shared by my father, lim poh chye. \" as a chinese, this is not my kind of thing, \" he says of the cemetery, which he ' s always viewed with a superstitious sense of dread. he reacted \" with horror \" when my mother decided to write about the cemetery, promptly trying to dissuade her. \" it ' s not a sexy subject, \" he says, describing his view of graveyards as grounded in chinese tradition. \" i always go to cemeteries, but we always go there at festival times like ching ming [ a holiday during which chinese remember and honor their ancestors, also known as tomb sweeping day ] to pay respect. you don ' t come here as a sort of recreation, to look at the graves and admire, learn the history. it ' s all dead and gone. \" nevertheless, one grave illustrates how potent legacies can be, even in death. the resting place of yeung ku - wan is marked by a pillar, lopped off halfway up to show he died suddenly in his prime, in 1901. unusually, there ' s no inscription. my mother attributes this to the fact that he had been plotting to overthrow china ' s last imperial dynasty, the qing, when he was murdered. \" he was a revolutionary who supported sun yat - sen, and he might have become the leader of the revolutionaries and the father of the republic of china, \" she says. \" but the empress ' agents came to hong kong and shot him on his doorstep in gage street. \" yeung ' s gravesite was left unmarked to avoid straining ties between hong kong ' s colonial rulers and the chinese. \" the british were secretly in favor of revolutionaries, so they allowed him to be buried here, but they didn ' t want to upset china, so they refused to have an inscription, \" my mother says. \" the british always liked to play", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4574138026501839, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.922984"} {"text": ". \" the british were secretly in favor of revolutionaries, so they allowed him to be buried here, but they didn ' t want to upset china, so they refused to have an inscription, \" my mother says. \" the british always liked to play things two ways. \" this omission was remedied late last year, when the hong kong government erected a plaque by the grave to mark yeung ' s life and death. a reversal of the usual order my mother ' s passion for the graveyard almost left her there \u2014 permanently. last year, on an extremely hot day, she was conducting a tour of the cemetery, when she suddenly felt unwell. so she lay down to recover, on the grave of richardson barry loxley leslie. as she puts it : \" i borrowed his grave, and i ' m sure he doesn ' t mind. \" she later discovered that she had suffered something known as \" broken heart syndrome, \" similar to a minor heart attack, while on the grave. \" it ' s lucky you didn ' t die of that heart attack, \" i tell her. \" it would have been an awful epitaph for your book, wouldn ' t it? \" \" it might have sold a few copies, \" she responds, laughing. close to the gates of the cemetery, we meet two groups of local students from ng siu mui secondary school touring the graveyard. \" it ' s very important, \" says their teacher, y. n. tam, to \" teach them something about hong kong history. \" it ' s the first time my mother has seen schoolchildren here, learning about hong kong ' s history from the ground up. she ' s delighted. her book opens with the words : \" death and life is a reversal of the usual order. \" and through her writing, she has breathed life back into the stones, retelling hong kong ' s history, and along the way bringing life back to the graveyard. david greene, host : our summer series dead stop is going overseas. ( soundbite of theme music ) greene : this morning we visit hong kong ' s oldest cemetery. it ' s a place that ' s been one british woman ' s obsession for the past decade. she ' s someone very close to npr ' s beijing correspondent, louisa lim. so louisa went to hong kong to tell the story of the cemetery and its obsessive chronicler, her mother. louisa lim, byline : i ' m sitting directly underneath an extremely noisy flyover.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4326043811296934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.923869"} {"text": "' s beijing correspondent, louisa lim. so louisa went to hong kong to tell the story of the cemetery and its obsessive chronicler, her mother. louisa lim, byline : i ' m sitting directly underneath an extremely noisy flyover. cars are whizzing by overhead. and amid the hustle and bustle that is modern - day hong kong, there is, surprisingly, an enormous cemetery. this cemetery has actually played a really important role in the life of my family, because my mother, patricia lim, has spent the past 10 years documenting the cemetery and writing a book about it. why did you actually start that? patricia lim : i was fascinated by the way hong kong had grown up and nobody knew anything about it. all hong kong history is here. and almost nobody ever visited it. lim : well, let ' s go and visit now. lim : yes, let ' s. ( soundbite of footsteps ) lim : amid the chirping cicadas and leafy greenery, there are imposing pillars, granite obelisks, delicate angels. it ' s a 20 - minute walk across the graveyard, which is the last resting place of the first british settlers arriving in hong kong in the 1840s. nowadays, these memorials are pretty much all that remain of their lives, for that reason my mother ' s book is called \" forgotten souls. \" these were not the elite, but the ordinary people who built hong kong : the merchants and missionaries, the prostitutes and pirates, the opium traders and auctioneers. lim : this is the grave of the first western woman to set foot in hong kong. she ' s an american missionary, who came to china, aged 17, newly married. lim : her name is henrietta shuck. lim : she died having just given birth to her fifth baby. she died, poor girl, of exhaustion ; having looked after a household of 37 people, having taught in the school, both the girls and the boys, having given birth, she laid down and died. lim : her grave stone is really sad. and one thing that i found really extraordinary was the way that they died. you know, mauled by tigers, shot by pirates... lim :... strangled by servants, and most people had rather short life expectancy here. the poor man died when bandits... lim : untimely deaths are a stock - in - trade for my mother, who mapped all 8, 000 graves. she then traced the stories of the inhabitants", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4175559484589738, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.925153"} {"text": "had rather short life expectancy here. the poor man died when bandits... lim : untimely deaths are a stock - in - trade for my mother, who mapped all 8, 000 graves. she then traced the stories of the inhabitants through newspaper accounts, letters and diaries. through these, she retells the story of hong kong : a rough - and - tumble place built on a barren rock, almost unrecognizable from today ' s city of shiny skyscrapers. but her fascination with the graveyard isn ' t shared by my father, lim poh chye. i ask him if he now counts himself as a graveyard fan. lim poh chye : no, not really. lim : well, when mum said she was going to write a book about the graveyard, what was your reaction? chye : well, my reaction was one of horror. and i dissuade her, but as you can see, without any success. as a chinese, this is not my kind of thing. lim : why not? chye : well, we go to cemetery, but we always go there at festivals time. you know, chingming, to pay respects. you don ' t come here as a sort of recreation or something like that, or look at the grave and admire - learn the history. it ' s all dead and gone. lim : but is it? one grave illustrates just how potent legacies can be, even in death. the resting place of yeung kew - wan is marked by a pillar, lopped off half way up to show he died suddenly in his prime in 1901. unusually, there ' s no inscription. this was because he ' d been trying to overthrow the qing dynasty and his gravesite risked causing a diplomatic incident between hong kong ' s colonial rulers and the chinese. lim : he was a revolutionary who supported sun yat - sen. and he might have become the leader of the revolutionaries and the father of the republic of china. but the empress ' s agents came to hong kong and shot him on his doorstep in gage street. lim : so why didn ' t they put an inscription on it? lim : the british were secretly in favor of the revolutionaries, so they allowed him to be buried here, but they didn ' t want to upset china. so, they refused to have an inscription. the british always liked to play things two ways. lim : my mother ' s passion for the graveyard almost left her there permanently. last year, on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4424947126908223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.926238"} {"text": ", but they didn ' t want to upset china. so, they refused to have an inscription. the british always liked to play things two ways. lim : my mother ' s passion for the graveyard almost left her there permanently. last year, on an extremely hot day, she conducted a tour of the cemetery. chye : and she walked up this rather steep place. after a while, suddenly realized, she really couldn ' t continue, whereupon she promptly lay flat on that grave. lim : so she laid down on the grave... chye : yes, on that grave lim :... of richard st. barry loxley leslie. chye : exactly. exactly. lim : i borrowed his grave and i ' m sure he doesn ' t mind. lim : and then what happened after she laid down? chye : after 10 minutes, she recovered somewhat. then we adjourned for lunch. and after lunch, she promptly suffered the after effects of the heart attack. lim : so you actually had a heart attack lying on that gravestone? chye : she did. lim : well, a very minor one. lim : it ' s lucky you didn ' t die of that heart attack. it would have been an awful epitaph for your book, wouldn ' t it? lim : as we get ready to leave, we run into two groups of local students touring the graveyard. it ' s the first time my mother has seen schoolchildren here, learning about hong kong ' s history from the ground up. she ' s delighted. her book opens with the words : death and life is a reversal of the usual order. and through her writing, she ' s breathed life back into the stones, retelling hong kong ' s history and, along the way, bringing life back to the graveyard. louisa lim, npr news, hong kong ( soundbite of music ) greene : louisa took a great photo of her mom at that cemetery. you can check it out as well as lots of other photos from summer series, dead stop. it ' s all at our web site, npr. org. this is morning edition from npr news. i ' m david greene. steve inskeep, host : and i ' m steve inskeep. ( soundbite of music ) transcript provided by npr, copyright national public radio.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4549439503631091, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.927096"} {"text": "the nobel prize in physics 1959 emilio segrc, owen chamberlain born : 10 july 1920, birmingham, united kingdom died : 28 february 2006, london, united kingdom affiliation at the time of the award : university of california, berkeley, ca, usa prize motivation : \" for their discovery of the antiproton \" field : particle physics owen chamberlain was born in san francisco on july 10, 1920. his father was w. edward chamberlain, a prominent radiologist with an interest in physics. his mother ' s maiden name was genevieve lucinda owen. he obtained his bachelor ' s degree at dartmouth college in 1941. he entered graduate school in physics at the university of california, but his studies were interrupted by the involvement of the united states in world war ii. in early 1942 he joined the manhattan project, the u. s. government organization for the construction of the atomic bomb. within the manhattan project he worked under professor emilio segre, both in berkeley, california, and in los alamos, new mexico, investigating nuclear cross sections for intermediate - energy neutrons and the spontaneous fission of heavy elements. in 1946 he resumed graduate work at the university of chicago where, under the inspired guidance of the late professor enrico fermi, he worked toward his doctorate. he completed experimental work on the diffraction of slow neutrons in liquids in 1948 and his doctor ' s degree was awarded in 1949 by the university of chicago. in 1948 he accepted a teaching position at the university of california in berkeley. his research work includes extensive studies of proton - proton scattering, undertaken with professor segre and dr. clyde wiegand, and an important series of experiments on polarization effects in proton scattering, culminating in the triple - scattering experiments with professor segre, dr. wiegand, dr. thomas ypsilantis, and dr. robert d. tripp. in 1955 he participated with dr. wiegand, professor segre, and dr. ypsilantis in the discovery of the antiproton. for the next few years he and his colleagues studied the interactions of antiprotons with hydrogen, deuterium and other elements, and used antiprotons to produce antineutrons. in 1960 he, together with professors carson jeffries and gilbert shapiro, pioneered the development and use of polarized proton targets to study the spin dependence of a wide variety of high energy processes, including the scattering of pi - mesons and protons on polarized protons, the determination of the parity of hyperons, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5523353977444737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.931685"} {"text": "development and use of polarized proton targets to study the spin dependence of a wide variety of high energy processes, including the scattering of pi - mesons and protons on polarized protons, the determination of the parity of hyperons, and a test of time reversal symmetry in electron - proton scattering. these and other similar experiments were his main activity for the next 20 years. in the late ' 70s and early ' 80s he briefly participated in the study of the interactions of energetic light nuclei with nuclear targets at the berkeley bevalac accelerator. in the final years before retiring from active service he worked with dr. david nygren on the development and construction of the time - projection - chamber that was subsequently used with great success to study high - energy positron - electron interactions at the stanford linear accelerator center. he is a fellow of the american physical society and a member of the national academy of sciences. he was awarded a guggenheim fellowship in 1957 for the purpose of doing studies in the physics of antinucleons at the university of rome. he was appointed professor of physics at the university of california, berkeley, in 1958, and served as loeb lecturer at harvard university in 1959. in 1943 he married beatrice babette copper ( dec. 1988 ). they had three daughters and one son. subsequent marriages to june steingart greenfield ( dec. 1991 ) and currently to senta pugh gaiser. from nobel lectures, physics 1942 - 1962, elsevier publishing company, amsterdam, 1964 this autobiography / biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series les prix nobel. it was later edited and republished in nobel lectures. to cite this document, always state the source as shown above. owen chamberlain died on february 28, 2006. copyright \u00a9 the nobel foundation 1959 mla style : \" owen chamberlain - biography \". nobelprize. org. 21 may 2013 http : / / www. nobelprize. org / nobel _ prizes / physics / laureates / 1959 / chamberlain. html", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5214186959377571, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.932523"} {"text": "museum of london archaeology / ap archaeologists from the museum of london archaeology recently excavated the site of the 16th - century curtain theatre, where shakespeare staged some of his plays. archaeologists from the museum of london archaeology recently excavated the site of the 16th - century curtain theatre, where shakespeare staged some of his plays. museum of london archaeology / ap archaeologists have discovered the remains of the bard ' s old stomping grounds \u2014 ruins of a famous 16th - century theater, buried below the streets of modern london. known in its heyday as the curtain theatre, it ' s often been eclipsed by its more famous younger sibling, the globe. but the curtain is a big deal in its own right. some of shakespeare ' s most famous works premiered there \u2014 romeo and juliet and henry v, just to name a couple. npr ' s rachel martin talked to the archaeologist who dug up the theater, chris thomas of the museum of london. on what remains \" we ' ve only seen parts of it so far, but what remains are the foundations \u2014 the brick walls of the curtain theatre \u2014 the floors inside the galleries and the yard. the yard is the bit in the middle where people used to stand. \" on how they knew it was the curtain \" we ' ve looked at the rose theatre \u2014 we ' ve dug parts of that up before \u2014 and we ' ve dug a little bit of the globe up before. and we ' ve dug a little bit of shakespeare ' s first theater, which was rather unimaginatively titled the theatre. so we know what sort of form these things have, and we know what shape they have.... what we ' ve got here [ with the curtain ] is the best surviving example of any of shakespeare ' s theaters in london. the others are all quite badly disturbed by later buildings, but this one seems to be more or less intact. \" on the curtain ' s lifespan \" we think it [ was ] built in 1577, so that ' s a year after the first theater. and the last mention of it is in 1628, but it ' s just possible that it continued all the way up to 1642. and we know all the theaters would have been shut then, because the puritans in power in england didn ' t like theaters, and didn ' t like people having a lot of fun, so they closed them all down. \" on shakespeare ' s audience at the curtain some of william shakespeare ' s most famous plays, like romeo and juliet, had their debut at the curtain theatre. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3736535131982408, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.936021"} {"text": "' t like people having a lot of fun, so they closed them all down. \" on shakespeare ' s audience at the curtain some of william shakespeare ' s most famous plays, like romeo and juliet, had their debut at the curtain theatre. \" it ' s probably not something for the elite. i think we ' ve probably got to imagine that the productions were a bit more rowdy and the audience probably participated quite a lot more than they do in modern theatrical productions. \" on the location of shakespeare ' s theaters \" well, to start with, the theatre and the curtain theatre were in shoreditch, which is immediately north of the city of london. so you can imagine that the theaters are in suburban areas that are just outside the jurisdiction of the city, so they can get away with quite a lot more. and then once the rose and the globe and the other theaters get built, they all get built on the south side of the river, again outside the city. so once the theatre closes, the curtain is on its own up in shoreditch and all the rest are down in southwark on the south side of the river. \" on unexpected discoveries \" one of the nicest things is, buried in the floor, was a ceramic pot, just buried in the floor as a mouse trap. and i think those are the little things that are quite nice and give you a bit more of a feel for the people or the place. \" on the future of the excavation \" now we have to move on, in that we just located it, found it and covered it up for the time being. now, if a new development gets permission to be built, then we ' ll be uncovering most of it, and we ' ll be putting it on display so that people can come and visit it, and that ' s when it will get really exciting. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4012650849825929, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.936698"} {"text": "the site has been dated by collecting charcoal from the remains of two hearths that were uncovered during excavation. the hearths appeared as buried concentrations of burnt animal bone, charcoal, and small stone flakes in dark patches of sediment. using radiocarbon techniques, the charcoal turned out to date to at least 12, 000 years ago. the artifacts found within and near the hearths can be associated with these dates. they include some of the fluted points and bifaces collected at the site. the bones are highly fragmented but appear to represent caribou or a similar - sized ungulate. nearly 5, 000 articles have been collected from the site, including thousands of animal bone fragments, charcoal, bifacial stone tools, microblades, bladelets, and pieces of debitage. most important were six fragments of fluted points, a style of spearpoint commonly produced during the late ice age in other areas of north america. fluted points are specialized spearpoints that were likely hafted to the tip of spear shafts rather than arrows. they were created through careful shaping of a large piece of stone into a long, symmetrical form with a pointed tip and a concave base. to prepare the artifact for hafting to a shaft, long narrow \" channel \" flakes were removed from the base to create a \" flute \" down the midline of each face of the point. several dozen channel flakes have been found among the serpentine hot springs artifacts.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4465928465720316, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.938480"} {"text": "drawing 2 : andersonville prison as it appeared in august 1864. drawn by thomas o ' dea, former prisoner. a picture worth a thousand words i never drew a picture before in my life. were i an artist, i could have completed it in a short time. i commenced this work in the winter of 1879 and finished it in 1885 devoting to it my leisure moments for over 5 years....... in executing the work, i had no picture, map, plan or scale to guide or instruct me, but i relied upon and drew the whole subject from memory. to the casual observer, such a thing may be looked upon as absurd and impossible, that it is impossible after such a length of time for \" memory \" to retain such a perfect list and one of details as here portrayed and that i must have had assistance from some other source to be able to present such a vast combination of characters and situations in so perfect manner. ah my friends, had you been there and experienced the sufferings that, in common with the thousands of other unfortunates who \" were there, \" you too, like myself, would have the whole panorama photographed in your memory to remain there to your dying day.... questions for drawing 2 1. based on the portion of o ' dea ' s drawing shown above, how would you describe the prison and its surrounding area? 2. do the artist ' s words help you understand the impact andersonville prison had on its occupants? if so, how? 3. why might he have drawn this image? why did it take him so long to complete? 4. find the prisoners who are on their way to the stockade from the railroad. how might prisoners in this situation have felt? how do you think they might have felt after they entered the prison? * the image on the screen has a resolution of 72 dots per inch ( dpi ), and therefore will print poorly. you can obtain a high resolution version of drawing 2, but be aware that it will take about 50 seconds to load with a 28. 8k modem.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4973596698657299, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.940718"} {"text": "the buildings range in type from a small, one - story office building, to three and four - story rowhouses, large detached houses, churches, small apartment buildings, monumental apartments and institutional buildings. they generally date from c. 1875 - to the 1920s, and their styles, including italianate, queen anne, richardsonian romanesque, and the many styles of the beaux arts, clearly reflect the eclectic character of american architecture. the street was developed primarily with rowhouses, most of which were individually designed and built. large detached houses are also found in this district, one of the best - preserved and visually interesting late - 19th - early 20th - century streetscapes in dc. some of the earliest houses stand on the northwest corner of 16th and t streets. the two italianate structures at 1900 and 1902 16th street date from 1878. more common are the brick rowhouses with projecting bays and fanciful rooflines. an early example dating from 1875 stands at 1904 16th street. this two - story house is two bays wide with a steep pitched gable. one of the finest examples of the italian bracketed style still standing is the 1878 huntley house at 1601 16th street. perhaps the finest of the queen anne houses are those in the row at 1837 - 41 16th street. built in 1890, these houses incorporate the irregularity of massing, variety of color and texture, and the round turrets of the style. a number of richardsonian romanesque houses still stand such as the sherman house at 1401 16th street which was built in 1888 by charles and samuel edmonston. the three - story hampton p. denman house at 1623 16th street was designed by fuller and wheeler in 1886. the outstanding example of this style is 1628 16th street designed in 1890 by harvey page. a house which reflects the varied sources of eclecticism is the flemish revival house at 1720 16th street, which was built in 1892. an excellent example of federal revival stands at 1610 r street. it was designed in 1910 by jules h. desibour. institutional uses also began to spread up 16th street at about the same time the beaux arts classicism that was influenced by the 1893 colombian exposition began to sweep the country. the carnegie institution at 1530 p street, designed in 1908 by carrere and hastings, and the jewish community center at 1529 16th street, designed by b. stanley simmons in 1920, are excellent examples of neo - classical design. late gothic revival can be seen in the church of the holy city at 1611 16th street designed in 1895 by r. langford warren and built", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4377279327525264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.943990"} {"text": "liechtenstein - background | year | | prime minister | | party composition | | 1945 | | alexander frick | | fbp, vu | | 1962 | | gerard batliner | | fbp, vu | | 1970 | | alfred hilbe | | vu, fbp | | 1974 | | walter kieber | | fbp, vu | | 1978 | | hans brunhart | | vu, fbp | | 1993 | | markus buchel | | fbp, vu | | 1993 | | mario frick | | vu, fbp ( vu alone from 1997 ) | | 2009 | | klaus tschutscher | | vu, fbp | note : the first party indicates prime minister ' s affiliation. fbp : progressive citizens ' party ( fortschrittliche burgerpartei ) vu : the fatherland union ( vaterlandische union ) liechtenstein ' s history at a glance liechtenstein has been an independent state since 1719, except while under french domination briefly in the early 19th century. it abolished its army in 1868 and has managed to stay neutral and undamaged in all european wars since then. in 1919 switzerland assumed responsibility for liechtenstein \u2019 s diplomatic representation, replacing austria. liechtenstein became a party to the statute of the international court of justice in 1950, and in 1973 it joined the organization for security and co - operation in europe. five years later, the principality was admitted to the council of europe. liechtenstein became a member of the un in september 1990 and in the following year it became a full member of the european free trade association ( efta ). two parties have dominated the political scene in liechtenstein : the progressive citizens \u2019 party of liechtenstein ( fbp ) and the patriotic union ( vu ). the two ruled continously in coalitional government from 1938 to 1997. fbp dominated government during the four decades prior to 1970 when it was defeated by vu at a general election to the landtag. four years later fbp regained its majority. in the parliamentary elections of 1978, vu won eight of the 15 seats, although with a minority of the votes cast, while the remaining seats were taken by the fbp, a distribution that remained equal after the following elections in 1982. following a referendum in july 1984, women were granted the right to vote on a national basis. however, women were still not permitted to vote on communal affairs in three of liechtenstein \u2019 s 11 communes until april 1986, when they were finally accorded full", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4361850022850119, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.956676"} {"text": "following a referendum in july 1984, women were granted the right to vote on a national basis. however, women were still not permitted to vote on communal affairs in three of liechtenstein \u2019 s 11 communes until april 1986, when they were finally accorded full voting rights. an amendment to the constitution, declaring equality between men and women, took effect in 1992. in august 1984 prince franz josef transferred executive power to his son, prince hans - adam, although he remained titular head of state until his death in november 1989 when he was succeeded by hans - adam ii. in february 1986 women voted for the first time in a national election. the composition of the landtag however remained unchanged. in january 1989 the parliament was dissolved by prince hans - adam, following a dispute between vu and fbp regarding the construction of a new museum to accommodate the royal art collection. at the subsequent general election, which took place in march 1989, the number of seats in the landtag was increased from 15 to 25 ; vu retained its majority, securing 13 seats, while fbp took the remaining 12 seats. politics in the new era liechtenstein is a parliamentary monarchy. according to the constitution, the government is a collegial body and consists of the head of government and four governmental councillors. the head of government and ministers are appointed by the prince, following the proposals of the parliament. executive power is exercised by the government though strong powers are still concentrated with the prince. liechtenstein has a multi - party system dominated by the conservative progressive citizens ' party and the conservative fatherland union / patriotic union. at the general election of february 1993, vu lost its majority, taking only 11 of the landtag \u2019 s 25 seats. fbp again returned 12 representatives, and two seats were won by an environmentalist party, the free list ( fl ). lengthy negotiations resulted in the formation of a new coalition between fbp and vu. however, following a unanimous vote in the landtag expressing \u2018 no confidence \u2019 in markus buchel \u2019 s ( fbp ) leadership, he was dismissed from his post. at the following election the month after, vu regained its parliamentary majority, winning 13 seats, while fbp took 11 seats and fl secured one seat. vu became the dominant party in a new coalition with fbp, with mario frick of vu as head of government. vu, however, lost its majority in the next elections of 2001. vu administration \u2019 s popularity had been adversely affected by an unresolved dispute with prince hans - adam over his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46843052165104626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.958036"} {"text": "##p, with mario frick of vu as head of government. vu, however, lost its majority in the next elections of 2001. vu administration \u2019 s popularity had been adversely affected by an unresolved dispute with prince hans - adam over his demands for constitutional changes, notably with regard to appointments in the judiciary ( the prince advocated that judges be nominated by the reigning monarch rather than by parliamentary deputies ) ; the prince claimed that these amendments would benefit the people, whilst vu regarded them as an attempt to extend the royal prerogative. a new government comprising solely fbp, under the leadership of otmar hasler, took office on 5 april. in march 2003, liechtenstein ' s people overwhelmingly voted to give its prince more powers, including the right to dismiss governments and approve judicial nominees. prince hans adam ii had threatened to leave the country if his demands for more authority were not met. before the vote, he had already possessed more power than any other european monarch. prince hans - adam dismissed the findings of a commission established by the council of europe, which stated that the constitutional amendments would constitute a retrograde step for democracy and could lead to the isolation of liechtenstein in europe. in august 2003 he announced that he would give up the day - to - day ruling of the country in one year ' s time. in august 2004, his son, prince alois, became regent of liechtenstein, while hans adam ii remained the official head of state. at the general election held in march 2005 fbp failed to retain an absolute majority, winning 12 of the 25 seats. vu won 10 seats while fl increased its representation from one seat to three. in april fbp and vu formed a coalition government, which comprised three representatives of fbp, including hasler, who was once again appointed prime minister. blacklisted in 2000 as a center for money laundering, liechtenstein toughened its laws and made major efforts to clean up its financial practices. in 2002, the country was removed from the organization of economic cooperation and development ( oecd ) blacklist.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42261095442749486, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.959014"} {"text": "go green with a st. patrick \u2019 s day garden on march 17, try this traditional planting activity with your family in ireland, st. patrick ' s day is the traditional day to plant peas and potatoes. the timing works for most climates in the united states, so why not celebrate st. patrick ' s day with a really \u201c green \u201d activity : planting a garden! depending on where you live, you may find your garden bed is still covered with snow or the soil too frozen to work. or your home may not have a backyard. luckily, peas and potatoes can be planted in containers, and you can enjoy the harvest on a deck, balcony, or sunny windowsill. then you can decorate it with a shamrock plant marker. what you need : - good quality potting soil - large flower pot with saucer ( note : make sure the pot has drainage holes in the bottom and is at least 15 inches in diameter at the top. ) - pea seeds and seed potatoes ( note : don ' t plant potatoes from the supermarket. they may be sprayed with chemicals and won ' t grow well. you can buy them at a local gardening store. ) - thin branches to use as support for vines what you do : 1. fill your container two - thirds full with potting soil. 2. press your pea seeds or seed potatoes into the dirt. cover with an inch or two of soil. 3. stick long, thin branches upright in the soil. as the vines grow, they will wrap themselves around the branches. 4. put containers in a sunny indoor spot or outdoors in full or partial sunlight. if frost is forecast, bring containers indoors. 5. water every two to three days, keeping moist. be careful not to over - water. 6. for potato plants : as your potato plant grows, add more soil around the base of the plant, making a little hill. in fact, this is called hilling. hilling should be done every time your plant grows about four inches. continue to water the plant regularly as leaves and then flowers grow. when the leaves of the potato plants begin to turn yellow and die, stop watering. after two or three weeks, baby potatoes will be ready to harvest, or you can wait another four to six weeks to harvest larger potatoes. 7. for pea plants : peas are ready to pick when the pods are full and heavy. use scissors to cut the pods from the plant. pulling them off by hand can result in pulling the entire plant up and damaging the roots. - in areas of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4055991697466692, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.965032"} {"text": ". for pea plants : peas are ready to pick when the pods are full and heavy. use scissors to cut the pods from the plant. pulling them off by hand can result in pulling the entire plant up and damaging the roots. - in areas of the united states that are too warm in march to plant cool - weather peas and potatoes, you can plant sweet potatoes, beans, and leafy greens such as spinach or swiss chard. - some gardeners sprout seed potatoes before planting, so they begin growing more quickly \u2014 a practice known as chitting. put your seed potatoes on a shallow dish or tray, or in an open egg carton. keep them in a warm place with a lot of sunlight or under a fluorescent light. when the potatoes have one - inch sprouts, they are ready to plant. - when watering the pea plants, be careful not to get water on the leaves of the plant. water can cause mildew to grow on the leaves. make a festive shamrock plant marker to decorate your containers and to remind you what you have planted. what you need : - popsicle stick, chopstick, or pencil - green paper, or white paper and a green marker or crayon - tape or glue - black permanent marker what you do : 1. trace and cut three small hearts from paper. if your paper is white, color your hearts green. 2. tape or glue the three hearts together to form a shamrock. 3. write \u201c peas \u201d or \u201c potatoes \u201d on your shamrock, depending on the container it will go into. 4. tape or glue your shamrock to your stick or pencil. 5. put the marker into the soil of the container. did you know? in just a few easy steps, you can turn your backyard, balcony or patch of grass into a habitat for wildlife. create a wildlife garden! elizabeth scholl is a new jersey - based writer of children ' s books and magazine articles, with a background in elementary education. specializing in nature and environmental topics, her books include organic gardening for kids, grasshopper, praying mantis and animals attack : wolves. when she isn ' t writing, elizabeth enjoys working in her garden, bicycling and and exploring nature in her neighborhood. get outdoors with your family", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4092781850266558, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.966808"} {"text": "for immediate release march 9, 2006 mayor bloomberg, health commissioner frieden and schools chancellor klein announce a 36 % decrease in smoking among high school students since 2001 new data shows increase in cigarette tax correlates with significant decrease in underage smokers decrease shows 29, 000 fewer high schools students ' lighting up ' since 2001 ; since 1997, teenage smoking has declined by more than 50 % mayor michael r. bloomberg, joined by health commissioner dr. thomas r. frieden and schools chancellor joel i. klein, today announced significant declines in smoking among high school students in new york city public schools. the findings - a result of a joint survey conducted by the city ' s department of health and mental hygiene ( dohmh ) and the department of education ( doe ) - show smoking among high school teenagers has declined 36 % ( from 18 % to 11 % ) since 2001 and 52 % ( from 23 % to 11 % ) since 1997. the decrease in teenage smokers correlates with a decline in adult smokers and is attributed to both an increase in the cigarette sales tax, health education and awareness programs and the smoke free air act. the mayor announced the new findings at the high school for art and design in manhattan. \" nine out of ten of our high school students are now non - smokers, \" said mayor bloomberg. \" that ' s terrific progress. teenagers are making better decisions and the decline in the smoking rates proves that our efforts to curb smoking and educate them about their health choices are working. today, teens are recognizing the true cost of cigarettes. they ' re finally getting the message : smoking is dangerous and has real health consequences, not only for them but for those around them. as a result, new york city teens will live longer and healthier lives. \" while education programs have been successful in delivering anti - tobacco messages, increases in cigarette sales taxes have made the largest contribution to the declining number of smokers - in both teenagers and adults. since the introduction of increased cigarette taxes in july 2002, the number of adult smokers has also declined - by 200, 000 from 2002 to 2004. \" high school students often think many of their peers smoke, but the fact is nine out of 10 don ' t, \" said commissioner frieden. \" nearly 80 % of adult smokers started smoking as adolescents, and roughly one - third of them will be killed by tobacco unless they quit. \" \" while we ' ve made excellent progress, \" continued commissioner frieden, \" an estimated 30, 000 public high school students in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4271914386857182, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.972529"} {"text": "smokers started smoking as adolescents, and roughly one - third of them will be killed by tobacco unless they quit. \" \" while we ' ve made excellent progress, \" continued commissioner frieden, \" an estimated 30, 000 public high school students in new york city still smoke and nearly two - thirds of them have tried unsuccessfully to quit. the health of new yorkers is our top priority and increasing the cost of cigarettes, making schools and workplaces smoke - free and helping smokers with their battle to quit are key ways to accomplish that. \" \" from better nutrition to avoiding tobacco, our education programs are geared to help our students develop early and lifelong habits for healthy living, \" said chancellor klein. \" we are making school breakfasts and lunches more nutritious and more appealing to students and reemphasizing physical education, fitness and health. all of our curricula, including the life skills curriculum in elementary and middle grades, counsel against smoking, as do our anti - drug instructional and guidance programs. and we have smoking cessation programs for high school students who have already begun smoking. it ' s a priority for us to continue to maintain and improve the health and well - being of all our students. \" no smoking policies are enforced in and around schools and anti - smoking instruction, intervention and prevention programs often include school and district - wide participation in national smoking prevention and awareness programs such as the great american smoke - out and national \" kick butts day \" coming up in april. since 2003, doe - in partnership with dohmh - has delivered a health - related fitness program focusing on helping all young people to be cooperative, healthy, active, motivated, positive students ( c. h. a. m. p. s. ) during childhood and adolescence, and healthy, well - educated, contributing members of society in adulthood. the combination of a renewed focus on physical activity and healthier eating has helped schools to support students and families in achieving this vision. key findings of the report parents, schools, business owners and others can seek opportunities to limit youth access to tobacco and reinforce prevention messages. health care providers can help their patients to quit smoking. the youth risk behavior survey ( yrbs ) is part of a national survey conducted locally by the city ' s department of health and mental hygiene ( dohmh ) and the department of education ( doe ) in public high schools every two years. this report is available online. for more information on tobacco cessation and how to get help to quit smoking,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44354312006590735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.973578"} {"text": "by lp hastings by michael goldstein by r. scott moxley by gustavo arellano by gustavo arellano by matt coker by nick schou by bethania palma markus photo by mark savageevery morning for the past several months, the pre - dawn silence of eastside costa mesa has been broken by the squawking of dozens of excited crows. angry residents have done everything to scare the birds away, but to no avail. last week, city officials unveiled a lethal weapon in what promises to be a long - term war of attrition against the noisy birds : police officers armed with pellet guns. so far, the costa mesa police department ' s animal - control division has shot about one dozen specimens of corvus brachyrhynchos, better known as the common north american crow. but there ' s no reason to believe the campaign will solve the city ' s growing crow problem. or that it should try. \" people have been taking potshots at crows for a couple of hundred years, \" explained biologist kevin mcgowan, curator of birds and mammals at cornell university. make that white people : according to mcgowan, unlike native americans \u2014 whose traditions hold that crows are fire - givers or spiritual messengers \u2014 white settlers brought to north america the europeans ' disdain for crows. \" there were no vultures in northern europe, so crows always had that kind of negative connotation, \" mcgowan said. \" besides, they are big and black. it ' s easy to see why they were viewed as symbols of death. we simply carried that psychological baggage over here with us. \" it ' s possible crows have developed psychological baggage of their own, of course. in rural america, crows have long been considered a threat to agriculture and therefore have usually been shot on sight by farmers. mcgowan believes that this centuries - long war to eradicate crows in the countryside drove the bulk of north america ' s crow population into urban areas. and not just america : \" other species of crows around the world are moving into urban areas, \" mcgowan said. \" people think there ' s been a tremendous explosion in the population of crows, but this isn ' t the case. it ' s a worldwide phenomenon of crows becoming urbanized. \" two other important factors help explain why so many crows have chosen to live in urban areas in the past several decades. one is owls \u2014 or rather, the lack thereof. in the nest, crows are vulnerable to everything from squirrels to ra", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.35648608165171536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.977983"} {"text": "\" that ' s thor! \" he exclaimed. according to racano, the best way to get rid of bothersome crows is to buy a fake owl. \" you should buy a plastic owl and place several crow feathers in a prominent position, like on a rooftop or a fence, and this will scare the crows away, \" he suggested. but mcgowan is skeptical. \" those owl things work for about a day, \" he said. \" crows know that if it doesn ' t move, it ' s not real. crows aren ' t stupid. \" on the matter of crow iqs, racano agrees with mcgowan. he says he first realized that crows were intelligent when spike began attacking racano ' s bedside alarm clock. to dissuade spike, racano bought a squirt gun and loaded it for crow. \" one day, spike used his beak to peck the big hand off the alarm clock, then the little hand, then the number panel and finally the backing. he was trying to dismantle the entire clock, \" racano says. \" so i pointed the gun at him. spike immediately tried to put the number panel back on the clock. i yelled, ' no! ' and pointed the gun at him again. \" find everything you ' re looking for in your city find the best happy hour deals in your city get today ' s exclusive deals at savings of anywhere from 50 - 90 % check out the hottest list of places and things to do around your city", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4193162501092199, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.979869"} {"text": "oecd home \u203a environment directorate \u203a latest documents environmental issues, waste paper recommends that member countries, taking into account the objectives defined in the preamble of this document : intensify their efforts by various means, including through strengthening institutions and financial arrangements. recommends that member countries practice integrated pollution prevention and control, taking into account the effects of activities and substances on the environment as a whole and the whole commercial and environmental life cycles of substances. recommends that member countries make : i ) a greater and more consistent use of economic instruments as a complement or a substitute to other policy instruments such as regulations, taking into account national socio - economic conditions. decides that, for wastes not to be subjected to recovery operations, member countries shall consistent with environmentally sound and efficient management practices insofar as possible dispose in their own territory the wastes produced therein. decides that member countries shall co - operatively investigate high production volume ( hpv ) chemicals in order to identify those which are potentially hazardous to the environment and / or to the health of the general public or workers. decides that member countries in which testing of chemicals for purposes of assessment related to the protection of health and the environment is being carried out pursuant to principles of good laboratory practice that are consistent with the oecd principles of good laboratory practice. recommends that, in applying the polluter - pays principle in connection with accidents involving hazardous substances, member countries take into account the \" guiding principles relating to accidental pollution \" set out in the appendix which is an integral part of this recommendation. recommends that member countries review their existing institutional arrangements, comprising administrative, legal and economic systems, in the field of water resources with the view to improving the integrated management of their water resource policies. recommends that member countries take action to facilitate, as appropriate, opportunities for the public to comment prior to decisions being made by public authorities concerning siting and licensing of hazardous installations and the development of community emergency preparedness plans.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45114528804164844, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.983641"} {"text": "it has been known since ancient times that smoke has a calming effect on bees. guard bees and bees that are injured during a hive inspection release pheromones to send signals to the other bees to warn them of danger, but the smoke masks these chemicals, disrupting the colony ' s defensive response. the smoke has another effect on the bees too - it causes a feeding response. this is because if the bees think there is a fire they will plan to leave the hive and they want to stock up on food first. when a bee eats honey its abdomen swells which makes it difficult for it to sting. you should puff a little smoke around the entrance to the hive about 5 - 10 minutes before you open it. this starts the fire drill and they will hopefully be full of honey and unable to sting when you open the hive. once inside the hive - you should smoke a little on the tops of the frames as you inspect the colony. this traditional smoker is a stainless steel container with bellows attached in which you light a small fire. you can burn a variety of materials such as dried leaves, cardboard or tightly packed dry grass but it is important that the smoke is cold and does not burn the bees. this smoker has a diameter of 10cm and has a protection frame. 10 in stock", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42293896131108516, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.987193"} {"text": "thanksgiving is among the most misunderstood of the holidays. in knowing documented truths, we are able to see beauty among the traditions that have grown their own appendages and heads. on all accounts, the first thanksgiving happened in plymouth plantation, or near about... a three - day celebration that included feasting, cultural exchange, gambling, and story - telling. compare what you \u2019 ve learned to the most reliable information i \u2019 ve collected over the years : served up to elementary kids as a feast of knowledge. \u201c pilgrim \u201d means \u201c seeker of religious freedom \u201d and america wasn \u2019 t their first choice for utopia. in the winter of 1607 a band of people, literate farmers, refused to be intimidated by the king of england, james i. since they knew the bible, they saw the abusive powers of the church and e decided to separate from the church of england. they called themselves separatists, and faced criminal prosecution if king james, found out. since he had forbidden any other churches to form or to worship british soil, these separatists fled to holland ( leyden ) and set up a colony of just themselves where they could worship god in freedom. there were hardships : they were in a sea port city of leyden had only jobs for the business owners or traders. they were simple farmers. their children \u2013 who before were only influenced by the english society, were greatly seduced by the dutch freedoms and language, and in their parents \u2019 eyes, fell vulnerable to the \u201c things of the world, above the things of heaven \u201d. they soon decided to travel to distant america ( remember, still a british colony ) and farm there, in a secure, safe and utopic society to belong only to them. the mayflower wasn \u2019 t the only ship \u2013 but the other one leaked. in 1620 the first group of the separatists left leyden for london to sail off ( hopefully ) for the new world in america. they chartered two boats : the grand speedwell and a smaller mayflower to hold 120 passengers. the speedwell, however was a little to \u201c heavily masted \u201d as early journals say, and it had to be abandoned because it had a leak. they took the smaller mayflower, and took 102 passengers, setting sail on september 16, 1620. halfway on the journey, the mayflower herself began to leak, and the leaders made a decision to sail toward america rather than turn around. while on board, the leaders of the separatists began to draft a constitution of sorts,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46314040777263976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.997921"} {"text": ", 1620. halfway on the journey, the mayflower herself began to leak, and the leaders made a decision to sail toward america rather than turn around. while on board, the leaders of the separatists began to draft a constitution of sorts, a one - page document that our founding fathers used as a model for the constitution. it was called the mayflower compact. after 65 days of sailing, the highlands of cape cod were spotted by a crew member, and the pilgrims gave thanks to god for allowing them to see the new world. quite a few of them were sick with scurvy. plymouth rock isn \u2019 t where the pilgrims landed. the famous rock we all were taught the pilgrims valiantly stepped upon and entered the new world isn \u2019 t even mentioned in the early journals of the pilgrims, in the mayflower compact or in the historical \u201c mourt \u2019 s relation \u201d, the most reliable source of the journey and early years. in fact, the pilgrims first \u201c landed \u201d the ship ( set anchor ) at modern day provincetown on november 21, 1620. when they set anchor, a ceremonial reading of the mayflower compact was read and nearly everyone signed it. even women. years later ( as in 1741 ) a town records keeper in plymouth loudly opposed a dock being built on the site near plymouth plantation ( which the pilgrims eventually sailed into ). he pointed out a block of marble that his father had sworn was the very spot that the pilgrims landed. this \u201c plymouth rock \u201d was homage as a landmark and a national park now is there. pretty, but not truth. the first home of the pilgrim was the mayflower. while the men built up the plantation they dreamed about, they had to keep returning to the mayflower to sleep. the weather was cold and the work was exhausting. every tree that built up the homes has to be chopped down \u2013 and a common house to store supplies had to be erected before any private home was finished. by mid - january the common - house was completed, and the little village began to take shape. the \" great sickness \" raged through the winter months. half of the colonists would soon be dead. even the crew of the mayflower was not spared. nearly half of her crew would not survive to make the return trip to england in the spring. the only hope was the native people, who had every reason to be suspicious of strangers. in years previous, they had brought guns, the plague and food only for themselves. they had also kidnapped some of them and taken them back to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4484512276557285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.998883"} {"text": "the spring. the only hope was the native people, who had every reason to be suspicious of strangers. in years previous, they had brought guns, the plague and food only for themselves. they had also kidnapped some of them and taken them back to england. still, a few who had returned to their people knew how to make \u201c the white words \u201d and offered to see if the new, desparate strangers may need help. in their journals, the pilgrims all say that they were near death and without hope until a man named samoset came. samoset and squanto were keys to the pilgrims surviving their first winter. when the pilgrims met them in 1620, the wampanoag ( \u201c the people \u201d in algonquin ) were competent farmers, fishers, hunters and gatherers. even so, they had no plans of befriending the whites. too much of the death that they had recently suffered was at the hands of white men. a man named samoset ( who was not chief, but rather a returning slave who spoke english ) walked boldly into the plantation crying out, \" welcome! welcome, englishmen! \" he introduced himself to the shocked pilgrims in english as samoset, an abnaki indian from maine, who had been kidnapped by explorers and taken to england, only to be dropped off in algonquin country two years later. he had been visiting the wampanoags for the past eight months, but he intended to return to his own people within a short time. since he was the first indian with whom the pilgrims had spoken since they arrived in new england, they questioned him for some time, learning from him that the patuxets, who formerly owned the land on which they had built their settlement, had all died four years before from the plague, and that their nearest neighbors were the nemaskets, a tribe of about 300 people. he told them that the massasoit, great sachem of the wampanoags, was then staying nearby and he would be happy to introduce them. the pilgrims were leery, but desparate. samoset returned a few days later, this time accompanied by squanto who amazed the pilgrims with his almost flawless command of english. he told them that the massasoit, the great leader of the wampanoag nation, who was waiting in the nearby woods, intended to come to plymouth later in the day. ashort time later the great sachem did appear at the top of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46085970968031775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:30.999755"} {"text": "them that the massasoit, the great leader of the wampanoag nation, who was waiting in the nearby woods, intended to come to plymouth later in the day. ashort time later the great sachem did appear at the top of a nearby hill, attended by 60 of his men \u2013 a gesture that showed he was a higher being... and he knew they were there. the pilgrims were in lonely country now... and could feel it. squanto, like samoset, was a rescued slave. he unpacked his story to the pilgrims in the same was samoset did. he was a pawtuxet indian who was captured in 1614 by english seamen and taken to spain where he was sold as a slave. from there, he escaped to england, where he lived for several years and learned to speak english. upon returning the year before, squanto found most of his people of his tribe had died of disease. he joined the wampanoag who were living near plymouth. it was squanto who would teach the pilgrims how to find herring fish, and to use it as a fertilizer when planting corn, pumpkins and beans. this was especially important to the pilgrims because the seeds they had brought with them from england did not do well in the new england soil. squanto also showed them how to find clams and eels in the rivers and how to hunt for deer, bears and turkeys. the children also learned where to find nuts and berries of all kinds. which ones were poisonous, which ones were okay to eat. cod, eel and gambling. the first thanksgiving, 1621 the first celebration of life and harvest was in 1621 in november. william bradford, the governor of the plantation wrote in his \u201c history \u201d : \" they began now to gather in the small harvest they had, and to fit up their houses and dwelling against winter, being all well recovered in health and strength, and had all things in good plenty ; for as some were thus employed in affairs abroad, others were exercised in fishing, about cod and bass and other fish, of which they took good store, of which every family had their portion. all summer there was no want. and now began to come in store of fowl, as winter approached, of which this place did abound when they came first, but afterward decreased by degrees. and besides water fowl, there was great store of wild turkeys, of which they took many, besides venison", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3922235031532462, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.000818"} {"text": "price of war. the peace that was so desparately needed for the pilgrims and the wampanoag to work together eventually eroded. another plague ( the small pox epidemic of 1633 - 34 ) swept away thousands of algonquins and made more land available. only between fifteen to eighteen thousand native people still survived in all of new england. new england was receiving thousands of new arrivals, eager to start claiming and clearing their own piece of america. they all had no idea ( like the pilgrims ) how important peace between the peoples were. land transfer was not a simple matter. simple colonial law guarded the rights of the natives, and demanded an amicable transfer. in 1675, a full - scale war erupted between the increasing number of colonists and the indians. now known as king phillip ' s war, after the name of the massasoit ' s son, who was then chief, the clash lasted eleven years and caused great destruction on both sides... but that is another story. why we should celebrate : the day is given to us to remember working together, making room in your heart for other beliefs and cultures and to share land \u2013 the ultimate blessing of god ( a belief held by wampanoag and pilgrims ). we can grow something, eat what we grow and share... and stop to remember that we should be thankful, even in the midst of death, disease and hard work. a day that i remember my whole life as being turkey and stuffing and spending with family, i value this holiday. here, it is 1000 degrees outside ( and i \u2019 m exaggerating ). so eat roasted turkey for me... and a slice of pumpkin pie.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.456025164862126, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.003008"} {"text": "non - luminary world classification scheme the non - luminary world classification scheme, or nolwocs, is a near standard classification method used to identify the many different forms of planetary bodies, minor worlds, and artificial structures that have evolved naturally or that have been created by the many societies and cultures of the terragen sphere. while every world or megastructure is, in its own way, unique, there are certain characteristics that can be used to identify and classify these places. the purpose of nolwocs is to provide an easy, \" at a glance \" platform for the common user, whereby he might find the navigation of the sphere, virtual or real, a little easier. - nolwocs is divided into three tiers of classification : class, type, and subtype. the different classes of worlds are dependent on size, overall characteristics, and status of a planet. for instance, planetoidal and terrestrial world classes are divided according to size, just as terrestrial and jovian worlds are different classes because of their general characteristics, and of course, artificial worlds are different from all of these because they are not naturally occurring. - world types are dependant on a variety of factors, but generally the compositional elements, which often lead to different planetary features and behaviors, are of sufficient difference to separate these worlds. subtypes are much more specific, and often are the result of what would normally be considered minor planetary features. for instance, gaian worlds are divided into several different subtypes based on items such as the amount of surface water, atmospheric composition, and so on. orbital and rotational parameters eccentric worlds and tilted worlds worlds of any class that have unusually high tilts or unusual orbits are classed as skolian, janusian or ikarian worlds. - skolian type worlds worlds with axial tilts greater than 45 degrees ; any class of world can have skolian characteristics. more information here - janusian type worlds worlds in resonant orbits which regularly exchange momentum. more information here - ikarian type worlds worlds with eccentric orbits, with an eccentricity greater than 0. 35. any class of world can have an ikarian type orbit. more information here. image from john dollan asteroid class : non - spherical worlds of extremely low mass the asteroidal class is the most basic, and the most numerous, of all the classes in the nolwocs. there are, of course, even more numerous smaller objects, namely meteoroids and space dust, and these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49852153685863443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.017005"} {"text": "of extremely low mass the asteroidal class is the most basic, and the most numerous, of all the classes in the nolwocs. there are, of course, even more numerous smaller objects, namely meteoroids and space dust, and these are the ultimate building blocks of any solar system. but only asteroids can be considered worlds in their own right. by nolwocs definition, these are worlds from 50 meters to 50 kilometers in diameter. more information here. types of asteroid - carbonic : almost exclusively of carbon compound construction, resulting in the formation of bodies from pockets of high carbon material around later generation stars choked with heavier elements ; common near the galactic core. they may also form in systems where two white dwarfs have spiralled together, and the resulting circumstellar disk coalesces into bodies high in carbon. - metallic : more information here - carbonaceous : more information here - silicaceous : more information here - hydronic : located close to the system ' s snow - line, these are silicaceous bodies with high instances of subsurface volatiles, typically in the form of water ice. polar deposits in permanently shadowed regions may also be present. - gelidic : located beyond the snow line of their system, these are bodies with high instances of ice, ranging from water to methane to carbon dioxide, and many other compounds besides, surrounding a core of silicate rock. the smaller bodies may be a nearly homogeneous mixture of ice and rock, due to the lack of a mass great enough to have caused layer differentiation early in the formative period. see also centaurian type - oortean : more information here. - vulcanian : more information here. planetoid class : worlds with enough mass to pull themselves into spherical or near - spherical shapes generally, rocky ( more rarely metallic or icy ) bodies, either irregular or regular in shape, mostly large asteroids, some small moons, about 51 to 1, 000 km along the longest axis. more information here. types of planetoid - carbonean type : carbon worlds of this mass have a chance to form around stars whose proto - stellar disks have developed carbon pockets within them, but they are far more common about late generation, high metal stars or even as the results of secondary planetary formation around high carbon stars such as white dwarfs. however, worlds of this size and mass also experience some differentiation during their formation. the cores of such worlds are dense masses of condensed graphite, though the planetoids at the higher mass range could form", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5390340237911138, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.018234"} {"text": "formation around high carbon stars such as white dwarfs. however, worlds of this size and mass also experience some differentiation during their formation. the cores of such worlds are dense masses of condensed graphite, though the planetoids at the higher mass range could form cores of partially crystallized diamond. - hadean type : more information here. - hygiean : these bodies are typically quite dark, with albedos ranging from 0. 03 to 0. 1. while there can be deposits of water ice or other volatiles beneath the surfaces of these planetoids, the surfaces are more often marked by craters and large boulders. these worlds are less dense and more easily disrupted by major impacts. the larger bodies, however, will have been differentiated through the formation process, and can have small cores of iron, with a dense mantle or rock and a crust of lighter silicates. the smaller worlds, though, may be a relative even mixture of sparse metals and the far more common silicate rock. - cerean type : more information here. - chronian type : named after the plethora of such bodies orbiting the planet saturn, these can be a highly varied lot. typically, these worlds are small and heavily cratered bodies untouched by time, save for the numerous impacts that they have suffered. their low mass and composition of primarily ice, with small rocky cores, are simply too small for sustained geological activity. as such, there is an absence of atmosphere, or related surface features. however, certain disruptions, such as through tidal flexing or other massive external forces may initiate geological forces that can completely resurface a planetoid, as well as form a minor atmosphere. if such active worlds are positioned properly in a gas giant system, an impressive ring system may even be formed. - vestian type : more information here. - kuiperian type : more information here. image from john m dollan terrestrial class : worlds with an active internal geology that lasts one million years or more : 0. 05 to 2. 5 x earth ' s mass - adamaean : carbon worlds. carbon - rich terrestrials. more information here - ferrinian : iron - rich, dense worlds. more information here - hermian : dense, inner system worlds. more information here - selenian : worlds with little or no metallic core. more information here - cytherean : hot, greenhouse worlds. more information here. - pelacytherean : terrestrial sized hot ocean worlds with thick atmospheres. more information here", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48275692751075905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.019283"} {"text": "- selenian : worlds with little or no metallic core. more information here - cytherean : hot, greenhouse worlds. more information here. - pelacytherean : terrestrial sized hot ocean worlds with thick atmospheres. more information here. - lithicgelidian : worlds with a mixed rock and ice composition. more information here. - europan : icy worlds with a subcrustal ocean. more information here. - titanian : icy worlds with thick atmospheres. more information here. - ymirian : worlds made almost entirely of ices. more information here. - vesperian : tidally locked terrestrial worlds. more information here. - hephaestian : these are the most active of planets, with surfaces that are almost entirely molten and a geology that changes on a yearly basis. the atmospheres of these planets vary greatly according to the world ' s size and mass, from having thick, cytherean - like atmospheres to almost non - existent ones, where the feeble gravity loses any elements almost as soon as they are released from the surface. these worlds are generally heated by tidal flexing, by proximity to a star or as a moon of a gas giant. example : io. - amunian type : cold, dry worlds with high levels of ammonia in the atmosphere but little water. may develop an ammonia - based biosphere ( see the soft ones xenosophonts for one example ). - vitriolic type : worlds with lakes, seas or oceans of sulphuric acid ; often with life, more information here. image from john m dollan - arean type : mars - like worlds where the atmosphere and hydrosphere has largely disappeared due to the cessation of magnetic activity.. more information here. - eoarean subtype young mars - like type planet with substantial atmosphere and surface water. more information here - areanlacustric subtype : young mars - like worlds with moderate amounts of ocean cover. more information here. - areanxeric subtype mature, unusually hot and dry arean type worlds. more information here. - areantundral subtype cold arean type worlds, often with considerable reserves of ice more information here. - euarean subtype typical mature mars - like world with minimal atmosphere and hydrosphere more information here. - gaian type : any earth - like terrestrial world, of which there are many diverse forms depending on water content, composition and temperature. more information here - eogaian sub", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4892070461878628, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.020210"} {"text": "mars - like world with minimal atmosphere and hydrosphere more information here. - gaian type : any earth - like terrestrial world, of which there are many diverse forms depending on water content, composition and temperature. more information here - eogaian subtype : young terrestrial worlds ; these may develop into gaian, cytherean or arean worlds later more information here - mesogaian subtype : earth - like worlds with primitive biospheres more information here - eugaian subtype a mature gaian world with life, also known as a garden world more information here - gaiantundral subtype : cold gaian worlds with periodic, or persistent, ice ages more information here - campian subtype : dry gaian worlds with 25 % to 50 % ocean cover more information here - paludial subtype : humid gaian worlds with 25 % to 50 % ocean cover more information here - lacustric subtype : humid gaian worlds with low topography and 50 - 80 % ocean coverage ; some of these worlds have extensive rainforest - type biomes more information here. - chlorogaian ( halogenic ) type : gaian worlds with high levels of atmospheric chlorine. more : chlorine worlds. - to ' ul ' hese worlds : these worlds are essentially gaian versions of the cytherean worlds. thick and dense atmospheres, as well as a large amount of water, create high surface pressures and high temperatures. life arises and adapts to these conditions, and can become quite diverse indeed. in one known instance, it has lead to an independent form of sapient life. more : to ' ul ' hian worlds. - pelagic subtype gaian worlds where oceans cover the surface anywhere from 85 to 100 %. more information here - eupelagic subtype gaian worlds where shallow oceans cover the surface anywhere from 85 to 100 %. more information here - bathypelagic subtype : gaian worlds where deep oceans cover the surface anywhere from 85 to 100 %. more information here. - pelagelidic subtype, ice covered ocean worlds more information here. - tundralpelagic subtype, partially ice covered ocean worlds more information here. - xeric subtype dry worlds with less than 25 % ocean cover more information here. - hyperxeric subtype very dry worlds with less than 10 % ocean cover more information here. - postgaian subtype : old gaian worlds that are losing their biosphere and hydrosphere more information", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5145528805428655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.021183"} {"text": "25 % ocean cover more information here. - hyperxeric subtype very dry worlds with less than 10 % ocean cover more information here. - postgaian subtype : old gaian worlds that are losing their biosphere and hydrosphere more information here. super - terrestrial class : worlds that are moderately massive, intermediate in mass between terrestrial worlds and gas giants more details here. this class of worlds is both numerous and varied ; most types of terrestrial worlds also exist as superterrestial types, but with higher gravity and greater mass which can profoundly affect the conditions on the surface. among the most common types of superterrestrial are superhermian, supercytherian and supergaian types, as well as the more unusual types listed below. - pyrothalassic type : hot superterrestrials more information here - pyrohydrothallasic type - hot waterworlds more information here - panthalassic type : giant waterworlds more information here - nebulous type : superterrestrials with thick, helium - rich atmospheres. helium worlds of this kind often have superrotating atmospheres ; those which are tidally locked often have wildly assymetric weather patterns. - gas dwarfs. example kepler 11b - other types of superterrestrial planets include certain hyperbarian and chthonian worlds, some of which have very sparse atmospheres indeed. image from john m dollan gas giants ( also known collectively as jovian worlds ) form beyond the snow line, and have very large fluid envelopes compared to their cores. some rare, and very ancient gas giants formed around the first generation of very low metallicity stars and have almost no rocky or metallic component. gas giants are classified in two ways - by temperature, which affects the composition of the cloud layers of the giant in a number of significant ways, and by mass. examples of each of the temperature classes can be found in any of the size classes, and vice versa, although some size classes are more common at certain temperatures and vice versa. a typical gas giant may be classified using both size and temperature types to create a subtype, so the full classification might be meso - eujovian subtype ( this is the full classification for jupiter ) or super - hyperthermaljovian subtype ( the full classification for behemoth, hat - p - 1b ). gas giant size classes neptunian class : 0. 03 to 0. 2 jupiter masses - microjovian type small", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5175127161053781, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.022196"} {"text": "or super - hyperthermaljovian subtype ( the full classification for behemoth, hat - p - 1b ). gas giant size classes neptunian class : 0. 03 to 0. 2 jupiter masses - microjovian type small gas giants, with minimal solid core. more information here. - subjovian type medium sized gas giants, 0. 08 to 0. 2 jupiter masses. many worlds of this type are outer system cryojovian worlds like neptune and uranus. more information here. - hot neptunes - a numerous class of world, which may be microjovian or subjovian in mass, and epistellar or hyperthermal in temperature more information here. jovian class : 0. 2 to 13. 0 jupiter masses - mesojovian type major type of jovian class of planet. masses from 0. 21 to 8. 0 that of jupiter more information here - superjovian type jovian worlds with masses from 8. 1 to 13. 0 that of jupiter, the theoretical upper limit of planets. objects more massive than this are classed as brown dwarfs. more information here. gas giant temperature types - hyperthermaljovian type : very hot gas giants, with temperatures above 1400 kelvin. includes so = called ' puffy worlds ' and ' comet worlds '. more information here. - epistellar jovian type : hot, dark gas giants with temperatures between 900 kelvin and 1400 kelvin. more information here - azurijovian type warm clarified blue gas giants with temperatures between 350k and 800k. more information here. - hydrojovian type : temperate gas giants with clouds predominantly consisting of water vapour. more information here. - eujovian type : cool gas giants, with clouds predominantly consisting of ammonia. more information here. - cryojovian type : cold gas giants in the outer reaches of a planetary system, generally too cold for clouds to form at all. more information here. other world classes - hyperbarian class : very dense planets with cores up to 100 x earth ' s mass. more information here. - chthonian class : gas giant worlds, formerly hyperthermaljovians, which have lost their volatiles through evaporation. more information here. - stevensonian class planetary mass objects which are found in interstellar space. more information here. artificial class the artificial worlds found within the terragen sphere have almost all been constructed by humans and their mind - children ; some, such as the black acropolis, are much older. artificial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5483960274079167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.023497"} {"text": "| < < back to previous amputations and crushed fingers and hands are among the most severe and disabling workplace injuries that often result in permanent disability. they are widespread and involve various activities and equipment. ( the u. s. bureau of labor statistics 2005 annual survey data indicated that there were 8, 450 non - fatal amputation cases \u2013 involving days away from work \u2013 for all private industry. approximately forty - four percent ( 44 % ) of all workplace amputations occurred in the manufacturing sector and the rest occurred across the construction, agriculture, wholesale and retail trade, and service industries. ) these injuries result from the use and care of machines such as saws, presses, conveyors, and bending, rolling or shaping machines as well as from powered and non - powered hand tools, forklifts, doors, trash compactors and during materials handling activities. recycling facilities may use machines of various configurations and may expose workers to hazards of moving parts of the machines, if not safeguarded properly. employers must [ 578 kb pdf *, 60 pages ] ensure that the workers are protected from the machine hazards and workers should make sure that the rotating parts and points of operation of machines are properly guarded prior to using them. resources on machine guarding are provided below : accessibility assistance : contact the osha directorate of technical support and emergency management at ( 202 ) 693 - 2300 for assistance accessing pdf materials.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44444333684701065, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.025059"} {"text": "passion ( palm ) sunday through holy saturday. passion sunday, formerly called palm sunday, marks the start of holy week by recalling christ \u2019 s triumphal entry into jerusalem at the beginning of the last week of his life ( see matthew 21 : 1 - 11 ). a procession and other ceremonies commemorating the event were held in jerusalem from the fourth century and were adopted by rome by the ninth century. at that time, the blessing of palms for the occasion was introduced. later, in the middle ages, a wooden statue of christ sitting on a donkey, the whole image on wheels, was drawn in the center of the procession. these statues, known as palmesel or \u201c palm donkey, \u201d may still be seen in a number of museums in european cities. full liturgical observance includes the blessing of palms and a procession before the principal mass of the day. the passion \u2014 by matthew, mark, or luke, depending on the year \u2014 is read during the mass of this sunday. holy thursday, or maundy thursday, commemorates the institution of the sacraments of eucharist and holy orders, and features a foot - washing rite that commemorates christ \u2019 s washing of the feet of the apostles at the last supper. the mass of the lord \u2019 s supper in the evening marks the beginning of the easter triduum. the term \u201c maundy \u201d is derived from the latin mandatum, the first words for the rite of foot - washing : \u201c my commandment is : love one another as i have loved you. \u201d from the latin for \u201c three days, \u201d the triduum continues until vespers ( evening prayer ) on easter sunday. the period recalls christ \u2019 s institution of the sacraments of eucharist and holy orders, his passion and death, and his triumphant resurrection from the dead. following the mass on holy thursday, there is a procession of the blessed sacrament to a place of repose for adoration by the faithful. usually at an earlier mass of chrism, bishops bless oils ( of catechumens, of the sick, and sacred chrism ) for use during the year. good friday commemorates the passion and death of christ. the liturgy includes the reading of the passion according to john, special prayers for the church, civil rulers, and people of all ranks, the veneration of the cross, and a communion service. the celebration takes place in the afternoon, usually at three o \u2019 clock, the hour that christ is believed to have died on the cross. the communion service,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42438606790244265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.031873"} {"text": "people of all ranks, the veneration of the cross, and a communion service. the celebration takes place in the afternoon, usually at three o \u2019 clock, the hour that christ is believed to have died on the cross. the communion service, held in lieu of the sacrifice of the mass, is known as the \u201c mass of the presanctified. \u201d on holy saturday, the sacrifice of the mass is not celebrated and holy communion may be given only as viaticum. since at least the fourth century, christianity has marked holy week. after the time of the persecutions, christian emperors of both the east and west issued various decrees forbidding amusements and games and directed that these days were to be spent free from worldly occupations and entirely devoted to religious exercises. pardons were granted to those in prison, and many charges in court were dropped in honor of christ \u2019 s passion. in the middle ages, all secular business was prohibited, and the time was spent in recollection and prayer. often, kings and rulers secluded themselves in monasteries. during some eras, no servile work was allowed during the triduum, and the faithful were to be present at all liturgies. in 1642, pope urban viii, because of the changing conditions of social life, rescinded this obligation. in most countries, real palms are unattainable for passion sunday, so a variety of other branches are used. centuries ago, not only branches but flowers were blessed, and in some countries the day is called \u201c flower sunday. \u201d ( the term pascua florida, which in spain originally meant just palm sunday, was later applied to the entire festive season of easter week or octave. the state of florida received its name when ponce de leon first sighted the land on easter sunday of 1513 and named it in honor of the great feast. ) in central europe, large clusters of plants interwoven with ribbons and flowers arefastened to a top of a wooden stick and are called palm bouquets. the main plant used, however, is the pussy willow bearing its catkin blossoms. in latin countries and in the united states, palm leaves are often shaped into little crosses or other symbolic designs. the faithful reverently keep these in their homes during the year. this custom was originated by a suggestion in the ceremonial book for bishops that \u201c little crosses of palm be attached to the boughs wherever true palms are not available in sufficient quantity. \u201d in the early christian centuries, the bishop celebrated three masses on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4177811937473474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.033610"} {"text": ". this custom was originated by a suggestion in the ceremonial book for bishops that \u201c little crosses of palm be attached to the boughs wherever true palms are not available in sufficient quantity. \u201d in the early christian centuries, the bishop celebrated three masses on holy thursday. the first, the mass of the penitents, was for the reconciliation of public sinners. the second, the mass of chrism, featured the blessing of holy oils and consecration of sacred chrism. the third commemorated the last supper of christ and the institution of the eucharist. today, after the mass of the lord \u2019 s supper on holy thursday, the altar is stripped, and all decorations except those at the repository shrine are removed in symbolic representation of the body of christ, which was stripped of its garments. good friday has been celebrated from the earliest centuries as a day of mourning, fasting, and prayer. after the solemn ceremonies of good friday are concluded, the altar is stripped again, the tabernacle is left open, no lights are left burning in the sanctuary, and only the crucifix takes the place of honor in front of the empty tabernacle. on this day the cross is venerated by genuflection rather than a bow. traditionally, holy saturday has been a time of preparing at home for the easter celebration. copyright \u00a9 2003 our sunday visitor publishing division, our sunday visitor, inc. all rights reserved. this excerpt is from encyclopedia of catholic devotions and practices by ann ball. universal devotions and worldwide practices are examined and explained, in addition to ethnic and regional customs and traditions. ( hispanic, filipino, vietnamese, russian, irish, italian, and more! ) 720 pages, hardback, $ 39. 95 plus s & h. order here", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4016264563693693, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.034416"} {"text": "belize is justifiably proud of its natural heritage. although a small country by geography and population, belize is home to the largest barrier reef in the western hemisphere \u2013 a centerpiece of a marine area rich in species and ecosystems, and a strong attraction for tourists from around the world. at the same time, belize \u2019 s land based ecosystems support an unrivaled richness of scenery and wildlife and an exciting destination area for belizeans and visitors. belize \u2019 s archaeological treasures are generously sprinkled around the country, and include some world - class sites with international importance both for their beauty, but also the information they contain about our human past. recognizing the importance of its national heritage, belize began establishing its protected areas system in the 1960s. the legislative base prior to the establishment of the protected areas conservation trust ( pact ) included the forest act, the national parks system act, the fisheries act, the ancient monuments and antiquities ordinance, the national lands act, and the land utilization act. this effort has been supported by an active non - government organizational network and by communities around the country. the generous designation of protected areas has now made belize one of the most environmentally advanced countries in the world, with extensive areas of the national territory now designated as protected areas. these areas range from strict \u201c no take \u201d areas to multiple use areas with conservation objectives. the protected areas conservation trust ( pact ) is belize \u2019 s national trust. pact provides funds for supporting conservation and promoting environmentally sound management of belize ' s natural and cultural resources to foster sustainable development. pact is a bold and innovative strategy for non - traditional revenue generation. pact is primarily financed from the collection of a conservation fee of bz $ 7. 50 ( us $ 3. 75 ) paid in by visitors to belize upon their departure and a 20 % commission from cruise ship passenger fees. no less than 5 % of all revenues are deposited into an endowment fund. pact also welcomes donations by individuals and corporations. pact was established in 1995 as a statutory body after several years of consultation and meetings with various non - government organizations, government departments, private sector and international conservation organizations. having been formally endorsed through the usaid ' s project in belize on developing a national protected areas system plan ( narmap 1995 ), pact opened its doors in june of 1996. learn more about pact...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44699695876373335, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.038611"} {"text": "historians recently discovered a strange footnote in the history of world war ii. it seems that a few months before adolf hitler ordered 4. 5 million troops to invade the soviet union, the foreign office in berlin ordered its diplomats in finland to gather evidence against finnish businessman tor borg for possible insults against the german reich. borg had a dog named jackie with an unusual way of raising its paw in the air, similar to the german greeting that accompanies the cry of \u201c heil hitler! \u201d borg \u2019 s wife josefine, a german citizen with anti - nazi sentiments, nicknamed the dog \u201c hitler. \u201d after an investigation by the german vice consul in helsinki, borg was ordered to the german embassy and questioned about the dog \u2019 s unusual paw - raising reaction to the command \u201c hitler. \u201d borg claimed that the salute only happened a few times shortly after hitler came to power, but more ministries became involved in the investigation, including the foreign office, the economy ministry and hitler \u2019 s chancellory. they began a campaign to ruin borg by financially destroying his pharmaceutical wholesale company. in the end, the campaign faltered because of the unwillingness of witnesses to testify. borg \u2019 s company, tampereen rohduskuppa oy, eventually became tamro group, the leading wholesale company for pharmaceuticals in the nordic countries.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4499507362748634, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.040307"} {"text": "- living history : retracing the evolution of the pc and < i > pc magazine < / i > - 1982 : hello, world - 1983 : the ibm standard takes over - 1984 : the shape of things to come - 1985 - 86 : the interface race - 1987 - 1989 : ibm strikes back - 1990 - 1992 : windows wakes up - 1993 - 1994 : everyone online - 1995 : windows 95 and multimedia - 1996 - 99 : the dot - com revolution - 2000 - 2002 : back to basics by 1995, 32 - bit processors had been a major part of the pc landscape for some time. the motorola 68000 that powered the original macintosh back in 1984 was a 32 - bit processor, and intel had moved the pc - compatible world into the 32 - bit era with the introduction of the 386 in 1985. but ten years later, most pc users were still running 16 - bit applications such as dos, os / 2, and windows. it was high time a 32 - bit operating system became the standard. windows 95 proved to be the operating system that would fill that need. ibm and microsoft had independently talked about 32 - bit oss for years. indeed, at one point, microsoft had promised one would be out by 1992. instead, the industry kept waiting for the system, code - named chicago, for years. ibm tried to use the delays to push its latest version of os / 2, which it called warp, but without much success in gaining the critical mass of applications a new operating system needs. following what may have been the largest, most successful marketing campaign in the pc business, microsoft finally introduced windows 95 in august 1995. it quickly became the standard for end user computing. windows 95 allowed for full 32 - bit applications and supported plug and play, preemptive multitasking, and a variety of new e - mail and communications protocols. it also included the basics of the user interface windows uses to this day, such as a start menu and an explorer window with folders and icons. pc magazine did extensive testing of windows 95 and os / 2 warp, because they were the two main systems to compare. from 1996 on, however, the comparisons to be made were between new versions of windows and old ones. windows 95 was a change in the way many people viewed operating systems ; they realized oss weren ' t about loading individual applications but about accessing data easily, a concept microsoft ' s bill gates had been talking about since 1990. microsoft would follow windows 95 less than a year later with windows nt 4.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4629908765493662, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.046147"} {"text": "operating systems ; they realized oss weren ' t about loading individual applications but about accessing data easily, a concept microsoft ' s bill gates had been talking about since 1990. microsoft would follow windows 95 less than a year later with windows nt 4. 0, which incorporated the same user interface and ran most of the same applications using the win32 programming interfaces. corporate it managers embraced windows nt 4. 0 ' s more stable design. together these two systems became the standards for computing for the rest of the nineties. other companies had similar ideas in this period. in the early nineties, apple and ibm were supporting a joint venture called taligent. this project resulted in a fairly extensive series of frameworks for developers to use in creating object - based applications, but it was too complex for typical users. steve jobs ' next computer was promoting an object - oriented os, which targeted corporate customers. new systems such as java and linux were beginning to get some attention, but their success would be in the future. instead, microsoft windows would solidify its dominance of the computing world. that world was also becoming more engaging as multimedia made its way into everyday computing. almost from their beginning, computers could play audio files and display graphics, but the early capabilities were limited. by the early nineties, pcs included decent sound systems and graphics. all this was helped along tremendously by the appearance of the cd - rom drive. with a cd - rom drive, developers could create programs with up to 660mb of sound and video clips. initial applications included compton ' s encyclopedias and soon after, microsoft encarta, as well as a series of cd - roms that were somewhat the equivalent of coffee - table books, such as microsoft musical instruments. in the processor world, speed continued to increase while prices declined. amd and, for a while, cyrix, emerged with chips that finally began to compete with intel ' s. graphics chips got faster as well, with companies like ati technologies, matrox graphics, and s3 pushing the envelope of delivering more frames per second. the combination of faster processors, the win32 standard, and cd - roms created a growth spurt in pc gaming, led by titles such as doom, myst, and quake, which offered much more realistic graphics and game play than their predecessors. the business world was slower to adopt multimedia. still, things such as microsoft powerpoint presentations became commonplace, and audio speakerslong shunned by it departments as not businesslike, became a standard part", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4853691950412433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.048084"} {"text": "after delay, spacex rocket launches successfully after several false starts, the spacex falcon 9 rocket successfully launched the dragon spacecraft from cape canaveral this morning and is en route to the international space station ( iss ). the falcon 9, which carried the dragon spacecraft to orbit, launched at 3 : 44 a. m. et, making spacex the first commercial company ever to send a spacecraft to the iss. dragon is expected to arrive at its destination within three days, at which time a number of navigation and other system tests will be performed before it moves closer to the iss and is nabbed by astronauts via robotic arms. \" there ' s still a thousand things that have to go right, but we are looking forward to this exciting mission, \" said alan lindemoyer, manager of nasa ' s commercial crew and cargo program. spacex has been working with nasa on commercial spaceflight efforts since last year, when the space agency awarded it a $ 75 million contract to further develop its dragon spacecraft. nasa ended its space shuttle program last year after more than 30 years ( see slideshow below ) in order to focus more heavily on deep - space exploration. as a result, iss journeys in the u. s. will be handled by private firms in the years to come. \" i would like to start off by saying what a tremendous honor it has been to work with nasa. and to acknowledge the fact that we could not have started spacex, nor could we have reached this point without the help of nasa, \" spacex ceo elon musk said in a statement. \" when it worked, and dragon worked, and the solar arrays deployed, people saw their handiwork in space operating as it should. there was tremendous elation. for us it is like winning the super bowl, \" musk continued. in a statement, john p. holdren, assistant to the president for science and technology, congratulated the spacex team. \" every launch into space is a thrilling event, but this one is especially exciting because it represents the potential of a new era in american spaceflight, \" he said. \" this expanded role for the private sector will free up more of nasa ' s resources to do what nasa does best tackle the most demanding technological challenges in space, including those of human space flight beyond low earth orbit. \" the launch was originally scheduled for may 19, but was shut down seconds before takeoff after the spacecraft ' s flight computer detected slightly high pressure in the engine 5 combustion chamber. \" we obviously have to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4014053884123353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.051405"} {"text": "those of human space flight beyond low earth orbit. \" the launch was originally scheduled for may 19, but was shut down seconds before takeoff after the spacecraft ' s flight computer detected slightly high pressure in the engine 5 combustion chamber. \" we obviously have to go through a number of steps to berth with the space station, but everything is looking really good and i think i would count today as a success no matter what happens with the rest of the mission, \" musk said today. according to nasa, dragon is carrying about 1, 200 pounds of supplies for the iss crew - most of which is food and clothing - as well as student - designed experiments. the spacecraft can actually hold up to 7, 300 pounds of supplies, but nasa and spacex are taking it slow and limiting the amount of cargo on this first run to only critical items. the spacex rocket was also carrying some extra cargo of a sentimental nature. the ashes of 308 deceased people - including star trek actor james doohan - were contained in a special pod that was designed to separate from the falcon 9 rocket nine minutes into its flight, according to the telegraph. the dragon will remain docked at the iss for about three weeks while cargo is unloaded. astronauts will then remove it using the robotic arm, at which point it will return to earth via parachutes and land in the pacific ocean off the california coast. for more from chloe, follow her on twitter @ chloealbanesius. blog comments powered by disqus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42754011151090526, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.052055"} {"text": "types of pulmonary hypertension the term pulmonary hypertension refers to high blood pressure in the lungs. while in regular hypertension ( also known as high blood pressure ), the arteries throughout the body are constricted, ph affects only the blood vessels in the lungs and the right side of the heart. ph vs. pah : what \u2019 s the difference? pulmonary hypertension ( ph ) is a general term used to describe high blood pressure in the lungs from any cause. pulmonary arterial hypertension ( pah ) is a chronic and currently incurable disease that causes the walls of the arteries of the lungs to tighten and stiffen. in someone with pah, the right side of the heart has to work harder to push blood through narrowed arteries in the lungs. eventually, the extra stress causes the heart to enlarge and become less flexible, compromising the heart ' s ability to push blood out of the heart, through the lungs, and into the rest of the body. major types of pulmonary arterial hypertension in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension, the cause of pah is unknown. heritable pah, formerly known as familial or genetic pah, is a form of pah that can be inherited. heritable pah is relatively uncommon. of the small percentage of people who do carry the ph gene, only a small number of carriers will develop the disease. learn more about heritable pah | learn what genetics can teach us about pah in associated pulmonary arterial hypertension, the pah is associated with another disease or condition. pah is commonly associated with connective tissue diseases ( such as scleroderma, crest syndrome and lupus ), congenital heart disease, chronic liver disease, hiv, drugs and toxins, and more. there are some other types of pulmonary arterial hypertension, but they aren \u2019 t quite as common. other types of pulmonary hypertension chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension ( cteph ) is a form of pulmonary hypertension caused by old blood clots in the lungs ( pulmonary embolism ). learn more about cteph explore the classifications of ph below for more information about the other types of ph. classifications of pulmonary hypertension the world health organization ( who ) first defined the classifications of pulmonary hypertension in 1973 and the classifications have been revised over the years. the classifications of ph were most recently updated in dana point, california, in 2008. updated clinical classification of ph ( dana point 2008 ) 1. pulmonary arterial hypertension", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4754190697058473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.056083"} {"text": "classifications of pulmonary hypertension in 1973 and the classifications have been revised over the years. the classifications of ph were most recently updated in dana point, california, in 2008. updated clinical classification of ph ( dana point 2008 ) 1. pulmonary arterial hypertension ( pah ) 1. 2. 2. alk1, endoglin ( with or without hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia ) 1. 3. drug - and toxin - induced 1. 4. associated with : 1. 4. 1. connective tissue diseases 1. 4. 2. hiv infection 1. 4. 3. portal hypertension 1. 4. 4. congenital heart diseases 1. 4. 6. chronic hemolytic anemia 1. 5. persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn 1 \u2019. pulmonary veno - occlusive disease ( pvod ) and / or pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis ( pch ) 2. pulmonary hypertension owing to left heart disease 2. 1. systolic dysfunction 2. 2. diastolic dysfunction 2. 3. valvular disease 3. pulmonary hypertension owing to lung disease and / or hypoxia 3. 1. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 3. 2. interstitial lung disease 3. 3. other pulmonary diseases with mixed restrictive and obstructive pattern 3. 4. sleep - disordered breathing 3. 5. alveolar hypoventilation disorders 3. 6. chronic exposure to high altitude 3. 7. developmental abnormalities 4. chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension ( cteph ) 5. pulmonary hypertension with unclear multifactorial mechanisms 5. 1. hematologic disorders : myeloproliferative disorders, splenectomy 5. 2. systemic disorders : sarcoidosis, pulmonary langerhans cell histiocytosis, lymphangioleimoyomatosis, neurofibromatosis, vasculitis 5. 3. metabolic disorders : glycogen storage disease, gaucher disease, thyroid disorders 5. 4. others : tumoral obstruction, fibrosing mediastinitis, chronic renal failure on dialysis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45026244383614195, "token_count": 450, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.056973"} {"text": "race, science, and photography in nineteenth - century america. by molly rogers. foreword by david w. blight. yale university press, 352 pp., 37 black & white illustrations, 7x9 \". in 1850 seven south carolina slaves were photographed at the request of the famous naturalist louis agassiz to provide evidence of the supposed biological inferiority of africans. lost for many years, the photographs were rediscovered in the attic of harvard \u2019 s peabody museum in 1976. in the first narrative history of these images, molly rogers tells the story of the photographs, the people they depict, and the men who made and used them. weaving together the histories of race, science, and photography in nineteenth - century america, rogers explores the invention and uses of photography, the scientific theories the images were intended to support and how these related to the race politics of the time, the meanings that may have been found in the photographs, and the possible reasons why they were \u201c lost \u201d for a century or more. each image is accompanied by a brief fictional vignette about the subject \u2019 s life as imagined by rogers ; these portraits bring the seven subjects to life, adding a fascinating human dimension to the historical material. this item is currently unavailable from photo - eye, however we have located copies for you to purchase immediately through amazon or amazon marketplace. we will receive credit for these orders if you use our ordering system. we will also receive credit for any other purchases you make while on amazon ' s site. thank you for supporting photo - eye!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5101512540622835, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.058733"} {"text": "enrolling your dog in a training class will help build strong, respectful relationships between your dog and your family. most trainers use positive reinforcement training methods and offer a fun setting for you and your dog to bond, learn and acclimate to the world that lies beyond your backyard. the benefits of training are endless. training provides much - needed mental and physical exercise. it helps to socialize dogs with other dogs, strangers, car rides and new experiences. in addition, training offers effective ways to teach basic commands like \" come. \" it teaches loose - leash walking and name recognition. lastly, it helps to problem solve issues like house training, chewing, jumping up and barking. basic obedience training concepts : basic obedience training is all about directing your dog \u2019 s choices about what to chew on, what to lie on and where to use the bathroom. the more time you have to spend with your dog to direct his choices, the easier and faster the training process. it is important that you are consistent, both with the language you use and your reaction to his behaviors. your reaction, both verbal and physical - - to a wrong choice should be the same each time he offers this behavior. for example, if your puppy puts his paws on people and you want to train him not to, every time he puts his paws on you, use the off command and then direct him to sit instead. give lots of praise when he sits. in this way, you \u2019 ve told him what displeases you ( his feet on you ) and also told him how he can please you ( by sitting ). if you allow him to put his feet on you sometimes, but reprimand him at other times, he may never understand what it is you \u2019 re trying to communicate. common training terms - encouragements and reprimands : put your bottom on the floor. this is an encouragement. be sure to deliver it in a positive tone and offer lots of praise when you are teaching it. stay where i put you until i call for you to come. this should never be a reprimand. usually follows a sit command. for safety reasons, sit, stay, and come are commands that your dog needs to follow instantly, so he shouldn \u2019 t associate them with your displeasure. come directly to me. this should never be a reprimand. your dog should never feel hesitant to come to you for fear that you are displeased. keep your paws on the floor. it is usually a reprimand. use this command when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46340861751642853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.067472"} {"text": "me. this should never be a reprimand. your dog should never feel hesitant to come to you for fear that you are displeased. keep your paws on the floor. it is usually a reprimand. use this command when you want your dog to get off the furniture, off the bed, or off you. lay down. do not use down when you mean off. this can be either an encouragement or a reprimand depending on the situation and your tone of voice. - drop it let me have the object you have in your mouth. usually a reprimand. - take it take this object into your mouth. usually follows drop it as an alternative to what he had in his mouth previously. for example, if your dog has a shoe in his mouth, say drop it and then offer him a chew toy, saying \" take it \" with encouragement. - leave it leave that alone. this is a reprimand. follow it with come or take it ( with an alternative object ) and lots of praise. - get busy or go potty please do your business quickly. this command is always an encouragement. - good boy / girl you did just what i wanted you to do. good job! top tips for a harmonious household : - socialize your puppy with other friendly, vaccinated dogs until it can attend puppy class. - invest in some really good, interactive dog toys for your puppy to play with and chew. the \" kong \" is ideal. this rubber toy can be filled with yummy food treats, which your puppy has to work on to get out. - dogs learn by finding out what gets rewarded and what does not! laughter, attention and eye contact are no. 1 rewards on most dogs ' lists. even negative attention - shouting or spanking - is better than no attention to most dogs. ignoring is one of the most effective ways to eliminate an unwanted behavior. - many people think their dogs feels guilty when it has done something they didn ' t want it to do. this is because the owner misinterprets the dog ' s body language as, \" knowing he ' s done wrong. \" hanging the head, folding the ears back, tucking the tail under the body and licking the lips are all signs that a dog is showing fear or anxiety - not that it is feeling guilty. - prevent fear of thunderstorms and other loud noises by having a party! food treats, laughter and fun games with your puppy during the noise will help to give it a positive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4641975821442234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.069079"} {"text": "choosing the right tree the decision about what type of tree to plant is an important one. most trees will outlive the people who plant them, and trees can require a steady investment of time and expense over their lifespan. when choosing a tree, several essential steps will help you select the proper tree. considering site conditions and constraints, the appropriate maintenance needs for the tree, and your overall expectations for the tree will help you make the right choice. taking these steps will help focus your search to a list of candidate trees that will grow successfully on your property and meet your needs. for additional information : choosing the right tree questions you might ask when buying a tree : - does the tree need full sun, partial shade, or complete shade? - will the tree withstand cold and hot weather? - is the tree especially susceptible to diseases or to damage by insects? - deciduous or evergreen? - does it need a dry area or a wet area? - how big will the tree grow and how fast? ( most important! ) - should it be planted close to a building or to other trees, or does it need open space? - can i plant flowers under the tree? ( no! ) - does it need special care the first few years? - will it produce nuts, fruit, cones, or colorful leaves or flowers that i can use? - will it give good shade in summer and winter? - is the tree more smog resistant than other trees? - how far should i plant it from a sewer or drain line, sidewalk or driveway? - can it serve as a windbreak, noise barrier, or visual screen? - will it encourage wildlife and birds to live in the area? - will it drop many seeds in the area, causing a crop of sprouts come spring? - is it noted for shedding leaves year round? - will it fit in well with the area \u2019 s landscaping? - is it a fire - adapted plant? - how sensitive is it to fire?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38528007473543957, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.071675"} {"text": "in this section we provide you with key documents in the field of multilingualism dealing with language policies and language research. please contact us if you have suggestions of documents we could add to this selection. e - clil games for students the student site holds all the games that a teacher wants a student to use. the teacher will select these games either by : - selecting from all the previously created, available games on the platform ( teacher site ) - creating new games for the student ( by the teacher on the teacher site ). e - clil is european union funded project to develop and build resources and a resource centre for the use of content language integrated learning ( clil ). it focuses on language learning, learning strategies, multilingualism and multiculturalism. clil is dual - focused instruction during which language is taught at the same time as content from a different school subject. it has already been established as a valuable approach to both teaching foreign languages and specific subjects. the project is being completed over 3 years and includes partners with a wide - experience of how to create clil content and the issues around clil. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19... e - clil resource centre for teachers the eclil resource centre is designed to link to two types of web resources : - clil resource sites that either have more information on the use of clil or further links to more clil resources - specific clil resources that can be used by teachers in the classroomsome of these resources have been further divided by language. the individual resources are categorised by subject area. the uws e - clil games engine has been developed to provide teachers of clil ( content and language integrated learning ) with an easy - to - use tool that will allow them to create simple educational games in one or more languages that their students can play online. games created by teachers are freely available for other teachers to use and adapt to suit their own teaching purposes. teachers can select the games that they want their students to play from the growing list of games that the platform will support. the teacher site allows teachers to create their own games that suite the particular needs of the curriculum or select from existing games on the platform. the teacher can then assign or take away any game for the use of their students ( created or available ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5147774182553733, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.075076"} {"text": "the world ' s fastest bicycle mr lachlan thompson fieaust. research leader sports technology, department of aerospace royal melbourne institute of technology, melbourne, australia australian track cyclists won impressive victories at the 1995, ' 96 and ' 97 world track championships and the 15th commonwealth games. the australian team used with stunning effect a unique carbon fibre monocoque bicycle designed and built by a project team from the royal melbourne institute of technology ( rmit university ) and the australian institute of sport ( ais ). developed in consultation with charlie walsh, the national track cycling coach, this new bicycle, the ' ais / rmit superbike ', has allowed the australian riders like shane kelly to set new records. continued development has resulted in over twelve world championship titles and four world records. including the world record for the kilometre individual time trial set by shane kelly development and application of new wind tunnel testing techniques have resulted in a fifteen per cent reduction in power over the traditional diamond frame. extensive use of a water tunnel and wind tunnel have enabled the team to optimise the frame profile for minimum aerodynamic interference from the rider ' s leg motion. structural design loads were derived from track testing with strain gauged frames. finite element analysis techniques were validated through extensive material testing. throughout the development program extensive use was made of validated performance simulation. the simulation provided evaluation of stiffness, aerodynamics and weight. these simulations enabled rapid assessment of concepts. track testing with power meters and strain gauged frames were used to refine design data and wind tunnel test techniques. order to produce the resulting bicycle new manufacturing techniques had to be developed. unlike most equipment used by elite athletes the ais / rmit ' superbike ' has been designed for low cost, high volume manufacture. the hollow frame is moulded as a single unit in a one shot process suitable for automation. the frame was designed to accept standard group sets and wheels. the ais and rmit university has lodged patents on the unique features of the manufacturing process. bicycle technologies pty ltd ( australia ) has commenced commercial manufacture of track and road variants. the new zealand national track cycling team has selected the ' superbike ' for the 1997 and 1999 seasons. it is anticipated that the technology will enable a new manufacturing industry to be developed in australia. engineering development has resulted in the project winning an engineering excellence award from the institution of engineers australia, two innovation awards and the 1995 velo news award for \" best technical development for 1995 in road or track \". this paper discuses the engineering techniques,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4343442028357156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.086559"} {"text": "engineering development has resulted in the project winning an engineering excellence award from the institution of engineers australia, two innovation awards and the 1995 velo news award for \" best technical development for 1995 in road or track \". this paper discuses the engineering techniques, research and project management required to create the australian superbike. stunning ride by chris boardman on the lotus bicycle ( 1 ) in the barcelona olympics heralded a dramatic change in olympic track cycling. the uci ' s rule change opened the door for the monocoque bicycle to show its potential. unlike the much later lotus sport, boardman ' s bicycle was a one - off with highly specialised components. his ride did however set the stage for a new era in competitive cycling chris boardman rode to olympic gold the rmit and ais project team set out to build a ' superbike '. the rmit - ais team sought a design that optimises weight, stiffness and aerodynamics while conforming to the rules of the union cyclist internationale ( uci ). the university was at the time seeking a suitable project to demonstrate new low cost advanced composite manufacturing techniques. the project team included engineers, technicians and students from rmit aerospace engineering, the ais and rmit industrial design. olympic track cycling coach charlie walsh defined the initial design criteria with the project team in late 1992. the resulting bicycle must use a conventional group set of standard ( 3, 6 ) cranks, bearings, brakes, wheels, forks, handlebars, seat, etc. further criteria imposed by rmit was that the design must equal or exceed the structural stiffness of a steel bicycle while offering lower aerodynamic drag and weight without compromising reliability. it was also desirable for commercial purposes that the resulting design be suitable for low cost, high volume deg. \u00b10. 05 deg. deg. \u00b10. 05 deg. bracket shell height mm \u00b11. 0 below rear axle of plane twist tolerances ( 6 ) used in developing the ' superbike ' this project the needs of the end user were paramount to the success of the end product. competition bicycles are made to the rider ' s individual specific requirements. the client specifications were defined and completely fulfilled. these specifications included critical geometry as shown below and certain subjective characteristics as ride and comfort. stiffness, strength, reliability and use of standard components were systems engineering approach was adopted for the project. a requirement analysis was undertaken to establish the design criteria and project milestones. the project plan and budget were developed using the findings of this analysis. riding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5335305005210947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.087611"} {"text": "for induced forces due to moment couples. in the development of the ' superbike ' the rider was replaced with a pair of lightweight styrofoam\u00ae legs. a similar lightweight torso, head and arms could also be fitted. the rear wheel was driven by an electric motor beneath the wind tunnel floor. a simple belt drive under the floor also drove the front wheel. by having the motor and drive system part of the bicycle accurate and repeatable drag measurement was possible. may 1993 the project team arrived at a basic conceptual design for a carbon fibre monocoque bicycle. a prototype of this design was built for initial testing. wind tunnel testing was carried out to refine the aerodynamic shape. the instrumented prototype was evaluated on the track by world champion sprint cyclist gary neiwand. this testing allowed the engineers to determine handling characteristics and the loads encountered during competition. the data obtained was used to optimise prototypes for testing and competition has resulted in the ' superbike ' meeting or exceeding all of the design criteria. independent tests on the 1994 variant by dr. neil craig of the south australian institute ( 6 ) of sport at the adelaide superdrome showed the ' superbike ' to require 5 % less power than the then current steel ais olympic tubular frame. improvement was made possible by designing a new wind tunnel balance. the use of a ' hover board ' bicycle mounting eliminated balance interactions. this technique allowed further refinement and development of the ' superbike. 2 : moving artificial legs simulates the disturbed airflow around the bicycle. performance ( 6 ) improvement of rmit - ais ' superbike '. xvth commonwealth games carbon fibre blade forks and wing handlebars world championships integrated fork - handlebars world championships manchester the requirement study showed that a one - size monocoque shell could be developed to suit a wide range of rider size. one single size of the ' superbike ' can accommodate riders from 1600 mm to 1900 mm in height. ' superbike ' is unique in that it has been designed from the outset to be of a shape and structure that can be easily and cheaply produced in high volume ( 3 ). this manufacturing feature, a ' one size fits all concept ', removes the necessity for multiple and expensive tooling. the use of a complete monocoque shell gives lower weight and greater stiffness than achieved in previous racing bicycle designs. this shell is completely hollow and requires no additional core material. careful structural optimisation has allowed thin non - buckling skins to be used. of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.528001569617716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.090066"} {"text": "complete monocoque shell gives lower weight and greater stiffness than achieved in previous racing bicycle designs. this shell is completely hollow and requires no additional core material. careful structural optimisation has allowed thin non - buckling skins to be used. of the manufacturing technique has allowed patents ( 7 ) on the process to be lodged. the superbike is in production at bike technologies pty ltd, melbourne australia. continued success in international competition has assisted the project world cup colorado springs usa, 17 aug 94 watt 1st 3000 m ind pursuit 3 : 41 : 91 second best ever career time commonwealth games, victoria bc, canada, september 94 watt 1st 3000 m ind pursuit 3 : 48 : 52 games record by over 3 sec mcgee 1st 4000 m ind pursuit 4 : 31 : 37 games record by over 5 sec o ' grady 3rd 4000 m ind pursuit 4 : 35 : 20 games o ' grady, 1st 4000 m team pursuit 4 : 10 : 14 games record by over 7 sec aitken, woods & junior championships italy, 1995 roberts 1st 3000 m ind pursuit petersen 1st 2000 m ind pursuit championships, colombia, september 1995 kelly 1st 1000 m tt 1 : 00 : 613 mcgee, o ' grady, 1st 4000 m pursuit 4 : 05 : 10 r. mcgee, o ' shanessey. adelaide october 1995 meany, world record junior team championships, manchester, uk, august 1996 kelly 1st 1000 m tt neiwand, hill 1st 200 m olympic tt world record. results for the superbike ( 6, 8 ). the ' superbike ' for the 1995 world championships has the provision for the flush mounting of instrumentation used in performance trials. this allowed for an accurate assessment of the athlete and equipment without the need to apply corrections for the aerodynamic drag of the sensors. the ability to access track test and race data for a pool of top athletes formed an integral part of the development program ( 6 ). data from riders such as bradley mcgee, kathryn watt, narelle petersen, garry niewand and shane kelly ensured that the configuration was one that would benefit a diverse range of riders and riding positions, further developing the mathematical performance use was made of computer aided drawing ( cad ) to input data to both finite element analysis ( 3, 4, 5 ) ( fem ) and computer aided machining ( cam ) of production tools. software used in the project included cadkey97 and strand6 as well as the in - house performance model. 3 : strand6, fem analysis assisted lay - up optimisation. element modeling (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4993351305787641, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.091047"} {"text": "##ining ( cam ) of production tools. software used in the project included cadkey97 and strand6 as well as the in - house performance model. 3 : strand6, fem analysis assisted lay - up optimisation. element modeling ( 3, 4 ) was used to assist in the optimisation of the structure. this was validated against the instrumented test bicycles, which were ridden in competition conditions. static strength and fatigue life was of importance, as an ais track frame will average 10, 000 kilometres of use per annum. the same bicycle being used in training as well as in competition. modal analysis has been introduced as a means of ensuring that each frame is of consistent quality. further development of this method of inspection 4 : kathryn watt wins ' superbike ' s ' first ever race at 1994 uci world cup colorado springs usa. continued successful development ( 6 ) of the ' superbike ' is not due to any one factor being superior. instead the credit goes to the application of a validated mathematical performance model that can rapidly evaluate structural, aerodynamic requirements and riding position. r. d. ' the design and development of the lotus sport pursuit bicycle ', proceedings of the institution of mechanical engineers, pages 285 to 294, volume 207, 1993, t. ' push to the limit ', the australian way, pages 84 to 87, november 1996, australia. m. ' super roo sets an olympic pace ', overseas trading, october 1995, pages 6 to 9, australia. australian students design championship racing bicycle frame ', mscworld, pages 12 to 14, volume 5, number 3, november 1996, usa. d. ' will the ' superbike ' be the catalyst for an aussie made revival? ' bicycle industry news, page 29, september l. and mclean, b. ' super roo bicycle ', institution of engineers australia, victorian division, engineering excellence awards, paper, september 1995, rmit. l. a. ' bicycle frame ', patent pct / au95 / 00444, september r. ' australia dominates worlds ', bicycling australia, pages 44 to 45, november 1995, australia.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5045674698689308, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.091834"} {"text": "it may not seem like using a compact fluorescent light bulb or fixing a leaky faucet will do much to reduce your energy costs - or protect the environment. but if every household practiced just a few simple conservation ideas like the 101 easy ways to save below, we could reduce energy consumption by a significant amount. all it takes is a few minutes each month, and you ' ll notice a difference - and make a difference! 1. do a home energy audit. this survey analyzes your home ' s structure, appliances and insulation, as well as your family ' s lifestyle. alliant energy offers customers a free online energy audit called my home comfort check up that provides a personalized report detailing specific ways to save energy throughout your home. heating your home 2. change or clean your furnace filter once a month. dust and dirt can quickly clog vital parts, making your furnace run harder and eventually break down. 3. have your heating system inspected regularly - especially if it ' s natural gas. a $ 50 - 100 annual tune - up can help reduce your heating costs by up to five percent. 4. if you have a forced - air furnace, do not close heat registers in unused rooms. your furnace is designed to heat a specific square footage of space and can ' t sense a register is closed - it will continue working at the same pace. in addition, the cold air from unheated rooms can escape into the rest of the house, reducing the effectiveness of all your insulating and weatherizing. 5. install a programmable thermostat. if you use it to set back the temperature by 10 degrees for eight hours every night, you ' ll lower your heating bills by 10 percent. a $ 50 digital thermostat can pay for itself in energy savings in less than a year. 6. don ' t set the thermostat higher than you actually want it. it won ' t heat your home any faster, and it will keep your furnace running longer than necessary. 7. vacuum registers and vents regularly, and don ' t let furniture and draperies block the air flow. inexpensive plastic deflectors can direct air under tables and chairs. 8. if your home has a boiler system, avoid covering radiators with screens or blocking them with furniture. it ' s also a good idea to add a reflecting panel behind radiators - you can purchase one at a home center or make one yourself with a plywood panel and aluminum foil. 9. if your home has electric baseboard heating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4712474922524946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.106284"} {"text": "furniture. it ' s also a good idea to add a reflecting panel behind radiators - you can purchase one at a home center or make one yourself with a plywood panel and aluminum foil. 9. if your home has electric baseboard heating, be sure to keep furniture and draperies away from the heaters, and leave at least a three - inch clearance under the heating unit. 10. keep curtains and blinds closed at night to keep cold air out, but open them during the day to let the sun warm the room. 11. avoid using space heaters, including electric, kerosene or propane models. not only are they expensive to operate, they ' re also very dangerous. 12. if you have hardwood or tile floors, add area rugs to keep your feet warm. 13. if you ' ll be going on vacation, lower the thermostat to 55 degrees. this will save energy while preventing water pipes from freezing. 14. if you have a wood - burning fireplace, have the chimney cleaned and inspected regularly, and burn only fully dried hardwoods to produce the most heat output. 15. check the seal on the damper by closing it off and holding a piece of tissue paper inside the firebox. if drafts blow the tissue around, repair or replace the damper. 16. when using the fireplace, turn down the furnace to 55 degrees. if you don ' t, all the warm air from the furnace will go right up the chimney, wasting energy and money. 17. add fireproof caulk where the chimney meets the wall, inside and outside. 18. when the fireplace is not in use, make sure fireplace dampers are sealed tight, and keep the glass doors closed. if you never use your fireplace, plug the chimney with fiberglass insulation and seal the doors with silicone caulk. insulating your home 19. check insulation levels throughout your house. measure attic insulation with a ruler, and check behind switch plates for sidewall insulation. 20. install more attic insulation. upgrading from three inches to 12 inches can cut heating costs by 20 percent, and cooling costs by 10 percent. 21. add pieces of batt insulation to the rim joists - the area along the top of the foundation where it meets the exterior walls. 22. if your basement is unheated, install blanket insulation in between exposed floor joists. 23. choose the new \" no - itch \" or poly - wrapped insulation products. they ' re much easier to handle and safer to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4632403809050293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.107502"} {"text": "walls. 22. if your basement is unheated, install blanket insulation in between exposed floor joists. 23. choose the new \" no - itch \" or poly - wrapped insulation products. they ' re much easier to handle and safer to work with - making them worth the extra cost. 24. install additional attic insulation at right angles to the previous layer. you don ' t have to use the same type of insulation - it ' s fine to use batts or blankets over loose - fill, or vice versa. 25. when using loose - fill, be sure to distribute the insulation evenly. any inconsistencies can reduce the insulating value. 26. while shopping for insulation, remember that r - value measures the amount of thermal resistance. the higher the r - value, the better the insulation. 27. never cover attic vents or recessed light fixtures with insulation, and allow a three - inch clearance around chimneys and flue pipes to prevent overheating and avoid the risk of fire. 28. have a leaky roof repaired and make sure your basement is waterproofed. wet insulation is worthless. air conditioning your home 29. maintain your central air conditioner by cleaning the outside compressor with a garden hose ( be sure to shut off power at the fuse or breaker first ). keep plantings at least one foot away for adequate airflow. 30. during late afternoon and early evening, turn off unnecessary lights and wait to use heat - producing appliances. it ' s also a good idea to shade south - and west - facing windows during the hottest part of the day. 31. plant a tree. one well - placed shade tree can reduce your cooling costs by 25 percent. for maximum benefit, place leafy shade trees to the south and west, and evergreens to the north. 32. use ceiling fans to help circulate air throughout the house, and make sure your attic is properly ventilated. a ceiling fan should run clockwise during the summer, and counter - clockwise during the winter. 33. set the fan on your central air conditioner to \" on \" rather than \" auto. \" this will circulate air continuously, keeping the temperature more even throughout the house and aiding in dehumidification. 34. make sure your window air conditioner is the proper size. it ' s better to get one that ' s too small than too large - a larger unit will start up and turn off more frequently and won ' t do as good a job dehumidifying the air. 35", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4557128654133336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.108955"} {"text": "new glazing. if the glass is loose, replace the putty holding the pane in place. most types of window glazing require painting for a proper seal. 45. if drafts sneak in under exterior doors, replace the threshold. if that ' s not practical, block the drafts with a rolled - up towel or blanket. 46. seal the edges of unused doors and windows with rope caulk. don ' t seal them shut permanently - you might need quick ventilation or escape during an emergency. 47. choose the right kind of caulk for the job. use latex or acrylic caulk inside - it ' s easy to clean and more forgiving if you ' re a beginner. silicone caulk is great for outside use because it lasts longer and seals virtually any type of surface. 48. don ' t forget to weatherize the attic access. secure batt insulation to the back of the hatch or door, and use weatherstripping to seal the opening. 49. set the water heater temperature at 120 degrees - about halfway between low and medium. this will help save energy and prevent scalding, while keeping unhealthy bacteria from growing. 50. install a water - saving showerhead. don ' t worry - it won ' t reduce your water pressure. a family of four, each taking a five - minute shower a day, can save $ 250 a year in water heating costs by switching to a low - flow showerhead. 51. fix leaky faucets, especially if it ' s a hot water faucet. one drop per second can add up to 165 gallons a month - that ' s more than one person uses in two weeks. 52. use aerators on kitchen and bathroom sink faucets. if you have hard water, clean aerators and showerheads with vinegar regularly to reduce deposits and build - up. 53. take showers, not baths. a five - minute shower will use about 7. 5 gallons of hot water, while filling a bathtub can use up to 20 gallons. 54. if your water heater is more than 15 years old, install an insulating wrap to reduce \" standby \" heat loss. it ' s also a good idea to insulate hot water pipes where they ' re accessible. in the kitchen 55. use smaller kitchen appliances whenever possible. microwaves, toaster ovens and slow - cookers can use 75 percent less energy than a large electric oven. 56.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45885812716821295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.111068"} {"text": "to insulate hot water pipes where they ' re accessible. in the kitchen 55. use smaller kitchen appliances whenever possible. microwaves, toaster ovens and slow - cookers can use 75 percent less energy than a large electric oven. 56. vacuum the refrigerator coils about twice a year to keep the compressor running efficiently. 57. as your mother always told you, don ' t leave the refrigerator door open. every time it ' s opened, up to 30 percent of the cooled air can escape. the same rule holds for the oven, too. 58. keep the refrigerator temperature about 36 - 38 degrees, and the freezer at 0 - 5 degrees. 59. don ' t overload the refrigerator or freezer. the cold air needs to circulate freely to keep foods at the proper temperature. 60. make sure the refrigerator is level, so the door automatically swings shut instead of open. if the floor isn ' t level, use shims to prop up the front of the refrigerator. 61. don ' t worry about placing hot leftovers in the refrigerator. it won ' t affect energy use significantly, and cooling food to room temperature first can increase the chance of food - borne illnesses. 62. check the seal on your refrigerator door by closing it on a dollar bill. if you can pull the bill out easily, it ' s time to replace the gaskets. you can purchase a replacement kit from an appliance dealer or a home center. 63. use your oven ' s self - cleaning feature immediately after cooking, while the oven is still hot. this will reduce a lengthy warm - up time. 64. use lids on pots and pans to reduce cooking times, and don ' t put a small pan on a large burner. 65. keep the grease plates under range burners clean to reflect heat more efficiently. 66. run the dishwasher only with full loads, and use the air - dry cycle. if your dishwasher has a \" booster \" water heater, use it ; this will heat the water to the 140 degrees recommended by manufacturers, while maintaining an energy - saving 120 degrees on your primary water heater. in the laundry room 67. wash only full loads of clothes, and be sure to set the water level appropriately. 68. use hot water only for very dirty loads, and always use cold water for the rinse cycle. 69. clean the lint screen on the dryer every time you use the machine. a clogged lint screen can make", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4993370911411771, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.112925"} {"text": ". 68. use hot water only for very dirty loads, and always use cold water for the rinse cycle. 69. clean the lint screen on the dryer every time you use the machine. a clogged lint screen can make your dryer use up to 30 percent more energy - and it can be a fire hazard. 70. remove clothes from the dryer while they ' re still damp and hang them up. this will save energy, prevent static and reduce wrinkles and shrinkage. 71. dry one load of clothes immediately after another. this will minimize heat loss, reducing warm - up and drying times. lighting your home 72. switch to compact fluorescent light bulbs. these bulbs use 75 percent less energy than typical incandescents, and they last 10 times longer. 73. look for a compact fluorescent wattage that ' s about one - third of the incandescent wattage you usually use. 74. use lighting control devices like dimmers, motion detectors, occupancy sensors, photocells and timers to provide light only when you need it. 75. keep lamps away from thermostats ; the heat produced can cause your furnace to run less than needed or your air conditioner more than needed. 76. dust light fixtures regularly. a heavy coat of dust can block up to 50 percent of the light output. 77. use only a single bulb in a multi - socket fixture. be sure to check the maximum wattage the fixture allows. 78. replace an incandescent outdoor light or high - intensity floodlight with a high - pressure sodium fixture. the bulbs will last longer, use less energy, and handle temperature extremes better. 79. use low - voltage lighting kits to light walkways, patios and decks. the soft light will also attract fewer annoying insects. 80. decorate with pale colors on walls, ceilings and floors. soft tones reflect more light, so you can use lower wattage bulbs and delay turning on lights until later in the day. using high - gloss paint can help as well. 81. read light bulb packages carefully. watts measure the amount of energy needed ; lumens measure how much light a bulb produces. energy - saving bulbs produce more lumens per watt of electricity used. other energy savers 82. get rid of spare refrigerators or freezers. an extra appliance can add more than $ 100 to your energy bills every year, and it ' s a safety hazard for small children. 83. keep outdoor hot tubs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5006875908544037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.114902"} {"text": "savers 82. get rid of spare refrigerators or freezers. an extra appliance can add more than $ 100 to your energy bills every year, and it ' s a safety hazard for small children. 83. keep outdoor hot tubs covered when not in use. if you have a pool, use a solar cover to use the natural warmth of the sun to heat the water. 84. keep waterbeds covered with quilts or blankets to help retain their heat. you might also want to insulate the bottom with a sheet of rigid foam insulation. 85. keep the garage door closed, especially during the winter. 86. if you need a new lawn mower, consider an electric model. they ' re less expensive to operate ( about three cents of electricity per use ), 75 percent quieter, and they significantly reduce toxic emissions. 87. instead of air - polluting and expensive charcoal or propane, try an electric or natural gas grill. they ' re more economical and more convenient - you ' ll never run out of fuel. 88. unplug any electrical device that ' s not being used. many appliances, especially computers, televisions and vcrs draw power even when turned off. 89. place humidifiers and dehumidifiers away from walls and bulky furniture. these appliances work best when air circulates freely around them. be sure to clean the unit often to prevent unhealthy mold and bacteria from developing. 90. if your home has no sidewall insulation, place heavy furniture like bookshelves, armoires and sofas along exterior walls, and use decorative quilts as wall hangings. this will help block cold air. 91. when you take a vacation, don ' t forget to give your appliances a rest too. turn off and unplug everything you can, set your water heater to the lowest setting and shut off the water supply to the dishwasher and washing machine. buying new appliances 92. remember that it pays to invest in energy efficiency. in some cases, the money you save in energy costs can pay back the purchase price in just a few years. 93. always read the energy guide label carefully, and make sure you ' re comparing \" apples to apples. \" energy use can range significantly even within a single brand. 94. choose the capacity that ' s right for your family. whether it ' s a furnace or a refrigerator, it doesn ' t pay to purchase a unit that ' s too large or too small. 95. in almost", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5154342326300019, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.117047"} {"text": "within a single brand. 94. choose the capacity that ' s right for your family. whether it ' s a furnace or a refrigerator, it doesn ' t pay to purchase a unit that ' s too large or too small. 95. in almost every case, a natural gas appliance is more economical to use than an electric model. the $ 50 - 75 price difference can be paid back in energy savings in less than a year. 96. replace inefficient appliances - even if they ' re still working. an aging water heater or refrigerator could be costing you much more than you think. if your central air conditioner is more than 10 years old, replacing it with a high - efficiency new unit will cut your summer electric bills by about one - third. 97. shop during the off - season. many heating and cooling manufacturers offer significant rebates during seasonal sales promotions, and dealers may charge less for installation. 98. investigate new technology carefully. some innovations, like convection ovens or argon - filled windows, may save energy and make life more convenient ; others, such as commercial - grade kitchen appliances, might be merely expensive cosmetic enhancements. 99. look for the \" energystar \" logo. this designation from the environmental protection agency means that the appliance exceeds minimum federal energy - use standards, usually by a significant amount. 100. don ' t forget to ask about warranties, service contracts, and delivery and installation costs. 101. be sure to choose a reputable and knowledgeable dealer. a good dealer should be able to help you calculate energy savings and the payback period, and he or she should offer you a range of brands and prices.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4936577955213625, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.117794"} {"text": "father ' s day sermon outline topics \" the position and authority of the father as the head of the family are expressly assumed and sanctioned in scripture, as a likeness of that of the almighty over his creatures \" - smith ' s bible dictionary four fathers from the bible enoch, a father who walked with god as a great man of faith. noah, who was concerned about saving his children, he taught them about righteousness. he also walked with god, leaving a great example to follow. abraham, who was given the title \" father of all of them that believe \". he trained them as mentioned in genesis 18 : 19. joshua, who trusted god when others would not. joshua didn ' t care what other fathers were doing, he and his family were going to serve the lord! father ' s day bible verses psalm 103 : 13 ( niv ) as a father has compassion on his children, so the lord has compassion on those who fear him ; my son, do not despise the lord ' s discipline and do not resent his rebuke, because the lord disciplines those he loves, as a father the son he delights in. proverbs 23 : 22 ( niv ) listen to your father, who gave you life, and do not despise your mother when she is old. proverbs 23 : 24 ( niv ) the father of a righteous man has great joy ; he who has a wise son delights in him. ephesians 6 : 4 ( niv ) fathers, do not exasperate your children ; instead, bring them up in the training and instruction of the lord colossians 3 : 21 ( niv ) fathers, do not embitter your children, or they will become discouraged. hebrews 12 : 7 ( niv ) endure hardship as discipline ; god is treating you as sons. for what son is not disciplined by his father? if you, then, though you are evil, know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will your father in heaven give good gifts to those who ask him! joshua 24 : 15 ( esv ) and if it is evil in your eyes to serve the lord, choose this day whom you will serve, whether the gods your fathers served in the region beyond the river, or the gods of the amorites in whose land you dwell. but as for me and my house, we will serve the lord. \" deuteronomy 6 : 6 - 9 ( esv ) and these words that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42981851754640155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.123264"} {"text": "region beyond the river, or the gods of the amorites in whose land you dwell. but as for me and my house, we will serve the lord. \" deuteronomy 6 : 6 - 9 ( esv ) and these words that i command you today shall be on your heart. you shall teach them diligently to your children, and shall talk of them when you sit in your house, and when you walk by the way, and when you lie down, and when you rise. you shall bind them as a sign on your hand, and they shall be as frontlets between your eyes. you shall write them on the doorposts of your house and on your gates. psalms 127 : 3 - 5 ( esv ) behold, children are a heritage from the lord, the fruit of the womb a reward. like arrows in the hand of a warrior are the children of one ' s youth. blessed is the man who fills his quiver with them! he shall not be put to shame when he speaks with his enemies in the gate. psalm 44 : 1 ( nkjv ) \" god, we have heard with our ears, our fathers have told us, what deeds you performed in their days, in the days of old : \" proverbs 17 : 6 ( nkjv ) \" grandchildren are the crown of the aged, and the glory of children is their fathers. \" proverbs 23 : 24 ( nkjv ) \" the father of the righteous will greatly rejoice ; he who fathers a wise son will be glad in him. \" 1 timothy 3 : 5 ( kjv ) \" for if a man know not how to rule his own house, how shall he take care of the church of god? \" proverbs 22 : 6 ( esv ) \" direct your children onto the right path, and when they are older, they will not leave it. \" proverbs 20 : 7 ( kjv ) \" the just man walketh in his integrity : his children are blessed after him. \" genesis 18 : 19 ( esv ) for i have chosen him, that he may command his children and his household after him to keep the way of the lord by doing righteousness and justice, so that the lord may bring to abraham what he has promised him. \" 1 timothy 3 : 12 - 13 ( kjv ) let the deacons be the husbands of one wife, ruling their children and their own houses well. for they that have used the office of a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44989081859050317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.124111"} {"text": "to abraham what he has promised him. \" 1 timothy 3 : 12 - 13 ( kjv ) let the deacons be the husbands of one wife, ruling their children and their own houses well. for they that have used the office of a deacon well purchase to themselves a good degree, and great boldness in the faith which is in christ jesus. father ' s day sermon topics god is our \" father \" and we are his \" children \". god seems to love being called \" father \" more than any other name \u2014 he uses it is to describe himself all throughout the new testament. so when god lets man be called \" father \", he is giving him a special honor, and with that honor god gives a special responsibility. possible father ' s day sermon topics : - the role of the father - the spiritual head of the home - children and their blessing - biblical fathers - creating a legacy - setting a good example - not discouraging children - having compassion on children preachit ' s database of over 4, 000 sermons has everything you need to build an father ' s day message, even if you have limited time, limited inspiration and limited room for study. some of the father ' s day messages in the preachit database ( links will only work for members of preachit. org - you must be logged in. ) a good name preparing the son fathers who carry arks fathers who carry arks father knows best lessons from the field god ' s idea of a great dad father ' s day \u2013 the prodigal son a message to men over 600 powerpoint slides in the database... can you use some more material? preachit ' s monthly membership starts at only 13. 94 per month and you have 7 full days to request a refund if you don ' t find the materials to be the best you ' ve ever seen! bonus - there ' s also over 150 small group edifications... search around the database for one that might match perfectly with a small group you ' re thinking of starting. bonus - there ' s ministry job descriptions if you ' re thinking of hiring or requesting a volunteer for a specific responsiblity within the church, this resource may be the one thing that makes your trial of our service worth every minute of your effort. finding the right person the first time can make or break that portion of your ministry.... but wait! there ' s more! the 96 question spiritual gift survey and answer sheet this incredible resource allows you to have someone fill out", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45422156108460826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.124991"} {"text": "about a third of canadian adults say they get flu vaccine oct 22, 2012 as flu vaccination campaigns get underway this flu season, provincial and territorial health ministers are promoting flu shots. \u201c by getting the flu shot, you are protecting not just yourself but the people around you, the people you love, \u201d ontario health minister deb matthews said before rolling up her sleeve for a shot in toronto on monday. british columbia announced plans to make it mandatory for health care workers who come into contact with patients during flu season to either get a flu shot or wear a mask. in may, a poll by ipsos reid for the quebec and british columbia lung associations suggested 36 per cent of canadians adults said they were vaccinated. on the other hand, respondents who did not get the shot gave reasons such as lack of time and fear of needles for why they declined. the flu shot can give you a sore arm and aches. each year \u2019 s vaccine is only designed to protect against the strains it includes. fever occurs infrequently after vaccination, according to the public health agency of canada. a nasal spray version of the vaccine is approved for use in canada. provincial health plans may not cover the cost. a review of studies from 1967 to 2012 concluded that standard injectable influenza vaccines containing three strains protect healthy adults aged 18 to 64 at a rate of about 59 per cent. michael osterholm, an infectious disease expert at the university of minnesota and the report \u2019 s lead author. \u201c during some influenza seasons vaccination offers substantially more protection for most of the population than being unvaccinated ; however, influenza vaccine protection is markedly lower than for most routinely recommended vaccines and is suboptimal, \u201d the report concluded. osterholm said current flu vaccines play a role in reducing flu illnesses but called the status quo in vaccine research and development unacceptable. nasal spray containing live attenuated influenza vaccine protects children aged six months to seven years at a rate of about 83 per cent, according to the review. pharmacists in four provinces \u2014 british columbia, ontario, alberta and new brunswick, can give flu shots. official regulations for pharmacists are pending in manitoba, quebec and nova scotia, said jeff morrison of the canadian pharmacists association. matthews said that by expanding the scope of practice for pharmacists gives people more options to get immunized, such as coming in for a flu shot during their lunch break. getting immunized during pregnancy protects women and infants for the first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4148782339801137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.127460"} {"text": "well, if it isn ' t our favorite student... need a login tutor? first day? welcome! true or false : you ' re ready to achieve your higher education and career goals? that ' s what we thought. and that ' s what we ' re here for. from college to career - we ' ve got you covered. so get going! your future ' s waiting. college | about the act what is the act and why is it important? created by act inc., the act is an entrance exam used by most colleges and universities to make admissions decisions. the idea ( in theory, at least ) is to provide colleges with one common criterion that can be used to compare all applicants. the weight placed on act scores varies from school to school. other important factors that schools consider in their admissions decisions are your high school gpa, academic transcripts, letters of recommendation, interviews and personal essays. for more specific information on the importance of act scores at the schools you ' re interested in, contact the admissions offices directly. the act is offered nationally every year in september, october, december, february *, april and june. what specifically does the act test? the act has four sections : english, reading, math and science, as well as an optional 30 - minute writing test. some schools may require the writing test, so be sure to ask before you take it. more about what ' s on the different sections of the act. should i take the sat or the act? sat versus act. is one harder? is one better? more prestigious? more useful? if only it were that simple. more about the sat vs. the act. how is the act scored? you ' ll earn one act score ( 1 to 36 ) on each test ( english, math, reading and science ) and a composite act score, which is an average of these four tests. usually, when people ask about your score, they ' re referring to your composite act score. the composite score falls between 1 and 36. the national average is about 21. if, for example, you scored 31 on the english, 30 on the math, 29 on the reading and 30 on the science, your composite act score would be 30. you ' ll receive subscores in english, math and reading that range between 1 and 18. these scores provide you with more detail about your performance, but they are not actually used by colleges or universities. the act includes an optional essay, known as the writing test. if you take", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43571517218216527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.132528"} {"text": "english, math and reading that range between 1 and 18. these scores provide you with more detail about your performance, but they are not actually used by colleges or universities. the act includes an optional essay, known as the writing test. if you take the writing test, you will receive a writing test subscore and a combined english / writing score. visit www. act. org for detailed information about how your act writing test will be scored. how do i know if my score is good enough to get me into my dream school? good question. check out the can i get in function in our school search. when should i take the act? students have traditionally taken the act in the spring of their junior year and, if necessary, again in the fall of their senior year. however, more and more students are choosing to take their first act earlier, such as during the fall of their junior year. this gives them more flexibility to retake the act test one or more times, or to take the sat or sat subject tests. how do i register? registration deadlines fall approximately five weeks before each act test date. you can get registration materials from your school ' s guidance counselor, or call act, inc. at 319 \u2013 337 \u2013 1270 and they ' ll send you a registration packet. you can also register online at www. act. org. how can i prepare? we can help. we have act prep courses for every student and every budget. * no test centers are scheduled in new york for the february test date. \u00a92013 tpr education ip holdings, llc. all rights reserved. the princeton review is not affiliated with princeton university.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3902942115986128, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.133198"} {"text": "help on question about human genome - ( mar / 12 / 2012 ) in february 2001, celera corp. and the human genome project ( hgp ) independently published the first \" draft \" of the human genome sequence. how did the two sequences differ? did the differences between them affect any of the biological conclusions that were drawn? in april 2003, a \" finished \" sequence of the human genome was released by hgp. in what ways did this differ from what had been released in 2001? in october 2004, another \" finished \" sequence of the human genome was released and a paper was published in nature. then, in may 2006, another paper appeared in nature reporting on the \" finished \" dna sequence of the last human chromosome ( # 1 ). how and why did these different versions differ? why it is important to have as accurate a sequence as possible? do you expect to see yet more \" finished \" versions of the reference human genome sequence in the coming years? when will it really be completely can someone possibly give me some hints on how to reply my final exam? i am really missing there! thanks you so much! if you tell us your ideas rather than just posting the question, you will get some help - it is homework for you to learn, not for us to supply answers! thanks for suggestion! you are absolutely right. it is my final essay. i didn ' t get started yet. right i am actively searching for materials for reading and organizing my idea. the reason i post here is to try to get some good materials for reading. as you know, there is tons of publications about this. some in good quality, some not. since i am not in this field, i would like to get some expert opinions about the materials i do need to read besides what i got by myself. thanks!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5394061559934242, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.135267"} {"text": "we are on a roll, so lets keep it up. up to now we have a functioning receiver. we have audio coming out of u3, but it needs filtering and lots of amplification. let ' s build the gather the following components : u4 ne5532 and socket c19. 033 microfarad c20. 1 microfarad c21. 01 microfarad c22 150 pf c23 150 pf install the components and check your work. turn on the rig and look at pin one of u4 with a scope when you key up. hey, what ' s wrong here? i had much more signal at the output of u3 than i have here. what gives? well, u4 is an amplifier, but it also has some limiting diodes in the feedback circuit, d3 and d4. these limit the output swing of the amplifier as to not saturate q1, the mute fet ( not remember that up till now we are cheating with the receiver. we are using the transmit signal as a signal source to test our receiver. in the real world we would never have such a large signal on our antenna. this section provides 30db gain and is differentially driven ( like t2 at the output of u5 ) to take advantage of the greater signal voltage. it also acts as a low pass filter, rolling off frequencies that are over r4 dc biases pin 3 of u4. c23 and c22 lower the gain of the stage as the lets get a dc and ac analysis of this stage. here are my questions : 1 ) how can we calculate the dc voltages of this stage. opamps should be easy, right ; - ) 2 ) how do we calculate the gain of this stage. the manual says 30db. what is the voltage gain? 3 ) why is c21 smaller than c20? 4 ) what is the purpose of c19? is this a terminator of some kind?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4912024536580198, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.137080"} {"text": "ipad / digital texts pilot : phase ii rcds will continue to pilot ipads and digital texts during the 2012 - 2013 academic year. preliminary findings and new questions that emerged from the 2011 - 2012 phase of the pilot suggested that another year of exploration is warranted before making recommendations regarding the use of ipads and digital texts at rcds. what are the goals of phase ii? the guiding questions for phase ii are as follows : - how can ipads be used in lower school classrooms to differentiate learning, support academic choice, and support the curriculum? - what will be the role of ipads ( or other e - readers ) in our k - 12 curriculum? in what ways is our intended use of ipads different from our intended use of laptops in the classroom? - how useful are ipads with e - texts? are they workable for note taking, smartboard use, etc? are they useful in flipped classroom situations? - are e - texts a viable option for students? for whom would e - texts be an appropriate choice? - what is the relative ease of e - text use across the board : reading, note taking and sharing, searching, testing / evaluation, grading / commenting, etc.? will students prefer e - texts or printed texts after exposure? - what are the relative costs of digital texts? - how will learning change with digital texts? will be see an improvement or not? - how will teaching change with digital texts? how will interactions with students change? - what technical support will be required for this additional layer? will we have bandwidth issues for internet access? does our current in - class technology support the integration of ipads? what will phase ii entail? all courses, including every class in the lower school, are eligible to participate in the pilot in one of three ways : - ipads only ( to explore apps, content creation, internet use, etc. ) - e - texts on laptops only - e - texts on ipads and laptops there is no set timeframe for participation. teachers may participate anywhere from one day up to several weeks at a time. feedback will be gathered from every class that participates. if you have any questions about either phase i or phase ii of rcds \u2019 s digital text pilot, please contact meredith dechabert, assistant head of school, at 914 - 925 - 4613.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4640818901925303, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.139447"} {"text": "cool green, ruby red, or deep purple grapes make a sweet, nutritious snack and great jellies, as well as elegant sauces and season : year - round ; peak in fall. how to choose grapes look for fruits that are plump, unblemished, evenly colored, and firmly attached to a flexible stem. avoid those that are wrinkled, brownish, or white at the stem end. grapes range from pale green ( like the common thompson seedless variety ) to blue - black ( like tart concords, which are often used for jam ) and are grown with or without seeds. ripe green ( aka white ) grapes should have a yellowish cast, while red and purple ones should have no green areas. some grapes may have a white coating on the skin, called a bloom ; it \u2019 s a harmless natural substance that protects the fruit from moisture loss and decay. buy organic if possible ; conventionally grown grapes ( especially imported ones ) can have a high percentage of pesticide residue. how to store grapes store grapes unwashed ( moisture speeds decay ) in a ventilated plastic bag in the refrigerator for up to 5 days, though they \u2019 re best within the first 3 days. they will shrivel, and even start to ferment, at room temperature. just before eating or cooking with them, pluck the fruit from the stem, give it a thorough rinse, and gently pat dry. how to use grapes grapes can be roasted with poultry, veal, and pork ( add them to the pan during the last 15 to 20 minutes ). when frozen, they make a refreshing snack or fruity \u201c ice cubes. \u201d real simple grape recipes : - roasted sausage and grapes - toast with ricotta and grapes - roasted brussels sprouts and grapes - chicken with wild rice and grapes - halibut wrapped in grape leaves fruits and vegetables at their peak right now. find out what ' s in season in your area right now, then locate a farmers ' market near you.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4093239981159952, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.141536"} {"text": "the daily facts interviewed him for our 125th anniversary of redlands video series. he was so chock full of interesting facts about redlands, and stories from the city ' s history, that the interview went almost three times longer than the others had taken. this week ' s video is more than 45 minutes long. this legacy for atchley began during a college project, when he had to read early editions of the citrograph, a newspaper in town a century ago. he indexed and organized the articles. after the project, he kept going, folding the redlands daily facts into his research and ending up with a full and illustrated documentation of redlands and surrounding areas. we filmed on one of the stone bridges at sylvan park that goes over the zanja, which proper redlanders pronounce \" sanky. \" atchley has written a book on that irrigation ditch. he said people are right when they say it was built by an indian tribe, but the rumor that they used shoulder blades from oxen for lack of tools is false. they used shovels, purchased right here in the inland empire. he told us sylvan park was originally the lugonia heights dump. those rolling hills? trash with lawn on top. in order to turn it into a park, the redlands high school classes of 1910 - 15 were commissioned with planting trees, one per graduate, as a senior project. each graduating class had about 20 students. the south side of sylvan was designed as a campground for transients heading to the mountains. atchley said the whole town was called lugonia for a time, named after the lugo family, who were among the founders of this community. he talked about sarah morey, for whom the morey house was built, and her role in bringing the orange industry to redlands. the redlands district had 26 packinghouses. we were the naval orange capital of the world. because of a national tariff passed by then - sen. william mckinley, the price of oranges was high and redlanders became wealthy. when then - president mckinley visited redlands in 1901, the streets were covered in rose petals. in the five years it took for the orange trees to grow a harvestable crop, redlands exported celery. the 1913 freeze here, atchley said, was worse than the great depression. we not only lost the orange crops, but snow birds opted not to winter here. atchley said there used to be three train", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39626017039388417, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.144458"} {"text": "is the practice of - acquiring goods and services in a restrained manner, and - resourcefully using already owned economic goods and services, to - achieve a longer term goal. strategies for frugality of frugality include the reduction of waste, curbing costly habits, suppressing instant gratification by means of fiscal self - restraint, seeking efficiency, avoiding traps, defying expensive social norms, embracing free ( as in gratis ) options, using barter, and staying well - informed about local circumstances and both market and product / service realities. frugality in the context of certain belief systems, is a philosophy in which one does not trust, or is deeply wary of \" expert \" knowledge, often from commercial markets or corporate cultures, claiming to know what is in the best economic, material, or spiritual interests of the individual. different spiritual communities consider frugality to be a virtue or a spiritual discipline. the religious society of friends and the puritans are examples of such groups. the basic philosophy behind this is the idea that people ought to save money in order to allocate it to more charitable purposes, such as helping others in need. there are also environmentalists who consider frugality to be a virtue through which humans can make use of their ancestral skills as hunter - gatherers, carrying little and needing little, and finding meaning in nature instead of man - made conventions or religion. henry david thoreau expressed a similar philosophy in walden, with his zest for self - reliance and minimal possessions while simply living in the woods.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5187457914152078, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.147218"} {"text": "australian heatwave sign of climate change sydney ( reuters ) - a heatwave scorching southern australia, causing transport chaos by buckling rail lines and leaving more than 140, 000 homes without power, is a sign of climate change, the government said on thursday. the bureau of meteorology is forecasting a total of six days of 40 - plus celsius ( 104 fahrenheit ) temperatures for southern australia, which would equal the worst heatwave in 100 years. climate change minister penny wong said the heatwave, which started on wednesday, was the sort of weather scientists had been warning about. \" eleven of the hottest years in history have been in the last 12, and we also note, particularly in the southern part of australia, we ' re seeing less rainfall, \" wong told reporters. \" all of this is consistent with climate change, and all of this is consistent with what scientists told us would happen. \" the maximum temperature in southern australia on thursday was 46 degrees celsius ( 114. 8 fahrenheit ) in four towns. while uncomfortable for residents in towns and some of australia ' s biggest cities, the heatwave was seen as having little effect on australia ' s commodities - driven economy, with the worst of the weather away from the nation ' s grain belt. health officials in south australia and victoria states have advised people to stay indoors, use air conditioners and keep up fluid intake. more than 140, 000 homes were without power in southern australia as the heat took its toll on the power grid. national power regulator nemco told electricity companies to start load - shedding, temporarily taking customers off power to lighten the load. in melbourne, which recorded its hottest day in 70 years at 44 degrees celsius ( 111 fahrenheit ) on thursday, rail lines buckled and trains were canceled, stranding thousands of hot and angry commuters. free bottled water was handed out to train travelers in adelaide to help them cope with the delays and heat. the heatwave forced the australian open tennis tournament in melbourne to suspend outside matches, with officials closing the retractable roof over the main stadium for the past two days. australia is one of the most vulnerable nations to climate change due to its hot, dry climate and is already gripped by drought. fire bans have been declared in southern australia to prevent major bushfires but small fires are already burning. the extreme temperatures were threatening melbourne ' s parks and gardens, said mayor robert doyle, who announced an increase in water supplies to counter a 40 percent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4547091139344457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.150275"} {"text": "corrected - warming temperatures could multiply katrina - like hurricanes - study ( corrects that ipcc assesses but does not run computer simulations, and expands range of warming, paragraph 5 ) * extreme storms most sensitive to rising temperatures * number of strong hurricanes could increase seven - fold by environment correspondent deborah zabarenko washington, march 18 ( reuters ) - the number of atlantic storms with magnitude similar to killer hurricane katrina, which devastated the u. s. gulf coast in 2005, could rise sharply this century, environmental researchers reported on monday. scientists have long studied the relationship between warmer sea surface temperatures and cyclonic, slowly spinning storms in the atlantic ocean, but the new study attempts to project how many of the most damaging hurricanes could result from warming air temperatures as well. the extreme storms are highly sensitive to temperature changes, and the number of katrina - magnitude events could double due to the increase in global temperatures that occurred in the 20th century, the researchers reported in the journal proceedings of the national academy of sciences. if temperatures continue to warm in the 21st century, as many climate scientists project, the number of katrina - strength hurricanes could at least double, and possibly rise much more, with every 1. 8 degree f ( 1 degree c ) rise in global temperatures, the researchers said. computer projections assessed by the u. n. intergovernmental panel on climate change suggest that global temperatures could rise by between 1. 8 degrees and 10. 8 degrees f ( 1 degree and 6 degrees c ) by century ' s end. to figure out how many of the most extreme hurricanes these higher temperatures might spawn, aslak grinsted of the centre for ice and climate at the university of copenhagen and his co - authors looked at storm surges, which are often the most damaging aspect of these monster storms. a storm surge is the abnormal rise in water, over and above normal high tide, pushed toward shore by the winds whipping around a big cyclonic storm. much of the damage from hurricane katrina, an estimated $ 108 billion, was caused by high storm surges across a wide area of the gulf of mexico coast, according to the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ). superstorm sandy, which plowed into the northeastern u. s. coast with hurricane - strength winds last year, cost an estimated $ 75 billion, noaa said. the researchers looked at storm surges going back to 1923, and related those to how warm air temperatures were when the surges occurred. then, using computer models, they projected how storm surges might", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46607018383188703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.153501"} {"text": "an estimated $ 75 billion, noaa said. the researchers looked at storm surges going back to 1923, and related those to how warm air temperatures were when the surges occurred. then, using computer models, they projected how storm surges might be influenced by future warming. storm surges can be a more accurate gauge of a hurricane ' s severity than wind speed, like those on the saffir - simpson hurricane wind scale, grinsted said by phone from denmark. \" when people talk about ( hurricane ) intensity normally, then they mean wind speed, \" he said. \" but that is not what is causing the most damage only. sometimes it ' s about how fast it is traveling. \" he said that was the case with sandy, which traveled so slowly and stretched over such a wide area that its impact was intense, even though wind speeds abated somewhat by landfall. previous research on the link between climate change and hurricanes has suggested that there may be fewer hurricanes overall but more stronger ones as global temperatures rise. this study indicates there will be an increase of hurricanes of all magnitudes, but the increase will be greatest for the most extreme events. ( reporting by deborah zabarenko ; editing by ros krasny, jackie frank and eric beech ) - tweet this - share this - digg this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43705294577420317, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.154054"} {"text": "pediatric aids : introduction pediatric aids : pediatric aids is an immune system disease in infants or children caused by the hiv virus. aids is a term used when a person infected with hiv has a cd4 + t cell count below 200 or 14 % of lymphocytes. aids is an advanced form of hiv. to be classified as aids the person must also have an aids - related condition such as opportunistic infections. symptoms in children are similar to those of an adult but their susceptibility to various aids - related conditions varies e. g. children are less susceptible to kaposi sarcoma, taxoplasmosis and cryptococcosis than adults. more detailed information about the symptoms, causes, and treatments of pediatric aids is available below. symptoms of pediatric aids see full list of 69 symptoms of pediatric aids treatments for pediatric aids - there is no cure but treatment is aimed at slowing the progression of the disease and managing any opportunistic infections or other aids - related conditions as they arise. the mainstay of treatment is antiretroviral medications - the aims of hiv treatment in children are similar to those in adults and include : - restoration and preservation of immune function - improvement in quality and length of life - resolution of symptoms of hiv including diarrhoea, lethargy and weight loss - more treatments... \u00bb read more about treatments for pediatric aids home diagnostic testing home medical testing related to pediatric aids : - child behavior : home testing - child general health : home testing wrongly diagnosed with pediatric aids? pediatric aids : complications review possible medical complications related to pediatric aids : causes of pediatric aids read more about causes of pediatric aids. pediatric aids : undiagnosed conditions commonly undiagnosed diseases in related medical categories : - sexual disorders & stds - - serious diseases often undiagnosed : - child health disorders - - serious medical disorders that may be undiagnosed : - more undiagnosed conditions... \u00bb misdiagnosis and pediatric aids mild worm infections undiagnosed in children : human worm infestations, esp. threadworm, can be overlooked in some cases, because it may cause only mild or even absent symptoms. although the most common symptoms are... read more \u00bb mesenteric adenitis misdiagnosed as appendicitis in children : because appendicitis is one of the more feared conditions for a child with abdominal pain, it can be... read more \u00bb blood pressure cuffs misdiagno", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46610702984710917, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.157616"} {"text": "##teric adenitis misdiagnosed as appendicitis in children : because appendicitis is one of the more feared conditions for a child with abdominal pain, it can be... read more \u00bb blood pressure cuffs misdiagnose hypertension in children : one known misdiagnosis issue with hyperension, arises in relation to the simple equipment used to test blood pressure. the \" cuff \" around the arm to measure... read more \u00bb children with migraine often misdiagnosed : a migraine often fails to be correctly diagnosed in pediatric patients. these patients are not the typical migraine sufferers, but migraines can also occur in... read more \u00bb read more about misdiagnosis and pediatric aids pediatric aids : research doctors & specialists research related physicians and medical specialists : other doctor, physician and specialist research services : hospitals & clinics : pediatric aids research quality ratings and patient safety measures for medical facilities in specialties related to pediatric aids : hospital & clinic quality ratings \u00bb choosing the best hospital : more general information, not necessarily in relation to pediatric aids, on hospital performance and surgical care quality : evidence based medicine research for pediatric aids medical research articles related to pediatric aids include : click here to find more evidence - based articles on the trip database prognosis for pediatric aids prognosis for pediatric aids : death usually occurs between 6 and 19 months after diagnosis of aids if not treatment is utilized. strict adherence to treatment plans ( usually antiretroviral medications ) can significantly improve long - term outcomes. a number of people will develop a resistance to treatment therapies if they have been on them for more than two decades. more about prognosis of pediatric aids research about pediatric aids visit our research pages for current research about pediatric aids treatments. pediatric aids : broader related topics types of pediatric aids user interactive forums read about other experiences, ask a question about pediatric aids, or answer someone else ' s question, on our message boards : contents for pediatric aids : \u00bb next page : what is pediatric aids? medical tools & articles : tools & services : forums & message boards - ask or answer a question at the boards :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4550247130348316, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.158442"} {"text": "cicada wing surface biomimicry could lead to anti - bacterial surfaces while many research groups throughout the world seek for better ways to fight bacteria, an international research group of researchers australia \u2019 s swinburne university of technology and spain \u2019 s universitat rovira i virgili investigated cicada insect and came up with a discovery that may lead to a surface able to destroy bacteria solely through its physical structure. the clanger cicada ( psaltoda claripennis ) is a locust - like insect whose wings are covered by a vast hexagonal array of nanopillars which aid in insect \u2019 s fight against bacteria \u2013 one of the first natural surfaces found to do so. although it seems as the texture layout could be puncturing bacteria, this bed of nails made of nanopillars actually does not puncture the bacterial cells on first contact. when a bacterium settles on the wing surface, its cellular membrane gets \u201c grabbed \u201d by these nanopilars, thus sticking to the surface. after sticking to the surface of nanopillars, the surface of bacterium stretches into the gaps between them. as you can see in the video bellow, bacteria membrane ruptures if its surface is soft and thin enough. \u201c the rupturing effect is more like the stretching of an elastic sheet of some kind, such as a latex glove. if you take hold of a piece of latex in both hands and slowly stretch it, it will become thinner at the center, [ and ] will begin to tear \u201d, said elena ivanova, professor of bionanotechnology at the swinburne university of technology and lead author of the study. ivanova and her team irradiated bacteria with microwaves to generate cells that had different levels of membrane rigidity in order to test their hypothesis that the more rigid bacteria would be less likely to rupture between the nanopillars. the results confirmed the model and demonstrated that the cicada \u2019 s nanopillar defense couldn \u2019 t be used for general fight against bacteria, but rather a fight against bacteria with sufficiently soft membranes. swinburne university of technology researchers claim that they need to study cicada \u2019 s wing before its physical - defense properties can be mimicked in man - made materials. these materials could be used on public surfaces that commonly harbor disease, such as bus railings, thus significantly cutting costs for maintenance and environmental impact of detergents uses during their cleaning. once further researched and perfect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4954736031995418, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.161038"} {"text": "there \u2019 s a point on the inca trail when you suddenly forget the accumulated aches and pains of four days \u2019 hard slog across the andes. you \u2019 re standing at inti punku, the sun gate, the first golden rays of dawn slowly bringing the jungle to life. down below, revealing itself in tantalizing glimpses as the early - morning mist burns gradually away, are the distinctive ruins of machu picchu, looking every bit the lost inca citadel it was until a century ago. the hordes of visitors that will arrive by mid - morning are still tucked up in bed ; for the next couple of hours or so, it \u2019 s just you, your group and a small herd of llamas, grazing indifferently on the terraced slopes. that first unforgettable sunrise view from inti punku is just the start : thanks to its remote location \u2013 hugging the peaks at 2500m and hidden in the mountains some 120km from cusco \u2013 machu picchu escaped the ravages of the spanish conquistadores and remained semi - buried in the peruvian jungle until hiram bingham, an american explorer, \u201c rediscovered \u201d them in 1911. which means that, descending onto the terraces and working your way through the stonework labyrinth, you \u2019 ll discover some of the best - preserved inca remains in the world. sites such as the temple of the sun and the intihuatana appear exactly as they did some six hundred years ago. the insight they give us into the cultures and customs of the inca is still as rewarding \u2013 the former \u2019 s window frames the constellation of pleiades, an important symbol of crop fertility \u2013 and their structural design, pieced together like an ancient architectural jigsaw, is just as incredible.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.36949920800540154, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.165197"} {"text": "on oct. 2, in a nod to railroad history, union pacific said that the new railroad bridge would retain the name of the railroad legend. spanning the des moines river, the new bridge - - 2, 813 feet long and 190 feet high - - was designed for two trains to cross simultaneously at 70 mph. the new bridge runs parallel to the 1901 kate shelley high bridge, where trains were limited to 25 mph. for one of the world ' s busiest rail corridors with 60 to 70 trains passing daily, the new bridge is a much - needed improvement. \" there ' s lots of history there, \" union pacific chairman and ceo jim young said at the commemoration. \" that ' s one of the great things about our business. when you ' ve been in business almost 150 years, there are some great stories, and i think the story with kate shelley is one of the best i ' ve heard in our business here. \" in july 1881, 15 - year - old kate shelley was at her home near the moingona railroad station when she heard a horrible noise over the din of a violent storm. a bridge across honey creek had washed out, and a train traveling westbound on the tracks had plunged into the creek. grabbing a lantern, she ran to the scene, finding the wreckage. kate knew an eastbound chicago & north western railway train was headed toward the washed - out bridge around midnight. the storm had extinguished her lantern. guided only by the light of sporadic lightning, she took off. crossing a rickety wooden bridge over the des moines river, kate crawled on her hands and knees. across the bridge she ran another half - mile to the station to inform the station agent. the train stopped before reaching the washed - out bridge, and kate was credited with saving hundreds of passengers. when a new steel bridge was constructed across the des moines river in 1901, it was named in her honor. more than a century later, the bridge was in dire need of replacement. in 2006, union pacific announced plans for a new bridge. \" when we sat down to design this bridge, we knew that we had to make it something truly magnificent in terms of what it was replacing, \" young said. the bridge cost union pacific more than $ 50 million to construct and took more than three years to complete. john jerome, union pacific special projects manager, said the project has been difficult but rewarding. \" it ' s been a long road, \" jerome said. \" mother nature had a lot of doozies in store for us while we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38798154942458135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.168989"} {"text": "gazebos are an outdoor pavilion or tent like structure which are usually round, square or octagonal in shape. a gazebo is a familiar sight, found just about anywhere, in parks, gardens, back yards, on a lake or seashore, outdoor restaurants, etc. gazebos are usually roofed but open on the sides, sometimes with railings or balustrades and sometimes screened in. the gazebo floor might be grass, stone, concrete, brick or raised wood deck. the gazebo ' s base or deck and the optional railing usually follow along the bottom outline of the gazebo roof ( round - square - octagonal - etc ). a gazebo is oftentimes free standing in an open area or can be attached to another building or connected by decorative wall or path. gazebos are popular spots, especially in warm weather, to rest, entertain, eat, relax and socialize. a gazebo provides shelter, shade and often seating and tables. gazebos are unusually appealing structures and provide a most attractive and ornamental feature to a property ' s architecture and landscaping. the most common gazebo is built out of wood with ordinary roofing shingles used on the roof. a simple metal or copper roof cap with finial might be found on top. a gazebo upgrade might involve a small cupola perched on top of the gazebo roof, once again with a roof finial crowning the very top. the ultimate gazebo roof is a copper roof made from copper tile or copper panels. a copper gazebo roof may be conical in shape, bell shaped, octagonal, pentagonal, pyramidal, domed or any number of different shapes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49588286709149365, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.170880"} {"text": "- what is barrett ' s esophagus? - why is there so much interest in barrett ' s esophagus? - what causes barrett ' s esophagus? - who develops barrett ' s esophagus? - what is the specific abnormality in the inner lining ( epithelium ) of barrett ' s esophagus? - what about the cancer that occurs in barrett ' s esophagus? - what is dysplasia in barrett ' s esophagus? - what is the risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the esophagus in barrett ' s? - what are the symptoms of barrett ' s esophagus? - how is gerd with or without barrett ' s esophagus treated? - why is it important to screen patients with gerd to diagnose barrett ' s esophagus? - why is it critical to be accurate in the diagnosis of barrett ' s esophagus? - what does endoscopic biopsy surveillance in barrett ' s esophagus involve? - how is high grade dysplasia managed? - how is low grade dysplasia managed? - what are the experimental approaches for treatment of high grade dysplasia? - what experimental options are there for barrett ' s esophagus without dysplasia? - what does the future hold for barrett ' s esophagus? - barrett ' s esophagus at a glance - patient comments : barrett ' s esophagus - experience - patient comments : barrett ' s esophagus - symptoms and signs - find a local gastroenterologist in your town what is barrett ' s esophagus? barrett ' s esophagus is a complication of chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease ( gerd ), primarily in white men. gerd is a disease in which there is reflux of acidic fluid from the stomach into the esophagus ( the swallowing tube ). it most commonly causes heartburn. there are two requirements for the diagnosis of barrett ' s esophagus. the requirements necessitate an endoscopy of the esophagus. during endoscopy, a long flexible tube with a light and camera at its tip ( an endoscope ) is inserted through the mouth and into the esophagus to view and biopsy ( sample tissue from ) the lining of the esophagus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4759782932121227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.175091"} {"text": "did you know you can get funding for existing energy saving measures and new energy saving improvements? we can advise you on what you ' re entitled to. energy saving tips join our newsletter to receive news and special offers direct to your inbox. solar is a clean was of producing both electric ( pv ) or hot water ( thermal ). photovoltaic solar electricity systems capture the sun ' s energy using photovoltaic ( pv ) cells. the cells convert the sunlight into electricity, which can be used to run household appliances and lighting. pv cells don ' t need direct sunlight to work - you can still generate some electricity on a cloudy day. feed in tariff - the tariffs and how they work you want to reduce your carbon footprint and your energy bills, become more self - sufficient in energy, and earn some extra income. the feed - in tariffs are a new government - backed measure to make it worth your while to produce renewable electricity. there are three separate ways that the tariffs help you make money from generating your own energy : the generation tariff : you earn a fixed income for every kilowatt hour of electricity you generate and use in your property. the export tariff : you earn an additional fixed income for every kilowatt hour of electricity you generate and sell back to the grid. the bit you still buy from your electricity supplier : when you can ' t generate enough electricity for your needs ( if the wind don ' t blow and the sun don ' t shine ) you still buy electricity from your utility company at the normal rates but it ' ll be much less electricity than you currently buy. the average benefit for a standard 3 or 4 bedroom house would be just less than \u00a31000 per year - based on 4, 500kwh usage and the installation of 2. 5kw solar pv panels. electricity generated would return approx \u00a3800. 00 per year, and the saving on the electricity bill would reduce the average bill from \u00a3500. 00 per year down to \u00a3300. 00 per year, thus an electricity saving of approx \u00a3200. 00", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4889350680781189, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.180448"} {"text": "aug. 7, 2001 scientists from the university of newcastle upon tyne are making the most accurate measurements ever of the rapidly receding british coastline, using satellites, a microlight aircraft and advanced computer technology. a team of researchers from the university ' s department of geomatics are conducting a uk pilot project on the north yorkshire coastline at filey bay, which is estimated to be eroding by 25cm each year. coastal erosion is a huge problem nationally and internationally. in britain coastal protection work costs central government and local authorities millions of pounds each year - and the cost is rising. with the current measuring methods, experts are generally only able to provide annual estimates as to how much the coast is eroding. but researchers dr jon mills and simon buckley, a phd student, are using new technology to create a highly accurate 3d computer model which will illustrate the pattern of erosion and detail when it is most likely to occur and by how much. their methods have the potential to be applied to the rest of the british coastline. three types of readings are taken to obtain data to feed into the 3d model. small changes to the coastline are recorded each month by satellite technology provided by the european space agency, whereas more detailed results are gained ' in the field ' by global positioning system ( gps ) equipment and by taking digital aerial photographs from a microlight aircraft. the researchers are taking the readings over two years and will visit the 8 - mile stretch of coast at filey three times. the project, carried out in collaboration with scarborough borough council, started after simon, who hails from burniston, near scarborough, spent a university summer vacation working for the council department in charge of coastal management. scarborough borough council manages approximately 50 - miles of north yorkshire coastline, which includes the area where cliff instability caused the holbeck hall hotel to slip into the sea in june 1993. more accurate figures on erosion could help local authorities decide when and where limited and costly resources for coastal management should be directed. dr jon mills, a lecturer in the department of geomatics, said : \" coastal change is a huge problem nationally - places like beachy head, in east sussex, and holderness, east yorkshire, are suffering similar problems to those found in filey. \" in some cases the coastal stretches governed by a single authority will be large and monitoring methods relatively crude, making the provision of an up to date database of coastal change time consuming and inefficient. \" in scarborough borough this is not the case as the council has spent a great deal of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4873599048678374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.189241"} {"text": "single authority will be large and monitoring methods relatively crude, making the provision of an up to date database of coastal change time consuming and inefficient. \" in scarborough borough this is not the case as the council has spent a great deal of time and money in obtaining the very best data on which to base future coastal defence management. howver, filey is an ideal research site to test this new high - tech approach which could prove valuable for all authorities in the future. \" by integrating a number of geomatics techniques, we aim to provide a more accurate and effective solution to the monitoring of coastal areas. we chose filey bay as a test site for this work due to the wide variety of coastal processes occurring. \" erosion at filey bay is due to both the sea and the rain making a \" two - pronged attack \" on the cliffs, which are made of boulder clay, a mixture of sand, stones, and soil which becomes soft when wet. the cliffs sometimes break off in chunks, or landslides can cause the clay to slump onto the beaches. simon said : \" it is unlikely that a coastline erodes at a uniform amount each year, or each month. it is more likely that much of the erosion occurs during the winter, when the sea pounds against the base of the cliffs, and when there is more rain, which causes the cliffs to soften. \" \" until recently there has beenlimited means of measuring the exact pattern of erosion, but our methods should be able to establish more accurately the trends at certain locations. \" a spokesman for scarborough borough council said : \" we are very pleased to collaborate with newcastle university in this research. scarborough borough council is at the forefront of coast protection work and our involvement in projects like this demonstrates the partnership approach necessary to deliver sustainable coastal management. \" the engineering and physical sciences research council ( epsrc ) has provided funding for the project. a full set of results should be available in late 2003. for more detailed information about the research, see : http : / / geomatics. ncl. ac. uk / research / projects / filey / filey. htm other social bookmarking and sharing tools : the above story is reprinted from materials provided by university of newcastle upon tyne. note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49660126857805426, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.190195"} {"text": "may 5, 2003 new orleans - - dr. william gallaher, professor of microbiology, immunology, and parasitology at louisiana state university ( lsu ) health sciences center in new orleans, with collaboration from dr. robert garry, professor of microbiology and immunology at tulane university health sciences center, has developed a model of a critical surface protein of the virus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome ( sars ) that could pave the way for new effective antiviral drugs to treat it. dr. gallaher, who previously discovered how both the ebola ( 1996 ) and human immunodeficiency viruses ( 1988 ) invade cells, and dr. garry have arranged for the model to be posted on the website, all of virology on the www, www. virology. net so that scientists around the world working on sars will have immediate and full access to it. as a result of worldwide collaboration among hospitals, laboratories, universities and public health officials, the causative agent of sars has been recently identified as a new strain of human virus in the family of coronaviruses. the protein on the surface of the virus, called the spike glycoprotein, has been identified as the protein responsible for entry of the virus into susceptible cells. certain regions of this protein have previously been identified as particularly critical to the process of fusion that melds the viral membrane to the cell membrane. prior to the sars outbreak, drs. gallaher and garry began a research project to integrate what was known of the coronavirus spike protein into a model of its overall structure. when the genetic sequence of the sars coronavirus was announced, they were uniquely positioned to analyze that sequence and develop a model that covers the last 314 amino acids of the spike glycoprotein just before the protein is anchored into the viral envelope. this portion has a high propensity to form a pair of helical fibers that comprise the stalk of the lollipop - like structure of the viral surface spikes. \" despite a great deal of diversity in their molecular structure, the fusion glycoproteins of the viruses causing sars, hiv and ebola are all kissing cousins from the point of view of overall structure and function, \" said dr. gallaher, \" so we know quite a bit about the sars coronavirus. we are designing drugs, such as peptide analogues or peptidomimetics of this structure, that are predicted to have significant antivira", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5292983741307925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.193334"} {"text": "\" said dr. gallaher, \" so we know quite a bit about the sars coronavirus. we are designing drugs, such as peptide analogues or peptidomimetics of this structure, that are predicted to have significant antiviral activity. \" ( peptidomimetics are small molecules that mimic the key features, but are more stable, more easily formulated as well as cheaper and easier to produce than peptides. ) \" our studies over the past twenty years have put us in the position to design predicted inhibitors of the sars coronavirus in a short time frame, \" said dr. garry. the research team is currently investigating and testing such peptides as antiviral fusion inhibitors against coronaviruses in a manner that does not pose a biohazard to human beings. they are also investigating and testing current reagents such as human monoclonal antibodies as well as already licensed antiviral drugs that may have efficacy against sars. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : the above story is reprinted from materials provided by louisiana state university health science center. note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4969289428281965, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.193961"} {"text": "jan. 22, 2005 taking stock of the stuff between the stars - the all - important dust and gases that are the building blocks of new stars - has never been easy. the interstellar medium, as scientists know it, is a murky, nebulous place that defies easy measurement. yet probing the space between the stars and the star - building materials that reside there is increasingly important as astrophysicists seek to add precious detail to their pictures of how stars are born, live and die. now, with help from a novel new device, a team of astrophysicists has successfully developed a method for sampling the interstellar medium, specifically to take the temperature of and explore the pockets of ionized oxygen interspersed between the stars of the milky way. \" this is a first for studies of our galaxy, \" says ron reynolds, a professor of astronomy and an authority on the chemical soup of elements that permeates the space between the stars. with colleagues john harlander of st. cloud state university and edwin mierkiewicz, uw physics professor fred roesler constructed and deployed a new type of instrument capable of sampling wide swaths of the sky and exploring the vast clouds of ionized oxygen that well up from the plane of the galaxy. the new device was built with support from the national science foundation ( nsf ). data from the first observations using the new spectrometer, which is attached to a small telescope at uw - madison ' s pine bluff observatory, were presented by merikiewicz here today ( jan. 13, 2005 ) at a meeting of the american astronomical society ( aas ). the new observations, taken by mierkiewicz during the past year, reveal enormous chimneys of ionized gas that rise from the galactic plane into the far corners of the milky way. \" the galaxy seems to be full of channels or chimneys of ionized hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen gas, \" says reynolds. \" the source is down in the muck where stars are born, but these channels seem to extend into the nooks and crannies of the galaxy. \" that discovery, according to mierkiewicz and roesler, is intriguing because it provides insight not only to the patchwork of elements that make up the interstellar medium, but also to a class of rare stars that seems to be primarily responsible for the heating and churning that creates the chimneys of gas. the stellar culprits, known as \" o stars, \" are the most massive and luminous of stars, shining as much as a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5507055091916601, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.199628"} {"text": "class of rare stars that seems to be primarily responsible for the heating and churning that creates the chimneys of gas. the stellar culprits, known as \" o stars, \" are the most massive and luminous of stars, shining as much as a million times brighter than the sun. \" o stars are the only known stars that can create that much ionization, \" says reynolds. \" these are very rare stars - one in 10 million stars is an o star - but we see that they have a large influence on the interstellar medium. at this point, if there were other objects creating that much ionization, we ' d know about them. \" the picture that is emerging, according to roesler, is that the o stars, which tend to occur in clusters near stellar nurseries, act as galactic blenders of sorts : \" they are responsible for the ionization - the stripping of electrons from atoms - and the stirring up of the oxygen. \" the spatial heterodyne spectrometer, the new spectrometer developed by the wisconsin team, looks at ultraviolet light, which is invisible to the unaided eye, but is laden with information for astrophysicists. the new technique, says mierkiewicz, is especially useful as a temperature probe, and gives scientists a new way to take the temperature of the invisible clouds of gas that permeate space. teasing out the details of the interstellar medium is important, the scientists say, because each new finding helps fill in the picture of the life cycle of stars and, ultimately, of galaxies like the milky way. in addition to mierkiewicz, roesler, harlander and reynolds, k. p. jaehnig of uw - madison contributed to the work presented at the aas meeting. the new wisconsin spectrometer was developed with support from nsf ' s advanced technology instrumentation program. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5564113083932904, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.200378"} {"text": "apr. 17, 2007 an intriguing study, conducted in mice and supported by an ongoing examination of breast cancer patient records, suggests a link between the pulmonary inflammation seen in asthma and increased risk of lung metastasis. the study, conducted by researchers at mayo clinic arizona, suggests that breast cancer patients who have asthma could reduce their risk of cancer spread by using readily available inhaler medications. \" a link between pulmonary inflammation and lung metastasis would not only have significant effects on patient diagnosis and care, but will also immediately affect the way breast cancer patient are treated, \" said anna taranova, m. d., a senior research fellow in the laboratory of james lee, ph. d. at mayo. \" those with asthma might be able to reduce their risk of lung metastasis, and increase their survival, with aggressive corticosteroid treatment. \" furthermore, the findings could prove to be relevant to asthma patients diagnosed with other cancers that metastasize to the lungs, according to dr. taranova. \" we suspect that the relationship between lung inflammation and metastasis will not be limited to breast cancer patients, \" dr. taranova said. the researchers say these results, along with findings from their other recent research, offer a biological link : activation of cells that line blood vessels is required both for the movement of pro - inflammatory white blood cells into lung tissue ( as occurs in asthma ) and for the movement of circulating cancer cells from the blood into lung tissue. in this study, mice were exposed to an aerosolized allergen commonly used in mouse asthma studies and then were injected with melanoma cells. three other groups of mice were also studied : control mice ; mice that received the human corticosteroid allergy and asthma therapeutic agent budesonide after exposure to the allergen ; and mice treated with an antibody to eliminate cd4 + t cells before exposure to allergen. ( cd4 + t cells orchestrate immune responses to allergens and are largely responsible for the lung inflammation that occurs in asthma. ) metastasis was continually assessed in all groups. the researchers found that allergen - induced pulmonary inflammation was associated with an almost 400 percent increase in lung metastasis in the mice. but in mice treated with either an antibody to deplete cd4 + t - cells or budesonide to reduce their allergic lung inflammation, the rate of metastasis fell to that seen in mice that were not exposed to allergen. \" the treatments wiped out the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4790891369967668, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.203892"} {"text": "an antibody to deplete cd4 + t - cells or budesonide to reduce their allergic lung inflammation, the rate of metastasis fell to that seen in mice that were not exposed to allergen. \" the treatments wiped out the increases in the rate of metastasis induced by allergic inflammation, reducing the observed rates of metastasis to those found in mice that never experienced the allergen, \" dr. taranova said. the researchers are now working with epidemiologists at mayo clinic rochester to determine if breast cancer patients with lung metastasis had higher than normal rates of asthma. to date, they have found \" productive and provocative results, \" dr. taranova says : over 20 percent of women with breast cancer who developed lung metastasis also appear to have had a previous diagnosis of asthma. the typical frequency of asthma occurrence in u. s. women is, at most, eight percent, she said. \" our long term goal is to continue this detailed retrospective study of breast cancer patients, eventually translating these studies into a multi - center prospective examination of cancer patients, \" dr. taranova said. \" we want to define the specific parameters that link lung metastasis and pulmonary disease. \" the researchers say that many questions need to be answered, including whether asthmatics who regularly use anti - inflammatory corticosteroids experience a side benefit of reduced risk for lung metastasis, and whether people who have allergies, but not asthma, are at the same risk. dr. taranova believes these findings are surprising, as the researchers originally suspected that patients with asthma would have limited lung metastasis. \" however, as in most things in science, we have learned much more from studies disproving our flawed hypotheses than from studies confirming our preconceived ideas, \" she said. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4518174545019803, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.204666"} {"text": "dec. 31, 2009 the presence of the streptococcus pneumoniae in samples that can be easily obtained in clinics and emergency rooms may predict risk of severe disease in h1n1 pandemic influenza. reports that h1n1 pandemic influenza in argentina was associated with higher morbidity and mortality than in other countries led investigators in the center for infection and immunity ( cii ) at the mailman school of public health of columbia university, their colleagues at argentina ' s national institute of infectious diseases ( inei ), and roche 454 life sciences to look for viral mutations indicative of increased virulence and for co - infections that could contribute to disease. complete genome sequencing of nasopharyngeal samples representing severe or mild disease revealed no evidence of evolution toward a more virulent phenotype or development of antiviral resistance. however, masstag pcr, a method for sensitive, simultaneous surveillance and differential diagnosis of infectious diseases, found a strong correlation between the presence of streptococcus pneumoniae and increased risk for severe disease. the findings, which suggest a new strategy for identifying and treating these patients, are currently online in the publication plos one. the scientists examined nasopharyngeal samples representing 199 cases of h1n1 pandemic ( h1n1pdm ) influenza virus infections from argentina. the sample set included 39 cases classified as severe and 160 cases categorized as mild. \" we used a combination of 454 pyrosequencing and classical sanger sequencing methods to test for viral evolution toward increased virulence. comparison of viral sequences from argentina with those obtained from other parts of the world provided no clues to the increase in severity of disease, \" said gustavo palacios, phd, assistant professor of epidemiology at cii, and a lead and corresponding author. \" however, masstag pcr allowed us to find a new risk factor, independent of obesity, asthma, diabetes or chronic illness. s. pneumoniae was present in the majority of severe cases. \" specimens were tested for the presence of 33 viral and bacterial respiratory pathogens. \" the presence of streptococcus pneumoniae in individuals between the age of 6 and 55, those most affected by the current pandemic, was associated with a 125 - fold increased risk of severe disease, \" said mady hornig, md, associate professor of epidemiology and a co - first author of the paper. \" whereas the association of s.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5031928204967615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.208158"} {"text": "pandemic, was associated with a 125 - fold increased risk of severe disease, \" said mady hornig, md, associate professor of epidemiology and a co - first author of the paper. \" whereas the association of s. pneumoniae with morbidity and mortality had been established in current and previous influenza pandemics, this study is the first to demonstrate that the diagnosis of s. pneumoniae, when it is still actionable, might have an impact on clinical management. \" \" three practical implications emerge from our study, \" said cii director w. ian lipkin, md, john snow professor of epidemiology, and professor of neurology and pathology at columbia university. \" first, s. pneumoniae is important in the pathogenesis and prognosis of h1n1pdm - associated disease. whether this effect is associated with all s. pneumoniae or only with specific serotypes remains to be determined. second, easily accessible samples such as nasopharyngeal swab samples may be used as an index to risk of severe disease. third, multiplex diagnostic methods like masstag pcr can enable rapid detection of a broad spectrum of viral and bacterial agents and inform clinical care. \" other social bookmarking and sharing tools : the above story is reprinted from materials provided by columbia university ' s mailman school of public health, via eurekalert!, a service of aaas. - palacios et al. streptococcus pneumoniae coinfection is correlated with the severity of h1n1 pandemic influenza. plos one, 2009 ; 4 ( 12 ) : e8540 doi : 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0008540 note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4821294674281332, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.208847"} {"text": "may 25, 2010 a new study shows that saving rainforests and protecting land in national parks and reserves reduced poverty in two developing countries, according to research by a georgia state university professor. paul j. ferraro, associate professor of economics in gsu ' s andrew young school of policy studies, with four co - authors, looked at the long term impacts of the poor living near parks and reserves established in 1985 or earlier in costa rica and thailand. the logic goes against the conventional wisdom that says taking away resources, such as farm land and forests, exacerbates poverty. \" the results are surprising, \" ferraro said. \" most people might expect that if you restrict resources, people on average will be worse off. \" the research, entitled \" protected areas reduced poverty in costa rica and thailand, \" was published in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america journal. the authors speculate that the conservation of biodiverse areas may have helped the poor because of tourism and infrastructure, such as new roadways, which may have provided new economic opportunities. while costa rica and thailand are not representative of all developing nations, ferraro said the results are promising. he said the study can be replicated elsewhere in the world to look at the impacts of efforts to protect the environment and reduce poverty, two of the united nations millennium development goals. ferraro ' s co - authors are kwaw andam of the international food policy research institute, katharine r. e. sims of amherst college, margaret b. holland of the university of wisconsin, and andrew healy of loyola marymount university in los angeles. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - k. s. andam, p. j. ferraro, k. r. e. sims, a. healy, m. b. holland. protected areas reduced poverty in costa rica and thailand. proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 2010 ; doi : 10. 1073 / pnas. 0914177107 note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4621960238155163, "token_count": 425, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.210910"} {"text": "nov. 14, 2012 neuroscientists studying the link between poor sleep and schizophrenia have found that irregular sleep patterns and desynchronised brain activity during sleep could trigger some of the disease ' s symptoms. the findings, published in the journal neuron, suggest that these prolonged disturbances might be a cause and not just a consequence of the disorder ' s debilitating effects. the possible link between poor sleep and schizophrenia prompted the research team, led by scientists from the university of bristol, the lilly centre for cognitive neuroscience and funded by the medical research council ( mrc ), to explore the impact of irregular sleep patterns on the brain by recording electrical brain activity in multiple brain regions during sleep. for many people, sleep deprivation can affect mood, concentration and stress levels. in extreme cases, prolonged sleep deprivation can induce hallucinations, memory loss and confusion all of which are also symptoms associated with schizophrenia. dr ullrich bartsch, one of the study ' s researchers, said : \" sleep disturbances are well - documented in the disease, though often regarded as side effects and poorly understood in terms of their potential to actually trigger its symptoms. \" using a rat model of the disease, the team ' s recordings showed desynchronisation of the waves of activity which normally travel from the front to the back of the brain during deep sleep. in particular the information flow between the hippocampus - - involved in memory formation, and the frontal cortex - - involved in decision - making, appeared to be disrupted. the team ' s findings reported distinct irregular sleep patterns very similar to those observed in schizophrenia patients. dr matt jones, the lead researcher from the university ' s school of physiology and pharmacology, added : \" decoupling of brain regions involved in memory formation and decision - making during wakefulness are already implicated in schizophrenia, but decoupling during sleep provides a new mechanistic explanation for the cognitive deficits observed in both the animal model and patients : sleep disturbances might be a cause, not just a consequence of schizophrenia. in fact, abnormal sleep patterns may trigger abnormal brain activity in a range of conditions. \" cognitive deficits - - reduced short term memory and attention span, are typically resistant to medication in patients. the findings from this study provide new angles for neurocognitive therapy in schizophrenia and related psychiatric diseases. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - keith g. phillips, ullrich bartsch, andrew p. mccarthy, dale m. edgar, mark d. tricklebank,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5389092685074492, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.214729"} {"text": "more 60 - second science what does an 800 - pound gorilla eat? if you said : \u201c anything it wants, \u201d you \u2019 re not thinking like a scientist. a scientist would say, \u201c let me analyze the isotopic composition of its excreta and i \u2019 ll get back to you. \u201d because a new study shows that the ratio of carbon isotopes found in mountain gorilla feces reveals how much fruit the apes have consumed. the scoop \u2019 s in the latest issue of the proceedings of the national academy of sciences. [ scott a. blumenthal et al., detecting intraannual dietary variability in wild mountain gorillas by stable isotope analysis of feces ] knowing what animals nosh on in the wild and how that diet fluctuates can offer a key to their health and the overall health of the species. but not all beasties like to dine al fresco, at least not where scientists can watch. so researchers decided to reach for the scat. as a test case they focused on four mountain gorillas in a park in uganda, because they could actually see what these apes ingested. different plants have different ratios of carbon \u2019 s common isotopes. so for 10 months the researchers measured the carbon in the plants that went into the gorillas and then what came back out. and they found that the dung don \u2019 t lie, at least when it comes to what \u2019 s been on koko \u2019 s menu. [ the above text is a transcript of this podcast. ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44023198654233947, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.216401"} {"text": "small groups and seminars example of possible learning activity small class teaching, including seminars and tutorials learning in small groups forms an important part of advanced education and training. it is important that disabled students should be able to participate as fully as others, but these situations can often pose particular problems for them. you will need to consider the environment in which the session takes place, the way in which it is structured and delivered and the content of the session in order to ensure disabled students can fully participate. it can be useful to seek suggestions from disabled students themselves, as they are experts on their own disabilities. approaches to inclusion consider the physical environment and whether it allows the disabled student to participate fully as a member of the group. in any small group situation, make sure that all participants can see each other clearly. a semi - circle is ideal for this. it may be important for hearing impaired students to be able to sit with their backs to the daylight for lip - reading purposes. deaf students will need a clear view if sign language interpreters are used. wheelchairs take up a lot of space, so make sure that there is room and that users can place themselves within the group. consider where the room is situated. are there easily accessible routes to it? students with mobility impairments may take longer to get to it. it is helpful to be away from any noisy environments as this will disadvantage hearing impaired students. ensure that the session is well chaired, that everyone participates and that each person indicates when they are to speak. students with visual and hearing impairments will find this useful and it can help the former if a visible object ( like a relay baton ) is passed from speaker to speaker. tiredness can be an issue for students with dyslexia, me or a sensory disability as their concentration levels may need to be higher. consider breaking sessions up into a number of different activities. if a student is to lead a session, consider asking them to provide their presentation notes in advance and make sure that they are aware of the communication needs of their audience. be aware that using video material can exclude some disabled students. consider providing transcripts and alternative sources of similar information. when using powerpoint or overhead projection presentations, it is important to consider the number of slides used, the amount of information on each one and the pace of delivery. consider providing these in advance. some disabled students have problems with multi - tasking. for example, a hearing impaired student cannot be lip - reading, and reading or writing at the same time. consider the location of disabled students", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.49164473395875447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.219277"} {"text": "lesson plan class n\u00ba 2. 2 periods : simple present ( affirmation and basic questions ).. 2010. level : 7\u00ba : - the student recognizes grammatical structure of simple present. - the student produces sentences in simple present properly. whiteboard \u2013 handout ( simple present ) - student \u2019 s body ( tpr ) - teacher \u2019 s voice \u2013 student \u2019 snotebook 10 min. - greetings - call the row - ask students to go back to their seats - etc - the ( permanent ) teacher talks with the class and explains them why the test isnot going to be today. - the teacher asks the class to organize the sits in a semi - circle. - teacher tells students they are going to play \u201c symon says \u201d. make sure allstudents know how to play it by asking them about the rules of it. the teacher clarifies the vocabulary for the play using mnemonics, and asksthe students to stand up. - then, the students should response the commands ( tpr ). - the ones that do not response or make some mistakes should sit down. the teacher asks students if they know why it is \u201c symon says \u201d and not \u201c symon say \u201d. - then, she gives them a worksheet with a conceptual map which explains therule for 3 singular person in simple present. - the students should read it carefully. - the teacher explains students about the exceptions ( goes, does, has, is, etc ). and ask students to take notes about that in their notebooks. - the teacher explains them about the structure for making questions ( do notuse twice the \u201c s \u201d : ex. does / likes ) and asks them to take notes about that intheir notebooks also. the teacher asks them to interview their partners about likes and dislikes usingthe verbs learnt last week and write down the information in their notebooks. the teacher provides them an example in the whiteboard. - the teacher adds some other verbs also such as have and to be. ( ex. do you have brothers or sisters? ) students should report what they have written down about their partnersusing simple present properly. - the teacher gives them feedback of their work by checking one by one thegrammatical mistakes orally. teacher asks students to say what they learn today. - teacher congratulates students for the disposition in the class and say themgood bye.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5264566806653963, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.221472"} {"text": "if you run for the house of representatives you need x million dollars. you have fundraisers and entertain special interest groups who \" give \" you money. therefore, you will be closely watched to see if you are voting to further the fortunes of those special interests. you vote according to the wishes of those who funded your campaign. you begin to think how to get money to be re - elected in two short years. to get votes, you add earmarks to any ( or the next ) bill proposed. you keep government subsides flowing to certain constituents. lobbyists introduce you to more special interests. in fact, much of your term is actually spent raising money for your next election. imagine if members of congress did not owe their votes to the pacs and special interests. they could vote for what is best for the country! this calls for term limits! how? two - thirds of the state legislatures have to call for a convention to propose limits. then that amendment has to be ratified by three - fourths of the states. we also need to change the length of terms. then one could serve, say, four years as representative and, perhaps, eight years as senator. you would only have to raise x million dollars twice in your career! these limits are similar to those in the missouri legislature. after 12 years you go back to being ordinary citizens living under the laws you have passed. betty landre, cape girardeau", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45545671879704386, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.222860"} {"text": "essential fatty acids - flax seed omega 3 oils for healthy fats essential fatty acids are a type of polyunsaturated fat that cannot be made by the body. they must be obtained from food sources. polyunsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature and when chilled. molecularly speaking, polyunsaturated fats are fatty acids that have more than one double - bonded ( unsaturated ) carbon in the molecule. to compare, saturated fats have no double bonded carbons and are consequently solid at room temperature. polyunsaturated fats can have a beneficial effect on your health when consumed in moderation and when used to replace less heart healthy saturated fats or trans fats. polyunsaturated fats can help reduce cholesterol levels in your blood and lower your risk of heart there are only two essential fatty acids in human nutrition : omega - 6 and omega - 3. omega - 6 and omega - 3 play a crucial role in brain function and in the normal growth and development of your body. omega - 6 fatty acids are also known as linoleic acid ( la ). it can break down into arachadonic acid. omega - 6 has inflammatory properties and is the precursor for pro - inflammatory agents called eicosanoids. the eicosanoid family includes prostaglandins, thromboxanes, prostacyclins and leukotrienes. your body can easily metabolize and use these compounds when eaten in moderation. omega - 6 fatty acids help with skin and renal function, but if you ingest too much, detrimental effects may result. studies have shown that asthma, arthritis, and lupus may have a connection to the inflammatory response. dietary sources include nuts, cereals, whole grain breads, most vegetable oils ( corn, safflower, sunflower, palm, and peanut ), eggs and poultry. fatty acids are also known as alpha - linolenic acid ( ala ). it can be broken down into eicosapentaenoic acid ( epa ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( dha ). omega - 3 has anti - inflammatory properties and may lower the risk for heart disease and certain cancers. can also be made from omega - 3 fats, but often have opposing functions to those made from omega - 6 fats ( anti - inflammatory rather than inflammatory ). if both omega - 3 and omega - 6 are present in the body, they will compete", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5058643852770529, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.226701"} {"text": "be made from omega - 3 fats, but often have opposing functions to those made from omega - 6 fats ( anti - inflammatory rather than inflammatory ). if both omega - 3 and omega - 6 are present in the body, they will compete to be used, so the ratio of omega - 3 : omega - 6 directly affects the type of eicosanoids that are produced. the best thing to do would be to consume more omega - 3 and fewer omega - 6 fatty dietary sources include flaxseed, walnuts, cold water oily fish ( wild salmon, herring, mackerel, anchovies, sardines ), eggs and meat from grass fed animals. grass fed animals tend to have higher levels of omega - 3 fatty acids than grain fed animals. flax is a good source of omega - 3 fatty acids, especially ala. flaxseed contains approximately three times as much omega - 3 as omega - 6 fatty acids which is a good ratio. in north america, we use the term flax when it is eaten by humans and the term linseed when it is used for industrial purposes. linseed oil is flax ' s vegetable oil. it is okay for human consumption if it is fresh, refrigerated and unprocessed. are two types of flaxseed : yellow and brown. brown has been found to be higher in omega - 3 fatty acids. yellow flax can be broken down into solin and a new product developed for the food industry called ' omega '. the ' omega ' flax is as high in omega - 3 ' s as brown, while solin is very low in omega - 3 fatty acids. both brown and yellow flaxseed ( except for solin ) provide the same nutritional benefits. flaxseeds contain vitamins c, e, thiamine, riboflavin and carotene. the seeds also contain iron, zinc, and trace amounts of potassium, magnesium, phosphorus and calcium. its other benefits include phytochemicals, lignans, fiber lignans are plant compounds that act as antioxidants. lignans aid in ridding the body of excess estrogen which in turn may lower the risk for estrogen related diseases like breast cancer. flaxseeds are more nutritious than their oil, yet, most consumers prefer simply using the oil for its omega - 3 fatty acids and not having to bother with grinding the seeds. by amy lowy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44863378231066875, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.227701"} {"text": "arriba! the history of flight in mexico, central america, south america, and the caribbean august 31, 1998 - november 30, 1998 museum : air and space museum location : air transportation, gallery 102, 1st floor, west wing 35 photographs & 8 models chronicle the development of aviation in latin america. the exhibition covers such topics as early aviation pioneers, women aviators, military aviation, and the development of commercial aviation and reveals the little - known stories of the colorful individuals who gave flight to latin america. - alberto santos - dumont, a brazilian who designed, built and tested more than 20 aerial craft including balloons, airships, biplanes and monoplanes. - jorge chavez, a peruvian pilot, who made the first aerial crossing of the alps between switzerland and italy. - aida d ' acosta, a cuban - american, who became the first woman of latin american descent to solo an airship in 1903, when she flew santos - dumont ' s dirigible no. 9. - emma catalina encinas, a dance school owner from mexico, who became the first licensed female pilot in the country. encinas soloed at mexico city on nov. 20, 1932, before a crowd of 4, 000. - sonora, the glenn martin pusher biplane that was piloted by capt. gustavo salinas. it became the first aircraft to carry out an aerial attack against a warship. the action took place at guaymas, mexico, on may 10, 1913. - scadta junkers f 13, one of the first commercial airlines in colombia. scadta ( now known as avianca ) is the oldest, continuously operating airline in the western hemisphere. - brazil ' s 1\u00ba grupo de aviacao de caca ( 1st fighter group ), a brazilian fighter group that served with distinction alongside the u. s. 350th fighter group during world war ii. the unit flew republic p - 47d thunderbolts into combat in italy and earned a u. s. presidential unit citation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4385473903141533, "token_count": 409, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.231825"} {"text": "doing their research : siskiyou county officials study coos bay salmon project by john bowman siskiyou daily news, yreka, ca by john bowman updated feb. 18, 2013 @ 4 : 36 pm coos bay, ore. by john bowman updated feb. 18, 2013 @ 4 : 36 pm \u00bb social news recently, siskiyou county supervisor michael kobseff and county natural resource policy specialist ric costales made the nearly five - hour drive to coos bay, ore. to watch partially developed salmon eggs being planted in the gravel of coastal streambeds. the trip was part of the county ' s effort to implement the same process in the shasta river in an attempt to aid the recovery of coho salmon there. since the coho salmon was listed by the federal government as threatened in the southern oregon and northern california coastal region in 1997, the fish has been a flashpoint in the water politics of the region and a driving force behind regulation and river restoration projects. nearly five years ago \u2013 around the same time the california department of fish and wildlife ( cdfw ) declared coho to be \" functionally extinct \" in the shasta river \u2013 the county learned of a process called eyed - egg injection and decided to lobby fish and wildlife agencies for permission to try the technique on the shasta. eyed - egg injection is a process by which salmon eggs are incubated for several months in a hatchery ( or other controlled setting ) until the eggs begin to develop an eye \u2013 an indicator that the egg is within a few weeks of becoming a free swimming fish \u2013 and then taken to a stream and planted under gravel in the natural streambed where it will finish its development. the process was pioneered by fisheries biologists in alaska as a method to help rebuild decimated fish populations, and has shown relatively high success rates there. salmon hatcheries have a long history on the west coast and a substantial impact on the genetics of its salmon populations. conventional hatchery operations collect eggs and milt from returning hatchery fish, fertilize and incubate the eggs, then raise the juvenile fish in tanks or raceways until they are nearly ready to migrate downstream to the ocean which, for coho, takes nearly a year. many biologists have alleged that this process not only concentrates a fish population ' s gene pool, eliminating healthy genetic diversity, but also robs the juveniles of survival skills necessary in the wild. proponents of eyed - egg injection say the technique retains the benefits of higher egg hatch rates through", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44830613038554323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.238922"} {"text": "process not only concentrates a fish population ' s gene pool, eliminating healthy genetic diversity, but also robs the juveniles of survival skills necessary in the wild. proponents of eyed - egg injection say the technique retains the benefits of higher egg hatch rates through controlled incubation while allowing nature to play a vital role in gene and behavior selection \u2013 resulting in a stronger fish with higher odds of returning to natural streams to produce self - sustaining populations, provided that the in - stream habitat can support them. paul merz, a veteran commercial salmon fisherman based in coos bay along with oregon department of fish and wildlife ( odfw ) biologist gary vanderhoe began planting eyed eggs in coos bay tributaries for the first time this year. the project is one of many being undertaken as part of odfw ' s salmon and trout enhancement program ( step ), which has utilized volunteer efforts to bolster the agency ' s salmonid restoration efforts across the state since 1981. merz has been a volunteer participant in the program since the beginning. as a fisherman who ' s livelihood depends on healthy salmon runs, he has chosen to take a hands - on approach to improving west coast salmon populations. merz says he has been in contact with officials in siskiyou county for nearly five years and has made at least five visits to the county to collaborate on the local salmon supplementation efforts. after all, merz says between 40 and 80 percent of the salmon harvest off the central oregon coast is made up of fish from northern california rivers. he also worked on an effort a few years ago to implement an eyed - egg injection project for spring chinook on siskiyou county ' s salmon river. that project was ultimately denied by state and federal biologists. current county efforts to implement the procedure on the shasta river appear to have a better chance of acceptance by biologist and regulators. cdfw director charlton bonham recently told the daily news that he is impressed by the county ' s broad supplementation partnership with the nature conservancy, california trout, the siskiyou county farm bureau and the shasta valley resource conservation district. bonham said the coalition ' s level of cooperation has given him hope that supplementation in the shasta river can work. in addition, the same coalition organized the upper klamath river coho salmon workshop in february of 2012. the event held in yreka brought together more than 50 prominent fisheries biologists, geneticists and restorationists to explore the idea of coho supplementation in the shasta river and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48396431289543607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.240050"} {"text": "klamath river coho salmon workshop in february of 2012. the event held in yreka brought together more than 50 prominent fisheries biologists, geneticists and restorationists to explore the idea of coho supplementation in the shasta river and the upper klamath. during the workshop ' s closing discussion, virtually all members of the panel agreed that \u2013 based on the imminent threat of complete extirpation of coho on the shasta river \u2013 a supplementation program there would be justified. while eyed - egg injection is only one method of salmon supplementation, siskiyou county officials say they find it appealing because of its relatively low cost, simplicity of implementation and high rate of effectiveness in alaska. planting the eggs kobseff and costales began their visit to coos bay at the noble creek hatchery where merz explained how eggs were taken from wild coho, fertilized and then incubated. merz and vanderhoe then extracted the eggs from the hatch box where they had been incubating and placed them in a small cooler for travel to the injection sites. three miles from the hatchery, on catching slough, costales volunteered to shoulder the gas powered backpack pump equipped with an intake hose to draw water from the creek, and an output hose connected to a length of metal pipe, open on one end, with a funnel on the other. the apparatus serves the dual purposes of pumping water into the streambed to blast out excess sand and sediment while acting as a funnel to direct the eggs 12 inches deep into the gravel. kobseff carried the hoses and merz carried the cooler full of 6, 500 potential coho salmon while the crew hiked a mile upstream to find the best stretches of streambed. when a potential site with suitable gravel was selected, the lower end of the metal pipe was worked down into the gravel while the backpack pump forced water into the streambed pushing the fine grain sediments out of the streambed, leaving the larger gravel in place. once an area of approximately two feet in diameter had been cleaned of fine sediment, the bottom end of the pipe was inserted approximately 12 inches into the cleaned gravel. the pump was then shut off and salmon eggs were poured into the top funneled end of the pipe and directed down into the streambed. after the eggs had been planted, the crew used their hands to gather additional clean gravel and piled it lightly on top of the man - made redd ( salmon nest ) to provide additional protection for the eggs. after", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4594033655041387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.241052"} {"text": "graduate education represents mastery of an academic discipline. as distinct from undergraduate education, graduate education provides advanced knowledge in a field of study that is characterized by specialized training in the discipline \u2019 s theory, research methodology, and critical analysis. specialization, however, is not narrow or limited. specialized training means concentrated learning in the depth and breadth of the discipline. since graduate education is concentrated, learning is more self - directed, and involves more individualized instruction and mentoring than does learning for a baccalaureate degree. a master \u2019 s degree provides a student with the skills necessary to generate new knowledge and to apply existing knowledge. it also provides the student with the professional ethics and values of the discipline. master \u2019 s degrees may have a variety of orientations or goals. some degree programs stress the traditional orientation of emphasizing theory and basic research. other programs are designed to meet professional goals and emphasize theory, skills, and applied research. regardless of the purpose and goals of a master \u2019 s degree, all graduate programs share common characteristics. the following characteristics help define a quality program : 1. clarity of purpose : a high - quality master \u2019 s program is centered on the collective understanding among faculty and students of the purpose and goals of the program. this unity of purpose develops a sense of collective ownership of and commitment to the program. this mutual understanding shapes the values and customs of the program. it also builds effective professional relationships among the faculty and students. 2. supportive learning environment : \u2022 program : high - quality programs provide a supportive learning environment. such programs nurture an ethic of cooperation and substantially enrich the learning experience for faculty and students. a supportive learning environment means the faculty have shared expectations for intellectual rigor in which students are encouraged to challenge the limits of their knowledge. \u2022 institutional : quality programs require institutional support. sufficient institutional resources supporting facilities and equipment, e. g. laboratories, computers, library resources, equipment, and supplies, directly affect the quality of the learning environment. institutional support is also critical in establishing and setting the expectation for high academic standards, including those for accreditation. 3. academic experiences : \u2022 core knowledge : a core of knowledge provides the theoretical underpinnings and the research practices and methodologies of the discipline. a solid core, the foundation for advanced knowledge in the discipline, supports the entire learning experience for students. a core helps define the understanding of the knowledge, skills, and practices the faculty expect the students to learn. a core of knowledge helps insure that the program is a coherent learning experience rather than a simple collection of courses. \u2022", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5400017354255291, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.248780"} {"text": "experience for students. a core helps define the understanding of the knowledge, skills, and practices the faculty expect the students to learn. a core of knowledge helps insure that the program is a coherent learning experience rather than a simple collection of courses. \u2022 course content : courses should lead to specialized knowledge in the discipline. they should teach students the skills, tools, and methods of the discipline. all courses must have advanced disciplinary content and be intellectually rigorous. the courses should teach students how new knowledge is created, how existing knowledge is applied, and how to evaluate the issues and the literature in the field of study. lastly, courses should develop students \u2019 oral and written communication skills. \u2022 immersion : the entire curriculum should be designed to involve students in intense learning experiences. graduate education requires that students become deeply engaged in the discipline. part - time as well as the full - time students need to be immersed in the learning experiences. these experiences engender creativity, dedication, cooperation, and collegiality. \u2022 critical dialog : the curriculum should be centered on encouraging students to critically engage the faculty and each other in dialog about the assumptive foundations, structure, and consequences of the knowledge they are learning, applying, and creating. graduate education is characterized by a dialectical approach to learning that emphasizes the necessity of collegial and collaborative confrontation about ideas, methods, and skills. \u2022 application : the graduate program should provide students with an opportunity to apply the knowledge they have gained. this application can be in the form of internships, practica, theses, papers, fieldwork, laboratories, and assistantships. these experiences promote and foster effective learning experiences for students. \u2022 mentoring : mentoring of students helps teach students the ethics and conventions of the discipline. it helps immerse the students in the field of study and helps ensure that individual learning needs are addressed. individualization of instruction also provides the guidance needed for students to learn how to acquire, create, and apply knowledge independently. \u2022 product : students must have a culminating experience in which they are required to integrate the knowledge and skills they have been taught. a final product, in the form of a thesis, project, recital, exhibit, exam, or internship, allows the student to apply the theory, skills, and methods of the discipline. a high - quality graduate program must have a faculty that are actively engaged in research. the faculty must be active learners themselves in order to be effective in the instruction of the students. to be active learners, the faculty must be involved in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5168859801176932, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.251652"} {"text": "lesson plan jackie miller lesson title : bullying related lessons : conflict resolution high school grades define, discuss, and utilize interactive sites on bullying content standards jackie miller 10. 3. 3. c \u2013 analyze and apply strategies to avoid or manage conflict and violence during adolescence. analyze by : effective negotiation assertive behavior describe by : anger management described by : anger management peer mediation reflective listening negotiation recognize conflict by : walk away i - statements refusal skills adult intervention content standards jackie miller iste standards jackie miller communication and collaboration critical thinking, problem solving and decision making technology operations and concepts digital citizenship instructional objectives jackie miller students will define the term bullying. students will demonstrate and participate with 80 % accuracy. students will discuss bullying in understanding bullying and its effects. before class preparation jackie miller begin with a general definition of bullying. generate student definitions for this term using a small board with a graphic organizer. show an example of bullying by playing a scenario on the olweus bullying prevention program teacher guide dvd and cd - rom. identify bullying from an interactive website on a smart board. arrange classroom in a horseshoe shape setting. prepare a handout on different types of bullying. prepare an acknowledgement sheet for students to sign, that he / she understands the topic. during class jackie miller instructional activities begin with a general definition of bullying generate student definition for this term using smart board. include an example of an interactive website on smart board. e : teens against bullying. mht \u201c cyberbullying : feathers in the wind \u201d ( part 1 of 3 ) http : / / www. netsmartz. org / resources / reallife. htm instructional activities jackie miller refer to the graphic organizer and the interactive site on white board. what are the prevalent types of bullying based on the students perceptions. request students to describe how they felt when they were bullied or when they were bullying. students will choose a type of bullying from the interactive website, using their laptops. they will observe and utilize videos, games or puzzles on the website. ticket out door, student will sign an acknowledgement sheet committed to the understanding and prevention of bullying http : / / www. nsteens. org / videos / cyberbullying / lesson reflections jackie miller students are evaluated through group participation in class discussion, class reflections and the use of the interactive website on their laptops. using video scenarios as a teaching tool can : provide a common language for students to comfortably talk about bullying behaviors and incidents of bullying that students may encounter. provide concrete examples for students to visualize bullying behaviors from multiple perspectives", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5371490028996647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.257705"} {"text": "interactive website on their laptops. using video scenarios as a teaching tool can : provide a common language for students to comfortably talk about bullying behaviors and incidents of bullying that students may encounter. provide concrete examples for students to visualize bullying behaviors from multiple perspectives and to assume points of view different from their own. this opens discussions about how bullying affects individuals and is particularly effective in empowering bystanders to consider ways to address bullying. provide concrete opportunities to discuss school rules, expectations about students \u2019 behavior, and the role of adults in helping to stop bullying. rulesjackie miller our school \u2019 s anti - bullying rules we will not bully others. we will try to help students who are bullied. we will try to include students who are left out. if we know that somebody is being bullied, we will tell an adult at school and an adult at home. acknowledgement sheet jackie miller from the office of : ms. jackie miller, behavior specialist strong vincent high school 1330 west 8th street erie, pa. 16502 phone : ( 814 ) 874 - 6500 fax : ( 814 ) 874 - 6507 bullying acknowledgement agreement i understand what the term bullying means and i will not bully others. student signature : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ date : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4736761478868968, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.258262"} {"text": "one teems with lush plant and animal life, but also boasts a rich cultural history dating back to the early cherokee, some of the oldest mountains on earth, black bears and moonshine. the other is socked in by glaciers, but also claims a rich cultural history dating back to the vikings, volcanoes creating some of the newest land on earth, an occasional polar bear and a drink called black death. thanks primarily to my icelandic mother, i have visited iceland often, and i have marveled at its black sand beaches, countless waterfalls, and bizarre rock formations that lead many icelanders to believe they have seen trolls. with all its geysers, steam vents, boiling mud and vividly colored geology, the icelandic landscape in fact appears so different from the rest of earth that movie directors often choose iceland to portray other planets. beyond these great contrasts, though, iceland and the smokies share several common elements, especially their spectacular national parks that protect natural and cultural resources and attract hundreds of thousands of tourists every year. america of course gave birth to the national park concept back in the 1800s. the great smoky mountains national park took shape starting in the 1920s. the park then grew with the creation of fontana lake in the 1940s, a hydropower dam built to fuel an aluminum factory making airplanes for the wwii effort. more than 70 years later and 3, 000 miles away, history more or less repeated itself, when iceland officially established vatnajokull national park in 2008 as the largest national park in europe ( roughly six times the size of the smokies ) ; similar to great smokies, this vast new icelandic park borders new hydroelectric dams that power a nearby aluminum smelter. several years ago, alcoa \u2014 the aluminum factory on the tennessee side of the smokies that was powered by fontana dam \u2019 energy \u2014 began to bring these parks together. specifically, the smokies had a robust and generous network of park lovers united under the banner of the friends of the smokies, a non - profit that raises money to support myriad projects the park could otherwise not afford, from research to trail rehabilitation to fieldtrips for school children. iceland, it seemed, could use some insight and help guiding the creation of a similar friends group that would help preserve and protect young vatnajokull national park. i became the point person for the project. it \u2019 s indeed a rare moment when seemingly unrelated aspects of your life combine perfectly \u2014 namely my previous role as the director of friends of the smokies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42140662390277667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.267165"} {"text": "young vatnajokull national park. i became the point person for the project. it \u2019 s indeed a rare moment when seemingly unrelated aspects of your life combine perfectly \u2014 namely my previous role as the director of friends of the smokies north carolina office, a consulting business aimed at helping small non - profits, and, or course, being half - icelandic. i soon flew to iceland and visited park rangers and potential park partners all over the country. we met in offices or traveled as we talked. i saw icelandic reindeer up in the highlands for the first time, and one of my hosts generously took some short detours to show me two of the houses where my mother spent parts of her childhood. i talked with determined young rangers and older professionals. just one person thought that he already knew everything ; the rest were struggling with many of the same issues we have encountered at american parks : wanting to attract visitors without loving these special places to death, wondering how best to work with local communities, searching for new revenue sources to conserve wildlife and support education, and more. i offered best practices from american parks and friends groups when i could, and i commiserated when i couldn \u2019 t. several icelanders have also come to america, attending a conference on national parks in texas and visiting yosemite, the blue ridge parkway, and the smokies, among others. the icelanders learned first - hand about parks as classrooms and junior ranger programs, resource management, the fundraising efforts of friends of the smokies, and the visitor center stores run by the great smoky mountains association. the icelanders have repeatedly expressed their thanks and appreciation to all of the american park staff and partners who have guided them, advised them and answered their countless questions. the learning isn \u2019 t only one - way, though, always heading northeast from the smokies. teaching is one of the best ways to sit down and capture your own best practices, but the icelanders bring their own instructive ideas and approaches to the table, such as their great success in attracting international visitors to volunteer for weeks at a time working on trails and other projects. they also utilize a different approach to managing parks, whereby local citizens serve on park management committees. with renewed support from alcoa, we are now orchestrating a more formal and intensive training program for staff and partners from a wider group of iceland \u2019 s national parks and natural areas. i \u2019 m both thankful and proud to say that u. s. national park service staff and other people from washington", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4333242316187879, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.268288"} {"text": "orchestrating a more formal and intensive training program for staff and partners from a wider group of iceland \u2019 s national parks and natural areas. i \u2019 m both thankful and proud to say that u. s. national park service staff and other people from washington, d. c., to washington state have been quick to help. the great smokies and vatnajokull are also exploring the possibility of a formal sister park arrangement to continue these exchanges of ideas and information on common interests like tourism, scientific research, climate change and fundraising. for the parks, park rangers, wildlife, and other resources, it \u2019 s a budding relationship that holds great promise for the future. as with almost any international exchange, we may struggle at times with differences of language and culture, like pronouncing eyjafjallajokull or eating rotten shark, while at other times, we may stand in awe of what others have or have done, like iceland \u2019 s geothermal energy expertise and their thousand - year - old parliament. we will also find plenty of similarities that allow us to speak a common language, share best practices, and prepare ourselves for great new things. while black bears and polar bears may not mix well together, we are already off to a great start in bringing together the best of the place of blue smoke and the best of the land of fire and ice.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46778292841699576, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.268915"} {"text": "about nag panchami : hinduism as a religion is many - sided yet bound by a common search for truth and to hindus it means a way of life and a fellowship of faiths. with the advent of the aryans, it originated as a simple form of worship of the forces of nature, drawing in its system action in social organisations, local cults, deities \u2019 diverse beliefs and modes of worship. nag - panchami is an important all - india festival and is celebrated on the fifth day of the moonlit - fortnight in the month of shravan ( july / august ). this is the time when serpents invariably come out of their holes that get inundated with rain - water to seek shelter in gardens and many times in houses. as such they pose a great danger to man. on the fifth day of the bright half of shravan people worship the snake, \u201c nag \u201d. the day is known as \u201c nag panchami \u201d. naga panchami is the festival of snakes celebrated on the fifth day of the bright fortnight in the month of shriven. the festival falls during the rainy months and is believed to counter the increased possibility of a snake bite during this time. people visit temples specially dedicated to snakes and worship them. shiva temples are also favoured places for veneration as snakes are considered dear to him. in south india, people craft images of snakes using cow dung on either side of the entrance to the house to welcome the snake god. some go to worship the snake which is believed to be hiding in the holes of anthills. or else a five hood snake is made by mixing \u201c gandh \u201d ( a fragrant pigment ), \u201c halad - kumkum \u201d ( turmeric powder ), \u201c chandan \u201d ( sandal ) and \u201c keshar \u201d ( saffron ) and placed on a metal plate and worshipped. this practice of worshipping the snake on this day is related to the following story. the snake and the farmer a farmer was ploughing his field. at the edge of the field there was an anthill which he inadvertently destroyed with the plough, and thus the young serpents that were hiding in it were killed. the mother snake had casually gone out. when she came back she could not find her young ones. at last she found them cut into pieces. she was furious and understood that the farmer had killed them. she was bent on taking revenge. at night when the farmer was sleeping with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4369285748573976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.276115"} {"text": "out. when she came back she could not find her young ones. at last she found them cut into pieces. she was furious and understood that the farmer had killed them. she was bent on taking revenge. at night when the farmer was sleeping with his wife and children, the snake came full of anger. she began to bite the feet of the farmer, and then one by one the feet of his wife and children. all began to cry. but the eldest daughter happened to be out of the house that night. then the snake remembered that on the occasion of her wedding, the girl had gone to the house of her father - in - law. \u201c i will not spare her either, \u201d the snake resolved. the snake ran towards the neighbouring village. she stopped before the door of a house, and saw a young girl inside. she recognized her as the farmer \u2019 s eldest daughter. the snake went in determined to bite her. but then she saw the young girl with joint hands worshipping the snake she had made out of \u201c gandh \u201d, and the nine \u201c nagkule \u201d ( young snakes ). she had offered them \u201c nagane \u201d ( gram soaked and parched ), \u201c lahya \u201d ( rice blown out by parching ), and \u201c durva \u201d ( grass sacred to ganpati ), and she was praying with great devotion, \u201c o god snake, don \u2019 t be angry if i have committed any mistake. accept my worship. look after my people at home and in my father - in - law \u2019 s house. do not bite anyone. forgive any fault we may have committed inadvertently. \u201d with this the snake was pleased and came before the girl. she opened her eyes and got frightened at the sight of the snake. but the snake said, \u201c don \u2019 t be afraid. i shall not bite you. tell me who you are and where your house is. \u201d then the snake knew well that the girl was the farmer \u2019 s daughter and felt very sorry for having killed all her people. the snake told the girl what had happened, but told her not to cry. she gave her some nectar and told her to sprinkle it on her dead people, and with this they all came back to life. krishna and the kaliya snake nag panchami is also connected with the following legend of krishna. young krishna was playing with the other cowboys, when suddenly the ball got entangled in the high branch of a tree. krishna volunteered to climb the tree and fetch the ball. but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41843053852620893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.277111"} {"text": "##g panchami is also connected with the following legend of krishna. young krishna was playing with the other cowboys, when suddenly the ball got entangled in the high branch of a tree. krishna volunteered to climb the tree and fetch the ball. but below the tree there was a deep part of the river yamuna, in which the terrible snake kaliya was living. everybody was afraid of that part of the river. suddenly krishna fell from the tree into the water. then that terrible snake came up. but krishna was ready and jumping on the snake \u2019 s head he caught it by the neck. kaliya understood that krishna was not an ordinary boy, and that it would not be easy to overcome him. so kaliya pleaded with krishna : \u201c please, do not kill me. \u201d krishna full of compassion asked the snake to promise that henceforth he would not harass anybody. then he let the snake go free into the river again. on nag panchami day the victory of krishna over the kaliya snake is commemorated. for this reason krishna is known as \u201c kaliya mardan \u201d. snakes are believed to like milk. as this is the day of the serpents, devotees pour milk into all the holes in the ground around the house or near the temple to propitiate them. sometimes, a small pot of milk with some flowers is placed near the holes so that the snakes may drink it. if a snake actually drinks the milk, it is considered to be extremely lucky for the devotee. the festival is celebrated with much enthusiasm by all, especially women.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41942720335502004, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.278789"} {"text": "nasa airborne science campaign begins antarctic sequel greenbelt md ( spx ) oct 27, 2010 scientists returned this week to the southern hemisphere where nasa ' s operation icebridge mission is set to begin its second year of airborne surveys over antarctica. the mission monitors the region ' s changing sea ice, ice sheets and glaciers. researchers will make flights from punta arenas, chile, on nasa ' s dc - 8, a 157 - foot airborne laboratory equipped with a suite of seven instruments. the focus is on re - surveying areas that are undergoing rapid change and embarking on new lines of investigation. \" we are excited to learn how the glaciers and sea ice have changed since last year ' s campaign, \" said michael studinger, icebridge project scientist at nasa ' s goddard space flight center in greenbelt, md. \" we also are going to be mapping uncharted regions that will allow us to better assess future behavior of the antarctic ice sheets and sea ice. \" icebridge science flights are scheduled to begin this week and continue through mid - november. flights will take off from punta arenas and cross the southern ocean to reach destinations including west antarctica, the antarctic peninsula and coastal areas. each flight lasts about 11 hours. instruments for the 2010 antarctic campaign are the same as those flown in 2009. a laser instrument will map and identify surface changes. radar instruments will penetrate the snow and ice to see below the surface, providing a profile of ice characteristics and also the shape of the bedrock supporting it. a gravity instrument will measure the shape of seawater - filled cavities at the edge of some major fast - moving glaciers. using these tools, researchers will survey targets of on - going and potential rapid change, including the west antarctic ice sheet, which is the area that has the greatest potential to rapidly increase sea level. another concern is that the ice sheet is below sea level, adding to its instability. revisiting previously flown areas, scientists can begin to quantify the magnitude of changes to land ice. pine island glacier, the largest ice stream in west antarctica with significant potential contribution to sea level rise, has long been a primary target for sustained observations. satellite data, most recently from nasa ' s ice, cloud and land elevation satellite ( icesat ) have shown dramatic thinning there of up to 10 meters per year in places. previous icebridge flights mapped the surface of the glacier and unusual features beneath it, providing clues to the glacier ' s rapid retreat and ice loss. in addition to flying previous lines over the glacier, the icebridge team plans to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46533302306183855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.285439"} {"text": "per year in places. previous icebridge flights mapped the surface of the glacier and unusual features beneath it, providing clues to the glacier ' s rapid retreat and ice loss. in addition to flying previous lines over the glacier, the icebridge team plans to fly a new horseshoe pattern to sample the tributaries feeding into pine island glacier ' s main trunk. other new flight lines will further explore the antarctic peninsula to map new targets, including the george vi ice shelf, above and below the ice. three high - priority flights are aimed at measuring sea ice, including a plan to map and measure sea ice across the weddell sea. scientists want to know why sea ice in antarctica is growing in extent, unlike sea ice in the arctic, which is declining in extent. current theories range from ozone depletion to changing ocean dynamics. other flights are being planned to be coordinated with existing space and ground - based missions, such as the european space agency ' s ice - observing cryosat - 2 satellite and european ship - based research. overlapping measurements help researchers calibrate instruments and boost confidence in the resulting observations. \" a concerted effort like this will allow us to produce long time series of data spanning from past satellite missions to current and future missions, \" studinger said. \" this is only possible through international collaboration. we are excited to have many opportunities to work with our international partners during the upcoming campaign. \" share this article with planet earth operation icebridge mission page beyond the ice age ubc underwater robot to explore ice - covered ocean and antarctic ice shelf vancouver, canada ( spx ) oct 26, 2010 researchers at the university of british columbia are deploying an underwater robot to survey ice - covered ocean in antarctica from october 17 through november 12. scientists predict that the sea ice area around antarctica will be reduced by more than 33 per cent by 2100, accelerating the collapse of ice shelves. up to hundreds of metres thick, ice shelves are floating platforms of ice that... read more | the content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are copyright 1995 - 2010 - spacedaily. afp and upi wire stories are copyright agence france - presse and united press international. esa portal reports are copyright european space agency. all nasa sourced material is public domain. additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. advertising does not imply endorsement, agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by spacedaily on any web page published or hosted by spacedaily. privacy statement |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4991795149524747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.286613"} {"text": "throughout 1945, american political and military leaders discussed whether the atom bomb should be used. three famous voices who spoke out against it were general eisenhower, who called it \" completely unnecessary \" ; general macarthur, who said it was \" completely unnecessary from a military point of view \" ; and admiral leahy, who believed that japan would fall without even the necessity of a land invasion. leahy later wrote that, in dropping the bomb, \" we had adopted an ethical standard common to barbarians of the dark ages \" ; eisenhower later told an interviewer, \" it wasn ' t necessary to hit them with that awful thing. \" these men, who were military heroes with nothing to prove, were able to say something then that no leader would dare say today. it seems a dramatic proof that only lesser men live today that the jingoists and bombasts, who would hound to the death anyone who shared these opinions, hold these heroes in high repute. on the fiftieth anniversary of the hiroshima bombing, a smithsonian curator, martin harwit, planned an exhibit centering on the enola gay, the plane that dropped the bomb on hiroshima. harwit lost his job as a result, after a bloody confrontation with the air force association, the american legion, and the contract republicans who had just assumed power. the enola gay exhibit was eliminated ; all that survived was the shiny, restored fuselage of the plane itself, without commentary. what all the fuss was about was that the exhibit as planned attempted to tell both sides of the story. it quoted eisenhower and others on the immorality of the bomb, suggested various motives why the bomb might have been dropped other than the saving of american lives, and contained photographs of japanese radiation victims. and it contained a new estimate, based on recently declassified documents, of the number of americans who would have died in an invasion of the japanese mainland. it now appears that the highest estimate anyone gave presidents roosevelt or truman prior to august 1945 was that 40, 000 - 60, 000 americans would die - - not the ludicrous and inflated number of one million that \" everyone knows. \" john hersey ' s account of mr. tanimoto tells us : mr. tanimoto found about twenty men and women on the sandspit. he drove the boat onto the bank and urged them to get aboard. they did not move and he realized that they were too weak to lift themselves. he reached down and took a woman by the hands, but her skin slipped off in huge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48385530580207725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.289711"} {"text": "math riddles come in many forms mathematics are a kind of puzzle in their simplest form. no matter how advanced the math problem is, it is always giving you some information while requiring you to complete the rest. just like a traditional math problem, math riddles use mathematics to find the answer to a sequence, question or formula. while the majority of riddles rely on linguistic loopholes, some use math as a catalyst for critical thinking. there are many types of math riddles, such as logic puzzles, fractals, and puzzles involving probabilities and fallacies. sudoku is a form of logic math riddles, and a rubik \u2019 s cube is categorized as a mathematical riddle because it involves a number of sequenced movements. while many believe a rubik \u2019 s cube to be simply a difficult game, those who solve the riddle nature of the puzzle are able to solve any cube. other types of math riddles include algebraic, arithmetic, graph, combinatorial, geometric and analog puzzles. visual illusions may also fall into the math riddles category. why are math riddles so often considered hard? riddles of any type come in varying levels of difficulty, but many find math riddles to be more difficult because they consider math in general to be hard. hard riddles require patience and a higher level of thinking, but hard math riddles can also require knowledge of higher levels of math, such as calculus. it is best to empty your head of any preconditioned negative thoughts about the subject when trying to solve a math riddle. otherwise, you could end up focusing on the math and miss the slight linguistic play that is used. math riddles are a great learning tool for students who struggle in the subject, excel in the subject or as supplementary materials. for students who struggle with a specific area of math, say geometry, riddles can give them a new way to approach the subject. and students who already excel in a subject can be challenged with hard riddles. teachers may assign riddles as homework or extra credit to provide additional critical thinking outside of the classroom. some online math riddles are available at steve miller \u2019 s math riddles, cut the knot, math warehouse and increasebrainpower. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5263392430831069, "token_count": 453, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.291975"} {"text": "mechanics of learning \u2013 lessons from neurorehabilitation \u201c use it or lose it \u201d \u2013 is a particularly apt description of brain function. continuously ( until death ) new connections are formed between the 100 billion nerve cells which we have been born, and the 100 to 10 000 connections per neuron with others forming extensive networks makes the brain an enormously complex organ. probably some neuro - neogenesis ( perhaps 6000 cells a day ) occurs even in adulthood. only those synapses, however, which are actively used, remain functional. this is the basis of learning \u2013 the interaction and exchange between organism ( us ) and environment in problem solving tasks of daily living. investigations on neuroplasticity in recent years have become a central topic in neuroscience, and have changed the attitude towards patients with lesions of the central nervous system. they have also led to a better understanding of the adaptations of structures and functions of the brain according to requirements from the environment ( environment being understood as the physical, psychological and social surroundings with their potentials and constraints ). in neurorehabilitation, such understanding of the interactions between organism and environment and that of learning is used and adapted in the treatment of patients with acute or chronic diseases or trauma. in reverse the observation of the changes attained during rehabilitation of such patients provides new insights into the mechanism of learning and of adaptations of brain structures and functions. by prof. jurg kesselring, department of neurology & neurorehabilitation, switzerland. this article was first published in the brain association of queensland synapse magazine. www. synapse. org. au researchers used to believe the brain pathways ( for sending messages between the brain and the body ) were fixed or unchangeable. this meant if a function was performed by a certain area of the brain, it could only be performed by that area. therefore, after stroke they believed any damage that wasn \u2019 t repaired within a few months would be permanent. research now indicates the brain has the ability to change. this means brain pathways can change. this ability is called neuroplasticity. as a result, some stroke survivors may be able to retrain the brain by learning to use different parts of their brains to regain function during rehabilitation. for a video about neuroplasticity from dr norman doige there are a number of great puzzle games that can help you to exercise your brain iq puzzler are some great ones", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5466249435490247, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.294714"} {"text": "many people are involved in enabling a school to run successfully. school governors role is to be a critical friend to the school and they formthe governing body. they should be united around a common vision arrived at with head and staff and they decide what they want the school to achieve, and make plans to get there. they help to set and keep under review the policies that provide a broad framework within which the head teacher and staff should run the school also ensuring that all those who have an interest in the success of the school contribute when the values and aims are being agreed. other roles of the governing body include : \u2022 an active involvement in the creation of the school development / improvement plan ( sdp / sip ). \u2022 focusing on raising standards of achievement. \u2022 establishing high expectations and promotes effective teaching and learning, so that pupils achieve to their potential. \u2022 agreeing indicators by which it will measure aspects of the school \u2019 s effectiveness. \u2022 ensuring that there are systems in place to check that progress is being made towards targets and that evidence is gathered \u2022 making sure that the budget plan addresses the priorities identified. the senior management team the senior management team or the senior leadership team in primary school set up is usually made up of the head teacher and deputy head ( or heads depending on the size of the school ), year group leaders, senco and foundation stage leader and in secondary school there may be year group leaders and also subject leaders. the senior leadership team ( including smt ) is the key leadership group within the school, as well as having a major role to play in the day - to - day running of the school. they play a crucial role, through systems of line management, in ensuring that the school improvement plan is a working tool, which moves the school forward. the slt is the decision - making body of the school. decisions will... [ continues ] cite this essay ( 2012, 02 ). schools as organisations. studymode. com. retrieved 02, 2012, from http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / schools - as - organisations - 920814. html \" schools as organisations \" studymode. com. 02 2012. 02 2012 < http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / schools - as - organisations - 920814. html >. \" schools as organisations. \" studymode. com. 02, 2012. accessed 02, 2012. http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / schools - as - organisations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43573587700620076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.300923"} {"text": "beckwith - wiedemann syndrome is a congenital ( present from birth ) growth disorder that causes large body size, large organs, and other symptoms. causes, incidence, and risk factors : the cause of beckwith - wiedemann syndrome is unknown, but it may be genetic. most cases are associated with a defect in chromosome number 11. infancy can be a critical period because of low blood sugar ( hypoglycemia ), omphalocele ( when present ), and an increased rate of tumor development. wilm ' s tumor and adrenal carcinoma are the most common tumor ' s in patients with this syndrome. signs and tests : the signs of beckwith - wiedemann syndrome include : - a ridge in the forehead caused by premature closure of the bones ( metopic ridge ) - enlarged fontanelle ( soft spot ) - enlarged kidneys, liver, and spleen - large size ( 90th percentile ) - low blood sugar ( hypoglycemia ) tests for beckwith - wiedemann syndrome include : infants with low blood sugar may be treated fluids given through a vein ( intravenous solutions ). defects in the abdominal wall may need to be repaired. the child must be watched closely for the development of tumors. children with beckwith - wiedemann syndrome who survive infancy do well, although no long - term follow - up information is available. mental development appears to be normal to very slightly decreased. swelling of the tongue can cause problems with feeding and sleeping. - development of tumors - feeding problems - respiratory difficulties from obstruction due to large tongue calling your health care provider : if you have a child with beckwith - wiedemann syndrome and worrisome symptoms develop, call your pediatrician immediately. there is no known prevention for beckwith - wiedemann syndrome. genetic counseling may be of value for families who would like to have additional children. cohen p, shim m. hyperpituitarism, tall stature, and overgrowth syndromes. in : kliegman rm, behrman re, jenson hb, stanton bf, eds. nelson textbook of pediatrics. 18th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2007 : chap 561. | review date : 5 / 1 / 2011 | reviewed by : neil k. kaneshiro, md, mha, clinical assistant professor of pediatrics, university of washington school of medicine. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45584578382078955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.304189"} {"text": "women with early - stage breast cancer and one or two positive sentinel lymph nodes who undergo a procedure called sentinel lymph node dissection ( slnd ) fare just as well as those who have a more aggressive procedure called axillary lymph node dissection ( alnd ). in addition, the majority of women with small tumors could avoid alnd altogether if they elect to undergo breast - conserving therapy ( lumpectomy and radiotherapy ) rather than mastectomy, surgeons suggest in a new study published in the january issue of the journal of the american college of surgeons. in the past when it came to staging and removing invasive breast cancer, surgeons relied on alnd, which removes about 10 or more lymph nodes in the under arm area. in recent years, however, slnd has grown in use as a standard of care for assessing the status of the lymph nodes. slnd removes only one to two lymph nodes - the ones that receive lymphatic drainage first from the primary tumor - and is preferred by many women who seek to avoid alnd and have a less invasive operation. slnd reduces the risk of surgical complications such as arm swelling, numbness, and range - of - motion problems. \u201c i think it \u2019 s really evident now that many patients we are seeing are very early stage, that the sentinel node procedure is picking up very small volumes of disease when the tumor has spread to the lymph nodes, \u201d explained study coauthor kelly k. hunt, md, facs, hamill foundation distinguished professor of surgery, the university of texas md anderson cancer center in houston. \u201c sentinel lymph node surgery is less invasive, provides accurate staging, and improves the quality of life for patients. \u201d several years ago, the american college of surgeons oncology group conducted a groundbreaking study referred to as the z0011 trial in which the researchers concluded that the standard practice of alnd after lumpectomy and positive sentinel node analysis was not mandatory for all women with small tumors. in reporting their results in february 2011, the researchers found that women with stage i or ii breast cancer who had just one or two cancerous lymph nodes ( sentinel ) removed were as likely to be alive and free of cancer after five years as were women who had alnd, possibly because adjuvant therapies ( chemotherapy and radiation ) may kill cancer cells in the axillary lymph nodes. * but a question remained : could this change in practice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4170986356695484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.309226"} {"text": "cancer after five years as were women who had alnd, possibly because adjuvant therapies ( chemotherapy and radiation ) may kill cancer cells in the axillary lymph nodes. * but a question remained : could this change in practice - eliminating alnd \u2013 really impact a substantial portion of the breast cancer patient population? for the current study, the aim was to better understand applicability of the z0011 trial results to the patient population at the university of texas md anderson cancer center and to determine what percentage of the breast cancer population might ultimately benefit from it. this study involved 861 women treated at the university of texas md anderson cancer center between 1994 and 2009 who met the z0011 trial criteria - stages i or ii breast cancer and one or two positive sentinel nodes. researchers compared overall survival and disease - free survival rates for alnd versus slnd alone in women undergoing breast - conservation therapy ( bct ) or total mastectomy ( tm ). of the 861 patients, 21. 88 percent underwent slnd alone. of the 56. 7 percent who underwent bct, 25. 6 percent had slnd alone. of 412 patients who underwent tm, 16. 3 percent had slnd alone. after adjusting for tumor stage, the research team found no significant differences in survival between women undergoing slnd alone or alnd in both populations. further, after examining their breast cancer patient population with z0011 criteria, they estimated that up to 75 percent of their patients could avoid alnd if they undergo bct. \u201c now armed with the data from the z0011 trial, we can say if the sentinel lymph node is positive and the disease is limited to one or two sentinel nodes, you can have breast - conservation therapy and avoid alnd, because we know that your survival will not be impacted by leaving the rest of the nodes intact, \u201d dr. hunt explained. \u201c with our current study, we are not saying that alnd should be eliminated, but we should use it more wisely so that all these other women, a huge percentage of patients we are treating, do not have to suffer the long - term debilitating consequences of that aggressive procedure. \u201d many women are given the choice of whether to have a lumpectomy and radiotherapy or mastectomy. sometimes women think mastectomy is the safer option, but that belief is not necessarily true. now surgeons and patients have research that sheds some light on this issue. \u201c in general, we prefer breast conservation for early", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46093783433931995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.310335"} {"text": "radiotherapy or mastectomy. sometimes women think mastectomy is the safer option, but that belief is not necessarily true. now surgeons and patients have research that sheds some light on this issue. \u201c in general, we prefer breast conservation for early stage breast cancer because it \u2019 s a smaller surgery, and it doesn \u2019 t usually require reconstruction and patients can get back to their regular activities more quickly. yet women will choose mastectomy, for many different reasons, but a lot of what i hear is peace of mind, \u201d she said. \u201c but that \u2019 s really not going to translate into improved long - term outcomes. \u201d while breast cancer is the second most common type of cancer in women, breast cancer mortality rates have been steadily falling due to earlier detection and better treatment. \u201c in terms of mastectomy versus breast conservation we can \u2019 t necessarily say that one procedure improves quality of life over another, but we now know that survival is not different between the two procedures, \u201d dr. hunt said. other study participants include min yi, md, phd ; henry m. kuerer, md, phd, facs ; elizabeth a. mittendorf, md, facs ; rosa f. hwang, md, facs ; abigail s. caudle, md, facs ; isabelle bedrosian, md, facs ; funda meric - bernstam, md, facs ; and jamie l. wagner, do.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40653026656086955, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.310988"} {"text": "online protection for children the internet is an integral part of children ' s lives these days. it opens up so many educational and social opportunities, giving them access to a world of information and experiences. as you would protect your child in the real world, you will want to make sure that they are safe whatever they are doing. like learning to cross the road, online safety skills are skills for life. if your child understands the risks and can make sensible and informed choices online, they can get the most from the internet and stay safe whilst doing so \u2013 particularly from those people who might seek them out to harm them. so, how can you protect your child online? the answer is simple. if you understand the internet and understand what the risks are, there are a number of things you can do that will make your child safer online... ceop browser safety tool internet safety advice at your fingertips from the child exploitation and online protection centre. click on the following link to download the safety tool to your browser bar. the following link has a ' parents ' guide to the internet '. from tuesday 7th february it will include a tv - style programme available for public viewing, taking an entertaining and light - hearted look at what it \u2019 s like to bring up children in the online world \u2013 featuring practical tips and amusing clips from some surprising sources! tune in to learn more about what your child is up to online and how you can support them : www. thinkuknow. co. uk / parents facebook requires individuals to be at least 13 years old before they can create an account. in some jurisdictions, the age limit may be higher. a useful link to the parental guide for facebook is here : www. facebook. com / help / parents parental controls at home most parental control software will have a feature that blocks the internet connection after a time specified by the parent. all windows and mac computers now have parental controls as standard and this particular feature is available from the user settings or control panel. as well as controlling the duration of access, the parental controls can also be configured to enable internet access during specified hours only ( e. g. preventing night - time access! ). as well as parental controls on the computer itself, most home broadband routers ( e. g. bt broadband ) have control options to limit internet access for any or all computers in the home. you can also configure them to turn off access during certain hours ( usually through the night ). see the relevant instruction manual for guidance. both parental control methods can be found", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.453684151798959, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.316326"} {"text": "what is ram? what is ddr sd - ram ( ddr dimm, ddr ram )? what is the meaning of \" single / double - sided \"? what is ddr2 sd - ram ( ddr2 dimm, ddr2 ram )? what is meant by spd ( serial presence detect )? what is ecc and what does ( un - ) buffered / registered means? what is so - dimm? what does the figure order 2 - 3 - 3 - 7 - 1 exactly mean? what is rd ram ( rambus, rimm )? what is edo ram ( simm, ps / 2 )? why can ' t my computer run stable after takems module is installed? ( use the memtest86 to test your modules ) how much random access memory is enough? why does my pc only recognize half of the memory capacity of my new ram memory module? with which voltage does the ddr ram memory module work? can i also use a dual channel if i have installed 3 or more ram memory modules in my pc? in which way can i test a ram memory module? in which way do the memory modules need to be arranged that i can activate the dual channel? what does the information \" this ram memory module is suitable for dual channel and this ram memory module is not suitable \" actually mean? can i use two or more different types of memory modules at a time? copyright \u00a9 2005 - 2011,, all rights reserved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49352317985433414, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.318242"} {"text": "chocolate is a name given to products that are derived from cocoa which are then mixed with some sort of fat ( e. g. cocoa butter, oil ) and finely powdered sugar to produce a solid edible product. to make chocolate, the cocoa bean is roasted and shelled, leaving only the nibs, or centres. it exists in several types according to the proportion of ingredients used in a particular recipe. chocolate comprises a number of raw and processed foods produced from the seed of the tropical cacao tree. much of the chocolate consumed today is in the form of sweet chocolate, combining chocolate with sugar. chocolate has become one of the most popular flavors in the world. gifts of chocolate molded into different shapes have become traditional on certain holidays : chocolate bunnies and eggs are popular on easter, chocolate coins on hanukkah, santa claus and other holiday symbols on christmas, and hearts on valentine ' s day. pure, unsweetened chocolate contains primarily cocoa solids and cocoa butter in varying proportions. bitter chocolate is defined as containing more than 35 % chocolate liquor. despite its name chocolate liquor contains no alcohol. it is made up of the finely ground nib ( or centre ) of the cocoa bean to form a smooth liquid. this liquid is quite bitter to taste as it has had no added sugar and is essentially chocolate in its purest form. the liquor is cooled and moulded into blocks, which contain approximately 53 % cocoa butter. bitter chocolate is often used in cooking and is also known as unsweetened and baking chocolate chocolate chips are small chunks of chocolate. they are often sold in a round, flat - bottomed teardrop shape. they are available in numerous sizes, from large to miniature, but are usually around 1 cm in diameter. they are brightly colored chocolate buttons with crispy shells, encased in a pack that ' s as colorful as the product itself. chocolate powders are made from cocoa and may be used for cooking and drinking. chocolates may also be powdered by crushing them and then grinding in a grinder. chop chocolate slab with a sharp knife into small or big chunks as per the recipe requirement. the chocolate can be crushed, sliced or powdered. dark chocolate is produced by adding fat and sugar to cacao. it is chocolate without milk as an additive. it is sometimes called \" plain chocolate \". grate the chocolate on a grater. grated chocolates are usually used as a garnish. milk chocolate is sweet chocolate that additionally contains milk powder or condensed milk. how to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5092357103031887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.325478"} {"text": "an additive. it is sometimes called \" plain chocolate \". grate the chocolate on a grater. grated chocolates are usually used as a garnish. milk chocolate is sweet chocolate that additionally contains milk powder or condensed milk. how to select white chocolate \" contains cocoa butter, sugar, and milk but no cocoa solids ( and thus does not qualify to be considered true chocolate ). there are many fine chocolate boutique, cafes and brands springing up all the time in cities around the world. when tasting a chocolate for the first time, buy from a source you know is fresh. when buying from a local supermarket always check the dates. chocolate does not simply \" expire \" on the date and can last for a few years from the time it was made if properly stored - it is still edible and perfectly good for baking and eating for months or a year or more past the date. culinary uses \u00b7 chocolate is also used in cold and hot beverages, to produce chocolate milk and hot chocolate \u00b7 when included as a cooking ingredient in cakes, desserts, sauces etc. they add a touch of real chocolatey flavor. \u00b7 chocolate is best used in conjunction with other ingredients and used to make tasty treats such a chocolate cookies, muffins and chocolate mousses. \u00b7 chocolate is the best option for use in cooking as it gives the chef greater control over the consistency and sweetness of the dish. how to store store chocolates in plastic wrappings in refrigerator. health benefits \u00b7 chocolate contains alkaloids such as theobromine and phenethylamine, which have physiological effects on the body. \u00b7 it has been linked to serotonin levels in the brain. scientists claim that chocolate, eaten in moderation, can lower blood pressure. \u00b7 dark chocolate has recently been promoted for its health benefits, including a substantial amount of antioxidants that reduce the formation of free radicalsglycemic index try recipes using chocolate more recipes with this ingredient.... cocoa powder ( 290 recipes ), grated chocolate ( 77 recipes ), chocolate ( 112 recipes ), dark chocolate ( 91 recipes ), chocolate chips ( 55 recipes ), chocolate gems ( 8 recipes ), chocolate powder ( 23 recipes ), milk chocolate ( 23 recipes ), white chocolate ( 42 recipes ), chopped chocolate ( 46 recipes ), bitter chocolate ( 3 recipes ), drinking chocolate ( 36 recipes ), amul chocolate ( 1 recipes ), perk chocolate ( 1 recipes ), baker ' s semi - sweet baking chocolate squares ( 1 recipes )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4655021121148793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.326623"} {"text": "powered by afi in philadelphia, on 8 may 1776, massachusetts delegate john adams urges the continental congress to debate whether officially to secede from england. although many congressmen support the \" independency \" issue, all are offended by adams ' frequent tirades and implore him to sit down. instead, the frustrated adams leaves the building, but regains his composure by thinking about his wife abigail, who remains in massachusetts to manage their farm. in a letter, adams writes abby that the king is sending twelve thousand mercenaries to subdue the colonists and asks her to coordinate the neighboring women to make saltpeter to use in the manufacture of gun powder. in her reply, abby refuses unless adams agrees to send her sewing pins, which are scarce in wartime. on another day, adams complains about congress ' indecisiveness to ben franklin, who is one of three delegates from pennsylvania. franklin suggests that adams let someone more popular lead the cause and convinces richard henry lee, a virginian delegate from an old, influential family, to solicit the support of the virginia house of burgesses. meanwhile, congress, headed by its president, john hancock, receives by courier from gen. george washington of the continental army, frequent, depressing missives, reporting shortages, ill - trained soldiers and the intention of british troops to split the colonies in half at new york. when lee returns, he presents virginia ' s resolution for independence, but john dickinson of pennsylvania, leading the opposition, makes a counter proposal to postpone the issue indefinitely. as charles thomson, the secretary of congress, calls the roll, six colonies vote in favor of postponement and six against, with one abstention. when stephen hopkins, one of three delegates from rhode island, returns from a brief trip to the privy down the street, he casts the deciding vote to continue the debate. a discussion then commences, in which dickinson defends england, but other delegates complain about repressions, high taxes and abolished rights and franklin suggests that america has spawned a new race requiring a new nation. highly charged emotions temporarily erupt into a brawl, but hancock restores order. edward \" ned \" rutledge of south carolina claims that the south wishes to be ruled neither by england nor the north. judge james wilson of pennsylvania, a toady to dickinson, timidly suggests that more time is needed. even samuel chase of maryland, who supports independence, believes the decision must wait until washington ' s military success is assured, to prevent them being hanged", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4550504388668062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.343620"} {"text": "james wilson of pennsylvania, a toady to dickinson, timidly suggests that more time is needed. even samuel chase of maryland, who supports independence, believes the decision must wait until washington ' s military success is assured, to prevent them being hanged as traitors. adams argues that an army needs inspiration, such as a flag and a purpose, and claims that americans have \" spirit. \" to this, dickinson jeers and calls adams a \" madman, \" and the two come to blows, creating havoc. a gunshot fired into the air by a delegate quiets the room and cancer - ridden caesar rodney, one third of the delaware delegation, decries that england is cutting off their air. rodney then faints and, when revived, realizes he is too ill to remain. apologizing for leaving delaware split on this important issue, rodney departs, aided by scotsman thomas mckean, another delaware delegate. taking advantage of their absence, rutledge proposes to end the debate and take the vote. realizing the cause is lost without delaware, franklin stalls for time and is rewarded by the arrival of new jersey delegates, who support independence. dickinson proposes that the decision to secede must be unanimous, so that no colony is forced to fight england against its will. on the issue of unanimity, the colonists are again split, but the tie is broken by hancock who explains that, without agreement, americans will fight each other in military battles. knowing that a unanimous vote is impossible, adams and franklin ask for postponement until they prepare a written document and, to everyone ' s surprise, the usually taciturn virginian, young thomas jefferson, eloquently argues that a document is needed to explain to the world the reason for their action. during the vote, the colonies are again undecided, but hancock breaks the tie in favor of postponement. a committee is formed by adams, franklin, new yorker robert livingston, connecticut ' s roger sherman and, against his will, jefferson, who has been away from home for six months. when deciding who will write the document, all make excuses, leaving jefferson with the responsibility, although he protests that he \" burns \" to see his wife. jefferson then spends the next week unsuccessfully trying to write. realizing that jefferson ' s \" problem \" must be solved before the bigger task is achieved, adams sends for jefferson ' s wife martha and, when she arrives, the couple retreats from the world to sate their passions. while waiting, adams conjures", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4874805249003911, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.349911"} {"text": "jefferson ' s \" problem \" must be solved before the bigger task is achieved, adams sends for jefferson ' s wife martha and, when she arrives, the couple retreats from the world to sate their passions. while waiting, adams conjures abigail in his mind and imagines talking with her at their farm. the next morning, franklin and adams introduce themselves to martha, who coyly praises the way her husband plays the violin. meanwhile, congress carries out mundane duties and mckean returns, predicting that rodney will never leave home again. to no avail, adams, franklin and mckean try to win others to their side. when another dispatch from washington reports disorder, confusion and an assembly of prostitutes at the new brunswick army training ground, adams convinces chase and franklin to accompany him to check out the situation. after congress adjourns that day, custodian andrew mcnair and his assistant visit with the courier, who tells them about his horrific battle experiences. near the end of june, thomson reads jefferson ' s draft, as jefferson paces outside the room. upon returning, franklin and adams report that the soldiers are excellent marksmen who work well together if motivated, and that chase is persuading the maryland assembly to approve independence. as they wait for the reading to finish, jefferson, franklin and adams discuss whether a dove, a turkey or an eagle should symbolize the new nation. for several days, delegates make amendments to the document, with jefferson ' s approval and to adams ' annoyance. when sherman questions the need to criticize the english parliament, adams cries out that they are having a revolution and must offend somebody. on 30 june, dickinson tries to remove a reference to king george being a tyrant, but this change jefferson refuses to make. by 1 july, after everyone seems satisfied, rutledge contests a passage referring to the abolition of slavery. angrily, rutledge accuses northerners of hypocrisy, pointing out that new england ships carried slaves from africa to the south and, with the other southerners, abandons the meeting. just then, chase returns, announcing that maryland approves independence. although his pro - independence colleagues remain demoralized, adams asks mckean to fetch rodney from delaware. after other delegates leave for the evening, franklin, though against slavery, tells adams that the offending passage must be forfeited. after an exchange of heated words, adams climbs to the building ' s bell tower and imagines abby ' s words of support. unexpectedly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46743245979527204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.352297"} {"text": "for the evening, franklin, though against slavery, tells adams that the offending passage must be forfeited. after an exchange of heated words, adams climbs to the building ' s bell tower and imagines abby ' s words of support. unexpectedly, a shipment arrives containing several barrels of saltpeter made by massachusetts women. with new confidence, adams asks jefferson to talk to rutledge and sends franklin to persuade wilson. then, thomson shows him a message from a discouraged washington, who asks, \" does anybody care? \" depressed, adams remains in the assembly room late into the night, wondering whether he is alone in envisioning america ' s great future. at adams ' moment of despair, dr. lymon hall of north carolina reveals that he, too, is in the room. able to see what adams sees, hall has decided to change his vote. on 2 july, after mckean returns with rodney, congress commences the vote, knowing that a single \" nay \" will defeat the issue. eight colonies vote in favor of the resolution, but rutledge demands that the slavery passage be removed. adams wants to object, but franklin says that nothing else will matter unless independence is secured. without commenting, jefferson strikes out the passage, and the southerners vote favorably. last is pennsylvania. because franklin is in favor and dickinson, against, wilson now realizes that his vote will determine the course of history. after telling dickinson that he does not want that responsibility, wilson votes in alignment with the others, and thus the resolution is adopted. hancock signs the document, but dickinson, apologizing, abstains. instead, dickinson announces he will fight in the continental army, but hope for reconciliation with england. on 3 july, washington is in new york, preparing for battle. on 4 july, hancock orders mcnair to ring the bell, as each delegate signs the declaration of independence.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4962232935839225, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.354514"} {"text": "in the 1860s it was a strange new world for the pioneering young chinese men who sailed from guangdong province to the goldfields of otago. some struck gold, but they also found oppressive prejudice and hardship. however, with more liberal immigration rules since 1987, new waves of chinese have brought diverse skills and languages, and revived traditions such as the lion dance and the lantern festival. full story by manying ip main image : women making red bean dumplings for a chinese bazaar, 1995 the short story a quick, easy summaryread the full story seeking a better life in the 19th century people in south china faced famine and overpopulation, and many sought their fortunes overseas. but it soon became difficult for them to enter new zealand because of anti - chinese immigration restrictions. the first immigrants the first known settler was appo hocton, who jumped ship at nelson in 1842. starting out as a servant, he eventually became a businessman and prospered through hard work. twelve chinese were brought to work the otago goldfields in 1866. by 1869 over 2, 000 had come to the \u2018 new gold mountain \u2019, as they called new zealand. but rather than striking it rich, most were confronted with poverty, racism and isolation. the poll tax ignorance and prejudice meant that chinese were seen as undesirable \u2013 a number of harsh laws limited their rights in new zealand. to restrict immigration, in 1881 the government charged them a poll tax ( entry fee ) of \u00a310, later raised to \u00a3100. this taxation continued until 1934. in 2002, the government apologised for the hardship it caused. life in the towns after the gold rush some men found work in fruit shops and laundries, or as market gardeners. few women could join them because of the poll tax. the men often sought comfort in opium and gambling, which only increased anti - chinese prejudice. attitudes softened when china fought japan in the second world war. as more women and children were allowed to come, families formed communities. but by the 1960s, they were losing their language and traditions. a new policy in 1987 allowed many more chinese to immigrate from china and elsewhere. the community today after europeans and polynesians, chinese form new zealand \u2019 s largest ethnic community. generally they are well educated, and come for work or the lifestyle. recent immigrants have revived their culture and languages.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4058432022705508, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.363550"} {"text": "super - strong yarn for spacesuits and bullet - proof vests fabrics woven using novel carbon - nanotube - loaded yarns. credit : kai liu. super - strong, highly conductive yarns made from extraordinarily thin carbon tubes could one day find use in spacesuits, bulletproof vests and radiation suits, researchers now suggest. carbon nanotubes are hollow pipes just nanometers or billionths of a meter in diameter \u2014 dozens to hundreds of times thinner than a wavelength of visible light. they can possess a range of extraordinary physical and electrical properties, such as being roughly 100 times stronger than steel at one - sixth the weight. scientists have feverishly explored ways to make textiles from carbon nanotubes for years. however, yarns made from these nanotubes lacked the attractive properties seen in lone fibers. the problem is rooted in how the nanotubes are typically about 200 to 400 millimeters long. when these get woven together into a yarn, the connections between the nanotubes act as gaps that weaken the yarn ' s overall conductivity, and these connections are not as strong as the tubes themselves, explained researcher kai liu at the tsinghua - foxconn nanotechnology research center in beijing. simultaneously enhancing both the strength and conductivity of yarns made from these nanotubes has proven difficult. additives that increased the strength of these yarns often inadvertently left behind poorly conductive residues that reduced the overall conductivity of the yarn. on the other hand, treatments with super - acids that boosted the conductivity of these yarns by adding oxygen - containing molecules also weakened the yarns by introducing physical defects. now scientists in china reveal they have made composite yarns from carbon nanotubes and plastic that are both very strong and electrically conductive. the researchers first wove pure carbon nanotube yarns as free of physical defects as possible, to ensure it had good electrical conductivity. they next impregnated a strengthening plastic into the empty spaces inside this yarn, using a solvent that did not leave any leftovers behind that would detract from the yarn ' s electrical properties. the strength of these new yarns \u2014 up to about five times stronger than steel \u2014 combined with their flexibility makes them attractive for protective fabrics such as bulletproof vests. at the same time, the fact they are so electrically conductive means they could be easily heated, making them valuable for use in super - cold environments such as outer space. in addition, since carbon nanotubes can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5499156070049589, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.371143"} {"text": "sign up for a new account or log in here : scientists at ibm \u2019 s t. j. watson research center in yorktown heights, n. y. are making substantial progress on what is expected to be the successor to silicon - based microprocessors. carbon nanotubes have been arranged on the surface of a silicon wafer to create a hybrid chip with more than 10, 000 working transistors. researchers have become increasingly concerned with the possibility that moore \u2019 s law \u2013 the idea that the number of transistors on a chip can be doubled every 12 to 18 months \u2013 might fail sooner rather than later. ibm says the breakthrough is significant and worth getting excited over. silicon has been an incredibly resilient building block over the past 50 years or so but scientists have yet to find a solution beyond the next few generations. carbon nanotubes are expected to allow chip makers to build smaller transistors that can turn on and off much more quickly than their silicon counterparts. supratik guha, director of physical sciences at ibm research, said his group suspected carbon nanotubes would outperform any other switches made from any other material. simulations performed by device physicists showed a factor of five or more improvement over conventional silicon devices. the processor industry as a whole has hit a wall in recent years in terms of overall clock speed. this has forced the industry to shift gears and build multi - core processors to help tackle workloads rather than continuing to ramp up clock speeds. once the new technology has been fully perfected for use by the end of this decade, scientists anticipate future processors will feature much higher clock speeds in addition to even more transistors being crammed onto a single wafer. get free exclusive content, learn about new features and breaking tech news.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5807293693131197, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.374866"} {"text": "summary : this manual offers practical advice on the fundamentals of research to college and university students in all fields of study. the craft of research teaches much more than the mechanics of fact gathering : it explains how to approach a research project as an analytical process. the authors chart every stage of research, from finding a topic and generating research questions about it to marshalling evidence, constructing arguments, and writing everything up in a final report that is a... show more model of authority. their advice is designed for use by both beginners and seasoned practitioners, and for projects from class papers to dissertations. this book is organized into four parts. part one is a spirited introduction to the distinctive nature, values, and protocols of research. part two demystifies the art of discovering a topic. it outlines a wide range of sources, among them personal interests and passions. parts three and four cover the essentials of argument - - how to make a claim and support it - - and ways to outline, draft, revise, rewrite, and polish the final report. part three is a short course in the logic, structure, uses, and common pitfalls of argumentation. the writing chapters in part four show how to present verbal and visual information effectively and how to shape sentences and paragraphs that communicate with power and precision.... show lessedition / copyright : 95 more prices and sellers below.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48722829803456336, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.380446"} {"text": "light - emitting t - shirts come closer to realitymay 6th, 2009 - 1 : 51 pm ict by ani london, may 6 ( ani ) : light - emitting t - shirts may soon come to be used for electronic displays, thanks to a new japanese screen - printing method of depositing a luminescent gel onto any surface, including paper and fabric. researchers at dai nippon printing in tokyo, who have made this advance, have revealed that the gel consists of a ruthenium compound that emits a bright light when a voltage is applied to it, along with an electrolyte and silica nanoparticles. the electrolyte is a liquid salt, an ionic liquid that does not easily evaporate. it also prevents the ink from degrading, allowing displays to be printed onto surfaces without the need for a protective coating. what makes this ink suitable for use with textiles is the fact that it will not wash off in water, say the researchers. according to them, the silica nanoparticles blend with the light - emitting liquid to form a gel, allowing it to be printed onto different surfaces in discrete blobs, to form pixels. presently, the ink emits only reddish hues, reports new scientist magazine. the researchers, however, are trying to incorporate other metal compounds into their technique so as to emit green and blue light, which will eventually give them the whole spectrum. since the screen - printing technique currently allows only rough pixels to be generated, the images produced currently are fuzzy. the researchers say that they are working on techniques to deposit the gel onto surfaces using an ink - jet printer, which would allow them to create smaller pixels and hence higher resolution at costs lower than those involved in lithographic techniques. the company hopes to market the technology within five years. it believes that its technique may pave the way for light - emitting posters, clothing, flexible displays, and new lighting applications. ( ani ) - innovative method prints colours without inks - aug 13, 2012 - nano - lasers to light future homes - jun 30, 2010 - now, quantum dot display for sharper flexible tv screen images - feb 21, 2011 - raman effect makes cancer detection possible - apr 21, 2011 - ' chameleon ' technology that could make tanks look like a cow! - jan 20, 2011 - growing nanolasers on silicon paves way for on - chip photonics - feb 07, 2011 - ultrathin silicon substitute to revolutionize future electronics", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.574377060965429, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.392638"} {"text": "##meleon ' technology that could make tanks look like a cow! - jan 20, 2011 - growing nanolasers on silicon paves way for on - chip photonics - feb 07, 2011 - ultrathin silicon substitute to revolutionize future electronics - nov 23, 2010 - new kind of optical fiber paves way for improved surgical and medical lasers - feb 26, 2011 - bacteria - killing paper for next - generation food packaging - feb 20, 2011 - magic ink to revolutionise full - colour printing - aug 26, 2009 - new method to create field - effect transistors - may 26, 2010 - green led tvs and computers ' a step closer to reality ' - apr 26, 2011 - polymer synthesis to pave way for more energy - efficient electronics - jul 20, 2010 - scientists build microbatteries with nanowire hearts - dec 10, 2010 - new technique that makes leds more efficient developed - jan 26, 2011 tags : blobs, dai nippon printing, electrolyte, electronic displays, flexible displays, ink jet printer, ionic liquid, japanese screen, lighting applications, lithographic techniques, metal compounds, new lighting, new scientist magazine, nippon, printing method, printing technique, reddish hues, ruthenium, screen printing, silica", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5409774535080876, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.394245"} {"text": "in the \" colonias \" communities of south texas, thousands live without running water, sanitation, or electricity corpus christi, tex. - - the sun is low in the sky and an icy wind whips across the cotton field. the trailer has been empty a couple of months now. a tortured strip of aluminum bent into a ' v ' sits like a spire on what ' s left of the roof, and the back end of the home is now a wooden skeleton after a tornado ripped it apart late last year. santos marines, 62, stands on her stoop next door and shakes her head. \" i don ' t know where they went. he came by yesterday to get some of his stuff, but they had to move out. it ' s so sad. they have nothing. \" the irony is that while marines ' s trailer was spared the tornado, she has very little herself. the tiny heater in the front room is barely enough to keep it warm and marines has resorted to turning two burners up high on the stove ; the other two are broken. several gallon - bottles of water are stacked up near the door. there is no running water - - any that she needs for cooking or bathing is pumped from a neighbor ' s well half a mile down the road, and drinking water has to come from the supermarket. story continues below colonias - - impoverished communities along the united states ' southern border - - date back to the 1950s when ruthless property developers created unincorporated subdivisions on agriculturally useless land that usually lay in floodplains. they failed to put in any infrastructure and then sold the plots to people seeking affordable housing at hugely inflated rates of interest. \" miss one payment, \" says lionel lopez who runs the south texas colonia initiative, an advocacy group for residents, \" and you have to start all over again. \" colonias didn ' t really hit the headlines until 20 years ago. it was incredible then that people in the united states were living without running water, electricity or sanitation. it ' s even more incredible that it ' s still happening in 2011. texas is home to more colonias than any other state. according to official state records, around 500, 000 people - - predominantly hispanic - - live in 2, 300 of these communities along a 1, 248 - mile stretch of the border. housing is usually in shacks made of wood, plywood and cardboard, or in trailers. but it ' s not just the border that is home to the colonias : primavera, the one in which marines", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3838798239731396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.410413"} {"text": "- mile stretch of the border. housing is usually in shacks made of wood, plywood and cardboard, or in trailers. but it ' s not just the border that is home to the colonias : primavera, the one in which marines lives, is just a few miles outside of corpus christi in nueces county, 150 miles or so from mexico. there have been some improvements. according to a report by the texas secretary of state colonia initiatives program which co - ordinates the various federal, state and local agencies and officials helping address the challenges, in 2006 there were an estimated 62, 675 residents living in 442 colonias that lacked basic infrastructure such as potable water and wastewater disposal. in 2010, this had dropped to 44, 526 living in 353 colonias. herein lies the problem : critics say there are so many agencies involved in \" helping address the challenges \" that deciding who does what, where funding will come from, and which community will receive it, is a mess. and some, including lopez, question the official number of colonias. \" how sad to be born here, live here all your life, die here and not know what it is like to be an american. \" lopez, a retired firefighter, turns 68 this year. he first learned of the plight of colonias residents more than 30 years ago. shocked, he and his wife began going to county meetings and used their own money to install septic tanks and provide blankets and other necessities. finally, an attorney friend told them to form a non - profit otherwise nobody would pay them any attention. \" so we did it and they still ignored us, \" he says, laughing. \" but we ' re still here. \" santos marines was born in texas and lives on widows benefits. she was in social housing but after her son was sent to prison in san antonio she had to give up the house so she could visit him. when he was moved to a unit in dayton, texas, she couldn ' t afford another move and ended up living here in primavera with her friend, dionicio castillo, the trailer ' s owner. they have tried to fix the place up - - marines shows me where she ' s used insulating foam under the base boards and in the cracks to keep the cold from coming in - - but she admits she ' s fighting a losing battle. just down the road, 61 - year - old arturo mungia, who brings water to marines and castillo ' s trailer twice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39514453286805196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.418663"} {"text": "and in the cracks to keep the cold from coming in - - but she admits she ' s fighting a losing battle. just down the road, 61 - year - old arturo mungia, who brings water to marines and castillo ' s trailer twice a week, lives in the house he built on rented land 16 years ago. it ' s bitterly cold inside the dark kitchen. \" my stove broke so i was using a hot plate, \" mungia says, pointing to a small electric appliance on a stool at the side of the room. \" but now that ' s broken, too. \" he used to love making menudo ( a mexican soup ) but he hasn ' t had a hot meal for weeks. he used to drink the well water until lopez warned him not to - - run - off from the fields can poison it with pesticides, and if it ' s a private well, like mungia ' s, it is not regulated by the texas commission on environmental quality. we turn down a potholed road that leads to a small wooden shack. antonia lopez ( no relation to lionel ) says her family built the house in 1986. it has no running water and no drainage. it ' s also in the flood plain and she has seen her sitting room submerged too many times than she ' d care to remember. lopez is in a wheelchair after having her leg amputated due to complications with diabetes. she is waiting for a prosthetic limb to be fitted but when it is, she wants to work again. \" for now, i get $ 137 a month in food stamps, \" she says. at nearby banquette colonia, lionel lopez points out the sheer number of wheelchair ramps leading up to one dilapidated house after the other. \" they ' re all in dialysis, \" he says. \" there are also predominantly women living here ; all the men have died of heart attacks. \" four years ago the texas legislature passed senate bill 99 which it says will help stop the proliferation of colonias and improve the health, safety and quality of life for residents in existing ones. that legislation requires the texas secretary of state to compile information from the various agencies that aid those residents. the latest report came out in december and recommended undertaking a survey of the basic services available in each colonia, tracking the progress of state - funded projects and prioritizing funding. the report ' s introduction read : \" count on our continued leadership to help ensure that all colonia residents have quality roads, reliable water and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3671886198747101, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.421067"} {"text": "basic services available in each colonia, tracking the progress of state - funded projects and prioritizing funding. the report ' s introduction read : \" count on our continued leadership to help ensure that all colonia residents have quality roads, reliable water and wastewater infrastructure, and excellent public health services. \" critics say that ' s easier said than done ; that there are so many agencies involved - - including the texas department of rural affairs, texas water development board, the state ' s department of transportation and department of housing and community affairs - - that it ' s become a minefield. i ask carola serrato of the south texas water authority what is stopping all colonias in her county getting water connections. there are a number of factors, she says. it depends where the colonia is and when it was developed ( if it ' s an unrecorded subdivision that hasn ' t been plotted, as is often the case, connecting to the mains water supply can be tricky, apparently ), whether the person requesting water connection actually owns the property, and whether indeed there is even a water line anywhere close. \" water supply corporations are non - profit organizations, \" serrato says. \" they are owned by the members and if we need to run a line 10, 000 feet to a house it would add up to quite a lot of money. we typically can ' t let members pay for that and so that ' s usually what hinders someone from getting water. \" tyner little agrees. he works in governmental affairs for nueces county and says some people choose to live in such remote areas that they simply can ' t afford to pay for the length of the water line needed to cover the distance. for those colonias that are in the worst state, little says the county deals with them one project at a time. \" we can handle two or three a year, but a lot of times it just doesn ' t make sense, \" he says. \" we did a water project this past year and after all was said and done we spent $ 1. 6m getting water into this old subdivision just outside of corpus. the lot sizes were small and had houses stacked four, five to a lot, sharing a driveway. we had to move one house and to get roads and drainage into that subdivision of 117 people we spent just under $ 14, 000 per person. \" the money for that project came from the office of rural and community affairs, little says. other funding comes from the water development board and from the state.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4019532814629538, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.423186"} {"text": "drainage into that subdivision of 117 people we spent just under $ 14, 000 per person. \" the money for that project came from the office of rural and community affairs, little says. other funding comes from the water development board and from the state. \" but we just don ' t have resources. we can get grants to help but we ' re not in the water business and we ' re not in the sewer business, and nor do we want to be. \" colonias issues are some of the most complicated the various agencies have to deal with : houses not built to code, no proper easements, no right of way for utilities or emergency vehicles and bad drainage. then there ' s the fact that most are built in floodplains - - and so finding agencies even willing to fund projects can be hard. progress is being made, but it ' s slow. eleven years ago, respected hispanic filmmaker hector galan made a documentary about the colonias. one resident told him then : \" how sad to be born here, live here all your life, die here and not know what it is like to be an american. \" the sentiments of colonias residents today haven ' t much changed. alex hannaford is a british journalist based in texas, where he writes about human interest and political issues, religion, crime and culture. you can follow him on twitter @ alhannaford and read more of his work at his website and blog.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3513237416717062, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.425844"} {"text": "unveiling the hidden universe : infrared observatory clears up dusty tales. peek in any apartment window, it ' s said, and you ' ll discover a unique story. the same is true of the heavens, except that skywatchers face a special challenge. the windows through which they view the cosmos are often clouded by dust. an observer peering through a telescope in visible or ultraviolet light misses much of the drama in the universe, from a stellar nursery teeming teem 1 v. teemed, teem \u00b7 ing, teems 1. to be full of things ; abound or swarm : a drop of water teems with microorganisms. 2. with newborns to the fireworks fireworks : see pyrotechnics. explosives or combustibles used for display. of ancient chinese origin, fireworks evidently developed out of military rockets and explosive missiles and accompanied the spread of military explosives westward to generated by the collision of two galaxies. infrared telescopes can penetrate this dust, revealing much more of the story. they can also record emissions from heavenly bodies too cool to radiate light at shorter wavelengths and higher energies. for 28 months, the european space agency ' s infrared space observatory infrared space observatory : see infrared astronomy. infrared space observatory ( iso ) european space agency satellite that from 1995 to 1998 observed astronomical sources of infrared radiation. the satellite, which carried a 60 - cm ( 24 - in. ( iso ( 1 ) see iso speed. ( 2 ) ( international organization for standardization, geneva, switzerland, www. iso. ch ) an organization that sets international standards, founded in 1946. the u. s. member body is ansi. ) has scanned the heavens from its vantage point in earth ' s orbit. the mission, which ended in early april, generated remarkable new views of several familiar objects. it also examined the composition of these bodies by analyzing the intensity of light at wavelengths from 3 to 240 micrometers. such a feat isn ' t possible with ground - based telescopes, which are hampered by water vapor and other molecules in earth ' s atmosphere that both emit and absorb infrared light. iso scientists presented a roundup of the observatory ' s discoveries last month at a press briefing in london. some of the most intriguing finds came relatively late in the mission, when the observatory examined a region of orion, the nearest birthplace of massive stars. in visible light, orion ' s well - known horsehead nebula looks like a dark dust cloud. viewed with a camera aboard the observatory, however, the horsehead silhouette", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5586686026827699, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.455255"} {"text": "when the observatory examined a region of orion, the nearest birthplace of massive stars. in visible light, orion ' s well - known horsehead nebula looks like a dark dust cloud. viewed with a camera aboard the observatory, however, the horsehead silhouette vanishes and young stars shine through. areas rich in dust appear as bright filaments. the space observatory paints a portrait of two other star - forming clouds within orion, ngc ngc new general catalogue ( of nebulae and star clusters ; astronomy ) ngc national geographic channel ( tv ) ngc national guideline clearinghouse 2068 and ngc 2071. in the infrared, clutches of young stars dot the landscape. iso also detected the bright glow of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in these nebula nebula ( neb ` yl\u0259 ) [ lat., = mist ], in astronomy, observed manifestation of a collection of highly rarefied gas and dust in interstellar space.. these organic compounds have been found in the martian meteorite alh alh advanced light helicopter alh amplitude of lateral head ( displacement ) alh alpha hospitality corporation ( former stock symbol ; now alhy ) alh advanced liquid hydrogen 84001 and in other interstellar clouds. astronomers have suggested that these chemicals could provide some of the raw materials of life. while observing the intensity of the stars at several infrared wavelengths, lennart nordh and goran olofsson of stockholm university and their colleagues identified groups of stellar objects so young that they are still lying inside placentas of gas and dust. as many as 20 percent of these objects have insufficient mass to qualify as bona fide, hydrogen - burning stars, says gerry gilmore of the university of cambridge in england. with less than 8 percent of the mass of the sun, these cool, infrared - emitting objects will become brown dwarfs, fizzling out after they exhaust their supply of deuterium deuterium ( dter ` e\u0259m ), isotope of hydrogen with mass no. 2. the deuterium nucleus, called a deuteron, contains one proton and one neutron.. the space observatory uncovered other new features of orion. the long - wavelength spectrometer revealed that a cloud near the sword of orion sword of orion is a big finish productions audio drama based on the long - running british science fiction television series doctor who. this audio drama was broadcast on bbc 7 in four weekly parts starting from 3 september 2005, and was repeated in 2006. contains a massive concentration of water vapor - - enough to fill earth ' s oceans 10", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5249454033503282, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.457104"} {"text": "running british science fiction television series doctor who. this audio drama was broadcast on bbc 7 in four weekly parts starting from 3 september 2005, and was repeated in 2006. contains a massive concentration of water vapor - - enough to fill earth ' s oceans 10 million times. by volume, that ' s about 1 part in 2, 000, or roughly 20 times the concentration detected in other gas clouds in the milky way. nonetheless, \" an enhanced concentration of water is precisely what we expected in this gas cloud, \" notes iso astronomer gary j. melnick of the harvard - smithsonian center for astrophysics the harvard - smithsonian center for astrophysics ( cfa ) is located in cambridge, massachusetts. it consists of the harvard college observatory and the smithsonian astrophysical observatory. the center is located at 60 garden street. in cambridge, mass. astronomers had theorized that water vapor is abundant in stellar nurseries like orion. water provides a means of cooling such regions - - and a cloud of gas and dust must cool in order to contract and form stars. in orion, as in other star - forming regions, winds from hot, young stars send out shock waves into the surrounding gas, notes melnick. at temperatures above a few hundred kelvins, molecular hydrogen, which is abundant in the clouds, radiates most of the heat away. below those temperatures, however, molecular hydrogen can no longer cool the region. at this point, water vapor radiates the surplus heat, allowing the cloud to grow denser and contract. \" it ' s in the critical region where the gas has partially cooled itself but is still too hot to collapse that the water vapor cooling becomes very significant, \" says martin harwit, an iso researcher and former director of the national air and space museum the national air and space museum ( nasm ) of the smithsonian institution is a museum in washington, d. c., united states, and is the most popular of the smithsonian museums. it maintains the largest collection of aircraft and spacecraft in the world. in washington, d. c. the vapor itself is generated by the shock waves, says melnick. the waves cause unbound unbound said of electrolytes, e. g. iron and calcium, and other substances which are circulating in the bloodstream and are not bound to plasma proteins so that they are available immediately for metabolic processes. see also calcium, iron. oxygen atoms to team up with molecular hydrogen and form water vapor. a similar process may have generated water in the solar system. harwit,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6068626847343888, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.458096"} {"text": "bound to plasma proteins so that they are available immediately for metabolic processes. see also calcium, iron. oxygen atoms to team up with molecular hydrogen and form water vapor. a similar process may have generated water in the solar system. harwit, melnick, and their colleagues describe their study in the april 20 astrophysical journal letters. melnick notes that nasa ' s submillimeter wave astronomical satellite, now scheduled for launch in january 1999, will continue the studies of water vapor in orion and search other parts of the milky way. near the milky way ' s dusty core, the space observatory examined several cold, dark clouds that seem to resemble orion in its earliest stages of formation. the patches appear to have \" just condensed out of the interstellar medium, \" says gilmore. \" they ' re just in the throes throe 1. a severe pang or spasm of pain, as in childbirth. see synonyms at pain. 2. throes a condition of agonizing struggle or trouble : a country in the throes of economic collapse. of condensing into star - forming units, but they haven ' t [ yet ] got stars to warm them up. so unlike the horsehead nebula, these things are still black. \" their very existence in the inner region of the galaxy, where they are buffeted by stellar winds and ultraviolet light, \" is a great puzzle, \" gilmore adds. michel perault of the national center for space studies in paris suggests that the density of the clouds, which is greater than that of the clouds in orion, may offer protection. ultraviolet radiation from neighboring stars may evaporate the outer layers of these clouds, leaving the cores intact, he speculates. the cores may even be able to snare additional material. \" it ' s likely that [ these clouds ] could become an, orion and may even get brighter than orion, \" says perault. \" if these things are on the verge on the verge ( or the geography of yearning ) is a play written by eric overmyer. it makes extensive use of esoteric language and pop culture references from the late nineteenth century to 1955. of starting to collapse, it wouldn ' t take much more than a million years until you get the [ formation of ] young, bright stars. \" follow - up observations with iram iram ( i ` ram ), in the bible, duke of edom., a 30 - meter radio telescope in pico veleta veleta same as valeta,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5563233847231888, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.459799"} {"text": ", bright stars. \" follow - up observations with iram iram ( i ` ram ), in the bible, duke of edom., a 30 - meter radio telescope in pico veleta veleta same as valeta, spain, attest to the chilliness and high density of the clouds, he notes. a second infrared spacecraft, the u. s. air force ' s midcourse space experiment mission the midcourse space experiment ( msx ) is a ballistic missile defense organization satellite experiment ( unmanned space mission ) to map bright infrared sources in space., has also confirmed the cold, dark nature of these compact objects. m. p. egan of the air force research laboratory in bedford, mass., and his colleagues described the study in the feb. 20 astrophysical journal letters. mark r. morris of the university of california, los angeles ucla comprises the college of letters and science ( the primary undergraduate college ), seven professional schools, and five professional health science schools. since 2001, ucla has enrolled over 33, 000 total students, and that number is steadily rising. says that the evolution of the clouds will depend on their exact location in the galaxy. at the core of the galaxy, intense magnetic fields are common, he notes. they thread through gas clouds and act as springs, which may prevent the clouds from collapsing immediately and forming stars. in addition, differences in gravitational grav \u00b7 i \u00b7 ta \u00b7 tion a. the natural phenomenon of attraction between physical objects with mass or energy. b. the act or process of moving under the influence of this attraction. 2. forces across the clouds are amplified at the core. such stresses could also prevent collapse. in that case, only a particularly energetic shock could get star formation going. the space observatory ' s findings on the antennae, two galaxies that smashed into each other about a million years earlier, reveal that their \" most massive stars are completely hidden in the widely publicized images \" taken in visible light by the hubble space telescope hubble space telescope ( hst ), the first large optical orbiting observatory. built from 1978 to 1990 at a cost of $ 1. 5 billion, the hst ( named for astronomer e. p. hubble ) was expected to provide the clearest view yet obtained of the universe., says i. felix mirabel of the centre d ' etudes de saclay in gif - sur - yvette, france. fifteen to 20 percent of the luminosity luminosity, in astronomy, the rate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5482111710507271, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.461025"} {"text": "of the universe., says i. felix mirabel of the centre d ' etudes de saclay in gif - sur - yvette, france. fifteen to 20 percent of the luminosity luminosity, in astronomy, the rate at which energy of all types is radiated by an object in all directions. a star ' s luminosity depends on its size and its temperature, varying as the square of the radius and the fourth power of the absolute surface temperature. of these galaxies originated from a tiny region - - roughly 150 light - years across - - that looks dark in visible light. its intense glow in infrared light comes from massive newborn stars \" that have not yet cleared out all the dust and gas around them, \" says mirabel. \" the placenta clouds are still there. \" the findings, he says, have implications on a truly cosmic scale. astronomers estimate the history of star formation in the universe by studying distant galaxies in visible light. if visible - light images fail to capture a substantial amount of star formation in relatively nearby galaxies like the antennae, they are likely to miss even more in a distant galaxy, he asserts. that ' s because the expansion of the universe lengthens, or reddens, light from distant galaxies. ultraviolet light emitted by a faraway galaxy is shifted to visible light by the time it reaches earth. thus, a distant galaxy viewed in visible light reveals what the galaxy looked like billions of years earlier in the ultraviolet. since dust obscures ultraviolet light even more effectively than it does visible wavelengths, a visible - light image can scarcely reveal the true nature of a faraway galaxy, mirabel says. \" we are missing the grand design of galaxies, \" he says. he and his colleagues describe their findings in the may 1 astronomy and astrophysics astronomy and astrophysics may refer to : astronomy and astrophysics ( abbreviated as a & a. iso depended on a tank of liquid helium to maintain its temperature at a frigid 2 kelvins - - cold enough to reduce sharply the infrared emissions from the satellite ' s telescope and prevent it from interfering with observations. engineers expected the helium to run out 18 months after iso was launched. during those months, the position of the observatory did not allow it to view orion without running the risk of letting light from such bright sources as the sun or earth enter its aperture and boil off precious helium. fortunately, the helium lasted an additional 10 months. during that time, iso ' s orbit moved the observatory into a location from which it could view orion safely.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5866088380740788, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.461980"} {"text": "| discovered by | | prehistoric ( observation ) ; edmond halley ( recognition of periodicity ) ( 17 february 1994 ) ( 9 december 2023 ) last perihelion : 9 february 1986 next perihelion : 28 july 2061 | semi - major axis | | 17. 8 au | | orbital period | | 75. 3 a | | dimensions | | 15\u00d78 km, 11 km ( mean ) | | mass | | 2. 2 \u00d7 1014 kg | | mean density | | 0. 6 ( estimates range from 0. 2 to 1. 5 g / cm3 ) | | 2. 2 d ( 52. 8 h ) (? ) | | apparent magnitude | | 28. 2 ( in 2003 ) | halley ' s comet or comet halley ( officially designated 1p / halley ) is the best - known of the short - period comets, and is visible from earth every 75 to 76 years. halley is the only short - period comet that is clearly visible to the naked eye from earth, and thus the only naked - eye comet that might appear twice in a human lifetime. other naked - eye comets may be brighter and more spectacular, but will appear only once in thousands of years. halley ' s returns to the inner solar system have been observed by astronomers since at least 240 bc, and recorded by chinese, babylonian, and medieval european chroniclers, but were not recognized as reappearances of the same object. the comet ' s periodicity was first determined in 1705 by english astronomer edmond halley, after whom it is now named. halley ' s comet last appeared in the inner solar system in 1986 and will next appear in mid - 2061. during its 1986 apparition, halley ' s comet became the first to be observed in detail by spacecraft, providing the first observational data on the structure of a comet nucleus and the mechanism of coma and tail formation. these observations supported a number of longstanding hypotheses about comet construction, particularly fred whipple ' s \" dirty snowball \" model, which correctly surmised that halley would be composed of a mixture of volatile ices \u2014 such as water, carbon dioxide and ammonia \u2014 and dust. however, the missions also provided data which substantially reformed and reconfigured these ideas ; for instance it is now understood that halley ' s surface is largely composed of dusty, non - volatile materials, and that only a small portion of it is icy. halley ' s comet was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5031432459721552, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.618923"} {"text": "reformed and reconfigured these ideas ; for instance it is now understood that halley ' s surface is largely composed of dusty, non - volatile materials, and that only a small portion of it is icy. halley ' s comet was the first to be recognized as periodic. until the renaissance, the philosophical consensus on the nature of comets, promoted by aristotle, was that they were disturbances in the earth ' s atmosphere. this idea was disproved in 1577 by tycho brahe, who used parallax measurements to show that comets must lie above the moon. however, many were still unconvinced that comets actually orbited the sun, and assumed they must instead follow straight paths through the solar system. in 1687, sir isaac newton published his principia, in which he outlined his laws of gravity and motion. however, his work on comets was decidedly incomplete. although he had suspected that two comets that had appeared in succession in 1680 and 1681 were in fact the same comet before and after passing behind the sun ( he was later found to be correct ; see newton ' s comet ), he was unable to completely reconcile comets into his model. ultimately, it was newton ' s friend, editor and publisher, edmond halley who, in his 1705 synopsis of the astronomy of comets, used newton ' s new laws to calculate the gravitational effects of jupiter and saturn on cometary orbits. this calculation enabled him, after examining historical records, to determine that the orbital elements of a second comet which had appeared in 1682, were nearly the same as those of two comets which had appeared in 1531 ( observed by petrus apianus ) and 1607 ( observed by johannes kepler ). halley thus concluded that all three comets were in fact the same object returning every 76 years, a period that has since been amended to every 75 \u2013 76 years. after a rough estimate of the perturbations the comet would sustain from the gravitational attraction of the planets, he predicted its return for 1758. halley ' s prediction of the comet ' s return proved to be correct, although it was not seen until 25 december 1758, by johann georg palitzsch, a german farmer and amateur astronomer. it did not pass through its perihelion until 13 march 1759, the attraction of jupiter and saturn having caused a retardation of 618 days. this effect was computed ( with a one - month error to 13 april ) by a team of three french mathematicians, alexis clairault, joseph laland", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5351189217179898, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.620040"} {"text": "march 1759, the attraction of jupiter and saturn having caused a retardation of 618 days. this effect was computed ( with a one - month error to 13 april ) by a team of three french mathematicians, alexis clairault, joseph lalande, and nicole - reine lepaute, previous to its return. halley did not live to see the comet again as he died in 1742. the confirmation of the comet ' s return was the first time anything other than planets had been shown to orbit the sun. it was also one of the earliest successful tests of newtonian physics, and a clear demonstration of its explanatory power. the possibility has been raised that 1st - century jewish astronomers had already recognized halley ' s comet as periodic. this theory notes a passage in the talmud which refers to a \" a star which appears once in seventy years that makes the captains of the ships err \". halley ' s orbital period over the last three centuries has been between 75 and 76 years, though it has varied between 74 and 79 years since 240 bc. its orbit around the sun is highly elliptical, with an eccentricity of 0. 967 ( with 0 being a perfect circle and 1 being a parabolic trajectory ). the perihelion, the point in the comet ' s orbit when it is nearest the sun, is just 0. 6 au [ a ] ( between the orbits of mercury and venus ), while its aphelion, or farthest distance from the sun, is 35 au ( roughly the distance of pluto ). unusually for an object in the solar system, halley ' s orbit is retrograde ; it orbits the sun in the opposite direction to the planets, or clockwise from above the sun ' s north pole. the orbit is inclined by 18\u00b0 to the ecliptic, with much of it lying south of the ecliptic. due to halley ' s highly eccentric orbit, it has one of the highest velocities, relative to the earth, of any object in the solar system. the 1910 passage was at a relative velocity of 70. 56 km / s. because its orbit comes close to earth ' s in two places, halley ' s comet is the parent body of two meteor showers : the eta aquariids in early may, and the orionids in late october. halley is classified as a periodic or short - period comet ; one with an orbit lasting 200 years or less. this contrasts it with long - period comets, whose orbits last", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.508906274099537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.622184"} {"text": "aquariids in early may, and the orionids in late october. halley is classified as a periodic or short - period comet ; one with an orbit lasting 200 years or less. this contrasts it with long - period comets, whose orbits last for thousands of years. however, periodic comets have an average inclination to the ecliptic of only ten degrees, and an orbital period of just 6. 5 years, so halley ' s orbit is somewhat atypical. most short - period comets ( those with orbital periods shorter than 20 years and inclinations of 20 \u2013 30 degrees or less ) are called jupiter family comets. those like halley, with orbital periods of between 20 and 200 years and inclinations extending from zero to more than 90 degrees, are called halley - type comets. to date, only 54 halley - type comets have been observed, compared with nearly 400 identified jupiter family comets. the orbits of the halley - type comets suggest that they were originally long - period comets whose orbits were perturbed by the gravity of the giant planets and directed into the inner solar system. if halley was once a long - period comet, it is likely to have originated in the oort cloud, a sphere of cometary bodies that has an inner edge of 20, 000 \u2013 50, 000 au. conversely the jupiter family comets are believed to originate in the kuiper belt, a flat disc of icy debris between 30 au ( neptune ' s orbit ) and 50 au from the sun ( in the scattered disc ). however, another point of origin for the halley - type comets has been proposed. in 2008 a new trans - neptunian object with a retrograde orbit similar to halley ' s was discovered. nicknamed drac, its orbit takes it from just outside that of uranus to twice the distance of pluto. it may be a member of a new population of small solar system bodies that serves as the source of halley - type comets. halley ' s comet has probably been in its current orbit for 16, 000 to 200, 000 years, although it is not possible to numerically integrate its orbit for more than a few tens of apparitions, and close approaches before 837 can only be verified from recorded observations. the non - gravitational effects can be crucial ; as halley approaches the sun, it expels jets of sublimating gas from its surface, which knock it very slightly off its orbital path. these orbital changes can cause deviations in its perihelion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4901235304032405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.623808"} {"text": "gravitational effects can be crucial ; as halley approaches the sun, it expels jets of sublimating gas from its surface, which knock it very slightly off its orbital path. these orbital changes can cause deviations in its perihelion of up to four days. in 1989, boris chirikov and vitaly vecheslavov performed an analysis of 46 apparitions of halley ' s comet taken from historical records and computer simulations. these studies showed that its dynamics were chaotic and unpredictable on long timescales. halley ' s projected lifetime could be as long as 10 million years. more recent work suggests that halley will evaporate, or split in two, within the next few tens of thousands of years, or will be ejected from the solar system within a few hundred thousand years. observations by hughes suggest that halley ' s nucleus has been reduced in mass by 80 \u2013 90 % over the last 2000 \u2013 3000 revolutions. the giotto and vega missions gave planetary scientists their first view of halley ' s surface and structure. like all comets, as halley nears the sun, its volatile compounds ( those with low boiling points, such as water, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and other ices ) begin to sublime from the surface of its nucleus. this causes the comet to develop a coma, or atmosphere, up to 100, 000 km across. evaporation of this dirty ice releases dust particles, which travel with the gas away from the nucleus. gas molecules in the coma absorb solar light and then re - radiate it at different wavelengths, a phenomenon known as fluorescence, whereas dust particles scatter the solar light. both processes are responsible for making the coma visible. as a fraction of the gas molecules in the coma are ionized by the solar ultraviolet radiation, pressure from the solar wind, a stream of charged particles emitted by the sun, pulls the coma ' s ions out into a long tail, which may extend more than 100 million kilometers into space. changes in the flow of the solar wind can cause disconnection events, in which the tail completely breaks off from the nucleus. despite the vast size of its coma, halley ' s nucleus is relatively small ; barely 15 kilometers long, 8 kilometers wide and perhaps 8 kilometers thick. [ b ] its shape vaguely resembles that of an unshelled peanut. its mass is relatively low ; roughly 2. 2 \u00d7 1014 kg, and its average density is about 0. 6 g / cm3, indicating that it is made", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5313475652460773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.626502"} {"text": ". [ b ] its shape vaguely resembles that of an unshelled peanut. its mass is relatively low ; roughly 2. 2 \u00d7 1014 kg, and its average density is about 0. 6 g / cm3, indicating that it is made of large number of small pieces, held together very loosely, forming a structure known as a rubble pile. ground - based observations of coma brightness suggested that halley ' s rotation period was about 7. 4 days. however, images taken by the various spacecraft, along with observations of the jets and shell, suggested a period of 52 hours. given the irregular shape of the nucleus, halley ' s rotation is likely to be complex. although only 25 % of halley ' s surface was imaged in detail during the flyby missions, they revealed an extremely varied topography, with hills, mountains, ridges, depressions, and at least one crater. halley is the most active of all the periodic comets, with others, such as comet encke and comet holmes, displaying activity one or two orders of magnitude weaker. its day side ( the side facing the sun ) is far more active than the night side. spacecraft observations showed that the gases ejected from the nucleus were 80 percent water vapor, 17 percent carbon monoxide and 3 to 4 percent carbon dioxide, with traces of hydrocarbons although more recent sources give a value of 10 percent for carbon monoxide and also include traces of methane and ammonia. the dust particles were found to be primarily a mixture of carbon - hydrogen - oxygen - nitrogen ( chon ) compounds common in the outer solar system, and silicates, such as are found in terrestrial rocks. the dust particles decreased in size down to the limits of detection ( ~ 0. 001 \u00b5m ). the ratio of deuterium to hydrogen in the water released by halley was initially thought to be similar to that found in earth ' s ocean water, suggesting that halley - type comets may have delivered water to earth in the distant past. however, subsequent observations showed halley ' s deuterium ratio to be far higher than that in found in the earth ' s oceans, making such comets unlikely sources for earth ' s water. giotto provided the first evidence in support of fred whipple ' s \" dirty snowball \" hypothesis for comet construction ; whipple postulated that comets are icy objects warmed by the sun as they approach the inner solar system, causing ices on their surfaces to sublimate ( change directly from a solid to a gas ), and jets", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5329964025461669, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.628069"} {"text": "\" hypothesis for comet construction ; whipple postulated that comets are icy objects warmed by the sun as they approach the inner solar system, causing ices on their surfaces to sublimate ( change directly from a solid to a gas ), and jets of volatile material to burst outward, creating the coma. giotto showed that this model was broadly correct, though with modifications. halley ' s albedo, for instance, is about 4 percent, meaning that it reflects only 4 percent of the sunlight hitting it ; about what one would expect for coal. thus, despite appearing brilliant white to observers on earth, halley ' s comet is in fact pitch black. the surface temperature of evaporating \" dirty ice \" ranges from 170 k ( \u2212103 \u00b0c ) at higher albedo to 220 k ( \u221253 \u00b0c ) at low albedo ; however vega 1 found halley ' s surface temperature to be in the realm of 300 \u2013 400 k ( 30 to 130 \u00b0c ). this suggested only ten percent of halley ' s surface was active, and that large portions of it were coated in a layer of dark dust, which retained heat. together, these observations suggested that halley was in fact predominantly composed of non - volatile materials, and thus more closely resembled a \" snowy dirtball \" than a \" dirty snowball \". halley ' s calculations enabled the comet ' s earlier appearances to be found in the historical record. the comet may have been recorded in china as early as 467 bc, but this is uncertain. the first certain observation dates from 240 bc, and subsequent appearances were recorded by chinese, babylonian, persian, and other mesopotamian texts. the following table sets out the astronomical designations for every apparition of halley ' s comet from the earliest on record in 240 bc. for example, \" ( 1p / 1982 u1, 1986 iii, 1982i \" indicates that for the perihelion in 1986, halley ' s comet was the first period comet known ( designated 1p ) and this apparition was the first seen in \" half - month \" u ( the first half of november ) in 1982 ( giving 1p / 1982 u1 ) ; it was the third comet past perihelion in 1986 ( 1986 iii ) ; and it was the ninth comet spotted in 1982 ( provisional designation 1982i ). the perihelion dates of each apparition are shown. the perihelion dates farther from the present are approximate, mainly because of uncertainties in the modeling", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5294598154258268, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.630501"} {"text": "it was the ninth comet spotted in 1982 ( provisional designation 1982i ). the perihelion dates of each apparition are shown. the perihelion dates farther from the present are approximate, mainly because of uncertainties in the modeling of non - gravitational effects. perihelion dates 1607 and later are in the gregorian calendar, while perihelion dates of 1531 and earlier are in the julian calendar. the first certain appearance of halley ' s comet in the historical record is a description from 240 bc, in the chinese chronicle records of the grand historian or shiji, which describes a comet that appeared in the east and moved north. the only surviving record of the 164 bc apparition is found on two fragmentary babylonian tablets, now owned by the british museum. the apparition of 87 bc was recorded in babylonian tablets which state that the comet was seen \" day beyond day \" for a month. this appearance may be recalled in the representation of tigranes the great, an armenian king who is depicted on coins with a crown that features, according to v. g. gurzadyan and r. vardanyan, \" a star with a curved tail [ that ] may represent the passage of halley ' s comet in 87 bc. \" gurzadyan and vardanyan argue that \" tigranes could have seen halley ' s comet when it passed closest to the sun on aug. 6 in 87 bc \" as the comet would have been a \" most recordable event \" ; for ancient armenians it could have heralded the new era of the brilliant king of kings. the apparition of 12 bc was recorded in the book of han by chinese astronomers of the han dynasty who tracked it from august through october. it passed within 0. 16 au of the earth. halley ' s appearance in 12 bc, only a few years distant from the conventionally assigned date of the birth of jesus christ, has led some theologians and astronomers to suggest that it might explain the biblical story of the star of bethlehem. however, there are other explanations for the phenomenon, such as planetary conjunctions, and there are also records of other comets that appeared closer to the date of jesus ' birth. if, as has been suggested, the reference in the talmud to \" a star which appears once in seventy years that makes the captains of the ships err \" ( see above ) refers to halley ' s comet, it may be a reference to the 66 ad appearance, because this passage is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4463065313788831, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.632524"} {"text": "in the talmud to \" a star which appears once in seventy years that makes the captains of the ships err \" ( see above ) refers to halley ' s comet, it may be a reference to the 66 ad appearance, because this passage is attributed to the rabbi yehoshua ben hananiah. this apparition was the only one to occur during ben hananiah ' s lifetime. the 141 ad apparition was recorded in chinese chronicles. the 374 ad and 607 approaches each came within 0. 09 au of the earth. the 684 ad apparition was recorded in europe in one of the sources used by the compiler of the 1493 nuremberg chronicles. chinese records also report it as the \" broom star \". in 837, halley ' s comet may have passed as close as 0. 03 au ( 3. 2 million miles ; 5. 1 million kilometers ) from earth, by far its closest approach. its tail may have stretched 60 degrees across the sky. it was recorded by astronomers in china, japan, germany and the islamic world. in 912, halley ' s comet is recorded in the annals of ulster, which state \" a dark and rainy year. a comet appeared. \" in 1066, the comet was seen in england and thought to be an omen : later that year harold ii of england died at the battle of hastings ; it was a bad omen for harold, but a good omen for the man who defeated him, william the conqueror. the comet is represented on the bayeux tapestry as a fiery star, and the surviving accounts describe it as appearing to be four times the size of venus and shining with a light equal to a quarter of that of the moon. halley came within 0. 10 au of the earth at that time. this appearance of the comet is also noted in the anglo - saxon chronicle. eilmer of malmesbury may have seen halley previously in 989, as he wrote of it in 1066 : \" you ' ve come, have you?... you ' ve come, you source of tears to many mothers, you evil. i hate you! it is long since i saw you ; but as i see you now you are much more terrible, for i see you brandishing the downfall of my country. i hate you! \" the irish annals of the four masters recorded the comet as \" a star [ that ] appeared on the seventh of the calends of may, on tuesday after little easter, than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4523315500481454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.634597"} {"text": "see you brandishing the downfall of my country. i hate you! \" the irish annals of the four masters recorded the comet as \" a star [ that ] appeared on the seventh of the calends of may, on tuesday after little easter, than whose light the brilliance or light of the moon was not greater ; and it was visible to all in this manner till the end of four nights afterwards. \" chaco native americans in new mexico may have recorded the 1066 apparition in their petroglyphs. the 1145 apparition was recorded by the monk eadwine. the 1986 apparition exhibited a fan tail similar to eadwine ' s drawing. some claim that genghis khan was inspired to turn his conquests toward europe by the 1222 apparition. the 1301 apparition may have been seen by the artist giotto di bondone, who represented the star of bethlehem as a fire - colored comet in the nativity section of his arena chapel cycle, completed in 1305. no record survives of the 1376 apparition. in 1456, the ottoman empire invaded the balkans, culminating in the siege of belgrade in july of that year and in a papal bull, pope calixtus iii ordered special prayers be said. in 1470 the humanist scholar bartolomeo platina wrote in his lives of the popes that, a hairy and fiery star having then made its appearance for several days, the mathematicians declared that there would follow grievous pestilence, dearth and some great calamity. calixtus, to avert the wrath of god, ordered supplications that if evils were impending for the human race he would turn all upon the turks, the enemies of the christian name. he likewise ordered, to move god by continual entreaty, that notice should be given by the bells to call the faithful at midday to aid by their prayers those engaged in battle with the turk. platina ' s account is not mentioned in official records. in the 18th century, a frenchman further embellished the story, in anger at the church, by claiming that the pope had \" excommunicated \" halley ' s comet, though this story was most likely his own invention. halley ' s periodic returns have been subject to scientific investigation since the 16th century. the three apparitions from 1531 to 1682 were noted by edmond halley, enabling him to predict its 1759 return. streams of vapour observed during the comet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46471393232634717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.636371"} {"text": "halley ' s periodic returns have been subject to scientific investigation since the 16th century. the three apparitions from 1531 to 1682 were noted by edmond halley, enabling him to predict its 1759 return. streams of vapour observed during the comet ' s 1835 apparition prompted astronomer friedrich wilhelm bessel to propose that the jet forces of evaporating material could be great enough to significantly alter a comet ' s orbit. the 1910 approach, which came into view around 20 april, was notable for several reasons : it was the first approach of which photographs exist, and the first for which spectroscopic data were obtained. furthermore, the comet made a relatively close approach of 0. 15au, making it a spectacular sight. indeed, on 18 may, the earth actually passed through the tail of the comet. one of the substances discovered in the tail by spectroscopic analysis was the toxic gas cyanogen, which led astronomer camille flammarion to claim that, when earth passed through the tail, the gas \" would impregnate the atmosphere and possibly snuff out all life on the planet. \" his pronouncement led to panicked buying of gas masks and quack \" anti - comet pills \" and \" anti - comet umbrellas \" by the public. in reality, as other astronomers were quick to point out, the gas is so diffuse that the world suffered no ill effects from the passage through the tail. i came in with halley ' s comet in 1835. it is coming again next year, and i expect to go out with it. it will be the greatest disappointment of my life if i don ' t go out with halley ' s comet. the almighty has said, no doubt : ' now here are these two unaccountable freaks ; they came in together, they must go out together. ' halley ' s 1910 apparition is distinct from the great daylight comet of 1910, which surpassed halley in brilliance and was actually visible in broad daylight for a short period, approximately four months before halley made its appearance. halley ' s 1986 apparition was the least favorable on record. the comet and the earth were on opposite sides of the sun in february 1986, creating the worst viewing circumstances for earth observers for the last 2, 000 years. additionally, with increased light pollution from urbanization, many people never saw the comet at all. further, the comet appeared brightest when it was almost invisible from the northern hemisphere in march and april. halley ' s approach was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5167932105464533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.638017"} {"text": "2, 000 years. additionally, with increased light pollution from urbanization, many people never saw the comet at all. further, the comet appeared brightest when it was almost invisible from the northern hemisphere in march and april. halley ' s approach was first detected by astronomers david jewitt and g. edward danielson on 16 october 1982 using the 5. 1 m hale telescope at mount palomar and a ccd camera. the first person to visually observe the comet on its 1986 return was amateur astronomer stephen james o ' meara on 24 january 1985. o ' meara used a home - built 24 - inch telescope on top of mauna kea to detect the magnitude 19. 6 comet. stephen edberg ( then serving as the coordinator for amateur observations at nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory ) and charles morris were the first to observe halley ' s comet with the naked eye in its 1986 apparition. the development of space travel allowed scientists the opportunity to study the comet at close quarters, and several probes were launched to do so. the soviet vega 1 started returning images of halley on 4 march 1986, and the first ever of its nucleus, and made its flyby on 6 march, followed by vega 2 making its flyby on 9 march. on 14 march, the giotto space probe, launched by the european space agency, made the closest pass of the comet ' s nucleus. there were also two japanese probes, suisei and sakigake. the probes were unofficially known as the halley armada. based on data retrieved by astron, the largest ultraviolet space telescope of the time, during its halley ' s comet observations in december 1985, a group of soviet scientists developed a model of the comet ' s coma. the comet was also observed from space by the international cometary explorer. originally international sun - earth explorer 3, the probe was renamed and freed from its l1 lagrangian point location in earth ' s orbit to intercept comets 21p / giacobini - zinner and halley. two space shuttle missions \u2014 the ill - fated sts - 51 - l ( ended by the challenger disaster ) and sts - 61 - e \u2014 were scheduled to observe halley ' s comet from low earth orbit. sts 61 - e was a challenger mission scheduled for march 1986, carrying the astro - 1 platform to study the comet. the mission was canceled, and astro - 1 would not fly until late 1990 on sts - 35. on 12 february 1991, at a distance of 14", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.471598782930769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.639205"} {"text": "was a challenger mission scheduled for march 1986, carrying the astro - 1 platform to study the comet. the mission was canceled, and astro - 1 would not fly until late 1990 on sts - 35. on 12 february 1991, at a distance of 14. 4 au from the sun, halley underwent an outburst that lasted for several months, releasing a cloud of dust 300, 000 km across. halley was most recently observed in 2003 by three of the very large telescopes at paranal, chile, when halley ' s magnitude was 28. 2. the telescopes observed halley, at the faintest and furthest any comet has ever been imaged, in order to verify a method for finding very faint trans - neptunian objects. astronomers are now able to observe the comet at any point in its orbit. the next predicted perihelion of halley ' s comet is 28 july 2061, when it is expected to be better positioned for observation than during the 1985 \u2013 1986 apparition, as it will be on the same side of the sun as earth. it is expected to have an apparent magnitude of \u22120. 3, compared with only + 2. 1 for the 1986 apparition. on 9 september 2060, halley will pass within 0. 98 au of jupiter, and then on 20 august 2061, pass within 0. 0543 au ( 8. 1 million kilometers ) of venus. in 2134, halley is expected to pass within 0. 09 au ( 13. 6 million kilometers ) of the earth. its apparent magnitude is expected to be \u22122. 0. | periodic comets ( by number ) | ( periodic comet navigator ) | list of periodic comets |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42910123774087605, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.639958"} {"text": "grenada, including the islands of carriacou and petit or petite martinique [ about 20 miles away ], is one of the small, and most southerly, of independent nations scattered among the leeward and windward islands of the eastern caribbean. part of a chain of islands that start north from mainland south america to the atlantic coast of florida, grenada is the closest to venezuela, about 90 miles north off its coast. location : 12 degrees 00 ' n, 61 degrees 40 ' w, 21 miles long ( 35 km ), 12 miles wide ( 20 km ). the main island grenada, of volcanic origin, is about twice the size of washington, dc. grenada, carriacou and petite martinique is populated by approximately ninety thousand people. the total land area of the three islands is only one hundred thirty square miles much of the land non - habitable because of the mountainous terrain. the inhabitants include descendants of french, english and scottish settlers. the inhabitants also include descendants of africans who were brought to the island as slaves and east indians brought to the island as indentured servants. the majority of the population is of african and mixed descent. below is a close - up map of carriacou, petite martinique and the many other islands of grenada. because grenadian maps on the internet are copyrighted, map images are not available at this site. below are descriptions and urls for selected grenada map sites. - one comprehensive topographical map of grenada, carriacou and petite martinique is to be found at the university of texas at austin. - university of texas the extension to look for is / americas / grenada. gif /. - a listing of conventional maps on this site at mining company - maps and colonial history, especially of fort george - check out jim rudin ' s aerial photograph of st. george ' s. - inquire at pennymead for antique maps - commercial map site and another commercial map site and another the travellers ' guide tour map of grenada - the services of commercial websites have not been evaluated. - a street map of st. george ' s is a challenge to find on the internet. the best thing is to get a map when you visit. start with the tourist board. even these maps are general, tourist - oriented and somewhat dated. there is no street map of the second largest city in grenada called grenville or la baye. a map of grenville, it is hoped, will be forthcoming. - many grenadian maps are on the internet. suggestion : search on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4293094169984668, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.643253"} {"text": "by robert abel, jr., md in nutrition as a society, we are starving our children. yet this newest generation to the planet is so obese that children are developing type 2 diabetes in unprecedented numbers at younger and younger ages. the fast, tasty, easy processed foods that bedeck our glittering food emporia are mostly empty calories that fatten our children while robbing their brains, nervous systems, eyes, and very spirits of the nourishment they need to flourish. and yet, in our fat - phobic obsession to be thin and have slender children, we have labeled all fats as the enemy. we need to be far more selective before we banish one - third of all naturally occurring nourishment. some fats are so important, they are said to be \u201c essential, \u201d or essential fatty acids ( efas ). one of these essential fatty acids is dha, or docosahexaenoic acid. healthy mothers, healthier babies dha is usually associated with the central nervous system, and taking dha is especially important in the growth of the brain and in learning. the most active period for the development of the central nervous system is while the baby is still growing inside the mother. during the first trimester of pregnancy, especially in the first five weeks, the nervous system and the eyes of the fetus begin to develop. obviously, this is a very critical time and deficiency of fatty acids during this period can cause a range of very serious problems. then again, during the last trimester of pregnancy, the brain doubles in size. the fetus is undergoing the \u201c finishing touches \u201d and growing a lot bigger. approximately 80 percent of the growth of the fetus during the final trimester centers on building the brain. during the last critical months, the mother \u2019 s body transfers to the fetus the nutrient materials that become the foundation of the baby \u2019 s brain and nervous system. the transfer of dha to the baby causes the mother \u2019 s dha level to decrease. this is the only time in the human lifecycle that the body doesn \u2019 t retain all of the dha taken in from the diet. numerous studies show that the levels of efas in the diet and therefore in the milk of many american mothers is below the recommended amount to support fetal and infant requirements \u2014 to say nothing of their own. mother \u2019 s milk and baby \u2019 s brain in the u. s., more infants are given formula than in many other countries. great care", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4773856118877794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.652240"} {"text": "american mothers is below the recommended amount to support fetal and infant requirements \u2014 to say nothing of their own. mother \u2019 s milk and baby \u2019 s brain in the u. s., more infants are given formula than in many other countries. great care has been taken to ensure that formulas contain the optimal amounts of vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats for the infant. still, formula is not, as yet, identical to mother \u2019 s milk, and attempting to ascertain the differences has been the focus of many studies. the differences appear when one compares the long - term achievement, behavior, or performance on iq tests of individuals who were breast - fed as infants to those who were formula - fed. in one analysis, children who were breast - fed scored on average three to five points higher on iq tests than children who were formula - fed. measurements of vision and the progression of growth, orientation, motor skills, and learning during infancy indicate that even though formula - fed babies grow bigger and more quickly than breast - fed babies, their developmental progression is slowed. studies show that formula - fed babies at ages two to three years old complete an eye chart ( with pictures of animals instead of letters ) one line higher ( larger pictures equal poorer vision ), on average, than breast - fed babies at the same age. clinical studies show that if dha and ara ( arachadonic acid, an omega - 6 fat ) are added to standard formulas, the babies \u2019 visual development returns to normal, as compared with the vision of the breast - fed infants. learning and behavior fatty acids also have a close relationship with cognitive function, motor and sensory skills, and emotional health. adhd affects an estimated 5 percent of the juvenile population. of this number, more boys than girls are effected. the disorder is generally characterized by inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity, although the severity of the symptoms varies among individuals. adhd is less often seen in infants who were breast - fed or given supplements of dha. researchers have determined that there is an abnormality in fat metabolism in boys with adhd ; these youngsters have low blood levels of dha and epa. dha and mood sufficient levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain help bring mood into balance. dha is necessary to facilitate the flow of serotonin across the synaptic junction. plus, higher levels of dha and ara in the fluid that nourishes and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45825780584709175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.653250"} {"text": "disease. if you have a history of elevated blood pressure, increased cholesterol, heart disease, or diabetes in your family, or if you experience chronic physical or emotional stress, you should strongly consider dha supplementation. important as we age there are indications that low levels of dha contribute to the increased risk of senile dementia, a category of conditions that includes alzheimer \u2019 s disease. studies show that dha taken daily can improve symptoms of both cerebrovascular dementia, caused by insufficient blood flow to the brain, and true alzheimer \u2019 s disease. alzheimer \u2019 s patients have less dha in their blood cells ; instead, there are high blood levels of dha breakdown products, including epa and inflammatory components. in alzheimer \u2019 s patients, the \u201c good \u201d fat is being destroyed \u2014 leaving behind inflammatory breakdown products \u2014 and it is not resupplied in the body. thus, the dha level decreases. sight for sore eyes age - related macular degeneration ( amd ) is the leading cause of blindness in the u. s. among people age 65 or older. it develops after a lifetime of damage to the delicate center of the retina called the macula. people with severe macular degeneration lose the ability to drive, read, and even recognize faces. the cycle of rebuilding rods and cones in the retina can be derailed by a number of factors, including overexposure to uv light, decreased blood supply to the eyes, poor digestion, and inadequate nutritional intake. we can take precautions to prevent and manage macular degeneration. in addition to dha consumption, researchers indicate that vitamins a, c, d, and e, lutein, lycopene, cysteine, and the amino acid taurine, along with the minerals zinc, magnesium, and selenium, all support the health of the retina. a group of conditions targeting the optic nerve, glaucoma affects between 2 and 4 percent of american adults. glaucoma is often called the thief of sight because most people have no apparent symptoms at first. the most common form is primary open - angle glaucoma, which is characterized by the fluctuation of pressure within the eye, loss of peripheral vision, and changes in the optic nerve. african americans, hispanics, and the elderly of all races have higher rates of open - angle glaucoma. important nutrients for preventing glaucoma include multivitamins and omega - 3 fatty acids \u2014", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48746769899240283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.655346"} {"text": "and changes in the optic nerve. african americans, hispanics, and the elderly of all races have higher rates of open - angle glaucoma. important nutrients for preventing glaucoma include multivitamins and omega - 3 fatty acids \u2014 especially dha. some of the latest eye drops for glaucoma therapy are derivates of omega - 3 fatty acids. they work to treat glaucoma by increasing the outflow of fluid. dha and wellness for life genetic factors control much of our development and our innate intelligence. our tendency to develop certain diseases may be built into our genes, but these diseases will develop only under certain circumstances. diet is the cornerstone of the broader foundation of health, and nutrition plays a crucial role in maximizing our genetic potential. the gradual depletion of dha in our modern diet is becoming obvious through the growing incidence of many diseases. dha is not a magic bullet, but it \u2019 s a necessary component of every cell in our bodies. it \u2019 s crucial in all aspects of our health, and nowhere is it more important than in infant nutrition. if we agree that a larger, optimally functioning brain is something worth having \u2014 and i think that most of us would agree \u2014 then we \u2019 ll need to start adding more dha - rich foods and supplements to our diets. | printable version | | e - mail a friend |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5103334677124017, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.655946"} {"text": "focusing on diabetes in the older adult population in the u. s., there are nearly 26 million people living with diabetes and more seniors have diabetes than any other age group \u2013 10. 9 million, or 26. 9 percent, of all people age 65 and older. \u201c currently, one in four americans over the age of 60 is living with diabetes and there is a great need for further education among older adults, \u201d says dr. vanessa jones briscoe, chair of the older adult subcommittee and board member for the american diabetes association. in 2012 the american diabetes association launched its senior signature series. the series looks to expand education and outreach efforts to seniors across the country. the series includes half - day educational events for individuals age 50 years and older to learn more about diabetes, numerous resources, helpful materials and health screenings. its goal is to educate older adults about how they can reduce their risk of diabetes and its complications. because of its great success in 2012, the series will be back in 2013, and will include even more dates and locations across the country. \u201c through continuing our senior signature series, the american diabetes association will provide the tips and resources needed to help seniors address the challenge of preventing type 2 diabetes and keeping diabetes treatment from impairing their lifestyle, or slowing them down, \u201d briscoe says. \u201c the educational resources in the series are important not only for those older adults living with diabetes, but for their family members or caregivers as well. \u201d one way to reduce your risk of developing diabetes, or to better manage it, is physical activity. benefits include : * improving your a1c, a test that measures your average blood glucose ( sugar ) control, blood pressure and cholesterol * having more energy * burning calories to help you lose or maintain your weight * keeping your joint flexible * improving your balance to prevent falls * lowering your risk for heart disease and stroke almost all older adults who develop diabetes have type 2 diabetes, and older adults with diabetes often have high blood pressure, high cholesterol, infections that heal slowly and they are at risk for heart attack, stroke and kidney failure. seniors with diabetes are also more likely to have memory problems and depression. awareness and education is critical in helping seniors to lead healthier lives. for more information, or to download the \u201c living healthy with diabetes \u201d guide for adults 55 and up, visit diabetes. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4206418547657936, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.658689"} {"text": "monthly word / la palabra del mes | july / august 2004 ~ spanish that works review from front page... / bweh - noh ( good, nice ) forms of \u201c bueno \u201d bueno is an adjective, so it is used to describe a noun. spanish adjectives must agree with the gender and number of the noun they describe, so bueno can take various forms. often you will use bueno and its related forms after es and son to talk about how things really are. el libro es bueno. - the book is good. la clase es buena. - the class is good. los telefonos son buenos. - the telephones are good. las computadoras son buenas. - the computers are good. you can also use bueno and its forms after esta and estan to talk about how things look, taste, or seem to you. los tacos estan buenos. - the tacos taste good. la nina esta buena. - the girl is good looking. el trabajo esta bueno. - the job is seeming good to me. more uses of \u201c bueno \u201d unlike english, spanish descriptive adjectives usually follow the noun they describe. so, instead of a \u201c big house, \u201d you have a \u201c house big \u201d ( casa similarly, you can use bueno and its related forms after a noun. for example : tengo una clase buena. - i have one class good = i have one good class. es un nino bueno. - he \u2019 s a boy nice = he \u2019 s a nice boy. however, bueno is a bit special, because forms of it can often be seen in front of the noun, especially when used in a greeting or social expression. for example : buenos dias - good morning, good day buenas noches - good night que pase un buen dia - have a nice day \u00a1 buen viaje! - have a nice trip ( bon voyage ) buena suerte \u2013 good luck! buen trabajo \u2013 good job buen provecho \u2013 enjoy your meal ( bon appetit ) note : when bueno comes before a masculine singular noun such as dia ( day ), viaje / bee - ah - hay ( trip ), or trabajo ( job ), you drop the final \u2013 o. remember, don \u2019 t confuse buen ( short form of the adjective bueno, which means good ) with bien ( adver", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4848018609468427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.666763"} {"text": "bee - ah - hay ( trip ), or trabajo ( job ), you drop the final \u2013 o. remember, don \u2019 t confuse buen ( short form of the adjective bueno, which means good ) with bien ( adverb meaning \u201c well \u201d ). bueno can sometimes translate into english as \u201c well, \u201d but bien does not translate into english as \u201c good. \u201d english speakers often confuse \u201c good \u201d and \u201c well \u201d anyway, so this can be a more expressions with \u201c bueno \u201d in mexico, \u00bf bueno? is said as a question to answer the phone. ( most latin american countries use \u00bf alo? to answer the phone. ) bueno is often used as a filler or pause word : bueno, pues... esta bien. - well, then... okay. sometimes spanish speakers will use bueno to mean \u201c all right, \u201d or \u201c okay, \u201d when they are in agreement with something. \u00bf quiere ir al cine? - do you * want to go to the movies? bueno. - all right. * capital letter used on \u201c you \u201d to indicate the polite, professional form of sometimes speakers will use buena idea / bweh - nah ee - they - ah ( or just buena ) to show that they like an idea. \u00a1 vamos a la playa! - let \u2019 s go to the beach! \u00a1 buena! - good idea! you can also use bueno to exclaim that something is good : \u00a1 que bueno! - how nice! great! the opposite of bueno ( good ) is malo / mah - loh ( bad ). related forms are mala, malos, malas, and the masculine short form mal. ( note : there is also an adverb mal, which means \u201c badly \u201d and a noun mal which means \u201c evil \u201d or \u201c very good \u201d is muy bueno. the word mejor / may - hohrr means \u201c better \u201d or the word buenisimo / bweh - nee - see - moh ( and related forms ) means \u201c super good. \u201d a couple of common expressions are : 1 ) hacer algo de buena gana / theh bweh - nah gah - nah literal translation : to do something of good desire english equivalent : to do something willingly estar de buen humor / theh bwehn oo - mohrr literal translation : to be of good humor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48629910580491753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.668005"} {"text": "back to home page or contents or south american mythology or article index inca divine origins the origins of the incas are no doubt a mixture of mythical and folk legend. these legends appear to be accumulated in three versions. the monarchs established and expanded the civilization on an organized genius and technology which was comparable to the roman. their imposed social hierarchy embraced the principle of divine kingship, and the prestige of their authority was associated with the cult of the sun which they propagated. at the pinnacle of the hierarchy were the rulers who were worshipped as children of the sun. the mythical origins of this dynasty have been discovered in the rituals of the cult of huanacauri, such as the marriage of a reigning monarch to a sister. the first version of the creation of the inca empire embodies a cliff having three small caves, or a building with three exits, from which came four brothers and four sisters, founders of the first dynasty, from the middle orifice. their names vary according to the different versions. the non - royal inca clans emerged from the other orifices. gradually the appearance and dress of the brothers and sisters differed according to the customs of the people they ruled. the concept of human ancestors emerging from rocks and caves is a common belief among the peoples of south america. common in the central andean area are stories of cultural heroes and tribal founders who were brothers often engaging in fratricidal strife. it is uncertain whether some inca legends were adapted from prior folklore or fabricated by the incas themselves. in the second version the sun - god when seeing the first humans living in primitive barbarity felt pity on them. he sent to earth on the island in the lake of titicaca his two children manco capac and mama ocllo, brother and sister, to teach the people how to live civilize. they were to journey northwards over the altiplano carrying with them a long golden rod until they came to a place where the rod could be buried entirely in the earth. they found this location when reaching the valley of cuzco. their first stop was at huanacauri, and then proceeded to cuzco. there the golden rod was completely submerged into the ground. they easily won over the natives teaching the art of civilization and establishing the religion of the sun cult. it is suspected that this version of the inca creation is possibly linked to the flood story since prior to the flood people were barbaric. after destroying this barbarian way of life, following the flood the creator sun - god sent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4123394202462249, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.774936"} {"text": "of the sun cult. it is suspected that this version of the inca creation is possibly linked to the flood story since prior to the flood people were barbaric. after destroying this barbarian way of life, following the flood the creator sun - god sent down culture heroes or founders who taught the new race how to be civilized. this version of the creation myth suppresses the memories of any important pre - inca culture and paints a picture of benevolent inca founders bringing civilization and culture to the people, which have currently became embodied in the folklore and legends of the inca people of the highland. according to the third version, the establishment of the inca divine kingship originated through a cunning deception of an early inca king. this person dressed in a in a shinning cloak of gold or beads and paraded himself before his ignorant subjects who were so impressed that they began worshiping him as the offspring and representative of the sun - god. several chronicles mention this incidence with varying names. a. g. h. lake titicaca. < http : / / www. crystalinks. com / laketiticaca. html >. osborne, harold. south american mythology. \" library of the world ' s myths and legends. \" new york. peter bedrick books. 1968, 1985. pp. 34 - 37.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4089922215062701, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.782507"} {"text": "posted on mar 08, 2011 | comments 0 the u. s department of defense has teamed up with the department of energy for a great green idea, which will develop energy storage. it may sound odd for many but the u. s military is already involved in many environmental initiatives. nowadays these two departments have shown a real green signal that they are ready to be involved in new energy storage projects. of course the new projects will need to be funded. according to the secretary of the navy raymond mabus, these projects can be developed only with a funding of $ 50 million. the idea came out after it was said that the u. s. military was unable to pioneer the alternative power sources on their missions around the globe. the reason was one \u2013 they couldn \u2019 t find batteries with enough storage capacity, as well as adequate solar - power storage. the u. s. mission in afghanistan, pakistan and other places can use the green power alternative only if there is a better battery. for instance, some foot patrols of the 3rd battalion in afghanistan were already using roll - up solar panels on their missions, but they had to ditch 700 pounds of batteries. the waste was unavoidable, simply because the soldiers don \u2019 t have enough storage capacity, not to mention that the waste can be dangerous for people in there. the idea for creating new energy storage projects isn \u2019 t new, but this time the two departments are going to launch two projects in this matter. the first project is about creating new hybrid modules for energy storage. the project will try to improve and create better batteries as it uses only light weighted materials. the batteries will be capable to store huge amounts of energy. the batteries will be very important for the u. s. military, for they will be able to store the energy for use without any waste. the second project that will be funded by the two departments is going to be a project that will develop energy storage only in military power grids. it is a well known fact that u. s. has military bases all over the world. the military needs for energy storage have been growing. therefore, the second project will aim to boost the energy reliability, as well as finding an adequate prevention of an eventual energy supply disruption. the energy projects will be launched with a certain goal : the expectations are that by 2020 the energy consumption of half of the u. s. bases will be reduced to zero. using renewable energy sources in all of the u. s. bases is also one of the goals of the green military projects. filed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5227396603768878, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.807929"} {"text": "\" i also had the idea that some day the institute might render useful service to this country by carrying out research in the history of indian science. \" - homi bhabha, 1962. at the archives of the tata institute of fundamental research ( tifr ), every attempt is being made to pursue, in spirit, this particular aspect of the founder ' s vision. the tifr archives is therefore, not only a repository of institutional records but also the storehouse of resources for reconstructing the historical setting within which one of india ' s premier science institutions was founded. the holdings of the tifr archives include manuscript collections, photographs, oral histories and print and audiovisual material, and a small collection of scientific instruments that were built at the institute. researchers will find here a wealth of resources for the history of science in india. the tifr archives was set up with an initial corpus grant from the sir dorabji tata trust. today the tifr archives is fully supported by the tata education trust. the tifr archives has preserved and documented the history of the institute. the archives also serves an academic function and provides support to the emerging discipline of history of science. the archives has been consulted by national and international scholars. the idea of a separate archives for tifr was proposed in 1995 - 96 during the institute ' s golden jubilee celebrations. the collection process began in 2002 which has grown over the years.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49374849411909105, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:31.848586"} {"text": "problems with word definitions word definitions became a national issue a few years ago when bill clinton tried to use some tricky definitions to avoid revealing his relationship with monica lewinski. he claimed he \" did not have sexual relations with that woman \" but it turns out he clearly did have a sexual relationship with that woman. he tried to play games with the definition of \" sexual relations \" and it just got him into deeper trouble. by the same token, responsible thinkers should be careful about using definitions improperly. what determines the real meaning of a word? people argue a lot about the meanings of words. how can these arguments be resolved? what is the ultimate authority when it comes to word meaning? normally we think of dictionaries. but there are a lot of different dictionaries with slightly differing definitions, and there is no reason to say that the person who wrote a particular dictionary definition is necessarily correct. so how do dictionary writers determine what the meaning of a word is? the answer is that they determine it from common usage - people using the words in the course of what they say and what they write. usage changes over time and is likely to vary somewhat from place to place and person to person. so it turns out that the ultimate authority for a word might not be some linguistics professor who writes for the oxford english dictionary, but some punk rocker who uses the word in a certain way that catches on with the public so it becomes common usage. the point is that it usually doesn ' t make sense to say a word really means this or that particular thing. fine points of word meanings are almost always going to be slippery. this is even true for something as simple an obvious as a \" chair \". an obvious attribute of a chair is that it is something to sit on, and it usually has a back to lean against. however a sofa or a loveseat aren ' t called chairs, presumably because they are wide enough for more than one person. stools and hassocks are not called chairs because they don ' t have backs. but some bars stools have backs, but are still called stools instead of chairs. that ' s probably because they were modifications of stools that didn ' t have backs rather than modifications of chairs that were shorter, so the name \" stool \" continued to be used. the \" chair \" lift at a ski resort is likely to have something more similar to a bench than a chair. a beanbag chair is not at all like a stereotypical chair. when we look at the actual usage of the word", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5774073180767278, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.182858"} {"text": "be used. the \" chair \" lift at a ski resort is likely to have something more similar to a bench than a chair. a beanbag chair is not at all like a stereotypical chair. when we look at the actual usage of the word \" chair \", we find that there is no simple underlying meaning that is totally consistent, but we all have heard the word used often enough that we are familiar with most of the oddities of when it does and does not apply. the fact that words don ' t have fundamental underlying meanings creates problems for language translation. it may be that in some other language, the word with the meaning closest to chair includes sofas, and it another language it might exclude sofas but include chairs without backs that we would call stools. translators will try to pick the closest word that fits the context, but when we read the translation, we may still misunderstand what the original author intended. there are some contexts where word meanings actually are relatively precise. science is one example. scientists go to great pains to define terms to avoid any ambiguity. scientific quantities are often defined in terms of objective measurements that minimize the chance for differences in interpretation by the people doing the measuring. this precision in defining terms is probably one of the key reasons science has been so successful over the years. another area where terms are carefully defined is law. words used in laws and contracts have to be carefully defined because the system will fail if people don ' t know exactly what is required. definition issues that mask substantive issues for most purposes, though, we have to be careful about getting hung up on definitions. when people think that a definition is something worth arguing about, we should be alert for a problem. at one time i was curious about the definition of the word \" disease \". people seemed to take great pains to point out that \" alcoholism \" was a \" disease \". i wondered, what difference does it make? the controversy didn ' t seem to be about the nature of alcoholism so much as whether alcoholism was included in the definition of \" disease \". a person could easily define the word \" disease \" to include or exclude it - alcoholism was still the same thing. eventually it dawned on me that the debate was really about how we should treat alcoholics : in the past we might have ridiculed or jailed them, but if we can persuade people to think of alcoholism as a disease, putting them in hospitals or treatment programs seems more appropriate. there was actually an issue of substance at the root of the question of the definition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6102881038923925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.186736"} {"text": "might have ridiculed or jailed them, but if we can persuade people to think of alcoholism as a disease, putting them in hospitals or treatment programs seems more appropriate. there was actually an issue of substance at the root of the question of the definition of disease. for responsible thinking purposes, it seems much better to address the issue of substance directly. the real issues should be the effectiveness, and the cost, and the humane considerations of each approach. we don ' t learn anything from debating the semantics of the word \" disease \". another example is the definition of the word religion. one issue that will always result in a heated debate among people who consider themselves \" secular humanists \" is the question of whether secular humanism is a religion. there isn ' t too much dispute about the actual nature of secular humanism - it tries to promote the betterment of humanity without belief in god or the supernatural. is that a religion? must religions always involve a belief in the supernatural? most of them do but the word religion could be defined in such a way as to either include or exclude secular humanism. but it seems to me that the debate isn ' t really about what the word \" religion \" means. it is actually about the public relations consequences of calling it a religion. some secular humanists want to dissociate themselves from the features they dislike in other religions, while others want to benefit from some of the positive associations the public typically has with religion. there really is an issue of substance here that tends to get clouded because the debate seems to be about semantics. in addition to cases like the above where imprecise meanings can cloud the real issue, there are many situations where an argument is invalid because the meaning of a word changes within the argument. this is sometimes called equivocation. some people might say that when a man shows a sexual interest in a woman he is treating her as a \" sex object \" and therefore, since she is a \" object \" to him, he doesn ' t think of her as a person. this isn ' t a valid argument because the word \" object \" in \" sex object \" doesn ' t deny humanity as it would if we were talking about an inanimate \" object \". the term \" sex object \" was used in psychology to refer to whoever a person was sexually attracted to, which was fine if it was their spouse, but bad if it was their mother or father. many people might not notice the flaw in this argument because it is easy enough to think of cases where men", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5623382238030039, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.190997"} {"text": "refer to whoever a person was sexually attracted to, which was fine if it was their spouse, but bad if it was their mother or father. many people might not notice the flaw in this argument because it is easy enough to think of cases where men do show disrespect towards women they pursue for sex. another argument involving equivocation might have go like this : a dictator has weapons of mass destruction. weapons of mass destruction can destroy entire cities. therefore the dictator has weapons that can destroy entire cities. the problem is that \" weapons of mass destruction \" effectively has three meanings corresponding to the type of weapons : nuclear, biological, and chemical. of these, only nuclear is has a realistic capability to destroy a city. if the only \" weapons of mass destruction \" the dictator has is chemical ( which, in the case of iraq, seemed the most likely ), then he really doesn ' t have the power to destroy cities. here is another argument that is faulty because of equivocation : thomas jefferson was a christian. christians believe christ rose from the dead. therefore thomas jefferson believed christ rose from the dead. as it turns out, jefferson did not believe this. he was not a christian in the ordinary sense. he regarded jesus as a great philosopher and considered himself a christian because he believed in most of the teachings of christ ; but he did not actually believe in the miracles attributed to christ or the resurrection. distorting definitions to promote an agenda sometimes people with a political or philosophical agenda like to define a word in a way different from common usage in order to advance a cause they favor. they justify this by using the root meaning of the word or some historical meaning. here are a couple of examples : i have heard it argued that something that is \" supernatural \" must be non - natural, and since any phenomenon that actually exists is natural, nothing supernatural can possibly be true. therefore, it might be reasoned, ghosts cannot exist. in reality, when people think of the supernatural, they think of certain things that have traditionally been called supernatural, such as ghosts, esp, and magic. they may or may not think these things cannot actually occur. there would not be much point in having the word supernatural if it inherently meant things that can ' t occur. we might as well just use the word \" impossible \". but even if we did use the word that way, it wouldn ' t imply ghosts couldn ' t exist - it just would imply that ghosts, if they existed, were \" natural \". another claim of this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5855798489615907, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.201050"} {"text": "just use the word \" impossible \". but even if we did use the word that way, it wouldn ' t imply ghosts couldn ' t exist - it just would imply that ghosts, if they existed, were \" natural \". another claim of this sort is the claim that everyone is \" selfish \" because, even if you spend a lot of your time helping other people, you only do it because you like to, so you are really doing it for selfish reasons. once again, this is not how people ordinarily use the word - people who helps others because they like to are normally thought of as unselfish. as in the \" supernatural \" example, the new definition makes the word essentially meaningless. after establishing the idea that everyone is selfish, the argument may go on to imply that this has implications for economic policies. however it can have no implications, because the selfishness involved is automatic by definition rather than being an observed characteristic of human psychology, and so it really tells us nothing about how people will behave given actual economic conditions. formal definitions are definitions made artificially for a specific situation or within a specific context. for example, a person analyzing poetry might define a \" double \" as a pair of lines beginning with the same letter of the alphabet. within the context of the person ' s analysis, that is what \" double \" should be taken to mean, even though that is not an ordinary meaning from usage. this sort of definition can be useful for a variety of situations and so is a legitimate thing to do. however this also can be abused. i have heard of the word \" poison \" being given a formal definition of \" any substance that does not naturally occur in the body \". therefore any drug such as aspirin which people may take is categorized as \" poison \". we have to remember that, while it is valid to redefine a word this way, once it is redefined the old definition, in this case something that could kill you if you eat it, is no longer relevant. this definition was promoted by people who think we should only ingest \" natural \" substances, and so they quite clearly wanted to create the link between unnatural substances and deadly ones, but redefining a word is not a valid way to show such a link exists. if we want to be responsible thinkers, we should put a low priority on debating purely about definitions, since the ultimate source of word meanings, common usage, isn ' t static or consistent. we should look carefully at arguments about definitions to see if an issue", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5942154410667229, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.203168"} {"text": "matagorda peninsula. matagorda peninsula is a narrow strip of land separating the gulf of mexico from east matagorda and matagorda bays. it is located at 28\u00b035 ' north, 96\u00b0 01 ' west. the peninsula is fifty - one miles long and is crossed at midpoint by the colorado river. brown cedar cut, at the northeast end of the peninsula, connects east matagorda bay with the gulf. cavallo pass, at its south end, provides access to matagorda bay. early reference is made to the peninsula as isla de culebra, or snake island. karankawa indians probably inhabited the area in the summers and moved to the mainland for the winter. with cessation of the indian threat, the peninsula opened for settlement. a small german colony of about twelve houses, midway between the caney creek connection and decros point, was destroyed in the storm of 1854, rebuilt, and destroyed again in 1875. for many years the barrier - island peninsula played an important role in coastal defense. during the civil war, capt. e. s. ( ned ) rugeley lost twenty - two men in a blizzard during an attack on yankee gunboats landing on matagorda peninsula. battles on the peninsula occurred on december 29, 1863, and january 21 \u2013 25, 1864. samuel a. maverick moved to decros point on the peninsula in 1844 and received 400 cattle there the following year. cattle drives by the huebner family in 1919 began a tradition that continued for fifty - five years. in the early 1920s and 1930s, before the colorado river filled in the area between matagorda and matagorda peninsula, the peninsula was long and narrow and ran parallel to the mainland. cattle made the almost two - week trip up the peninsula to sargent. the area was known as the \" cherry \" after the name of an early inhabitant. later herds were brought directly through matagorda, and hay was scattered on the bridge to keep animals from seeing the water. drives helped local workers survive the great depression, and as late as 1975 500 to 600 cattle made spring and fall drives. on july 30, 1941, the united states army declared its eminent domain over the area and established a bombing and machine - gun range there. it returned the \" cherry \" to the huebner family on december 28, 1945. in 1990 matagorda peninsula was actually two islands with a ship channel separating them, and was largely uninhabited. douglas b. comstock and terry lynn galloway, assessment of the archeological", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41972156427319646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.220483"} {"text": "\" cherry \" to the huebner family on december 28, 1945. in 1990 matagorda peninsula was actually two islands with a ship channel separating them, and was largely uninhabited. douglas b. comstock and terry lynn galloway, assessment of the archeological and historical resources of the area around the mouth of the colorado river, texas ( texas archeological survey, research report 19 [ austin : university of texas, 1973 ] ). lorraine bruce jeter, matagorda : early history ( baltimore : gateway, 1974 ). john columbus marr, history of matagorda county ( m. a. thesis, university of texas, 1928 ). junann j. stieghorst, bay city and matagorda county ( austin : pemberton press, 1965 ). rockette l. woolridge, \" here comes the herd to matagorda, \" texas historian, january 1975. the following, adapted from the chicago manual of style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article. art leatherwood and diana j. kleiner, \" matagorda peninsula, \" handbook of texas online ( http : / / www. tshaonline. org / handbook / online / articles / rrm03 ), accessed may 21, 2013. published by the texas state historical association.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.404317741723064, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.222674"} {"text": "- creating a generation of readers - art showcase - three photography - filled days - gardens of an artist - no empty stages here - another \u2018 world \u2019 s best \u2019 - world \u2019 s only intercontinental marathon - remembering ataturk - a photographer \u2019 s life - an encyclopedia of literature - heart of the world : bursa - ali ayd\u0131n \u2019 s adana - dreams come true - festivity in turkish gardens - cultural adventure in odessa - the middle east \u2019 s up - and - coming airport - a painter who breaks the mold - garden of the hejaz : taif seventy - four years ago we saw mustafa kemal ataturk, the architect of the modern turkey. it \u2019 s been 74 years since we saw him off on his f\u0131nal journey. the architect of turkey \u2019 s war of liberation and the republic that followed, mustafa kemal ataturk summed up his true legacy and mission before departing this world on november 10, 1938, when he said, \u201c my poor body will of course return to dust one day, but the republic of turkey will endure forever. \u201d and every november 10th we should remember once again not the death but the achievements of ataturk, our common founder who introduced the concept of the republic in this land. every year on november 10th, more than ataturk \u2019 s death, we must speak of, and strive to understand, his achievements and values that made this country a nation, and do our best to pass the torch to furure generations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42074901774818263, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.294814"} {"text": "don \u2019 t you just love the massive advancements made in the realm of technology? the mobile lorm glove is one of them, where they will help the deaf and blind communicate with other people via mobile technology. why is it called the lorm glove? well, it relies on \u201c lorm, \u201d a tactile signing language which is used by people who have sight and hearing impairments. at the bottom side of the glove lies pressure sensors which will translate \u201c lorm \u201d into visual or audible forms of communication, such as text messages or speech for example \u2013 over a mobile phone. catch a video of the mobile lorm glove in action after the jump. the glove itself will also allow its wearer to receive text messages thanks to tactile feedback patterns. a bunch of vibration motors have also been thrown into the mix on the back which will translate messages into vibrations, and hence, you might \u201c read \u201d a book in an entirely new way by \u201c feeling \u201d your way through a whole audiobook. the mobile lorm glove is the brainchild of tom bieling, ulrike gollner and gesche joost, and it is still in its early stages, with the next phase targeting direct speech input and output. follow : gadgetsmedicallorm glove", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4787882022942309, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.339471"} {"text": "melanoma is cancer that arises from the pigment - producing cells in the uppermost layer of the skin. these cells are called melanocytes. melanoma that originates in the skin is called cutaneous melanoma. it also may occur in the eye, a condition called ocular melanoma or intraocular melanoma. in rare cases, melanoma may begin in the digestive tract called meninges, lymph nodes or other parts of the body where there are melanocytes. ultraviolet radiation, which is present in sunlight and in tanning beds, probably sets off many cases of melanoma by causing genetic damage in melanocytes. children and adolescents are especially sensitive to the effects of ultraviolet light. melanoma is a potentially life - threatening cancer because it can travel from the skin to other parts of the body. with early diagnosis, however, survival rates are encouraging. the goal is to recgonize melanoma early. often, the first signs of melanoma are changes in a mole or the appearance of a new colored spot on the skin. when melanoma spreads, cancer cells are found in the lymphatic system. if the disease spreads to other parts of the body, it ' s called metastatic melanoma. the chance of developing melanoma increases with age, but it affects people of all ages and is one of the most common cancers in young adults. often, the first sign of melanoma is a change in the size, shape, color or feel of an existing mole. most melanomas have a black or blue - black area. melanoma also may appear as a new, black, abnormal or \" ugly - looking \" mole. rarely, melanoma is not pigmented and is more difficult to diagnose. it may appear as a non - healing ulcer or a new scar - like lump in the skin. the warning signs are sometimes referred to as abcde : if your doctor suspects that a spot on the skin is melanoma, you will need a biopsy, which is the only way to make a definite diagnosis. in this procedure, your doctor tries to remove all of the suspicious - looking growth. if the growth is too large to be removed entirely, your doctor may remove a sample of the tissue. a biopsy usually can be done in the doctor ' s office using a local anesthetic. a pathologist then examines the tissue under a microscope to check for cancer cells. often,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4953185896941993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.417431"} {"text": "entirely, your doctor may remove a sample of the tissue. a biopsy usually can be done in the doctor ' s office using a local anesthetic. a pathologist then examines the tissue under a microscope to check for cancer cells. often, the pathologist can easily tell whether these cells represent melanoma or a non - cancerous mole. sometimes, however, the distinction can be tricky, and special stains or further diagnostic tests must be performed to make the diagnosis. distinguishing between cancerous and non - cancerous tumors can make all the difference for a patient, as the treatment and outcomes can be very different. a pathologist can identify many other characteristics of the melanoma to determine how likely the cancer can be successfully treated. if you ' ve had a biopsy at another medical center, we will ask an experienced pathologist at ucsf to review them as well. surgery to remove melanoma is the standard initial treatment. it is necessary to remove not only the tumor but also some normal tissue around it, called the margin, to reduce the chance that any cancer remains. the width and depth of surrounding skin to be removed depends on the thickness of the melanoma and how deeply it has invaded the skin. when the melanoma is very thin, the biopsy may remove all the cancerous tissue and no additional surgery may be necessary. for thick melanomas, it may be necessary to take out a larger margin of tissue. deeper melanomas have a higher chance of spreading to the lymph nodes. for these cases, a sentinel lymph node biopsy may be performed to determine if the cancer has spread. surgery alone may not effectively control melanoma that has spread to other parts of the body. your doctor may use other methods of treatment, such as chemotherapy, biological therapy or immunotherapy, radiation therapy or a combination of these methods. reviewed by health care specialists at ucsf medical center.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43752025685049123, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.422468"} {"text": "get answers to your heart disease prevention questions. an in - depth report on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of unhealthy cholesterol levels. hypercholesterolemia ; ldl ; hdl ; triglycerides lipids are the building blocks of the fats and fatty substances found in animals and plants. they are microscopic layered spheres of oil, which, in animals, are composed mainly of cholesterol, triglycerides, proteins ( called lipoproteins ), and phospholipids ( molecules made up of phosphoric acid, fatty acids, and nitrogen ). lipids do not dissolve in water and are stored in the body to serve as sources of energy. cholesterol is present in all animal cells and in animal - based foods ( not in plants ). in spite of its bad press, cholesterol is an essential nutrient necessary for many functions, including : regardless of these benefits, when cholesterol levels rise in the blood, they can have dangerous consequences, depending on the type of cholesterol. although the body acquires some cholesterol through diet, about two - thirds is manufactured in the liver, its production stimulated by saturated fat. saturated fats are found in animal products, meat, and dairy products. triglycerides are composed of fatty acid molecules. they are the basic chemicals contained in fats in both animals and plants. lipoproteins are protein spheres that transport cholesterol, triglyceride, or other lipid molecules through the bloodstream. most of the information about the effects of cholesterol and triglyceride actually concerns lipoproteins. lipoproteins are categorized into five types according to size and density. they can be further defined by whether they carry cholesterol or triglycerides. cholesterol - carrying lipoproteins. these are the lipoproteins commonly referred to as cholesterol. low density lipoproteins ( ldl ), the \" bad \" cholesterol. the main villain in the cholesterol story is low - density lipoprotein ( ldl ). the lowest incidence of heart disease is usually found among people with the lowest ldl levels. lowering ldl is the primary goal of cholesterol drug and lifestyle therapy. low - density lipoprotein ( ldl ) transports about 75 % of the blood ' s cholesterol to the body ' s cells. it is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5271927603107676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.489192"} {"text": "levels. lowering ldl is the primary goal of cholesterol drug and lifestyle therapy. low - density lipoprotein ( ldl ) transports about 75 % of the blood ' s cholesterol to the body ' s cells. it is normally harmless. however, if it is exposed to a process called oxidation, ldl can penetrate and interact dangerously with the walls of the artery, producing a harmful inflammatory response. oxidation is a natural process in the body that occurs from chemical combinations with unstable molecules. these molecules are known as oxygen - free radicals or oxidants. in response to oxidized ldl, the body releases various immune factors aimed at protecting the damaged arterial walls. unfortunately, in excessive quantities they cause inflammation and promote further injury to the areas they target. high density lipoproteins ( hdl ), the \" good \" cholesterol. high density lipoprotein ( hdl ) appears to benefit the body in two ways : hdl helps keep arteries open and reduces the risk for heart attack. high levels of hdl ( above 60 mg / dl ) may be nearly as protective for the heart as low levels of ldl. hdl levels below 40 mg / dl are associated with an increased risk of heart disease. triglycerides. triglycerides interact with hdl cholesterol in such a way that hdl levels fall as triglyceride levels rise. high triglycerides may pose other dangers, regardless of cholesterol levels. for example, they may be associated with blood clots that form and block the arteries. high triglyceride levels are also associated with the inflammatory response - - the harmful effect of an overactive immune system that can cause considerable damage to cells and tissues, including the arteries. total cholesterol count includes measurements of ldl, hdl, and triglycerides. the following chart summarizes all lipid goals fpr adults. cholesterol goals for adults total cholesterol goals less than 200 mg / dl is desirable. between 200 and 239 is borderline. over 240 is high. 70 mg / dl is considered an important goal for very high - risk patients ( recent heart attack ; current active or unstable cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease ; or two multiple risk factors as defined above. ) below 100 mg / dl is optimal for everyone. it should be the goal for high - risk people, including those with existing heart disease, diabetes, or two or more risk factors for heart disease ; 70", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4734407265505962, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.490365"} {"text": "two multiple risk factors as defined above. ) below 100 mg / dl is optimal for everyone. it should be the goal for high - risk people, including those with existing heart disease, diabetes, or two or more risk factors for heart disease ; 70 mg / dl is an optimal goal for these individuals. 130 mg / dl or below for people with two or more risk factors ; 100 mg / dl is an optimal goal. 160 mg / dl or below for people at less risk ( one or zero risk factors ) ; 130 mg / dl is an optimal goal. anything above 160mg / dl is high, with levels above 190 being very high. ldl levels over 190 require medication even with no other cardiac risk factors present. levels above 40 mg / dl are desirable ; levels above 60 mg / dl are optimal. below 150 mg / dl is normal. 150 - 199 is borderline high. 200 - 499 is high. over 500 is very high. * risk factors for heart disease include a family history of early heart problems before age 55 for men ( before age 65 for women ), smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, being older ( over 45 for men and 55 for women ), and having hdl levels below 35 mg / dl. people with two or more of these risk factors may have a 10 - year risk of heart attack that exceeds 20 %, and may therefore need to aim for ldl levels of 100 mg / dl or below. cholesterol goals for children. in 2007, the american heart association established general ldl goals for children. ldl goals are 190 mg / dl or less for children with no additional heart disease risk factors and 160 mg / dl or less for children with additional risk factors ( such as family history of high cholesterol, heart disease, and diabetes ). aha ; acc ; national heart, lung, and blood institute, smith sc jr, allen j, blair sn, et al. aha / acc guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease : 2006 update endorsed by the national heart, lung, and blood institute. j am coll cardiol. 2006 may 16 ; 47 ( 10 ) : 2130 - 9. armitage j. the safety of statins in clinical practice. lancet. 2007 nov 24 ; 370 ( 9601 ) : 1781 - 90. barter p, gotto am, larosa jc, maroni j, szarek m, grundy sm, et", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46550152903122455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.491544"} {"text": "2008 nov 9. jolliffe cj, janssen i. distribution of lipoproteins by age and gender in adolescents. circulation. 2006 sep 5 ; 114 ( 10 ) : 1056 - 62. epub 2006 aug 28. kodama s, tanaka s, saito k, shu m, sone y, onitake f, et al. effect of aerobic exercise training on serum levels of high - density lipoprotein cholesterol : a meta - analysis. arch intern med. 2007 may 28 ; 167 ( 10 ) : 999 - 1008. mccrindle bw, urbina em, dennison ba, jacobson ms, steinberger j, rocchini ap, et al. drug therapy of high - risk lipid abnormalities in children and adolescents. a scientific statement from the american heart association atherosclerosis, hypertension, and obesity in youth committee, council of cardiovascular disease in the young, with the council on cardiovascular nursing. circulation. 2007 mar 21 ; [ epub ahead of print ] park mk. dyslipidemia and other cardiovascular risk factors. in : pediatric cardiology for practitioners, 5th ed. mosby ; 2008 : chap 33. ridker pm, danielson e, fonseca fa, genest j, gotto am jr, kastelein jj, et al. rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated c - reactive protein. n engl j med. 2008 nov 20 ; 359 ( 21 ) : 2195 - 207. epub 2008 nov 9. thavendiranathan p, bagai a, brookhart ma, choudhry nk. primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases with statin therapy : a meta - analysis of randomized controlled trials. arch intern med. 2006 nov 27 ; 166 ( 21 ) : 2307 - 13. us preventive services task force. screening for lipid disorders in children : us preventive services task force recommendation statement. pediatrics. 2007 jul ; 120 ( 1 ) : e215 - 9. \u00a9 2011 university of maryland medical center ( ummc ). all rights reserved. ummc is a member of the university of maryland medical system, 22 s. greene street, baltimore, md 21201. tdd : 1 - 800 - 735 - 2258 or 1. 866. 408. 6885", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47541561005972294, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.522596"} {"text": "london, england - - the tourist \u2019 s taste for swordfish is wiping out the species and damaging the marine environment, reveals a new report released today. swordfish is a quintessential mediterranean dish and one that thousands of britons will tuck into as they holiday in the region over the coming weeks, but as the new report, \u201c illegal driftnetting in the mediterranean \u201d reveals illegal driftnets, which have a devastating on the mediterranean \u2019 s marine wildlife, are being used to catch swordfish. up to one - quarter of mediterranean swordfish are caught using illegal driftnets, which were banned from global use in the early 1990s. known as \u2018 walls of death \u2019 because of their devastating impact on non - target marine species such as whales, dolphins, turtles, sharks and seabirds, these nets can be tens of miles long and continue to be used by an estimated 600 vessels from italy, france, morocco and turkey. in italy, an estimated 100 illegal driftnet vessels operate, some having received up to \u20ac70, 000 of eu taxpayers \u2019 money to convert their vessels to legal fishing methods. in 2006, 250 miles of illegal nets were confiscated by the authorities. striped dolphins, common dolphins, sperm whales, sharks, sea turtles and seabirds are amongst the species accidentally killed after becoming entangled in these nets. france \u2019 s illegal driftnet fleet, known as \u2018 thonaille \u2019, which targets swordfish and tuna, has been observed fishing within the internationally protected pelagos sanctuary, and is responsible for the deaths of hundreds of striped and risso \u2019 s dolphins, sperm whales, and pilot whales. the main known cause of decline of sperm whales in the mediterranean is accidental capture in swordfish driftnets. the moroccan driftnet fleet of around 170 boats, the second largest producers of swordfish in the mediterranean, is estimated to accidentally catch up to 19, 000 dolphins and over 100, 000 sharks every year. \u201c mediterranean swordfish are overfished, undersized and often caught by illegal driftnets, says steve trent, ejf executive director. \u201c it is outrageous that two developed countries \u2013 france and italy \u2013 allow their fishing fleets to continue using these highly destructive nets, flouting eu law and ingoring international agreements to which they are party. at a time when global fish stocks are under increasing pressure, governments must take a stand against these pirate fishers \u2013 failure to do so will lead to catastrophic declines of some of our most important marine species and undermine the existence of the marine environment upon which so much", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4438357839297171, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.538541"} {"text": "there is new evidence in the search for the loch ness monster. a fossil of a giant \" sea monster \" has been discovered on an arctic island. this doesn ' t explain how it might have gotten to scotland, but it does show that such creatures did once exist. in bbc news, paul rincon quotes paleontologist angela milner as saying, \" one hundred and fifty million years ago, svalbard [ the island on which the fossils were discovered ] was not so near the north pole, there was no ice cap and the climate was much warmer than it is today. \" it appears to be a fossil of a plesiosaur, which were a group of extinct reptiles that lived in oceans during the age of the dinosaurs. ricon quotes researcher richard forrest as saying, \" even in classic fossil exposures such as you have in dorset [ in england ], there are cliffs eroding over many years and every so often something pops up. but we haven ' t had 40 plesiosaurs from dorset in 200 years. \" he quotes norwegian explorer jorn hurum as saying, \" a large pliosaur was big enough to pick up a small car in its jaws and bite it in half. \" so if nessie is still around, we wouldn ' t want to meet her! but you do want to meet some of our wonderful dreamland guests, and that ' s just what our subscribers get to do : they get to chat! we hold these chats regularly, so don ' t miss out on the next one : subscribe today! note : this news story, previously published on our old site, will have any links removed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4365098333807623, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.542012"} {"text": "the portable chaucer in the fourteenth century geoffrey chaucer, who served three kings as a customs official and special envoy, virtually invented english poetry. he did so by wedding the language of common speech to metrical verse, creating a medium that could accommodate tales of courtly romance, bawdy fabliaux, astute psychological portraiture, dramatic monologues, moral allegories, and its author \u2019 s astonishing learning in fields from philosophy to medicine and astrology. chaucer \u2019 s accomplishment is unequalled by any poet before shakespeare and \u2014 in the canterbury tales and troilus and cressida \u2014 ranks with that of the great english novelists. both the canterbury tales and troilus and cressida are presented complete in this anthology, in fresh modern translations by theodore morrison that convey both the gravity and gaiety of the middle english originals. the portable chaucer also contains selections from the book of duchess, the house of fame, the bird ' s parliament, and the legend of good women, together with short poems. morrison ' s introduction is vital for its insights into chaucer as man and artist, and as a product of the middle ages whose shrewdness, humor, and compassion have a wonderfully contemporary ring. suggested readings and other aids the canterbury tales troilus and cressida selections and short poems \u201c the most successful translations of chaucer \u2019 s poetry that i have ever seen. \u201d \u2014 chicago tribune", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39946481223773855, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.552006"} {"text": "- prayer and worship - beliefs and teachings - issues and action - catholic giving - about usccb david \u2019 s victories. 1a after this, david defeated the philistines and subdued them ; and he took gath and its towns away from the philistines. 2he also defeated moab, and the moabites became david \u2019 s subjects, paying tribute. 3david then defeated hadadezer, king of zobah, toward hamath, who was on his way to set up his victory stele at the river euphrates. 4david captured from him one thousand chariots, seven thousand horsemen, and twenty thousand foot soldiers. david hamstrung all the chariot horses, but left one hundred for his chariots. b 5the arameans of damascus came to help hadadezer, king of zobah, but david also defeated twenty - two thousand of their men in aram. 6then david set up garrisons in the damascus region of aram, and the arameans became david \u2019 s subjects, paying tribute. thus the lord made david victorious in all his campaigns. 7david took the golden shields that were carried by hadadezer \u2019 s attendants and brought them to jerusalem. 8david likewise took away from tibhath and cun, cities of hadadezer, large quantities of bronze ; solomon later used it to make the bronze sea and the pillars and the vessels of bronze. c 9when tou, king of hamath, heard that david had defeated the entire army of hadadezer, king of zobah, 10he sent his son hadoram to wish king david well and to congratulate him on having waged a victorious war against hadadezer ; for hadadezer had been at war with tou. he also brought gold, silver and bronze articles of every sort. d 11these also king david consecrated to the lord along with all the silver and gold that he had taken from the nations : from edom, moab, the ammonites, the philistines, and amalek. 12abishai, the son of zeruiah, also defeated eighteen thousand edomites in the valley of salt. e 13he set up garrisons in edom, and all the edomites became david \u2019 s subjects. thus the lord brought david victory in all his undertakings. david \u2019 s officials. 14f david was king over all israel ; he dispensed justice and right to all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3852744370490847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.560654"} {"text": "##m, and all the edomites became david \u2019 s subjects. thus the lord brought david victory in all his undertakings. david \u2019 s officials. 14f david was king over all israel ; he dispensed justice and right to all his people. 15joab, son of zeruiah, was in command of the army ; jehoshaphat, son of ahilud, was chancellor ; g 16zadok, son of ahitub, and ahimelech, son of abiathar, were priests ; * shavsha was scribe ; h 17benaiah, son of jehoiada, was in command of the cherethites and the pelethites ; and david \u2019 s sons were the chief assistants to the king. * i * [ 18 : 16 ] zadok \u2026 and ahimelech, son of abiathar, were priests : emendation \u2014 the masoretic text here reads \u201c abimelech, \u201d not \u201c ahimelech \u201d ; but 2 sm 8 : 17, the chronicler \u2019 s source, has \u201c ahimelech. \u201d see note there. * [ 18 : 17 ] chief assistants to the king : according to 2 sm 8 : 18, the chronicler \u2019 s source here, david \u2019 s sons were priests. the chronicler \u2019 s modification reflects his conviction that only aaron \u2019 s descendants could be priests. by accepting this message, you will be leaving the website of the united states conference of catholic bishops. this link is provided solely for the user ' s convenience. by providing this link, the united states conference of catholic bishops assumes no responsibility for, nor does it necessarily endorse, the website, its content, or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40845568698703383, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.561756"} {"text": "art smith, orphan train rider ( in his own words ) at age 71, i was shocked to discover that in december 1922, my eleven companions and i were not just an isolated 12 orphans - - wending our way westward by train to find a home. we were part of the greatest children ' s migration known in the history of the world, possibly numbering as many as 350, 000. based largely on this migration, scores of school children in 38 states this year have put together history day projects and are eagerly contesting for honors. it all began with charles loring brace, a young methodist minister and social worker in new york city. brace, a young graduate of new york ' s union theological seminary, appalled at the sight of 10, 000 ragged and homeless boys and girls earning their living on the streets of the city in any way possible, good or evil, determined to do what he could to salvage their lives. after studying remedial methods in europe and th u. s., brace persuaded some new york business men to finance the children ' s aid society, which still flourishes at 105 east 22nd street, new york city, 10010. deciding there were far too many children to care for all of them in new york city, brace devised what he called his \" placing - out \" plan to send these children where he was certain they would be needed and cared for - - to the ver increasing number of western farms. thus, in 1854, brace ' s plan was activated, and very soon was eagerly copied by many child - care organizations in cities, as far west as chicago. for the majority of the children it turned out to be a successful way to find loving parents and a fine new life. however, reports of children who endured the pain of being parted from siblings, or had other negative experiences, in later years contributed to the rise of a growing opposition to brace ' s plan. this, and the negative effects of the depression which caused many farmers to lose their farms, brought the program to an end in 1930. for the past nine years i have sought reasons why i did not read about all of this in school. though dutifully chronicalled by able writers and the press, the details never seemed to become widely known or to be considered for school history books. one authority suggested that history is generally written and recorded about adults, and not about children. it remained for a researcher, mary ellen johnson, to discover some of these children - - as adults, prompting her to establish the orphan train heritage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4556339260333421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.576127"} {"text": "our hospital offers a variety of anesthesia services for your pet. the term anesthesia indicates the use of medication to block sensation, typically resulting in unconsciousness. anesthesia is induced using a variety of medications, both injectable and inhaled. it is used for procedures that require an unconscious animal, such as surgery, certain imaging studies ( e. g., x - rays, mri, ct scans ) or medical procedures ( e. g., endoscopy ). pets undergoing anesthesia are typically pre - medicated with an injectable drug. this pre - medication helps the pet relax so that full anesthesia can be induced more smoothly and safely. next, the pet receives intravenous medication to cause loss of consciousness. a tube is then placed into the pet ' s upper airway, and gas anesthesia keeps the pet comfortably anesthetized during the course of the procedure. while a patient is under anesthesia, he or she will be monitored in much the same way as a human undergoing anesthesia would be. this monitoring includes listening to your pet ' s heart and lungs, visually assessing your pet ' s reflexes, and using equipment to monitor your pet ' s blood pressure, level of blood oxygen, and temperature. your pet will also likely be monitored using an ecg machine. trained technicians act alongside veterinarians to ensure that your pet ' s procedure goes smoothly. there are several forms of gas anesthesia available. a newer gas, called sevoflurane, allows very precise control of a pet ' s anesthesia level. since it leaves the bloodstream very quickly, pets often experience a very quick recovery. ask your veterinarian if our hospital currently offers sevoflurane gas anesthesia and if it may be right for your pet.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49769303492300715, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.578283"} {"text": "gardeners ' dirt : plant ranunculus bulbs now for spring color - unverified comments thank you for your submission. error report or correction why plant bulbs? \u2022 simple to grow \u2022 easy to care for \u2022 inexpensive to buy \u2022 lengthy bloom period why plant ranunculus? \u2022 brilliant colors \u2022 many blooms per bulb \u2022 long - lasting cut flowers \u2022 widely available \u2022 frost and drought tolerant most folks think that work in the garden winds down when summer ends and cool weather arrives. but for the avid gardener, fall flashes a green light for pruning, trimming, mulching and planting new selections. fall is also the time to add winter annuals, such as pansies, snapdragons, petunias, cyclamen and calendulas. it is still not too late to put these out. in addition, southern gardeners begin the annual tradition of planting cool - weather bulbs that will bloom in the spring. add a new bulb to your collection one especially brilliant and colorful spring blooming bulb to include this year is the ranunculus. its rose - like bloom has multi - layers of pastel, papery - textured petals. the psychedelic blooms are so perfect, they almost seem unreal. colors range from pink, rose, salmon, white, yellow and orange. although spring - blooming bulbs can be planted from late september through december, october is the optimal time in texas. planting now will ensure healthy root growth by spring, as well as provide a suitable chilling period. some of the most commonly planted bulbs are daffodils, crocus and narcissi. ranunculus will offer something new to your spring bloomers. ranunculus asiaticus ( persian buttercup ) is a frost - hardy, cool - season perennial that thrives in usda zones 8 and above. because they make long - lasting cut flowers, they are often found in florist shops, but they can be successfully grown in the home garden. jerry parsons, of texas a & m, considers them one of the best blooming flowers for the money invested. like most cool - weather bulbs, they are planted in the fall in southern areas and begin blooming around march. is it a rhizome or tuber? bulbs have always been popular with gardeners. they were a wise choice for those who migrated from far - away lands. bulbs store well for long periods of time and carry the nutrients needed inside the swollen mass. although this mass is commonly referred to as a bulb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3921561888551851, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.586893"} {"text": "always been popular with gardeners. they were a wise choice for those who migrated from far - away lands. bulbs store well for long periods of time and carry the nutrients needed inside the swollen mass. although this mass is commonly referred to as a bulb, the correct terms for horticulturists are corm, tuber or rhizome. ranunculi sprout from a rhizome that looks like a claw or a bunch of bananas. the banana - like growth should face downward when planted. choose size and location for best results as with most bulbs, size predicts the number and size of flowers. jumbos, which are more expensive, can produce up to 35 flowers, as compared to 15 or so from a medium - sized bulb. for an individual accent, plant the large size, but use smaller ones for mass plantings. plant in a well - drained spot that gets at least eight hours of sun. if poor drainage is a problem, add two or three inches of organic material, such as peat moss or ground bark. some manufacturers recommend an all - purpose fertilizer, but it is not necessary because nutrients are already stored in the rhizome. if you want to fertilize, the best time is when the flower bud appears. chill some bulbs, but not others to chill or not to chill is always a question for ensuring successful bulb growth. tulips and dutch hyacinths are two examples that must be chilled for at least a month before planting. chilling isn ' t necessary for ranunculus, as they will get natural chilling while in the ground. plant carefully for seasonal return the depth of planting any type of bulb is generally two to three times the diameter for larger bulbs and three to four times the diameter of smaller bulbs. if planted too deeply, they may have trouble pushing through, and if too shallow, they can suffer stress from insufficient moisture. many will naturalize and return year after year. you might want to place a marker to note the location so you will not inadvertently dig them up during their dormancy. if you ' d like to get additional ideas for fall planting, come visit the victoria educational gardens located at the airport. these demonstration gardens are free to the public and open daily. the gardeners ' dirt is written by members of the victoria county master gardener association, an educational outreach of texas agrilife extension - victoria county. mail your questions in care of the advocate, p. o. box 1518, victoria,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42185291913229456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.589716"} {"text": "charles watson - wentworth, who twice served as prime minister \u2014 from 13 july 1765 to 30 july 1766 and from 27 march to 1 july 1782 \u2014 was born on 13 may 1730 ( old style ), the fifth son and eighth child in a family of ten. he was the only son to survive childhood. he was brought up at the family home of wentworth woodhouse near rotherham, yorkshire. by 1739 he was heir to the vast estates when the second of his older brothers died. another surviving brother had died in 1734. charles was given the courtesy title of lord higham. he was educated briefly ( 1738 ) at westminster school but was withdrawn because of illness. later he attended cambridge university. in 1745 he became a colonel in a regiment of volunteers formed by his father to fight off the threat of an invasion by bonnie prince charlie. he was stationed at pontefract but decided to join the duke of cumberland in carlisle, riding alone in winter across the moors to the duke ' s camp. this marked the start of a lifelong friendship between the two men. in 1746 the 15 - year old, now lord malton since his father ' s elevation to the marquisate, was sent off on a short tour of europe in an attempt to distract him from joining the army as a career. from 1748 - 50 he undertook the grand tour proper, returning to england on the death of his father. the new marquis of rockingham celebrated his coming of age in great style on 13 may 1751 and took his seat in the house of lords. he also became a lord of the bedchamber to george ii. rockingham married the 16 - year old mary bright on 26 february 1752. the couple were extremely close : it seems to have been a love - match rather than an arranged marriage. they had no children and on rockingham ' s death in 1782 the estates went to his nephew, the fourth earl fitzwilliam. wentworth woodhouse near rotherham. it has the longest frontage of any stately home in the country in 1753 the whig club in york renamed itself the \" rockingham club \" : from then on the marquis virtually controlled political life in yorkshire. in 1760 he was made a knight of the garter ; in 1762 he became a victim of the massacre of the pelhamite innocents, losing all his county appointments. the following year he became a governor of charterhouse, winning more votes than george grenville. after the resignation of grenville, the duke of cumberland accepted the king ' s commission to head a new ministry and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4259047903796225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.634082"} {"text": "losing all his county appointments. the following year he became a governor of charterhouse, winning more votes than george grenville. after the resignation of grenville, the duke of cumberland accepted the king ' s commission to head a new ministry and appointed rockingham as first lord of the treasury in july 1765. rockingham was honest, able and a good man with many years of political experience in yorkshire and house of lords, but he had never held high office. he encountered problems in putting together a cabinet because ( 1 ) pitt refused to join him, and so pitt ' s followers ( the pittites ) refused to join the ministry, too ; and ( 2 ) rockingham refused to consider bute and grenville and / or their followers as members of his ministry. consequently, he had fewer men from whom to choose. rockingham, who took on the job of pm from a sense of duty, was not really interested in holding power. he was far more contented at his family home of wentworth woodhouse in yorkshire, or at horse - races where he conducted much of his political business. he suspected bute ' s influence on george iii and felt he did not really have royal support. this worsened in october 1765 when cumberland died at the age of 44. george iii looked on rockingham as a ' caretaker ' pm thereafter. the high tory groups saw rockingham ' s ministry potentially as the start of another whig oligarchy. in this period, party identity seems to have been re - introduced. whereas tories, who supported the principles of \" crown, church and constitution \", believed that the monarch should be able to exercise the royal prerogative freely, the whigs supported parliamentary supremacy, the bill of rights and religious toleration. they wanted to limit royal power and introduce economy in government. there was a great deal of factional opposition to rockingham ' s ministry, although he had some successes and has been much under - rated. so far as the problems in the american colonies were concerned, rockingham inherited the stamp act crisis caused by the taxation policies of grenville ' s ministry. there had been riots in many colonies, starting in august 1765 although the act was not due to become law until november. in october 1765 the stamp act congress enforced a non - importation policy and stopped the colonists from buying british goods. it soon became clear that english merchants, bankers, business men and manufacturers were losing money. rockingham repealed the stamp act in march 1766 but was forced to pass the declaratory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4333238116162501, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.637686"} {"text": "non - importation policy and stopped the colonists from buying british goods. it soon became clear that english merchants, bankers, business men and manufacturers were losing money. rockingham repealed the stamp act in march 1766 but was forced to pass the declaratory act at the same time, to ensure repeal. the act said : ' the british parliament had, hath and of right ought to have full power and authority to make laws to bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever '. rockinghamites differentiated between having and exercising a right. because of his conciliatory approach, the riots stopped in america, but many politicians - particularly grenville, bute, and bedford - opposed rockingham making concessions to the ' rebellious ' colonies. american affairs occupied most of rockingham ' s first ministry, particularly by attempts to create a new system of legislation for america that ultimately failed to go through the commons. rockingham spent most of the rest of his life in parliamentary opposition. he supported the colonies against parliament, maintaining that the colonists were demanding their constitutional rights against a ' revolutionary ' parliament. in 1769 it was the rockinghamites and yorkshire that led the petitioning movement demanding the dissolution of parliament after the middlesex election fiasco. the rockinghamites also formed the core of the yorkshire association established by christopher wyvill in 1779 to demand a reform of parliament and were at the forefront of demands for religious toleration and increased civil liberties for catholics. as the owner of vast estates in ireland, rockingham showed himself to be exemplary. he granted long leases to catholics and kept a watchful eye on his estate steward. in times of hardship he remitted and / or reduced rents and was always accessible to his tenants. he ordered improvements to be made to his tenants ' houses and to the infrastructure there. he made substantial payments to the wicklow volunteers, a militia that was established to defend that part of ireland against any french attack during the american war of independence. as lord lieutenant of yorkshire he was responsible for the maintenance of law and order and played a direct part in the defence of hull and the east coast against american privateers, particularly john paul jones. he made large charitable payments for the relief of poverty in times of distress and successfully terminated the activities of a coining and clipping gang in halifax. rockingham enjoyed being at home at wentworth woodhouse. he was a caring employer who took an interest in the affairs of his tenants, servants and estates. his presence helped the local economy greatly : for example, he spent over \u00a385", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4293406727730094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.639101"} {"text": "in halifax. rockingham enjoyed being at home at wentworth woodhouse. he was a caring employer who took an interest in the affairs of his tenants, servants and estates. his presence helped the local economy greatly : for example, he spent over \u00a385, 000 on building the stables at wentworth which kept substantial numbers of men employed for many years. there were almost a hundred house servants at wentworth besides all those who worked on the farmland. the village of wentworth owed its existence to the ' great house '. in march 1782, on the resignation of lord north, the king had no choice but to appoint rockingham as prime minister for the second time. rockingham still led the largest group in parliament and had a policy of conciliation prepared. he had stated as early as 1779 that the colonists should be given their independence, and his first act as pm was to acknowledge the existence of a new country. the ministry lasted only fourteen weeks : the marquis died on 1 july 1782 and was buried in his parents ' tomb in the north chancel of york minster. albemarle, gt. memoirs of the marquess of rockingham and his contemporaries. 2 vols. london, 1852. hoffman, r. j. s. the marquis. a study of lord rockingham, 1730 - 1782. new york : fordham university press, 1973. last modified 6 august 2003", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3773948414316952, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.640370"} {"text": "well, you ' re about ready to edit and you realize that you have footage shot at different frame rates in the mix. now what? well don ' t panic ; we ' re going to show you how to successfully convert from one frame rate to another using footage interpretation and pitch shifting. and just like a sharp new outfit, all your footage will match and come together, to help your project look its very best. video is nothing more than a series of still images played back in succession, giving the appearance of motion. each of these images is called a frame and the rate at which they are played is referred to as the frame rate. in a perfect world all footage would be the same rate and we wouldn ' t need to know about such things, but then, we know better right? in reality, we might find ourselves with footage from a multi - camera shoot where the cameras were inadvertently left to capture at different frame rates. or, we may have just gotten a foreign distribution deal for our independent film and need to convert it to the european pal standard of 25 frames per second. let ' s see how this works. begin by opening your editing software. we ' ll be showing you the process using adobe ' s premiere pro cs5 but most common editing programs should have similar functions. import the files whose frame rates you wish to change. this first piece of footage is a video - only clip with no audio attached. double - click to open it in the \" source window \" and play it to get a sense of its motion. notice its properties that appear to the right of the preview window. among other things this tells us that its frame rate is 23. 976 frames per second. this was shot on a 24p dslr camera and will be part of a television commercial, therefore it needs to be converted to the ntsc broadcast standard of 29. 97 frames per second. right - click on the clip in the project window, go to modify and click interpret footage. the interpret footage dialogue window appears. the first section, entitled frame rate, will allow us to either keep the existing rate or change it. in the text box at the right of assume this frame rate enter 29. 97. while the \" pixel aspect ratio \" and \" field order \" can be adjusted we want them to pull this data from the file itself and so we ' ll keep their default settings. click \" ok \" and notice again the clip ' s properties to the right of the preview window. we see now that the frame rate has changed to 29", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4804980980901458, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.660653"} {"text": "them to pull this data from the file itself and so we ' ll keep their default settings. click \" ok \" and notice again the clip ' s properties to the right of the preview window. we see now that the frame rate has changed to 29. 97. as a result in this side - by - side comparison we can see that the higher frame rate looks a bit smoother than the lower one. now all this works fine if you ' re working with video footage that has no audio component. but what happens when you ' re working with linked audio? this is our completed television commercial at its original frame rate of 23. 976. as before, change the clip ' s frame rate to 29. 97 then place it in the timeline. let ' s listen again. while the audio portion remains synchronized with the video, it ' s pitch has become significantly distorted. to correct this, go to the \" effects window \" and open the \" audio effects \" folder. since ours is a stereo file, we ' ll open the \" stereo \" folder. scroll down and find the \" pitchshifter \" effect. click and drag it onto the clip ' s audio track. now with the clip selected, open the effect controls window. go down to the \" pitchshifter \" effect and twirl it open to reveal its properties. \" bypass \" allows you to toggle the effect on and off while previewing in order to monitor your progress. opening \" custom setup \" reveals a pair of dials for adjusting \" pitch and fine tuning \" and a checkbox labeled \" formant preserve. \" twirling open \" individual parameters \" allows you to make the same adjustments using sliders. we ' ll be using the \" custom setup. \" to adjust the pitch of your audio track, go down to the bottom of the \" effect controls \" window and click the \" toggle looping audio playback \" button. it looks like an arrow folded back on itself. click the \" play only the audio for this clip \" button next to it. this will loop the audio while making adjustments, allowing you to hear the changes you are making. this is a cpu intensive process and depending on your system you may experience the audio dropping out as you adjust the parameters. if this happens click the \" play only the audio for this clip \" button to stop looping, pause a moment then try it again. shifting the \" pitch \" dial to the left will lower the pitch. get it close, then use the \" fine tune \" dial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4270016728371649, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.664695"} {"text": "tuberculosis is an infection of the lungs that is caused by bacteria mycobacterium tuberculosis. when a person with tuberculosis speaks, coughs or sneezes, he or she expels small droplets into the air. droplets dry out quick, but bacteria remain airborne for days. when they are inhaled by a healthy individual, bacteria reach the lungs and develop a small infection that rarely gives any symptoms. bacteria can remain dormant for months or even years without doing any obvious harm. however, when they find a favourable environment, they become reactivated and invade the lungs. the infection can also spread via blood from the lungs to other parts of body such as urinary tract, intestines, bones, skin, lymph nodes and sexual organs. typical symptoms of tuberculosis include persistent cough, sputum production with blood, fever, night sweats, fatigue, tiredness, lack of appetite and weight loss. treatment of tuberculosis includes a combination of 3 different kinds of antibiotics given over eight to nine months. a weakened immune system increases the risk of getting tuberculosis. people with different health conditions especially hiv and aids are more likely to contract this infectious disease. if you have a compromised immune system, then you should regularly take a dietary supplement that boosts your immune system. natures aid immune support + with beta - glucans is a popular brand on the market that contains elderberry, ester - c and beta - glucans in its formulation. this supplement promotes a healthy immune system and improves your body \u2019 s resistance against bacteria and viruses. you should take one tablet per day with food or cold drink.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46286222940267835, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.667264"} {"text": "a data format defines the linguistic, syntactic, and semantic constraints of the handwritten information to be recognized by the recognition engine ; it could be described as the expected type of input. your handwriting context ' s data format may be textual, and could be recognized with the help of a lexicon, or it could be more specific, such as a date or time, in which case it could be defined in the form of a regular expression. myscript builder offers language - specific data formats to assist in the recognition. a series of strokes following the trajectory of the user ' s handwriting, entered using a pen or pointing device through pen interfaces such as a pda touch screen, tabletpc touch screen, smartphone touch screen, digital pen, graphics tablet, interactive whiteboard, and so on. isolated characters : handwriting style in which characters are separated individually, in boxes for example. hand printed writing : handwriting style in which characters are not necessarily separated physically ( e. g in boxes ) but with which each character must be fully formed ( including any diacritical marks such as accents ) before starting the next. a distinct pen lift must occur between the two characters. cursive handwriting : handwriting style, also called \" joined - up \" or \" running writing \" or \" natural writing \", in which letters may or may not be joined as you write. a method for recognizing hand written text. data input can be offline ( image from a scanner ) but is most commonly online from a pen or pointing device. the text is analyzed to identify characters or digits and this analysis is then translated into a character code system such as ascii. icr is often used as a synonym for handwriting recognition. a lexicon is a vocabulary list : it does contain words, typically, but it may also contain groups of words such as proper names, brand names, trademarks and other lexical expressions ( which may include separators ) that only make sense when they are kept together. a digital pen or pointing device is an input peripheral that is able to capture digital ink, be that the user ' s handwriting, drawings, scribbles or other handwritten material. an expression defined using operators that specifies what characters to expect in an input unit and in which order. these are used to define certain lexical units that you wish to recognize, such as dates, prices, etc. resource files are files used by the recognition engine to assist it in the recognition process, for example, the files that identify handwriting styles are resources, as are files", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5523119949848911, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.672388"} {"text": "now we ' re actually going to take a look at using the interactive installer. for this part of the course we ' re going to do a demonstration on an installation from the oracle solaris 11 live cd. this was the same one that we looked at earlier when i showed you the quick tour of solaris 11. so let ' s go ahead and take a look at how to install from the live cd. alright. we ' re here in solaris 11 in the oracle virtual box version of it. and what we ' re going to do is go ahead and install oracle from this live cd. so the first thing we want to do is go ahead and double click on the icon here and one thing you should know some of the things that we ' ll talk about take a little bit of time. so i may occasionally stop the recording process when i know that a step is going to take several minutes and we won ' t skip any parts but it ' ll be a little bit time condensed for you so we don ' t bore you to death by watching a blank screen or watching the system do not much of anything for a little while. so the first thing we see is the installer screen and this is very easy to do. we see a welcome message and it ' s going to tell us to look at the release notes. we ' re going to click next. now it tells us what kind of drive we have and i have a virtual drive installed on the machine and it ' s a 16 gig drive and that ' s the kind of the minimum that solaris 11 asks for when it creates a virtual machine. i ' m going to go ahead and do a simple install, we ' re just going to use the entire disk. it tells us that the recommended size is 7 gig and the minimum is 5 gig and that ' s important to know for your hardware requirements. during a later presentation we ' ll look at partitioning the disk and you can do it during the installation or you can do it later on if you leave unpartitioned space available for you. now you can look and see what kind of partition types we can use, unused, extended and so forth. but we ' re going to go ahead and use the whole disk at this point. let ' s click next, at any time you can quit the installer by pressing the quit button or get help, obviously. so here we will set the time and i ' m just going to pick a region arbitrarily. i ' m going", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41566500388046856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.694302"} {"text": "s click next, at any time you can quit the installer by pressing the quit button or get help, obviously. so here we will set the time and i ' m just going to pick a region arbitrarily. i ' m going to pick new york, i ' ll pick eastern time and we ' ll leave the clock where it ' s at. i ' m going to click next and here ' s where we give it username information and login name information. so i ' m just going to put my own information in here and i ' m going to call it bobby and then it gives you the opportunity to put your password in and you always want to use a complex password by the way in any system you use or administer. and we can change the computer name if we want. i ' m going to change it to vtc for the time being and we ' re going to click next. and now we have some settings that we can review and the settings that we can review are the disk size and partition, the software we ' re going to install obviously, the time zone, the default language, language support and the user confirmation. now one thing you ' ll notice here is that it creates the user account as i specified and it automatically sets the root password to the same as the user account and this is not necessarily a good thing for an initial install. so as you soon as you get this installed you want to change this. it sets the host name as vtc. now the solaris live cd it ' s actual username and password that it uses for the username, it ' s jack and the password is jack. for the root account for the live cd it ' s root and solaris all lowercase. now as soon as you change this, that changes the root password obviously for an install on the hard drive. so let ' s go ahead and click install and this is where it could get a little boring. this is where you can actually go get a cup of coffee and so forth and, and do some other things. so what we may do is go ahead and pause this and actually bring it, bring you back to it when we, it starts doing some things that are of interest. so this can take some time to install the software to let it go ahead and copy files and so forth. so it ' s going to do a few things here and nothing of real consequence that you interact with. you ' ve pretty much done most of the interaction you ' re going to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4530613657760981, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.695367"} {"text": "the software to let it go ahead and copy files and so forth. so it ' s going to do a few things here and nothing of real consequence that you interact with. you ' ve pretty much done most of the interaction you ' re going to do. this is a very simple install process, it ' s very easy to use. it doesn ' t require a lot, you actually do a lot of your configuration after the system is installed. now we ' ve come to the conclusion of the solaris 11 installer process. now we did time lapse through some of the boring stuff where the system was copying files and so forth. but there was nothing where the user really needed to interact with the system. when you install it on your own for the first time you ' ll kind of see that it ' s pretty much a good place to go get a cup of coffee or do something. the total installation can sometimes last up to an hour. now that we ' ve come to the last screen here for the interactive installer it tells us that the installation is complete and we can look at the installation log for more information. let ' s just click that really quick and kind of look at what it contains. some of this may not make sense right now but there ' s a lot of information on doing things like performing disk maintenance, doing partitioning and so forth, installing device drivers, setting up configuration parameters and so forth. so if you have any issues during this installation you can always look here in the install log. let ' s go ahead and close this and right now the next step really is to reboot the system and when we reboot we should come into a fully installed solaris 11 system, still in virtual box but installed on the virtual hard drive. so at this point we ' ll go ahead and do that and then in the later session we ' ll do a text install. | course : | | oracle solaris 11 system administration - exam 1z0 - 821 | | duration : | | 8 hrs / 92 lessons | vista / xp / 2000, os x, linux quicktime 7, flash 8 terms & conditions of use by subscribing to this service, you are consenting to be bound by and are becoming a party to this agreement, the terms and conditions of which shall prevail in governing your rights of use. by clicking the \" become a member \" button, the individual or entity licensing the product ( \" you \" ) is consenting to be bound by and is becoming", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4364095525544919, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.698328"} {"text": ", the terms and conditions of which shall prevail in governing your rights of use. by clicking the \" become a member \" button, the individual or entity licensing the product ( \" you \" ) is consenting to be bound by and is becoming a party to this agreement. if licensee does not agree to all of the terms of this agreement, the button indicating \" become a member \" must not be selected, and licensee must not install or use the software. \" vtc \" refers to virtual training company, \" you \" refers to the user or 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modification of the materials or use of the materials for any other purpose is a violation of u. s. copyright law and other proprietary rights. for purposes of this agreement, the use of any such material on any other web site or networked computer environment is prohibited. 4. fees : the rights granted under this agreement are effective only upon payment of the subscription fees, which are strictly non - refundable other than as expressly provided herein. the term \" monthly subscription \" is defined as any 30 day period. the term \" yearly subscription \" is defined as one 365 day period. a yearly subscription ends on the same numerical date as it began ( example july 28, 2004 to july 28, 2005 ). the vtc online university is access to every vtc training tutorial in our library. you pay a flat fee for access to these titles. you are billed according to your renewal selection below, and can renew monthly, yearly, or in any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5372649654516308, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.700140"} {"text": ". the vtc online university is access to every vtc training tutorial in our library. you pay a flat fee for access to these titles. you are billed according to your renewal selection below, and can renew monthly, yearly, or in any other increment offered. if you choose to be billed monthly, you will be billed every 30 days for the subscription until you request the subscription be cancelled. our terms of service state that you must cancel a monthly subscription at least two business days before your renewal date. these two days give us enough time to ensure that you will not be charged again. 5. limited warranty : vtc warrants that the software, if operated as directed, will substantially achieve the functionality described. vtc does not warrant, however, that your use of the software will be uninterrupted or that the operation of the software will be error - free or secure. in addition, the security mechanisms implemented by the software have inherent limitations, and you must determine that the software sufficiently meets your requirements. vtc also warrants that the media containing the software, if provided by vtc, is free from defects in material from the date you acquired the software. vtc ' s sole liability for any breach of this warranty shall be, in vtc ' s sole discretion : ( i ) to replace your defective media or software ; or ( ii ) to advise you how to achieve substantially the same functionality with the software as described ; or ( iii ) if the above remedies are impracticable, to refund the subscription fee you paid for the software. only if you inform vtc of your problem with the software during the applicable subscription period will vtc be obligated to honor this warranty. vtc will use reasonable commercial efforts to repair, replace, advise, or refund pursuant to the foregoing warranty within thirty ( 30 ) days of being so notified. if any modifications are made to the software by you during the warranty period ; if the medium is subjected to accident, abuse, or improper use ; or if you violate the terms of this agreement, then this warranty shall immediately terminate. this warranty shall not apply if the software is used on or in conjunction with hardware or software other than the unmodified version of hardware and software with which the software was designed to be used as described. this is a limited warranty, and it is the only warranty made by vtc or its suppliers. vtc makes no other warranties, express or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5055023439730608, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.701709"} {"text": ". this limitation of liability shall not apply to liability for death or personal injury resulting from vtc ' s negligence to the extent applicable law prohibits such limitation. some jurisdictions do not allow the exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages, so this exclusion and limitation may not apply to you. 9. links to other materials : linked sites found at the vtc site are not under the control of vtc, and we are not responsible for the content of any linked site or any link contained in a linked site. vtc may change links based solely on our discretion, and we reserve the right to terminate any link or linking program at any time. vtc does not, by linking to sites, endorse companies or products to which it links and reserves the right to note as such on its web pages. if you decide to access any of the third party sites linked to this site, you do this entirely at your own risk. forums, and chat are not always screened by vtc, and we are not responsible for the content of any public or open forum content at the site. vtc may change these public forums based solely on our discretion, and we reserve the right to terminate any forum at any time. vtc does not, by allowing these forums, endorse companies or products which may be mentioned in these forums, and reserves the right to note as such on its web pages. if you decide to access any of the public forums in this site, or linked to this site, you do this entirely at your own risk. 9. governing law & dispute resolution : this agreement is governed by virginia law. all disputes between you and vtc shall be finally resolved through arbitration in winchester, virginia. this site is controlled by vtc from its offices within the united states of america. vtc makes no representation that materials in the site are appropriate or available for use in other locations, and access to them from territories where their content is illegal is prohibited. those who choose to access this site from other locations do so on their own initiative and are responsible for compliance with applicable local laws. you may not use or export the materials in violation of u. s. export laws and regulations. any claim relating to the materials shall be governed by the internal substantive laws of the commonwealth of virginia, usa. vtc may revise these terms at any time by updating this posting. you should visit this page from time to time to review the then - current terms because they are binding on you. certain provisions of these terms may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5060769191192654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.705323"} {"text": "by barbara floria, pure matters think you ' re safe from allergic reactions inside when pollen counts are high outside? you won ' t be if your allergies are triggered by indoor allergens. most households harbor many allergens that cause sneezing, coughing, itching and wheezing in people sensitive to them. an allergy is a reaction by the body ' s immune system to a foreign substance, says the cleveland clinic. although most people don ' t react to normally harmless substances such as dust mites, animal dander and mold, in certain people the immune system treats these substances as invaders. dust and dust mites dust is a major indoor allergen because it contains many microscopic materials and substances that cause sensitivity in some people. dust can contain tiny fibers from fabric, animal dander, bacteria, mold spores, bits of food and plants, as well as dust mites, the cleveland clinic says. dust mites are tiny organisms that live in dust and in fibers found in the home that aren ' t often washed. you typically find dust mites in bed linens, mattresses, carpeting and fabric - covered furniture, such as sofas. dust mites excrete waste products that cause an allergic reaction in many people. the american academy of allergy, asthma and immunology ( aaaai ) offers these suggestions to control dust : - use a hepa ( high efficiency particulate air ) filter vacuum cleaner and change the filter often. - scrub walls and woodwork and remove carpeting, which tends to harbor dust mites, pet dander and mold. - cover mattresses, box springs and pillows - - even hypoallergenic ones - - with dust - proof, zippered covers. - wash sheets and blankets once a week in hot water and try to decrease bedroom clutter, such as throw pillows and stuffed animals. - hang vertical window blinds instead of fabrics and draperies, at least in the bedroom, and dust hard surfaces with a damp cloth. molds are microscopic fungi that release spores into the air. indoor mold can be found wherever it ' s damp : the bathroom, basement, windowsills and around plumbing. mold and mildew float through the air, then land and grow in moist areas.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4672108300313156, "token_count": 461, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.710240"} {"text": "surrounded by computers, gadgets and video game consoles, dozens of girls gathered in groups to demonstrate their grasp of today \u2019 s technology. there was excitement and a buzz of productivity at microsoft \u2019 s digigirlz high tech camp as the high schoolers collaborated with one another and proudly displayed the video games they designed. for some washington - area youngsters, summer is not just about hanging out at the local pool or watching the latest hollywood blockbuster. instead, it \u2019 s an opportunity to explore less familiar career paths through camps focused on science and technology. more of these camps are making girls their target audience, as research shows girls tend to stray away from technology - related activities by the time they are teenagers. the number of women earning undergraduate degrees in computer science has plunged nearly 50 percent since 1985, according to the national center for women and information technology. in 1985, women represented 37 percent of computer science undergraduate degree recipients. by 2008, women represented a mere 18 percent of computer and information sciences undergraduate degree recipients, representing a significant drop in degrees awarded. a 2007 report by the same group revealed that women held more than half of professional positions in the overall u. s. work force but fewer than 22 percent of software engineering jobs. tweens in technology similar to the digigirlz high tech camp held in washington last month, digital media academy holds technology camps across the country, including a three - week stint this month at george washington university for students ages 8 to 17 who are interested in learning more about opportunities in technology. margaret lim, director of dma \u2019 s youth programs, has witnessed a decline in interest among girls in technology as they mature. many girls see it as a male - dominated industry, she said. \u201c it \u2019 s interesting that at younger ages, around 7 and 8, more girls are involved. \u2026 developmentally they haven \u2019 t started asking, \u2018 who \u2019 s doing what? \u2019 and instead they \u2019 re just naturally curious, \u201d ms. lim said. \u201c that \u2019 s why i think it \u2019 s important to encourage teachers and parents to get these girls engaged early on, because of the stigma attached to programming being a boys \u2019 thing. but if [ girls ] get hooked early on, they grow in confidence and can bypass the social stigma that technology \u2019 s supposed to be a certain way, \u201d she said. at dma \u2019 s \u201c adventures in filmmaking \u201d camp last week, mikayla sherman, a 12 - year - old girl from woodbridge, va., teamed with amanda honeycutt, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.44731571123026115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.723850"} {"text": "to be a certain way, \u201d she said. at dma \u2019 s \u201c adventures in filmmaking \u201d camp last week, mikayla sherman, a 12 - year - old girl from woodbridge, va., teamed with amanda honeycutt, a 13 - year - old from burke, to produce a digital video called \u201c mixed - up match - ups. \u201d \u201c my dad wanted me to do a different camp, and i really like movies, so i thought it would be cool to see how they make them, \u201d mikayla said. \u201c i really like the acting and the editing. \u201d \u201c i really like being able to make my own movie. it takes a long time, but it \u2019 s probably worth it, \u201d said amanda, whose father works for the washington times. she will be helping to produce videos this fall in a studio at st. leo the great catholic school in fairfax. \u201c i wanted to get a head start, \u201d she said. \u201c i figured if i liked it i could maybe do it as a career. \u201d in a nearby dma class, \u201c adventures in 2 - d and 3 - d game creation, \u201d 13 - year - old harris rothman of friendship heights was creating a video game called \u201c killer miller \u201d \u2014 in a room full of boys. view entire story by douglas holtz - eakin the young drop coverage to avoid higher premiums independent voices from the twt communities a collection of communities writers columns on benghazi consummate traveler todd defeo explores the unique stories that make destinations worth going to. looking at pop culture, politics and social issues. benghazi : the anatomy of a scandal vietnam memorial adds four names cinco de mayo on the mall nra kicks off annual convention california wildfires wreak havoc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39509345971829685, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.725611"} {"text": "festival of fritters change the hanukkah celebration ' s fried element to a sweet dessert with spanish roots happy holidays : hanukkah begins at sundown on dec. 8 this year ; greet it with a big plate of freshly fried bimuelos. ( bill hogan / chicago tribune ) bimuelos ( bim - way - los ) are dough fritters drizzled with a sweet syrup or dusted with powdered sugar. these sephardic treats can provide a welcome alternative to latkes, the potato pancakes most identified with hanukkah in north america, or sufganiyot, the jelly doughnuts so popular in israel. \" i love latkes, but one day is enough for them. hanukkah is an eight - day holiday, \" says chef laura frankel, author of \" jewish cooking for all seasons. \" bimuelos are lighter, she said, and serving them allows celebrants to shift the fried - food element of the meal from main course to dessert. originating in spain, bimuelos became the \" pre - eminent sephardic hanukkah treat \" and were often eaten daily during the holiday, according to gil marks ' \" encyclopedia of jewish food. \" bimuelos spread through the mediterranean world when the jews were expelled from spain in 1492. it was then, marks said, that many began to replace the sugar used as a topping in spain with sweetened syrups common to the middle east. \" bimuelo \" is the word for fritter in ladino, a judeo - spanish language that could be considered the sephardic version of yiddish. the fritters are bunuelo in spanish, loukoumas in greek and awamee in arabic. tori avey, of los angeles, a food writer and blogger at the shiksa in the kitchen, ( theshiksa. com ), remembers well her first bite. \" i thought they tasted a lot like beignets, \" says avey, referring to the famed fried dough balls of new orleans. \" it was crispy and warm and doughnutlike and drizzled with syrup. \" the fritters had an \" exotic perfume, \" she recalled, because her mother - in - law used rose or orange water syrup to sweeten them. while avey will plate the syrup - coated fritters to serve guests, she admits with a laugh that when it '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38495878130110145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.735871"} {"text": "exotic perfume, \" she recalled, because her mother - in - law used rose or orange water syrup to sweeten them. while avey will plate the syrup - coated fritters to serve guests, she admits with a laugh that when it ' s just family, everyone gathers around the frying pan. the sizzling fritters can turn into all kinds of shapes in the hot oil, she said, noting that when her husband was little, he would see all sorts of things in the shapes as his mother did the frying. after frying, bimuelos are drizzled with syrup. honey is the traditional choice. choose a honey by the quality, frankel said, not because of a cute bear - shaped bottle. \" go for a raw honey ; it has better flavor, \" she said. avey often follows her mother - in - law ' s examples and uses rose or orange water. there are other options. avey might flavor her sugar syrup with vanilla or coconut flavoring. \" you could serve it with agave, \" she added, \" or even go with a good maple syrup. you can ' t mess them up. \" \" people frying at home always seems scary to me, ' ' admits chef laura frankel, author of \" jewish cooking for all seasons. \" it can be done, though, safely and relatively easily. here are some of frankel ' s tips for pain - free bimuelo frying. 1. choose the right pan. \" go deeper than a saute pan, ' ' frankel said. one of those deep skillets used for fried chicken or a heavy - bottomed saucepan could work. 2. have your bimuelos ready and fully risen before heating the oil. 3. choose the right oil. frankel uses a mild extra - virgin olive oil heated to 350 degrees, no higher because olive oil has a low smoking point. olive oil has a more authentic flavor, she says, though cold - pressed canola or grapeseed oil may be substituted, frankel said. 4. use a candy / deep - fry thermometer to check oil temperature. remember the oil temperature will drop when the fritters are added. fritters with sweet syrup prep : 15 minutes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.396939502422227, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.737199"} {"text": "american burying beetle conservation centre to survey existing populations and reintroduce captive - bred american burying beetles into their former range in the usa american burying beetles, nicrophorus americanus, just about 3 cm long, are master scavengers, cleaning the environment as they bury dead small mammals and various insects for future consumption. american burying beetles were once plentiful in 35 states and south eastern parts of canada. quite suddenly in the 1920 \u2019 s sharp declines were noticed in the range of this large colourful silphid species. its decline may be due to several factors. fragmentation of habitat has increased accessibility for other carrion consumers such as fox, raccoon, small mammals, and some raptors. thus, the american burying beetle often finds less and less to bury and then eat. another reasons is the increased lighting in developed areas. this diminishes the abundance of night use insects and curbs another food source for the beetles. also, certain genetic changes may alter reproduction on some level. by 1989 the beetle could be found in only one state, rhode island, on an island known as block island. they were listed as endangered by the federal government during the same year. since 1989 small populations have been found in five other states, oklahoma, south dakota, kansas, nebraska and arkansas. successful breeding colonies can be found in roger williams park zoo, ohio state university and the saint louis zoo. reintroduction has been tried in ohio, and nantucket ( massachusetts ). further surveying is going on in missouri in hopes of finding a wild colony and research on the beetles continues in hopes of finding answers to questions about its swift disappearance and if reintroduction will be successful. the saint louis zoo ' s invertebrate department acts as the center of conservation of the american burying beetle. surveys are carried out throughout the state of missouri every summer to try to find wild populations of the american burying beetles. the center is working with government agencies to determine the status of the american burying beetles to determine if they are extant from the state and if it will be possible to work with the nature conservancy on a site they own to try a reintroduction within the next two years. waza conservation project 05002 is operated by the saint louis zoo in cooperation with the missouri department of conservation, the nature conservancy, department of natural resources, and the united states of fish and wildlife. > a vista general proyecto", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4202370036770583, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.740665"} {"text": "mold and moisture dynamics last updated : 06 - 15 - 2010 within this page moisture in buildings is a major contributor to mold growth, unhealthy buildings, and poor indoor air quality. wetting of building walls and rainwater leaks are major causes of water infiltration, but so is excessive indoor moisture generation. preventive and remedial measures include rainwater tight detail design ; prevention of uncontrolled air movement ; reduction of indoor air moisture content ; reduction of water vapor diffusion into walls and roofs ; selection of building materials with appropriate water transmission characteristics ; and proper field workmanship quality control. a successful method for deterring rainwater intrusion into walls is the rain screen approach, which incorporates cladding, air cavity, drainage plane, and airtight support wall to offer multiple moisture - shedding pathways. fig. 1 : rain screen the concept of the rain screen principle is to separate the plane in a wall where the rainwater is shed and where the air infiltration is stopped. in terms of construction, this means that there is an outer plane which sheds rainwater but lets air freely circulate, and an inner plane which is relatively airtight. in terms of pressures, there is no pressure differential across the outer pane and there is a significant pressure differential across the inner plane. because there is no pressure difference across the outer plane, there is no driving force to move water indoors ; because there is no water present at the inner plane, no water will penetrate the inner plane despite the presence of the driving force of the pressure difference. molds are part of the natural environment and are present everywhere. they are usually not a problem indoors. the medical community appears to be divided regarding the threat of mold, but seems to agree that some people with allergies are sensitive to mold and that in sensitive individuals mold can lead to respiratory diseases. \u00b9, \u00b2 the issue with mold then is not to prevent any mold growth, or to eliminate any existing mold growth, but to control it within acceptable limits. to grow, or to establish itself, mold requires at least four elements : mold spores, organic matter ( like wood, paper, and drywall ), moisture, and warmth. note that the mere presence of humid air does not necessarily promote mold growth, except where air with a relative humidity ( rh ) level at or above 80 % is in contact with a surface. carried by air currents, mold spores can reach all surfaces and cavities of buildings. if these surfaces and / or cavities are warm, and contain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5148273785108641, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.774840"} {"text": "humidity ( rh ) level at or above 80 % is in contact with a surface. carried by air currents, mold spores can reach all surfaces and cavities of buildings. if these surfaces and / or cavities are warm, and contain the right nutrients and amounts of moisture, the mold spores will grow and gradually destroy the things they grow on. to control mold growth, designers should focus on controlling moisture indoors and on the temperatures of all surfaces, including interstitial surfaces within walls. in addition to mold, other organisms such as bacteria, mites, cockroaches, and insects that are known to infest buildings also depend on moisture. and finally, excessive high moisture content of thermal insulations reduces effective insulation rates by as much as 50 %. for all these reasons, moisture control must be a primary consideration in both the design of new buildings and in the renovation of existing structures. the remainder of this resource page will focus on the sources of excessive moisture and some strategies to prevent water infiltration into buildings. b. moisture dynamics concepts and definitions psychrometrics : the study of air - water mixtures is called psychrometric. the relationship between air temperature, moisture content, and humidity has been codified in a diagram called the psychrometric chart that is indispensable for understanding condensation. among other things, it indicates the dew point temperature of any air - water vapor mixture. water vapor permeance and permeability : permeability is a material property ; permeance is a product property. for board materials, usually permeability is given ; for thin membranes, it is customary to provide their permeance. - permeance : the rate of water vapor transmission through unit area of a flat product induced by unit vapor pressure between its two surfaces. in inch / pound units, permeance is given in the unit \" perm, \" where one perm equals a transmission rate of 1 grain of water per hour for each square foot of area per inch of mercury ( gr / hft\u00b2in. hg ). ( 1 grain is 1 / 700 of a pound. ) in metric / si units, permeance is given in nanograms of water per second per second for each square meter of area per pascal of vapor pressure ( ng / som2opa ). one perm equals a flow rate of 57 ng / sm\u00b2pa. - permeability : the time rate of water vapor transmission through unit area of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5706604711341392, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.778467"} {"text": "each square meter of area per pascal of vapor pressure ( ng / som2opa ). one perm equals a flow rate of 57 ng / sm\u00b2pa. - permeability : the time rate of water vapor transmission through unit area of a material of unit thickness induced by unit vapor pressure difference between its two surfaces. in inch / pond units, permeability is given as \" perm, \" where one perm equals a transmission rate of 1 grain of water per hour for each square foot of area per inch of mercury ( gr / hftin. hg ). permeability is also sometimes given as perm per inch. in metric / si units, permeability is given in nanograms of water per second for each square meter of area per thickness in meters per pascal of vapor pressure ( ng / smpa ). vapor and air retarders : these materials inhibit the uncontrolled flow of air and water vapor through the building envelope : - vapor retarders : a membrane or paint film having a water vapor transmission rate of less than one perm, used to reduce the rate and volume of water vapor diffusion through ceilings, walls, or floors. membranes are generally thin flexible materials, such as polyethylene, while coatings are typically of asphaltic, resinous, or polymeric composition and applied by trowels or brushes ( for more product information, see product suppliers and manufacturers section below ). - air retarder : a membrane having a water vapor permeance of no less than 5 perm restricting the flow of air to l / s and used to reduce air infiltration and exfiltration through a building assembly, yet allowing water vapor to easily diffuse though it. a common type of air retarder is composed of fiber - reinforced polyolefin. all joints and seams in air retarders must be sealed to create an effective air retarder. astm international specifies that a material must have a perm rating of 5. 0 or higher to qualify as an air retarder. see also wbdg air barrier systems in buildings. so that it is possible to seal an air retarder correctly, the wall needs to be detailed carefully and with the sequence of installation in mind. - air / vapor retarders : a membrane meeting the water vapor resistance rating of a vapor retarder combined with the air infiltration characteristics of an air retarder, used to restrict both the rate and volume of air and of water vapor through ceilings", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5577352603503158, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.784428"} {"text": "/ vapor retarders : a membrane meeting the water vapor resistance rating of a vapor retarder combined with the air infiltration characteristics of an air retarder, used to restrict both the rate and volume of air and of water vapor through ceilings, walls, and floor elements. air / vapor retarders may be constructed from polyethylene, extruded polystyrene, foil - covered foams, and exterior sheathings. all joints, air / vapor retarders seams, and penetrations, including at windows, doors, electrical outlets, plumbing stacks, and vents must be effectively sealed. detailing and installation requirements for air / vapor retarders are the same as for air retarders. fig. 2 : installation of combined air and water retarder ( courtesy of commonwealth of massachusetts ) left : the same material can be both an air and vapor retarder. and right : the photo shows a system that uses a peel - and - stick material as both the vapor retarder and air retarder. the material is installed over the gypsum sheathing but on the warm - in - winter side of two inches of extruded polyethylene insulation. moisture movement : moisture can move through and into building components in three major ways : by rainwater impingement or leakage, movement of moisture laden air, and by diffusion. - rainwater impingement and leakage : even though rain is infrequent in some parts of the u. s., rainwater leaks and impingement are potentially the greatest contributors to water in building elements. unless a roof or wall is seriously deteriorated, rainwater has the tendency to enter at discrete locations, which can more easily be identified and stopped. further, as a rule rains are followed by dry weather, allowing the wall or roof to dry out. - movement of moist air ( mass transport ) : because of air pressure differences, air moves into and out of building walls due to wind action, stack effect, or due to the action of mechanical ventilation. mass transport of water through air movement is potentially the second most important mechanism for moisture intrusion into building walls and roofs. however, the air pressure difference and the air and moisture movement into or out of the building envelope can change drastically depending on wind direction and speed, level in the building, and operation of the mechanical system. - vapor diffusion : differences in water vapor pressures between inside and outside of the building envelope cause water vapor to move by diffusion through the building envelope and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4919674414611859, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.787957"} {"text": "change drastically depending on wind direction and speed, level in the building, and operation of the mechanical system. - vapor diffusion : differences in water vapor pressures between inside and outside of the building envelope cause water vapor to move by diffusion through the building envelope and through building materials. water vapor will be driven from high vapor pressure areas to lower pressure ; in winter from the inside toward the exterior ; in air - conditioned buildings in warm climates toward the interior. diffusion of moisture through envelope materials is generally a slow process, and in terms of the amount of moisture transfer, it is potentially far less serious than mass transport. diffusion can be fairly steady over long periods, possibly on a seasonal basis, and reversals, which would dry out the cavities, are less frequent. because of this, diffusion can still lead to significant amounts of water transport and accumulation within building envelopes and their constituent materials over long periods with attendant significant potential to cause deterioration. - although rainwater and mass transport of moisture through air movement are likely to be many times greater than diffusion, it does not necessarily follow that damage from rainwater and air movement is also that many times greater. - rain is intermittent and allows drying out between rainfalls. - the moisture transported by moist air is significant, but not all the moisture is deposited within the construction ; some passes harmlessly through the building envelope. - air movement is often dependent on wind direction. when the direction changes, so does the direction of the air movement, wetting becomes drying. - both rainwater leaks and air leaks generally occurs at discrete locations ( e. g., cracks, joints ) and do not affect the wall or roof over their entire surface. - diffusion is a slow process but changes direction infrequently. moisture can move by diffusion into wall cavities over a period of several months without reversal, slowly saturating materials and causing deterioration. c. sources of excessive moisture in buildings and their reduction excessive moisture in buildings can result from a number of causes : - rainwater leaks through roofs and walls - leakage of moist air - diffusion of moisture through walls, roofs, and floors - groundwater intrusion into basements and crawl spaces through walls and floors - leaking or burst water pipes - indoor moisture sources and - construction moisture. rainwater leaks : the control of rainwater leaks has been the subject of good building practices for as long as human habitations have been built. even infrequent but serious leaks during heavy storms can lead to mold infestation, are annoying, and can cause serious damage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.529274757480038, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.791458"} {"text": "of rainwater leaks has been the subject of good building practices for as long as human habitations have been built. even infrequent but serious leaks during heavy storms can lead to mold infestation, are annoying, and can cause serious damage to buildings and their contents. less severe but more frequent leaks and slow but persistent leaks can cause equally serious damage. leakage of moist air : warm and moist indoor air condenses on cold surfaces and interstitial planes inside constructions. this moisture can be stored harmlessly within construction materials or can cause mold growth and deterioration. excessive moisture content in wood can cause mold growth and dry rot on wood, rust on unprotected steel, and loss of insulating value in thermal insulations. duffusion of moisture through walls, roofs, and floors : diffusion, as a result of differing vapor pressures across walls or roofs moves moisture through building materials. materials with low permeancies allow little vapor transmission ; materials with high permeancies allow more moisture transmission. convention calls materials with a permeance of 1 perm ( in si units, 57 nanogramsof water per second for each square meter of area ) \" vapor retarders. \" note that the diffusion is dependent on vapor pressure resulting from differences in temperature and relative humidity of the air on the two sides of the wall or of individual materials. groundwater intrusion : intrusion of groundwater into basements and crawl spaces is common. this can result from a high water table or from rainwater runoff soaking into the ground at the basement / crawl space walls. because most basements and crawl spaces are connected through cracks, pipe chases, and stairways to the rest of the building, moist air from wet basements and crawl spaces will find their way into occupied and other spaces above. leaking or burst water pipes : the prevention and repair of burst or leaking pipes is the responsibility of plumbers. except for old steel and iron pipes and frozen pipes, there should be little concern for this issue. however, in some geographic areas, recently installed copper pipes have been found to develop small pinhole penetrations leading to slow but constant leaks. in general, correctly installed pipes made of quality materials should not be a problem for many years after installation. indoor moisture sources : human occupancy : breathing, perspiration, cooking, bathing, and clothing washing can add significant amounts of moisture to buildings. kitchens and bathrooms should be independently vented and washers need to be vented outdoors. open sumps, aquariums, indoor swimming", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5379740644290346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.794398"} {"text": "breathing, perspiration, cooking, bathing, and clothing washing can add significant amounts of moisture to buildings. kitchens and bathrooms should be independently vented and washers need to be vented outdoors. open sumps, aquariums, indoor swimming pools, and hot tubs, as well as excessive indoor plants can increase indoor humidity beyond the recommended 30 to 50 percent. moisture sources should, where possible, be covered by tight lids when not in use. construction moisture : wet construction materials, such as in - situ cast concrete and lumber stored unprotected outdoors prior to installation can increase indoor humidity significantly during the first one to two years of occupancy. the traditional way of preventing moisture problems in walls and roofs was the installation of what then was called vapor barriers, now more accurately referred to as vapor retarders. there are a few commonly quoted, prescriptive rules of thumb for locating vapor retarders in walls and roofs, some of which are listed below. while these rules still may be useful as first cut approximations, the designer must consider the entire array of good practices, needs to conduct a job specific analysis, and must understand local climatic conditions and building practices. - rainwater leaks and wetting of permeable wall exteriors are recognized as the major moisture transport mechanisms into walls. therefore, shedding of rainwater, roof overhangs, and appropriate water repellant finishes should be considered to reduce moisture infiltration into wall constructions. - rainwater leaks are most common at the joints between components, notably between walls and windows and doors, at sills, and at roof / wall intersections. specify appropriate sealants to prevent water infiltration. - some new materials have not withstood the test of time nor have reliable test methods. therefore, designers specifying innovative materials must carefully review available data regarding performance, compatibility, and installation requirements. - building walls can be classified as \" face sealed \" or as \" drained \" walls. face sealed walls have only one single defense against rainwater. an example is face sealed exterior insulation and finish systems ( eifs ) aka synthetic stucco. unless perfectly or near perfectly installed, face sealed walls will fail and so adequate provision for field quality control in the specifications is mandatory. drained walls have a secondary barrier to water penetration and provide a means to drain water that may have penetrated the first water barrier. an example would be masonry veneer walls that include a drain cavity. - to prevent water accumulation in basements and crawl spaces : seal the below - grade walls ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5069517688051715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.801957"} {"text": "penetration and provide a means to drain water that may have penetrated the first water barrier. an example would be masonry veneer walls that include a drain cavity. - to prevent water accumulation in basements and crawl spaces : seal the below - grade walls ; install a vapor retarder and a capillary break on the floor of the crawl space or below the basement floor slab ; install drains and sumps ; drain downspouts and rainwater runoff away from the building ; and slope the grade away from the foundation. see also wbdg achieving sustainable site design through low impact development practices. - movement of moisture - laden air into wall and roof cavities is the second most prominent moisture transport mechanism. accordingly, select construction details that prevent moist air from infiltrating. in cold climates during the winter, this means prevent indoor air from exfiltrating through the wall ; in warm climates, prevent moist outside air from infiltrating. pressurization and depressurization of the indoor space can assist in this effort. however, in high - rise buildings, stack effect may negate pressure gradients resulting from mechanical ventilation. see also wbdg air barrier systems in buildings. - in cold climates, locate the vapor diffusion retarder on the warm side of the exterior insulation. some building scientists suggest including an interior vapor retarder only in cold climate areas with 8, 000 heating degree - days or above, but no long - term empirical data exists to justify this practice at this time. - in cooling - dominated climates, install a vapor retarder on the exterior of the insulation. in mixed zones \u2014 climates with both significant heating and cooling requirements \u2014 omit a vapor diffusion retarder in favor of more attention to air leakage control. in warm and humid climates, consider installing a vapor impermeable finish on the exterior. - as a rule, it is better to omit a vapor retarder than to install one where it is not required. never install vinyl wallpaper on the interior of exterior walls in warm climates. - eliminate the possibility for water vapor to condense within a building assembly. this can be achieved a number of ways : - seal building assemblies and / or install an air retarding membrane to reduce air leakage into wall / ceiling cavities. pay particular attention to penetrations between conditioned and unconditioned spaces as a result of plumbing stacks, wiring, ductwork, electrical outlets, etc. - incorporate vapor retarding membranes that inhibit the diffusion of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5256562666630076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.805461"} {"text": "wall / ceiling cavities. pay particular attention to penetrations between conditioned and unconditioned spaces as a result of plumbing stacks, wiring, ductwork, electrical outlets, etc. - incorporate vapor retarding membranes that inhibit the diffusion of warm, humid air into the building wall cavities ; - reduce open water sources and protect building materials from the elements prior to installation ; and - coordinate the performance of the building ' s heating and cooling system so as to control the indoor air humidity and the pressure of the indoor air relative to the pressure of the exterior. ideally, maintain the indoor relative humidity between 30 % and 50 %. see also wbdg high - performance hvac. - provide clear specifications that include appropriate and effective field quality control and inspection provisions, which are as important as proper design and material selection. clarify whether a vapor diffusion retarder, an air retarding membrane, an air retarder construction approach, or some combination of these strategies will be used in the building. include requirements for environmental conditions when sealers and caulks can be applied. e. methods of construction following are some issues to consider and strategies to implement during construction to prevent moisture infiltration : left : proper installation is as important as a good design in preventing water infiltration. and right : thermal bridges through building envelopes can cause condensation and cold interior surfaces. one solution is to install insulation both on the floor and ceiling of the concrete slab for a few feet. - make sure all vapor retarders and air - retarding systems are installed continuously. these systems are only as effective as their weakest point. make sure all joints and penetrations are sealed. see also wbdg air barrier systems in buildings. - when using coatings with low perm ratings, specify the sealing of all cracks at joints and penetrations to prevent air leakage. the airtight drywall approach ( ada ) and simple caulk and seal ( simplecs ) ( pronounced \" simplex \" ) are two approaches that rely on coated materials with effective air sealing instead of polyethylene wrapping. - pay careful attention to potential thermal bridges through building envelopes that can cause cold interior surfaces and condensation. elements such as continuous cantilevered beams or balcony slabs and exposed soffits can create moisture problems. - in retrofits, installing a separate vapor diffusion retarder is usually cost - prohibitive. \" vapor retarder \" paints are an effective option in this case. most paint experts agree that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5133036825457167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.809339"} {"text": "exposed soffits can create moisture problems. - in retrofits, installing a separate vapor diffusion retarder is usually cost - prohibitive. \" vapor retarder \" paints are an effective option in this case. most paint experts agree that, for this purpose, glossy paints work better than flat paints ; acrylic paints are generally better than latex paints ; and the more coats applied, the better. f. analysis and design tools always conduct a job specific moisture analysis. the only exception would be for a building that is identical or very similar to an existing successful building in the same general location, has the same occupancy, and is constructed of the same materials. the analysis can be a simple manual or graphic method, or, preferably, a computer - based model. as a rule, analysis methods apply to \" typical \" wall sections. it must be recognized that thermal breaks, corners, window surround details, and other anomalies can be the critical elements and analysis results must therefore be used with care. manual method \u2014 dew point method, glaser, and kieper diagrams : all manual methods are based on steady - state analysis. that is, the analysis is made for specific conditions, which that designer selects. it is recommended that the analysis be made for more than one set of assumed conditions ; specifically, for both summer and winter conditions. manual methods are primarily useful for comparing similar wall designs or walls incorporating different wall materials. computer - based methods are based on dynamic analysis using weather data for specific locations. most use hourly weather data. the most commonly used methods are moist, developed by the national institute of standards and technology ( nist ), and wufi ornl / ibp, developed jointly by oak ridge national laboratory and the fraunhofer institute for building physics. the advantage of these programs is that they model the moisture and thermal conditions of a selected design over a period, usually over a one - to two - year cycle, using typical weather data. the more advanced models include such refinements as the effect of water impingement on walls, and air and water leakage. however, in many instances the designer has little or no data to develop rational input data. for this reason, less sophisticated models serve the practitioner almost as well as the most sophisticated ones. all structures should be concerned with moisture control. special attention must be given to facilities which have a propensity to generate high interior humidity, such as indoor swimming pools, commercial kitchens and laundries, hot tub", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5141749411304862, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.811427"} {"text": "well as the most sophisticated ones. all structures should be concerned with moisture control. special attention must be given to facilities which have a propensity to generate high interior humidity, such as indoor swimming pools, commercial kitchens and laundries, hot tubs, gymnasiums, tennis courts with har - tru\u00ae or similar surfaces, and all air - conditioned buildings in warm and humid climates. relevant codes and standards - ashrae handbook \u2014 fundamentals by american society of heating, refrigeration, and air - conditioning engineers, ( revised every 4 years ). products and systems building envelope design guide : below grade systems, foundation walls, floor slabs, plazas, tunnels, vaults, wall systems, exterior insulation and finish system ( eifs ), masonry wall systems, panelized metal wall systems, thin stone wall systems federal green construction guide for specifiers : - 01 67 00 ( 01611 ) environmental product requirements - 01 74 13 ( 01740 ) progress cleaning - 01 78 23 ( 01830 ) operation & maintenance data - 05 05 00 ( 05050 ) common work results for metals - 06 05 73 ( 06070 ) wood treatment - 06 10 00 ( 06100 ) rough carpentry - 06 16 00 ( 06100 ) sheathing - 06 20 00 ( 06200 ) finish carpentry - 06 60 00 ( 06600 ) plastic fabrications - 06 90 00 ( 06700 ) alternative agricultural products - 07 92 00 ( 07900 ) joint sealants - 08 14 00 ( 08210 ) wood doors - 08 50 00 ( 08500 ) windows - 09 29 00 ( 09250 ) gypsum board - 09 30 00 ( 09300 ) tiling - 09 51 00 ( 09510 ) acoustical ceilings - 09 65 00 ( 09650 ) resilient flooring - 09 65 16. 13 ( 09654 ) linoleum flooring - 09 68 00 ( 09680 ) carpeting - 09 72 00 ( 09720 ) wall coverings - 09 90 00 ( 09900 ) painting & coating - 11 13 00 ( 11160 ) loading dock equipment - 11 30 00 ( 11450 ) residential equipment - 11 28 00 ( 11680 ) office equipment - 12 10 00 ( 12100 ) artwork - 12 48 13 ( 12482 ) entrance floor mats and frames - 12 59 00 ( 12700 ) systems furniture - 23 70 00 ( 15700 ) central hvac equipment - american industrial hygiene association \u2014 a professional association", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5285395589792579, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.816421"} {"text": "( 12100 ) artwork - 12 48 13 ( 12482 ) entrance floor mats and frames - 12 59 00 ( 12700 ) systems furniture - 23 70 00 ( 15700 ) central hvac equipment - american industrial hygiene association \u2014 a professional association that has a series of articles on mold, as well as a list of accredited laboratories for mold testing. - american lung association \u2014 a voluntary health organization that, among other things, provides easy to understand information on health aspects of mold and air quality topics. - astm international \u2014 publishes reference material on specifying retarding materials. - north american insulation manufacturers association ( naima ) \u2014 a trade association for manufacturers of fiberglass, rock wool, and slag wool insulation. - information on air and vapor retarding products can be found under construction specification institute or first source division 7 : thermal protection, sections 07260 ( vapor retarders ) and 07272 ( air infiltration retarders ) - manufacturers of air and vapor retarders are often insulation manufacturers. they are represented by insulation trade and professional associations such as cellulose insulation manufacturers association ( cima ) and north american insulation manufacturers association ( naima ). - energy efficient building association ' s ( eeba ) builder ' s guides ( for four climate areas ) by joe lstiburek. eeba, 1997. \u2014 guidebooks on moisture control, energy efficiency and ventilation for new home design. - guidelines on assessment and remediation of fungi in indoor environments by new york city department of health & mental hygiene, bureau of environmental & occupational disease epidemiology. \u2014 a comprehensive set of guidelines for how to approach the investigation and cleanup of mold in buildings. other states have established specific guidelines regarding mold remediation. check with local state health departments. - moisture analysis and condensation control in building envelopes by h. r. trechsel, editor. american society of testing materials ( astm ), 2001. manual series ; mnl40, isbn 0 - 8031 - 2089 - 3. available from astm. - moisture control handbook : principles and practices for residential and small commercial buildings by j. lstiburek and j. carmody. new york, ny : van nostrand reinhold co., 1993. - moisture control in buildings by h. r. trechsel, editor. american society of testing materials ( astm ), 1994. manual series mnl18, isbn 0 - 8031 - 2051 - 6. available from as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5053650040474976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.819025"} {"text": "1993. - moisture control in buildings by h. r. trechsel, editor. american society of testing materials ( astm ), 1994. manual series mnl18, isbn 0 - 8031 - 2051 - 6. available from astm. - standard and reference guide for professional mold remediation, s520 by institute of inspection, cleaning and restoration certification ( iicrc ). vancouver, wa : iicrc, dec. 2003. \u2014 a procedural standard and reference guide for the remediation of mold damaged structures and contents. - standard and reference guide for professional water damage restoration, s500 by institute of inspection, cleaning and restoration certification ( iicrc ). vancouver, wa : iicrc, 1999. \u2014 one of the basic guides for dealing with extensive moisture damage. - technical note x485h : condensation \u2014 causes and control by american plywood association. - vapor barriers or vapor diffusion retarders by u. s. department of energy, energy efficiency and renewable energy network ( eren ). sept. 2005. - water in buildings : an architect ' s guide to moisture and mold by william b. rose. new york, ny : john wiley & sons, inc., april 2005. isbn : 0 - 471 - 46850 - 9. publications \u2014 mold and health concerns - a brief guide to mold in the workplace, shib 03 - 10 - 10 by u. s. department of labor, occupational safety and health administration ( osha ). - mold \u2014 got mold? frequently asked questions about mold by h. ammann. olympia, wa : washington state department of health. \u2014 extensive review of mold types and their health effects. - mold in homes by minnesota department of health, indoor air unit. st. paul, mn : 2001. \u2014 good source of health information for consumers who want to know what to do about mold and moisture problems. - mold resources by u. s. environmental protection agency. washington, d. c. \u2014 provides a summary of the key issues and extensive links to health - related groups and indoor air quality topics. \u00b9harriet a. burge, h. jenny su, and john spengler, \" moisture, organisms, and health effects, \" manual on moisture control in buildings, heinz trechsel, ed. astm manual mnl 18, american society for testing and materials, philadelphia, 1994, pp. 84 - 90. \u00b2steve m. hays, \" health issues : toxicity, o", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4886849530391125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.821116"} {"text": "the snakes prey on native wildlife such as the endangered key largo wood rat and the endangered wood stork. the largest prey, friar told cnn, was a 76 - pound deer that was found in the stomach of a 16 - foot python a few months ago. earlier this year, researchers at virginia tech university, davidson college and the u. s. geological survey reported that populations of rabbits and foxes have disappeared and numbers of raccoons, opossums and bobcats have dropped as much as 99 %. last january, the u. s. fish and wildlife service instituted a ban on the importation of burmese pythons - - along with three other species of exotic snake - - and their eggs. the python challenge has laid out four specific areas where the snakes can be harvested, and the park is off - limits to the general public. \" the park is very restricted on what it can do as far as animal captures and removal, \" friar said. the python problem has spread to other wildlife management areas in the state besides the everglades. \" we ' re supportive of the state exploring various measures in order to reduce the populations outside the park, \" friar said. in the end, she said, \" it will also reduce the population of the snakes that get into the park. \" according to the rules of the contest, reducing the population means killing the snakes. \" we want to make sure this is done in a humane way, \" segelson said. the competition ' s website lists several ways to kill a python \" in a humane manner that results in immediate loss of consciousness and destruction of the brain. \" it suggests shooting the snake in the head with a firearm or decapitating it with a machete.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3504328763643484, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.827217"} {"text": "as people return to outdoor activities this spring, caution should be taken in areas of the country that are home to loxosceles reclusa, also called the brown recluse spider. a new study from st. jude children \u2019 s research hospital found that when patients present with acute anemia, but the cause is elusive, a brown recluse spider bite should be part of the differential diagnosis, at least in parts of the nation where the spider is regularly found. in a recent issue of the journal of pediatrics, st. jude hematologists reported on six previously healthy adolescents hospitalized for treatment of acute, symptomatic anemia. the illnesses were linked to red blood cell destruction known as hemolytic anemia that was eventually traced to brown recluse spider bites. all six patients fully recovered, but four needed blood transfusions and three spent time in the intensive care unit. only three of the six patients recalled recent spider bites, and jenny mcdade, d. o., an assistant member in the st. jude hematology department, said the other wounds were only found after head - to - toe skin checks. mcdade, the study \u2019 s lead author, said one bite was hidden by a bra strap and initially went unnoticed. \u201c the bite is often painless, and it is frequently missed, \u201d she said, which is one reason st. jude investigators decided to review hospital records to gauge the scope of the problem. although most people bitten by brown recluse spiders do not seek medical attention, the researchers noted that the spiders \u2019 venom triggers a widespread reaction in about 30 percent of children. although the exact mechanism is not completely understood, the most common systemic reaction is hemolytic anemia. less commonly, kidney failure and clotting problems develop. children seem to be more likely than adults to develop systemic complications, especially anemia. in rare cases, the researchers reported the bite has been linked to multi - organ failure and death. several times a year, st. jude hematologists are consulted regarding patients who develop sudden, unexplained hemolytic anemia. this study focused on patients hospitalized for severe anemia who required hematology consultation during a one - year period at a general children \u2019 s hospital near the st. jude campus in memphis, tenn. determining the cause of acute anemia is important to ensure the appropriate treatment, mcdade said. for example, steroids may be used to treat some types of anemia, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4353160645082602, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.849702"} {"text": "the largest component, 714 people, of the social network studied by fowler and christakis, on dec. 8, 2009. infected individuals are colored red, friends of infected individuals are colored yellow, and circle size is proportional to the number of friends infected. a movie tracks the spread of the flu from sept. 1 through dec. 31, 2009. credit : nicholas christakis your friends are probably more popular than you are. and this \u201c friendship paradox \u201d may help predict the spread of infectious disease. nicholas christakis, professor of medicine, medical sociology and sociology at harvard university, and james fowler, professor of medical genetics and political science at the university of california, san diego, used the paradox to study the 2009 flu epidemic among 744 students. the findings, the researchers say, point to a novel method for early detection of contagious outbreaks. analyzing a social network and monitoring the health of its central members is an ideal way to predict an outbreak. but such detailed information simply doesn \u2019 t exist for most social groups, and producing it is time - consuming and expensive. the \u201c friendship paradox, \u201d first described in 1991, potentially offers an easy way around this. simply put, the paradox states that, statistically, the friends of any given individual are likely more popular than the individual herself. take a random group of people, ask each of them to name one friend, and on average the named friends will rank higher in the social web than the ones who named them. if this is hard to fathom, imagine a large cocktail party with a host holding court in the center while, at the fringes, a few loners lean against the walls staring at their drinks. randomly ask the party - goers to each name a friend, and the results will undoubtedly weigh heavily in the direction of the well - connected host. few people will name a recluse. and just as they come across gossip, trends and good ideas sooner, the people at the center of a social network are exposed to diseases earlier than those at the margins. as the 2009 influenza season approached, christakis and fowler decided to put these basic features of a social network to work, contacting 319 harvard undergraduates who in turn named a total of 425 friends. monitoring the two groups both through self - reporting and data from harvard university health services, the researchers found that, on average, the friends group manifested the flu roughly two weeks prior to the random group using one method of detection, and a full 46 days prior to the epidemic peak", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5262501537131428, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.870837"} {"text": "through self - reporting and data from harvard university health services, the researchers found that, on average, the friends group manifested the flu roughly two weeks prior to the random group using one method of detection, and a full 46 days prior to the epidemic peak using another method. \u201c we think this may have significant implications for public health, \u201d said christakis. \u201c public health officials often track epidemics by following random samples of people or monitoring people after they get sick. but that approach only provides a snapshot of what \u2019 s currently happening. by simply asking members of the random group to name friends, and then tracking and comparing both groups, we can predict epidemics before they strike the population at large. this would allow an earlier, more vigorous, and more effective response. \u201d \u201c if you want a crystal ball for finding out which parts of the country are going to get the flu first, then this may be the most effective method we have now, \u201d said fowler. \u201c currently used methods are based on statistics that lag the real world \u2013 or, at best, are contemporaneous with it. we show a way you can get ahead of an epidemic of flu, or potentially anything else that spreads in networks. \u201d indeed, the authors note that the same method could be used very widely \u2013 to anticipate epidemics of behaviors like drug use or even the diffusion of ideas or fashions. john glasser, a mathematical epidemiologist at the centers for disease control in atlanta, ga, who was not involved in this research, said : \u201c christakis \u2019 and fowler \u2019 s provocative study should cause infectious disease epidemiologists and public health practitioners alike to consider the social contexts within which pathogens are transmitted. this study may be unique in demonstrating that social position affects one \u2019 s risk of acquiring disease. consequently, epidemiologists and social scientists are modeling networks to evaluate novel disease surveillance and infection control strategies. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5040480908957377, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.873270"} {"text": "m. 12 april 1781 facts and events margareth cross fite, known as \" peggy \", was born at oxford, new jersey, april 12, 1761. she lived to an unusual age, being nearly one hundred and four years old at her death on nov. 1, 1864. the newspaper account of her death, headed \" death of a remarkable woman \" gives the highlights of her life. after the death of her husband, peggy fite, applies for her husband \u2019 s revolutionary war pension. she fills out her paper work, sends in the affidavits that she is an honorable, respectful woman and that she has not remarried. they grant her half of her husband \u2019 s pension at $ 26. 66. peggy doesn \u2019 t think that \u2019 s quite fair and that isn \u2019 t what the law allows. she hires herself a lawyer and the fight begins, page after page after page. there is an affidavit from their greenwich church in pennsylvania dated 1787 that states that peggy and leonard fite were \u201c christians \u201d written in both english and german, signed by the parish minister ( p 24 ). there is a bounty land claim ( p 16 ). there are many, many pages of affidavits from family and friends of peggy stating she is an honorable woman and deserves her husband \u2019 s full pension. there is another page from her son, moses fite, who states he is in possession of the family bible and it states their birth dates, marriage date, leonard \u2019 s death date, and that he is their son. ( p 31. ) there is a statement from christina fite lamberson, sister to leonard fite. there is another one from john fite, brother of leonard fite. peggy finally gets her $ 43. 33 pension reinstated and lives to be 104 years old. she is still living on april 14, 1855 when she made application for the bounty land due on account of the service of her husband, warrant no 26400 for one hundred sixty acres under the act of march 3, 1855. at that time she was 94 years old. she died on the 12th of april, 1761, and was, consequently, one hundred and three years old on the 12th of april last. her husband, leonard fite was a soldier in the revolutionary war, and fought through that struggle as a private. mr. and mrs. fite emigrated to tennessee from north carolina, and settled here when this place was known as nash ' s lick. in those days mrs. fite of ten assisted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4388538410179333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.884833"} {"text": "revolutionary war, and fought through that struggle as a private. mr. and mrs. fite emigrated to tennessee from north carolina, and settled here when this place was known as nash ' s lick. in those days mrs. fite of ten assisted in moulding bullets while her husband and others belonging to the \" settlement \" were defending themselves against the attacks of the indians. mrs. fite has lived with her third child, jacob fite, in wilson county, for a number of years, her husband having died many years since, in smith county. on the twelfth of april, 1861, a large number of her descendants met at the house of jacob fite and celebrated the one hundredth anniversary of her birthday. at that time she had eleven children living \u2014 her oldest ( a son ) being eighty years old, and her youngest ( a daughter ) fifty - nine ; seventy - six grandchildren, three hundred and five great - grand - children, seventy - one great - great - grandchildren, and two great - great - great - grandchildren ; in all, four hundred and fifty - four living descendants. at the time of her death her grandchildren of the fifth generation had increased to twenty - one. mrs. fite was a remarkable woman, and actively participated in the exciting struggles incident to the early settlement of this state. she retained a vivid recollection of the revolutionary struggles, as well as those which resulted in the establishment of the white settlements in tennessee. her memory was clear, and her health good almost to the hour of her death. indeed, it may be truthfully said that she lived until ' the delicate machine ' was entirely worn out, and ' the wheels of weary life at last stood still. ' \" at the celebration of her one hundredth birthday the tables were run the length of the dining room, out across the porch and down on the lawn under the trees. \" granny fite \" was seated at the head of the table in the dining - room, and her descendants were placed according to descent, the small children being seated at the far end of the table under the trees. soon after this reunion margareth fell and broke her hip ; but in spite of this accident, she lived nearly four years longer. at the time of her death she had been a member of the methodist episcopal church fifty years ; she lies buried near lebanon, in wilson county, tennessee, in the burying ground of her son jacob fite, in whose home she died.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4475505675358866, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.887662"} {"text": "sea ice in the arctic and antarctic sea ice is frozen seawater. it can be several meters thick and it moves over time. although the salts in the seawater do not freeze, pockets of concentrated salty water become trapped in the sea ice when it first forms. the pockets of salty water can work their way out of the sea ice over a few years. during the summer months much of the sea ice melts and during the winter months it forms again. some sea ice stays around all year long. the arctic ocean has a large amount of sea ice floating at its surface, especially in winter. sea ice is very important for the people and animals that live in the arctic region. animals like polar bears live on the sea ice and find their food in the surrounding and underlying ocean. marine life exists under the arctic sea ice too. over the past few decades, more and more of the sea ice has been melting in the summer as earth \u2019 s climate warms. scientists predict that within the next 40 years with continued global warming, there will be no sea ice in the arctic in the summer months. ice thickness has also been decreasing. in the south polar region, there is evidence that sea ice is important for the breeding cycle of certain penguin species. emperor penguins breed on sea ice. one of the most northerly colonies of emperor penguins, the one where the documentary \u201c march of the penguins \u201d was filmed, has declined over the past few decades, probably because of warming temperatures, which cause the sea ice to melt and break apart earlier in the spring, before the chicks are ready to fledge. melting sea ice might have some benefit to adelie penguins. adelie penguins build nests made of pebbles on land. in search of food, they travel over sea ice that is attached to the shore, called fast ice, to get to the ocean, and then bring seafood back to their hungry chicks on land. with less sea ice, the journey to the ocean to find food becomes shorter. however, adelie penguins are adapted to the cold conditions. the benefit of a shorter trip to the ocean is overshadowed by the harm of warmer temperatures. in the northern part of the antarctic peninsula, the warmest part of earth \u2019 s coldest continent, the adelie penguin colony is declining rapidly. in this area, sea ice used to be common, but now is absent, even in winter. the penguin nests made of rocks on the antarctic peninsula have been abandoned. the warming climate has restricted the adelie penguins to colder areas further south", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4809102867327998, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.900106"} {"text": "this image shows a subsurface explorer on the surface of mars ( this is an artist ' s rendition ). such subsurface explorers would help us look for water and organic material below the surface of mars. a \" robotic mole \" like this one would also test to see what minerals make up the martian interior. one of the proposals does involve a subsurface explorer that would dive through the martian polar ice caps. click on image for full size courtesy of nasa / jpl news story originally written on june 18, 2001 43 scout missions were proposed to nasa. 10 were selected. these 10 are competing to see which missions will be included as future scout missions to mars. may the best robots, gliders, rovers, orbiters or landers win! the 10 proposals that made it this far will receive 6 months of funding to do further investigation for their proposed mission. the scout missions that are sent to mars in the coming years ( the first being launched in 2007 ) will join the martian fleet including the 2001 mars odyssey, twin rovers which will land on mars in 2003, a science orbiter, a mobile laboratory and a return sample mission. the 10 proposals are really different! one mission would involve three gliders that would investigate the walls of valles marineris. another would place 24 weather stations across the surface of mars. still another would have a probe that could dive down through the martian polar ice caps! shop windows to the universe science store! our online store on science education, classroom activities in the earth scientist specimens, and educational games you might also be interested in : the mars odyssey was launched april 7, 2001, from florida. after a six - month, 285 million - mile journey, the odyssey arrived at mars on october 24, 2001. the odyssey is in its aerobraking phase right now.... more it was another exciting and frustrating year for the space science program. it seemed that every step forward led to one backwards. either way, nasa led the way to a great century of discovery. unfortunately,... more the space shuttle discovery lifted off from kennedy space center on october 29th at 2 : 19 p. m. est. the weather was great as discovery took 8 1 / 2 minutes to reach orbit. this was the united states ' 123rd... more a moon was discovered orbiting the asteroid, eugenia. this is only the second time in history that a satellite has been seen circling an asteroid. a special mirror allowed scientists to find the moon... more will russia ever put the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48537388321164177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.906291"} {"text": "in 1989 a space weather storm caused an electrical blackout in canada. the black area on this map shows where people lost their electrical power for many hours. click on image for full size image courtesy of m. a. shea, geophysics directorate, phillips laboratory. power blackout caused by space weather storm in 1989 a space weather storm caused an electrical blackout over a large area. six million people in eastern canada lost electrical power for 9 hours or longer. in march 1989 a large space weather storm struck earth. the storm generated strong electrical currents in our atmosphere. some of that electricity caused currents to flow in wires in our electrical power system. that extra surge of electricity damaged some kinds of equipment. a major transformer was destroyed. that caused the whole electrical system to \" go down \". lots of people lost power for many hours. the blackout in canada cost a lot of money and was dangerous. scientists are trying to learn how to predict big space weather storms better. that could help prevent blackouts like the one in canada. shop windows to the universe science store! our online store includes fun classroom activities for you and your students. issues of nesta ' s quarterly journal, the earth scientist are also full of classroom activities on different topics in earth and space science! you might also be interested in : space weather causes electricity to flow in our atmosphere. sometimes that electricity lights up the sky by causing the aurora ( the southern and northern lights ). electric currents in the atmosphere can... more our electrical power system supplies our homes and businesses with electricity. space weather storms can mess up the power system, leaving us without electricity. a transformer is a piece of equipment... more space weather \" storms \" can cause problems on earth. they can even mess up our systems that make electricity and that deliver electricity to peoples ' houses. sometimes really big space weather storms can... more in 1989 a space weather storm caused an electrical blackout over a large area. six million people in eastern canada lost electrical power for 9 hours or longer. the blackout of the hydroquebec power grid... more sometimes a whole electric power system shuts down. this can happen after a strong space weather storm. it is hard to get the whole system running again after it has been shut down all the way. the main... more there is a giant magnetic \" bubble \" in space around the sun. that \" bubble \" is called the heliosphere. in a sense, we earthlings live within the outer atmosphere of our sun. the solar.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5127226085453249, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.915672"} {"text": "web addiction : synopsis, symptoms, statistics, research and treatment hi, my name is jeff and i \u2019 m an addict. a web addict. several surveys and related research is leading to more and more psychologists being trained to identify and treat what has become known as internet addiction or web abuse. it has even been suggested that web abuse be added to the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders within the american journal of psychiatry. internet addiction has been labeled as a compulsive disorder with cyber sex and cyber porn addiction being the most common forms. like most addictions these have an impact on an individual \u2019 s social and personal life. the disorder has been further sub - catergorised into addiction to online gaming, compulsive surfing and ebay addiction. however, it has been noted that these only become a problem when they interfere with normal living and cause severe stress on family, friends, loved ones and work performance. internet addiction appears to be having real effects on people. one blogger has pointed out how websites have been ironically set up to provide information for sufferers, as well as info for attorneys and psychologists. according to netaddiction. com : \" internet addicts struggle to control their behaviors, and experience despair over their constant failure to do so. their loss of self - esteem grows, fueling the need to escape even further into their addictive behaviors. a sense of powerlessness pervades the lives of addicts \" according to the daily telegraph web - addicts suffer from 4 symptoms : - forgetting to eat and sleep - needing more advanced technology or more hours online as \u2018 resistance \u2019 to the pleasure given by their current system develops - when deprived of their computer, genuine withdrawal symptoms are experienced ; and, - in common with other addictions, victims begin to have more arguments, suffer from fatigue, experience a decline in work performance, and begin to feel isolated from society - andy bloxham, daily telegraph, june 20, 2008 related symptoms may be cravings ( for better software, faster machines etc. ), withdrawal ( which may cause irritability, tremors and anxiety ), a loss of sense of time, and negative social repercussions ( such as neglecting real - life relationships ). some patients even report suffering nervous breakdowns when they can \u2019 t go online. although research into internet addiction is sketchy ( and usually concerns a group of white americans ) a few countries have conducted in - depth surveys. below is a summary of the more recent findings. - british psychiatrists have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46725520039238, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.935350"} {"text": "they can \u2019 t go online. although research into internet addiction is sketchy ( and usually concerns a group of white americans ) a few countries have conducted in - depth surveys. below is a summary of the more recent findings. - british psychiatrists have reported that between 5 % and 10 % of online users are internet addicts. - in china the beijing military region central hospital puts the number of teenage pathological computer users at 10 million. - research from south korea suggests the affliction is a serious public health problem, and estimates that 168, 000 children may require psychotropic medications. - national ( north american ) surveys revealed that over 50 % of internet addicts also suffered from other addictions ( mainly to drugs, alcohol, smoking, and sex ). - internet addicts also suffer from relationship problems in almost 75 % of the cases. - trends also showed that internet addicts suffer from emotional problems such as depression and anxiety - related disorders ( it has been suggested that web addicts often use the fantasy world of the internet to psychologically escape unpleasant feelings or stressful situations in reality ). - gender stereotypes also seem to translate online : men are more likely to become addicted to online games, cyberporn, and online gambling, for example, while women are more likely to become addicted to chatting, instant messaging, ebay, and online shopping. it has been noted that around 70 - 80 % of the subjects referred to in such research is comprised mostly of white americans. however, the idea of internet addiction does seem to be spreading around the globe like a 21st century plague. yet there is much dispute over whether or not such a condition is in fact unique. one psychiatrist has suggested that the internet is merely another form of escapism for those with other problems : \" what most people online who think they are addicted are probably suffering from is the desire to not want to deal with other problems in their lives. those problems may be a mental disorder ( depression, anxiety, etc. ), a serious health problem or disability, or a relationship problem. it is no different than turning on the tv so you won ' t have to talk to your spouse, or going \" out with the boys \" for a few drinks so you don ' t have to spend time at home. nothing is different except the modality \" - john m. grohol despite this, several doctors around the world are recommending various treatment options for those who believe they are web addicts. dr kimberley young, who maintains www. netaddiction.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44300959730323297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.938400"} {"text": "( newsusa ) - diabetes is a serious disease that can affect many aspects of the body - - the heart and kidneys, blood circulation and even the eyes. in fact, diabetic eye disease increased in prevalence by 89 percent between 2000 and 2010 and is a leading cause of blindness among american adults. despite this, vision care is often overlooked by people with diabetes as they work to manage the many other health problems the disease can cause. according to a survey by the american optometric association, 55 percent of people are unaware that diabetic eye disease often has no visual signs or symptoms. additionally, 44 percent of americans don ' t know that a person with diabetes should have a comprehensive eye exam once a year, including a retina ( dilated ) eye exam. yet, these exams are the only way to diagnose serious eye diseases associated with diabetes at its early stage. regular retina eye exams are critical for early detection and treatment of these progressive eye diseases that often begin without warning. the longer a person has diabetes, the higher their risk for eye disease. over time, diabetes may cause damage to the blood vessels in the back of the eye, known as diabetic retinopathy, which can lead to diabetic macular edema ( dme ). dme occurs when the damaged blood vessels leak fluid and cause swelling. although symptoms are not always present, this swelling can cause blurred vision, double vision and patches in vision, which may appear as small black dots or lines \" floating \" across the front of the eye. approximately 26 million americans have diabetes and may be at risk for dme. more than 560, 000 americans have dme. yet, approximately 55 percent are unaware that they have the disease. african americans and hispanics over the age of 40 are also at a higher risk for dme. prevent vision loss * getting an annual retina eye exam is the best way to help detect changes in vision * don ' t wait - - make an appointment with a retina specialist today", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4904215878335188, "token_count": 409, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.943392"} {"text": "in some states, such as kentucky and missouri, nearly 30 percent of residents smoke. these states have the highest cancer death rates. in other states, such as california and utah, smoking rates are as low as 10 percent. these states have the lowest cancer death rates. the obesity epidemic is also affecting cancer rates in a very negative way. indeed, obesity is the second leading cause of cancer. more than a dozen cancers - - from breast and prostate cancer to pancreatic and colon cancer - - have been linked to america ' s epidemic of high caloric intake and lack of physical activity. while 15 percent of adults were obese in 1970, more than 35 percent were obese in 2010. even more concerning, 4 percent of children aged 6 to 11 were obese in 1970 ; 20 percent of that group were obese in 2010. while overall there is a significant decline in cancer mortality, the obesity epidemic is continuing to push the cancer mortality rate upward. a substantial proportion of americans do not receive the high - quality preventive and treatment services that experts agree people should get. more than a third of women over 50 are not getting routine breast cancer screening. nearly half of americans over 50 are not getting colon cancer screening. these are interventions about which there is no controversy. even more unsettling, a substantial number of americans diagnosed with cancer are unable to get adequate treatment. if we simply get adequate medical care to those who need it, more lives could be saved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4389254836081977, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:32.946939"} {"text": "how psychology solved a wwii shipwreck mystery originally published on mon april 23, 2012 11 : 52 am in november 1941, two ships crossed paths off the coast of australia. one was the german raider hsk kormoran. the other : an australian warship called the hmas sydney. guns were fired, the ships were damaged, and both sank to the bottom of the ocean. the loss of the sydney in world war ii was a national tragedy for the australians, particularly because none of the 645 men onboard survived. in the years that followed, there was intense interest in finding the wrecks, particularly the wreck of the sydney. the idea was that doing this might give the families of the lost sailors some measure of peace, a sense of closure and certainty. the problem was that the only witnesses to the battle and the sinking were about 300 german sailors who had abandoned their ship after it had been hit. they were eventually picked up by the australian military. after their capture, most of these germans were interrogated and asked to identify where the ships had gone down. but the germans seemed quite fuzzy on this point. bob trotter, a former director of the finding sydney foundation, a nonprofit group established to help find the sydney, says their ignorance isn ' t all that surprising. \" particularly in a wartime situation, the position of the ship is really kept in the bridge area, \" trotter says. \" it would not be normal that the rest of the ship ' s company would be told. \" still, in the course of their interrogations, about 70 germans did come up with a location. but those locations, taken together, didn ' t make much sense \u2014 the positions were spread out, smeared over hundreds of miles. one survivor even placed the sinking almost halfway to antarctica. so most australians concluded that the germans must be lying, their conflicting accounts part of a ploy to throw the australians off the scent. when sydney hunters went out looking for the boat \u2014 and many did \u2014 they either completely disregarded the accounts from the germans, or, in a couple of cases, focused exclusively on the captain ' s version of the story. then came psychologists kim kirsner and john dunn. kirsner, a cognitive psychologist from the university of western australia, first became interested in finding the sydney in the 1990s. after attempting some different approaches to solving the problem, he brought in his friend and frequent collaborator, a cognitive psychologist at the university of adelaide. by the time dunn entered the picture in the mid - to late 1990s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4334213724784202, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.047673"} {"text": "in finding the sydney in the 1990s. after attempting some different approaches to solving the problem, he brought in his friend and frequent collaborator, a cognitive psychologist at the university of adelaide. by the time dunn entered the picture in the mid - to late 1990s, all kinds of people with all kinds of theories had already attempted to find the ships. \" if you didn ' t believe the germans, \" says trotter of the finding sydney foundation, \" the number of possibilities were endless as to what might have happened and where the ships might be. lots of theories had been expounded, and lots of areas had been suggested. \" the cycle was always the same : some treasure hunter with a theory would propose a site ; people would rush off to look ; there would be excitement, then disappointment. how we remember stories as cognitive psychologists, kirsner and dunn took a very different view of the german accounts. to them, the spread of the reports looked like the kind of data they saw in memory experiments. so they set out to prove scientifically that the germans were probably telling the truth. \" we wanted to make the case \u2014 show that the characteristics of these reports were the right kind of characteristics, \" says dunn. that is, that the inconsistencies in the reports were precisely the kind of inconsistencies that occur naturally from failures of memory and the vagaries of transmitting information from person to person. to make this case, dunn says, they turned to the work of the british psychologist sir frederic bartlett. bartlett, like kirsner and dunn, was a psychologist interested in what happens to memory over time. in the 1930s he conducted a famous experiment with a native american folk tale called \" the war of the ghosts. \" \" the war of the ghosts \" is a very odd tale, at least compared with typical british stories, dunn says. it has bizarre sentence construction and unpredictable leaps in the narrative. bartlett read the story aloud to a test subject, then immediately asked the person to repeat it back. he would transcribe these recall attempts, then, several days or weeks later, go back and have the person repeat what he remembered again. again, bartlett would transcribe it. over a period of months, and in some cases, years, he would return to these people repeatedly and ask them to tell the story \u2014 each time transcribing the changes in the narrative. here are the first two sentences of \" the war of the ghosts \" : one night two young men from egulac went down", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5051094527818565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.051077"} {"text": "to these people repeatedly and ask them to tell the story \u2014 each time transcribing the changes in the narrative. here are the first two sentences of \" the war of the ghosts \" : one night two young men from egulac went down to the river to hunt seals, and while they were there it became foggy and calm. then they heard war cries and thought : \" maybe this is a war party. \" and here ' s how bartlett ' s test subject \" r \" recalled the story immediately after first hearing it : there were two young men, and they went on the river side. they heard war cries. here ' s how r recalled the same two sentences 14 days later : there were ghosts. they went on a river. and the same sentences after a month : there were ghosts. there took place a fight between them. obviously, one expects there to be changes in any repeated narrative, but what bartlett found was that the changes he saw were, in fact, somewhat predictable. \" in their recall attempts, they try to change the elements of the story in a way that made them make more sense, \" says dunn. essentially, the british storytellers tried to make the stories conform to a more traditional western narrative. this made bartlett theorize that memory is composed of two parts. when a memory is made, the content you ' re trying to remember is embedded in a schema, or theory of what is going on. over time, you remember less of the original content and more of the general theory. that is, you remember the basic gist of the story, and supplement it or change it so that it fits a more comfortable mold. the same pattern of change is seen as a story passes from one person to the next \u2014 another experiment that bartlett did. validating the germans ' stories so how does this relate to the germans? dunn and kirsner decided that the german survivors ' reports should be compared directly with the bartlett experiment. to do this, they took the story versions that bartlett had documented and counted up all of the changes in them. every time there was a shift in a sentence or a word, they noted it and put that change down on a graph. this produced a particular statistical profile. kirsner and dunn then did the same thing with the german accounts. they arranged the 70 accounts into groups that seemed to be related to one another, then charted them on a graph. \" what we found was that there was a correspondence \u2014 that our data looked like the kind of data that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5175439649031673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.054509"} {"text": "thing with the german accounts. they arranged the 70 accounts into groups that seemed to be related to one another, then charted them on a graph. \" what we found was that there was a correspondence \u2014 that our data looked like the kind of data that bartlett had generated in his study, \" dunn says. this suggested to kirsner and dunn that the germans were not, in fact, lying. \" it means it ' s not a contrived set of data, \" says kirsner. the variance they saw was the kind of natural variance you get with normal memory loss. after kirsner and dunn determined that the germans were most likely telling the truth, they sat down together with a map of the indian ocean and tried to pinpoint the place on the map that best fit all of the different accounts of where the ships had gone down. \" we took each point in the ocean and looked at how well it satisfied or conformed to each of these statements, \" dunn says. they then marked a spot as the place where they thought the german ship would be found. in 2004, kirsner and dunn gave the information to the finding sydney foundation. at that time there were no real plans to go hunting for the ships, so that \u2014 at least as far as dunn was concerned \u2014 was that. \" i never really thought that i would ever find out whether it would be right or wrong, \" he says. but then a funny thing happened : professional shipwreck hunter david mearns got interested in finding the sydney. mearns and the finding sydney foundation joined forces the australian government agreed to support an expedition. in march 2008 mearns went out and discovered the wreck of the german ship. so how far was the ship from the point that kirsner and dunn had marked down four years earlier? \" it was 2. 7 nautical miles from the point we put down, \" dunn says. \" i thought, ' whoa! it worked! ' i was amazed, actually. \" a couple of days after the german ship was found, mearns also found the sydney. the boat had sunk to the bottom of the ocean only a short distance away from the raider that had attacked it 67 years before. steve inskeep, host : it ' s morning edition from npr news. i ' m steve inskeep. david greene, host : and i ' m david greene in for renee montagne. we ' re going to hear next the strange tale of how psychology pinpointed the location of a sunken ship. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5097132414339465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.070985"} {"text": ". i ' m steve inskeep. david greene, host : and i ' m david greene in for renee montagne. we ' re going to hear next the strange tale of how psychology pinpointed the location of a sunken ship. in november of 1941, the middle of the second world war, two ships crossed paths off the coast of australia. one was a german raider called the kormoran, the other, an australian warship called the sydney. guns were fired, both ships were damaged and both sank to the bottom of the ocean. it was two australian psychologists working for a nonprofit called the finding sydney foundation who located the wreckage of the boats. npr ' s alix spiegel explains. alix spiegel : this story begins at the end of a battle, with two ships - both mortally wounded - drifting away from each other in the middle of the night. according to bob trotter, who used to direct the finding sydney foundation, 300 of the surviving german sailors had packed themselves into lifeboats and were sitting there in the darkness watching the ship that they had just attacked slowly disappear. bob trotter : all they saw of sydney was a glow on the horizon, which in the words of the german captain suddenly went out - no explosion, nothing, just a glow that suddenly went out like a light being switched off. and that was the last anyone saw of sydney for 66 years. and all of the 645 men on board. spiegel : now apparently this loss of the sydney was really devastating for the australian public. trotter : the nation was thunderstruck. sydney was what i guess you could describe as she was the jewel in the navy ' s crown. spiegel : and then she wasn ' t. then she was a pile of steel at the bottom of the indian ocean. but where, exactly was that pile? that was the question put to the 300 surviving germans. unfortunately, most of those germans were fuzzy on where precisely the ships went down, which, trotter says, isn ' t all that surprising. trotter : particularly in a wartime situation where the position of the ship is really kept in the bridge area, it would not be normal that the rest of the ship ' s company would be told. spiegel : still, when the germans were picked up and interrogated, around 70 did come up with a location. it ' s just those locations didn ' t make a lot of sense. kim kirsner : the positions are spread out", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4943234333787404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.072703"} {"text": "spiegel : still, when the germans were picked up and interrogated, around 70 did come up with a location. it ' s just those locations didn ' t make a lot of sense. kim kirsner : the positions are spread out, smeared over hundreds of miles. spiegel : this is kim kirsner, one of the two psychologists who worked on finding the sydney. and he says the locations were all over the map, literally. kirsner : a hundred and twenty miles from the coast. there ' s another one just 160 miles from cape cuvier. there ' s another one which is 130 miles from shark bay, which is a different type of referent. spiegel : one survivor placed the sinking halfway to antarctica, which understandably raised this question in the minds of the australian people. john dunne : there was a lot of discussion about whether you could believe these reports. spiegel : that ' s john dunne, the second psychologist who worked to find the ships. dunne : people were saying you can ' t believe what they are saying because these are the enemy. they ' re going to be telling lies under interrogation. and the reason you ' re getting all these different reports is that they ' re all telling different kinds of lies. spiegel : and according to bob trotter, because there was so little faith in the german reports, wild theories about what had happened and where the boats might be flourished. trotter : if you didn ' t believe the germans, the number of possibilities were endless as to what might ' ve happened and where the ship might be. spiegel : but as cognitive psychologists, kirsner and dunne took a very different view of the german accounts. to them, the spread of the reports looked like the kind of data that they saw in memory experiments. and so they set out to prove scientifically that the germans were probably telling the truth. john dunne : dunne : show that the characteristics of these reports had the right kind of characteristics that you ' d expect to see if it was all due to failures of memory and to the vagaries of transmitting information from person to person. spiegel : now to make this case, dunne says, they turned to the work of a british psychologist. dunne : sir frederic bartlett. spiegel : sir frederic bartlett, like kirsner and dunne, was a psychologist interested in what happens to memory over time. and in the 1930s he did a series of experiments with a native american folktale", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4726379423993234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.073809"} {"text": ". dunne : sir frederic bartlett. spiegel : sir frederic bartlett, like kirsner and dunne, was a psychologist interested in what happens to memory over time. and in the 1930s he did a series of experiments with a native american folktale called \" the war of the ghosts. \" now this story was, at least to a british mind, very, very strange, with lots of bizarre leaps in the narrative. dunne : so the story starts by saying, there were two young men from egulac. unidentified woman : one night, two young men from egulac went down to the river to hunt seals, and while they were there it became foggy and calm. spiegel : so in one of these experiments bartlett would tell somebody this story. dunne : then he ' d ask them to tell the story back to him. and he would write that down. he would then wait a little while, go back to those people and ask them to tell the story a second time. spiegel : then he would write that down. and over months and years, he ' d come back to that same person again and again and document how the story changed each time. so for example, listen to how one person changed the first two sentences of the story. here ' s version one : unidentified woman : ( reading ) there were two young men. they went to the riverside. they heard war cries. spiegel : version two, 14 days later : unidentified woman : ( reading ) there were two ghosts. they went on a river. spiegel : version three, after a month : unidentified woman : ( reading ) there were ghosts. there took place a fight between them. spiegel : so you see there ' s change. but the way bartlett saw, it the change happens in very predictable ways. dunne : in their recall attempts they try to move the elements of the story in a way, or change them in a way, or add things to them so that made them make more sense. spiegel : that is, they tried to make the stories conform to a more traditional western narrative. and this made bartlett theorize that memory is composed really of two parts. when you make a memory there ' s this content that you ' re trying to remember, which you embed in a schema or general theory of what is going on. and over time you remember less of the original content and more just the general theory. so you ' re remembering the basic gist of the story and supplement", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5291799392444458, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.075603"} {"text": "remember, which you embed in a schema or general theory of what is going on. and over time you remember less of the original content and more just the general theory. so you ' re remembering the basic gist of the story and supplementing it or changing it so that it fits a more comfortable mold. you see the same pattern of change if you pass the story from one person to the next, which is another experiment that bartlett did. so how does all of this relate to the germans? dunne : we thought, ok. all of these reports by the survivors can be thought of rather like this experiment by bartlett. spiegel : so what dunne and kirsner did was that they took the story versions from bartlett and counted up all of the changes in them. so every time there was a change in a sentence they noted it and they put that on a graph. dunne : we can count up the different kinds of versions of these stories and that has a particular statistical profile. spiegel : then they did the same thing with the german accounts. they arranged the 70 accounts into groups that seemed to be related to one another, and then they charted them on a graph. dunne : and what we found was that there was a correspondence, that our data looked like the kind of data that bartlett had generated in his study. spiegel : if you placed one graph over the other, their profiles matched, which suggested to them that the germans were not in fact lying. kirsner : it means it ' s not a contrived set of data. spiegel : so after all this, kirsner and dunne sit down with a map of the indian ocean, and what they did was try to pinpoint the place on that map which best fit all of the different accounts of where the ships had gone down. dunne : that ' s what we did : we just took each point in the ocean, and we looked at how well it satisfied or conformed to each of these statements. spiegel : they then marked that spot down as the place where they thought the german ship would be found. and in 2004, gave that information to the finding sydney foundation. now, at that time there were no real plans to go hunting for the boats. so at least as far as john dunne was concerned, that was that. dunne : i never really thought that i would ever find out, you know, that if it was going to be right or wrong. spiegel : but then a funny thing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5791270431707671, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.076543"} {"text": "pediatric diseases and conditionscongenital muscular torticollis torticollis, also known as wryneck, is a twisting of the neck that causes the head to rotate and tilt at an odd angle. the exact cause of torticollis is unknown. congenital muscular torticollis is more likely to occur in firstborn children. this may also be accompanied by a congenital hip dislocation. the cause is likely from intrauterine positioning resulting in injury to the neck muscles. acquired torticollis may be caused by irritation to the cervical ligaments from a viral infection, trauma, or vigorous movement. additional causes may include : sleeping in an awkward position neck muscle injury at birth any injury that causes heavy scarring and skin shrinkage neck muscle spasm torticollis may also be a secondary condition that results from the following : slipped facets ( two small joints on the side of the spine ) viral or bacterial infection the following are the most common symptoms of torticollis. however, each individual may experience symptoms differently. symptoms may include : neck muscle pain or pain down the spine inability to turn the head, usually holding it twisted to one side spasm of the neck muscles awkward position of the chin the symptoms of torticollis may resemble other conditions and medical problems. always consult your physician for a diagnosis. diagnosis of torticollis usually is confirmed with a medical history and physical examination. specific treatment for torticollis will be determined by your physician based on : your age, overall health, and medical history extent of the condition your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies expectations for the course of the condition your opinion or preference treatment may include :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4437803225763761, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.081890"} {"text": "this article was originally distributed via prweb. prweb, worldnow and this site make no warranties or representations in connection therewith. \u2018 a simple guide to planting oaks in australia \u2019 offers exciting and amazing tips on the importance of oaks and how to plant them successfully \u2018 darnum, victoria, australia ( prweb ) january 11, 2013 author richard browne expresses his sturdy and prolific fervor for nature as he pens a profound and delightful anthology in a simple guide to planting oaks in australia. this is the author \u2019 s long dream to write a book about his passion \u2013 oak trees and to share to the world how he was captivated by its grandeur and mystery. this volume will reveal browne \u2019 s 10 years of collecting and planting oaks. it all began after arriving from ireland and realising what to do with his six acres of bare land. missing the beautiful and colorful changing of the seasons and the distinctive smell of the deciduous woods that he had enjoyed during his childhood, thus he decided to collect and plant oaks from different parts of the world. through time, browne studied and researched as much knowledge as could be found. browne believes that oaks have played a great part in the evolution of culture. it is also the most obvious form of flora and fauna that has been quite advantageous to the australian landscape, soil and wildlife rather than being detrimental like so many of the other impulsive imports. this book aims to provide a simple guide to the things people didn \u2019 t know, but probably should, about the oaks. a simple guide to planting oaks in australia is a book that showcases the author \u2019 s long years of passion for oaks. it will also help gardeners, oak enthusiasts and land owners learn many interesting new facts and method about oak planting and collecting. for more information on this book, interested parties may log on to http : / / www. xlibris. com. about the author richard browne has studied and collected oak trees for many years, both in europe and australia. he is a member of the international oak society, and an assistant curator for the encyclopaedia of life. the author is an educator and often called upon around s. e. australia for advice on trees and their planting. he is currently preparing an extensive work on the world \u2019 s oaks, of which this book is a small and often intriguing sample. a simple guide to planting oaks in australia * by richard browne publication date : december 21, 2012 picture book ; $ 49. 99 ; 96 pages ; 978 - 1 - 47", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39699727590689377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.091451"} {"text": "s oaks, of which this book is a small and often intriguing sample. a simple guide to planting oaks in australia * by richard browne publication date : december 21, 2012 picture book ; $ 49. 99 ; 96 pages ; 978 - 1 - 4797 - 4955 - 3 picture book hardcover ; $ 69. 99 ; 96 pages ; 978 - 1 - 4797 - 4956 - 0 ebook ; $ 3. 99 ; 978 - 1 - 4797 - 4957 - 7 members of the media who wish to review this book may request a complimentary paperback copy by contacting the publisher at ( 888 ) 795 - 4274 x. 7879. to purchase copies of the book for resale, please fax xlibris at ( 610 ) 915 - 0294 or call ( 888 ) 795 - 4274 x. 7879. for more information on self - publishing or marketing with xlibris, visit http : / / www. xlibris. com. to receive a free publishing guide, please call ( 888 ) 795 - 4274. for the original version on prweb visit : http : / / www. prweb. com / releases / prweb2013 / 1 / prweb10305717. htm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4251627902394668, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.093364"} {"text": "seemingly against all odds, she pulled her body and mind back together. she became fascinated by notions of human potential, the way the mind works. and she asked herself the big questions. \" i wanted to make sense of it all. \" it took years, however, to reach out to mithoefer. her plan : to see whether she could free herself from torment by taking a drug called mdma, commonly known as ecstasy. party drug and forbidden substance the compound known as 3, 4 - methylenedioxymethamphetamine, or mdma, was first synthesized in germany in 1912. no one quite knew what to do with it. it was studied by the military in the 1950s and eventually emerged from the lab in the late 1970s. the first report on its effect in humans was published in 1978 by independent chemist alexander shulgin and david nichols, a professor of pharmacology at purdue university. at the same time, shulgin was churning out the drug in his lab and sharing it with a handful of psychiatrists and therapists who saw mdma as a lever for human growth. dr. george greer helped shulgin make an early batch and offered it to interested couples and individuals. \" mdma reduced the fear response, so people could talk about the things that made them afraid or upset, \" he recalled. at the same time, \" people were able to have normal cognitive function, and the insights they had were able to translate to everyday life. \" a few people had mild panic attacks, says greer, \" but in general, it was well - tolerated. \" he described his experiments in a paper, detailing the experiences of 29 people. not everyone was so careful. by the mid - ' 80s, ecstasy was also in use as a party drug. in the spring of 1985, the alarm was sounding, and ecstasy was making headlines.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5036488115496038, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.105365"} {"text": "east bend elementary students found themselves trying to escape from a smoky house using fire skills instilled in them throughout the years on oct. 10. the east bend volunteer fire department held its annual fire safety event for east bend elementary students throughout the day. \u201c the purpose of this program is to instill into them the fire safety, \u201d said ronnie boles, east bend volunteer fire department fire chief. \u201c most of these kids have been through this program ever since pre - school and we run every grade level through every year. \u201d depending on their grade level, students were given a tour of the fire department starting with the fire truck, then the turnout gear that every fire fighter must wear, a video on the fires that east bend fire fighters have found themselves in and finally the smoke house. the smoke house is a mobile trailer that simulates a house for the students. in each room fire fighters talk with children about potential fire hazards that they may find around their house and how to prevent them if they see them. the tour takes them through a living room setting, a kitchen setting and a bedroom setting. \u201c the fire safety trailer is to show them different rooms and things that they can look for to prevent stuff, \u201d boles said. \u201c if they can prevent it before it gets started then that is huge for us. \u201d first grade and forward were allowed to participate in the smoke room which simulates a fire situation and has the children practicing an escape. \u201c with the pre - school classes we start out real basic, \u201d boles said. \u201c we \u2019 ll go through some basic things that we feel like that they can absorb. we don \u2019 t put them through any smoke or any situations that would make them really nervous. as they get older we add more to it. \u2019 boles said that the program continues to go more in depth as the kids get older. he says that they try to incorporate things the students may be learning in the classroom and tie it back to what fire fighters do in their job. \u201c we try to sprinkle in stuff that interests them along with the education, \u201d boles said. \u201c as the kids get older they need to learn more about math and reading and those kinds of things. we try to teach them that just to be a fireman you have to learn to read and you have to learn math. we hope that makes them more interested to learn about those things in the classroom. we ask them questions and we let them respond back to us and then we know how far in depth we need to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.41582105153221466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.124437"} {"text": "to learn to read and you have to learn math. we hope that makes them more interested to learn about those things in the classroom. we ask them questions and we let them respond back to us and then we know how far in depth we need to go with it. \u201d boles said that he has the benefit of having a child who is a student at east bend elementary and so he goes to him on guidance for what the kids want to learn and what activities would be most interesting to them. \u201c i pick his brain a little bit to see what they want to see, \u201d boles said. \u201c this is the educational part that i want them to have. when i ask him what he would want to see he always tells me things like the trucks, our gear and that they want to see what our job is. those are the things that interest them. \u201d boles said that east bend shares its fires safety smoke house with other schools in the area once they complete their program at east bend. the trailer was purchased used seven years ago. today they can take it to surrounding fire departments and allow them to train their local students in fire safety. \u201c when we purchased it we took it to these other locations and we trained the other fire departments with it so that we don \u2019 t have to be there, \u201d boles said. \u201c we can just drop it off and leave it. that way the kids at forbush elementary school are seeing the guys from the forbush fire department. they can start putting names with faces and start getting to know each other. \u201d boles said that this year \u2019 s fire safety theme is \u201c know two ways out. \u201d the theme is decided each year by the national fire protection agency. \u201c we base a lot of our education on what theme they decide to set, \u201d boles said. \u201c they take the data from when the fire departments file reports and they compile a report for the whole nation and they see where the focus needs to be based on what kind of calls the departments have been responding to the most. \u201d boles said that the fire safety event would not be possible without the help of his volunteers who are dedicated to giving their time to make sure that children and their family are safer. \u201c every one of these guys have jobs that they had to take a vacation day from in order to be here, \u201d boles said. \u201c we couldn \u2019 t hold this event without these guys who are willing to give their time. we have a really great group of volunteers here. \u201d reach lindsay", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4289300206838867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.126689"} {"text": "frequently asked questions about section 504 and the education of children with disabilities this document is a revised version of a document originally developed by the chicago office of the office for civil rights ( ocr ) in the u. s. department of education ( ed ) to clarify the requirements of section 504 of the rehabilitation act of 1973, as amended ( section 504 ) in the area of public elementary and secondary education. the primary purpose of these revisions is to incorporate information about the americans with disabilities act amendments act of 2008 ( amendments act ), effective january 1, 2009, which amended the americans with disabilities act of 1990 ( ada ) and included a conforming amendment to the rehabilitation act of 1973 that affects the meaning of disability in section 504. the amendments act broadens the interpretation of disability. the amendments act does not require ed to amend its section 504 regulations. ed \u2019 s section 504 regulations as currently written are valid and ocr is enforcing them consistent with the amendments act. in addition, ocr is currently evaluating the impact of the amendments act on ocr \u2019 s enforcement responsibilities under section 504 and title ii of the ada, including whether any changes in regulations, guidance, or other publications are appropriate. the revisions to this frequently asked questions document do not address the effects, if any, on section 504 and title ii of the amendments to the regulations implementing the individuals with disabilities education act ( idea ) that were published in the federal register at 73 fed. reg. 73006 ( december 1, 2008 ). an important responsibility of the office for civil rights ( ocr ) is to eliminate discrimination on the basis of disability against students with disabilities. ocr receives numerous complaints and inquiries in the area of elementary and secondary education involving section 504 of the rehabilitation act of 1973, as amended, 29 u. s. c. \u00a7 794 ( section 504 ). most of these concern identification of students who are protected by section 504 and the means to obtain an appropriate education for such students. section 504 is a federal law designed to protect the rights of individuals with disabilities in programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance from the u. s. department of education ( ed ). section 504 provides : \" no otherwise qualified individual with a disability in the united states... shall, solely by reason of her or his disability, be excluded from the participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.... \" ocr enforces section", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4484018474992191, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.206602"} {"text": ".. shall, solely by reason of her or his disability, be excluded from the participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.... \" ocr enforces section 504 in programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance from ed. recipients of this federal financial assistance include public school districts, institutions of higher education, and other state and local education agencies. the regulations implementing section 504 in the context of educational institutions appear at 34 c. f. r. part 104. the section 504 regulations require a school district to provide a \" free appropriate public education \" ( fape ) to each qualified student with a disability who is in the school district ' s jurisdiction, regardless of the nature or severity of the disability. under section 504, fape consists of the provision of regular or special education and related aids and services designed to meet the student ' s individual educational needs as adequately as the needs of nondisabled students are met. this resource document clarifies pertinent requirements of section 504. for additional information, please contact the office for civil rights. interrelationship of idea and section 504 1. what is the jurisdiction of the office for civil rights ( ocr ), the office of special education and rehabilitative services ( osers ) and state departments of education / instruction regarding educational services to students with disabilities? ocr, a component of the u. s. department of education, enforces section 504 of the rehabilitation act of 1973, as amended, ( section 504 ) a civil rights statute which prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities. ocr also enforces title ii of the americans with disabilities act of 1990 ( title ii ), which extends this prohibition against discrimination to the full range of state and local government services, programs, and activities ( including public schools ) regardless of whether they receive any federal financial assistance. the americans with disabilities act amendments act of 2008 ( amendments act ), effective january 1, 2009, amended the americans with disabilities act of 1990 ( ada ) and included a conforming amendment to the rehabilitation act of 1973 ( rehabilitation act ) that affects the meaning of disability in section 504. the standards adopted by the ada were designed not to restrict the rights or remedies available under section 504. the title ii regulations applicable to free appropriate public education issues do not provide greater protection than applicable section 504 regulations. this guidance focuses primarily on section 504. section 504 prohibits discrimination on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44662380670932855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.207661"} {"text": "rights or remedies available under section 504. the title ii regulations applicable to free appropriate public education issues do not provide greater protection than applicable section 504 regulations. this guidance focuses primarily on section 504. section 504 prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in programs or activities that receive federal financial assistance from the u. s. department of education. title ii prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability by state and local governments. the office of special education and rehabilitative services ( osers ), also a component of the u. s. department of education, administers the individuals with disabilities education act ( idea ), a statute which funds special education programs. each state educational agency is responsible for administering idea within the state and distributing the funds for special education programs. idea is a grant statute and attaches many specific conditions to the receipt of federal idea funds. section 504 and the ada are antidiscrimination laws and do not provide any type of funding. 2. how does ocr get involved in disability issues within a school district? ocr receives complaints from parents, students or advocates, conducts agency initiated compliance reviews, and provides technical assistance to school districts, parents or advocates. 3. where can a school district, parent, or student get information on section 504 or find out information about ocr \u2019 s interpretation of section 504 and title ii? ocr provides technical assistance to school districts, parents, and students upon request. additionally, regulations and publicly issued policy guidance is available on ocr \u2019 s website, at http : / / www. ed. gov / policy / rights / guid / ocr / disability. html. 4. what services are available for students with disabilities under section 504? section 504 requires recipients to provide to students with disabilities appropriate educational services designed to meet the individual needs of such students to the same extent as the needs of students without disabilities are met. an appropriate education for a student with a disability under the section 504 regulations could consist of education in regular classrooms, education in regular classes with supplementary services, and / or special education and related services. 5. does ocr examine individual placement or other educational decisions for students with disabilities? except in extraordinary circumstances, ocr does not review the result of individual placement or other educational decisions so long as the school district complies with the procedural requirements of section 504 relating to identification and location of students with disabilities, evaluation of such students, and due process. accordingly, ocr generally will not evaluate the content of a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.469223297471767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.210534"} {"text": "educational decisions so long as the school district complies with the procedural requirements of section 504 relating to identification and location of students with disabilities, evaluation of such students, and due process. accordingly, ocr generally will not evaluate the content of a section 504 plan or of an individualized education program ( iep ) ; rather, any disagreement can be resolved through a due process hearing. the hearing would be conducted under section 504 or the idea, whichever is applicable. ocr will examine procedures by which school districts identify and evaluate students with disabilities and the procedural safeguards which those school districts provide students. ocr will also examine incidents in which students with disabilities are allegedly subjected to treatment which is different from the treatment to which similarly situated students without disabilities are subjected. such incidents may involve the unwarranted exclusion of disabled students from educational programs and services. 6. what protections does ocr provide against retaliation? retaliatory acts are prohibited. a recipient is prohibited from intimidating, threatening, coercing, or discriminating against any individual for the purpose of interfering with any right or privilege secured by section 504. 7. does ocr mediate complaints? ocr does not engage in formal mediation. however, ocr may offer to facilitate mediation, referred to as \u201c early complaint resolution, \u201d to resolve a complaint filed under section 504. this approach brings the parties together so that they may discuss possible resolution of the complaint immediately. if both parties are willing to utilize this approach, ocr will work with the parties to facilitate resolution by providing each an understanding of pertinent legal standards and possible remedies. an agreement reached between the parties is not monitored by ocr. 8. what are the appeal rights with ocr? ocr is committed to the high quality resolution of every case. ocr affords the complainant an opportunity to appeal ocr \u2019 s letters of finding ( s ) issued pursuant to section 303 ( a ) of the case processing manual, and to request reconsideration of administrative closures or dismissals. the appeal / reconsideration process provides an opportunity for complainants to bring information to ocr \u2019 s attention that would change ocr \u2019 s decision. the complainant may send an appeal to the deputy assistant secretary for enforcement within 60 days of the date of ocr \u2019 s letter of finding ( s ). the complainant must explain why he or she believes the factual information was incomplete, the analysis of the facts was incorrect, and / or the appropriate legal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48895594920217395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.212853"} {"text": "for enforcement within 60 days of the date of ocr \u2019 s letter of finding ( s ). the complainant must explain why he or she believes the factual information was incomplete, the analysis of the facts was incorrect, and / or the appropriate legal standard was not applied, and how this would change ocr \u2019 s determination in the case. 9. what does noncompliance with section 504 mean? a school district is out of compliance when it is violating any provision of the section 504 statute or regulations. 10. what sanctions can ocr impose on a school district that is out of compliance? ocr initially attempts to bring the school district into voluntary compliance through negotiation of a corrective action agreement. if ocr is unable to achieve voluntary compliance, ocr will initiate enforcement action. ocr may : ( 1 ) initiate administrative proceedings to terminate department of education financial assistance to the recipient ; or ( 2 ) refer the case to the department of justice for judicial proceedings. 11. who has ultimate authority to enforce section 504? in the educational context, ocr has been given administrative authority to enforce section 504. section 504 is a federal statute that may be enforced through the department ' s administrative process or through the federal court system. in addition, a person may at any time file a private lawsuit against a school district. the section 504 regulations do not contain a requirement that a person file a complaint with ocr and exhaust his or her administrative remedies before filing a private lawsuit. students protected under section 504 section 504 covers qualified students with disabilities who attend schools receiving federal financial assistance. to be protected under section 504, a student must be determined to : ( 1 ) have a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities ; or ( 2 ) have a record of such an impairment ; or ( 3 ) be regarded as having such an impairment. section 504 requires that school districts provide a free appropriate public education ( fape ) to qualified students in their jurisdictions who have a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities. 12. what is a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits a major life activity? the determination of whether a student has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits a major life activity must be made on the basis of an individual inquiry. the section 504 regulatory provision at 34 c. f. r. 104. 3 ( j ) ( 2 ) ( i ) defines a physical or mental impairment as any physiological disorder or condition, cosmetic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4793686930625374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.215049"} {"text": "be made on the basis of an individual inquiry. the section 504 regulatory provision at 34 c. f. r. 104. 3 ( j ) ( 2 ) ( i ) defines a physical or mental impairment as any physiological disorder or condition, cosmetic disfigurement, or anatomical loss affecting one or more of the following body systems : neurological ; musculoskeletal ; special sense organs ; respiratory, including speech organs ; cardiovascular ; reproductive ; digestive ; genito - urinary ; hemic and lymphatic ; skin ; and endocrine ; or any mental or psychological disorder, such as mental retardation, organic brain syndrome, emotional or mental illness, and specific learning disabilities. the regulatory provision does not set forth an exhaustive list of specific diseases and conditions that may constitute physical or mental impairments because of the difficulty of ensuring the comprehensiveness of such a list. major life activities, as defined in the section 504 regulations at 34 c. f. r. 104. 3 ( j ) ( 2 ) ( ii ), include functions such as caring for one ' s self, performing manual tasks, walking, seeing, hearing, speaking, breathing, learning, and working. this list is not exhaustive. other functions can be major life activities for purposes of section 504. in the amendments act ( see faq 1 ), congress provided additional examples of general activities that are major life activities, including eating, sleeping, standing, lifting, bending, reading, concentrating, thinking, and communicating. congress also provided a non - exhaustive list of examples of \u201c major bodily functions \u201d that are major life activities, such as the functions of the immune system, normal cell growth, digestive, bowel, bladder, neurological, brain, respiratory, circulatory, endocrine, and reproductive functions. the section 504 regulatory provision, though not as comprehensive as the amendments act, is still valid \u2013 the section 504 regulatory provision \u2019 s list of examples of major life activities is not exclusive, and an activity or function not specifically listed in the section 504 regulatory provision can nonetheless be a major life activity. 13. does the meaning of the phrase \" qualified student with a disability \" differ on the basis of a student ' s educational level, i. e., elementary and secondary versus postsecondary? yes. at the elementary and secondary educational level, a \" qualified student with a disability \" is a student with a disability who is : of an age at which students without disabilities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5541913637672784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.217716"} {"text": ", i. e., elementary and secondary versus postsecondary? yes. at the elementary and secondary educational level, a \" qualified student with a disability \" is a student with a disability who is : of an age at which students without disabilities are provided elementary and secondary educational services ; of an age at which it is mandatory under state law to provide elementary and secondary educational services to students with disabilities ; or a student to whom a state is required to provide a free appropriate public education under the individuals with disabilities education act ( idea ). at the postsecondary educational level, a qualified student with a disability is a student with a disability who meets the academic and technical standards requisite for admission or participation in the institution ' s educational program or activity. 14. does the nature of services to which a student is entitled under section 504 differ by educational level? yes. public elementary and secondary recipients are required to provide a free appropriate public education to qualified students with disabilities. such an education consists of regular or special education and related aids and services designed to meet the individual educational needs of students with disabilities as adequately as the needs of students without disabilities are met. at the postsecondary level, the recipient is required to provide students with appropriate academic adjustments and auxiliary aids and services that are necessary to afford an individual with a disability an equal opportunity to participate in a school ' s program. recipients are not required to make adjustments or provide aids or services that would result in a fundamental alteration of a recipient ' s program or impose an undue burden. 15. once a student is identified as eligible for services under section 504, is that student always entitled to such services? yes, as long as the student remains eligible. the protections of section 504 extend only to individuals who meet the regulatory definition of a person with a disability. if a recipient school district re - evaluates a student in accordance with the section 504 regulatory provision at 34 c. f. r. 104. 35 and determines that the student ' s mental or physical impairment no longer substantially limits his / her ability to learn or any other major life activity, the student is no longer eligible for services under section 504. 16. are current illegal users of drugs excluded from protection under section 504? generally, yes. section 504 excludes from the definition of a student with a disability, and from section 504 protection, any student who is currently engaging in the illegal use of drugs when a covered entity acts on the basis of such use. ( there are exceptions for persons", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4900473178693926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.222597"} {"text": "that the ameliorative effects of mitigating measures must not be considered in determining if a person is an individual with a disability. congress did not define the term \u201c mitigating measures \u201d but rather provided a non - exhaustive list of \u201c mitigating measures. \u201d the mitigating measures are as follows : medication ; medical supplies, equipment or appliances ; low - vision devices ( which do not include ordinary eyeglasses or contact lenses ) ; prosthetics ( including limbs and devices ) ; hearing aids and cochlear implants or other implantable hearing devices ; mobility devices ; oxygen therapy equipment and supplies ; use of assistive technology ; reasonable accommodations or auxiliary aids or services ; and learned behavioral or adaptive neurological modifications. congress created one exception to the mitigating measures analysis. the ameliorative effects of the mitigating measures of ordinary eyeglasses or contact lenses shall be considered in determining if an impairment substantially limits a major life activity. \u201c ordinary eyeglasses or contact lenses \u201d are lenses that are intended to fully correct visual acuity or eliminate refractive error, whereas \u201c low - vision devices \u201d ( listed above ) are devices that magnify, enhance, or otherwise augment a visual image. 22. does ocr endorse a single formula or scale that measures substantial limitation? no. the determination of substantial limitation must be made on a case - by - case basis with respect to each individual student. the section 504 regulatory provision at 34 c. f. r. 104. 35 ( c ) requires that a group of knowledgeable persons draw upon information from a variety of sources in making this determination. 23. are there any impairments which automatically mean that a student has a disability under section 504? no. an impairment in and of itself is not a disability. the impairment must substantially limit one or more major life activities in order to be considered a disability under section 504. 24. can a medical diagnosis suffice as an evaluation for the purpose of providing fape? no. a physician ' s medical diagnosis may be considered among other sources in evaluating a student with an impairment or believed to have an impairment which substantially limits a major life activity. other sources to be considered, along with the medical diagnosis, include aptitude and achievement tests, teacher recommendations, physical condition, social and cultural background, and adaptive behavior. as noted in faq 22, the section 504 regulations require school districts to draw upon a variety of sources in interpreting evaluation data and making placement decisions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5259675692814171, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.261360"} {"text": "s eligibility for services under section 504? the section 504 regulatory provision at 34 c. f. r. 104. 35 ( c ) ( 3 ) requires that school districts ensure that the determination that a student is eligible for special education and / or related aids and services be made by a group of persons, including persons knowledgeable about the meaning of the evaluation data and knowledgeable about the placement options. if a parent disagrees with the determination, he or she may request a due process hearing. 29. once a student is identified as eligible for services under section 504, is there an annual or triennial review requirement? if so, what is the appropriate process to be used? or is it appropriate to keep the same section 504 plan in place indefinitely after a student has been identified? periodic re - evaluation is required. this may be conducted in accordance with the idea regulations, which require re - evaluation at three - year intervals ( unless the parent and public agency agree that re - evaluation is unnecessary ) or more frequently if conditions warrant, or if the child ' s parent or teacher requests a re - evaluation, but not more than once a year ( unless the parent and public agency agree otherwise ). 30. is a section 504 re - evaluation similar to an idea re - evaluation? how often should it be done? yes. section 504 specifies that re - evaluations in accordance with the idea is one means of compliance with section 504. the section 504 regulations require that re - evaluations be conducted periodically. section 504 also requires a school district to conduct a re - evaluation prior to a significant change of placement. ocr considers an exclusion from the educational program of more than 10 school days a significant change of placement. ocr would also consider transferring a student from one type of program to another or terminating or significantly reducing a related service a significant change in placement. 31. what is reasonable justification for referring a student for evaluation for services under section 504? school districts may always use regular education intervention strategies to assist students with difficulties in school. section 504 requires recipient school districts to refer a student for an evaluation for possible special education or related aids and services or modification to regular education if the student, because of disability, needs or is believed to need such services. 32. a student is receiving services that the school district maintains are necessary under section 504 in order to provide the student with an appropriate education. the student ' s parent no longer wants the student to receive those services. if the parent wishes to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46278823140270664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.269613"} {"text": ". 32. a student is receiving services that the school district maintains are necessary under section 504 in order to provide the student with an appropriate education. the student ' s parent no longer wants the student to receive those services. if the parent wishes to withdraw the student from a section 504 plan, what can the school district do to ensure continuation of services? the school district may initiate a section 504 due process hearing to resolve the dispute if the district believes the student needs the services in order to receive an appropriate education. 33. a student has a disability referenced in the idea, but does not require special education services. is such a student eligible for services under section 504? the student may be eligible for services under section 504. the school district must determine whether the student has an impairment which substantially limits his or her ability to learn or another major life activity and, if so, make an individualized determination of the child ' s educational needs for regular or special education or related aids or services. for example, such a student may receive adjustments in the regular classroom. 34. how should a recipient school district view a temporary impairment? a temporary impairment does not constitute a disability for purposes of section 504 unless its severity is such that it results in a substantial limitation of one or more major life activities for an extended period of time. the issue of whether a temporary impairment is substantial enough to be a disability must be resolved on a case - by - case basis, taking into consideration both the duration ( or expected duration ) of the impairment and the extent to which it actually limits a major life activity of the affected individual. in the amendments act ( see faq 1 ), congress clarified that an individual is not \u201c regarded as \u201d an individual with a disability if the impairment is transitory and minor. a transitory impairment is an impairment with an actual or expected duration of 6 months or less. 35. is an impairment that is episodic or in remission a disability under section 504? yes, under certain circumstances. in the amendments act ( see faq 1 ), congress clarified that an impairment that is episodic or in remission is a disability if it would substantially limit a major life activity when active. a student with such an impairment is entitled to a free appropriate public education under section 504. once a student is identified as being eligible for regular or special education and related aids or services, a decision must be made regarding the type of services the student needs. 36. if a student is eligible for services under both the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4718515091777214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.271615"} {"text": "under section 504. once a student is identified as being eligible for regular or special education and related aids or services, a decision must be made regarding the type of services the student needs. 36. if a student is eligible for services under both the idea and section 504, must a school district develop both an individualized education program ( iep ) under the idea and a section 504 plan under section 504? no. if a student is eligible under idea, he or she must have an iep. under the section 504 regulations, one way to meet section 504 requirements for a free appropriate public education is to implement an iep. 37. must a school district develop a section 504 plan for a student who either \" has a record of disability \" or is \" regarded as disabled \"? no. in public elementary and secondary schools, unless a student actually has an impairment that substantially limits a major life activity, the mere fact that a student has a \" record of \" or is \" regarded as \" disabled is insufficient, in itself, to trigger those section 504 protections that require the provision of a free appropriate public education ( fape ). this is consistent with the amendments act ( see faq 1 ), in which congress clarified that an individual who meets the definition of disability solely by virtue of being \u201c regarded as \u201d disabled is not entitled to reasonable accommodations or the reasonable modification of policies, practices or procedures. the phrases \" has a record of disability \" and \" is regarded as disabled \" are meant to reach the situation in which a student either does not currently have or never had a disability, but is treated by others as such. as noted in faq 34, in the amendments act ( see faq 1 ), congress clarified that an individual is not \u201c regarded as \u201d an individual with a disability if the impairment is transitory and minor. a transitory impairment is an impairment with an actual or expected duration of 6 months or less. 38. what is the receiving school district ' s responsibility under section 504 toward a student with a section 504 plan who transfers from another district? if a student with a disability transfers to a district from another school district with a section 504 plan, the receiving district should review the plan and supporting documentation. if a group of persons at the receiving school district, including persons knowledgeable about the meaning of the evaluation data and knowledgeable about the placement options determines that the plan is appropriate, the district is required to implement the plan. if the district determines that the plan is inappropriate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47058071664568346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.275462"} {"text": "persons at the receiving school district, including persons knowledgeable about the meaning of the evaluation data and knowledgeable about the placement options determines that the plan is appropriate, the district is required to implement the plan. if the district determines that the plan is inappropriate, the district is to evaluate the student consistent with the section 504 procedures at 34 c. f. r. 104. 35 and determine which educational program is appropriate for the student. there is no section 504 bar to the receiving school district honoring the previous iep during the interim period. information about idea requirements when a student transfers is available from the office of special education and rehabilitative services at http : / / idea. ed. gov / explore / view / p / % 2croot % 2cdynamic % 2cqacorner % 2c3 % 2c 39. what are the responsibilities of regular education teachers with respect to implementation of section 504 plans? what are the consequences if the district fails to implement the plans? regular education teachers must implement the provisions of section 504 plans when those plans govern the teachers ' treatment of students for whom they are responsible. if the teachers fail to implement the plans, such failure can cause the school district to be in noncompliance with section 504. 40. what is the difference between a regular education intervention plan and a section 504 plan? a regular education intervention plan is appropriate for a student who does not have a disability or is not suspected of having a disability but may be facing challenges in school. school districts vary in how they address performance problems of regular education students. some districts employ teams at individual schools, commonly referred to as \" building teams. \" these teams are designed to provide regular education classroom teachers with instructional support and strategies for helping students in need of assistance. these teams are typically composed of regular and special education teachers who provide ideas to classroom teachers on methods for helping students experiencing academic or behavioral problems. the team usually records its ideas in a written regular education intervention plan. the team meets with an affected student ' s classroom teacher ( s ) and recommends strategies to address the student ' s problems within the regular education environment. the team then follows the responsible teacher ( s ) to determine whether the student ' s performance or behavior has improved. in addition to building teams, districts may utilize other regular education intervention methods, including before - school and after - school programs, tutoring programs, and mentoring programs. public elementary and secondary schools must employ procedural safeguards regarding the identification, evaluation, or educational placement of persons", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48352039174256767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.277100"} {"text": "teams, districts may utilize other regular education intervention methods, including before - school and after - school programs, tutoring programs, and mentoring programs. public elementary and secondary schools must employ procedural safeguards regarding the identification, evaluation, or educational placement of persons who, because of disability, need or are believed to need special instruction or related services. 41. must a recipient school district obtain parental consent prior to conducting an initial evaluation? yes. ocr has interpreted section 504 to require districts to obtain parental permission for initial evaluations. if a district suspects a student needs or is believed to need special instruction or related services and parental consent is withheld, the idea and section 504 provide that districts may use due process hearing procedures to seek to override the parents ' denial of consent for an initial evaluation. 42. if so, in what form is consent required? section 504 is silent on the form of parental consent required. ocr has accepted written consent as compliance. idea as well as many state laws also require written consent prior to initiating an evaluation. 43. what can a recipient school district do if a parent withholds consent for a student to secure services under section 504 after a student is determined eligible for services? section 504 neither prohibits nor requires a school district to initiate a due process hearing to override a parental refusal to consent with respect to the initial provision of special education and related services. nonetheless, school districts should consider that idea no longer permits school districts to initiate a due process hearing to override a parental refusal to consent to the initial provision of services. 44. what procedural safeguards are required under section 504? recipient school districts are required to establish and implement procedural safeguards that include notice, an opportunity for parents to review relevant records, an impartial hearing with opportunity for participation by the student ' s parents or guardian, representation by counsel and a review procedure. 45. what is a recipient school district ' s responsibility under section 504 to provide information to parents and students about its evaluation and placement process? section 504 requires districts to provide notice to parents explaining any evaluation and placement decisions affecting their children and explaining the parents ' right to review educational records and appeal any decision regarding evaluation and placement through an impartial hearing. 46. is there a mediation requirement under section 504? the following terms may be confusing and / or are frequently used incorrectly in the elementary and secondary school context. equal access : equal opportunity of a qualified person with a disability to participate in or benefit from educational aid, benefits, or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5105222722045979, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.278571"} {"text": "under section 504? the following terms may be confusing and / or are frequently used incorrectly in the elementary and secondary school context. equal access : equal opportunity of a qualified person with a disability to participate in or benefit from educational aid, benefits, or services free appropriate public education ( fape ) : a term used in the elementary and secondary school context ; for purposes of section 504, refers to the provision of regular or special education and related aids and services that are designed to meet individual educational needs of students with disabilities as adequately as the needs of students without disabilities are met and is based upon adherence to procedures that satisfy the section 504 requirements pertaining to educational setting, evaluation and placement, and procedural safeguards placement : a term used in the elementary and secondary school context ; refers to regular and / or special educational program in which a student receives educational and / or related services reasonable accommodation : a term used in the employment context to refer to modifications or adjustments employers make to a job application process, the work environment, the manner or circumstances under which the position held or desired is customarily performed, or that enable a covered entity ' s employee with a disability to enjoy equal benefits and privileges of employment ; this term is sometimes used incorrectly to refer to related aids and services in the elementary and secondary school context or to refer to academic adjustments, reasonable modifications, and auxiliary aids and services in the postsecondary school context reasonable modifications : under a regulatory provision implementing title ii of the ada, public entities are required to make reasonable modifications in policies, practices, or procedures when the modifications are necessary to avoid discrimination on the basis of disability, unless the public entity can demonstrate that making the modifications would fundamentally alter the nature of the service, program, or activity related services : a term used in the elementary and secondary school context to refer to developmental, corrective, and other supportive services, including psychological, counseling and medical diagnostic services and transportation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5356982293186271, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.281665"} {"text": "mathematica notebook for this page. all trignometric functions sine, cosine, tangent, secant, cosecant, cotangent can all be simply defined in terms of a single function sine. sine, as associated with trigonometry, began in early civilization as a very important measuring science. when the function concept and calculus and analytic geometry were introduced in about 1700, sine became a function and has little to do with triangles. the sine function appears unexpectedly throughout analysis, because in essence it captures the idea of a wave, a fundamental concept in physics. from robert yates : trigonometry seems to have been developed, with certain traces of indian influence, first by the arabs about 800 as a aid to the solution of astronomical problems. from them the knowledge probably passed to the greeks. johann muller ( c. 1464 ) wrote the first treatise : de triangulis omnimodis ; this was followed closely by others. see also : history of trigonometric functions. sine curve is the curve of the sine function. it is also known as sinusoid. sine is sometimes called circular function because the essential feature of the sine function can be thought of as a point moving around a circle in constant speed, and the value of sine being the height of the point. step by step description : in the formula y = = a * sin [ x / p + s ], a is the amplitude, p the period, and s the phase shift. sine _ plot. gcf all trig functions is defined in terms of sine. if a right triangle is placed in a standard position ( that is : in the cartesian coordinate system such that it lies in the first quadrant, and the right angle vertex lies on the x - axes, and the hypotenuse touches the origin ), and if r denote ( the length of ) the hypotenuse, x the bottom side, y the vertical side, \u03b8 the angle of x and r, then we have the following formulas : | sin [ \u03b8 ] = = y / r | | cos [ \u03b8 ] = = x / r | | tan [ \u03b8 ] = = y / x | see : list of trigonometric identities. sine curve is the development of a obliquely cut right circular cylinder. ( the edge of the cylinder rolled out is a sinusoid ). graphics code.. tracing sinusoid sinusoid fun animation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.544627116891434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.284992"} {"text": "| education info in short the republic has a huge educational potential. - there are 750 preschool institutions, 681 state daytime general education institutions and 19 extra - mural ones ; - over 60 institutions of elementary and intermediate vocational education ; - 8 autonomous state higher education institutions ; - 14 branches of republican and russian higher education institutions ; - 9 branches of non - governmental higher education institutions. training of specialists with elementary vocational education is conducted in 73 professions for 24 branches of economy ; training of specialists with intermediate vocational education is conducted in 77 different fields for 12 key branches of the republic ' s economy. yakutsk state university named after maxim ammosov is one of the largest higher education institutions of siberia ; about 19 thousand students study there in four consolidated groups of specialist fields. yakutsk state university includes 7 institutes, 10 faculties, and 2 branches in the towns of mirny and neryungri. today 135 departments, scientific and research institute of applied mathematics and informatics, 19 scientific and research laboratories, and interuniversity scientific library make the centres of scientific and pedagogical work. the share of lecturers with academic degrees makes 52 percent ; the share of doctors is 10 percent. more than 60 of the university ' s lecturers are the members of the russian academy of sciences, russian federation ' s public academies, and the academy of sciences of the sakha republic ( yakutia ). technical specialists for the key branches of economy - rail, air, and water transport, communication and informatization, extracting and processing industries, power engineering, housing and utilities sector - are trained outside the republic. long - term contractual relations have been established with 300 leading universities of russia and cis. over 4 thousand people study outside the republic in 28 directions and 220 specialist fields.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40866572547821933, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.287013"} {"text": "shades creek, birmingham area fishing in shades creek shades creek is a small to medium size stream that runs through the southwest corner of jefferson county and bibb county, alabama, before finally emptying into the cahaba river. its watershed extends roughly from tannehill flowing northeast through irondale. portions of the watershed have experienced tremendous residential expansion and development in recent years, which has increased stormwater runoff. stormwater drainage from urban areas results in more contaminants and pollutants entering this system, impacting both water quality and quantity. jefferson county has developed a comprehensive plan ( the shades creek watershed plan ) that addresses many of these issues and focuses on road and sewer development in addition to economic and recreational issues. as with many small streams and watersheds, sediment runoff from urban development has impacted shades creek over recent years, which has affected the natural diversity of aquatic resources in this small stream. several federal and state agencies such as the us environmental protection agency, alabama department of environmental management, alabama department of conservation and natural resources, alabama water watch and others have a mission to preserve the biodiversity of the aquatic and wildlife resources within the watershed. in 2003, samford university \u2019 s biology department, designed a program using students to monitor and survey the stream using a variety of sampling and collection techniques. findings indicated that shades creek had or was currently experiencing pollution problems. this conclusion was based upon low diversity, expanded urban construction, sedimentation problems, and channelization of the stream bed. new measures have since been developed by the jefferson county planning and zoning commission to help reduce the unhealthy sediment discharge into this creek and to assist in recovery efforts. although shades creek has experienced habitat problems in certain \u201c high development \u201d areas where it flows through jefferson county, it continues to maintain a population of popular sportfish and non - game species for savvy anglers who enjoy stream fishing. various species of bream and sunfish, largemouth bass, alabama spotted bass, and channel catfish are often found in large pools or along the edge of riffles adjacent to deeper sections of the creek. small beetle spins, rooster tails, popping bugs, artificial crayfish or various artificial flies are the most popular lures used to entice fish to strike. the land on the bottom of the stream and land adjacent to the stream may be privately owned, and permission must be obtained from the landowner prior to crossing or wading these areas. access to shades creek can often be found at road crossings or bridge overpasses along the 54. 6 mile", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3737782259604115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.293323"} {"text": "and land adjacent to the stream may be privately owned, and permission must be obtained from the landowner prior to crossing or wading these areas. access to shades creek can often be found at road crossings or bridge overpasses along the 54. 6 mile length before it joins with the cahaba river at the shelby - bibb county line. this scenic creek runs through six urban areas that include irondale, birmingham, mountain brook, homewood, hoover and bessemer, al. several effort are on - going to restore the biological and recreational integrity of shades creek. near samford, the alabama clean water partnership held a workshop to show a stream restoration. a 33 - acre section of the creek adjacent to homewood high school serves as unique habitat for a rare salamander and is under petition to be listed as a special conservation easement. the black warrior and cahaba land trust have also purchased 47 - acres of property along shades creek near the shannon community and behind wildwood shopping center as a permanent conservation area for preservation purposes. shades creek is a unique stream system that flows through several geographical and urban areas in jefferson county and contains a variety of fish and other aquatic resources. however, due to its location, this small stream flows through some of the fastest growing regions of the state whose population expansion and suburban sprawl threaten to degrade the habitat and ecology of this fragile system. it is up to concerned citizens and conservation groups to protect and monitor residential development and make sure better management practices ( bmp \u2019 s ) are followed to protect this ecosystem from further environmental impacts so that future generations can enjoy the scenic beauty and recreational opportunities along this stream. fishing license information may be found at : licenses. instant licensing is available via internet ( 2 % fee ) or telephone 1 - 888 - 848 - 6887 ( $ 3. 95 fee ). fishing licenses may also be purchased at local bait and tackle stores and county probate offices. youth age 15 and younger fish for free. alabama residents age 65 or older are not required to purchase a fishing license. possession and creel limits for alabama public waters are listed at : creel limits. the us geological survey gives water discharge estimates and gage heights. friends of shade creek is \" a nonprofit organization of local citizens working for the protection of, and responsible development along, beautiful shades creek in alabama. \" regular hikes are hosted on homewood forest preserve. shades creek is cleaned in the fall, and several canoe trips are made during the year. they have monthly meetings on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.406623637352271, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.295169"} {"text": "protection of, and responsible development along, beautiful shades creek in alabama. \" regular hikes are hosted on homewood forest preserve. shades creek is cleaned in the fall, and several canoe trips are made during the year. they have monthly meetings on the second thursday of the month at homewood public library on oxmoor road. additional information about the local area is available at www. birminghamal. org and www. bhamdining. com. the fisheries section ' s district office can answer specific questions about the cahaba river by sending email to jay. haffner @ dcnr. alabama. gov. \" it shall be unlawful to intentionally stock or release any fish, mussel, snail, crayfish or their embryos including bait fish into the public waters of alabama under the jurisdiction of the division of wildlife and freshwater fisheries as provided in rule 220 - 2 -. 42 except those waters from which it came without the written permission of a designated employee of the department of conservation and natural resources authorized by the director of the division of wildlife and freshwater fisheries to issue such permit. the provisions of this rule shall not apply to the incidental release of bait into the water during the normal process of fishing. \" support kids fishing, aquatic habitat improvement and bringing back rare alabama fish - click here prepared by : fisheries section, division of wildlife and freshwater fisheries, alabama department of conservation and natural resources. this site is presented for information only the fisheries section cannot be responsible for the quality of information or services offered through linked sites, disclaimer. to have your site included, send your url, email address, or telephone number to the fisheries web master, firstname. lastname @ example. org. the fisheries section reserves the right to select sites based on relevant and appropriate content of interest to our viewers. if you discover errors in the content or links of this page, please contact doug darr. thank you.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4307665094698201, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.304166"} {"text": "classifying north atlantic tropical cyclone tracks by mass moments jennifer a. nakamura ; upmanu lall ; yochanan kushnir ; suzana j. camargo - classifying north atlantic tropical cyclone tracks by mass moments nakamura, jennifer a. camargo, suzana j. - lamont - doherty earth observatory - permanent url : - book / journal title : - journal of climate - a new method for classifying tropical cyclones or similar features is introduced. the cyclone track is considered as an open spatial curve, with the wind speed or power information along the curve considered to be a mass attribute. the first and second moments of the resulting object are computed and then used to classify the historical tracks using standard clustering algorithms. mass moments allow the whole track shape, length, and location to be incorporated into the clustering methodology. tropical cyclones in the north atlantic basin are clustered with k - means by mass moments, producing an optimum of six clusters with differing genesis locations, track shapes, intensities, life spans, landfalls, seasonal patterns, and trends. even variables that are not directly clustered show distinct separation between clusters. a trend analysis confirms recent conclusions of increasing tropical cyclones in the basin over the past two decades. however, the trends vary across clusters. - atmospheric sciences - item views :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5338094585631563, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.307947"} {"text": "guidelines for effective online discussions guidelines for effective online discussions this resource will help you, as an instructor, consider many factors that contribute to a successful implementation of online discussion in your course. variation and incremental development not every suggestion provided in this resource will fit every situation. you \u2019 ll need to find what works best for your students in the context of your course ; an iterative approach will likely be necessary in order to meet your learning goals. variables like class size and personality, scheduling, and topic might require adjustments. a group with a sense of community established through in - class interaction might seamlessly continue discussions online, while another groups might require more attention. - students know how to use a discussion board ; they ' ll make it work. discussion boards have been around for years and so your students have likely participated in one previously. however, you need to frame their participation in your forum with clear expectations and guidelines. - i don \u2019 t want to dominate the discussion ( and, frankly, i don \u2019 t have time to fully participate ) ; i can just suggest a topic and let the discussion evolve organically. you ' ll need to facilitate the discussion with well - crafted questions and, perhaps, with posts of your own. you also need to monitor the discussion and bring it into the face - to - face classroom. - the discussion board can be an optional supplement to the course in addition to the regular workload. not if you want the students to use it. the discussion board needs to be integrated into the course. you may choose to include discussion participation in the students ' grades. consider replacing some assignments in your syllabus in order to account for time spent in on - line discussion. asynchronous online discussions provide more reflection time and a potentially less stressful opportunity for introverted students to share their thoughts. however, these aspects do not guarantee participation. the following items are topics to consider for making your discussion board a positive learning experience. - try to develop a relationship between discussion board participants before jumping into class discussions. - consider face - to - face encounters or online icebreakers. - off topic discussions about favorite free time activities du jour or \" getting to know you \" posts listing x number of adjectives to describe yourself will start to build a relationship between the students. - consider a separate section for outside discussion ( e. g. where students can post announcements of campus events ). any type of \" water cooler \" social energy can spread to class discussion. clear expectations and examples expectations for post content to receive credit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44827453636426506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.323093"} {"text": ". - consider a separate section for outside discussion ( e. g. where students can post announcements of campus events ). any type of \" water cooler \" social energy can spread to class discussion. clear expectations and examples expectations for post content to receive credit - must be at least x number of sentences - can \u2019 t simply be a question \u2013 must include background and explanation - no \u201c i agree \u201d or \u201c + 1 \u201d posts \u2013 explain why you agree - provide an example of a \" good \" post ( from previous student \u2013 if you have permission from the student \u2013 or one of your own ) expectations for language and style - text speak or traditional grammar? your choice of traditional composition guidelines or acronyms, abbreviations, and smiley faces will depend on your goals and purposes. you set up the guidelines. do you want to provide a forum for an informal exchange of ideas? or do you want to demonstrate to your students that the internet can be a space for academic discourse? - inter - post referencing guide - full quote of post or pertinent section of a post - refer to post number - any abbreviations that you \u2019 ll include : op, ^ ^ ^ ^, etc. expectations for etiquette - establish requirements for respectful and helpful attitudes in interactions - if relating stories about yourself or people you know ( depends on subject matter ), be mindful of protecting the anonymity of others make sure your students know how to access the discussion and know what to do when they have arrived. - walk through the process in class - provide instructions on - line or as a hand out facilitating ( without being the \u201c sage on the stage \u201d ) students often like to see lively participation from the instructor ; students evaluate those instructors as enthusiastic and adept at demonstrating their expertise. however, instructor posts can also stifle discussion. by observation, most instructors answer questions - - with what is perceived as the \" definitive \" answer - - instead of opening up more discussion with socratic questions of their own or proposing parallel topics of inquiry. here are some tips for facilitating discussion without dominating a forum : to encourage critical thinking - craft questions that invite reflection, not a single, factual answer. - in a topic header or introductory question, provide enough information to help your students think through either deep and focused answers or broad and synthesizing answers ( depending on your goals ). encourage them to bring in prior knowledge or outside sources in order to foster more complex thinking / synthesis. to encourage a high number of post - ask opinion questions. encourage your students to explain /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4840736892883004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.324331"} {"text": "and synthesizing answers ( depending on your goals ). encourage them to bring in prior knowledge or outside sources in order to foster more complex thinking / synthesis. to encourage a high number of post - ask opinion questions. encourage your students to explain / support their opinions thoroughly. students that post their thoughts and then solicit the opinions of others will enrich a discussion. - include a goal with each discussion question, e. g. \" generate as many reasons as possible, \" \" generate counter - arguments, \" or \" generate rebuttals. \" ( note : these prompts typically work well for students with high familiarity with the topic, but may overload students without much prior familiarity. ) to encourage participation among students without much prior knowledge of a topic - elaborated questions, i. e. a question followed by a few possible responses to explore - provide a guide of question / comment types : - clarification : ask for verification or additional information. - probing assumptions : ask for explanation or reliability of assumptions. - examples : ask for demonstrations of a poster ' s reasoning process. - viewpoints : ask for and / or present possible alternative viewpoints. - implications : ask for and / or present possible consequences of a poster ' s reasoning process. - encourage students to reply to each other \u2019 s questions instead of expecting you to swoop in with the perfect answer. ( replying may be part of the assignment. ) this technique proves particularly effective for any topics you have already covered in class. - when you do answer a question, remind the student ( s ) of a class discussion, indicate a selection in a text, or point out a website that provides relevant information. ask the student ( s ) to report back. - establish an faq section for questions about participation expectations. - consider establishing a separate section for questions about course admin. continuity of discussion - thoughtful facilitation of the discussion board includes in - class discussion of topics brought up online. - if a discussion stagnates, you may need to plant another question or begin a new thread. stagnation may also occur in situations where students don ' t feel like they know enough to contribute to the discussion. see \" question types \" section, above, for hints in this regard. - if a discussion thread migrates to a new topic, you may wish to start a new discussion thread that \u2019 s more appropriately labeled for it. - nip any friction in the bud. remind them of your courtesy expectations ( perhaps in a separate email or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5061094918426164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.325452"} {"text": "a discussion thread migrates to a new topic, you may wish to start a new discussion thread that \u2019 s more appropriately labeled for it. - nip any friction in the bud. remind them of your courtesy expectations ( perhaps in a separate email or face - to - face ), and continue the discussion. any egregious displays of disrespect may warrant a deleted post. - a fortunate characteristic of asynchronous communication is that you don \u2019 t have to make facilitation decisions immediately. take your time to think about a way to intervene that \u2019 s effective for meeting the learning goals for the activity. but do consider that if a post goes more than 24 hours without a reply, everyone may move on ( through observation, you will be able to judge your discussion board ' s culture in this regard ). - students, too, can facilitate a discussion. just as you might contact a particularly thoughtful and tactful student outside of class to ask him / her to be willing to partner up with a student or group in class, you may ask a few students to help keep discussions flowing by incorporating some of these techniques. ideally, an online discussion will augment time spent in the classroom and vice versa ; this result relies on deft integration on part of the instructor. make efforts to integrate the online portion into the face - to - face classroom so that students do not disregard the discussion board or, conversely, participate solely online with little effort in the classroom. suggestions for course integration : - use the discussion board as a source for in - class lecture / discussion topics. mine the discussion for intriguing topics and for concepts that aren ' t clear. - make participation in online discussion a part of the students ' grade. - consider replacing some assignments in your syllabus in order to account for time spent in on - line discussion. a note on learning and assessment for assessment purposes, number of posts or comments is a typical measure for participation because it is easy to quantify. however, reading and reflection may contribute just as much to student learning in online discussions. those students that focus on posting messages to meet a requirement, rather than reading messages, lose the benefit of shared knowledge building through the online discussion. discussion board psychology some people will say and do things online that they wouldn \u2019 t otherwise do in person. perhaps they \u2019 ll relax and express themselves more openly, or perhaps they \u2019 ll be rude and dismissive. hopefully you \u2019 ll find that the students feel free to express opinions and ask questions they wouldn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48517254479109345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.326716"} {"text": "that they wouldn \u2019 t otherwise do in person. perhaps they \u2019 ll relax and express themselves more openly, or perhaps they \u2019 ll be rude and dismissive. hopefully you \u2019 ll find that the students feel free to express opinions and ask questions they wouldn \u2019 t in class. any excessive and unconstructive negativity should be addressed immediately. if discussing touchy subjects and students feel hesitant to share an opinion or are in any way uncomfortable \u2013 you could recommend to them to sit on a post. type it out and wait ( an hour? a day? ). come back to it, read it again, and see if you want to post, modify, or delete. if you notice that a post receives no replies ( especially if you know it is a quiet student or one that is otherwise sticking his / her neck out a bit ), you may wish to reply yourself after you \u2019 ve given time to other students first. it might be more effective, however, to recruit a student or two to do so ( just as you might ask a particular student to pair up with another in class on group assignments. ) bradley, megan e. et al. \u201c ask and you will receive : how question type influences quantity and quality of online discussions. \u201d british journal of educational technology 39. 5 ( 2008 ) : 888 - 900. web. 7 dec 2008. cheung, wing sum, khe foon hew, and connie siew ling ng. \u201c toward an understanding of why students contribute in asynchronous online discussions. \u201d journal of educational computing research 38. 1 ( 2008 ) : 29 - 50. web. 7 dec 2008. dennen, vanessa paz. \u201c pedagogical lurking : student engagement in non - posting discussion behavior. \u201d computers in human behavior 24. 4 ( 2008 ) : 1624 - 1633. web. 7 dec 2008. golanics, j. d., and e. m. nussbaum. \u201c enhancing online collaborative argumentation through question elaboration and goal instructions. \u201d journal of computer assisted learning 24. 3 ( 2008 ) : 167 - 180. web. 7 dec 2008. hew, khe foon, and wing sum cheung. \u201c attracting student participation in asynchronous online discussions : a case study of peer facilitation. \u201d computers & education 51. 3 ( 2008 ) : 1111 - 1124. web. 7 dec 2008. lineweaver, t. t. \" onlinediscussion assignments improve", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4501474743167706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.328198"} {"text": "\u2018 geosystem \u2019 is a new term that identifies a very old and well established construction technique which involves using and / or interfacing with the ground ( see history ). the methodology and engineering input are what make a geo - component a fully working geosystem. more specifically, \u2018 geosystems \u2019 are defined as composite systems installed and working in the ground which contain three fundamental elements : design input and technical expertise are the engineering factors required to ensure a geosystem is appropriately selected and specified to perform successfully on site : selecting the most suitable geosystem for the site the selection of a geosystem needs to be based on the site conditions and on the requirements and aspirations of the client. the selection of geosystems page deals in more detail with the suitability of geosystems for generic types of site. here are some examples of criteria to take into account when deciding upon the best geosystem for the site : designing a geosystem geo - component suppliers and manufacturers generally offer technical advice and guidance on their products ; some suppliers might even offer in - house design services often covered by some level of indemnity. whether or not such technical / design services would be suitable and sufficient will depend on the size of the site and contractual conditions within the supply chain ( client \u2013 contractor - supplier \u2013 designer ), specifically in relation to liability and requirements for warranties / guarantees. the help of an independent design professional might be sought to determine if the solutions proposed by manufacturers or suppliers are suitable, in accordance both with relevant design codes or guidance and with the environmental requirements and aspirations of the specific project. some examples of how using geosystems can result in carbon savings are available from the case studies section of this module. resource efficiency is realised through opportunities for using local arisings, including soil excavated from the site, but also through whole life considerations : in general, geosystems lend themselves for deconstruction and recycling at the end of their service life. soil, as used within civil engineering for geosystems, is any type of unconsolidated fill material, either granular or cohesive. excavated arisings, imported recycled or natural aggregates, weathered rock, soft clay sediments are all types of soil fill that can be used in geosystems. engineered geo - components are manufactured elements such as meshes, strips, textiles, boxes, tubes etc. made of steel, polymers, natural fibres, concrete, timber etc. they are used to provide a specific function within the geosystem,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5360733600413614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.332894"} {"text": "august 2, 1902 - october 25, 1997 picture taken in 1970 at the time of her election as the first woman president of the american association for the advancement of science. mina rees was born on august 2, 1902, in cleveland, ohio, but she grew up and attended public school in new york city, where she was the valedictorian of her class at hunter college high school. she then when on to major in mathematics at hunter college, graduating summa cum laude in 1923, while also holding a part - time teaching job for the mathematics department. after graduation rees taught at the hunter college high school while working on a master ' s degree at columbia university. in an interview for mathematical people, she says that she heard, unofficially, that \" the columbia mathematics department was really not interested in having women candidates for ph. d ' s. \" so she settled for her m. a. degree in 1925 and accepted a position as an instructor of mathematics at hunter college. she still planned to get her ph. d., however, so with the help of a sabbatical from hunter, she went to the university of chicago in 1929 to study with leonard dickson. she received her ph. d. in 1931 with a thesis on \" division algebras associated with an equation whose group has four generators, \" published in american journal of mathematics, vol 54 ( jan. 1932 ), 51 - 65 [ abstract ]. ress returned to the faculty at hunter college as an assistant professor and was promoted to associate professor in 1940. during world war ii she took a leave of absence from hunter to work as a technical aide and executive assistant with the applied mathematics panel in the office of scientific research and development. this panel assisted the war effort by bringing together mathematicians from many disciplines to work on problems posed by the military branches. after the war the navy invited rees to become head of the mathematics branch of the office of naval research to support scientific and mathematical research. during 1952 - 1953 she served as the deputy science directory for the onr. in 1953, the council of the american mathematical society adopted a resolution which said : under her guidance, basic research in general, and especially in mathematics, received the most intelligent and wholehearted support. no greater wisdom and foresight could have been displayed and the whole postwar development of mathematical research in the united states owes an immeasurable debt to the pioneer work of the office of naval research and to the alert, vigorous and farsighted policy conducted by miss rees. in 1953 rees returned to hunter college to become", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4453025245742605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.337430"} {"text": "postwar development of mathematical research in the united states owes an immeasurable debt to the pioneer work of the office of naval research and to the alert, vigorous and farsighted policy conducted by miss rees. in 1953 rees returned to hunter college to become dean of the faculty, a position she held until 1961. at that time she was appointed professor and the first dean of graduate studies in the newly established city university of new york. she went on to become provost of the graduate division for 1968 - 1969 and president of the graduate school and university center from 1969 until her retirement in 1972. it was also during this period that she served as the first woman president of the american association for the advancement of science. in 1962 rees received the first award for distinguished service to mathematics from the mathematical association of america. this award was made \" for outstanding service to mathematics, other than mathematical research \" and for \" contributions [ that ] influence significantly the field of mathematics or mathematical education on a national scale. \" in 1983 she was awarded the national academy of sciences public welfare medal \" in recognition of distinguished contributions in the application of science to the public welfare. \" in addition, she had been awarded the kings medal for service in the cause of freedom ( britain ) and the president ' s certificate of merit ( usa ) for her important contributions during world war ii.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41716960758523947, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.338065"} {"text": "this house has been witness of the lives from several people that occupied it, with the years they are part of the walls that we want to share with our guests as another testimony of the exciting history of this city. the first record in the late eighteenth century the house was owned by a french citizen and merchant named jean d ' anglade, married with rosa guerra. there are numerous references in the archives that shows the richness of this family. they owned several houses in the city in addition to the hacienda san jose de cospique. apparently engaged in buying and selling properties we found his name on various documents that show a feverish commercial activity but also slave trade and smuggling. the consul ' s house in january 1824 reached cartagena the british consul mr. edward watts with the purpose of promoting trade relations between uk and this port, after the weakness of the spanish administration. he settled down in two houses on cochera del gobernador street turning to candilejo street. the consul supports the independence process led by bolivar, who visited him during his last stay in the city, offering a miniaturist portrait painted by the italian artist meucci as a gift. this portrait was used in 1831 as ornament during the funeral that the city made in honor of bolivar\u00b4s memory. consul watts was an outstanding member of the city ' s aristocracy, proof of it are the numerous references made by english chroniclers and officers in their travel diaries of the years 1820 to 1830 in which they emphasize the friendly and hospitable attitude of mr. watts. he was forced to leave the city in 1833 as it was accused to intervene in the internal affairs of colombia. when he leaved the country his son george burghalt watts assumed as vice consul and took over the house. he married in 1838 with juliana de porras. the next generation in the census of 1851 from the cathedral quarter on page 13 we can read : \" family of george b watts that includes among its children a boy named tomas, son, single, age 6, free \". thomas b. watts and porras was born in cartagena in 1845 and according to a deed of 1883 stored in the historical records of the city bought \" for himself and his family two tall houses adjacent to the accessory one side ruined stone tile wood... located on cochera del gobernador street... from his mother by an amount of six thousand pesos. \" the scenes described in garcia marquez book \" love in the time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3973452455661618, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.343063"} {"text": "a fact sheet on the magna carta for philippine internet freedom. the magna carta for philippine internet freedom ( mcpif ) is the first legislation drafted through online crowdsourcing. spurred by the realization that representative democracy cannot always address that needs of the community, the drafters of the mcpif came together to craft legislation for the internet that would reflect the experience and aspirations of filipino netizens. all about mcpif the mcpif has four key principles : 1. rights. civil and political rights enshrined in the constitution should be recognized and promoted in cyberspace. 2. governance. information and communications technology should be harnessed to improve governance and empower citizens. 3. development. information and communications technology is a powerful driver of the national economy. 4. security. the country should prepare for the security challenges of the future without violating constitutional rights of citizens. i. the mcpif strives to preserve, promote, and protect civil and political rights. \u201c your rights offline are your rights online. \u201d this, in a nutshell, is the underlying principle behind the magna carta for internet freedom. on freedom of expression. the mcpif seeks to promote and protect in cyberspace the civil and political rights of every citizen enshrined in the constitution. under the mcpif, every netizen \u2019 s freedom of speech and expression over the internet is protected. thus, netizens are empowered to : 1. use the internet to petition the government for redress of grievances ; 2. publish material on or upload information on the internet ; 3. view any kind of content on the internet without censorship or restriction. the mcpif on libel. there is no internet libel if there is no malice or intent to injure. internet libel must explicitly and positively identify the person who is the subject of the expression. under the mcpif, there is no internet libel in the following instances : 1. protest against the government and public officials. 2. criticism of politicians and candidates. 3. criticisms of ngos, associations, religious groups. 4. criticism of companies for bad service is not libel. 5. guerilla marketing is not libel. 6. criticism via dm or pm though later made public by someone else is not libel. for more details, please see section 8 on the right to freedom of speech and expression on the internet, related to section 33 on internet libel, hate speech, child pornography, and other expression inimical to public interest. on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5063073051373254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.353054"} {"text": "is not libel. for more details, please see section 8 on the right to freedom of speech and expression on the internet, related to section 33 on internet libel, hate speech, child pornography, and other expression inimical to public interest. on the right to create. 1. copyright protection of any content published over the internet. under mcpif, codes, computer programs, and software applications now also enjoy copyright protection. 2. authors can specify that their content be governed by a copyleft or or a free license. 3. non - attribution or plagiarism of content, regardless of license elected by author, constitutes an infringement of intellectual property rights. on the right to innovate. 1. the right to access or develop new information and communications technologies shall not be denied without due process of law. 2. an inventor / developer of a new ict technology shall not be penalized in case other users misuse or abuse the technologies he has developed. on the right to privacy. 1. no one can access your private information without your knowledge. 2. service providers, telcos, and other companies cannot submit your private information without your knowledge and without a court order, issued after due notice and hearing. 3. no unilateral takedown provision. 4. unauthorized disclosure of any private data transmitted through the internet or public networks is penalized. ii. the mcpif seeks to improve governance, promotes the development of ict, and prepares the country for the security challenges of the future. a. the mcpif will facilitate access to information by citizens. the department of information and communications technology and the official gazette may establish a website for government public information. this will promote citizen engagement and transparency in governance. see the uk \u2019 s data. gov. uk. b. the mcpif will encourage development of information and communications technology. 1. it mandates the dict and neda to draft a program for investment opportunities in ict technology and infrastructure. 2. those who invest in information and communications technology shall enjoy tax incentives. c. the mcpif will promote national security. 1. the mcpif mandates the country \u2019 s preparedness for cyberdefense and cybersecurity. 2. the police and the military \u2019 s capability to detect, prevent, and respond to cyberterrorism, especially on ph gov and private sector critical infrastructure, is strengthened. 3. cyberterrorist attacks on critical infrastructure shall be subject to a penalty one degree higher because of the extent of damage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5065399664732898, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.354332"} {"text": "detect, prevent, and respond to cyberterrorism, especially on ph gov and private sector critical infrastructure, is strengthened. 3. cyberterrorist attacks on critical infrastructure shall be subject to a penalty one degree higher because of the extent of damage it may inflict. d. the mcpif will protect citizens against cybercrimes. 1. the mcpif provides penalties for offenses such as network sabotage, hacking, cracking, phishing, piracy, cybersquatting, fraud, hate speech. 2. the mcpif also provides penalties for prostitution and child prostitution, trafficking in persons, child pornography, child abuse committed via the internet and ict devices. ph needs mcpif : why? 1. ict and the internet are part of our daily lives. philippine critical infrastructure is controlled, maintained, and accessed using ict and internet networks and these must be protected. an estimated 30 million filipinos are internet users, with over 90 % of the population mobile phone subscribers. the country \u2019 s critical infrastructure \u2014 government, utilities, communications, banking and finance, mass media, among others \u2014 have facilities that are controlled, maintained, and accessed using ict and internet networks. the rise of cyber attacks against critical infrastructure highlights the need to secure our critical infrastructure from similar attacks. with the mcpif, cyber security becomes an integral part of the country \u2019 s defense program. 2. government must harness ict and internet technologies to engage citizens effectively and provide services efficiently. best examples of the power of ict and the internet are times of national emergencies. this also works the other way : government is informed of security threats even before these are reported via official government channels. experience shows that ict and the internet translates to better governance and more empowered citizens. through the mcpif, we will have a systematic and more programmed development of ict and the internet in all levels of government. 3. ict and the internet are drivers for philippine economic growth. a 2009 world bank study says that for every ten percentage point increase in high - speed internet connections, there is an increase in economic growth of 1. 3 percentage points. a 2012 report by the department of science and technology \u2013 information and communications technology office says that bpo and ito industries ( aka knowledge worker industries ) \u2014 all dependent on fast and reliable ict \u2014 contributed usd 11b in export revenues, or an estimated 5. 4 % of the ph gdp in 2011. national statistics coordinating board analysts determined that growth of ict - and internet - dependent knowledge worker industries promoted salary scales \u2014 ranging from php 10, 000", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5162999450765475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.355423"} {"text": "contributed usd 11b in export revenues, or an estimated 5. 4 % of the ph gdp in 2011. national statistics coordinating board analysts determined that growth of ict - and internet - dependent knowledge worker industries promoted salary scales \u2014 ranging from php 10, 000 to php 100, 000 for knowledge workers in 2006. mcpif vs. ra 10175 1. the mcpif ensures that the right to freedom of expression is protected in cyberspace ; ra 10175 does not. ra 10175 constrains speech and expression on the internet. the mcpif upholds freedom of expression by defining the exceptions to libel in step with existing philippine jurisprudence. the dangerous \u201c takedown \u201d clause of ra 10175, where the government may have a website or network blocked or restricted without due process of law, does not exist in the mcpif. instead, the mcpif provides for due process of law and specifically prohibits censorship of content without a court order. 2. the mcpif ensures the right to privacy and protects against illegal search and seizure in cyberspace. ra 10175 violates those rights. ra 10175 allows the warrantless real - time collection of traffic data. the mcpif ensures due process by providing strict guidelines for any collection of any data, including the securing of warrants, obligating notification, and limiting seizure to data and excluding physical property. 3. the mcpif ensures that no person accused of a cybercrime will be subject to double jeopardy. ra 10175 allows double jeopardy. ra 10175 allows prosecution of offenses committed against its provisions and offenses committed against the revised penal code and special laws ; never mind that the offenses are from a single act. section 40 of the mcpif protects against double jeopardy. 4. ra 10175 treats the use of ict or the internet as an aggravating circumstance. the mcpif does not. just because the offender used the internet, ra10175 penalizes him one degree higher. under the mcpif, the fair penalty is imposed. 5. the mcpif provides a framework for filipinos to thrive using the internet ; ra 10175 focuses on crimes without promoting constitutionally - guaranteed rights and ignoring the need for filipino ict development. official pdf on scribd :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49046074040107773, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.356256"} {"text": "we set out to make our own decorative paper, using only primary colors and textures. we \u2019 ll use these papers ( we ended up with about 15 sheets ) in a future collage activity. materials : paper ( i used drawing paper ; it curled a bit while drying, but since this will be cut and glued, i think it \u2019 s okay, and plus, it \u2019 s what i had on hand ) ; tempera paint in red, blue, and yellow ; paintbrushes ( one for each color ) ; small container for the paint ; various items to create texture i gathered both large and small bubble wrap ( the small is the inside of that mailing envelope ), some plastic rings from six - packs of soda, a small comb, and small cardboard tubes. be creative! first, cover the paper with paint. we \u2019 re using one color per paper, no mixing. we want our primaries to stay primaries! be generous with the paint, and not too slow. there needs to be enough paint so that you can make an impression in it, and it can \u2019 t dry before you get to that step. but be careful not to overload the paper with paint \u2013 this will depend on how heavy your paper is. the toddler in the corner has a couple of colors of paint and a sheet of paper, so she could join in the painting. once the paint is on, have some fun making texture. here, n is using a comb. below is the effect i created by stamping into the paint with the end of the cardboard tube. below, the boys are using bubble wrap. it works a little better if you allow the bubble wrap to stay on the paper until the paper is just about dry. see that mailing envelope up above? below is the effect v created with it. v also used the six - pack rings to create texture. he lined three of them one below the other and then we placed another piece of paper over the rings so we could press down on them without getting fingerprints all over the paper. ( helpful! if you don \u2019 t like your effect the first time, just smooth on more paint and try again! which is what we did with the six - pack rings. ) when we peeled off the top paper and removed the rings, this is what we saw. n left one of his with the brushstrokes as the texture, and we learned that it \u2019 s hard to see the texture in the yellow. but all in all we have a good supply of papers in primary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4953765023456622, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.358744"} {"text": "an animal nutritionist is responsible for creating and balancing rations to ensure that dietary needs are met for the animals under their supervision. duties an animal nutritionist must take into consideration the varied nutritional needs of different species as they formulate balanced rations. nutritional and caloric requirements may vary greatly based on the animal \u2019 s condition and level of activity ( such as performance, reproduction, lactation, or overcoming nutritional deficiencies in cases of prior neglect ). animal nutritionists use an assessment of fatness or thinness, known as body condition scoring, to determine what adjustments should be made to an animal \u2019 s diet. the condition scores generally range from 1 ( extremely thin with no fat reserves ) to 9 ( extremely obese ) in cattle and horses ; the ideal score for these species is a 5. cattle, swine, sheep, dogs, and cats are evaluated on a scale from 1 ( extremely thin ) to 5 ( extremely obese ) ; the ideal score for these species is a 3. generally a nutritionist will palpate the vertebrae, breastbone and ribs to determine the thickness of fat cover in these areas, as well as make a visual assessment of the animal \u2019 s musculature, when assigning a body condition score. nutritionists may also be involved in research or teaching activities. they may work in conjunction with veterinarians and veterinary technicians, zoo keepers, wildlife rehabilitators, broodmare managers, and other animal professionals. career options animal nutritionists can specialize by working with a specific group of animals such as companion breeds, livestock, or exotics / wildlife. some nutritionists specialize their focus even further, working specifically with only one species such as horses, dairy cattle, dogs, or cats. animal nutritionists can work in a variety of environments such as farms, corporate research and development facilities, pharmaceutical or nutraceutical companies, pet or livestock feed companies, federal government offices, laboratories, zoos, and wildlife rehabilitation facilities. while many animal nutritionists are traditionally employed, some choose to determine their own schedule and seek freelance consulting work. education & training animal nutritionists must take college courses in areas such as biology, chemistry, animal husbandry, animal nutrition, anatomy and physiology, mathematics, animal science, animal behavior, forage and food production, and ration formulation. during the course of their education, animal nutritionists are taught both computerized methods of creating and balancing rations as well as how to accomplish the same results by hand. a bachelor of science degree is usually required for entry level positions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4568125550028852, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.364369"} {"text": "and ration formulation. during the course of their education, animal nutritionists are taught both computerized methods of creating and balancing rations as well as how to accomplish the same results by hand. a bachelor of science degree is usually required for entry level positions in the field of animal nutrition. many college programs offer undergraduate degrees in the field of animal nutrition, but nutritionists may hold degrees in a variety of areas ranging from animal science to biology to biochemistry. masters and ph. d. degrees are generally required for research and teaching positions, especially those at the collegiate level. those working as college professors are usually required to conduct and publish research as they seek to obtain tenure in their department. some corporate employers may require completion of intensive internships or apprenticeships in the field for the potential employee to gain practical experience. some veterinarians attain board certification in the specialty of nutrition through the american college of veterinary nutrition ( acvn ). this intensive program requires a two year residency after the completion of the basic veterinary degree and year of general residency. this residency is conducted under the supervision of a board certified veterinary nutritionist. some veterinary technicians attain certification in nutrition through the academy of veterinary nutrition technicians ( avnt ). to be certified, a licensed tech must have 3 years of work experience in the field, 40 hours of continuing education credits directly related to the study of nutrition, and detailed documentation showing advanced clinical or research experience. salary animal nutritionists generally earn a solid salary, though this can vary widely based on years of experience, level of education, and the specific nature of their work. the bureau of labor and statistics cites an average annual wage for all food scientists of $ 60, 180 in 2011. the bls research data indicate that those specifically employed by the animal food manufacturing industry averaged a salary of $ 70, 060 in 2011. indeed. com cites a similar average salary of $ 55, 000 for animal nutritionists in 2011. the site lists an average salary for animal nutrition sales representatives of about $ 75, 000. another popular site, simplyhired. com, cites an average salary of $ 61, 000 for animal nutritionists in 2011. job outlook animal nutritionist careers are expected to grow more quickly than average according to the bureau of labor and statistics. the rate of growth is expected to be a healthy 16 % from 2008 to 2018. while competition for college faculty positions will continue to be especially keen, there should be ample opportunities for animal nutritionist positions in research, manufacturing, and sales.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4192888849080333, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.365498"} {"text": "zoology glossary index : a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z restriction of habitat distribution in response to increase in number of competing species. increase in average breadth of habitat distribution of species in depauperate biotas, especially on islands, compared with species in more diverse biotas. an area of distinct habitat type. preference for certain habitats. place where an animal or plant normally lives, often characterized by a dominant plant form or physical characteristic ( that is, the stream habitat, the forest habitat ). \" a conservation and rehabilitation practice in which birds released into the wild are prvisioned with food while they gradually become independent. \" ( source : sibley ) \" hind toe. \" ( source : sibley ) animal that has just emerged from an egg. heat sensitive pit organ that helps certain snakes locate their warm - blooded prey. in boas and pythons, these border the mouth ( labial pits ) ; in pitvipers, they are between the nostri, the eye, and the moutn ( loreal pits ). having a stem that remains soft and succulent ; not woody. an organism that consumes living plants or their parts. a type of animal in which each individual possesses both male and female reproductive organs. \" arrangement of the toes in which the inner front toe is turned backward such that two toes point forward and two backward. \" ( source : sibley ) the variety of qualities found in an environment ( habitat patches ) or a population ( genotypic variation ). an organism that utilizes organic materials as a source of energy and nutrients. state of winter dormancy associated with lowered body temperature and metabolism. the structure and arrangement of the tissues of organisms ; the study of these. \" relating to the boigeographic region that includes the northern parts of the old and new worlds, and that comprises the nearctic and palearctic regions. \" ( source : sibley ) a single individual organism that is selected to represent the standard for a particular taxon and which serves as the standard for the original name and description of the species. \" the area that an animal uses in the course of its daily activities. not necessarily defended. \" ( source : sibley ) the process by which an organism maintains constant internal conditions in the face of a varying external environment. ability to maintain constant body temperature", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5640427422269084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.368601"} {"text": "the area that an animal uses in the course of its daily activities. not necessarily defended. \" ( source : sibley ) the process by which an organism maintains constant internal conditions in the face of a varying external environment. ability to maintain constant body temperature in the face of fluctuating environmental temperature ; warm - blooded. a similarity in traits that reflects descent from a common ancestor and which by inference was also present in that common ancestor. a shared character that is due to common hereditary. \" bird whose nest receives eggs laid by brood parasites. the hosts then provide parental care to the unrelated young that hatch from the parasitic egg, often to the detriment of their own young. \" ( source : sibley ) fine particles of organic detritis in soil. \" a collective term for the bones of the tongue and associated connective tissues, found in the upper throat. \" ( source : sibley ) the innermost layer of a snail ' s shell, closest to the snail ' s body. a diploid organism is hemizygous for a particular gene when only one allele for the gene is present. habitat destruction is the process by which natural habitat is damaged or destroyed to such an extent that it no longer is capable of supporting the species and ecological communities that naturally occur there.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5948729694154253, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.369161"} {"text": "endometriosis, a common cause of female infertility, causes the tissue that normally lines the inside of the uterus to spread to the outside. the invading tissue from the endometrium may also attach itself and grow on organs or structures within the woman \u2019 s pelvis \u2013 including the ovaries. this disease is usually not dangerous, but sometimes causes abdominal discomfort or severe pain. it spreads progressively and should be treated as soon as possible. endometriosis is found in 35 percent of women with no other diagnosed infertility problem, according to the american society for reproductive medicine ( asrm ). experts do not know why some women develop endometriosis, and it is not completely understood why it is harder for women with endometriosis to conceive. however, many women with endometriosis do become pregnant after medical treatment. prevalence of endometriosis in the general population is unknown because many women can have the disease without experiencing symptoms. studies estimate that approximately 5 percent of all women undergoing surgery for any gynecologic condition have endometriosis. in women undergoing surgery for pelvic pain, 12 to 32 percent have lesions, and in women having surgery for infertility, 21 to 48 percent have endometriosis. many women with endometriosis have no symptoms, but those who do commonly experience pelvic pain, which becomes more severe during menstrual periods. endometriosis is also characterized by abnormal menstrual bleeding and pain during or after sexual intercourse. infertility is considered a potential symptom of endometriosis, and in some cases the disease is not discovered until a woman is examined and tested for infertility. while having endometriosis does not mean that a woman will always have difficulty conceiving and having children, it may be harder to become pregnant. to confirm an endometriosis diagnosis, a woman will first have a medical history review and pelvic exam, and then undergoes a laparoscopy \u2013 a simple outpatient surgery. at the time of laparoscopy, the surgeon will usually be able to resect or destroy the endometriosis using laparoscopic scissors, cautery ( electrical energy that burns the lesions ) or a laser. even if the endometriosis does not cause scarring that blocks the fallopian tubes, removing the endometriosis seems to improve pregnancy rates, possibly by improving the pelvic environment so that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4402655382260686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.378862"} {"text": "asl university american sign language : \" doctor \" note : you will see the sign \" doctor \" done a number of ways. do it however your local ( qualified ) instructor or local deaf friends do it. doctor ( recommended version ) tap the fingertips of the dominant \" bent hand \" twice on the upturned wrist of the base hand. discussion : where did this sign come from? the \" bent hand \" evolved from an earlier version that used an \" m \" handshape. why an \" m \" handshape? the \" m \" comes from back in the \" old days \" when doctors were commonly known as \" medics. \" over time, the bent hand replaced the \" m \" since the bent hand is easier to produce than an \" m \" handshape. quite a few people ( books, instructors, teachers etc. ) do this sign with a \" d \" handshape. it is not worth arguing about. really. i ' m suggesting you know both versions and do it the way your local teacher does it or the way your local deaf friends do it. doctor ( \" d \" version ) in this version of doctor, the right \" d \" hand taps near where a doctor or nurse would take a person ' s pulse. the non - dominant hand ( the left hand if you are right handed ) can be either relaxed ( curled up a bit ) or flat. a student writes : ihi dr. v, i noticed in the sketch of this sign, the left hand is curled, almost closed. yet in the variation of the ' doctor ' ' medic ' ' nurse ' pictures, the left hand is open. does it make a difference if the left hand is open or closed? has the sign evolved to the open hand? please advise. thanks, cathy it is either. really. the \" base hand \" handshape is immaterial in that sign. most deaf people if we aren ' t thinking about it will do it with a relaxed hand ( somewhat curled ). if you ask us to \" show you \" the sign... we will get all \" proper \" and tend to do it with a palm - up flat hand. but when just hanging out amongst ourselves we do it with a relaxed base hand because it takes less effort. doctor of philosophy ( phd ) / doctor of education ( edd ) do not use the sign for \" medical doctor \" to refer to your college professors unless they are indeed an \" md. \" there is a difference between the sign for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4516669113297376, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.383682"} {"text": "johannesburg \u2014 in an ideal society, every child would have an equal shot at achieving their human potential, regardless of their race, gender, family background or where they were born. the reality in south africa, one of the most unequal societies in the world, is that a white boy born to a two - parent household in suburban johannesburg has a much greater chance of succeeding in life than a black girl born to a single mother in rural kwa - zulu natal. the world bank \u2019 s six - monthly economic update for south africa, released on 24 july, features findings from a study that compared the inequality of opportunities for south african children with their peers in other middle - income countries and found that south africa is lagging behind on a number of key indicators. the report uses the human opportunity index ( hoi ), which is the coverage rate of a particular basic service adjusted according to how equitably the service is distributed among different population groups, to compare opportunities among children. the authors found that while school attendance for children under 15 and access to telecommunications were nearly universal, provision of water, sanitation, health insurance and completion of primary school on time varied considerably depending on a child \u2019 s circumstances. speaking at the launch of the report, ambar narayan, a lead economist with the world bank and co - author of the report, explained that location \u2013 whether a child lives in a township, urban or rural area \u2013 emerged as the most important factor, particularly for opportunities relating to infrastructure. education of the household head was the second most important factor, while gender only appeared to matter in relation to finishing primary school on time. race alone was not a major factor but narayan pointed out that socioeconomic circumstances often correlated with race. the study found that children \u2019 s access to safe water and improved sanitation were lower and much more influenced by circumstances in south africa \u2026 read more at : all africa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43739403626500073, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.385862"} {"text": "in 1893 a group of indigenous aymara bolivian men traveled to the united states so that they could be put on display at the 1893 chicago world \u2019 s fair columbian exposition, which celebrated the 400th anniversary of columbus \u2019 s arrival in the americas. while researching their story, nancy egan, a doctoral student in latin american history at the university of california, san diego, delved into the history of indigenous people brought to the united states and europe and put on display in what she calls \u201c human zoos. \u201d buffalo bill standing with one of the big draws for his traveling show : sitting bull, circa 1890. ictmn : indigenous people from all over the world were brought to the united states and europe and displayed at fairs and circuses during the 1800s and 1900s. why were these displays so popular? egan : most historians who study these exhibitions agree they were a way of reinforcing or illustrating the racist notions of white supremacy that seemed to be built into the logic of empire and colonialism. most nations took great care to try and mold the people they put on display into images that justified their own colonial power. in some cases this meant trying to create \u201c savages. \u201d in other cases, they tried to use these displays of human beings to illustrate how the colonial presence was \u201c civilizing \u201d people. these exhibits also played into other forms of popular entertainment. they were a mix of imperial ambition and circus. you studied a group of indigenous aymara bolivians who were brought to new york destined for the chicago fair, but got stranded in new york. what happened? these men were brought to the u. s. to be displayed at the chicago world \u2019 s fair in 1893, but they never made it to chicago. they attempted to make a living putting on their own musical shows in new york and philadelphia, but everywhere they went they were basically told that they weren \u2019 t exotic enough. after an unsuccessful tour with a circus through philadelphia, the group was abandoned by their managers and jose santos mamani, the member of the group dubbed the \u201c giant \u201d by the press, died shortly after they walked back to new york city. the rest of the group eventually found work in fairs and on coney island, but could only find work making feather headdresses and performing supposed north american native american dances for a new york audience. they struggled to make it back to bolivia, and i \u2019 ve only been able to trace them as far as panama on their return journey. how was what mamani and his companions went through similar to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4533896397242913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.392366"} {"text": "american native american dances for a new york audience. they struggled to make it back to bolivia, and i \u2019 ve only been able to trace them as far as panama on their return journey. how was what mamani and his companions went through similar to the experience of other \u201c imported \u201d indigenous people who came to the united states? their story definitely sounds exceptional, but what \u2019 s really shocking about the history of these \u201c human zoos \u201d is that it isn \u2019 t. one study i read estimated that more than 25, 000 indigenous people were brought to fairs around the world between 1880 and 1930. these people struggled under harsh and changing conditions. many of them had to change their hair, their clothes, their entire appearance to fit the expectations of the organizers and the audiences they were supposed to perform for. some people were the targets of racist violence while they were on display, while others experienced more subtle forms of violence and were used as subjects of scientific study on racial differences during the exhibition. and, like mamani, many people died during these exhibitions. american indians from the united states were often exhibited alongside indigenous people from other continents. was the logic behind seminoles in a staged \u201c domestic setting \u201d at the new york world \u2019 s fair in 1939. exhibiting indigenous peoples from the united states similar to the logic behind exhibiting indigenous peoples from other countries? the u. s. government resisted allowing official exhibits of north american indigenous peoples until after wounded knee in 1890, and viewed shows like buffalo bill \u2019 s [ wild west show ] as either a semi - threatening glorification of native americans or a crass, unscientific form of entertainment. the u. s. preferred exhibits that showed native americans as passive peoples. for example, in chicago, the organizers worked with the bureau of indian affairs to craft exhibits that would supposedly show how beneficial and \u201c civilizing \u201d reservation life and boarding schools were for native americans. after occupying the philippines in 1898, the u. s. created exhibits of filipinos that included a \u201c civilizing \u201d school that the people on display had to attend. shows of people from regions the u. s. had not colonized, such as african peoples at the chicago fair, played up rumors of cannibalism and their threatening nature. the logic behind these exhibits in different countries was directly tied to their imperial and colonial ambitions, and they tried to craft shows that would show people who had been, or would be able to be, colonized, and sell lots of tickets. didn \u2019 t some native american leaders fight against", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.438906196445504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.393317"} {"text": "countries was directly tied to their imperial and colonial ambitions, and they tried to craft shows that would show people who had been, or would be able to be, colonized, and sell lots of tickets. didn \u2019 t some native american leaders fight against exhibits of indigenous people during the 1800s? one of the most incredible things i found in the archives while researching this work was a series of petitions and letters written from reservations in the u. s. challenging the exhibition of indigenous peoples and cultures at the fair. this is a section from a petition from the creek territories in 1891 that was signed by more than 100 people expressing the group \u2019 s wish to represent themselves through a native american \u2013 directed exhibit at the fair : \u201c we are almost despairing and it is inevitable that our people trace the cause of that despairing and consequently desperate condition to the very event which with such large expenditures of wealth you are about to celebrate. it is not fitting nor wise that you so celebrate a great event without considering what it meant and still means to a people once great in numbers. \u2026 with a native american or indian exhibit in the hands of capable men of our own blood, such as are willing and anxious to undertake it, a most interesting and instructive and surely successful feature will be added. \u201d another leader, simon pokagon, published his red man \u2019 s rebuke during the chicago fair and distributed it to the press and the public - at - large outside of the fairgrounds in chicago. at every turn, native american and african american leaders took aim at the racist ideology of the fair, fought these portrayals and argued for the right to self - representation. apaches on their first day at the carlisle indian school ( above ) \u2014 and here, four months later, circa 1886. traveling to a different country and sharing time and space with a diverse group of people really changed some of the people who were on exhibit. what did you learn about their experiences? in the security records of the fair in chicago i found all these frustrated notes from security guards who were trying to prevent the people from different exhibits from socializing with one another. apparently people from the different exhibits were hanging out and drinking beer with one another after the fair shut down. in another study, one where historians were actually able to interview indigenous women who had been part of the st. louis world \u2019 s fair in 1904, those women spoke about the relationships they developed with other exhibited women and how they overcame language barriers to share their experiences. i think these stories captivated me because they show", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4697139771642135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.394288"} {"text": "women who had been part of the st. louis world \u2019 s fair in 1904, those women spoke about the relationships they developed with other exhibited women and how they overcame language barriers to share their experiences. i think these stories captivated me because they show the importance of looking at the people who were brought to be exhibited as complete human beings and asking : what did they think about what they saw and experienced? what did they feel about the other people they met? it \u2019 s easier to think about these \u2018 human zoos \u2019 as spaces you look into. thinking about these men and women socializing and struggling makes me wonder what they thought of these spaces and events as they looked out. when did \u201c importing \u201d indigenous people to put on display begin to end, and why? because the rationale behind these exhibits was so closely tied to the logics of empire, or the exhibition of empire, many of these exhibits began to disappear when the european empires began to decline, but they also began to change form before then. in a historical study of these events, titled human zoos, several historians propose that these exhibitions began to emphasize showing cultural differences instead of racial ones by the 1920s. however, some forms of these exhibits continued well into the 20th century, and certainly, using the logic of cultural difference to justify political, economic and military domination has not disappeared.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4949964409382523, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.394879"} {"text": "i. the nature of the church \u2013 what is it? the church exists in two forms : 1. christ promised to form the church ( matthew 16 : 18 ). 2. the holy spirit \u201c baptizes \u201d \u2013 places people into the \u201c body of christ, \u201d which is the universal church ( 1 corinthians 12 : 12 - 14, 27 ). this function of the holy spirit began at the day of pentecost ( acts 1 : 5 ; 2 : 1 - 4 ; 11 : 15 - 18 ). b. a local church : a group of believers in this age meeting regularly and organized biblically to do god \u2019 s will. ( examples : romans 16 : 1, 3 - 5, 14 - 16 ). ii. the purpose of the church \u2013 what are we supposed to do? introduction : the purpose ( s ) of the local church are derived by looking at new testament commands given to the disciples ( who were the \u201c foundation stones \u201d of the church \u2013 ephesians 2 : 20 ) and other instructions given to individual churches or church leaders. a. central passage \u2013 \u201c the great commission \u201d ( matthew 28 : 19, 20 ) \u2013 matthew 28 : 19 & 20 ( and the similar \u201c commissions \u201d in mark 16 : 15 ; luke 24 : 45 - 47 and acts 1 : 8 ) are central to the church \u2019 s purpose. they were spoken by christ, the head of the church ( matthew 28 : 18 ). they were spoken to the first leaders of the church ( matthew 28 : 16 ). and these words were spoken at the crucial time just after christ arose and before he ascended. \u2013 matthew 28 : 19 & 20 is examined here because it is the most comprehensive of the \u201c commission \u201d passages. 1. the command \u2013 \u201c go and make disciples \u201d a. these two words combine to make a single command that describe what we, the church, are to be doing. ( \u201c go \u201d is a participle and some prefer to translate it \u201c going. \u201d but its position in the sentence before the command makes it grammatically linked to \u201c make disciples. \u201d thus it is probably meant as a double command \u2013 \u201c go and make disciples. \u201d ). b. \u201c go \u201d means that we must take the initiative. evangelism is required to accomplish the task of disciple - making. c. \u201c make disciples \u201d means \u201c make followers, learners. \u201d this seems to include the entire process of helping a person understand the gospel of salvation through christ and then to help them grow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46713370640732615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.416622"} {"text": "in god \u2019 s plan ( rbi ). to \u201c glorify god \u201d is the overall purpose. the bible says \" whatever you do, do it all for the glory of god. \" ( 1 corinthians 10 : 31 niv ). in other words, any effort of a church must serve not to promote itself but god \u2019 s greatness. however, a local church should seek to glorify god in the following ways : god has provided the way so that a person can go to heaven and know it. christ died to pay for our sin. we can go to heaven if we place our trust in christ \u2019 s death for us ( john 3 : 16 ). that truth is central to why a church exists. a church must effectively present the gospel in various ministries and train others to do so personally. part of the task includes taking that message around the world through missionaries. but once a person is reached with the gospel, god obviously has more in mind for their life \u2026 \u201c building \u201d refers to the spiritual process of god bringing the growth and change that we need in our lives. how can a church help to encourage that work of god? worship \u2013 we exist not for our benefit, but god \u2019 s glory. so worship must please god by giving god the credit he deserves for his greatness. god cannot \u201c grow \u201d us without an intimate relationship with us. personal and group worship encourages us to develop that relationship with god. instruction \u2013 the food we need to grow spiritually is god \u2019 s word the bible ( i peter 2 : 2 ). that \u2019 s why bible teaching must be central in a local church. a church must provide biblical truth that each person needs and even more importantly to encourage people to study god \u2019 s word themselves. fellowship \u2013 real spiritual growth requires more than just information. it requires relationships. god has designed that believers need one another to grow. it is through the frustration and diversity of relationships with people that god can best bring us to maturity. so it is essential to have ministries that go beyond a worship service. personal interaction lets us in on the struggles, joys of other christians and gives us an opportunity to support each other. sometimes people in churches assume that ministry is the job of paid professionals \u2013 the pastors and staff. it \u2019 s not. god has called every believer to be involved in ministry. he has given every person certain \u201c spiritual gifts \u201d \u2013 supernatural abilities to serve / help others in some way. instead of leaders doing most of the ministry, their real role", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44511046259093623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.418962"} {"text": "it \u2019 s not. god has called every believer to be involved in ministry. he has given every person certain \u201c spiritual gifts \u201d \u2013 supernatural abilities to serve / help others in some way. instead of leaders doing most of the ministry, their real role is to equip people for ministry ( ephesians 4 : 11, 12 ). ministry is not an issue of mere duty. it \u2019 s a matter of gratefully using the gifts / abilities god gives us. iii. the ordinances of the church a. common questions about ordinances / sacraments 1. what is an ordinance? an ordinance is a physical ritual prescribed by christ to illustrate a spiritual reality ( sacrament = sacred sign ). 2. how many ordinances should be practiced? some believe there are up to seven. most protestants believe there are only two ( lord \u2019 s supper and baptism ). why? - only these two are specifically prescribed by christ and clearly practiced by the early church. - only these two symbolize the saving work of christ. 3. what do they have to do with a person \u2019 s salvation? b. water baptism 1. definition : the use of water to symbolize outwardly the inner spiritual change that took place when we trusted christ as savior. 2. the model : baptism was commanded by christ and practiced by the early church. a. christ commanded the disciples to \u201c go and make disciples \u201d by means of \u201c baptizing \u201d and \u201c teaching \u201d until \u201c the end of the age \u201d ( matthew 28 : 19, 20 ). 3. the meaning : baptism symbolizes what happened when we were saved. a. it symbolizes the holy spirit \u2019 s work of regeneration ( making us spiritually new \u2013 titus 3 : 5 ). = \u201c i am a christian. \u201d - water ( ritual ) baptism is administered by others outwardly after we \u2019 re saved ( acts 8 : 3 ). b. it symbolizes our new life of union with and identification with christ ( romans 6 : 3 - 11 ). = \u201c i intend to live like a christian. \u201d 4. the method : immersion in water anytime after conversion seems most appropriate. b. new testament examples of baptism are done immediately after a person is saved ( acts 2 : 41 ; 8 : 12, 36 - 38 ; 9 : 18 ; 10 : 47, 48 ; 16 : 14, 15, 33 ; 18 : 8 ). so when a person is saved and realizes the significance of baptism, it would seem to be the right time. c. young children", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4842784224329256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.420220"} {"text": "; 9 : 18 ; 10 : 47, 48 ; 16 : 14, 15, 33 ; 18 : 8 ). so when a person is saved and realizes the significance of baptism, it would seem to be the right time. c. young children who are saved might wisely wait until they understand the significance of baptism. there is no biblical support for baptizing infants with water. c. the lord \u2019 s supper 1. definition : the regular use of the bread and cup to symbolically commemorate with other believers the saving work of christ on the cross. 2. the model : christ initiated it at the last supper. a. christ gave the final two elements of that passover meal a new significance to be practiced after his death ( luke 22 : 7 - 20 ). b. this ordinance is a command ( \u201c do this \u201d \u2013 1 corinthians 11 : 24, 25 ) to be practiced regularly ( \u201c as often as \u201d \u2013 1 corinthians 11 : 25, 26 ) throughout this church age ( \u201c proclaim the lord \u2019 s death until he comes \u201d \u2013 1 corinthians 11 : 26 ). 3. the meaning : the lord \u2019 s supper is a memorial to christ \u2019 s saving work on the cross. 4. the method : a. the early church \u2019 s form - the love feast ( a shared meal \u2013 1 corinthians 11 : 20 - 22 ) - the elements ( a shared loaf and cup \u2013 1 corinthians 11 : 23 - 25 ). - done weekly as the church gathered ( \u201c breaking of bread \u201d \u2013 acts 20 : 7, 11 ). b. the basic function required the lord \u2019 s supper should be practiced regularly by churches using similar symbols with the identical significance christ gave them. iv. the structure of the church the church is not merely an organization. the universal church, as we have seen, is an \u201c organism. \u201d that is, the church is first of all a living spiritual unit \u2013 the body of christ. but on a local level, churches must be organized to do god \u2019 s will. this discussion will survey the various views of church structure and make some biblical observations. a. major views of church structure 1. the hierarchical view \u2013 this view holds that the authority in local churches rests in \u201c bishops \u201d who oversee several local churches. the bishops then have authority over local ministers who they ordain and appoint, who in turn have authority over the congregation. a. roman catholics, state churches ( church of england, etc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5204906845059842, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.421230"} {"text": "churches rests in \u201c bishops \u201d who oversee several local churches. the bishops then have authority over local ministers who they ordain and appoint, who in turn have authority over the congregation. a. roman catholics, state churches ( church of england, etc. ), the episcopal church hold this view. many other denominations also rely to some extent on authority from above and outside of the church. b. proponents use passages such as acts 15 : 13ff ; 1 corinthians 4 : 17 ; 2 corinthians 8 : 23 to support the view. those passages describe how the apostles gave authority to others ( timothy, titus, etc. ). but never was that authority said to be passed on further. 2. the federal view \u2013 this view is also called \u201c elder rule \u201d because that \u2019 s where the authority lies. elders receive authority by being elected from the congregation or being appointed by fellow elders. a. presbyterians and reformed groups hold this view ( although they are organized on a denominational level as well ). many independent churches also follow this form to a large degree. 3. the congregational view \u2013 this view holds that the congregation holds final authority on all matters. the pastor and other leaders are elected by the congregation to teach and lead but the congregation has authority over them. a. to a greater or lesser degree most protestant churches have some elements of the congregational view. some churches ( independents, baptists and others ) adhere to it very strictly. b. proponents point to the fact that only christ is above the congregation as \u201c head \u201d of the church ( ephesians 5 : 23 ). they also point to the priesthood of believers ( hebrews 10 : 19 - 22 ; 1 peter 2 : 5 - 9 ) and references to matters handled by the congregation ( deacons selected \u2013 acts 6 : 5 ; discipline \u2013 1 corinthians 5 : 1 - 5, etc. ). b. determining a biblical view of church structure 1. who has authority in local church matters? - none of the above views is the only true biblical view. there is a clear biblical evidence for elements of elder rule and congregational rule. this discussion seeks to understand how both the congregation and the elders were meant to function in terms of authority. a. the apostles had authority in the 1st century. 1 ) they appointed elders ( acts 19 : 23 ). 2 ) they settled doctrinal disputes ( acts 15 ). 3 ) they established churches ( paul ). b. elders had the highest authority after the apostolic age. 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44008497736582397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.422602"} {"text": "1st century. 1 ) they appointed elders ( acts 19 : 23 ). 2 ) they settled doctrinal disputes ( acts 15 ). 3 ) they established churches ( paul ). b. elders had the highest authority after the apostolic age. 1 ) paul put elders in charge in churches ( acts 14 : 23 ). 2 ) paul told titus to appoint elders ( titus 1 : 5 ). 3 ) the church is told to obey its spiritual leaders ( hebrews 13 : 17 ). 5 ) \u201c ruling \u201d was one role of elders ( 2 timothy 5 : 17 ). c. the local church as a unit had authority. 1 ) they selected deacons ( acts 6 : 3 - 5 ). 2 ) they sent paul and barnabas to help settle a doctrinal dispute ( acts 15 : 2, 3 ) and then confirmed, with the other elders, how the issue should be settled ( 15 : 22 ). 1 ) a biblical view would seem to include elements of elder rule and congregational rule. the apostles had authority over local churches but they never established a system of hierarchical rule. 2 ) the model for church government must come from scripture not from examples of civil government. ( ie. the church is not to be a democracy just because america is. ) the goal of church decision - making is not to determine the will of the majority but to determine the will of god. 3 ) god has designed his spiritual \u201c organism \u201d \u2013 the church \u2013 to be led by spiritually qualified leaders ( see qualifications ). they do indeed direct the church \u2019 s ministry toward god - given goals. spiritual leaders are initiators. 4 ) the congregation as a whole was gathered to decide on some very significant issues ( see above ) so it seems that a local congregation today would also be involved in weighty matters. 5 ) each church has to decide how much decision - making is done at the leadership level and what is done at the congregational level. some issues are of such a nature that it would be unwise to involve the whole congregation. some issues are of such a nature that it would be unwise not to involve the whole congregation. but godly qualified leadership is key. when spiritual leaders have courage to lead and sensitivity to the needs of the congregation, god is free to produce harmony and effective spiritual ministry. 2. should churches organize above the local church level? - this discussion concerns the issue of whether churches should function together as denominations or as autonomous ( self - governing ) independent churches. a. biblical information and example 1 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40892086934121613, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.426671"} {"text": "harmony and effective spiritual ministry. 2. should churches organize above the local church level? - this discussion concerns the issue of whether churches should function together as denominations or as autonomous ( self - governing ) independent churches. a. biblical information and example 1 ) the apostles coordinated group efforts to meet the financial needs of the poverty - stricken jerusalem church \u2013 ( 1 corinthians 16 : 1 - 4 ; 2 corinthians 8 : 1 - 9 : 15 ). also, paul was supported by several churches, although each church made their own decision about giving ( philippians 4 : 15 ; 1 corinthians 9 : 12 ; 2 corinthians 11 : 9 ; 12 : 13 ). 2 ) when the church at antioch experienced a doctrinal conflict about what was required of gentiles to be saved, the church asked for help from the spiritual leaders at jerusalem. their decision solved the problem ( acts 15 ). 1 ) the early church examples of financial cooperation and mediation of a conflict are good models of how like - minded churches can help each other. 2 ) these examples do not, however, establish a structure of authority. churches were designed by god to have the gifts and leadership they needed to function on their own ( 1 corinthians 1 : 7 ). denominations can certainly function in a biblical way in accomplishing god \u2019 s purposes, while many believe that independent, autonomous churches are closest to the biblical model, and best able to do the unique ministry god gives them in a local area. 3. should churches have formal membership? a. biblical information and example there is no clear biblical example of church membership so it would be wrong to argue strongly that it is necessary. christians were, however, identified with a particular church ( \u201c there were added 3, 00 souls \u201d \u2013 acts 2 : 41 ; \u201c the church in their house \u201d \u2013 romans 16 : 5 ; etc. ; \u201c the brethren with them \u201d \u2013 romans 16 : 14 ). formal membership seems to be somewhat cultural. in the early church setting there was only one church in an area. believers attending there were a recognized part of it. in our modern proliferation of churches, having official membership rolls helps a church function orderly. members are those who agree on the doctrine, the purpose and the philosophy of the church. and thus they can more likely make wise and unified decisions. for the individual, church membership gives a spiritual identity and definite spiritual accountability. v. the leaders of the church 1. who were they? sometimes they are called \u201c elders", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44761742719798553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.428241"} {"text": "of the church. and thus they can more likely make wise and unified decisions. for the individual, church membership gives a spiritual identity and definite spiritual accountability. v. the leaders of the church 1. who were they? sometimes they are called \u201c elders \u201d ( greek \u2013 presbuteros ), a term that emphasizes the qualification of spiritual maturity needed. sometimes they are called \u201c overseers \u201d ( greek \u2013 episcopos ), a term that emphasizes their function of leading. the terms are used interchangeably of the same men ( acts 20 : 17, 28 ). 2. what are an elder \u2019 s qualifications? \u201c above reproach \u201c \u2013 no cause for just criticism \u201c husband of one wife \u201d \u2013 monogamous fidelity, not divorced \u201c temperate \u201d \u2013 self - control \u201c prudent \u201d \u2013 wise decision - maker \u201c respectable \u201d \u2013 orderly, organized \u201c hospitable \u201d \u2013 willing to share his home \u201c able to teach \u201d \u2013 can communicate spiritual truth \u201c not given to wine \u201d \u2013 not addicted \u201c not pugnacious but gentle \u201d \u2013 patient, not violent \u201c uncontentious \u201d \u2013 not insistent on rights, peaceable \u201c free from the love of money \u201d \u2013 not greedy or \u201c in it for the money \u201d \u201c manages his household well \u2026 children under control \u201d \u2013 discipline, peace and order at home \u201c not a new convert \u201d \u2013 to avoid pride \u201c good reputation with outsiders \u201d \u2013 has the respect of unbelievers \u201c not self - willed \u201d \u2013 genuine concern for others interests, not just his own \u201c not quick tempered \u201d ( self - explanatory ) \u201c loves what is good \u201d \u2013 can discern what is spiritually beneficial \u201c just \u201d \u2013 law - keeping himself and fair with others \u201c devout \u201d \u2013 avoids sin and is committed to god \u201c hold fast the faithful word \u201d \u2013 knows doctrinal truth 3. what are an elders duties? b. \u201c be an example to the flock \u201d ( 1 peter 5 : 3 ). consciously models and disciples others in the christian life. e. \u201c rule \u201d ( 1 timothy 5 : 17 ). this means to direct the church \u2019 s affairs. 4. how many elders should there be in a church? no number is given. there are, however, clear examples that leadership in the local church is shared by a plurality of elders. it is always elders ( plural ) in antioch ( acts 14 : 23 ), in jerusalem ( acts 15 : 2 ; 20 : 18 ), in ephesus ( acts 20 :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47918881028432586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.432221"} {"text": "leadership in the local church is shared by a plurality of elders. it is always elders ( plural ) in antioch ( acts 14 : 23 ), in jerusalem ( acts 15 : 2 ; 20 : 18 ), in ephesus ( acts 20 : 17, 28 ), in philippi ( philippians 1 : 1 ), in crete ( titus 1 : 5 ), and in all the churches who received the epistles of james ( james 5 : 14 ). and peter ( 1 peter 5 : 1 ). the human tendency is one - man leadership. the biblical model is leadership shared by elders. each elder will have different gifts and roles and some will be more visible, but the responsibility must be shared ( providing there is more than one man qualified to be an elder ). there is tremendous advantage to shared wisdom and responsibility. 1. who are they? the word \u201c deacon \u201d actually means \u201c servant \u201d and can be used of any servant ( ephesians 6 : 21 ; 1 corinthians 3 : 5, etc. ). but in acts 6 : 1 - 6 a group of men were officially designated as servers / deacons for a specific physical need in the jerusalem church. later, paul used the word \u201c deacon \u201d in the official sense of a church office and described their qualifications ( 1 timothy 3 : 8 - 13 ). so it seems that deacons are formally established as church officers. they are to assure particularly that the physical needs of the church body are met. 2. what are a deacon \u2019 s qualifications? \u201c good reputation \u201d \u2013 same as elder \u201c spiritual \u201d \u2013 men who consistently walk in the spirit \u2019 s control \u201c wise \u201d \u2013 same as elder \u201c dignified \u201d \u2013 same as elder \u201c not double - tongued \u201d \u2013 honest, not telling conflicting stories \u201c not addicted to much wine \u201d \u2013 same as elder \u201c not fond of sordid gain \u201d \u2013 parallel to elder \u201c holding to the mystery of the faith \u201d \u2013 parallel to elder \u201c beyond reproach \u201d \u2013 same as elder \u201c husband of one wife \u201d \u2013 same as elder \u201c good managers of their children and household \u2013 parallel to elder - also, deacon \u2019 s wives must be \u201c dignified, not malicious gossips, temperate and faithful in all things \u201d ( 1 timothy 3 : 11 ). these are probably \u201c deacon \u2019 s wives \u201d and not \u201c deaconesses \u201d since their qualifications are found in the middle of the deacon \u2019 s qualifications. also, phoebe ( romans 16 : 1 ), is called a \u201c deaconess \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47443368957914417, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.433199"} {"text": "those of us who opted for flu vaccine earlier this fall are hopefully already protected and it looks like this years vaccine is a good match for the 3 types of flu that are already circulating. the flu vaccine contains 3 different types of flu strains, 2 flu a, and 1 flu b. we are seeing both types of flu right now, as is a great deal of the southern united states as well as the midwest. last week, the cdc reported flu in 49 out of 50 states for those of you who haven ' t been immunized yet, get the vaccine now! call your pediatrician, local pharmacy or health department, as the vaccine is not readily available. if you have been fortunate enough and not have had to visit your pediatrician since the fall ( good healthy kids! ), you may not have had the opportunity to be reminded to get the vaccine. in fact, the last patient of the day yesterday was a 10 year old boy with classic flu symptoms : sudden onset of fever, chills, cough, scratchy throat and body aches. his mother thought that she had been in and had gotten the vaccine but when i looked it was last fall and the time had just escaped her. not uncommon when you have healthy children who only see their pediatrician once a year. even if you have been unlucky enough to already have had the flu, which really knocks you down for at least 5 - 7 days, you should go get the vaccine once you are over the acute illness. believe it or not, you could actually contract one of the other strains of flu that will continue into the flu season. some might say that it can ' t happen, but it does! lastly, if you do get the flu keep your child home from day care or school and all of their other activities. flu is very contagious, and going to school just spreads the virus to others. this is also true for parents, who need to stay home from work with the flu as well. keep washing those hands! we have a long winter ahead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4387820351276542, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.436598"} {"text": "visions of ordinary today ' s entry was written by jill carattini. please note the views expressed here are those of the author, not necessarily of the biologos foundation. you can read more about what biologos believes here. \u201c visions of ordinary \u201d by jill carattini middlemarch is the epic novel by mary anne evans, better known by her male penname george eliot. the work is considered one of the most significant novels of the victorian period and a masterpiece of english fiction. rather than following a grand hero, eliot explores a number of themes in a series of interlocking narratives, telling the stories of ordinary characters intertwined in the intricate details of life and community. eliot ' s focus is the ordinary, and in fact her lament, in the form of 700 pages of detail, is that we not only so often fail to see it, but fail to see that there is really no such thing. there is neither ordinary human pain nor ordinary human living. \" if we had a keen vision and feeling of all ordinary human life, \" she writes, \" it would be like hearing the grass grow and the squirrel ' s heartbeat, and we should die of that roar which lies on the other side of silence. as it is, the quickest of us walk about well wadded with stupidity. \" 1 the world eliot saw around her is not unlike our own in its capacity to silence the dissonance of details, the frequency of pain, the roar of life in its most minute and yet extraordinary forms. we silence the wild roar of the ordinary and divert our attention to magnitudes more willing to fit into our control. the largest tasks and decisions are given more credence, the biggest lives and events of history most studied and admired, and the greatest powers and influences feared or revered most. and on the contrary, the ordinary acts we undermine, the most common and chronic angst we manage to mask, and the most simple and monotonous events we silence or stop seeing altogether. but have we judged correctly? artists often work at pulling back the curtain on these places we have wadded out of sight and sound, showing glimpses of life easily missed, pulling off the disguises that hide sad or mortal wounds, drawing our attention to all that is deemed mundane and obscure. their subject is the ordinary, but it is for the sake of the extraordinary, even the holy. nowhere does eliot articulate this more clearly than in her defense of the ordinary scenes depicted in early dutch painting. \" do not impose", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4653981321446863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.444454"} {"text": "mundane and obscure. their subject is the ordinary, but it is for the sake of the extraordinary, even the holy. nowhere does eliot articulate this more clearly than in her defense of the ordinary scenes depicted in early dutch painting. \" do not impose on us any aesthetic rules which shall banish those old women scrapping carrots with their work - worn hands.... it is so needful we should remember their existence, else we may happen to leave them quite out of our religion and philosophy, and flame lofty theories which only fit a world of extremes. \" ( 2 ) for the artist, ordinary life, ordinary hardship, ordinary sorrow is precisely the scene of our need for god, and remarkably the scene of god and miracle. in this sense, the psalmist and prophets and ancient storytellers are indeed all struggling artists, closing the infinite distance between the grandeur of god and an ordinary humanity. what is man that thou art mindful of him? the son of man that thou visitest him? the parables jesus tells are richly artistic, theological pauses upon the ordinary. presented to people who often find themselves beyond the need for stories, whether puffed up with wealth and self - importance, or engorged with religion and knowledge, his stories stop us. he is acutely aware that the religious and the non - religious, the self - assured and the easily distracted often dance around idols of magnitude, diverting their eyes from the ordinary. and yet his very life proclaims the magnitude of the overlooked. the ordinary is precisely the place that god chose to visit \u2014 and not as a man of magnitude. whatever your philosophy or worldview, your own attention to the ordinary is worth considering. it is far too easy to miss the world as it really is. while jesus ' s own disciples bickered over the most significant seats in the kingdom, they were put off by a unwanted woman at a well, they overlooked a sick woman reaching out for the fringe of christ ' s robe, and they tried to silence a suffering man making noise in an attempt to get jesus ' s attention \u2014 all ordinary scenes which became the place of miracle. even in a religion where the last are proclaimed first, where the servant, the suffering, and the crucified are lifted highest, the story of the widow ' s mite is still easily forgotten, the obscure faces jesus asked the world to remember easily overlooked. but the great commission is equally a commission for the many acts of life we want to see as less great.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5127529878289047, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.446859"} {"text": "highest, the story of the widow ' s mite is still easily forgotten, the obscure faces jesus asked the world to remember easily overlooked. but the great commission is equally a commission for the many acts of life we want to see as less great. and the ordinary is filled with a god who chooses to visit. first published june 27, 2011 as \u201c visions of the ordinary, \u201d slice of infinity 2492. used by permission of ravi zacharias international ministries ( rzim ). jill carattini is a native of pentwater, michigan, and resides with her husband tony in atlanta, georgia. widely read in theology, aesthetics, church history, and justice, she has also studied in the middle east in order to better understanding the culture, history, and politics of the region \u2019 s conflict. 1. george eliot, middlemarch, ( london : penguin, 1994 ), 194. 2. george eliot, adam bede ( london, penguin, 1980 ), 224. jill carattini is managing editor of a slice of infinity, a daily reading considering themes from theology and culture to philosophy and the arts. her early suspicion of christ ' s uniqueness and her compulsion towards thinking theologically led her to pursue a degree in religion from hope college and later a masters of divinity from western theological seminary. she is ordained as a specialized minister in the reformed church of america and has enjoyed living and working in diverse ministry settings, including urban and university campus ministry, as well as a local mission church in a native american community in oklahoma.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48342834486978736, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.447581"} {"text": "when we posed the question \u2018 is technology creating lazy architecture \u2019, we had no idea it would spark such profound responses or such highly intelligent debate, leading us to come to the realisation that cad and bim are only one tool under architects \u2019 and designers \u2019 belts. one technological element that is truly hitting its stride in the architecture sector is that of 3d printing. while cad and bim allow architects and designers to draw and create using a computer, 3d printing takes these exact, computer - developed plans and prints them as is. the absolute exactness of this architectural development medium means speed and precision are high on the list of positive elements associated with 3d printing. there is no level of human error involved and exact specifications can be tested in miniature form. it is this lack of the human element, however, that provokes the question : could 3d printing take the artistry out of architecture design? according to yale school of architecture dean rober a. m. stern, the personal, tactile nature of design development is paramount in his works. \u201c i personally still make little drawings and i like to use sculptors modeling clay, which i was introduced to by louis kahn who used it, \u201d says stern. \u201c but it goes back in the architectural terms tradition in art terms in general to the tradition of sculpture. and i like to shape things, and mush them around, and play with shapes. \u201d while 3d printing is precise and highly efficient, it is still imperfect. small details are often lost in the printing process, with delicate features easily snapped off. in its defense, however, the latter point could also be said for hand - developed modeling. 3d printing can, however, allow architects the liberty of making mistakes without leaving them to face the consequences of a tedious complete model redevelopment. the mistake can be amended through the software program and the model can be quickly reprinted. herein lies the key point upon which many of our readers have agreed ; technology is a tool. just because writers now use computers instead of pen and paper does not mean that literary greatness is gone. the implementation of modern technology into any of our sectors means elements of tasks presented to us are simpler and can be completed more efficiently. this brings with it the downside that when approached by the lazy or mediocre, results can still be achieved even if they are not particularly groundbreaking. like nearly everything in life, it comes down the individual. for motivated and talented architects, technology only aids their artistry. it is when those who are capitalise on the ease created", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4989796178732535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.452157"} {"text": "the real scary truth about black cats have you heard the myth that black cats are unsafe in october, in part because witches may try to adopt them for rituals? we sure have. but guess what? top aspca experts agree that it \u2019 s just not true. unfortunately, the truth is kinda scary, too : year - round, black cats are the least likely to get adopted in shelters across the u. s. in fact, black animals in general take more time to find homes, says gail buchwald, senior vice president of the adoption center. at the aspca, we love black kitties. ( some of our friendliest cats, like marissa, are black \u2014 yet marissa has waited more than nine months to find a family. what \u2019 s up with that? ) aside from the most important reason to adopt black kitties \u2014 that they really need extra help finding homes \u2014 here are a few reasons to take home one or two : - their fur won \u2019 t show on your little black dress. - you can tell your kids you adopted a mini panther. - black cats go with everything. - in most cultures, black cats are a sign of good luck. - you already know black cats are awesome \u2014 you have one at home! if you \u2019 ve got a great black kitty, tell us about him or her in the comments. you just might persuade someone else to give these felines a little extra attention.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3533275423130838, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.453890"} {"text": "would a constitutional amendment clear up postponed voting? the possibility of hurricane sandy delaying some presidential and congressional voting next tuesday is unlikely, but it may take something like a constitutional amendment to make emergency voting laws clear cut and enforceable. the congressional research service looked extensively at election disaster scenarios back in 2004, when it pondered how the federal and state governments would deal with a terrorist attack on or around election day. and while there are laws and precedents about delaying or postponing elections involving the president and congress, the congressional research service \u2019 s study shows there \u2019 s also plenty of room for constitutional conflict in the process. among the 27 amendments to the constitution, at least eight amendments deal specifically with voting issues. the issue of emergency election procedures could get some momentum as a possible amendment, if the worse - case scenarios play out in a postponed election. currently, there are widespread power outages in connecticut, maryland, new york, and new jersey, as well as parts of pennsylvania, delaware, and west virginia. as many as 400, 000 people in new york city might be without power on election day, and flood damage has complicated the polling process in new jersey, where military trucks will be used as portable polling places on tuesday. leaders in new york and new jersey have given no indication they will postpone election day. but it isn \u2019 t clear if state or federal officials have the ultimate power to postpone an election. the process gets sketchy because the constitution gives each state the power to administer an election that includes federal officials. but congress gets to pick the day that election is held. it passed that law in 1845, after an 1840 presidential election controversy, where political parties moved whole populations of voters between states that had different election days. there appears to be a legal precedent for states delaying election races involving congressional seats if a hurricane or natural disaster strikes. the federal case of busbee v. smith, which was affirmed by the u. s. supreme court, found that such elections delayed by natural disasters could be held at a later time. however, presidential races operate by different rules. if a state doesn \u2019 t have a tentative slate of presidential electors after election day, the federal statute says a special election must be held within the state, at a time to be determined. recent constitution daily stories booze on election day was an american tradition fcc \u2018 loophole \u2019 may force mobile users to pay for political text ads will november be same - sex marriage month? national student election picks obama as next president \u201c whenever any state has held an election for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43662790290928477, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.458814"} {"text": "today marks a major milestone in the development of the go programming language. we ' re announcing go version 1, or go 1 for short, which defines a language and a set of core libraries to provide a stable foundation for creating reliable products, projects, and publications. go 1 is the first release of go that is available in supported binary distributions. they are available for linux, freebsd, mac os x and, we are thrilled to announce, windows. the driving motivation for go 1 is stability for its users. people who write go 1 programs can be confident that those programs will continue to compile and run without change, in many environments, on a time scale of years. similarly, authors who write books about go 1 can be sure that their examples and explanations will be helpful to readers today and into the future. forward compatibility is part of stability. code that compiles in go 1 should, with few exceptions, continue to compile and run throughout the lifetime of that version, even as we issue updates and bug fixes such as go version 1. 1, 1. 2, and so on. the go 1 compatibility document explains the compatibility guidelines in more detail. go 1 is a representation of go as it is used today, not a major redesign. in its planning, we focused on cleaning up problems and inconsistencies and improving portability. there had long been many changes to go that we had designed and prototyped but not released because they were backwards - incompatible. go 1 incorporates these changes, which provide significant improvements to the language and libraries but sometimes introduce incompatibilities for old programs. fortunately, the go fix tool can automate much of the work needed to bring programs up to the go 1 standard. go 1 introduces changes to the language ( such as new types for unicode characters and errors ) and the standard library ( such as the new time package and renamings in the strconv package ). also, the package hierarchy has been rearranged to group related items together, such as moving the networking facilities, for instance the rpc package, into subdirectories of net. a complete list of changes is documented in the go 1 release notes. that document is an essential reference for programmers migrating code from earlier versions of go. we also restructured the go tool suite around the new go command, a program for fetching, building, installing and maintaining go code. the go command eliminates the need for makefiles to write go code because it uses the go program source itself to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.543126354184436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.464900"} {"text": "chimps using tools : archaeology \u2019 s most fascinating discovery of 2007 a team of researchers led by dr. julio mercader of the university of calgary in alberta undertook excavations in the west african nation, cote d \u2019 ivoire. they encountered a series of hammer stones, some of them dating back 4, 300 years, that are thought to have been used by chimps to crack open nuts. starch residue from several nuts known to be staples in the chimpanzee diet, but not the human diet, suggests that chimps, rather than humans, manufactured these tools. dr. mercader was the first to coin the term \u201c chimpanzee archaeology. \u201d his discoveries have resulted in the opening of a new research niche within archeology bearing the same name. discoveries like these have prompted humans to add the qualifier \u201c complex \u201d in front of the word \u201c tool. \u201d it is an elegant, yet necessary, way to acknowledge that non - human beings ( in this case, chimps are also capable of manufacturing tools, but that until further notice, it is only us humans who use, say, e - mail. the announcement also showcases how science works : its practitioners are by nature curious creatures. someone somewhere will inevitably come up with new questions that they will investigate to yield further insights into human behavior. in this case, such insight was achieved by researching non - human primate tool making. for this step forward, we owe dr. mercader and his colleagues a debt of gratitude.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.467741230857865, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.468747"} {"text": "conserving areas of bush and forest in cities is essential to the conservation of new zealand \u2019 s wasp species, according to research from victoria university. with more than 1, 000 native species, wasps are an important part of new zealand \u2019 s biodiversity says dr rudi schnitzler. \u201c despite their fearsome reputation, very few wasps are capable of stinging humans ; most tend to paralyse other insects. they play an essential role in the control of insects and are often deliberately used to control pest species such as the apple leaf roller moth in hawke \u2019 s bay and nelson. \u201d dr schnitzler \u2019 s phd focussed on the effect diminishing amounts of native bush in urban areas has on native and introduced wasp species. he found that the greater the proximity of reserves and parks, the greater the number of wasps and the better the health and diversity of the species. his findings are important for the conservation of urban bush and forest areas and have implications for city planners. \u201c it \u2019 s important to have many different types of plants in any section of forest or bush. the more variety in terms of species of plants, the more likely you \u2019 ll find a pool of insects that nature can maintain. \u201d he says backyard gardeners can play a part in increasing the diversity of flora and fauna of cities, especially in wellington where sections of forest and bush are in close proximity to backyards. dr schnitzler spent more than two years collecting and analysing wasps at 10 sites around the greater wellington region.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44047799549464867, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.470455"} {"text": "we love hearing about any anti - bullying initiatives that are out there, such as the efforts from organizations like beyond bullies and nickelodeon \u2019 s cybersafety awareness program as a part of their the big help efforts. the latest initiative we want to highlight is sprigeo, created for kids to report bullying incidents that are then dealt with directly by kids \u2019 schools. the site was created because, as stated on its \u201c our story \u201d page, 160, 000 kids skip school every day to avoid the bullying that awaits them. kids should feel safe at school so they can concentrate on learning and social interactions without stress or fear. because of this, sprigeo \u2019 s vision is to \u201c restore the safe and secure feeling kids want to have when they go to school each day \u201d by giving them an outlet to address bullying and report it safely. to fully utilize sprigeo \u2019 s service, schools sign up and form a partnership with the site. kids can then file reports about bullying incidents, which not only go directly to a school principal or other administrator in a secure email, but they also are stored in an online database. this allows schools to track the incidents, note any action taken towards resolving issues and record any related incidents. schools are also given a support package with different materials including a best practices resource for how to deal with bullying. sprigeo \u2019 s most important asset is the way it holds schools accountable, while also providing support for them. many bullying incidents in the news report students \u2019 and parents \u2019 frustrations with the lack of support or action they received from a school after reporting incidents. sprigeo \u2019 s intention with the database is to help schools keep better track of bullying incidents, and to more adequately follow up with those incidents. furthermore, a survey released last week revealed that teachers and school administrators aren \u2019 t adequately prepared to educate students about online safety issues including cyberbullying. and because cyberbullying incidents don \u2019 t necessarily happen in or during school, it \u2019 s unclear what schools \u2019 responsibilities are in these situations. it seems like sprigeo hopes to change this with their resources and database system, and we encourage schools and parents to look into this kind of alternative option if bullying isn \u2019 t being effectively handled. in what ways is your child \u2019 s school proactive about dealing with bullying incidents?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44820103046062754, "token_count": 478, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.473165"} {"text": "during each day of january 2013, i am creating a new video showing you how to use the new c + + builder xe3 compilers for win32, win64 and osx to create multi - platform, database, multi - tier, hd and 3d applications. in this twenty - second video you will learn how to include inline assembly language code using the c + + builder 64 - bit compiler for windows. big thank you ( s ) go out to peter evans and tomohiro takahashi for their help in the research and preparation of the programs used in this inline assembler video. the first inline assembler example is taken from the intel assembler article at http : / / software. intel. com / sites / products / documentation / doclib / stdxe / 2013 / composerxe / compiler / cpp - lin / guid - 5100c4fc - bc2f - 4e36 - 943a - 120cfffb4285. htm. there is also a great article, by sandeep s., about the at & t syntax / gcc inline assembler ( which clang supports ) at http : / / www. ibiblio. org / gferg / ldp / gcc - inline - assembly - howto. html. there are additional links in my december 18, 2012 blog post on c + + builder 64 - bit compiler inline assembler at http : / / blogs. embarcadero. com / davidi / 2012 / 12 / 21 / 42152 ( also includes the source code for the c + + builder version of the intel inline assembler example ). stay tuned to my blog for additional c + + programming videos each day. january 22, 2013 - adding inline assembler to your c + + builder 64 - bit applications watch on youtube : http : / / www. youtube. com / watch? v = 9hhgmzxpjye duration : 4 minutes and 15 seconds watch / download the c + + builder 64 - bit compiler preview video additional details about the 64 - bit c + + builder compiler are available in the preview video. watch the c + + 64 - bit compiler preview video on youtube at http : / / www. youtube. com / watch? v = pwwmpbuor6y. you can also download the mp4 video file at http : / / cc. embarcadero. com / item / 29197. the preview video is 9 minutes long. try", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.451021316371477, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.475612"} {"text": "fifty years ago this week, the first of more than 10 million visitors boarded the newly docked uss north carolina in its new home on the wilmington riverfront. thanks to the efforts of jimmy craig and hugh morton, along with 700, 000 school children across north carolina, the battleship was saved from the scrapyard. bringing it home, however, was no easy matter. the move, originally scheduled for october 1, 1961, had to be delayed for a day because of the weather and problems with some of the tug boats. at nearly 729 feet, the north carolina was the longest ship to navigate the river, which was only 500 feet wide at the time. also, the ship drew 30 feet of water, and the channel was only 32 feet deep. after 10 hours of intricate maneuvering with a fleet of tugs pushing and pulling, the huge, 35, 000 ton battlewagon was edged into a slip here at 5 : 37 p. m. thousands of persons lined the wilmington waterfront and had a grandstand view as the ticklish maneuver of edging the ship from the cape fear river into her slip was executed. the bow of the north carolina apparently went aground at one time during the move into the slip. the only other mishap to mar the big ship ' s final voyage came when gunmounts at the very end of her stern crunched into the topside of a floating restaurant, the ark, moored at the end of princess street. this was not the first time the ark had been on the losing end of such an encounter. on prominent display inside the restaurant has been a navy submarine plaque in honor of the fact that the ark some years ago was involved in the only recorded collision between a \" man - of - war and a restaurant. \" the man - of - war was the navy sub uss crusher. - - the news & observer 10 / 3 / 1961 the uss north carolina ' s service in world war ii included downing 24 planes, fighting in every major offensive in the pacific, and earning 15 battle stars. six times the japanese reporting sinking it. the japanese couldn ' t sink the battleship, but a history book nearly did. in 1971, sandy bunn, a high school junior from rocky mount wrote to the staff of the battleship memorial, asking if the ship had been recovered or if the memorial was a replica. he had read in a library book, the story of submarines by george weller that the uss north carolina had been sunk. weller ' s book was published by random house, inc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45491037101128334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.481192"} {"text": "february 20, 2013 | 14 when a 17 - meter asteroid barreled into earth \u2019 s atmosphere over central russia on february 15, releasing a powerful shock wave that injured more than 1, 000 people, many observers wondered how such a momentous event could arrive unheralded. the fact is, the object that exploded in a fireball over chelyabinsk, releasing hundreds of kilotons of energy, was small potatoes. there may be millions of comparably sized objects in the inner solar system, only a small fraction of which have been discovered. the searches to date have been focused on tracking much larger dino - killers and other potentially catastrophic asteroids and comets \u2014 those objects larger than about one kilometer. so the door has been open to unpleasant but ultimately survivable asteroid surprises. several new and forthcoming projects will amass reams of new data about the near - earth asteroid ( nea ) population, but a comprehensive catalogue of chelyabinsk - scale objects remains beyond the technological horizon. the asteroids are too numerous, and too faint, to be systematically tracked. below is a rundown of some of the best tools that researchers currently have for asteroid detection and defense : the catalina sky survey discovers about 600 neas every year from telescope sites in arizona and australia. since the mid - 2000s catalina has been the leading nea - detection project in existence, helping nasa to reach its goal of cataloguing 90 percent of all near - earth asteroids larger than one kilometer in diameter. but its pace of discovery is too slow to make a significant dent in the much larger populations of smaller objects. near - earth asteroids larger than 100 meters likely number in the tens of thousands, whereas nearby asteroids 10 meters and up number in the millions. the first of four planned pan - starrs telescopes in hawaii recently came online and is now the second - leading nea search in existence, in terms of objects detected per year. in 2012, its second full year of operation, pan - starrs discovered 251 near - earth asteroids, according to nasa statistics. it should help discover many asteroids with diameters in the hundreds of meters, but the bulk of smaller objects will remain out of reach. the large synoptic survey telescope, which should come online toward the end of the decade in chile, will be a survey telescope of astonishing capability. the 8. 4 - meter telescope, equipped with a 3 - gigapixel digital camera, will scan the skies every few nights to pick up moving objects or transient events. but even the lsst will have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4839866350338932, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.485554"} {"text": "survey telescope of astonishing capability. the 8. 4 - meter telescope, equipped with a 3 - gigapixel digital camera, will scan the skies every few nights to pick up moving objects or transient events. but even the lsst will have trouble picking up asteroids as small as the one that impacted the atmosphere over russia last week. it will take decades of work ( right ) before the lsst has catalogued the vast majority of much larger objects \u2014 those 140 meters and up \u2014 thereby meeting nasa \u2019 s next asteroid - detection goal. if an asteroid were detected years in advance, the world \u2019 s governments could take corrective action \u2014 detonating, nudging or tugging a hazardous object onto a safer orbit. the asteroid terrestrial - impact last alert system ( atlas ) has a much simpler goal : detect asteroids just weeks before impact so as to warn or evacuate the threatened areas. atlas, which will comprise several small telescopes in hawaii, is in development with financial assistance from nasa and may be operational by 2015. its planners estimate that a 50 - meter \u201c city killer \u201d could be detected one week ahead of impact. the nonprofit b612 foundation recently unveiled its plans to build the sentinel space telescope, an asteroid spotter that would scan the inner solar system in the infrared from an orbit similar to the planet venus. if the foundation can raise the hundreds of millions of dollars needed to build sentinel, the spacecraft would launch in 2018 and make quick work of the truly dangerous asteroids out there. the sentinel mission design calls for a telescope that would catalogue 90 percent of neas bigger than 140 meters over its 6. 5 - year mission. according to a recent statement from b612, the sentinel would also spot more than half of the currently undiscovered asteroids larger than about 50 meters. with limited resources, asteroid spotters have naturally focused on the largest asteroids that could cause the most mayhem. but the smaller, more frequent arrivals to our planet are likely to remain unpredictable for the foreseeable future. on the bright side, no deaths have been reported as a result of the chelyabinsk incident, and the odds of the next significant meteor exploding over such a populous area are slim. and, fortunately, impacts on the scale of the chelyabinsk meteor are predicted to occur only once a century. so perhaps humankind will have figured out better techniques for discovery and tracking by the time the next one comes our way.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45494867264565103, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.486818"} {"text": "posted by frank mccoskergeneral manager, global strategic accounts \u201c if you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. if you talk to him in his language, that goes to his heart \u201d. the language of our thoughts and our emotions is our most valuable asset. source : ms irina bokova, director - general of unesco, on the occasion of international mother language day 2012 today one of our partners, the united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization ( unesco ) celebrates international mother language day, which aims to promote linguistic and cultural diversity and multilingualism. i wanted to take this opportunity to highlight the urgency of the situation and what microsoft is doing to promote the use of mother tongue languages while also making technology more accessible for speakers of those languages. with the launch of windows 8, we have added 13 extra languages to our range of language interface packs ( lips ), bringing the total number of languages supported by windows 8 and office 365 to 108. downloadable free of charge, lips enable the user to install a local language version as a \" skin \" on top of an existing installation of the windows operating system and standard microsoft office system applications. promoting access to mother languages is crucial to ensuring the survival of people \u2019 s common, living heritage. it is linguistic and cultural ties that strengthen communities and promote cohesion. this is the largest number of languages we \u2019 ve ever supported, and the 13 new languages have a potential reach of 130 million speakers. these include speakers of languages in emerging markets, like wolof in senegal, and punjabi in pakistan, which are widely spoken but hardly used in new technologies. with approximately 60 or so languages dominating the internet, including speakers of these languages in technology is a way of providing a voice to communities. more accessible technology also strengthens the local it economy, increases individual productivity, and stimulates activity in local businesses and governments. it also includes countries where a widespread language like english is the official language, giving native speakers the option to use technology in their mother tongue. the 60, 000 speakers of maori in new zealand and the 16, 000 speakers of cherokee in the us now have this option. see unesco \u2019 s atlas of the world ' s languages in danger to find out where such languages exist. this expansion was made possible by the microsoft local language program ( llp ), which provides people access to technology in a familiar language while respecting linguistic and cultural distinctions. for each language, every one of the 3, 000 terms used in the interface goes through an independent verification", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.48823620870085305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.490394"} {"text": "possible by the microsoft local language program ( llp ), which provides people access to technology in a familiar language while respecting linguistic and cultural distinctions. for each language, every one of the 3, 000 terms used in the interface goes through an independent verification process. this means that each word has been debated and agreed upon by experts, providing not only a tangible directory of terms to use as a basis for translations, but also a historical archive of terminology from a language that may not exist in centuries to come. the microsoft llp also includes a number of special features, all for free. microsoft translator, for example, provides real time translation for 40 languages, including a language as limited in reach as hmong spoken in laos by a mere 170, 000 people. in spain, the microsoft llp partnered with unesco to enable students in basque country, valencia, galicia and catalonia to learn, communicate and create in their local language as well as spanish while gaining important 21st century skills. the program enables 17 million people - - 40 % of the population - - to access technology in their native language. watch a video on how the program has helped to improve educational outcomes and academic results here. the impact of the microsoft llp \u2019 s efforts to broaden access is two - fold - as well as helping to preserve languages and cultural identities, using technology in these languages helps them to evolve and develop, pushing them to modernize and stay relevant in the modern age.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5251436755891293, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.491007"} {"text": "why would a city pay to force its residents to ingest nocuous industrial waste for no reason? that \u2019 s what the reams of documents on fluoridating water, the conflicting claims and counter - claims threatening to bury city council, boil down to. i was horrified to find out where the fluoride added to our drinking water comes from : it \u2019 s an industrial derivative called hydrofluorosilicic acid, and it comes from the scrubbers of smokestacks at fertilizer factories. as dr. hardy limeback writes in a letter to council, \u201c i find it absurd that industrial toxic waste is shipped to the water treatment plants in large tanker trucks and trickled into the drinking water of major cities in north america. \u201d limeback is a dentist and former head of preventative dentistry at the faculty of dentistry at the university of toronto who has studied the effects of fluoride on teeth and bone. he also served on the u. s. national academy of sciences subcommittee on fluoride in drinking water. he \u2019 s not a crank. he was a leading authority on fluoride who was often cited by health officials defending fluoridation \u2013 until he could no longer ignore the research. in 1999, he changed his position and apologized to his faculty and students, saying he had \u201c unintentionally misled \u201d them. why did he change his mind? \u201c i was initially concerned with the chronic accumulation of fluoride in teeth causing dental fluorosis and in bone causing changes in our skeletal system, which was the focus of my research at the university of toronto, \u201d he told me in an interview, \u201c but then i found out industrial waste was being used to fluoridate the drinking water. the chemicals used in over 90 per cent of cities in north america are fluorosilicates : they are contaminated with cancer - causing arsenic and radioactive particles and have never been tested for safety in humans. \u201d fluorosis is irreversible scarring or mottling on children \u2019 s teeth, and it has increased significantly in north america. no one, not even proponents of fluoridation, disputes that it \u2019 s caused by fluoride. limeback calls it a biomarker for fluoride poisoning. the main source is fluoridated water. it \u2019 s worse in cities with fluoridated water, and it decreases in cities that stop adding fluoride to their water. municipalities in new hampshire are required to put warnings on their water bills about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.437389440932227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.500448"} {"text": "source is fluoridated water. it \u2019 s worse in cities with fluoridated water, and it decreases in cities that stop adding fluoride to their water. municipalities in new hampshire are required to put warnings on their water bills about fluorosis. if fluoride damages tooth enamel, it made sense to question whether or not it also damages bone, limeback reasoned. indeed, studies suggest that fluoride accumulates in bone with age, making it more brittle and increasing the risk of hip fractures in the elderly. fluoride has also been associated with lower iq, adverse effects on the thyroid and pineal glands and increased risk of bone cancer, and more studies have been recommended. the people conducting this research aren \u2019 t cranks, either. they \u2019 re from institutions like the national academy of sciences and national research council in the u. s. and the harvard school of public health. these studies are published in places like the journal of the american medical association. there are nobel laureates who oppose fluoridation. yet many public health officials, including local medical officer of health dr. allen heimann, continue to defend fluoridation, saying there \u201c needs to be very strong evidence \u201d to discontinue it. i prefer this argument by dr. james beck, a retired medical doctor in calgary who successfully lobbied his city \u2019 s council to stop adding fluoride to water : \u201c any minimally responsible health official would admit there are doubts ( about the safety of fluoride ), \u201d he told me, \u201c and even with these doubts, you keep giving this stuff to people until someone tells you with absolute certainty this is toxic? that doesn \u2019 t make sense. \u201d health officials, including heimann, warn of a rise in tooth decay if cities stop fluoridating. but fluoride \u2019 s effect is topical ; it helps prevent decay when it touches teeth, not when it \u2019 s ingested. and cavities have dropped dramatically in developed countries around the world regardless of whether they fluoridate ( most of europe doesn \u2019 t fluoridate ). this is because of fluoride toothpaste, milk fortified with vitamin d, penicillin that kills bacteria that cause decay, better oral hygiene and access to dental care. adding fluoride to drinking water, once thought to be the best way to ensure that everyone receives equal care, is now seen to pose unfair risks. some people, like construction workers and athletes in hot weather, drink a lot more water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4523116934575748, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.501799"} {"text": "care. adding fluoride to drinking water, once thought to be the best way to ensure that everyone receives equal care, is now seen to pose unfair risks. some people, like construction workers and athletes in hot weather, drink a lot more water. some, such as those with kidney failure, can \u2019 t excrete the fluoride properly. those with poor diets are believed to be more susceptible to the risks of fluoride. and some people can \u2019 t afford bottled water to avoid drinking fluoridated water. fluoride is classified in the u. s. as an \u201c unapproved drug, \u201d yet it is administered without consent, without warning about the risks, and its effects aren \u2019 t monitored. we \u2019 d never do that with any other drug. so why does the public health establishment continue to support fluoridation? \u201c to save face, \u201d according to limeback. \u201c everyone believes they are right because they are backed by so many other organizations that believe they are right. \u201d yet, he maintains, \u201c none of them do original research ( \u2026 clinical trials to prove safety ) and large portions of the fluoride toxicity literature ( are ) being ignored. \u201d limeback \u2019 s credibility and reputation were attacked when he changed his position. he retired from academia early because of his stand. so this is what city councillors in windsor are up against when they meet monday to debate whether to continue adding fluoride to our water. they need to remember what beck, the medical doctor, said : \u201c \u2026 even with these doubts, you keep giving this stuff to people until someone tells you with absolute certainty this is toxic? that doesn \u2019 t make sense. \u201d email @ example. com or 255 - 5587. follow me on twitter @ winstarjarvis.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4398309131474111, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.502640"} {"text": "on april 11th, our koto teachers, mr. patterson and ms. miyama did a presentation about japanese music with mr. patterson \u2019 s friend, mr. huebner. they talked about how different japanese music was to western music and played who pieces together. the koto was played by mr. patterson and ms. miyama, shakuhachi played by mr. huebner, and shamisen played by mr. patterson. out of 3 instruments, koto, shamisen, and the shakuhachi, my favorite instrument was the shakuhachi. first of all, i didn \u2019 t know what was shakuhachi until i saw the instrument itself so it was completely new to me which hooked me up. i was really amazed how there were more than 5 types of shakuhachis there were. some were long, short, and they sounded all differently. for example the koto has less types so it might mean that you can \u2019 t express the sounds in different ways as much as the shakuhachi. at the same time, the shakuhachi only has 5 finger holes while the koto has 13 strings. but mr. huebner told us how to change the sounds using blowing techniques and the placing of the lips. he demonstrated how the sound changed without using his fingers, but just using his lips and air. i learned that the closer the mouthpiece is to your mouth, the deeper the sound will be. the farther away it is played, the higher the pitch will be. these sound changes can be also done in koto by doing a press. one of the cool features that the shakuhachi has is that the sound sounds like the wind. so it can express the music well according to the genre. out of all the pieces they played, my favorite song was the kaze no uta. this song really matched to the shakuhachi because it expressed the different types of wind and the tone of the wind. some parts were played strongly and some were soft. the range of strong and soft were big so the dynamics were great. by listening to this piece, i learned that the shakuhachi can be rhythmical. to me, japanese music sounds like the feelings are expressed in sound. the change of the tone is the changes of the feeling of a person or a living animal. for example when the music is played soft, it means that the person is calm and relaxed. but when the music is played loudly and strongly, the person is mad or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4978864126522224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.505308"} {"text": "take control of your health. subscribe to mediresource \u2019 s halitosis is also referred to as oral malodor, but most of us know it quite simply as \" bad breath. \" even though it ' s a comparatively minor health problem, bad breath can be distressing and a bit of a social handicap. it is not a wonder that we spend millions each year on efforts to freshen our breath with various gums, sprays, and mouthwashes. the most common cause of bad breath is the food you eat. garlic, onions, some kinds of fish, and diets rich in fat and meat can all result in halitosis. when these foods are digested, volatile substances or chemicals are absorbed into your bloodstream and are carried to your lungs where they are exhaled in your breath. in one study, rubbing garlic on the feet actually caused bad breath! the breakdown products of proteins in the body used for energy are exhaled through the lungs, and therefore missing meals, hunger, fasting, starvation, and low - calorie diets can also cause \" hunger breath. \" because there is no flow of saliva during sleep, putrefaction ( decomposition or rotting ) of saliva and debris in the mouth can lead to bad breath in the morning. halitosis is also caused by : taking certain medications can also cause bad breath, especially those that reduce the flow of saliva and dry out the mouth ( e. g., some antidepressants, antipsychotics, antihistamines, decongestants, and medications to reduce high blood pressure ). the awkward irony of halitosis is that many people aren ' t aware that they have it. this is because the cells in the nose that are responsible for the sense of smell actually become unresponsive to the continuous stream of bad odour. if you have bad breath, you may need to be told, or you may notice the negative reaction of other people when you ' re just too close!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45339871350512073, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.508446"} {"text": "olympians inspire and instruct \u201c we all have dreams. but in order to make dreams come into reality, it takes an awful lot of determination, dedication, self - discipline and effort. \u201d \u2014 jesse owens dave ramsey wrote recently, \u201c whether or not you ' re a sports fan, there ' s something about the olympics that brings out passion in all of us. for two weeks, we become super fans of these individuals who have spent thousands of hours becoming the best in the world at what they do. \u201d he pointed out, \u201c most of us will never perform in the olympics, but we all have something to learn from them. \u201d the first lesson is what it takes to be the best, as stated above by olympian jesse owens. i know we all took great pride in watching these young athletes, representing the united states and our future, compete with the world. and america came out on top. as they interviewed the \u201c fierce five \u201d after these young women had won a team gold in gymnastics, several shared how their dream of being an olympian had been born \u201c in 2004 when i watched carly patterson. \u201d that means they were just young children \u2014 and eight years later they were olympic gold medalists. dreams can come true fast. for some, the hurdles may be very difficult. ramsey points out that \u201c in 1960, wilma rudolph became the first american woman to win three gold medals in track and field during one olympic games. as a child, she was born premature and suffered from polio, which caused infantile paralysis. she wore a brace on her left leg until she was 9. at the rome olympics in 1960, she was called ' the fastest woman on earth. '? \u201d and of course, at the london games we witnessed the greatest olympian of all time, michael phelps, running his medal total to 22 \u2014 18 of those gold. in beijing he won eight gold in eight events. you would think that is impossible to do, but then i heard him say that he swam every day for five years straight in preparing to win. he said he set goals and was willing to do what other people wouldn ' t do. and that ' s why he has a record 22 olympic medals. what are your dreams or goals? and are you truly committed and willing to sacrifice to achieve each goal? do you have a michael phelps kind of dedication? many want to \u201c try \u201d to be successful ; others \u201c train \u201d for it. michael phelps and these great olympians trained long before they arrived at the olympics and the starting line.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40429871502250386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.517802"} {"text": "each goal? do you have a michael phelps kind of dedication? many want to \u201c try \u201d to be successful ; others \u201c train \u201d for it. michael phelps and these great olympians trained long before they arrived at the olympics and the starting line. and for those who didn ' t win \u2014 as you often heard \u2014 they reset their goals and begin another four years of training for the next opportunity. now that is inspiring and a lesson for us all. it takes talent to win speaking of talent, training, dedication and winning, tim barfield is a great example \u2014 and a great fellow. you don ' t find many like him who will leave the private sector \u2014 and top salary \u2014 to do public service once, much less twice. louisiana and gov. bobby jindal are fortunate. jindal convinced the former shaw group president in 2008 to join him and take on the job of transforming the labor department into the workforce commission. after completing that, he served as executive counsel for a short time, before returning to the private sector. jindal will take on a major issue next session \u2014 tax reform \u2014 and he knows getting the right quarterback to lead the department of revenue is essential. barfield is the man, and he will be paid $ 250, 000 a year, far below his private sector compensation, but twice what the former secretary was making. so, is rep. john bel edwards ( head of the democratic caucus ) really serious with his questions about the salary of tim barfield or just once again giving the advocate writers fodder to bash jindal? his response was so simple minded. did he complain to friends when the saints paid drew brees maybe 10 times more than quarterback chase daniels? i mean, they both are skilled and dedicated, play the same position, and practice hard. edwards said it seemed unfair that barfield, a former president of a fortune 500 company and attorney, would get more than the former department secretary, who was \u201c a long - term public servant. \u201d that is the old government / union / civil service philosophy : pay me based on my seniority, not my ability or production. that ' s part of the state ' s financial problem right there. edwards knows that in the legal profession the oldest lawyer in the firm may not always have the highest hourly rate. why doesn ' t every lawyer charge the same? if edwards had a brain tumor, would he question the charges for the neurosurgeon being higher than those of his family physician? c ' mon, john, let ' s be honest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42272913274273644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.518922"} {"text": ". why doesn ' t every lawyer charge the same? if edwards had a brain tumor, would he question the charges for the neurosurgeon being higher than those of his family physician? c ' mon, john, let ' s be honest. you knew the answer to your question before you asked it. i wonder if edwards was one of those critics who screamed when then - lsu chancellor mark emmert went out and hired football coach nick saban at twice the salary of ex - coach gerry dinardo. those critics never said much after the first sec championship, followed by the national championship. ( were you one of those critics too? ) it seems like winning makes it all worth it. barfield is a winner. fruits of reform if you are wondering if reform can happen and really makes a difference, look at a few of the changes taking place now in our state due to recent legislation. these are all in addition to the statewide voucher program, which attracted more than 10, 000 applications. 1 ) louisiana received a record 26 applications for new charter schools this year, a five fold increase over the previous year. now, potential charter operators can apply directly to bese if their school district received a letter grade of d or f. the impact was immediate. the state received a total of 49 charter applications. state superintendent john white says during the 2011 - 2012 school year more than 44, 000 students attended 98 charter schools in louisiana. from 2010 to 2011, charter schools outpaced all schools in louisiana for gains in performance scores, gaining an average of 6 points compared to the 2 - point gain of all schools. of the 26 new applications received, 85 % were from d or f school districts and 81 % were from areas of high priority in the state. 2 ) performance - based evaluations begin. starting this year, the state will begin evaluating teachers using a new model, called compass, that includes value - added evaluation. ( the new tenure system passed in 2012 will be linked to this evaluation system. ) of the final score, 50 % is quantitative, based on student achievement. evaluators will work alongside teachers throughout the year, providing ongoing feedback to support their improvement. 3 ) \u201c course choice \u201d and workforce development get a boost. this legislation is a first and is transformational, particularly as it relates to workforce development. businesses can now apply to be an official course provider for k - 12 education, to design and deliver training and receive mfp dollars for their efforts. \u201c students today are too often limited by what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.424973563577676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.520178"} {"text": "i scream, you scream, esl classes scream for ice cream are there young people who do not like ice cream? probably, but for the most part ice cream is a favored treat among young people from all areas of the globe. you can use this natural affinity for the frozen dairy product to liven up your esl class with some activities centered around the chilly treat! following are reading, writing, listening and speaking activities that involve the shiveringly good snack, ice cream. how to proceed a rainbow of flavors if your students like ice cream as much as most young people do, this first activity will energize and excite them. working together as a class or in groups of four to five students, ask your class to brainstorm as many ice cream flavors as they can. they can include flavors for sale in your geographical region as well as ice cream flavors your students may only be able to find in their home countries. once the list is as long as your class can make it, challenge students to break the list into different categories. each category should be distinct from every other category, and there should be enough categories so that every flavor is included in one and only one category. your students may choose to work with fruity flavors, candy flavors, flavors with nothing in them and flavors with things in them ( chocolate chips, for example ). allow your students to be creative in their categorizations. then have them continue to work in groups to define each category and write a short description of that category. most likely, they will find flavors that do not fit easily into one category or another, or they may find others that may fit into more than one category. if so, have your students note and explain the exceptions to their categorization schemes. now that your class has seen what manufactures have to offer, challenge each person to come up with some inventive flavors of his own! if he could make his own ice cream flavor, what would it be? ask each person to think of at least five new ice cream flavors that he would like to see made available and then make sure each of the flavors has a unique name. then each person should choose one flavor and present it to the class trying to convince the class that his idea is the best new ice cream flavor possibility. after everyone has presented his new flavors, ask the class to vote for the one new ice cream they would like to see manufactured. if you like, have each person decorate an ice cream scoop template for his original ice cream flavor and then display", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4879737277719241, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.526704"} {"text": "possibility. after everyone has presented his new flavors, ask the class to vote for the one new ice cream they would like to see manufactured. if you like, have each person decorate an ice cream scoop template for his original ice cream flavor and then display those scoops stacked on one another on the wall. make a simple brown paper triangle to place under the scoops to look like an ice - cream cone, and make sure the winning flavor gets the top position on the cone. almost everyone has some memories associated with ice cream. one could be licking an ice - cream cone while walking through a local fair or a large amusement park. another could be making a gutter sundae with a large group of young people. still another might be making zip lock bag ice cream in a preschool class. ask your students to share some memories they have that include or involve ice cream. do your students have good memories? do they have any bad memories? if students cannot think of a memory that includes ice cream, is there some dream that they have that could involve ice cream? ask your students to write a personal narrative that tells their ice cream story. before writing the stories, remind your students that each story must have a beginning, middle and end. you may also want to review the story elements of setting ( where the story happens ), character ( who is in the story ) and plot ( the events of the story ). after your students write their stories, encourage volunteers to read their stories to the rest of the class. a squishable fun time your students, after all their talking and writing about ice cream, will probably be ready for a chilly snack! you can give them the opportunity to make their own ice cream in class with a zip - lock ice - cream activity. not only that, you can also challenge your students \u2019 abilities to follow spoken directions as each person makes his chilly treat. take the zip - lock ice - cream recipe and have all the ingredients and supplies ready for your students. you may want them to work in small groups or individually, so make sure you have enough of each item for your entire class. if you want to test your students \u2019 listening comprehension, read the directions for making the ice cream out loud one step at a time and have your students follow those directions. if you prefer to test their reading comprehension, give each person a copy of the recipe and have him follow the directions to make his own ice cream snack. when you are through with the activity, you can have sundae toppings for your students", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48738331985873407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.528123"} {"text": ". if you prefer to test their reading comprehension, give each person a copy of the recipe and have him follow the directions to make his own ice cream snack. when you are through with the activity, you can have sundae toppings for your students to put on their creations, if you like. not only will your students have fun following directions, they will be making a new ice cream memory that will last! of course, some or all of these activities may not be appropriate for every esl class. allergy awareness is of utmost importance any time you decide to use food in the classroom as some allergic reactions can be deadly. make sure you know what if any restrictions your students have on their diets and plan your activities accordingly. with that in mind, encourage your students to have fun with this ice cream unit using their creativity and energy! susan likes to enjoy every day to its fullest whether she is freelance writing, teaching homeschoolers, or developing her special talent of instigation. when she is not imagining sand castles or catching others off balance, she cooks, sings, reads and takes walks in the sunshine. she earned an m. a. from the university of delaware in linguistics and an m. a. from trinity school for ministry in youth ministry. she currently lives in pittsburgh, pennsylvania with her wonderful husband and her three cheepy cockatiels. that ' s all it takes for you to say ' thank you ' for the articles you find useful! use the buttons above to show us your love, we know you want to! get 25 ' like a pro ' esl e - books at 70 % off! don ' t miss this unique opportunity to get the complete ' like a pro ' series ( twenty - five phenomenally popular esl best - sellers ) at only $ 3 / book. unbeatably priced, this bundle literally saves you hundreds of dollars and fits your budget just right!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46933777097013235, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.529594"} {"text": "new testament, coptic versions of the. topographical conditions along the nile were such as to foster the growth and differentiation of similar but distinct dialects of the common parent language. during the early christian period the old egyptian language had assumed half a dozen dialectal forms, differing from one another chiefly in phonetics, but also to some extent in vocabulary and syntax. the earliest christians in egypt used greek, but soon the new faith found adherents outside the hellenized portion of the population. exactly when translations of the scriptures were first made into one or another of the several coptic dialects is not known, but the earliest version must precede about a. d. 270, the date at which saint antony was converted after hearing matthew 19 : 16ff. read in coptic in a village church in southern egypt. the earliest extant biblical manuscripts date from the end of the third or beginning of the fourth century. of the surviving coptic documents from the fifth century or earlier, those in sahidic are more than twice as numerous as those in all the other dialects. the manuscripts attest to more than one sahidic translation of certain biblical books. these were conflated in subsequent transmission, as well as revised against the greek. the edition of the new testament in sahidic, prepared by george w. horner ( 7 vols., 1911 - 1924 ; reprinted 1969 ), lacks homogeneity, having been edited of necessity from diverse texts with quite disparate dates and provenance. the textual affinities of the sahidic version are mixed. alexandrian readings predominate, but there is also a strong \" western \" element. about the eleventh century, bohairic replaced sahidic as the liturgical language of the church. although a few early manuscripts in bohairic have survived, the majority are late. the standard edition is that of george w. horner ( 4 vols., 1898 - 1905 ; reprinted 1969 ), who made use of forty - six manuscripts for the gospels, twenty - four for the epistles and the acts ( the latter regularly follows the epistles ), and eleven for revelation. the textual affinities of the bohairic version are chiefly with the alexandrian type of text, with some revision toward the byzantine text. besides the sahidic and the bohairic, versions were made also in several other dialects used at different localities stretching from north to south along the nile river. except for fayyumic, these dialects died out as literary languages by about the seventh century. fayyumic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4366665535317453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.539391"} {"text": "and the bohairic, versions were made also in several other dialects used at different localities stretching from north to south along the nile river. except for fayyumic, these dialects died out as literary languages by about the seventh century. fayyumic is well preserved in fragmentary manuscripts dating from the fourth to the eleventh centuries, a few of which have been edited ( e. g., husselman, 1962 ). akhmimic texts of the scriptures are quite fragmentary and few in number ; perhaps only several biblical books were translated into this dialect. sub - akhmimic, which stands between the akhmimic and middle egyptian ( oxyrhynchite ) dialects, flourished in the fourth and fifth centuries. an important manuscript is a fourth - century copy of the gospel according to john ( edited by sir herbert thompson, 1924 ). most of the other extant literature in this dialect is manichaean and / or gnostic ( including several nag hammadi treatises ). middle egyptian ( oxyrhynchite ) is represented by several important manuscripts dating from about the fifth century ; one parchment manuscript contains the complete text of the gospel of matthew ( edited by h. m. schenke, berlin, 1981 ), another ( on parchment leaves of exactly the same dimension as those of the matthew codex ) contains the text of acts 1 : 1 - 15 : 3 in a form that presents many so - called western readings. a fifth - century papyrus codex containing portions of ten epistles of paul in the middle egyptian dialect has been edited by tito orlandi ( milan, 1974 ). problems concerning coptic versions the study of the textual affinities of the several coptic versions is still far from being complete and many problems remain to be solved. particularly perplexing are questions concerning the nature and degree of the interrelationship of the several translations, as well as the possibility of stages of revision within a given version. the limitations of coptic in representing greek arise in part from its being a language of strict word order. coptic does not possess any grammatical construction comparable with oratio obliqua ; consequently, recourse is made to direct speech. nor can coptic truly represent the greek passive voice, since it possesses only the active voice. nevertheless, despite these and other limitations, the textual critic is grateful for the evidence from the coptic versions in investigating the history of the transmission of the new testament text in egypt. among noteworthy variant readings in sahidic is the name \" nineve \" given to the rich man", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4914310114472866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.540714"} {"text": "serving wine usually involves a rather elaborate ceremony in which the host tastes the wine before pouring it for the guests. one reason for this is the possibility that the wine may have been spoiled by exposure to air. certain bacterial enzymes are capable of converting ethanol to ethanoic acidin arrhenius theory, a substance that produces hydrogen ions ( hydronium ions ) in aqueous solution. in bronsted - lowry theory, a hydrogen - ion ( proton ) donor. in lewis theory, a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond. ( acetic acid ) when oxygen is present : the same reaction occurs when cider changes into vinegar, which contains 4 to 5 percent acetic acid. acetic acid gives vinegar its sour taste and pungent odor and can do the same thing to wine. acetic acid, ch3cooh, is an example of the class of compounds called carboxylic acids, each of which contains one or more carboxylthe functional group consisting of a carbon atom bonded to a hydroxyl group and doubly bonded to an oxygen atom ; found in carboxylic acids : - c ( = o ) oh. groups, cooh. the general formula of a carboxylic acid is rcooh. some other examples are formic acid ( the name comes from latin word formica meaning \u201c ant \u201c ) is present in ants and bees and is responsible for the burning pain of their bites and stings. butyric acid, a component of rancid butter and limburger cheese, has a vile odor. adipic acid is an example of a dicarboxylic acid \u2014 it has two functional groups \u2014 and is used to make nylon. since the carboxyl group contains a highly polardescribes a molecule that has separated, equal positive and negative charges that consitute a positive and a negative pole ; such a molecule tends to assume certain orientations more than others in an electric field. as well as an oh group, hydrogen bonding is extensive among molecules of the carboxylic acids. pure acetic acid is called glacial acetic acid because its melting pointthe temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid. also called freezing point. of 16. 6\u00b0c is high enough that it can freeze in a cold laboratory. as you can see from the table below, acetic acid boils at a higher temperaturea physical property that indicates whether one object can transfer thermal energy to another object. than any other organic substance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5559123693020076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.555465"} {"text": "high enough that it can freeze in a cold laboratory. as you can see from the table below, acetic acid boils at a higher temperaturea physical property that indicates whether one object can transfer thermal energy to another object. than any other organic substance whose molecules are of comparable size and have but one functional group. it is also quite thick and syrupy because of extensive hydrogen bonding. boiling points of some organic compounds whose molecules contain 32 or 34 electrons. below is a jmol model of acetic acid. in the general menu to the left, click on partial charges. each atom in the molecule will be assigned a partial charge. it is clear that the oxygen atomsthe smallest particle of an element that can be involved in chemical combination with another element ; an atom consists of protons and neutrons in a tiny, very dense nucleus, surrounded by electrons, which occupy most of its volume. are sharing electrons unequally and causing other parts of the molecule to gain a partial positive charge in the carboxyl carbon and hydrogen. further, this induces a partial negative charge on the methyl carbon, leading to positive charges on the methyl hydrogen atoms. an even better way to view the electron distribution is with the molecular electrostatic potential ( mep ) surface options. one can look at \" mep on isopotential surface \", which show surfaces where electrostatic potential is the same, but the most informative option here is the \" mep on van der waals surface \" radio button. this shows the potential along the van der waals surface of the molecule. the closer to red on the color spectrum, the more negative the potential at that surface is, the closer to blue, the more positive. one can see that both oxygen atoms are centers of partial negative charge, while the acidic hydrogen atom has a substantial partial positive charge, and the methyl group is also has a partial positive charge. one more way to look at the molecule, is to use the \" mep on a plane \" button. choose the xy plane, and then click \" set plane equation. \" this will show the electrostatic potential along the axis of symmetry for the molecule. while two hydrogen atoms on the methyl group are out of the plane, this view still allows one to see how partial charge is distributed along the backbone of the molecule in a way the van der waals surface does not. from this modeling of the acetic acid molecule, hopefully it is becoming clear how the macroscopic properties we discussed arise. acetic acid is synthesized commercially according to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5452022142232099, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.558004"} {"text": "christiananswers. net webbible encyclopedia the king james version refers to a \u201c fiery \u201d serpent in numbers 21 : 8, \u201c and the lord said unto moses, make thee a fiery serpent, and set it upon a pole : and it shall come to pass, that every one that is bitten, when he looketh upon it, shall live. \u201d here, \u201c fiery \u201d refers figuratively to the burning pain inflicted by a poisonous serpent. the septuagint says \u201c deadly, \u201d instead of \u201c fiery. \u201d the vulgate says \u201c burning. \u201d \u201c the serpent was probably the naja haje of egypt, or some other swift - springing, deadly snake ( isa. 14 : 29 ). after setting out from their encampment at ezion - gaber, the israelites entered on a wide sandy desert, which stretches from the mountains of edom as far as the persian gulf. while traversing this region, the people began to murmur and utter loud complaints against moses. as a punishment, the lord sent serpents among them, and much people of israel died. moses interceded on their behalf, and by divine direction he made a brazen serpent, and raised it on a pole in the midst of the camp, and all the wounded israelites who looked on it were at once healed. ( compare john 3 : 14, 15. ) ( see asp ) this \u201c brazen serpent \u201d was preserved by the israelites till the days of hezekiah, when it was destroyed ( 2 kings 18 : 4 ) \u201d ( matthew g. easton ). also see : brass a \u201c fiery flying \u201d serpent is referred to in isaiah 14 : 29, \u201c \u2026 for out of the serpent ' s root, shall come forth a cockatrice, and his fruit shall be a fiery flying serpent \u201d ( kjv ). isaiah 30 : 6 says, \u201c the burden of the beasts of the south : into the land of trouble and anguish, from whence come \u2026 the viper and fiery flying serpent \u2026 \u201d ( kjv ). albert barnes, notes on the bible, states his opinion that \u2026 \u201c this is the flying serpent so often referred to in the scriptures. it is known to have abounded in the arabian deserts, and was doubtless found also in egypt as being in the same latitude, and infested with similar reptiles. niebuhr thus describes a species of serpent which answers to this account. \u201d there is at bakra a sort of serpents which they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41523155822797986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.572428"} {"text": "doubtless found also in egypt as being in the same latitude, and infested with similar reptiles. niebuhr thus describes a species of serpent which answers to this account. \u201d there is at bakra a sort of serpents which they call heie sursurie, or heie thiare. they commonly keep upon the date trees ; and as it would be laborious for them to come down from a very high tree in order to ascend another, they twist themselves by the tail to a branch of the former, which, making a spring, by the motion they give it, throw themselves to the second. hence, it is that the modern arabs call them the flying serpents \u2014 heie thiare. ' \u201d lord anson, as quoted by niebuhr, also speaks of them as follows : the spaniards informed us that there was often found in the woods a most mischievous serpent, called the flying snake, which, they said, darted itself from the boughs of trees on either man or beast that came within its reach, and whose sting they took to be inevitable death. there was a species of serpent which the greeks called acontias, and the roman jaculus, from their swift darting motion, and perhaps the same species is here referred to which lucan calls jaculique volucres. that these venomous reptiles abounded in egypt is expressly testified by profane writers. thus ammianus says ( xxii. 15 ), that egypt nourishes innumerable serpents, basilisks, and twoheaded serpents ( amphisbaenas ), and the seytalus ( a serpent of a glistening color ), and the ( latin : jaculus ), and adders, and vipers, and many others. john gill ' s exposition of the entire bible states that \u2026 \u201c the \u2018 serpent \u2019 \u2026 \u201c fiery \u201d, or \u2018 burning, \u2019 because it inflames where it bites ; of which see number 21 : 6 and \u2018 flying, \u2019 not because it has wings, though some serpents are said to have them ; but because, when it leaps or darts upon a man, it is with such swiftness, that it seems to fly ; the serpent called \u201c acontias \u201d, or \u201c serpens jaculus \u201d, is here alluded to. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42312126501479086, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.574371"} {"text": "african leaders define a green pact for africa at forum on sustainable development 11 october 2009 : the world forum on sustainable development, which convened from 9 - 11 october 2009, in ouagadougou, under the theme \u201c climate change : what opportunities for sustainable development? \u201d was organized by the government of burkina faso in partnership with the un, including the un development programme ( undp ), and the african union ( au ). the forum brought together heads of state and key african leaders and experts on climate change to discuss climate change impacts and the opportunities available for sustainable development in the region. in the forum ' s final declaration on the new green pact for africa, officials underscored the need for compensation for the natural disasters caused by climate change and called for relaxing the procedures and softening of conditions for african countries to access the resources under the clean development mechanism ( cdm ). the forum emphasized the value - added of african perspectives and ideas to the success of the copenhagen negotiations, as well as the developed countries ' commitments to reduce carbon emissions and provide financial support to developing countries to adapt and mitigate climate change. overall, the green pact for africa will be based on the need to : mainstream climate change adaptation strategies into development and poverty reduction plans ; use renewable energy sources as a catalyst for development ; develop low - carbon - emission technologies for stimulating economic growth and creating jobs ; implement new projects that can attract investment and innovative sources of financing ; and create governance mechanisms that give africans a meaningful say in decision - making processes. [ undp newsroom ] [ world forum on sustainable development ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45597166420739405, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.583111"} {"text": "undp administrator stresses linkages between health and human development 31 january 2013 : in a lecture titled \u201c empowered lives ; resilient nations : why health matters to human development, \u201d un development programme ( undp ) administrator helen clark called for broad, innovative partnerships between development and health practitioners to achieve global health goals. in the lecture, which was delivered at the harvard school of public health, in boston, us, clark described health as key to achieving all areas of development, noting that \u201c disparities in health outcomes tend to mirror inequalities and inequities \u201d in society more broadly. she highlighted linkages between health and development, noting that the un conference on sustainable development ( uncsd, or rio + 20 ) outcome document recognizes health as \u201c a precondition for and an outcome of all three dimensions of sustainable development. \u201d she provided an overview of undp ' s efforts to support the millennium development goals ( mdgs ) on health, and emphasized how challenges outside the health sector, such as capacity, gender inequality, governance, supply chains and transport infrastructure, hinder mdg achievement. clark further described climate change as a development, environment and health challenge, explaining climate change impacts on disease, nutrition and water. clark stressed the need to tackle all dimensions of poverty and inequality to improve health, noting that health should feature in the post - 2015 agenda. clark underscored that development and health practitioners share similar goals of improving individual and community well - being and addressing inequality, but noted limited collaboration between these groups. she recommended bridging this \u201c artificial \u201d gap between development and health practitioners through dialogue and inter - institutional partnerships. clark also highlighted two innovative partnerships : a joint initiative by the international telecommunications union ( itu ) and the world health organization ( who ), which aims to provide guidance on non - communicable diseases to people in africa via text messages ; and the clinton foundation ' s global alliance for clean cookstoves, which aims to combat climate change, minimize indoor air pollution, improve livelihoods and empower women. she underlined that such partnerships demonstrate how technology can contribute to improved health outcomes. clark recommended addressing health challenges on a cross - sectoral basis to facilitate both development and health gains. [ undp press release ] [ helen clark ' s statement ] [ itu press release on health initiative ] [ global alliance for clean cookstoves website ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45862248423139096, "token_count": 484, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.590863"} {"text": "biodiversity ' s ticking time bomb : understanding and addressing the problem of invasive species in europe 28 january 2013 | news story on 21 february 2013, iucn and birdlife, with the support of the european habitats forum, will organize a high - level debate at the european parliament in brussels to discuss the issue of invasive alien species in europe and the development of a eu policy instrument to tackle them. the event is hosted by mep pavel poc, group of the progressive alliance of socialists & democrats ( s & d ). nature invasive alien species are acknowledged as a serious threat to biodiversity in europe, and the first cause of documented extinctions at the global scale. today, europe hosts over 11, 000 alien species and invasions are growing at exponential speed, with a recorded increase of 76 % in the last 30 years. money the economic costs of invasions are estimated at more than 12 billion euros per year in europe only. this affects many economic sectors, from forestry to agriculture, and to the shipping industry. action following the eu biodiversity strategy to 2020, the eu council conclusions, the opinion of the european economic and social committee and the european parliament resolution, iucn and birdlife urge the european union to adopt a legislative instrument on invasive alien species early in 2013. iucn and birdlife call for more stringent policies and measures to prevent and mitigate the impacts of invasions. you participate in a high - level discussion on thursday 21 february 2013 to better understand the challenges posed by invasive alien species, bring in your experience and join iucn and birdlife in the call for action. european policy - makers, scientists and ngos will discuss together the best solutions to combat invasions in europe. intervening at the event : - mep pavel poc, member of committee on environment, public health and food safety, european parliament - julia marton - lefevre, director general, international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) - janez potocnik, commissioner for the environment, european commission - dr piero genovesi, institute for environmental protection and research ( ispra ) and chair of iucn ssc specialist group on invasive alien species - patrick ten brink, senior fellow, head of brussels office and environmental economics programme, institute for european environmental policy ( ieep ) - pia bucella, director of nature unit, dg environment, european commission - ladislav miko, deputy director general, dg health & consumers, european commission - dr joe caffrey, senior research scientist, inland fisheries ireland - dr paul walton, head of habitats and species, royal society for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4479112356484573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.604743"} {"text": "this archived web page remains online for reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. this page will not be altered or updated. web pages that are archived on the internet are not subject to the government of canada web standards. as per the communications policy of the government of canada, you can request alternate formats of this page on the contact us page. featured books and links census at school. - [ cited june 2, 2005 ]. - access : www19. statcan. ca / - an international web - based classroom activity for students aged 8 to 18. help your students develop computer literacy, critical thinking and technology skills. raise their awareness of civic duty and the benefits of census - taking. encourage positive attitudes to statistics. this is knowledge - based learning at its best! the canadian encyclopedia online. - - [ cited feb. 14, 2005 ]. access : www. canadianencyclopedia. ca - explore every conceivable subject on canada including history, geography, culture, sports, politics, business, social issues, education, science, technology and current events at www. canadianencyclopedia. ca search 40, 000 articles, 6, 000 photographs, interactive maps, videos, animations, quizzes and engaging multimedia games. available in french and in english, free of charge. find also the encyclopedia of music in canada. our roots : canada ' s local histories online. - - [ cited aug. 31, 2004 ]. access : http : / / www. ourroots. ca / e / - these innovative educational modules provide canadian youth with engaging ways to make canadian history personally exciting and relevant by bringing local histories into the curriculum. ontario history quest [ online ]. - - [ cited april 26, 2004 ]. - - access : http : / / ohq. tpl. toronto. on. ca / home2. jsp - new online tool for grades 7, 8, 10 and 12 history students with searchable databases using primary sources to discover ontario ' s history. - kids ' take on media : what 5, 700 canadian kids say about movies, tv, video and computer games and more! includes a full report, teacher / student activity guide and workshop for parents. - teachers and the challenge of teaching in francophone minority settings. final research report prepared by anne gilbert, sophie letouze, joseph yvon theriault and rodrique landry. september 2004. isbn 0 - 88989 - 347 - 0 froese - germain, bernie. - - virtual education,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46441272359116137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.650652"} {"text": "the dodo, ( raphus cucullatus ) was a species of flightless bird inhabiting island of mauritius off the coast of east africa. first recorded in 1598, the dodo and the related solitaires of the nearby islands of reunion and rodrigues were extinct just over a century later by a combination of hunting and predation from animals brought by man ; the phrase \" dead as a dodo \" entering the lexicon as a symbol of utter or complete obsolescence. skeletal remains indicate the dodo was fairly large, approximately 20 to 45 pounds in weight and just over 3 feet tall ; captive birds brought to europe would weigh over 50 pounds. the wings were rudimentary, the feet and legs short and thick. the head was large, ending in a long, hooked bill with the nostrils toward the end. contemporary paintings made on captive birds in europe provide a glimpse of their plumage and coloration. they were gray in color, with the underside slightly - lighter in color. the tail was represented by several curled feathers, while the wings bore primary feathers in a color contrasting from gray ; some paintings show them as white, cream, or yellow. the head was bare of feathers from the cheeks forward, the feathers behind displayed in a \" hood \" fashion, which lead to the scientific name cucullatus ( \" hooded \" ) being coined in 1635. the dodo became extinct in the late 1600s, and environmentalists blame human activity for this extinction ; this idea is overwhelmingly supported by most known evidence. however, numerous species have always gone extinct each decade with or without human activity to blame. [ citation needed ] for example, the dodo might have been wiped out by disease. but the dodo captured people ' s imagination as one of the first recorded extinctions. the current leading scientific theory is that humans helped drive the dodo to extinction by bringing along rats and other animals to the island which damaged dodo habitats and destroyed dodo eggs, with human hunting also contributing to this. the introduction of humans and other animals was a threat to the dodo because it has been without any predators for the entirety of its existence, making it completely unafraid of humans and other new dangerous animals that humans introduced. some recent evidence suggest that a natural disaster may have already put the species into decline before the arrival of humans ; however, scientists conjecture that if such a disaster did in fact happen, it would not be sufficient enough to wipe out the dodo in its entirety and instead would just have expedited the effects", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.475516634382535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.675592"} {"text": "put the species into decline before the arrival of humans ; however, scientists conjecture that if such a disaster did in fact happen, it would not be sufficient enough to wipe out the dodo in its entirety and instead would just have expedited the effects of human intervention. the dodo was first sighted by humans in the early 1500s and it was extinct by the late 1600s ; since it was not known by humans for very long and it was generally an unremarkable animal, the dodo quickly faded from people ' s minds and many actually thought of it as a myth until bones were discovered in the early 1800s. the dodo has become emblematic for extinction, as in the expression \" as dead as the dodo. \" humorist will cuppy wrote, jokingly : | \u201c | | the dodo never had a chance. he seems to have been invented for the sole purpose of becoming extinct and that was all he was good for. | | \u201d | since all records indicate that dodo meat was tough and tasted bad and that the dodo wasn ' t particularly challenging to hunt, it may be so that the dodo was actually completely useless to humans. a fictional dodo leads the caucus - race in lewis carroll ' s book, alice ' s adventures in wonderland. ; one of tenniel ' s illustrations shows the dodo presenting alice with the prize of a thimble \u2014 her own thimble, as the dodo had previously decided that alice was responsible for providing the prizes. carroll ' s depiction of the dodo is credited with reviving public interest in the bird as the book was released around the same time that dodo remains were being first discovered. - \u2191 http : / / julianhume. co. uk / wp - content / uploads / 2010 / 07 / hume - et - al - dodo - skin - relics. pdf - \u2191 http : / / www. dh. gov. uk / en / aboutus / ministersanddepartmentleaders / chiefmedicalofficer / features / dh _ 4102997 - \u2191 - \u2191 http : / / news. bbc. co. uk / 2 / hi / programmes / from _ our _ own _ correspondent / 2255991. stm - \u2191 - \u2191 cuppy, will, how to become extinct - \u2191 chapter iii, \" a caucus - race and a long tale", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4156505293819345, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.683172"} {"text": "in november 2003, partners in the ist project multimod succeeded in registering and animating the bone model of a young patient. they developed the datamanager system, whereby the 3d bone models, as derived from ct data, were registered and animated with kinematical data derived from the patient ' s gait analysis ( walking motion ). the technique enables the programmer to combine multiple representations and display modalities using the same set of data. project partners first designed the user interface of a surgical planning software environment, hip - op ( c ) in may 2002. using the hip - op rom, the system computes the range of motion ( rom ) of the patient ' s joint after the planned total hip replacement. their work led to the multimod application framework ( maf ), a complex software architecture that provides a framework within which a programmer can quickly develop specialised applications in the domain of computer - aided medicine. \" maf gives europe ' s bio - engineering community the scaffold upon which each research group can integrate its own tools and methods, \" explains scientific coordinator marco viceconti, from the laboratorio de tecnologia medica, bologna. \" i am convinced that if the consortium can continue its work, map will become one of the most important pieces of software for scientific visualisation available in the world. \" maf allows the programmer to : several specialised maf applications are being explored. the hip - op ( c ) surgical planning programme is being re - written. programmers are also writing a new application, funcev, which will combine data from multiple sources into a unified representation, allowing the orthopaedic surgeon to perform a complete functional evaluation of a patient ' s knee prosthesis. - represent the patient by importing data from various sources ( medical imaging, diagnostic measurements, computer simulations, laboratory tests ) and combine them with complex registration and synchronisation methods. this achieves an effective data fusion into a multi - data representation of the patient ' s body. - operate the patient representation using advanced algorithms to modify the data, analyse their mutual position in space and time, or simplify their attributes for specific purposes such as surgical simulation or testing in diagnosis or rehabilitation. - examine the patient by visualising the multi - data representation through combining multiple views. this allows the composition of a multimodal display adequate for each specific purpose. as for the future viceconti says, \" the sky is the limit. we are doing our very best to build a european biomedical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.49094459807502894, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.716662"} {"text": "| paraguay table of contents labor has not been an organized, tightly knit, autonomous force in paraguay. the firms have traditionally been small, workers were not politically active, and personal relationships between employers and employees prevailed. as in other southern cone countries, the paternal state anticipated demands of a growing labor force, granted some benefits, and impeded the formation of strong labor organizations. when stroessner came to power, most of organized labor belonged to the paraguayan confederation of workers ( confederacion paraguaya de trabajadores - - cpt ), an unstructured amalgam of trade unions. despite its loose association with the colorado party, the cpt declared a general strike in 1958. stroessner crushed the strike, dismissed the cpt leadership, and appointed a police officer as its head. consistent with these actions, the government, and not the workers, continued to determine the confederation ' s leadership in the late 1980s. the cpt remained the only legally recognized large labor organization ; it contained 60, 000 member, and claimed to represent 90 percent of organized labor. the cpt ' s refusal to endorse strikes after 1959 reflected the government ' s dominance over it. in 1985 the cpt lost its membership in the international labour organisation ( ilo ) after an ilo delegation to paraguay determined that the cpt was neither independent nor democratic. nonetheless, the cpt ' s existence allowed the labor force some access to government officials. the first attempt to reform the labor movement came in 1979 with the emergence of the group of nine trade unions. the group, which included bank workers, a sector of construction workers, and the outlawed journalists ' union, unsuccessfully attempted to take control of the cpt in march 1981. several unions of the group subsequently broke away from the cpt and in 1982 led a successful national boycott of coca cola in order to reinstate trade union members at the bottling plant. from this effort emerged the interunion workers movement ( movimiento intersindical de trabajadores - - mit ) in 1985. the mit received recognition from both the international confederation of free trade unions and the latin american central organization of workers ( central latinoamericana de trabajadores - - clat ), both of which sent representatives to express their support for the new movement. in the late 1980s, the mit remained small, and its members were subject to harassment and imprisonment ; nevertheless, it was still the only independent labor movement since stroessner took power. more about the government of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.404152538329019, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:33.721735"} {"text": "just to clear up a common misconception, one that seems to be at the root of every newcomer ' s approach to coding for standards, you do not use divs instead of tables. that ' s important enough to repeat, \" you do not use divs instead of tables \". what do you use? you use well structured, semantic and well formed html instead of table layouts. a non - trivial table layout cannot be well structured nor semantic, though it can contain well formed ( valid ) html. the div element is a non - semantic structural container that lets you form groupings of other, semantic, elements. notice, i said elements. a div should never contain bare nekkid content, only elements. these groupings provide independent styling contexts. think of the div as a drawer in a chest. you can arrange and re - arrange the socks, handkerchiefs and underwear in one drawer ( div ) without affecting the contents of other drawers. further, you can arrange and re - arrange the positioning of the drawers in the chest without affecting the contents of the drawers. keep in mind that the div is semantically neutral. it says nothing about what its % flow element contents are. use the div only for its proper structural purposes. replacing tables is not it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49558635676081764, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.133089"} {"text": "| back to... clerk maxwell ( 1831 - 1879 ) 14 india street epoch ended and another began with james clerk maxwell. \" \" the special theory of relativity owes its origins to maxwell ' s equations of the electromagnetic field. \" james clerk maxwell was one of the greatest scientists and mathematicians of the 19th century. with talents rarely united today, he made landmark contributions to both theoretical and experimental science. maxwell published phenomenal work in two areas. first, building upon the experimental data of michael faraday, and applying highly sophisticated mathematical methods, he predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves ( 1864 ). moreover, he calculated the waves would travel at the speed of later, heinrich hertz discovered these waves ( 1887 ) thereby paving the way for radio, television, radar, and even the boom in computer science. for maxwell, the great mental breakthrough came in thinking of electricity as an electromagnetic not some sort of mechanical process. \" the true logic of this world is in the calculus of probabilites. \" james clerk maxwell maxwell ' s other spectacular contribution was in the dynamical theory of gases. his first great paper in the field was published in 1859. today this subject is part of thermodynamics. willard gibbs, on the other side of the atlantic at yale university, would join maxwell in opening the door for exploration of the physical and chemical properties of gases and other states of matter. as is evident by his place of birth, maxwell was the son of prosperous parents. he was educated across town at the university of edinburgh, entering at the age of 16, and then trinity college, cambridge. eventually he became cambridge university ' s first teacher of experimental physics. he left retirement to serve as the founding director of the cavendish laboratory of cambridge he is buried with his family in the church yard of parton kirk, galloway, scotland. | the house where maxwell was born is in a nice neighborhood near a park close to the center of edinburgh. the house now serves as a meeting place for mathematicians and scientists and is home of the foundation. | feynman on maxwell ' s contributions the most dramatic moment in the development of physics during the 19th century occurred to j. c. maxwell one day in the 1860 ' s, when he combined the laws of electricity and magnetism with the laws of the behavior of light. as a result, the properites of light were partly unravelled - - that old and subtle stuff that is so important and mysterious that it was felt necessary to arrange a special creation for it when writing genesis. maxwell could say", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5543843030727265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.193255"} {"text": "behavior of light. as a result, the properites of light were partly unravelled - - that old and subtle stuff that is so important and mysterious that it was felt necessary to arrange a special creation for it when writing genesis. maxwell could say, when he was finished his discovery, ' let there be electricity and magnetism, and there feynman in the feynman lectures on physics, vol. of the jcm foundation at 14 india street.... \" to promote, encourage, and advance the study of, research into, and the dissemination of knowledge of and relating to physics, chemistry and physical chemistry in all their aspects and in particular, but without prejudice to the foregoing generality, colloids and interfaces. \" scotland has honored maxwell in a number of significant ways... and at yale | maxwell himself on how to visualize a single center of electrified force.... \" i am anxious that these diagrams should be studied as illustrations of the language of faraday in speaking of ' lines of force, ' the ' forces of an electrified body, ' etc.... now the quantity of electricity in a body is measured, according to faraday ' s ideas, by the number of lines of force, or rather of induction, which proceed from it. these lines of force must all terminate somewhere, either on bodies in the neighborhood, or on the walls and roof of the room, or on the earth, or on the heavenly bodies, and wherever they terminate there is a quantity of electricity exactly equal and opposite to that on the part of the body from which they proceeded. by examining the diagrams this will be seen to be the case. these diagrams are constructed in the following manner : - first, take the case of a single centre of force, a small electrified body with a charge e. the potential at a is v = ( e / r ) ; hence, if we make r = ( e / v ), we shall find r, the radius of the sphere for which the potential is v if we now give to v the values 1, 2, 3, etc., and draw the corresponding spheres, we shall obtain a series of equipotential surfaces, the potentials corresponding to which are measured by the natural numbers. the sections of these spheres by a plane passing through their common centre will be circles, which we may mark with the number denoting the potential of each. these are indicated by the dotted circles on the right james clerk maxwell, \" an elementary treatise on electricity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6305496116023398, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.201029"} {"text": "sample material is taken from uncorrected proofs. changes may be made prior to publication. ) bois w. e. b. sociologist, political activist, editor, essayist, novelist, poet, and prophet, william edward burghardt du bois stands as one of the towering figures in american history. in a public career encompassing three - quarters of a century, du bois delivered eloquent, trenchant, occasionally contradictory commentary on what he called \" the problem of the twentieth century... the problem of the color line. \" in the 1920s, he played a central role in the unfolding drama of the harlem renaissance, initially as an inspiration and patron, later as an increasingly captious critic. du bois was born in great barrington, massachusetts, in 1868. his origins were humble. his mother, mary, worked odd jobs, mostly as a domestic servant, before suffering a paralytic stroke ; he scarcely knew his father, alfred, who had abandoned the family. still, du bois remembered his childhood as happy, a more or less \" typically new england \" upbringing, only occasionally ruffled by the racial realities of post - reconstruction america. he flourished in great barrington ' s public schools, exhibiting even in these early days the qualities that would distinguish his life and art : a voracious intellect, a romantic imagination, and an overweening ( though, in retrospect, quite justified ) sense of his own historical du bois graduated from great barrington high school in 1885 and proceeded to fisk university, from which he graduated three years later. fisk, the flagship of the american missionary association ' s post - civil war campaign to uplift the freedpeople, gave du bois not only a fine classical education but his first exposure to black life in the south under jim crow. in darkwater ( 1921 ), du bois would describe that experience in characteristically grandiloquent prose : \" consider, for a moment, how miraculous it all was to a boy of seventeen, just escaped from a narrow valley. i willed and lo! my people came dancing about me... riotous in color, gay in laughter, full of sympathy, need, and pleading. \" du bois went to harvard, where he earned a second bachelor ' s degree in 1890 and a doctorate in history five years later. though excluded from the university ' s dormitories and most of its social life, he flourished academically, developing close relationships with some of america ' s premier intellectuals, including the philosophers william james, josiah royce", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47806886540237775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.420997"} {"text": "a doctorate in history five years later. though excluded from the university ' s dormitories and most of its social life, he flourished academically, developing close relationships with some of america ' s premier intellectuals, including the philosophers william james, josiah royce, and george santayana and the historian alfred bushnell hart. du bois ' s ph. d. dissertation, \" the suppression of the african slave trade to the united states of america, \" completed under hart ' s direction, was published in 1896 - the first of his more than two dozen books. graduate education also included a two - year sojourn at the university of berlin, where he immersed himself in the emerging discipline of sociology. though he failed to earn the coveted german doctoral degreehis support from the white philanthropic slater fund dried up before he could complete the residency requirementhis years in germany proved formative. the encounter with sociology not only shaped du bois ' s future academic career but confirmed his political vocation, offering a framework for engaged intellectual activism. though often frustrated by the sheer irrationality of racial prejudice, du bois remained convinced that it was possible to generate authoritative, objective knowledge about human life ( and about negro life in particular ), and that this knowledge could be used to fashion a more rational, more just world. more broadly, the years in germany established some of the signature tensions in his thought. living in germany sharpened his racialism, his conviction that each race or volk possessed its own distinctive genius or \" gift \" ; but at the same time, germany confirmed the cosmopolitan in him who exulted in what he called \" the world beyond the veil, \" that vast \" kingdom of culture \" unsullied by american racial madness. peerless education, du bois had no chance of a permanent appointment at a white university when he returned to the united states in 1894. he accepted a position teaching classics at wilberforce university, an african methodist episcopal church school in ohio. ( ironically in light of future events, du bois also applied for and was offered a position at booker t. washington ' s tuskegee institute, but the offer did not arrive until after he had accepted the post at wilberforce. ) though he often waxed lyrical about african - american christianity, du bois had little patience with organized religion, and he soon became estranged from the dominant evangelical ethos at wilberforce. in 1896, he left to accept a temporary research position at the university of pennsylvania, from which came his second book, the philadelphia negro, still regarded as a classic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4772997718789461, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.423411"} {"text": ", and he soon became estranged from the dominant evangelical ethos at wilberforce. in 1896, he left to accept a temporary research position at the university of pennsylvania, from which came his second book, the philadelphia negro, still regarded as a classic of urban sociology. in retrospect, his years at wilberforce are significant chiefly for introducing him to his future wife, a \" doe - eyed, \" somewhat stolid student named nina gomer. though grievously mismatched, the couple remained married for more than half a century, until nina ' s death in 1950. they had two children : a son, burghardt, whose death in infancy would later be poignantly rendered in \" the passing of the first born, \" one of the essays in the souls of black folk ; and a daughter, yolande. du bois joined the faculty of atlanta university, where he spent the next decade teaching, writing, and overseeing the atlanta studies, an ambitious annual series of conferences and monographs designed to provide an exact sociological portrait of african - american life. he also put the final touches on his masterwork, the souls of black folk, a collection of essays, autobiographical fragments, and fiction intended to illuminate the subjective human reality of those who lived \" within the veil. \" in the book ' s belletristic \" forethought, \" du bois made it clear that his imagined audience was white, but this work would have its most profound impact on african - american readers, including virtually all the writers and artists who later distinguished themselves in the harlem renaissance. of black folk marked du bois ' s entrance into the arena of racial politics. chapter 3, \" of mr. booker t. washington and others, \" offered a respectful but telling critique of the so - called \" wizard of tuskegee, \" whose advocacy of \" industrial \" education and political accommodation had lent an apparent black seal of approval to the jim crow regime settling over the south. in 1905, du bois helped to organize the niagara movement, an assembly of black leaders opposed to washington ' s leadership and committed to fighting for full civil equality for african - americans. while this movement never achieved a firm institutional foundation, it signaled a new black assertiveness and contributed directly to the establishment, four years later, of the national association for the advancement of colored people ( naacp ). in 1910, du bois moved to new york city, to take office as the director of publicity of naacp and to edit its monthly journal, the relationship", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.447225214091719, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.425002"} {"text": "establishment, four years later, of the national association for the advancement of colored people ( naacp ). in 1910, du bois moved to new york city, to take office as the director of publicity of naacp and to edit its monthly journal, the relationship with the predominantly white leadership of naacp was contentious from the outset and would eventually culminate in his resignation. but for the predominantly black readership of crisis, du bois was the naacp. working with limited funds and a minimal staff, he turned the magazine into his personal broadsheet, offering news and commentary, edifying reading lists, book reviews, and, on more than a few occasions, scathing criticism of individuals or institutions that had neglected their responsibility to the race. the riot in east st. louis, the savage practice of lynching, america ' s entry into world war i ( which du bois, to his later regret, endorsed ), the bolshevik revolution, garveyism, the biennial meetings of his own pan - african congress ; the new dealall these developments and more were discussed and digested in the columns of crisis. in the words of lewis ( 1993 ), du bois became the self - appointed \" preceptor of the race. \" no debate in black american life could be considered complete until dr. du bois had had his say. du bois was drawn into debates swirling around the harlem renaissance. initially, he expressed an almost paternal fondness for the writers of the \" younger literary movement, \" whom he regarded as his own heirs. that assessment was characteristically immodest but by no means unfair. virtually all the core contentions of the new negro movement can be found in du bois ' s writing a generation before. it was du bois who first insisted that the negro was \" primarily an artist, \" that the \" rude melodies \" of black slaves constituted the \" only true american music, \" and that blacks ' \" gift of laughter and song \" had enriched an otherwise impoverished, materialistic american culture. du bois also recognized, long before alain locke, james weldon johnson, and other progenitors of the harlem renaissance, that artistic and literary production could provide a powerful weapon in african - americans ' continuing quest for justice and respect. though his chief identity was as a scholar and editor, he occasionally wielded that weapon himself, most notably in the novel the quest of the silver fleece ( 1911 ) and the sprawling historical pageant the star of ethiopia ( 1913 ). du bois was quick to establish himself as a patron and mentor to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42658027137319154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.426453"} {"text": "occasionally wielded that weapon himself, most notably in the novel the quest of the silver fleece ( 1911 ) and the sprawling historical pageant the star of ethiopia ( 1913 ). du bois was quick to establish himself as a patron and mentor to the emerging new negro movement. he hired the novelist jessie fauset as literary editor of crisis, and together they launched one of the era ' s first competitions for black writers. among the young writers \" discovered \" by crisis was langston hughes, whose epochal poem, \" the negro speaks of rivers, \" dedicated to du bois, appeared in 1921. du bois attended the civic club dinner of 1924 that served as literary harlem ' s downtown debut, and he was one of the first reviewers to hail the genius of jean toomer ' s cane, though he seems to have been taken more with the book ' s lyricism than with its modernist conception, which left him frankly bewildered. \" his art carries much that is difficult or even impossible to understand, \" du bois complained. \" i cannot, for the life of me, for instance, see why toomer could not have made the tragedy of ' carma ' something that i could understand instead of vaguely guess at ; ' box seat ' muddles me to the last degree and i am not sure that i know what ' kabnis ' in du bois ' s curious review of cane were the seeds of his future estrangement from the new negro movement. for someone who wrote so eloquently of the \" souls \" of black \" folk, \" du bois had surprisingly conservative aesthetic tastes. in an era attuned to modernist experimentation and the possibilities of vernacular expression, du bois preferred the soaring flights of byron and tennyson or their german romantic antecedents, goethe and schiller. ( the souls of black folk included epigrams from all four authors. ) his taste in music was likewise classical and distinctly eurocentric. though he appreciated the majesty of the \" sorrow songs, \" he regarded blues as vulgar and jazz as unrefined. while langston hughes glimpsed a universe of beauty in the keening wail of a saxophone on a harlem street corner, du bois thrilled to beethoven and wagner. differences in aesthetic values and judgment became apparent, du bois ' s regard for the rising generation of black writers plummeted, as did their respect for him. by the mid - 1920s, opportunity, an upstart magazine launched by charles johnson and the national urban league, had displaced crisis as the premier", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46250666593708933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.427767"} {"text": "' s regard for the rising generation of black writers plummeted, as did their respect for him. by the mid - 1920s, opportunity, an upstart magazine launched by charles johnson and the national urban league, had displaced crisis as the premier outlet for new negro writing, and figures like johnson, alain locke, and carl van vechten had usurped du bois ' s role as literary patron. personal encounters between du bois and his imagined offspring typically left both parties disappointed. the poet claude mckay detected no human warmth in the idol of this youth, only \" a cold, acid hauteur of spirit, which is not lessened when he vouchsafes a smile. \" though not mentioned by name, du bois was clearly one of the targets of fire!!, a short - lived journal launched by \" younger negro writers \" ( including langston hughes, wallace thurman, richard bruce nugent, and zora neale hurston ) as an artistic declaration of independence from the older generation of \" respectable, \" \" bourgeois \" black writers over the direction of the new negro movement exploded into the open in 1926, following the publication of carl van vechten ' s notorious novel nigger heaven. while many black writers defended the novelwallace thurman half - facetiously predicted that a statue in van vechten ' s honor would one day be erected in harlemdu bois decried it as a \" slap in the face, \" a violation of the \" hospitality \" that black people had extended to its white author. the book ' s appearance confirmed du bois ' s belief that the new negro movement had lost its way, that a movement begun to advance black claims to citizenship had degenerated into a modern - day minstrel show, purveying stereotypical images of black criminals, prostitutes, and buffoons for the amusement of white readers. in the months that followed, du bois continued to rail against what he dubbed the \" van vechten school \" of black writing. in his eyes, younger black writers were guilty not only of political irresponsibility but of artistic blindness, recycling tales of \" low down \" black people while ignoring the rich vein of artistic material to be found in the predicament of intelligent, upstanding negroes. his reviews of new negro writing ranged from disappointed ( fine clothes to the jew, langston hughes ' s second volume of poetry, contained \" extraordinarily beautiful bits \" but lamentably confined itself to \" lowly types \" )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44051755640916856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.431711"} {"text": "six months, du bois printed the replies in crisis. insofar as he had hoped through the questionnaire to recapture artistic leadership of the harlem renaissance, the results were disappointing. while a few respondents answered in the intended spiritjessie fauset ' s reply deserved perfect marksthe vast majority reacted with something between bemusement and dismissal. \" what ' s the use of saying anything? \" langston hughes asked. \" the true artist is going to write what he chooses anyway regardless of outside opinion.... it ' s the way people look at things, not what they look at, that needs to be changed. \" du bois concluded the symposium with a long essay of his own, \" criteria of negro art, \" in which he explicated his ideas about the universal attributes of \" beauty \" and the specific contributions that black writers and artists might make toward its realization. the essay included stern instructions on the political responsibilities of the black writer, suggesting in several places that the duty of vindicating the reputation of the race trumped the value of art for art ' s sake. \" all art is propaganda, \" he thundered. \" i do not give a damn for art that is not propaganda. \" it is no disrespect to du bois, whose place in history is now secure, to say that this was not his finest hour. in the first place, his characterization of contemporary writing was factually incorrect. as james weldon johnson showed in a careful inventory published at the end of the 1920s, scarcely a quarter of the works written by or about african - americans in the previous decade fell within what du bois called the \" van vechten school. \" even nigger heaven itself, after its admittedly lurid beginning, dealt chiefly with the predicament of educated middle - class black people. the unfolding debate had also pushed du bois into a position - art equals propaganda - that not only smacked of philistinism but directly contradicted positions he himself had previously maintained. just five years before, for example, du bois had defended eugene o ' neill ' s controversial play the emperor jones against black critics who decried it for perpetuating racial stereotypes. to compel artists to represent only \" the best and highest and noblest in us, \" to \" insist that art and propaganda be one, \" betrayed a \" complete misunderstanding... of the aim of art, \" he wrote on that occasion. \" we have criminals and prostitutes, ignorant and debased elements just", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4745014491172158, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.436200"} {"text": "in us, \" to \" insist that art and propaganda be one, \" betrayed a \" complete misunderstanding... of the aim of art, \" he wrote on that occasion. \" we have criminals and prostitutes, ignorant and debased elements just as all folks have. \" five years later, having seen his position as literary patron usurped, he was prepared to subject art to a more rigorous political test. second novel, dark princess ( 1928 ), can also be read as an attempt to move african - american literature in more responsible directions. the novel hewed closely to its author ' s political prescriptions, with middle - class characters debating the predicament of the world ' s darker races in impeccable english and with nary a prostitute or jazz club in sight. the main character, matthew towns, is a disillusioned black medical student who has fled the racism of the united states to live in germany. there he meets the title character, a beautiful indian princess who just happens to be the leader of a secret global movement of people of color. alternately romantic and didactic, the book could scarcely have been more out of step with the artistic temper of the 1920s, and it had little apparent impact on other black writers. du bois surely lost the battle for the soul of the harlem renaissance, he may have won the war. as the great depression ravaged harlem and popular enthusiasm for black people ' s arts ebbed, many prominent \" new negroes \" began to look back at the 1920s with a certain embarrassment, renouncing not only the bohemian excesses of the decade but their own naive belief that art alone could conquer racial prejudice. du bois watched it all with more than a little satisfaction. in 1933, in a speech at fisk university, he pronounced an epitaph for the renaissance - an epitaph that continues, for better and for worse, to shape critical assessments of the movement : why was it that the renaissance of literature which began among negroes ten years ago has never taken real and lasting root? it was because it was a transplanted and exotic thing. it was a literature written for the benefit of white people and at the behest of white readers, and starting out privately from the white point of view. it never had a real negro constituency and it did not grow out of the inmost heart and frank experience of negroes. on such an artificial basis no real literature can grow. 1933 du bois had settled comfortably into the role of curmudgeonly elder statesman, his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47459960143918745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.438157"} {"text": "negro constituency and it did not grow out of the inmost heart and frank experience of negroes. on such an artificial basis no real literature can grow. 1933 du bois had settled comfortably into the role of curmudgeonly elder statesman, his public career had run scarcely half its course. he survived for another three decades, remaining politically and intellectually engaged until the end. though he resigned as editor of crisis in 1934, he continued to churn out articles, essays, and editorials on the issues of the day. he also published a steady stream of books, including black reconstruction, a classic work of radical history ; dusk of dawn, a lyrical autobiography ; and three more novels, the so - called \" black flame \" trilogy, which traced the movements of a thinly veiled autobiographical protagonist, manuel mansart, through the twentieth century. as the shadow of mccarthyism darkened american political life, du bois found himself increasingly isolated and vulnerable. his passport was suspended, and he faced mounting harassment, an experience he recounted in the short book in battle for peace. in 1951, he was arrested for failing to register as an agent of a foreign principal, a politically motivated charge growing out of his involvement with an international peace information center. in 1961, du bois accepted an invitation from kwame nkrumah, prime minister of the newly independent republic of ghana, to spend his last years in africa. on the day of his final departure from the united states, 1 october 1961, he formally enrolled as a member of the american communist party, a parting shot against the native land that had rejected his gifts. william edward burghardt du bois was born 23 february 1868 in great barrington, massachusetts. he studied at public schools in great barrington ; fisk university, nashville, tennessee ( a. b., 1888 ) ; harvard university ( a. b., 1890, a. m., 1991, ph. d., 1895 ) ; and the university of berlin ( 1892 - 1894 ). he taught at wilberforce university, xenia, ohio ( 1894 - 1896 ) ; the university of pennsylvania ( 1896 - 1897 ) ; and atlanta university ( 1897 - 1910, 1934 - 1943 ). du bois was a participant in the pan - african conference of 1900 and the universal races congress of 1911. he was a founding member of the niagara movement ( 1905 ), national association for the advancement of colored people ( 1910 ), and pan - african congresses ( 1919, 1921, 1923, 1927, 1945 ). du bois was an editor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4374902244414507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.442663"} {"text": "of 1911. he was a founding member of the niagara movement ( 1905 ), national association for the advancement of colored people ( 1910 ), and pan - african congresses ( 1919, 1921, 1923, 1927, 1945 ). du bois was an editor at moon illustrated weekly, memphis, tennessee ( 1906 - 1907 ) ; horizon, washington, d. c. ( 1907 - 1910 ) ; crisis, new york city ( 1910 - 1934 ) ; and phylon, atlanta ( 1940 - 1944 ). he was a columnist for the pittsburgh courier ( 1936 - 1938 ), new york amsterdam news ( 1938 - 1944 ), chicago defender ( 1947 - 1948 ), and people ' s voice ( 1947 - 1948 ). he was also vice - chairman of the council on african affairs ( 1949 - 1954 ) and a candidate for the u. s. senate ( labor party, 1950 ). he immigrated to ghana in 1961 and became a ghanaian citizen. his awards included knight commander, liberian order of african redemption ( c. 1907 ) ; spingarn medal ( 1920 ) ; international peace prize ( 1952 ) ; and lenin peace prize ( 1959 ). du bois died in accra, ghana, 27 august 1963. see also : atlanta university studies ; cane ; crisis, the ; crisis : the negro in art - - - how shall he be portrayed? a symposium ; dark princess ; emperor jones, the ; fire!! ; fauset, jessie redmon ; harlem renaissance : 1 - - - black critics of ; harlem renaissance : 2 - - - black promoters of ; new negro movement ; niagara movment ; nigger heaven ; national association for the advancement of colored people ; pan - african congresses ; specific individuals suppression of the african slave trade to the united states of america, 1638 - 1870. 1896. the philadelphia negro : a social study. 1899. the souls of black folk : essays and sketches. 1903. the quest of the silver fleece : a novel. 1911. the negro. 1915. darkwater : voices from within the veil. 1921. the gift of black folk : negroes in the making of america. dark princess : a romance. 1928. black reconstruction in america : an essay toward a history of the part which black folk played in the attempt to reconstruct democracy in america, 1860 - 1880. 1935. dusk of dawn : an essay toward an autobiography of a race concept. the autobiography of w. e. b. du bois : a soliloquy on viewing my life from the last decade of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3969674957904352, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.445773"} {"text": "penguins on a treadmill - the latest ( and most bizarre ) way to save the planet scientists put monitors on birds in expirement to chart global warming last updated at 21 : 17pm on 7th april 2007 they may look absolutely bizarre... but these king penguins struggling on a treadmill could help to save the planet. scientists from birmingham university have fitted 50 of the birds with special heart - rate monitors in an experiment designed to measure global warming. they will record how much energy the birds are using in order to feed themselves. if the data shows they are making longer trips further into the oceans to find fish, it may prove waters are warming up and climate change is taking place. dr lewis halsey, of the university ' s school of biosciences, said : \" we are fairly confident that there have been changes in the southern oceans where these penguins live. we expect they will also have to change what they are doing when they go into the sea to feed. \" the lantern fish the penguins eat are going to be moving further south into colder waters as the southern oceans increase in temperature due to global warming. \" the penguins are going to have to go further afield - and burn more calories - to find them. \" we use the heart - rate monitors to find out how hard the penguins are working. over time they will be working harder to find the fish. \" the ' guinea pig ' penguins live on the crozet islands, in the southern indian ocean, about 1, 500 miles north of the antarctic. the monitors record each penguin ' s heart rate, location, the surrounding pressure and hence water depth, and the temperature at the back of its throat, telling the scientists when it has swallowed a cold fish. the birds, famously awkward and ungainly on land, are released back into the wild to go on their usual diving expeditions and caught again a few months later when they return to land to breed. the data from all their fishing trips can then be downloaded to a computer for study, and the penguins return to the colony. the problem for the scientists was working out the relationship between the penguins ' heart rates and how much energy they were expending. to do this, ten penguins were placed on treadmills so their heart rates could be measured at the same time as breathing rate - calculated by putting the treadmill in a sealed, clear plastic box and monitoring how much oxygen they used. the treadmill was speeded up and slowed down to find out how the penguin ' s heart rates changed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47242493595719504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.452634"} {"text": "solar power breakthrough claimed by stanford researchers | 9 : 04 : 27 pm, monday, march 14, 2011 | \u201c it \u2019 s the holy grail at clean energy research labs all over the world and something which could address long term energy issues domestically and beyond : more efficient photovoltaic solar. we \u2019 ve told you about scientists studying full - spectrum cells, using textured substrates, trying self - regenerating nanomaterials \u2013 we \u2019 ve even reported on an anti - reflective film inspired by a coating found in moth eyes. now a stanford team is claiming a breakthrough in making cheaper, more efficient panels by adding a single layer of organic molecules to solar cells. the researchers studied this technique on a fairly new type of solar cell that uses tiny particles of semiconductors called quantum dots. quantum dot solar cells are cheaper to produce than traditional silicon cells, but they haven \u2019 t caught on due to their relative inefficiency. for stacey bent, a chemical engineering professor at stanford, this represented something of a challenge. she knew that solar cells made of a single material have a maximum efficiency of about 31 percent, a limitation of the fixed energy level they can absorb, and that quantum dot solar cells didn \u2019 t share this limitation. \u201c quantum dots can be tuned to absorb a certain wavelength of light just by changing their size, \u201d the stanford report on her research says. \u201c and they can be used to build more complex solar cells that have more than one size of quantum dot, allowing them to absorb multiple wavelengths of light. \u201d so bent and her team coated a titanium dioxide semiconductor in their quantum dot solar cell with a very thin single layer of organic molecules. they found that just that single layer, less than a nanometer thick, was enough to triple the efficiency of the solar cells. even with this breakthrough, there \u2019 s still work to do : bent said the cadmium sulfide quantum dots she \u2019 s been using aren \u2019 t ideal for solar cells, so her group plans to try other molecules for the organic layer, while also tinkering with the solar cell increase light absorption. her theory is, said stanford, that once the sun \u2019 s energy creates an electron and a hole, the thin organic layer helps keep them apart, preventing them from recombining and being wasted. the group has yet to optimize the solar cells, and they have currently achieved an efficiency of, at most, 0. 4 percent. but the group can tune several aspects of the cell, and once they do it is said,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.627538187399473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.493270"} {"text": "wasted. the group has yet to optimize the solar cells, and they have currently achieved an efficiency of, at most, 0. 4 percent. but the group can tune several aspects of the cell, and once they do it is said, the threefold increase caused by the organic layer would be even more significant. \u201d japan does not face another chernobyl | 1 : 51 : 57 pm, monday, march 14, 2011 | \u201c even while thousands of people are reported dead or missing, whole neighborhoods lie in ruins, and gas and oil fires rage out of control, press coverage of the japanese earthquake has quickly settled on the troubles at two nuclear reactors as the center of the catastrophe. rep. ed markey ( d., mass. ), a longtime opponent of nuclear power, has warned of \" another chernobyl \" and predicted \" the same thing could happen here. \" in response, he has called for an immediate suspension of licensing procedures for the westinghouse ap1000, a \" generation iii \" reactor that has been laboring through design review at the nuclear regulatory commission for seven years. before we respond with such panic, though, it would be useful to review exactly what is happening in japan and what we have to fear from it. the core of a nuclear reactor operates at about 550 degrees fahrenheit, well below the temperature of a coal furnace and only slightly hotter than a kitchen oven. if anything unusual occurs, the control rods immediately drop, shutting off the nuclear reaction. you can ' t have a \" runaway reactor, \" nor can a reactor explode like a nuclear bomb. a commercial reactor is to a bomb what vaseline is to napalm. although both are made from petroleum jelly, only one of them has potentially explosive material. once the reactor has shut down, there remains \" decay heat \" from traces of other radioactive isotopes. this can take more than a week to cool down, and the rods must be continually bathed in cooling waters to keep them from overheating. on all generation ii reactors \u2014 the ones currently in operation \u2014 the cooling water is circulated by electric pumps. the new generation iii reactors such as the ap1000 have a simplified \" passive \" cooling system where the water circulates by natural convection with no pumping required. if the pumps are knocked out in a generation ii reactor \u2014 as they were at fukushima daiichi by the tsunami \u2014 the water in the cooling system can overheat and evaporate. the resulting steam increases internal pressure that must be vent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5425214757117365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.494671"} {"text": ". if the pumps are knocked out in a generation ii reactor \u2014 as they were at fukushima daiichi by the tsunami \u2014 the water in the cooling system can overheat and evaporate. the resulting steam increases internal pressure that must be vented. there was a small release of radioactive steam at three mile island in 1979, and there have also been a few releases at fukushima daiichi. these produce radiation at about the level of one dental x - ray in the immediate vicinity and quickly dissipate. if the coolant continues to evaporate, the water level can fall below the level of the fuel rods, exposing them. this will cause a meltdown, meaning the fuel rods melt to the bottom of the steel pressure vessel. early speculation was that in a case like this the fuel might continue melting right through the steel and perhaps even through the concrete containment structure \u2014 the so - called china syndrome, where the fuel would melt all the way to china. but three mile island proved this doesn ' t happen. the melted fuel rods simply aren ' t hot enough to melt steel or concrete. the decay heat must still be absorbed, however, and as a last - ditch effort the emergency core cooling system can be activated to flood the entire containment structure with water. this will do considerable damage to the reactor but will prevent any further steam releases. the japanese have now reportedly done this using seawater in at least two of the troubled reactors. these reactors will never be restarted \u2026 \u201d - - follow link for the rest of the article, where chernobyl power station ' s flaws are described. cost of a slave at historic low price - 90 dollars | 4 : 33 : 19 pm, sunday, march 13, 2011 | - - apparently modern slaves are cheaper than ever... no moammar, no fly : how to stop gadhafi \u2019 s planes | 3 : 34 : 50 pm, sunday, march 13, 2011 | \u201c keep the surveillance planes flying. fry the radar. while the sun hangs in the sky, let libya \u2019 s pilots know they \u2019 re on borrowed time if they take off. there \u2019 s a lot of talk about setting up a no - fly zone over libya \u2014 especially now that moammar gadhafi used his planes to take the oil refinery city of ras lunuf back from the rebels, and especially now that the director of national intelligence proclaimed that gadhafi would eventually beat back the opposition, unless there \u2019 s some serious outside support. but nato stopped short of any such", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5132111941283379, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.497324"} {"text": "oil refinery city of ras lunuf back from the rebels, and especially now that the director of national intelligence proclaimed that gadhafi would eventually beat back the opposition, unless there \u2019 s some serious outside support. but nato stopped short of any such decision on thursday. a raft of u. s. military leaders, from defense secretary robert gates to adm. michael mullen to gen. james mattis of central command, have warned that a no - fly zone is neither a simple or antiseptic operation. air force leaders and veterans of no - fly campaigns contacted by danger room agree with that caution. keeping gadhafi \u2019 s planes and helicopters out of the sky is no cakewalk, and the objectives are anything but clear. but they sketched out the following picture of what one might look like. blowing up libya \u2019 s surface - to - air defenses is the first wave of a no - fly campaign, as secretary gates noted. but to do that, there \u2019 s an even more preliminary step : use the awacs surveillance and command planes that nato is now flying 24 - 7 to find libya \u2019 s radars, command and control and missile stations. \u201c i \u2019 m absolutely certain, \u201d says retired gen. pete piotrowski, a former air force vice chief of staff, \u201c that the intelligence community knows the location of the surface to air missiles and the radars, \u201d thanks to the awacs. high - speed anti - radiation missiles, or harms, can then take out the radars \u2014 which would render the libyans \u2019 missiles dumb without having to take out every missile station. bombing would take care of the libyan command and control centers, too, once awacs identifies them. and a blind libyan air command can \u2019 t challenge nato aircraft. \u201c if you take out the command and control, [ the libyans ] may get lucky, \u201d says retired maj. gen. irv halter, who helped run operation northern watch, the no - fly zone over northern iraq, \u201c but they \u2019 ll be looking through a soda straw. \u201d a trickier target will be the libyan fleet of attack helicopters, which marine commandant james amosidentified as a crucial part of gadhafi \u2019 s arsenal. while it \u2019 s possible that precision weaponry from the nato aircraft thousands of feet above could take the copters out, military analyst kori schake of the hoover institution suggests using french and british carriers in the southern mediterranean to launch helicopters of nato \u2019 s own, plus \u201c missiles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4089785726309293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.499734"} {"text": "precision weaponry from the nato aircraft thousands of feet above could take the copters out, military analyst kori schake of the hoover institution suggests using french and british carriers in the southern mediterranean to launch helicopters of nato \u2019 s own, plus \u201c missiles and naval gunfire \u201d to keep the copters grounded. ( there \u2019 s also talk of cratering runways and helicopter staging areas, so the aircraft can \u2019 t get off of the ground. ) \u2026 \u201d earthquake fault lines in america | 5 : 39 : 42 pm, saturday, march 12, 2011 | - - so, by raise of hands, who knew about the ny / pa / nj one? how the human penis lost its spines | 2 : 44 : 18 pm, saturday, march 12, 2011 | \" you ' ve read the headline, and it probably made you giggle. go ahead. get it out of your system. then take a deep breath and consider how evolution affected a few specific body parts, and why. humans and chimpanzees share more than 97 % of dna, but there are some fairly obvious differences in appearance, behavior and intellect. now, scientists are learning more than ever about what makes us uniquely human. we know that humans have larger brains and, within the brain, a larger angular gyrus, a region associated with abstract concepts. also, male chimpanzees have smaller penises than humans, and their penises have spines. not like porcupine needles or anything, but small pointy projections on the surface that basically make the organ bumpy. gill bejerano, a biologist at stanford university school of medicine, and colleagues wanted to further investigate why humans and chimpanzees have such differences. they analyzed the genomes of humans and closely related primates and discovered more than 500 regulatory regions - - sequences in the genome responsible for controlling genes - - that chimpanzees and other mammals have, but humans do not. in other words, they are making a list of dna that has been lost from the human genome during millions of years of evolution. results from their study are published in the journal nature. think of it like light bulbs and their switches, where the light bulbs are genes and the switches are these controlling dna sequences. if there ' s no bulb, the switch can ' t turn the light on. now imagine there ' s one bulb and five switches to turn it on at different times in different places. if you take one of the switches away, the bulb still works in the four other contexts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.490048315231835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.501344"} {"text": ", the switch can ' t turn the light on. now imagine there ' s one bulb and five switches to turn it on at different times in different places. if you take one of the switches away, the bulb still works in the four other contexts, but not in the fifth. this study looks at two particular switches. bejerano and colleagues took the switch information from a chimpanzee ' s genome and essentially \" hooked it up \" to a reporter gene, a gene whose effects scientists can track as an organism develops. they injected the reporter gene in a mouse egg to see what the switch would do. they found that in one case, a switch that had been lost in humans normally turns on an androgen receptor at the sites where sensory whiskers develop on the face and spines develop on the penis. mice and many other animals have both of these characteristics, and humans do not... \" - - are you telling me i could ' ve had spines on my penis! who cut that one out of the gene pool, seriously? engineers re - create the flying house in \u2018 up \u2019 | 2 : 26 : 17 pm, saturday, march 12, 2011 | - - i ' ve been meaning to share this! while kinda pointless it ' s still awesome. good morning america featured this segment showing a bunch of engineers recreating the floating house in disney / pixar \u2019 s movie up. they didn ' t float an actual house but a bare - bones house using 300 large helium balloons. via www. doobybrain. com photos of japan after the massive 8. 9 - magnitude earthquake | 2 : 02 : 24 pm, friday, march 11, 2011 | - - heart - breaking images that show the destruction and the immensity of the flooding \u2026 it ' ll take a while for that whole part of the world to recover from this one, i hope the world can come together and speed up that process and not have politics and greed interfere. space shuttle discovery sts - 131 | 12 : 36 : 17 pm, thursday, march 10, 2011 | - - beautiful. sts - 131, if you ' re interested. humans, version 3. 0 | 10 : 46 : 02 am, thursday, march 10, 2011 | \u201c where are we humans going, as a species? if science fiction is any guide, we will genetically evolve like in x - men, become genetically engineered as in gattaca, or become cybernetically enhanced like general grievous in star wars. all of these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5383767997107642, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.502710"} {"text": ", as a species? if science fiction is any guide, we will genetically evolve like in x - men, become genetically engineered as in gattaca, or become cybernetically enhanced like general grievous in star wars. all of these may well be part of the story of our future, but i \u2019 m not holding my breath. the first of these \u2014 natural selection \u2014 is impracticably slow, and there \u2019 s a plausible case to be made that naturalselection has all but stopped acting on us. genetic engineering could engender marked changes in us, but it requires a scientific bridge between genotypes \u2014 an organism \u2019 s genetic blueprints \u2014 and phenotypes, which are the organisms themselves and their suite of abilities. a sufficiently sophisticated bridge between these extremes is nowhere in sight. and machine - enhancement is part of our world even today, manifesting in the smartphones and desktop computers most of us rely on each day. such devices will continue to further empower us in the future, but serious hardware additions to our brains will not be forthcoming until we figure out how to build human - level artificial intelligences ( and meld them to our neurons ), something that will require cracking the mind \u2019 s deepest mysteries. i have argued that we \u2019 re centuries or more away from that. simply put, none of these scenarios are plausible for the immediate future. if there issomething next, some imminently arriving transformative development for human capabilities, then the key will not be improved genes or cortical plug - ins. but what other way forward could humans possibly have? with genetic and cyborg enhancement off the table for many years, it would seem we are presently stuck as - is, sans upgrades. there is, however, another avenue for human evolution, one mostly unappreciated in both science and fiction. it is this unheralded mechanism that will usher in the next stage of human, giving future people exquisite powers we do not currently possess, powers worthy of natural selection itself. and, importantly, it doesn \u2019 t require us to transform into cyborgs or bio - engineered lab rats. it merely relies on our natural bodies and brains functioning as they have for millions of years. this mystery mechanism of human transformation is neuronal recycling, coined by neuroscientist stanislas dehaene, wherein the brain \u2019 s innate capabilities are harnessed for altogether novel functions \u2026 \u201d a seriously jaw - dropping close - up photo of the sun | 1 :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.525940627055252, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.503774"} {"text": "neuronal recycling, coined by neuroscientist stanislas dehaene, wherein the brain \u2019 s innate capabilities are harnessed for altogether novel functions \u2026 \u201d a seriously jaw - dropping close - up photo of the sun | 1 : 05 : 29 am, thursday, march 10, 2011 | - - \" this picture was taken by alan friedman...... alan used a filter that lets through only a very narrow wavelength of light emitted by hydrogen ( called h\u03b1 for those of you keeping track at home ), so this tracks the activity of gas on the solar surface. he also inverts the image of the solar disk ( makes it a negative ) to increase contrast. somehow this adds a three - dimensional quality to the picture, and reveals an amazing amount of texture. i swear i had a rug in my bedroom growing up that was this texture ( though somewhat cooler and less burny ). the scene - stealer is that detached prominence off to the left. that \u2019 s the leftover material ejected from the sun by an erupting sunspot ( you can see other sunspots in the picture as well ). the gas is ionized \u2014 a plasma \u2014 and so it \u2019 s affected by magnetic fields. the material follows the magnetic field of the sun in the explosion, lifting it off the surface and into space. sometimes it falls back, and sometimes it leaves the sun entirely. in this case, alan caught some of the material at what looks like the top of its trajectory. the beauty of this picture belies its violence and sheer magnitude : the mass of material in a prominence can easily top 10 billion tons! as for size, see that dark elongated sunspot near the base of the prominence, just to the right of the bigger, speckly one? that spot is roughly twice the size of the earth...... making this even more amazing, these images are taken with a 90mm telescope \u2014 that \u2019 s a lens not even 4 inches across! superior optics, a good mount, and a steady hand can do wonders. prisoners help build patriot missiles | 12 : 59 : 26 am, thursday, march 10, 2011 | \" this spring, the united arab emirates is expected to close a deal for $ 7 billion dollars \u2019 worth of american arms. nearly half of the cash will be spent on patriot missiles, which cost as much as $ 5. 9 million apiece. but what makes those eye - popping sums even more shocking is that some of the workers manufacturing parts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.576330965215329, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.505039"} {"text": "\u2019 worth of american arms. nearly half of the cash will be spent on patriot missiles, which cost as much as $ 5. 9 million apiece. but what makes those eye - popping sums even more shocking is that some of the workers manufacturing parts for those patriot missiles are prisoners, earning as little as 23 cents an hour. ( credit justin rohrlich with the catch. ) the work is done by unicor, previously known as federal prison industries. it \u2019 s a government - owned corporation, established during the depression, that employs about 20, 000 inmates in 70 prisons to make everything from clothing to office furniture to solar panels to military electronics. one of the company \u2019 s high - tech specialties : patriot missile parts. \u201c unicor / fpi supplies numerous electronic components and services for guided missiles, including the patriot advanced capability ( pac - 3 ) missile, \u201d unicor \u2019 s website explains. \u201c we assemble and distribute the intermediate frequency processor ( ifp ) for the pac - 3s seeker. the ifp receives and filters radio - frequency signals that guide the missile toward its target. \u201d the missiles are then marketed worldwide \u2014 sometimes by washington \u2019 s top officials. last year, secretary of defense robert gates pitched the patriots to the turkish government last year, a diplomatic cable released by wikileaks reveals : \u201c secdef stressed that \u2018 nothing can compete with the pac - 3 when it comes to capabilities. \u2019 \u201d patriot assemblers raytheon and lockheed martin aren \u2019 t the only defense contractors relying on prison help. as rohrlich notes, unicor \u201c inmates also make cable assemblies for the mcdonnell douglas / boeing f - 15, the general dynamics / lockheed martin f - 16, bell / textron \u2019 s cobra helicopter, as well as electro - optical equipment for the bae systems bradley fighting vehicle \u2019 s laser rangefinder. \u201d unicor used to make helmets for the military, as well. but that work was suspended when 44, 000 helmets were recalled for shoddy quality... \" space shuttle discovery landed today, ending its flying career | 12 : 43 : 13 pm, wednesday, march 09, 2011 | as the world ' s most flown spaceship wednesday, returning from orbit for the last time and taking off in a new direction as a museum piece. nasa ' s oldest shuttle swooped through a mostly clear noontime sky to a touchdown at its home base. \" to the ship that has led the way time and time again, we say, ' farewell discovery, ' \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43660409669157385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.506137"} {"text": "as a museum piece. nasa ' s oldest shuttle swooped through a mostly clear noontime sky to a touchdown at its home base. \" to the ship that has led the way time and time again, we say, ' farewell discovery, ' \" radioed the mission control commentator. florida ' s spaceport was packed with shuttle program workers, journalists and even some schoolchildren eager to see history in the making. the six astronauts on board went through their landing checklists with the bittersweet realization no one would ever ride discovery again. they said during their 13 - day space station delivery mission that they expected that to hit them hard when the shuttle came to a stop on the runway. at three minutes before noon eastern time \u2014 discovery landed and ceased being a reusable rocketship. \" for the final time : wheels stop, \" discovery ' s commander steven lindsey called out as the shuttle rolled to a stop. even after shuttles endeavour and atlantis make their final voyages in the coming months, discovery will still hold the all - time record with 39 missions, 148 million miles, 5, 830 orbits of earth, and 365 days spent in space. all that was achieved in under 27 years. discovery now leads the way to retirement as nasa winds down the 30 - year shuttle program in favor of interplanetary travel. nasa estimates it will take several months of work \u2014 removing the three main engines and draining all hazardous fuels \u2014 before discovery is ready to head to the smithsonian institution. it will make the 750 - mile journey strapped to the top of a jumbo jet. throughout the flight, lindsey and his crew marveled at how well discovery was performing. they noted that the spacecraft was going into retirement still \" at the top of her game. \" \" a dream machine, \" observed lindsey ' s co - pilot, eric boe, on the eve of landing. discovery ' s last mission ended up being flawless despite a four - month grounding for fuel tank repairs. perhaps more than any other shuttle, discovery consistently delivered... \" - - i support retiring the shuttles. i do not support not having a replacement... this is very bittersweet, disillusioning really. = ( the photo is of space shuttle discovery catching a ride by lori losey nasa, august 19, 2005. mount roraima, venezuela | 12 : 04 : 25 pm, wednesday, march 09, 2011 | a homeless city in the woods | 12 : 33 : 51 am, wednesday, march 09, 2011 | \" a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4962981208284519, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.507285"} {"text": ", august 19, 2005. mount roraima, venezuela | 12 : 04 : 25 pm, wednesday, march 09, 2011 | a homeless city in the woods | 12 : 33 : 51 am, wednesday, march 09, 2011 | \" a crusading minister has built a forested utopia for the itinerant and destitute. but is a social experiment what they \u2019 re looking for, or just a place to live? the shower is a thing of beauty. stainless - steel well point buried twenty feet below a cast - iron hand pump connected by gutter pipe to a 55 - gallon drum draining through a garden hose into a propane - fueled heater hooked to an electric pump hooked to a car battery hooked to a gas generator. flick a switch, turn a valve, and voila : a hot shower in the woods. roughly three hundred feet down a rutted dirt road, in a dappled expanse of scrub pine and oak on the outskirts of lakewood, new jersey, about 40 men and women have made for themselves a provisional home. dozens of tents sprawl across several acres. in addition to the shower, there is an outhouse tent with a flushable toilet pilfered from an old rv. there \u2019 s a kitchen trailer with a working range. there \u2019 s a community tent with turquoise leatherette sofas, and a washer and dryer that, when connected to the generator and filled with collected rainwater, operate as a de facto laundromat. there \u2019 s a chicken coop and a vegetable garden. there was even once a goat named molly, passed off to a local farm because no one could stomach the taste of her milk. the camp looks something like the scene of an extended hunting trip, but it is in fact a homeless encampment \u2014 possibly the largest in the tri - state area, not that any governmental body has bothered to keep track. some call it cedar bridge, after the nearest paved road. at night, its residents gather around campfires telling tales of my homelessness. some begin with a release from jail, others with a failed business, a failed marriage, a failed drug test, or a failed ability to deal with the daily grind of a nine - to - five. michael \u2019 s story began in new york city, where his work as a union electrician dwindled with the dow. \u201c i was working with my landlord. i would send him 500 bucks, 300 bucks. then finally i got a summons to appear in court. \u201d \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43732825909367856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.508260"} {"text": "new york city, where his work as a union electrician dwindled with the dow. \u201c i was working with my landlord. i would send him 500 bucks, 300 bucks. then finally i got a summons to appear in court. \u201d \u201c don \u2019 t you just love that? \u201d asks mary beth, who is playing hostess tonight outside her low polyester tent. \u201c three days later, i \u2019 m walking up to the apartment, i see the doorknob is different. there \u2019 s a sticker on the door : no trespassing. tenant has been evicted. well, i managed to salvage what i wanted. \u201d mary beth nods in understanding. \u201c i had the same thing happen, but i made sure i kept the windows unlocked, and i crawled through at night. \u201d this was after she had been fired from wal - mart in what she believes to be a systematic effort to rid the company of full - time employees. \u201c wal - mart sucks. \u201d her first night at the camp, listening to all the unknown noises of the forest, she was petrified. the next day she met big gerry, who had lost his house and his wife after his fitness center failed. she moved into his tent that night... \" - - follow the link for a 31 photo slide - show even if you don ' t plan on reading. home older posts \u00bb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.36687702738163824, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.508918"} {"text": "# include < stdlib. h > char * getpass ( const char * prompt ) ; # include < unistd. h > char * getpass ( const char * prompt ) ; the getpass ( ) function opens the process ' s controlling terminal, writes to that device the null - terminated string prompt, disables echoing, reads a string of characters up to the next newline character or eof, restores the terminal state and closes the terminal. the getpassphrase ( ) function is identical to getpass ( ), except that it reads and returns a string of up to 256 characters in length. upon successful completion, getpass ( ) returns a pointer to a null - terminated string of at most pass _ max bytes that were read from the terminal device. if an error is encountered, the terminal state is restored and a null pointer is returned. the getpass ( ) and getpassphrase ( ) functions may fail if : the function was interrupted by a signal. the process is a member of a background process attempting to read from its controlling terminal, the process is ignoring or blocking the sigttin signal or the process group is orphaned. open _ max file descriptors are currently open in the calling process. the maximum allowable number of files is currently open in the system. the process does not have a controlling terminal. the return value points to static data whose content may be overwritten by each call. see attributes ( 5 ) for descriptions of the following attributes : | attribute type | | attribute value |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5024129946007746, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.510741"} {"text": "| skip navigation links | | exit print view | | man pages section 3 : curses library functions oracle solaris 11 express 11 / 10 | - get a single - byte character from the terminal cc [ flag... ] file... - i / usr / xpg4 / include - l / usr / xpg4 / lib \\ - r / usr / xpg4 / lib - lcurses [ library... ] c89 [ flag... ] file... - lcurses [ library... ] # include < curses. h > int getch ( void ) ; int wgetch ( window * win ) ; int mvgetch ( int y, int x ) ; int mvwgetch ( window * win, int y, int x ) ; is a pointer to the window associated with the terminal from which the character is to be read. is the y ( row ) coordinate for the position of the character to be read. is the x ( column ) coordinate for the position of the character to be read. these functions read a single - byte character from the terminal associated with the current or specified window. the results are unspecified if the input is not a single - byte character. if keypad ( 3xcurses ) is enabled, these functions respond to the pressing of a function key by returning the corresponding key _ value defined in < curses. h > processing of terminal input is subject to the general rules described on the keypad ( 3xcurses ) manual page. if echoing is enabled, then the character is echoed as though it were provided as an input argument to addch ( 3xcurses ), except for the following characters : the input is interpreted as follows : unless the cursor already was in column 0, < backspace > moves the cursor one column toward the start of the current line and any characters after the < backspace > are added or inserted starting there. the character at the resulting cursor position it then deleted as though delch ( 3xcurses ) were called, except that if the cursor was originally in the first column of the line, the user is alerted as though beep ( 3xcurses ) were called. the user is alerted as though beep ( ) were called. information concerning the function keys is not returned to the caller. if the current or specified window is not a pad, and it has been moved modified since", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4567396072441061, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.516104"} {"text": "if you experience any of these symptoms do not assume it is due to cancer. most of these symptoms may be caused by other, less serious health conditions. if you experience any one of them, see your physician. symptoms of thyroid cancer include the following : swelling or lump in neck \u2014 an enlarging lump in the lower neck may be due to a thyroid nodule. the lump may be painless or painful. neck pain \u2014 as thyroid cancer grows, it may put pressure on nearby nerves and structures, causing pain. the pain may irritate nerves, causing the sensation of pain to run from the area of the thyroid all the way up to the ears. hoarse voice \u2014 pressure from an enlarging thyroid on the nearby voice box may cause the voice to sound hoarse. noisy breathing, wheezing \u2014 when the thyroid enlarges enough to press against the trachea ( windpipe ), your breathing may sound harsh ( called stridor ), raspy, or wheezy ( whistling ). cough \u2014 pressure from a thyroid tumor on the trachea may also cause you to cough. difficulty swallowing \u2014 if the thyroid expands enough to put pressure on the esophagus ( the tube that carries food from the mouth into the stomach ), you may find it hard to swallow. - reviewer : igor puzanov, md - review date : 09 / 2012 - - update date : 00 / 92 / 2012 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38800390023273856, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.518981"} {"text": "this is an extreme example, but i can \u2019 t help but think car companies can easily hit the 35 mpg mileage standards obama is about to lay out if the following is possible for a street ready car. volkswagen \u2019 s ceo, martin winterkorn recently confirmed the company is working on a car that will get 235 mpg ( 1 liter per 100 kilometers ) fuel economy. in 2002, vw showed its 1 - liter concept car that achieved 264 mpg ( 0. 89l / 100km ). the project was cancelled in 2005 but vw has now revived it. how real is this? vw now says a limited production car could be offered by 2010. the vw 1 - liter, developed in a wind tunnel, has a very narrow and very flat body configuration that necessitated tandem seating for the two occupants. measuring in at 4. 1 feet wide, 11. 4 feet long, and just over 3 feet tall, the car features an amazing drag coefficient of just 0. 159 \u2026 even more wind - cheating than the slippery gm ev1 electric car \u2019 s 0. 19 cd. with its 235 mpg fuel economy, it can travel 400 miles on its 1. 7 gallon fuel tank \u2026 all the while achieving a 75 mph top speed. the future of cars is small and lightweight. bet on it. this entry was posted on monday, may 18th, 2009 and is filed under cars, energy, environment. you can follow any responses to this entry through the rss 2. 0 feed. you can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4339219099490031, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.520539"} {"text": "december 7 2008 ( naturalnews ) a study on almost 24, 000 japanese women recently published in the british journal of cancer has found that lack of sleep can greatly increase the risk of breast cancer, with women who slept 6 hours or less every night having a significantly higher risk. breast cancer statistics breast cancer is the most common cancer to hit women worldwide. in japan, when age - standardized to the world population, the incidence rate was 28. 3 per 100, 000 in 1991, and rose to 39. 5 in 2001. in the united states in 2004, the disease hit more than 185, 000 women and over 1, 800 men, with almost 41, 000 women and 362 men dying from it that year. in that year, after non - melanoma skin cancer, breast cancer was the next highest cancer killer of american women. it was also their fifth highest killer overall. next up, over to canada, where, among the women, breast cancer is the most common type of cancer to strike. according to canadian cancer society estimates, about 22, 400 women will be diagnosed with the disease this year, with about 5, 300 dying from it. with such grim statistics, every little thing which can be done to prevent and combat the disease becomes all the more critical. details of study the ohsaki national health insurance ( nhi ) cohort study started in 1994 and involved 28, 515 women in northeastern japan. the questionnaire used included information on sleep duration and other lifestyle habits. participants who had withdrawn from the nhi study before follow - up, had a history of cancer, did not provide information on their sleep duration, and who reported having slept for less than 4 hours or more than 12 hours every night were omitted. this left the data for 23, 995 women to be analyzed. an 8 - year period, from 1995 to 2003, was used, during which 143 women were hit with breast cancer. findings of study the women who slept 7 hours each night was used as the reference group. it was then found that women who slept 6 hours or less each night had a 62 % higher risk of getting breast cancer. on the other hand, those who slept 9 hours or more every night had a 28 % lower risk of getting the disease. it would follow, then, that those who slept 6 hours or less every night had 2. 25 times the risk of getting breast cancer when compared to those who slept 9 hours or more each night. the results remained largely consistent even when participants who were diagnosed with breast cancer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.463834434866439, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.526195"} {"text": "then, that those who slept 6 hours or less every night had 2. 25 times the risk of getting breast cancer when compared to those who slept 9 hours or more each night. the results remained largely consistent even when participants who were diagnosed with breast cancer within 3 years from the start of the study were excluded, or when the data was analyzed by age and menopausal status. the findings of this study validates the findings of two previous prospective cohort studies relating breast cancer and sleep duration ( verkasalo et al, 2005, wu et al, 2008 ). those two studies had also shown a significant decrease in breast cancer risk for those who slept the longest. it must be noted, though, that another such study ( pinheiro et al, 2006 ) did not find any such association. the study team pointed out, however, that that study had looked at residential nurses, who underwent rotating - shift work and had varying sleep timings. the findings of that study thus might not be applicable to the general population. strengths and limitations of study according to the study team, their research had a couple of strong points. firstly, it used study subjects from the general population, thus allowing for overall generalization of its findings. in addition, it used the miyagi prefectural cancer registry, which the study team said is \u201c one of the earliest and most accurate population - based cancer registries in japan \u201d. there were also, however, several limitations. firstly, self - reported sleep data was used, and assessment was also only carried out once. in addition, and probably very significantly, no information on sleep quality, sleep timing, use of sleep medication, or presence of sleep disorders were available. these factors, of course, are very important as they can directly or indirectly affect cancer risk. further, the researchers added that they had no information with regard to rotating - shift work or night work, but they felt that would not have affected their findings greatly as more than half of the study subjects were housewives, farmers or retired. the sleep duration \u2013 breast cancer link why is breast cancer risk linked to sleep duration? the answer could lie in melatonin, which is secreted during night sleep. when a person sleeps fewer hours, less melatonin is secreted, and lower levels of the chemical had previously been associated with increased breast cancer risk. in addition, melatonin may possess an inhibitory effect on gonadal function, which includes synthetizing and secreting sex hormones. it had also been found to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46972177483667266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.527367"} {"text": "your most pressing national electrical code ( nec ) questions answered all questions and answers are based on the 2011 nec. q. does the code allow the installation of cord - connected equipment above a suspended ceiling? a. unless specifically permitted in 400. 7, flexible cords must not be concealed by walls, floors, or ceilings, or located above suspended or dropped ceilings [ 400. 8 ( 5 ) ]. flexible cords are permitted under a raised floor ( with removable panels ) used for environmental air, because this area isn \u2019 t considered a concealed space. see the definition of \u201c exposed \u201d in art. 100. receptacles are permitted above a suspended ceiling, but a flexible cord isn \u2019 t. why install a receptacle above a ceiling if the flexible cord isn \u2019 t permitted in this space? because the receptacle can be used for portable tools ; it just can \u2019 t be used for cord - and plug - connected equipment fastened in place, such as a projector ( click here to see figure ). q. is a supplemental grounding electrode for a single rod, pipe, or plate electrode always required? a. a single rod, pipe, or plate electrode must be supplemented by an additional electrode that \u2019 s bonded to one of the following [ 250. 53 ( a ) ( 2 ) ] : - the single rod, pipe, or plate electrode - the grounding electrode conductor of the single electrode - the neutral service - entrance conductor - the nonflexible grounded service raceway - the service enclosure ex : if a single rod, pipe, or plate grounding electrode has an earth contact resistance of 25 ohms or less, the supplemental electrode isn \u2019 t required. q. how is the ampacity determined for nm - b cable? a. conductor ampacity is calculated on the 90\u00b0c insulation rating of the conductor in accordance with table 310. 15 ( b ) ( 16 ) ; however, the conductors must be sized to the termination temperature rating of 60\u00b0c [ 334. 80 ]. let \u2019 s work a sample problem to help you better understand these guidelines. what size type nm cable is required to supply a 9. 60kw, 240v, single - phase fixed space heater with a 3a blower motor? the terminals are rated 75\u00b0c. step 1 : determine the total load in amperes : i = va \u00f7 e = 9, 600w \u00f7 240v + 3a = 40a + 3a = 43a step 2 : size the ungrounded conductors and overcurre", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4644742577508836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.534420"} {"text": "##\u00b0c. step 1 : determine the total load in amperes : i = va \u00f7 e = 9, 600w \u00f7 240v + 3a = 40a + 3a = 43a step 2 : size the ungrounded conductors and overcurrent device at no less than 125 % of the total heating load [ 424. 3 ( b ) ]. conductor / protection size = load \u00d7 1. 25 = 43a \u00d7 1. 25 = 53. 75a according to table 310. 15 ( b ) ( 16 ), a 6 awg conductor rated 55a at 60\u00b0c, protected with a 60a overcurrent device [ 240. 6 ( a ) ] will satisfy these requirements. if multiple type nm cables pass through the same wood framing opening that \u2019 s to be sealed with thermal insulation, caulking, or sealing foam, the allowable ampacity of each conductor must be adjusted in accordance with table 310. 15 ( b ) ( 3 ) ( a ) [ 334. 80 ]. this requirement has no effect on conductor sizing if you bundle no more than nine current - carrying 14 or 12 awg conductors together. for example, three 14 / 2 cables and one 14 / 3 cable ( nine current - carrying 14 thhn conductors ) are bundled together in a dry location, the ampacity for each conductor ( 25a at 90\u00b0c, table 310. 15 ( b ) ( 16 ) ) is adjusted by a 70 % adjustment factor [ table 310. 15 ( b ) ( 3 ) ( a ) ]. adjusted conductor ampacity = 25a \u00d7 0. 70 = 17. 50a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4646463330188025, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.535179"} {"text": "( cnn ) - - the baby boomer generation ' s efforts at creating social justice dramatically transformed history - - from the vietnam war to gay rights. even institutions that kept tradition at their very core - - institutions such as the roman catholic church - - were radically changed by this generation. within the church, perhaps the biggest agents of this change were its nuns. a wave of new thought during the 1960s opened cloister doors. while modernization of the church did leave fewer nuns in the pipeline to carry out work in the health care and education fields, the ones who stayed - - this baby boomer generation of religious sisters - - undertook a kind of grass - roots, social justice - oriented health care. even today, their work continues to fill in the gaps left by our general health care system. vatican ii revolutionizes religious life it was pope john xxiii who initiated the roman catholic church ' s modernization movement in 1962. the pope was decidedly not a baby boomer - - he was born in 1881. but he inspired the boomers, who were left to carry out his reforms. he convened the second vatican council, or vatican ii, whose leaders created 16 documents that redefined the role of the church in the world. they allowed catholics to work and pray with members of other faiths, replaced the latin mass with church services held in local languages, and dramatically changed how religious sisters lived and worked. \" pope john xxiii said we had to re - examine who we were as the church and get back to the core teachings of jesus - - which were about compassion and justice - - and get rid of what wasn ' t, \" said miriam therese macgillis of the dominican sisters of caldwell, new jersey. she made the comment in the recently released documentary \" band of sisters, \" which examines how this generation of religious women changed the catholic church ' s social justice efforts, something little discussed until now. mary fishman, the film ' s producer and director, said she wanted to create a film that would capture this watershed moment in the church and its impact on nuns. \" vatican ii was the spark that showed the church isn ' t just the hierarchy, it ' s the people, \" fishman said. \" sisters from all over the country were inspired to work directly with those that needed their help. these faith - filled people became the most vibrant part of the church who went on to get people excited and passionate about doing god ' s work and creating real change. \" it was a huge shift for the sisters. \" for over 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3966098442747251, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.548692"} {"text": "their help. these faith - filled people became the most vibrant part of the church who went on to get people excited and passionate about doing god ' s work and creating real change. \" it was a huge shift for the sisters. \" for over 1, 500 years, cloister and religious habit were absolutely required. so we were not to ever leave the cloister. we were never to be without habit, \" sister theresa kane explained in the documentary. vatican ii loosened so many requirements that it made the front cover of time magazine. nuns no longer had to live in convents, solely work within the church and its institutions, or wear their distinctive habits. the ruling also put the laity on equal footing with religious sisters and priests, who at one time had been seen by the church as being above the people. the new freedom shook many convents to their core. hundreds of nuns left religious life. others stayed to figure out how they could best use their talents. making a difference sister helen skormisley, a member of the congregation of saint joseph, entered religious life during this tumultuous time, becoming a nun after graduating from nursing school in 1966. she said she felt a strong kinship with the sisters in west virginia, where she had grown up. \" a whole world opened up for me when i joined them, \" she said. \" soon i saw what my whole purpose was as a sister : i could be of service to others wherever god would call. \" she spent the majority of her career working not in the church, but in the county health department in morgantown, west virginia, mostly in home health care and hospice. the area had only a relatively small catholic population. \" i took care of many people who didn ' t have any idea i was a sister, but that was ok. i was more focused on giving compassionate care and alleviating people ' s suffering, \" she said. \" i wore the full habit for one year and then in the next two or three, everything changed and we didn ' t have to wear it. i wasn ' t disappointed. i didn ' t like wearing it because it kept me distant from people. there are some people who call me sister helen. others don ' t. i don ' t stand on that type of ceremony. \" \" vatican ii was really great for us, and i think made the vision of the church more relevant in a real way, \" she said. \" instead of shoving religion down people ' s throats, we were actually", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44570820478876044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.549734"} {"text": "that type of ceremony. \" \" vatican ii was really great for us, and i think made the vision of the church more relevant in a real way, \" she said. \" instead of shoving religion down people ' s throats, we were actually fulfilling the role of the church, which is to extend a hand out to the poor and make people ' s lives better. \" when she officially retired from the county health department, she started another career. armed with a nurse practitioners ' degree and a master ' s in social work, she worked as a clinical therapist and took a job at a mental hospital, helping people overcome drug and alcohol addictions and manage psychiatric problems. in 2002, she became co - executive director of the sisters of st. joseph health and wellness foundation. as co - executive director, she helps the organization establish programs that improve health care, especially for children in west virginia. the foundation gives grants and support to create a variety of health and wellness projects that are real firsts for the area. public school - based medical clinics provide preventive, primary and dental care services as well as counseling that these children wouldn ' t otherwise have access to. child advocacy centers help survivors of child abuse and neglect. an in - home education program teaches adults parenting skills and provides support to families during pregnancy and until children are at least 3 years old. \" if a child is not physically and emotionally healthy, they cannot learn, \" skormisley said. \" i especially pushed for mental health services for children because i have seen the problems that happen in adult life if these issues are missed at an early age. \" \" i hear all the time from the doctors and health care providers we support, who talk about how this care has turned a child ' s life around. the work has been so worthwhile. \" ' what goes around comes around ' sister lawrence ann liston, administrator of the wabash valley health center also known as saint ann medical and dental services in terre haute, indiana, didn ' t start her career in health care. when she joined the sisters of providence of saint mary - of - the - woods, indiana, her congregation sent her to teach first grade at a school in rural indiana. after only three years on the job, the congregation leaders unexpectedly made her its principal. she quickly grew into her administrative role and eventually became superintendent of all the catholic schools in the archdiocese of indianapolis, successfully managing 72 schools in 39 counties. but after more than 30 years in education, she wanted a change. \" i loved how", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41954786732652133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.550841"} {"text": "principal. she quickly grew into her administrative role and eventually became superintendent of all the catholic schools in the archdiocese of indianapolis, successfully managing 72 schools in 39 counties. but after more than 30 years in education, she wanted a change. \" i loved how much we could do to help the students, but the parents were starting to get to me a little, \" she said. since vatican ii allowed sisters to pick their own careers, she decided to go back to school and got her administration license in health care. at a time in her life when most people retire, she instead decided to put her administrative skills to work in the health care field in facilities that weren ' t run by the catholic church. she went to work running nursing homes founded by the baptists and the national benevolent association of the christian church ( disciples of christ ). now she jokes that she ' s back at school - - her old grade school building, in fact. but it has been converted into a health center. \" my office is my old seventh - and eighth - grade classroom. what goes around comes around, i guess, \" she said, laughing. the clinic provides free comprehensive medical, dental, mental and preventive health care services and serves 1, 000 to 1, 300 patient visits a month. the region it serves - - some 17 counties - - had been struggling financially long before the recession. \" some people drive an hour and a half to get to us - - that ' s how much these health services are needed here, \" liston said. \" we ' re not just treating people with the common cold or flu. we help people here with major chronic conditions and disabilities, many of whom have not had the benefit of preventative health care. i hear people say all the time that without this clinic, they would be dead. \" the clinic is primarily run by donations and grants, and liston works hard to keep it a true community effort. pharmacy students come from purdue and butler universities to work at its pharmacy. indiana state university ' s sports medicine department sends students to help the clinic ' s physical therapy department. the rural health initiative provides resident doctors weekly. doctors, nurses, mental health experts and dentists volunteer thousands of hours. even local medical labs donate their services. under liston ' s leadership, the clinic has expanded. it has already filled all three floors of the former school and church. she worked with construction companies, who donated their time, to retool the building ' s lower level to install more counseling offices, a physical therapy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40406382405960745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.551937"} {"text": ", the clinic has expanded. it has already filled all three floors of the former school and church. she worked with construction companies, who donated their time, to retool the building ' s lower level to install more counseling offices, a physical therapy center and a fitness area. \" the needs here are great, \" she said. \" i ' m glad we ' ve been afforded the opportunity to help meet them. \" now i can smile sister connie kramer is one of the founders of the saint ann medical and dental services. she said she got the idea for the clinic after reading an article written by a local woman who had seen a free one in north carolina. the woman wanted someone to establish one in the terre haute region. \" i said to myself, ' i have a place for that, ' and that ' s how it began, \" kramer said. at the time, she was the parish administrator for saint ann ' s. but initially, the sisters of providence, which she joined in 1964, sent her out to use her education degree to teach a subject she had never even taken. she later went back to school to get a degree in pastoral ministry. \" that was where my heart had been drawn, \" she said. under her leadership, saint ann ' s worked with the sisters of providence to offer the broader community a variety of services in what they called \" caring corner. \" the programs run from these buildings included feeding the hungry and providing medical and dental care. catholic charities also provides broader services including giving shelter to the homeless and providing free day care and youth programs. the free medical clinic was a perfect fit. she opened the free dental clinic in 2005 and she ran it. she made that decision after a doctor called to say that a 26 - year - old woman, the mother of two young children, had died after an infection spread from an abscess in her mouth. \" the physician called and said, ' you ' ve got to do this, ' \" kramer said. \" i knew it was expensive, but i vowed we would find a way. \" this is the hidden tragedy of health care that the affordable care act does not address. there really isn ' t an emergency dental room for people who can ' t afford to pay for it. \" she said she hears people talk daily about what having the clinic means to them. \" i had people waiting three years to have their teeth pulled, and they tell me, ' now i can eat again, ' or ' you gave me back my smile, ' when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37125540360023146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.553394"} {"text": "d. brassicaceae burnett tribe arabideae de candolle, mem. mus. hist. nat. 7 : 229. 1821. annuals, biennials, or perennials [ subshrubs ] ; eglandular. trichomes stalked or sessile, usually stellate, dendritic, cruciform, or forked, sometimes mixed with simple ones, rarely malpighiaceous. cauline leaves petiolate or sessile ; blade base auriculate or not, margins entire or dentate. racemes usually ebracteate, often elongated in fruit. flowers actinomorphic ; sepals erect, ascending, or spreading, lateral pair seldom saccate basally ; petals white, yellow, orange, pink, or purple, claw usually present, usually distinct ; filaments unappendaged, not winged ; pollen 3 - colpate. fruits silicles or siliques, usually dehiscent, very rarely indehiscent, unsegmented, latiseptate or terete ; ovules 2 - 70 ( - 88 ) [ - 110 + ] per ovary ; style usually distinct, sometimes obsolete ; stigma usually entire, rarely 2 - lobed. seeds biseriate or uniseriate [ rarely aseriate ] ; cotyledons accumbent. genera 8, species ca. 460 ( 4 genera, 139 species in the flora ) : north america, mexico, south america, europe, asia, n africa.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42147009884769127, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.554825"} {"text": "the corp of discovery revealing the american west choose a link below to access printable pdf versions of these materials including additional information, color images and citations. the corp of discovery - revealing the american west resource booklet | primary source set library of congress resources american treasures of the library of congress \u2014 reason : the lewis and clark expedition the american treasures of the library of congress exhibition is an unprecedented permanent exhibition of the rarest, most interesting or significant items relating to america ' s past, drawn from every corner of the world ' s largest library. the american treasures exhibition presents more than 250 items arranged in the manner of thomas jefferson ' s own library, the seed from which the present collections grew. in the \u201c reason \u201d section, many historical artifacts ( such as maps and letters ) associated with the expedition of lewis and clark can be found. accessed 10. 03. 08 http : / / www. loc. gov / exhibits / treasures / trr001. html rivers, edens, empires : lewis and clark and the revealing of america this exhibition features the library ' s rich collections of exploration material documenting the quest to connect the east and the west by means of a waterway passage. along with providing a virtual tour, this exhibition also illustrates the timeline of north american discoveries made before, during, and after the expedition of lewis and clark. the first american west : the ohio river valley 1750 - 1820 the first american west : the ohio river valley, 1750 - 1820 consists of 15, 000 pages of original historical material documenting the land, peoples, exploration, and transformation of the trans - appalachian west from the mid - eighteenth to the early nineteenth century. among the sources included are books, periodicals, newspapers, pamphlets, scientific publications, broadsides, letters, journals, legal documents, ledgers and other financial records, maps, physical artifacts, and pictorial images associated with the corps of discovery. accessed 10. 03. 08 http : / / memory. loc. gov / ammem / award99 / icuhtml / fawhome. html the thomas jefferson papers the complete thomas jefferson papers from the manuscript division at the library of congress consists of approximately 27, 000 documents. this is the largest collection of original jefferson documents in the world. correspondence between thomas jefferson and meriwether lewis can be viewed here, along with other documents created by jefferson to help the corps of discovery succeed in their mission. accessed 10. 03. 08 meet amazing americans : adventurers & explorers : lewis and clark designed for elementary and middle - school", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4182413752469219, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.560848"} {"text": "interactive maps and other documents. this learning page activity sheds light on the historical significance of the lewis and clark expedition, and the impact it had on the growth of the nation... and on its native american inhabitants. today in history is designed to help educators use american memory collections to teach history and culture. meriwether lewis august 18 explorer meriwether lewis, who joined william clark to blaze a trail across the continent to the pacific ocean, was born on august 18, 1774, near charlottesville, virginia. wetward ho! on october 20, 1803, the senate ratified the louisiana purchase treaty by a vote of twenty - four to seven. north and south dakota on november 2, 1889, north dakota and south dakota were admitted to the union as the 39th and 40th states. other than through fur trapping, exploration of the dakotas by european - americans was practically nonexistent prior to the 1803 louisiana purchase. in 1804, the lewis and clark expedition wintered in present day north dakota. presentations and activities zoom into maps maps help us make sense of our world. a sampling of the library of congress geography and map division \u2019 s 4. 5 million treasures has been digitized and is available in map collections : 1500 - 2003. this activity introduces historical maps from the american memory collections. http : / / memory. loc. gov / learn / features / maps / introduction. html fill up the canvas... rivers of words : exploring with lewis and clark this learning page activity allows viewers to experience lewis and clark ' s journey westward through words, images, interactive maps and other documents. this learning page activity sheds light on the historical significance of the lewis and clark expedition, and the impact it had on the growth of the nation.. and on its native american inhabitants. accessed 10. 03. 08 http : / / memory. loc. gov / learn / features / lewisandclark / index lewis and clark this section of the learning page will give you other areas on the library of congress website to explore. you will find collections in american memory, search terms and you can even read the transcripts from the live chat session. american indians of the pacific northwest - ( summary and teaching resources ) this collection integrates over 2, 300 photographs and 7, 700 pages of text relating to the american indians in two cultural areas of the pacific northwest, the northwest coast and plateau. thomas jefferson papers at the library of congress - ( summary and teaching resources ) the largest collection of original jefferson documents in the world, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.41157469150382814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.564226"} {"text": "lois talks about her future plans in teaching. todd : lois, when are you going back to london, or england? lois : i ' m going back on the 30th of july. todd : ok, that ' s coming up pretty soon. lois : just four more weeks. four weeks from today, i ' ll be on the plane, on my way home. todd : ok, when you go home, what are you going to do? lois : in september i ' m going back to college because i want to be a primary school teacher in england, so i have to do a one year course to qualify and then hopefully i ' ll start teaching the next september back in england. todd : ok, and what are you going to teach? lois : so, i ' m teaching primary so that ' s all subjects. i ' m teaching science and english and math and maybe some french and sports and music and any other subjects they do at eight years old. todd : so, how old will the students be? lois : so i will be trained to teach from 5 to 11, and hopefully i will teach 7 or 8 year olds. todd : mm, you like kids? lois : i hope so. yeah, when i worked in prague i taught some children ' s classes and i really, really enjoyed them, so hopefully i will like it in england as well. although it will be a bit different because i ' ll have maybe twenty five or thirty students in a class so it might be slightly different to the twelve when i was in prague. todd : that ' s a lot. what made you decide to become a teacher? lois : i ' m not really sure because my mother was a teacher and she ' s trying really hard to convince me that i shouldn ' t do it because she thinks its too much work but i enjoy talking to people and being around children and teaching so hopefully it will be nice for me. the 30th of july is coming up pretty soon. if something will happen ' pretty soon ' it will happen in the near future. notice the following : - he should be home from work pretty soon. - there is a holiday coming up pretty soon. i have to do a one - year course to qualify as a primary school teacher. a ' one - year course ' is a class that lasts for one year. we use a number and ' - year ' to show how long something is. notice the following : - that area of study is a five - year program. - they offer a one - year", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47978400075490785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.569286"} {"text": "| classification and external resources | mice with spinal muscular atrophy atrophy is the partial or complete wasting away of a part of the body. causes of atrophy include mutations ( which can destroy the gene to build up the organ ), poor nourishment, poor circulation, loss of hormonal support, loss of nerve supply to the target organ, excessive amount of apoptosis of cells, and disuse or lack of exercise or disease intrinsic to the tissue itself. hormonal and nerve inputs that maintain an organ or body part are referred to as trophic [ noun ] in medical practice ( ' trophic \" is an adjective that can be paired with various nouns ). trophic describes the trophic condition of tissue. a diminished muscular trophic is designated as atrophy. atrophy is the general physiological process of reabsorption and breakdown of tissues, involving apoptosis on a cellular level. when it occurs as a result of disease or loss of trophic support due to other disease, it is termed pathological atrophy, although it can be a part of normal body development and homeostasis as well. examples of atrophy as part of normal development include shrinking and the involution of the thymus in early childhood, and the tonsils in adolescence. in old age, affects include, but are not limited to, loss of teeth, hair, thinning of skin that creates wrinkles, weakening of muscles, loss of weight in organs and sluggish mental activity. disuse atrophy of muscles ( muscle atrophy ) and bones, with loss of mass and strength, can occur after prolonged immobility, such as extended bedrest, or having a body part in a cast ( living in darkness for the eye, bedridden for the legs etc. ). this type of atrophy can usually be reversed with exercise unless severe. astronauts in microgravity must exercise regularly to minimize atrophy of their limb muscles. there are many diseases and conditions which cause atrophy of muscle mass. for example diseases such as cancer and aids induce a body wasting syndrome called \" cachexia \", which is notable for the severe muscle atrophy seen. other syndromes or conditions which can induce skeletal muscle atrophy are congestive heart failure and liver disease. during aging, there is a gradual decrease in the ability to maintain skeletal muscle function and mass. this condition is called \" sarcopenia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5636468492364013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.574298"} {"text": "other syndromes or conditions which can induce skeletal muscle atrophy are congestive heart failure and liver disease. during aging, there is a gradual decrease in the ability to maintain skeletal muscle function and mass. this condition is called \" sarcopenia \", and may be distinct from atrophy in its pathophysiology. while the exact cause of sarcopenia is unknown, it may be induced by a combination of a gradual failure in the \" satellite cells \" which help to regenerate skeletal muscle fibers, and a decrease in sensitivity to or the availability of critical secreted growth factors which are necessary to maintain muscle mass and satellite cell survival. dystrophies, myositis, and motor neuron conditions pathologic atrophy of muscles can occur with diseases of the motor nerves, or diseases of the muscle tissue itself. examples of atrophying nerve diseases include cmt ( charcot marie tooth syndrome ) poliomyelitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( als or lou gehrig ' s disease ), and guillain - barre syndrome. examples of atrophying muscle diseases include muscular dystrophy, myotonia congenita, and myotonic dystrophy. changes in na + channel isoform expression and spontaneous activity in muscle called fibrillation can also result in muscle atrophy. the adrenal glands atrophy during prolonged use of exogenous glucocorticoids like prednisone. atrophy of the breasts can occur with prolonged estrogen reduction, as with anorexia nervosa or menopause. atrophy of the testes occurs with prolonged use of enough exogenous sex steroid ( either androgen or estrogen ) to reduce gonadotropin secretion. in post - menopausal women, the walls of the vagina become thinner ( atrophic vaginitis ). the mechanism for the age - related condition is not yet clear, though there are theories that the effect is caused by decreases in estrogen levels. this atrophy, and that of the breasts concurrently, is consistent with the homeostatic ( normal development ) role of atrophy in general, as after menopause the body has no further functional biological need to maintain the reproductive system which it has permanently shut down. it has been reported that some drugs might prevent the loss of the muscle wasting that occurs in immobile, bedridden patients. testing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5045044257791682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.575288"} {"text": "menopause the body has no further functional biological need to maintain the reproductive system which it has permanently shut down. it has been reported that some drugs might prevent the loss of the muscle wasting that occurs in immobile, bedridden patients. testing upon mice showed that it blocked the activity of a protein present in the muscle that is involved in muscle atrophy. however the concerns for the drug ' s long - term effects on the heart preclude its routine use in humans for this indication, and further alternative drugs are being sought. see also\u2191jump back a section - w. t. councilman ( 1913 ). \" two \". disease and its causes ( in english ). new york henry holt and company london williams and norgate the university press, cambridge, u. s. a. archived from the original on - campellone, joseph v. ( 2007 - 05 - 22 ). \" muscle atrophy \" ( html ). medlineplus. archived from the original on 13 october 2007. retrieved 2007 - 10 - 02. - \" types of atrophy \" ( html ). archived from the original on 28 september 2007. retrieved 2007 - 10 - 02. - \" drug could stop muscle wasting ' \". netdoctor. co. uk. 2006 - 05 - 25. retrieved 2006 - 05 - 27. [ dead link ] - wang x, hockerman gh, green iii hw, babbs cf, mohammad si, gerrard d, latour ma, london b, hannon km, pond al ( may24 2006 ). \" merg1a k + channel induces skeletal muscle atrophy by activating the ubiquitin proteasome pathway \". faseb j 20 ( 9 ) : 1531. doi : 10. 1096 / fj. 05 - 5350fje. pmid 16723379. read in another language this page is available in 33 languages - \u0431\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f ( \u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0435\u0432\u0456\u0446\u0430 ) - bahasa indonesia - bahasa melayu - norsk bokmal - \u0441\u0440\u043f\u0441\u043a\u0438 / srpski - srpskohrvatski / \u0441\u0440\u043f\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49962855698011543, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.576157"} {"text": "cincinnati riots of 1841 the cincinnati riots of 1841 occurred after a long drought had created widespread unemployment in cincinnati, ohio, united states. over a period of several days in september 1841, unemployed whites attacked the blacks, who then fought back. many blacks were rounded up and held behind a cordon and then moved to the jail. according to the authorities, this was for their own protection. by 1840, cincinnati had grown from a frontier settlement to the 6th largest city in the us. it was a city of contrasts, with prosperous neighborhoods and squalid, violent slums. many of the businessmen who controlled the city were interested in good relationships with the slave - owning states to the south of the ohio river and were hostile to abolitionists and blacks. the ohio constitution denied blacks the franchise, and the black laws imposed further restrictions. black children were denied education in the public schools, but black propertyholders had to pay taxes to support these schools. black immigrants to the state had to register and provide surety. a black could not serve on a jury, testify in legal cases involving a white person, or serve in the militia. however, drawn by the economic opportunities, the black population had grown from 690 in 1826 to an official count of 2, 240 out of a total of 44, 000 citizens by 1840. many of the blacks had jobs as craftsmen or tradesmen, earning good wages for the time. many owned property. on 1 august 1841, the black leaders held ceremonies to commemorate the slavery abolition act 1833 that abolished slavery in the british west indies, an action viewed with hostility by many whites. that month the city experienced a drought and heat wave that caused the ohio river to drop to the lowest waterline yet recorded, making many who depended on the river traffic out of work. tensions mounted, with several scuffles between blacks and whites. on the evening of tuesday, 31 august, a group of irishmen got into a fight with some blacks. on wednesday, the fight resumed. a mob of white men armed with clubs attacked the occupants of a negro boarding house. the brawl spread to involve the occupants of neighboring houses and lasted for about three quarters of an hour. although several people were wounded on both sides, the incident was not reported to the police, and no arrests were made. another encounter took place on the thursday, where two white boys were badly injured, apparently with knives. that day, bands of angry whites were roaming the city. an eyewitness said blacks were \" assaulted wherever found in the streets, and with such weapons", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3856304579540612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.584647"} {"text": "encounter took place on the thursday, where two white boys were badly injured, apparently with knives. that day, bands of angry whites were roaming the city. an eyewitness said blacks were \" assaulted wherever found in the streets, and with such weapons and violence as to cause death. \" on friday, there were rumors that more serious disturbances were planned. the cincinnati daily gazette, which published a full report of the riots, did not hear of any special police precautions to prevent trouble. according to john mercer langston, a child of twelve living in the area who later had a distinguished political career, the black elders armed themselves with guns, planned their defence against attack, and elected a mulatto named major j. wilkerson as their leader. wilkerson had been born a slave in virginia in 1813 and had purchased his freedom. he had become an elder of the ame church in cincinnati. langston call him a \" champion of his people ' s cause \" who would \" maintain his own rights as well as those of the people he led. \" wilkerson ensured that the women and children were moved to safe places and then deployed the men in defensive positions on roofs, in alleys and behind buildings. a mob organized by people from kentucky assembled in fifth street market, armed with clubs and stones. they marched towards broadway and sixth streets, where they wrecked a black - owned confectionary house on broadway, next to sycamore. the crowd grew, and ignored calls to disperse from local dignitaries, including the mayor. advancing to attack the black neighborhood, the mob was met with gunfire and retreated. in several further attacks, people on both sides were wounded and some reported killed. around one in the morning, a group of whites brought up an iron six - pounder cannon from near the river, which they loaded with boiler punchings and pointed down sixth street from broadway. by this time many of the blacks had fled, but fighting continued, with the cannon being fired several times. about two o ' clock, militiamen arrived and managed to end the fighting. the soldiers threw a cordon around several blocks of the black neighborhood, holding those within captive. the militia also rounded up other blacks in the city and marched them to the cordoned - off area, where they were also held captive until they paid bond. mayor samuel w. davies called a public meeting at the court house, the next day, on saturday morning to discuss how to prevent further violence. the meeting resolved to find and arrest the blacks who had injured the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40219218997223827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.585708"} {"text": "also held captive until they paid bond. mayor samuel w. davies called a public meeting at the court house, the next day, on saturday morning to discuss how to prevent further violence. the meeting resolved to find and arrest the blacks who had injured the two white boys. the group blamed the black community for the violence. while strongly condemning abolitionists, they vowed not to tolerate mob violence. the authorities promised to take action to drive out undesitable blacks from the city, saying they would enforce the black law of 1807 and the fugitive slave act of 1793. they would protect african americans and their property until they either gave bond or left the city. black leaders met in bethel ame church and made assurances to the mayor that they would remain calm, suppress violations of law and order and refrain from bearing arms. at a special session of the city council, measures were passed to enlist ordinary citizens, officers, watchmen and firemen to help preserve the peace, authorizing the mayor to increase the number of his deputies up to five hundred, and calling for the county militia to be deployed. the militia and temporary policemen ( some of whom may have been rioters ) deployed throughout the city with orders to arrest every black man they found. some of the blacks had fled the city to walnut hills to the north of the city and others went into hiding, but about 300 were rounded up and thrown into jail. a mob followed the prisoners to jail, taunting them, and extra guards had to be brought in to defend the prisoners. according to the newspapers, kentuckians were free to visit the jail to look for runaway slaves. despite the resolutions and actions, it was found that the mob planned to resume attacks on saturday after nightfall. the mayor deployed peacekeeping forces including the military, firemen, citizens acting as assistants of the marshal, a troop of horse and several companies of voluntary infantry. the mob organized themselves and divided to attack at different points. they broke into the building that held the press of the philanthropist, breaking up the press and carrying it to the river, where they threw it into the water. they broke into and wrecked several black - owned houses, shops and a church before they finally dispersed around dawn on the sunday. the authorities managed to arrest and secure about forty of the mob. the editor of the cincinnati daily gazette said that the riot could have been checked in its early phases : \" a determined corps of fifty or one hundred men would have dispersed the crowd. \" according to langston, the mob was \" the blackest and most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4177535046081118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.586711"} {"text": "| \u2014 village \u2014 | nowe czarnowo [ \u02c8n\u0254v\u025b t\u0282ar\u02c8n\u0254v\u0254 ] is a village in the administrative district of gmina gryfino, within gryfino county, west pomeranian voivodeship, in north - western poland, close to the german border. it lies approximately 8 kilometres ( 5 mi ) south of gryfino and 27 km ( 17 mi ) south of the regional capital szczecin. for a number of centuries until 1945 the area was part of germany. for the history of the region, see history of pomerania. the village has a population of 660. near the village, there is the dolna odra power station. also nearby is a forest of twisted trees, known as crooked forest ( polish : krzywy las ). - \" central statistical office ( gus ) - teryt ( national register of territorial land apportionment journal ) \" ( in polish ). 2008 - 06 - 01. - \" poland ' s mysterious crooked forest : big pic \". discovery. com. june 28, 2011. retrieved july 3, 2011. | wikimedia commons has media related to : nowe czarnowo | | this gryfino county location article is a stub. you can help wikipedia by expanding it. | read in another language this page is available in 1 language", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37981084176763513, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.589060"} {"text": "witness of his time this appointment involved painting portraits of the monarchs. while the influence of velazquez, whom goya admired, is highly apparent in goya \u2019 s first paintings ; in later works, his expression was shifting to a more natural, vivid and a personal narrative. the figures he depicted, at times satirizing, were without any sign of idealization and their personal features and characteristics were reflected on to portraits. goya \u2019 s first print series was a collection of copies of paintings by italians and velazquez in 1778. he published his first series called the caprichos in 1799. after this series, which is a satire of late 18th century spanish society, especially the nobility and clergy ; goya commissioned by general palafox to travel to zaragoza and depict the state of the city of zaragoza after the siege, where he began to prepare his second series disasters of war. at the age of 70, goya made the series of engravings titled tauromaquia ( 1815 - 1816 ). at the time, he was in dire economic straits, in addition on may 5th 1814 prior censorship of the prints had been reinstated and the inquisition had been re - established. from this point of view, the bullfighting, to which goya had been very fond of ever since he was young, seemed the most appropriate subject for a series of engravings. in the series called follies prepared by goya between the years of 1815 - 1824, the grotesque characters and the incomprehensible shapes of the devils give the work a ghostly aspect and are a total break away from logic. this series is perceived as the precursor of surrealism that wouldn \u2019 t appear after a century later.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4049343379315763, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.590990"} {"text": "a cel, short for celluloid, is a transparent sheet on which objects are drawn or painted for traditional, hand - drawn animation. actual celluloid ( consisting of cellulose nitrate and camphor ) was used during the first half of the 20th century, but since it was flammable and dimensionally unstable it was largely replaced by cellulose acetate. with the advent of computer assisted animation production, the use of cels has been practically abandoned in major productions. disney studios stopped using cels in 1990 when computer animation production system ( caps ) replaced this element in their animation process. generally, the characters are drawn on cels and laid over a static background drawing. this reduces the number of times an image has to be redrawn and enables studios to split up the production process to different specialised teams. using this assembly line way to animate has made it possible to produce films much more cost - effectively. the invention of the technique is generally attributed to earl hurd, who patented the process in 1914. the outline of the images are drawn on the front of the cel while colors are painted on the back to eliminate brushstrokes. traditionally, the outlines were hand - inked but since the 1960s they are almost exclusively xerographed on. another important breakthrough in cel animation was the development of the animation photo transfer process, first seen in the black cauldron, released in 1985. collector ' s item production cels were sometimes sold after the animation process was completed. more popular shows and movies demanded higher prices for the cels, with some selling for thousands of dollars. some cels are not used for actual production work, but may be a \" special \" or \" limited edition \" version of the artwork, sometimes even printed ( \" lithographed \" ) instead of hand - painted. these normally do not fetch as high a price as original \" under - the - camera \" cels, which are true collector ' s items. some unique cels have fetched record prices at art auctions. for example, a large \" pan \" cel depicting numerous characters from the finale of who framed roger rabbit sold for $ 50, 600 at sotheby ' s in 1989, including its original background. disney stores sold production cels from the little mermaid ( their last film to use cels ) at prices from $ 2, 500 to $ 3, 500, without the original backgrounds. lithographed \" sericels \" from the same film were $ 250, with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49032950924195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.594752"} {"text": "this article addresses cultural depictions of abraham lincoln. statues of abraham lincoln and other tributes outside the united states statues of abraham lincoln can be found in other countries. in ciudad juarez, chihuahua, mexico, is a 13 - foot ( 4 m ) high bronze statue, a gift from the united states, dedicated in 1966 by president lyndon b. johnson. the u. s. received a statue of benito juarez in exchange, which is in washington, d. c. juarez and lincoln exchanged friendly letters during the american civil war, mexico remembers lincoln ' s opposition to the mexican - american war. ( for his part, juarez refused to aide the confederacy and jailed those confederates who sought his help. ) there is also a statue in tijuana, mexico, showing lincoln standing and destroying the chains of slavery. there are at least three statues of lincoln in the united kingdom \u2014 one in parliament square in london by augustus st. gaudens, one in manchester by george grey barnard and another in edinburgh by george bissell. there is also a bust of the president at st andrews church in hingham, norfolk, where lincoln ' s ancestors lived. in havana, cuba, there is a bust of abraham lincoln in the museum of the revolution, a small statue of him in front of the abraham lincoln school, and a bust of him near the capitolio. in quito, ecuador, a statue of lincoln can be found in the plaza abraham lincoln. fictional depictions late 1800s - in jules verne ' s 1870 novel, twenty thousand leagues under the sea, a fictitious steam frigate, the abraham lincoln, is sent to hunt down the \" monster \" that has been attacking ships at sea, and is attacked itself. captain nemo also has a portrait of lincoln hanging in his study on board the nautilus. in the prequel the mysterious island, the five shipwrecked union prisoners name the island which they discover, \" lincoln island \". - the german writer karl may wrote two stories concerning canada bill jones : ein self - man ( 1878 ) and three carde monte ( 1879 ). the narrator meets several times with the young abraham lincoln and together they oppose \" kanada - bill \". both stories have in common the first meeting of the heroes : the narrator finds lincoln in a forest training to orate. the first known motion picture based on mr. lincoln was 1908 film the reprieve : an episode in the life of abraham lincoln. directed by van dyke brooke, the film shows lincoln pardoning a sentry who fell asleep on duty", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3767411426769067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.610610"} {"text": "orate. the first known motion picture based on mr. lincoln was 1908 film the reprieve : an episode in the life of abraham lincoln. directed by van dyke brooke, the film shows lincoln pardoning a sentry who fell asleep on duty, a theme that would be depicted repeatedly in other silent era shorts. this era is also when the first abraham lincoln impersonators originated, and the modern idea of what he sounded like is derived from these, much like the oral traditions of african folklore. as with the first picture on lincoln, most of the films in this decade featured lincoln pardoning sleeping sentries. films included abraham lincoln ' s clemency ( 1910 ), when lincoln paid ( 1913 ), the sleeping sentinel ( 1914 ) and the birth of a nation ( 1915 ). john drinkwater ' s play, abraham lincoln ( 1918 ), was successful on both sides of the atlantic, reaching broadway and the west end. drinkwater was an english poet and playwright. - \" ann rutledge \", a 1950 episode of the philco television playhouse, featuring stephen courtleigh as lincoln and grace kelly as ann rutledge - \" mr. lincoln \", a five - part tv episode appearing in 1952 - 53 on omnibus, with royal dano as lincoln - \" how chance made lincoln president \", a 1955 episode of tv reader ' s digest - love is eternal, a 1955 novel by irving stone - \" love is eternal \", a 1955 episode of general electric theater, with richard boone as lincoln and teresa wright as mary todd lincoln - \" the day lincoln was shot \", a 1956 episode of ford star jubilee, featuring raymond massey as lincoln and jack lemmon as john wilkes booth - in 1961, john collison played abraham lincoln at a re - enactment of his inauguration at a ceremony in washington d. c. - in how the west was won, lincoln is ( again ) played by raymond massey - \" the chase \", episode 2. 8 of doctor who, which aired in 1964, included robert marsden as honest abe - abe lincoln in illinois - tv production ( 1964 ) - great moments with mr. lincoln, a show created by walt disney imagineering featuring an audio - animatronic lincoln, appears at the 1964 world ' s fair. the next year, the show debuted at disneyland in california. lincoln ' s voice is provided by royal dano. - the time tunnel ( 1966 ) doug and tony meet abraham lincoln ( ford rainey ) - in the 1967 independent film in the woods, lincoln '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3959037924524431, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.611514"} {"text": ", the show debuted at disneyland in california. lincoln ' s voice is provided by royal dano. - the time tunnel ( 1966 ) doug and tony meet abraham lincoln ( ford rainey ) - in the 1967 independent film in the woods, lincoln ' s ghost has a duel with the ghost of nathan bedford forrest. he then shoots forrest saying \" to hell with the csa \" - star trek : the original series 1969 episode \" the savage curtain \" ( 3. 22 ), where an alien creates an image of lincoln to represent \" good \" in a good vs. evil experiment. played by actor lee bergere, old abe was one of captain kirk ' s heroes growing up in the 23rd century. | | this section needs additional citations for verification. ( december 2011 ) - lincoln impersonator rex hamilton was introduced in the opening credits of each episode of police squad! shooting back at john wilkes booth, though he would not further appear in any episodes. - gregory peck portrayed lincoln in the 1982 television movie, the blue and the gray. - in north and south ( tv miniseries ), hal holbrook played lincoln ( once again ) in books i and ii - the 1987 american tv series amerika displays an america occupied by soviet troops. lincoln ' s image is displayed along marx ' s and lenin ' s in parades, exemplifying the re - interpretation of american symbols by the new state. - based on a novel by gore vidal, the 1988 telefilm lincoln starred sam waterston in the title role, and mary tyler moore as his wife. - robert v. barron appeared as lincoln in bill & ted ' s excellent adventure ( 1989 ), and in episodes of out of this world ( # 2. 15, 1988 ). - appears as joshua speed in parke godwin ' s sci - fi novel the snake oil wars. - appears in a this is america, charlie brown episode titled \" the smithsonian and the presidency \", with his segment focusing on the gettysburg address. | | this section needs additional citations for verification. ( december 2011 ) - the civil war ( 1990 ) sam waterston played lincoln - in the red dwarf episode \" meltdown \", lincoln ( played by jack klaff ) was featured as a waxdroid in a theme park planet called waxworld, where evil waxdroids and good waxdroids are fighting. - the speeches of abraham lincoln ( 1995 ) - a & e biography : \" abraham lincoln - preserving the union \" ( 1997 ) - an abraham lincoln robot acts as a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3943166057168107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.613643"} {"text": "waxworld, where evil waxdroids and good waxdroids are fighting. - the speeches of abraham lincoln ( 1995 ) - a & e biography : \" abraham lincoln - preserving the union \" ( 1997 ) - an abraham lincoln robot acts as a defense attorney for african - american children leon, kahlil, lashawn and pee - wee in bebe ' s kids ( 1992 ). - lincoln ( voiced by peter renaday ) is assisted in writing the gettysburg address by the warners in the animaniacs episode \" four score and seven migraines ago \" ( 1993 ). - lincoln appeared as an occasional guest host on histeria!, especially in two episodes centered around the civil war. pepper mills mistakes him for lurch from the addams family, and one sketch shows the civil war politics like an episode of seinfeld, with lincoln as jerry and george b. mcclellan as george costanza. in another sketch, loud kiddington demands he explain the parts of the gettysburg address that he doesn ' t understand ( such as what \" four score \" means ). on histeria!, abe acts like johnny carson and was voiced by maurice lamarche. - in the 1993 film coneheads, dan aykroyd ' s character dresses as lincoln for a costume ball, as the president ' s stovepipe hat effectively covers his cone - shaped head. - in an episode of the hbo sketch comedy series mr. show, abraham lincoln is portrayed ( in an openly historically inaccurate skit ) as the man who designed the american flag. tom kenny portrayed lincoln as speaking in a thick new york accent. - in harry turtledove ' s novel how few remain, lincoln is a viewpoint character, struggling to keep the republican party alive while championing the cause of the working man, which eventually leads to the socialist party of america replacing the republicans as the primary opposition to the democrats. mr. lincoln himself is referred to in later novels as the father of american socialism, as his eloquence and political influence after leaving office ( lincoln is not assassinated in this universe ) led to most of the republican liberals defecting to the socialist party. - talk show late night with conan o ' brien started in 1993, with dino stamatopoulos as the original portrayer of lincoln. in 1999, mike sweeney took over this role. - in an episode of cartoon network ' s dexter ' s laboratory, dexter faces his rival, mandark, using the statue of lincoln from mount rushmore that he has brought", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3971886552062262, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.614644"} {"text": "in ford ' s theatre. - abraham and mary lincoln : a house divided ( 2001 ), a documentary on pbs ' s american experience. - in clone high, a main clone character was abraham lincoln. - in gangs of new york ( 2002 ), leonardo dicaprio and daniel day - lewis ' s characters attend a play of uncle tom ' s cabin in which an actor is suspended in mid - air ( with his body apparently backwards ) to address the blackface actors. an audience member interrupts him, yelling, \" leave the nigger dead! \" as the immigrant audience members begin throwing objects at lincoln and rioting. - though the grim adventures of billy and mandy and evil con carne are set in modern times, lincoln is strangely the current president of the united states in the story ' s plot. one episode of the grim adventures of billy and mandy even features him as grim ' s replacement in billy and mandy ' s group of friends. - in the 2005 alternative history mockumentary c. s. a. : the confederate states of america, abraham lincoln flees after the south wins the war. he is captured in blackface makeup and later declares, \" now i too am a negro \". - in 2005, lincoln appeared in the song and video of the ultimate showdown of ultimate destiny by lemon demon. - in an episode of the venture bros., the ghost of lincoln requests the help of hank and dean to save the current president from being killed. - national treasure 2 : book of secrets ( 2007 ) is a fictional film which concerns the assassination of lincoln. - an evil hologram of lincoln appears in an episode of futurama, a robot lincoln with 20 personalities ( all of them lincoln ) appear in another, and appears as a head in a jar advertising cars. - he is ranked fourth in electronic gaming monthly \u2019 s list of the top ten video game politicians for his appearance in fight club for the playstation 2. - in the 2008 video game fallout 3, set in a post - apocalyptic washington d. c., the lincoln memorial is portrayed as a beacon of hope to escaped slaves trying to survive in the wasteland. the player can also find a hidden weapon called lincoln ' s repeater, which is one of the most powerful rifles in the game. coincidentally, liam neeson, who was considered for the role of lincoln in the spielberg film, is featured in the game as the voice of the player character ' s father, james. - in robot chicken ' s first star wars special, lincoln ( voiced by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.38780060549086526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.616634"} {"text": "liam neeson, who was considered for the role of lincoln in the spielberg film, is featured in the game as the voice of the player character ' s father, james. - in robot chicken ' s first star wars special, lincoln ( voiced by hulk hogan ) is seen as being seated under the lincoln memorial, and engages in lightsaber combat with george w. bush. - lincoln appears in the form of the lincoln memorial coming to life in the film night at the museum : battle of the smithsonian. - in the fourth episode from the 2007 game sam & max save the world, the statue of lincoln at the lincoln memorial turns into a giant robot. he is becoming one of the recurring characters in the game. - in an episode of the 2001 cartoon time squad, lincoln is depicted as feeling jaded and bitter towards his \" honest abe \" title, believing that he is missing out on fun. as a result, he begins numerous foul pranks and bullies citizens in town instead of paying attention to his presidential duties. - abraham lincoln, vampire hunter ( 2010 ) is a novel by seth grahame - smith, in which lincoln makes it his life ' s goal to destroy all evil vampires in the united states. the film adaptation was released in july 2012. - the conspirator ( 2010 ) deals with the assassination of lincoln, centering on mary surratt. - in the \" lincoln lover \" episode of american dad!, stan decides to write a play to show his admiration for lincoln and unwittingly ends up portraying him as a homosexual, attracting the attention of the log cabin republicans - lincoln, a 2012 film based upon team of rivals : the political genius of abraham lincoln, directed by steven spielberg, and starring daniel day - lewis, who won the academy award for best actor for the role. - the green blade rises, produced by terrence malick, focuses on lincoln ' s upbringing, showing the events and tragedies that forged him into the man he became. jason clarke is in negotiations to portray thomas lincoln, abraham ' s father, while diane kruger is to portray sarah bush lincoln, abe ' s stepmother. wes bentley and brit marling have also signed on as lincoln ' s first teacher and as nancy lincoln. - in the two and a half men episode \" what a lovely landing strip \", walden tells bridget that mary todd was a \" rebound \" relationship for lincoln. - louis c. k. parodied his show louie as lincoln on saturday night live, portraying lincoln as a stand up comedian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3666943535425181, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.617587"} {"text": "the holy land ( hebrew : \u05d0\u05e8\u05e5 \u05d4\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05e9 eretz haqodesh, arabic : \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u0629 al - ard al - muqaddasah ) is a term which in judaism refers to the land of israel ( also known as palestine ). the term is also used by muslims and christians to refer to the area between the jordan river and mediterranean sea. part of the significance of the land stems from the religious significance of jerusalem, the holiest city to judaism, the assumed place of jesus ' s ministry, and the isra and mi ' raj event in islam. the perceived holiness of the land to christianity was one of the motivational factors behind the efforts of the crusades, which sought to win the holy land back from the muslim suljuq turks that had conquered it from the muslim arabs, who had in turn conquered it from the christian byzantine empire. many sites in the holy land have long been pilgrimage destinations for adherents of the abrahamic religions, including jews, christians, muslims, and baha ' is. pilgrims visit the holy land to touch and see physical manifestations of their faith, confirm their beliefs in the holy context with collective excitation, and connect personally to the holy land. the land of israel is explicitly referred in the tanakh as \" holy land \" ( \u05d0\u05e8\u05e5 \u05d4\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05e9 ) in only one passage, in zechariah 2 : 16. the holiness of the land is generally implied in the tanakh by the land being given to the israelites by god, that is, it is the \" promised land, \" an integral part of god ' s covenant. in the torah many mitzvot commanded to the israelites can only be performed in the land of israel, which serves to differentiate it from other lands. for example, in the land of israel, \" no land shall be sold permanently. \" ( lev. 25 : 23 ). shmita is only observed with respect to the land of israel, and the observance of many holy days is different in that that an extra day is observed in the jewish diaspora. according to eliezer schweid : - \" the uniqueness of the land of israel is... ' geo - theological ' and not merely climatic. this is the land which faces the entrance of the spiritual world, that sphere of existence that lies beyond the physical world known to us through our senses. this is the key to the land ' s unique status with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47454253247949, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.624616"} {"text": "- theological ' and not merely climatic. this is the land which faces the entrance of the spiritual world, that sphere of existence that lies beyond the physical world known to us through our senses. this is the key to the land ' s unique status with regard to prophecy and prayer, and also with regard to the commandments \" \" four holy cities \" in israel, jerusalem, hebron, tzfat and tiberias are regarded as judaism ' s holiest cities. jerusalem, as the site of the temple, is considered especially significant. according to jewish tradition, jerusalem is mount moriah, the location of the binding of isaac. jerusalem is mentioned 669 times in the hebrew bible, in part because many mitzvot can only be performed within its environs. zion, which usually refers to jerusalem, but sometimes the land of israel, appears in the hebrew bible 154 times. for christians, the land of israel is considered holy because of its association with the birth, ministry, crucifixion and resurrection of jesus of nazareth, whom christians regard as the savior or messiah, as well as the bible ' s mention of it being the land of his people, the jews ( according to the bible ). outside of the places traditionally associated with christian personalities, the territory or the land of the holy land bears no mention in christianity. in the qur ' an, the term \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u0629 ( al - ard al - muqaddasah, english : \" holy land \" ) is mentioned at least seven times, once when moses proclaims to the children of israel : \" o my people! enter the holy land which allah hath assigned unto you, and turn not back ignominiously, for then will ye be overthrown, to your own ruin. \" ( surah 5 : 21 ) jerusalem ( referred to as al - quds, meaning the \" holy \" ) has particular significance in islam. the qur ' an refers to muhammad ' s experiencing the isra and mi ' raj as \" a journey by night from the sacred ( mecca ) mosque to the farthest ( al - aqsa ) mosque, whose precincts we did bless \" ( 17 : 1 ). ahadith associate the \" farthest mosque \" as al - quds ; for example, as narrated by abu huraira : \" on the night journey of allah ' s apostle, two cups, one containing wine and the other containing milk, were presented to him at al -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49028362175663986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.625601"} {"text": "pacific dc intertie the pacific dc intertie ( also called path 65 ) is an electric power transmission line that transmits electricity from the pacific northwest to the los angeles area using high voltage direct current ( hvdc ). the line capacity is 3, 100 megawatts, which is enough to serve two to three million los angeles households and is 48. 7 % of the los angeles department of water and power ( ladwp ) electrical system ' s peak capacity. the intertie originates near the columbia river at the celilo converter station on bonneville power administration ' s grid outside the dalles, oregon and is connected exclusively to the sylmar converter station north of los angeles, which is owned by five utility companies and managed by ladwp. the intertie can transmit power in either direction, but power flows mostly from north to south. the idea of shipping hydroelectric power to southern california had been proposed as early as the 1930s, but was opposed and scrapped. by 1961, us president john f. kennedy authorized a large public works project, using new high voltage direct current technology from sweden. the project was undertaken as a close collaboration between general electric of the us and asea of sweden. private california power companies opposed the project but their technical objections were rebutted by uno lamm of asea at the ieee meeting in new york in 1963. when completed in 1970 the combined ac and dc transmission system was estimated to save consumers in los angeles approximately us $ 600, 000 per day by use of electric power from projects on the columbia river. the pacific intertie takes advantage of differing power demand patterns between the northwestern and southwestern us. during winter, the northern region operates electrical heating devices while the southern portion uses relatively little electricity. in summer, the north uses little electricity while the south reaches peak demand due to air conditioning usage. any time the intertie demand lessens, the excess is distributed elsewhere on the western power grid ( states west of the great plains, including colorado and new mexico ). the pacific intertie consists of : - the celilo converter station which converts three phase 60 hz ac at 235 to 525 kv to \u00b1500 kv dc at coordinates :. - the grounding system at celilo consists of 1, 067 cast iron anodes buried in a two foot trench of petroleum coke, which behaves as an electrode, arranged in a ring of 3, 255 m ( 2. 02 mi ) circumference at rice flats ( near rice, oregon ), which is 10.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5179440596440339, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.635121"} {"text": "buried in a two foot trench of petroleum coke, which behaves as an electrode, arranged in a ring of 3, 255 m ( 2. 02 mi ) circumference at rice flats ( near rice, oregon ), which is 10. 6 km ( 6. 6 mi ) sse of celilo. it is connected to the converter station by two aerial 644 mm2 steel - reinforced aluminum ( acsr ) cables, which end at a strainer situated at. - a 1, 362 - kilometre ( 846 mi ) overhead transmission line consisting of two uninsulated conductors each 1, 171 mm2 in cross sectional area, containing a steel wire core for strength. - the sylmar converter station ( ) which converts dc to ac ( a process also called inverting ) and phase - synchronized with the l. a. power grid. - the sylmar grounding system is a line of 24 silicon - iron alloy electrodes submerged in the pacific ocean at will rogers state beach suspended in concrete enclosures about one meter above the ocean floor. the grounding array, which is 48 km ( 30 mi ) from the converter station and is connected by a pair of 644 mm2 aluminum conductors, which are in the sections north of kenter canyon terminal tower at installed instead of the ground conductors on the pylons. it runs from kenter canyon terminal tower, via dwp receiving station u, southern california edison northridge substation and rinaldi electrical substation to sylmar converter station. on the section between northridge substation and rinaldi street substation one of the two ground conductors of 2 parallel running 220 kv powerlines is used as electrode line conductor. - the combined wires have a capacity of 3. 1 gigawatts in bipolar mode. the first phase of the scheme, completed in may 1970, used only mercury - arc valves in the converters. the valves were series connected in three six - pulse valve bridges for each pole. the blocking voltage of the valves was 133 kv with a maximum current of 1, 800 amperes, for a transmission rating of 1, 440 mw with a symmetrical voltage of 400 kv with respect to earth. the line is the dc part of a system of four 500 kv lines that connect the pacific northwest with the southwest ; the ac part is path 15. this is one of two hvdc lines serving los angeles, the other is the path 27. - in 1972, after the sylmar earthquake,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5010818610930424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.636110"} {"text": "500 kv lines that connect the pacific northwest with the southwest ; the ac part is path 15. this is one of two hvdc lines serving los angeles, the other is the path 27. - in 1972, after the sylmar earthquake, the sylmar converter station had to be reconstructed due to extensive damage. - in 1982, the power rating of the mercury arc valve rectifiers was raised by various improvements to 1, 600 mw. - in 1984, the transmission voltage was pushed to 500 kv and the transmission power was increased to 2, 000 mw by adding one six - pulse thyristor valve group rated at 100 kv to each pole. - in 1989, a further increase of the transmission power to 3, 100 mw took place by installing a 1, 100 mw parallel connected thyristor converter in celilo and sylmar, the so - called pacific intertie expansion - in 1993, one pole of the pacific intertie expansion converter station at sylmar was completely destroyed by fire. the converter was replaced in 1994 / 5 by siemens. - 2004, sylmar east station situated at abb. in parallel with this project, the six - pulse mercury arc valves at the celilo converter station were replaced with siemens light - triggered thyristors ( marp replacement ). was upgraded from 1, 100 mw to 3, 100 mw ( rededicated as the sylmar converter station in 2005 ). the controls and older converters, including the mercury arc valves, were completely replaced by a single pair of 3, 100 mw 12 - pulse converters built by the pacific dc intertie along a service road paralleling highway 395. many of the towers of the intertie are of this simple, slender design the slender tower is supported laterally by four guy - wires see also - sharon bernstein and amanda covarrubias, times staff writers ( september 10, 2006 ). \" heat wave caught dwp unprepared \". l. a. times online. retrieved 2006 - 09 - 11. [ dead link ] - prabha kundur, powertech labs inc. ( october 3, 2003 ). \" power system security in the new industry environment : challenges and solutions \" ( powerpoint ). ieee. p. 17. retrieved 2006 - 09 - 11. - \" the pacific intertie scheme \". bonneville power administration. 2000 - 11 - 03. archived from the original on 2005 - 04 - 26. retrieved 2009 - 08", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44453724347344653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.637054"} {"text": "partition function ( statistical mechanics ) in physics, a partition function describes the statistical properties of a system in thermodynamic equilibrium. they are functions of temperature and other parameters, such as the volume enclosing a gas. most of the aggregate thermodynamic variables of the system, such as the total energy, free energy, entropy, and pressure, can be expressed in terms of the partition function or its derivatives. there are actually several different types of partition functions, each corresponding to different types of statistical ensemble ( or, equivalently, different types of free energy. ) the canonical partition function applies to a canonical ensemble, in which the system is allowed to exchange heat with the environment at fixed temperature, volume, and number of particles. the grand canonical partition function applies to a grand canonical ensemble, in which the system can exchange both heat and particles with the environment, at fixed temperature, volume, and chemical potential. other types of partition functions can be defined for different circumstances ; see partition function ( mathematics ) for generalizations. canonical partition function as a beginning assumption, assume that a thermodynamically large system is in constant thermal contact with the environment, with a temperature t, and both the volume of the system and the number of constituent particles fixed. this kind of system is called a canonical ensemble. let us label with s = 1, 2, 3,... the exact states ( microstates ) that the system can occupy, and denote the total energy of the system when it is in microstate s as es. generally, these microstates can be regarded as analogous to discrete quantum states of the system. the canonical partition function is where the \" inverse temperature \", \u03b2, is conventionally defined as with kb denoting boltzmann ' s constant. the exponential factor exp ( \u2212\u03b2es ) is known as the boltzmann factor. ( for a detailed derivation of this result, see canonical ensemble ). in systems with multiple quantum states s sharing the same es, it is said that the energy levels of the system are degenerate. in the case of degenerate energy levels, we can write the partition function in terms of the contribution from energy levels ( indexed by j ) as follows : where gj is the degeneracy factor, or number of quantum states s which have the same energy level defined by ej = es. the above treatment applies to quantum statistical mechanics, where a physical system inside a finite - sized box will typically have a discrete set of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6953272893074106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.644532"} {"text": "by the classical hamiltonian, and z reduces to the classical configuration integral. meaning and significance it may not be obvious why the partition function, as we have defined it above, is an important quantity. first, let us consider what goes into it. the partition function is a function of the temperature t and the microstate energies e1, e2, e3, etc. the microstate energies are determined by other thermodynamic variables, such as the number of particles and the volume, as well as microscopic quantities like the mass of the constituent particles. this dependence on microscopic variables is the central point of statistical mechanics. with a model of the microscopic constituents of a system, one can calculate the microstate energies, and thus the partition function, which will then allow us to calculate all the other thermodynamic properties of the system. the partition function can be related to thermodynamic properties because it has a very important statistical meaning. the probability ps that the system occupies microstate s is the partition function thus plays the role of a normalizing constant ( note that it does not depend on s ), ensuring that the probabilities sum up to one : this is the reason for calling z the \" partition function \" : it encodes how the probabilities are partitioned among the different microstates, based on their individual energies. the letter z stands for the german word zustandssumme, \" sum over states \". this notation also implies another important meaning of the partition function of a system : it counts the ( weighted ) number of states a system can occupy. hence if all states are equally probable ( equal energies ) the partition function is the total number of possible states. often this is the practical importance of z. calculating the thermodynamic total energy in order to demonstrate the usefulness of the partition function, let us calculate the thermodynamic value of the total energy. this is simply the expected value, or ensemble average for the energy, which is the sum of the microstate energies weighted by their probabilities : incidentally, one should note that if the microstate energies depend on a parameter \u03bb in the manner then the expected value of a is this provides us with a method for calculating the expected values of many microscopic quantities. we add the quantity artificially to the microstate energies ( or, in the language of quantum mechanics, to the hamiltonian ), calculate the new partition function and expected value, and then set \u03bb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6757125279341576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.649585"} {"text": "calculating the expected values of many microscopic quantities. we add the quantity artificially to the microstate energies ( or, in the language of quantum mechanics, to the hamiltonian ), calculate the new partition function and expected value, and then set \u03bb to zero in the final expression. this is analogous to the source field method used in the path integral formulation of quantum field theory. relation to thermodynamic variables in this section, we will state the relationships between the partition function and the various thermodynamic parameters of the system. these results can be derived using the method of the previous section and the various thermodynamic relations. as we have already seen, the thermodynamic energy is the variance in the energy ( or \" energy fluctuation \" ) is the heat capacity is the entropy is partition functions of subsystems suppose a system is subdivided into n sub - systems with negligible interaction energy, that is, we can assume the particles are essentially non - interacting. if the partition functions of the sub - systems are \u03b61, \u03b62,..., \u03b6n, then the partition function of the entire system is the product of the individual partition functions : if the sub - systems have the same physical properties, then their partition functions are equal, \u03b61 = \u03b62 =... = \u03b6, in which case however, there is a well - known exception to this rule. if the sub - systems are actually identical particles, in the quantum mechanical sense that they are impossible to distinguish even in principle, the total partition function must be divided by a n! ( n factorial ) : this is to ensure that we do not \" over - count \" the number of microstates. while this may seem like a strange requirement, it is actually necessary to preserve the existence of a thermodynamic limit for such systems. this is known as the gibbs paradox. grand canonical partition function we can define a grand canonical partition function for a grand canonical ensemble, which describes the statistics of a constant - volume system that can exchange both heat and particles with a reservoir. the reservoir has a constant temperature t, and a chemical potential \u03bc. the grand canonical partition function, denoted by, is the following sum over microstates here, each microstate is labelled by, and has total particle number and total energy. this partition function is closely related to the grand potential,, by the relation this can be contrasted to the canonical partition function above, which is related instead to the helmhol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6985214741075605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.650668"} {"text": "microstate is labelled by, and has total particle number and total energy. this partition function is closely related to the grand potential,, by the relation this can be contrasted to the canonical partition function above, which is related instead to the helmholtz free energy. it is important to note that the number of microstates in the grand canonical ensemble may be much larger than in the canonical ensemble, since here we consider not only variations in energy but also in particle number. again, the utility of the grand canonical partition function is that it is related to the probability that the system is in state : an important application of the grand canonical ensemble is in deriving exactly the statistics of a non - interacting many - body quantum gas ( fermi - dirac statistics for fermions, bose - einstein statistics for bosons ), however it is much more generally applicable than that. the grand canonical ensemble may also be used to describe classical systems, or even interacting quantum gases. see also - j. r. klauder, b. - s. skagerstam, coherent states - - - applications in physics and mathematical physics, world scientific, 1985, p. 71 - 73. - huang, kerson, \" statistical mechanics \", john wiley & sons, new york, 1967. - a. isihara, \" statistical physics \", academic press, new york, 1971. - kelly, james j, ( lecture notes ) - l. d. landau and e. m. lifshitz, \" statistical physics, 3rd edition part 1 \", butterworth - heinemann, oxford, 1996. - vu - quoc, l., configuration integral, 2008", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6571029149125797, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.651424"} {"text": "| | this article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. ( january 2013 ) | rss tracking is a methodology for tracking rss feeds. rss feeds have been around since 1999 as a form of internet marketing, however unlike other forms of publishing information on the internet, it is difficult to track the usage of rss feeds. feed tracking methods have been growing in popularity there are currently many methods of tracking rss feeds, all with their own problems in terms of accuracy. method 1 transparent 1\u00d71 pixel images - these images can be embedded within the content of the rss feed by linking to the image which should be held on the web server. the number of requests made can be measured by using the web server log files. this will give a rough estimate as to how many times the rss feed has been viewed. the problem with this method is that not all rss feed aggregators will display images and parse html. method 2 third - party services - there are services available on the internet that will syndicate your rss feed and then track all requests made to their syndication of your rss feed. these services come in both free and paid forms. the problem with this method is that all analytical data about the feeds are controlled by the service provider and so not easily accessible or transferable. method 3 unique url per feed - this method requires heavy web server programming to auto generate a different rss feed url for each visitor to the website. the visitor ' s rss feed activity can then be tracked accurately using standard web analytics applications. the problem with this method is that if the feed is syndicated by a search engine for instance then this will defeat the purpose of the unique urls as many people could potentially view the rss feed via a single url. method 4 estimating number of subscribers from the log files. some aggregators ( for example, bloglines and google reader ) include a number of unique users on whose behalf the feed is being downloaded in the http request. other readers - - such as web browsers - - can be counted by noting the number of unique ip addresses that retrieve the file in a given period. this provides an estimate of actual readership, although it is probably higher than the real number because people may sign up for accounts with multiple aggregators and never delete their subscriptions and because they may read the same feeds at different computers, or the same computer may have a different ip address at different times. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4406735696706206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.655939"} {"text": "| | this article has multiple issues. please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. latin inscription in the colosseum | native to | | roman republic, roman empire | | era | | developed into romance languages 6th to 9th centuries | the roman empire in ad 117 vulgar latin is any of the unstandard ( as opposed to classical ) sociolects of latin from which the romance languages developed. the word vulgar in this usage comes from the latin word for common, as vulgar latin was the spoken language, and not from the english word meaning disgusting or objectionable. works written in latin during classical times used classical latin rather than vulgar latin ( originally called sermo vulgaris ), with very few exceptions ( most notably sections of gaius petronius ' satyricon ). because of its nonstandard nature, vulgar latin had no official orthography. vulgar latin is sometimes also called colloquial latin, or common romance ( particularly in the late stage ). in renaissance latin, vulgar latin was called vulgare latinum or latinum vulgare. the broad term vulgar latin should not be confused with the more specific term proto - romance, which refers specifically to the theoretical common ancestor to the modern romance languages, as such proto - romance may have been only one of the vulgar latin languages and only a very late stage of that language branch. | | this section may contain original research. ( october 2012 ) | vulgar latin is often confused with proto - romance. proto - romance is a proto - language, i. e. the latest stage common to all of the romance languages. because some of the less familiar romance languages branched off early from the others ( sardinian in particular, followed by romanian and related eastern romance languages ), it is also common to reconstruct later stages : e. g. proto continental romance ( after sardinian branched off ) ; proto italo - western romance ( after sardinian and romanian branched off ) ; and proto western romance ( after the branching - off of sardinian, romanian, and the central and southern italian languages, including standard italian ). proto - romance and the other proto - languages are theoretical, unitary linguistic constructions. vulgar latin, on the other hand, is the actual speech of the common people during the late roman empire. as a result, it is not simply theoretical but actually attested ( if thinly ), and is not unitary, with differences over both time and space. hence, it is possible to speak of, for example, the loss of initial /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43453430821396094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.696368"} {"text": "empire. as a result, it is not simply theoretical but actually attested ( if thinly ), and is not unitary, with differences over both time and space. hence, it is possible to speak of, for example, the loss of initial / j / in unstressed syllables in the vulgar latin of cantabria ( the area in northern spain that gave birth to modern spanish ), while it is inaccurate to speak of a similar change in the \" proto - romance of cantabria \". origin of the term the term \" vulgar speech \", which later became \" vulgar latin \", was used by inhabitants of the roman empire. subsequently it became a technical term from latin and romance - language philology referring to the unwritten varieties of a latinised language spoken mainly by the uneducated and therefore illiterate italo - celtic populations governed by the roman republic and the roman empire. traces of their language appear in some inscriptions, such as graffiti or advertisements. the educated population mainly responsible for classical latin might also have spoken vulgar latin in certain contexts depending on their background. the term was first used improperly in that sense by the pioneers of romance - language philology : francois juste marie raynouard ( 1761 \u2013 1836 ) and friedrich christian diez ( 1794 \u2013 1876 ). in the course of his studies on the lyrics of songs written by the troubadours of provence, which had already been studied by dante alighieri and published in de vulgari eloquentia, raynouard noticed that the romance languages derived in part from lexical, morphological, and syntactic features that were latin but were not preferred in classical latin. he hypothesized an intermediate phase and identified it with the romana lingua, a term that in countries speaking romance languages meant \" nothing more or less than the vulgar speech as opposed to literary or grammatical latin. \" diez, the principal founder of romance - language philology, impressed by the comparative methods of jakob grimm in deutsche grammatik, which came out in 1819 and was the first to use such methods in philology, decided to apply them to the romance languages and discovered raynouard ' s work, grammaire comparee des langues de l ' europe latine dans leurs rapports avec la langue des troubadours, published in 1821. describing himself as a pupil of raynouard, he went on to expand the concept to all romance languages, not just the speech of the troubadours, on a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4525450424727621, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.697852"} {"text": "- class, or family, latin ( good family ) in sermo familiaris and very rarely literature might be termed sermo nobilis. the supposed \" sermo classicus \" is a scholarly fiction unattested in the dictionary. all kinds of sermo were spoken only, not written. if one wanted to refer to what in post - classical times was called classical latin one resorted to the concept of latinitas ( \" latinity \" ) or latine ( adverb ). if one spoke in the lingua or sermo latinus one merely spoke latin, but if one spoke latine or latinius ( \" more latinish \" ) one spoke good latin, and formal latin had latinitas, the quality of good latin, about it. after the fall of the empire and the death of spoken latin its only representative then was written latin, which became known as classicus, \" classy \" latin. the original opposition was between formal or implied good latin and informal or vulgar latin. the spoken / written dichotomy is entirely philological. it cannot be supposed that the spoken language was a distinct and persistent language so that the citizens of rome would be regarded as bilingual. instead, vulgar latin is a blanket term covering the popular dialects and sociolects of the latin language throughout its range from the hypothetical prisca latinitas of unknown or poorly remembered times in early latium to the death of latin after the fall of the empire. although making it clear that sermo vulgaris existed, the ancients said very little about it. because it was not transcribed, it can only be studied indirectly. knowledge comes from these chief sources : - solecisms, especially in late latin texts. - mention of it by ancient grammarians, including prescriptive grammar texts from the late latin period condemning linguistic \" errors \" that represent spoken latin. - the comparative method, which reconstructs proto - romance, a hypothetical vernacular proto - language from which the romance languages descended. - some literary works written in a lower register of latin provide a glimpse into the world of vulgar latin in the classical period : the dialogues of the plays of plautus and terence, being comedies with many characters who were slaves, and the speech of freedmen in the cena trimalchionis by petronius arbiter vulgar latin developed differently in the various provinces of the roman empire, gradually giving rise to the different romance languages. jozsef herman states : it seems certain that in the sixth century, and quite likely into the early parts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4334512914527056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.700385"} {"text": "petronius arbiter vulgar latin developed differently in the various provinces of the roman empire, gradually giving rise to the different romance languages. jozsef herman states : it seems certain that in the sixth century, and quite likely into the early parts of the seventh century, people in the main romanized areas could still largely understand the biblical and liturgical texts and the commentaries ( of greater or lesser simplicity ) that formed part of the rites and of religious practice, and that even later, throughout the seventh century, saints ' lives written in latin could be read aloud to the congregations with an expectation that they would be understood. we can also deduce however, that in gaul, from the central part of the eighth century onwards, many people, including several of the clerics, were not able to understand even the most straightforward religious texts. as early as 722, in a face to face meeting between pope gregory ii, born and raised in rome, and saint boniface, an anglo - saxon, boniface complained that he found pope gregory ' s latin speech difficult to understand, a clear sign of the transformation of vulgar latin in two regions of western europe. at the third council of tours in 813, priests were ordered to preach in the vernacular language \u2013 either in the rustica lingua romanica ( vulgar latin ), or in the germanic vernaculars \u2013 since the common people could no longer understand formal latin. within a generation, the oaths of strasbourg ( 842 ), a treaty between charlemagne ' s grandsons charles the bald and louis the german, was proffered and recorded in a language that was already distinct from latin. | romance ( old french ) | | approximate vulgar latin equivalent | | translation | | pro deo amur et pro christian poblo et nostro commun saluament, d ' ist di in auant, in quant deus sauir et podir me dunat, si saluarai eo cist meon fradre karlo, et in adiudha et in cadhuna cosa si cum om per dreit son fradra saluar dist, in o quid il mi altresi fazet. et ab ludher nul plaid nunquam prindrai qui meon uol cist meon fradre karle in damno sit. | | \" pro deu ( m ) amore ( m ) et pro christianu ( m ) populu ( m ) et nostro commune ( m ) salvament", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4075858725430548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.701442"} {"text": "uol cist meon fradre karle in damno sit. | | \" pro deu ( m ) amore ( m ) et pro christianu ( m ) populu ( m ) et nostro commune ( m ) salvamentu ( m ), de istu ( m ) die ( m ) in ab ante, in quantu ( m ) deus sapere et potere mihi dat, sic salvare ( h ) a ( b ) eo ecc ' istu ( m ) meum fratre ( m ) carolu ( m ), et in aiuta et in cata - una causa, sic quomo ( do ) ( h ) omo per directu ( m ) suum fratre ( m ) saluare debet, in ( h ) oc quo illoe mi ( hi ) alteru ( m ) sic faciat, et apu ( d ) lothar ( m ) nullu ( m ) placitu ( m ) nunquam prendere ( h ) a ( b ) eo quod meum volu ( m ) ecc ' istu ( m ) meu ( m ) fratre ( m ) carolu ( m ) in damno sit. \" | | \" for the love of god and for christendom and our common salvation, from this day onwards, as god will give me the wisdom and power, i shall protect this brother of mine charles, with aid or anything else, as one ought to protect one ' s brother, so that he may do the same for me, and i shall never knowingly make any covenant with lothair that would harm this brother of mine charles. \" | from approximately this point on, the latin vernaculars began to be viewed as separate languages, developing local norms and, for some, orthographies of their own, so that vulgar latin must be regarded not as extinct \u2013 since all modern romance varieties are its continuation \u2013 but as replaced conceptually and terminologically by multiple labels recognizing regional differences in linguistic features. vulgar latin featured a large vocabulary of words that were productive in romance. there was no single pronunciation of vulgar latin, and the pronunciation of vulgar latin in the various latin - speaking areas is indistinguishable from the earlier history of the phonology of the romance languages. see the article on romance languages for more information. evidence of changes | latin wikisource has original text related to this article", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46003178237419795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.702448"} {"text": "- speaking areas is indistinguishable from the earlier history of the phonology of the romance languages. see the article on romance languages for more information. evidence of changes | latin wikisource has original text related to this article : | evidence of phonological changes can be seen in the late 3rd - century appendix probi, a collection of glosses prescribing correct classical latin forms for certain vulgar forms. these glosses describe : - a process of syncope, the loss of unstressed vowels ( \" masculus non masclus \" ) ; - the merger between pre - vocalic / e / and short / i / ( \" vinea non vinia \" ) ; - the levelling of the distinction between / o / and / u / ( \" coluber non colober \" ) and / e / and / i / ( \" dimidius non demedius \" ) ; - regularization of irregular forms ( \" glis non glirus \" ) ; - regularization and emphasis of gendered forms ( \" pauper mulier non paupera mulier \" ) ; - levelling of the distinction between / b / and / w / between vowels ( \" bravium non brabium \" ) ; - the substitution of diminutives for unmarked words ( \" auris non oricla, neptis non nepticla \" ) - the loss of syllable - final nasals ( \" mensa non mesa \" ) or their inappropriate insertion as a form of hypercorrection ( \" formosus non formunsus \" ). - the loss of / h /, both initially ( \" hostiae non ostiae \" ) and within the word ( \" adhuc non aduc \" ). many of the forms castigated in the appendix probi proved to be the productive forms in romance ; e. g., oricla ( classical latin auricula ) is the source of french oreille, catalan orella, spanish oreja, italian orecchia, romanian ureche, portuguese orelha, \" ear \", not the classical latin form. consonant development loss of final consonants the loss of final consonants was already underway by the 1st century ad in some areas. a graffito at pompeii reads quisque ama valia, which in classical latin would read quisquis amat valeat ( \" may whoever loves be strong / do well \" ). ( the change from valeat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4348946937879663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.703450"} {"text": ". a graffito at pompeii reads quisque ama valia, which in classical latin would read quisquis amat valeat ( \" may whoever loves be strong / do well \" ). ( the change from valeat to valia is also an early indicator of the development of / j / ( yod ), which played such an important part in the development of palatalization. ) on the other hand, this loss of final / t / was not general. old spanish and old french preserved a reflex of final / t / up through ad 1100 or so, and modern french still maintains final / t / in some liaison environments. lenition of stops areas north and west of the la spezia \u2013 rimini line lenited intervocalic / p, t, k / to / b, d, g /. this phenomenon is occasionally attested during the imperial period, but it became frequent by the 7th century. for example, in merovingian documents, rotatico > rodatico ( \" wheel tax \" ). loss of final m the loss of the final m was a process which seems to have begun by the time of the earliest monuments of the latin language. the epitaph of lucius cornelius scipio barbatus, who died around 150 bc, reads taurasia cisauna samnio cepit, which in classical latin would be taurasiam, cisaunam, samnium cepit ( \" he captured taurasia, cisauna, and samnium \" ). this however can be explained in a different way, that the inscription simply fails to note the nasality of the final vowels ( like in the established custom of writing cos. for consul ). consonant cluster simplification in general, many clusters were simplified in vulgar latin. for example, / ns / was changed to / s /, reflecting the fact that / n / was no longer consonantal. e. g. some inscriptions have mensis > mesis ( \" month \" ), or consul > cosul ( \" consul \" ). descendants of mensis include : portuguese has mes, spanish and catalan mes, old french meis, and italian mese. in some areas ( e. g. much of italy ), the clusters [ mn ], [ kt ] \u27e8 ct \u27e9, [ ks ] \u27e8 x \u27e9 were assimilated to the second element : [ nn ], [ tt ], [ ss ]. thus, some inscriptions have omnibus >", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44039041080941344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.705548"} {"text": ", the clusters [ mn ], [ kt ] \u27e8 ct \u27e9, [ ks ] \u27e8 x \u27e9 were assimilated to the second element : [ nn ], [ tt ], [ ss ]. thus, some inscriptions have omnibus > onibus ( \" all [ dative plural ] \" ), indictione > inditione ( \" indiction \" ), vixit > bissit ( \" lived \" ). also, three - consonant clusters usually lost the middle element. for example : emptores > imtores ( \" buyers \" ) not all areas show the same development of these clusters, however. in the east, italian has [ kt ] > [ tt ], as in octo > otto ( \" eight \" ) or nocte > notte ( \" night \" ) ; while romanian has [ kt ] > [ pt ] ( opt, noapte ). by contrast, in the west, the [ k ] was turned into [ j ]. in french and portuguese, this caused the diphthongization of the previous vowel ( huit, oito ; nuit, noite ), while in spanish, this developed further to [ t\u0283 ] ( * oito > ocho, * noite > noche ) also, many clusters including [ j ] were simplified. several of these groups seem to have never been fully stable ( e. g. faciunt for facunt ). this dropping have resulted in the word parietem ( \" wall \" ) turning into : italian parete, spanish pared, or french paroi. the cluster [ kw ] \u27e8 qu \u27e9 was simplified to [ k ] in most instances. in 435, one can find the hypercorrective spelling quisquentis for quiescentis ( \" of the person who rests here \" ). modern languages have followed this trend, for example latin qui ( \" who \" ) has become italian chi and french qui ( both / ki / ) ; while quem ( \" who \" ) becomes quien ( / kjen / ) in spanish.. however, [ kw ] has survived in front of [ a ] in most areas, although not in french ; hence latin quattuor yields spanish cuatro ( / kwatro / ) and italian quattro ( / kwattro / ), but french quatre ( / kat\u0280 / ), where the qu - spelling is purely etymological. vowel development in general", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5032783987911418, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.707217"} {"text": "cuatro ( / kwatro / ) and italian quattro ( / kwattro / ), but french quatre ( / kat\u0280 / ), where the qu - spelling is purely etymological. vowel development in general, the ten - vowel system of classical latin, which relied on phonemic vowel length, was newly modelled into one in which vowel length distinctions lost phonemic importance, and qualitative distinctions of height became more prominent. the system of classical latin classical latin had 10 different vowel phonemes, grouped into five pairs of short - long, \u27e8 a - a, e - e, i - i, o - o, u - u \u27e9. it also had four diphthongs, \u27e8 ae, oe, au, eu \u27e9 ( some authors also include ui ). finally, there were also long and short \u27e8 y \u27e9, representing / y /, / y\u02d0 / in greek borrowings, which however probably came to be pronounced / i /, / i\u02d0 / even before romance vowel changes started. at least since the 1st century ce, short vowels ( except a ) differed by quality as well as by length from their long counterparts, the short vowels being lower. thus the vowel inventory is usually reconstructed as / a - a\u02d0 /, / \u025b - e\u02d0 /, / \u026a - i\u02d0 /, / \u0254 - o\u02d0 /, / \u028a - u\u02d0 /. | spelling | | 1st c. | | 2nd c. | | 3rd c. | | 4th c. | many diphthongs had begun their monophthongization very early. it is presumed that by republican times ae had become / \u025b\u02d0 / in unstressed syllables, a phenomenon that would spread to stressed positions around the 1st century ad. from the 2nd century ce there are instances of spellings with \u27e8 e \u27e9 instead of \u27e8 ae \u27e9. \u27e8 oe \u27e9 was always a rare diphthong in classical latin ( in old latin, oinos regularly became unus ( \" one \" ) ), and became / e / during eary imperial times. thus, one can find penam for poenam. however, \u27e8 au \u27e9 lasted much more. while it was monophthongized to / o / in areas of north and central italy ( including rome ), it was retained in most vulgar latin, and it survives in modern romanian ( e. g. aur < aurum ). in italian, the contrast of oro vs. luogo shows the change", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4806050078176427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.708316"} {"text": "of north and central italy ( including rome ), it was retained in most vulgar latin, and it survives in modern romanian ( e. g. aur < aurum ). in italian, the contrast of oro vs. luogo shows the change of o to uo took place before the monophthongization of au. there is evidence in french and spanish that the monophthongization of au occurred independently in these languages. loss of distinctive length and near - close mergers length confusions seem to have begun in unstressed vowels, but they were soon generalized. in the 3rd century ce, sacerdos mentions the tendency of people to shorten vowels at the end of a word, while some poets ( like commodian ) show inconsistencies between long and short vowels in versification. however, the loss of contrastive length would only have caused the merger of a and a, while the rest of pairs would have remained distinct in quality : / a /, / \u025b - e /, / \u026a - i /, / \u0254 - o /, / \u028a - u /. second, the near - close vowels / \u026a / and / \u028a / became more open in most varieties, merging with / e / and / o /, respectively. as a result, latin pira ( \" pear \" ) ( fruit ) and vera \" true \", came to rhyme in most of its daughter languages : italian, and spanish pera, vera. similarly, latin nux ( \" nut \" ) and vox ( \" voice \" ) become italian noce, voce, portuguese noz, voz. there was likely some regional variation in pronunciation, as the eastern romance languages and sardinian evolved differently. in sardinian, all corresponding short and long vowels simply merged with each other, creating a 5 - vowel system : / a, e, i, o, u /. in romanian, the front vowels e, i, e, i evolved like the western languages, but the back vowels o, u, o, u evolved as in sardinian. a few remnant dialects in southern italy behave like sardinian or romanian. lengthening of stressed open syllables after the classical latin vowel length distinctions were lost in favor of vowel quality, a new system of allophonic vowel quantity appeared sometime between the 4th and 5th centuries. around this time, stressed vowels in open syllables came to be pronounced long ( but keeping height contrasts ), whereas all the rest became short. for example, long venis / * '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4691929157523208, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.709777"} {"text": "christian poblo \u2013 \" for the christian people \" ). using the demonstratives as articles may have still been considered overly informal for a royal oath in the ninth century. considerable variation exists in all of the romance vernaculars as to their actual use : in romanian, the articles can be suffixed to the noun, as in other members of the balkan sprachbund and the north germanic languages. the numeral unus, una ( one ) supplies the indefinite article in all cases. this is anticipated in classical latin ; cicero writes cum uno gladiatore nequissimo ( \" with a most immoral gladiator \" ). this suggests that unus was beginning to supplant quidam in the meaning of \" a certain \" or \" some \" by the 1st century bc. [ dubious ] loss of neuter the three grammatical genders of classical latin were replaced by a two - gender system in most romance languages. the neuter gender of classical latin was in most cases absorbed by the masculine both syntactically and morphologically. the syntactical [ dubious ] confusion starts already in the pompeian graffiti, e. g. cadaver mortuus for cadaver mortuum ( \" dead body \" ), and hoc locum for hunc locum ( \" this place \" ). the morphological confusion shows primarily in the adoption of the nominative ending - us ( - \u00f8 after - r ) in the o - declension. in petronius ' work, one can find balneus for balneum ( \" bath \" ), fatus for fatum ( \" fate \" ), caelus for caelum ( \" heaven \" ), amphitheater for amphitheatrum ( \" amphitheatre \" ), vinus for vinum ( \" wine \" ), and conversely, thesaurum for thesaurus ( \" treasure \" ). most of these forms occur in the speech of one man : trimalchion, an uneducated, greek ( i. e. foreign ) freedman. in modern romance languages, the nominative s - ending has been abandoned, and all substantives of the o - declension have an ending derived from - um : - u, - o, or - \u00f8. e. g. masculine murum ( \" wall \" ), and neuter caelum ( \" sky \" ) have evolved to : italian muro, cielo ; portuguese muro, ce", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45940299890659003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.787117"} {"text": "- u, - o, or - \u00f8. e. g. masculine murum ( \" wall \" ), and neuter caelum ( \" sky \" ) have evolved to : italian muro, cielo ; portuguese muro, ceu ; spanish muro, cielo ', catalan mur, cel ; french mur, ciel. however, old french still had - s in the nominative and - \u00f8 in the accusative in both words : murs, ciels [ nominative ] - mur, ciel [ oblique ]. for some neuter nouns of the third declension, the oblique stem became the productive ; for others, the nominative / accusative form, which was identical in classical latin. evidence suggests that the neuter gender was under pressure well back into the imperial period. french ( le ) lait, catalan ( la ) llet, spanish ( la ) leche, portuguese ( o ) leite, italian language ( il ) latte, leonese ( el ) lleche and romanian lapte ( le ) ( \" milk \" ), all derive from the non - standard but attested latin nominative / accusative neuter lacte or accusative masculine lactem. note also that in spanish the word became feminine, while in french, portuguese and italian it became masculine ( in romanian it remained neuter, lapte / lapturi ). other neuter forms, however, were preserved in romance ; catalan and french nom, leonese, portuguese and italian nome, romanian nume ( \" name \" ) all preserve the latin nominative / accusative nomen, rather than the oblique stem form * nominem ( which nevertheless produced spanish nombre ). | nouns | | adjectives and determiners | most neuter nouns had plural forms ending in - a or - ia ; some of these were reanalysed as feminine singulars, such as gaudium ( \" joy \" ), plural gaudia ; the plural form lies at the root of the french feminine singular ( la ) joie, as well as of catalan and occitan ( la ) joia ( italian la gioia is a borrowing from french ) ; the same for lignum ( \" wood stick \" ), plural ligna, that originated the catalan feminine singular noun ( la ) llenya, and spanish ( la ) lena. some romance languages still have a special form derived from the ancient", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4764316157786227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.791408"} {"text": "the same for lignum ( \" wood stick \" ), plural ligna, that originated the catalan feminine singular noun ( la ) llenya, and spanish ( la ) lena. some romance languages still have a special form derived from the ancient neuter plural which is treated grammatically as feminine : e. g. bracchium : bracchia \" arm ( s ) \" > italian ( il ) braccio : ( le ) braccia, romanian brat ( ul ) : brate ( le ). cf. also merovingian latin ipsa animalia aliquas mortas fuerant. alternations in italian heteroclitic nouns such as l ' uovo fresco ( \" the fresh egg \" ) / le uova fresche ( \" the fresh eggs \" ) are usually analysed as masculine in the singular and feminine in the plural, with an irregular plural in - a. however, it is also consistent with their historical development to say that uovo is simply a regular neuter noun ( ovum, plural ova ) and that the characteristic ending for words agreeing with these nouns is - o in the singular and - a in the plural. thus, neuter nouns can arguably be said to persist in italian, and also romanian. these formations were especially common when they could be used to avoid irregular forms. in latin, the names of trees were usually feminine, but many were declined in the second declension paradigm, which was dominated by masculine or neuter nouns. latin pirus ( \" pear tree \" ), a feminine noun with a masculine - looking ending, became masculine in italian ( il ) pero and romanian par ( ul ) ; in french and spanish it was replaced by the masculine derivations ( le ) poirier, ( el ) peral ; and in portuguese and catalan by the feminine derivations ( a ) pereira, ( la ) perera. as usual, irregularities persisted longest in frequently used forms. from the fourth declension noun manus ( \" hand \" ), another feminine noun with the ending - us, italian and spanish derived ( la ) mano, catalan ( la ) ma, and portuguese ( a ) mao, which preserve the feminine gender along with the masculine appearance. except for the italian and romanian heteroclitic nouns, other major romance languages have no trace of neuter nouns, but still have neuter pronouns. french celui - ci / celle - ci / ceci ( \" this \" ),", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4905099851845923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.805063"} {"text": "for the italian and romanian heteroclitic nouns, other major romance languages have no trace of neuter nouns, but still have neuter pronouns. french celui - ci / celle - ci / ceci ( \" this \" ), spanish este / esta / esto ( \" this \" ), italian : gli / le / ci ( \" to him \" / \" to her \" / \" to it \" ), catalan : ho, aco, aixo, allo ( \" it \" / this / this - that / that over there ) ; portuguese : todo / toda / tudo ( \" all of him \" / \" all of her \" / \" all of it \" ). in spanish, a three - way contrast is also made with the definite articles el, la, and lo. the last is used with nouns denoting abstract categories : lo bueno, literally \" that which is good \", from bueno : good. loss of cases the sound shifts in vulgar latin caused the merging of several case endings in the nominal and adjectival inflections. some of the causes include : the loss of final m, the merging of a with a, and the merging of u with o ( see tables ). thus, by the 5th century, the number of case distinctions had been drastically reduced. ( ca. 1st century ) ( ca. 5th century ) ( ca. 1st century ) ( ca. 5th century ) ( ca. 11th century ) there also seems to be a marked tendency to confuse different forms even when they have not become homophonous ( like in the generally more distinct plurals ), which indicates the nominal deflexion was not only caused by phonetic mergers, but also by structural factors. as a result of the untenability of the noun case system after these phonetic changes, vulgar latin moved from being a markedly synthetic language to a more analytic language. the genitive case died out around the 3rd century ce, according to meyer - lubke. exceptions of remaining genitive forms are some pronouns, many fossilized combinations like sayings, some proper names, and certain terms related to the church. for example, french lundi < lunae dies ( \" monday \" ) ; spanish es menester < est ministeri ( \" it is necessary \" ) ; terms like angelorum, paganorum ; and italian names like paoli, pieri. the dative case lasted longer than the genitive, even though plautus, in the 2nd century", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4572712032938655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.808657"} {"text": "est ministeri ( \" it is necessary \" ) ; terms like angelorum, paganorum ; and italian names like paoli, pieri. the dative case lasted longer than the genitive, even though plautus, in the 2nd century bc, already shows some instances of substitution by the construction ad plus accusative. for example, ad carnuficem dabo. the accusative case developed as a prepositional case, displacing many instances of the ablative. towards the end of the imperial period, the accusative came to be used more and more as a general oblique case. however, despite the growing number case mergers, nominative and accusative forms seem to have remained distinct for much longer, since they are rarely confused in inscriptions. even though gaulish texts from the 7th centuries rarely confuse both forms, it is believed that both cases began to merge in africa by the end of the empire, and a bit later in parts of italy and iberia. nowadays, romanian still has a three case system, while old french and old occitan had a nominative / oblique system. wider use of prepositions loss of a productive noun case system meant that the syntactic purposes it formerly served now had to be performed by prepositions and other paraphrases. these particles increased in number, and many new ones were formed by compounding old ones. the descendant romance languages are full of grammatical particles such as spanish donde, \" where \", from latin de + unde, or french des, \" since \", from de + ex, while the equivalent spanish and portuguese desde is de + ex + de. spanish despues and portuguese depois, \" after \", represent de + ex + post. some of these new compounds appear in literary texts during the late empire ; french dehors, spanish de fuera and portuguese de fora ( \" outside \" ) all represent de + foris ( romanian afara \u2013 ad + foris ), and we find jerome writing stulti, nonne qui fecit, quod de foris est, etiam id, quod de intus est fecit? ( luke 11. 40 : \" ye fools, did not he, that made which is without, make that which is within also? \" ). in some cases, compounds were created by combining a large number of particles, such as the romanian adineauri ( \" just recently \" ) from ad + de", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4849719304400235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.810176"} {"text": "he, that made which is without, make that which is within also? \" ). in some cases, compounds were created by combining a large number of particles, such as the romanian adineauri ( \" just recently \" ) from ad + de + in + illa + hora. as latin was losing its case system, prepositions started to move in to fill the void. in colloquial latin, the preposition ad followed by the accusative was sometimes used as a substitute for the dative case. - marcus patri librum dat. \" marcus is giving [ his ] father [ a / the ] book. \" - marcus da libru a patre. \" marcus is giving [ a / the ] book to [ his ] father. \" just as in the disappearing dative case, colloquial latin sometimes replaced the disappearing genitive case with the preposition de followed by the ablative. - marcus mihi librum patris dat. \" marcus is giving me [ his ] father ' s book. - marcus mi da libru de patre. \" marcus is giving me [ the ] book of [ his ] father. \" unlike in the nominal and adjectival inflections, pronouns kept great part of the case distinctions. however, many changes happened. for example, the / g / of ego was lost by the end of the empire, and eo appears in manuscripts from the 6th century. | 1st person | | 2nd person | | 3rd person | | dative | | * mi | | * nobe ( s ) | | * ti, * tebe | | * vobe ( s ) | | * si, * sebe | | * si, * sebe | classical latin had a number of different suffixes that made adverbs from adjectives : carus, \" dear \", formed care, \" dearly \" ; acriter, \" fiercely \", from acer ; crebro, \" often \", from creber. all of these derivational suffixes were lost in vulgar latin, where adverbs were invariably formed by a feminine ablative form modifying mente, which was originally the ablative of mens, and so meant \" with a _ _ _ _ _ mind \". so velox ( \" quick \" ) instead of velociter ( \" quickly \" ) gave veloci mente ( originally \" with a quick mind \", \" quick - mindedly \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48328883000988787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.811580"} {"text": "a _ _ _ _ _ mind \". so velox ( \" quick \" ) instead of velociter ( \" quickly \" ) gave veloci mente ( originally \" with a quick mind \", \" quick - mindedly \" ) this explains the widespread rule for forming adverbs in many romance languages : add the suffix - ment ( e ) to the feminine form of the adjective. this originally separate word becomes a suffix in romance. in general, the verbal system in the romance languages evolved less from classical latin than did the nominal system. in the perfect, many languages generalized the - aui ending most frequently found in the first conjugation. this led to an unusual development ; phonetically, the ending was treated as the diphthong / au / rather than containing a semivowel / awi /, and the / w / sound was in many cases dropped ; it did not participate in the sound shift from / w / to / \u03b2 /. thus latin amaui, amauit ( \" i loved ; he / she loved \" ) in many areas became proto - romance * amai and * amaut, yielding for example portuguese amei, amou. this suggests that in the spoken language, these changes in conjugation preceded the loss of / w /. another major systemic change was to the future tense, remodelled in vulgar latin with auxiliary verbs. this may have been due to phonetic merger of intervocalic / b / and / w /, which caused future tense forms such as amabit to become identical to perfect forms such as amauit, introducing unacceptable ambiguity. a new future was originally formed with the auxiliary verb habere, * amare habeo, literally \" to love i have \" ( cf. english \" i have to love \", which has shades of a future meaning ). this was contracted into a new future suffix in western romance forms which can be seen in the following modern examples of \" i will love \" : - french : j ' aimerai ( je + aimer + ai ) < aimer [ \" to love \" ] + ai [ \" i have \" ]. - portuguese and galician : amarei ( amar + [ h ] ei ) < amar [ \" to love \" ] + hei [ \" i have \" ] - spanish and catalan : amare ( amar + [ h ] e ) < amar [ \" to love \" ] + he [ \" i have \" ]. - italian : amero (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49680864147502, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.814818"} {"text": "love \" ] + hei [ \" i have \" ] - spanish and catalan : amare ( amar + [ h ] e ) < amar [ \" to love \" ] + he [ \" i have \" ]. - italian : amero ( amar + [ h ] o ) < amare [ \" to love \" ] + ho [ \" i have \" ]. an innovative conditional ( distinct from the subjunctive ) also developed in the same way ( infinitive + conjugated form of habere ). the fact that the future and conditional endings were originally independent words is still evident in literary portuguese, which in these tenses allows clitic object pronouns to be incorporated between the root of the verb and its ending : \" i will love \" ( eu ) amarei, but \" i will love you \" amar - te - ei, from amar + te [ \" you \" ] + ( eu ) hei = amar + te + [ h ] ei = amar - te - ei. contrary to the millennia - long continuity of much of the active verb system, which has now survived 6000 years of known evolution, the synthetic passive voice was utterly lost in romance, being replaced with periphrastic verb forms \u2014 composed of the verb \" to be \" plus a passive participle \u2014 or impersonal reflexive forms \u2014 composed of a verb and a passivizing pronoun. apart from the grammatical and phonetic developments there were many cases of verbs merging as complex subtleties in latin were reduced to simplified verbs in romance. a classic example of this is the verbs expressing the concept \" to go \". consider three particular verbs in classical latin expressing concepts of \" going \" : ire, vadere, and ambulare. in spanish and portuguese ire and vadere merged into the verb ir which derives some conjugated forms from ire and some from vadere. andar was maintained as a separate verb derived from ambulare. italian instead merged vadere and ambulare into the verb andare. and at the extreme french merged all three latin verbs with, for example, the present tense deriving from vadere and ambulare and the future tense deriving from ire. similarly the romance distinction between the romance verbs for \" to be \", essere and stare, was lost in french as these merged into the verb etre. the copula ( that is, the verb signifying \" to be \" ) of classical latin was es", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49631987132198835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.816244"} {"text": "between the romance verbs for \" to be \", essere and stare, was lost in french as these merged into the verb etre. the copula ( that is, the verb signifying \" to be \" ) of classical latin was esse. this evolved to * essere in vulgar latin by attaching the common infinitive suffix - re to the classical infinitive ; this produced italian essere and french etre through proto - gallo - romance * essre and old french estre as well as spanish and portuguese ser ( romanian a fi derives from fieri which means \" to become \" ). however, in vulgar latin a second copula developed utilizing the verb stare, which originally meant ( and is cognate with ) \" to stand \" to denote a more temporary meaning. that is, * essere signified the essence, while stare signified the state. stare evolved to spanish and portuguese estar and old french ester ( both through * estare ), while italian and romanian retained the original form. the semantic shift that underlies this evolution is more or less as follows : a speaker of classical latin might have said : vir est in foro, meaning \" the man is at the marketplace \". the same sentence in vulgar latin should have been * ( h ) omo stat in foro, \" the man stands at the marketplace \", replacing the est ( from esse ) with stat ( from stare ), because \" standing \" was what was perceived as what the man was actually doing. the use of stare in this case was still actually correct assuming that it meant \" to stand \", but soon the shift from esse to stare became more widespread. in the iberian peninsula esse ended up only denoting natural qualities that would not change, while stare was applied to transient qualities and location. in italian, \" stare \" is used only for location and the eminently transient quality implied in a verb ' s progressive form, such as sto scrivendo for \" i am doing \". ( although it might be objected that in sentences like spanish la catedral esta en la ciudad, \" the church is in the city \" this is also unlikely to change, but all locations are expressed through estar in spanish, as this usage originally conveyed the sense of \" the church stands in the city \" ). - posner, rebecca ( 1996 ). the romance languages. cambridge, new york : cambridge university press. p. 98. - meyer ( 1906", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5210740287121958, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.817280"} {"text": "spanish, as this usage originally conveyed the sense of \" the church stands in the city \" ). - posner, rebecca ( 1996 ). the romance languages. cambridge, new york : cambridge university press. p. 98. - meyer ( 1906 ), p. 239. - meyer ( 1906 ), pp. 244 \u2013 5. - diez ( 1882 ), p. 1. - diez ( 1882 ), p. 63. - grandigent ( 1907 ), p. 5. - herman ( 2000 ), p. 114. - mann, horace, the lives of the popes in the early middle ages, vol. i : the popes under the lombard rule, part 2, 657 - 795 ( 1903 ), pg. 158 - harrington et al. ( 1997 ). - herman 2000, p. 47. - herman 2000, p. 48. - allen ( 2003 ) states : \" there appears to have been no great difference in quality between long and short a, but in the case of the close and mid vowels ( i and u, e and o ) the long appear to have been appreciably closer than the short. \" he then goes on to the historical development, quotations from various authors ( from around the ad second century ), as well as evidence from older inscriptions where \" e \" stands for normally short i, and \" i \" for long e, etc. - grandgent & moll 1991, p. 11. - palmer 1954, p. 157. - grandgent & moll 1991, p. 118. - herman 2000, p. 28 - 29. - palmer 1954, p. 156. - vincent ( 1990 ). - grandgent & moll 1991, p. 125. - in a few isolated masculine nouns, the s has been either preserved or reinstated in the modern languages, for example filius ( \" son \" ) > french fils, deus ( \" god \" ) > spanish dios and portuguese deus, and particularly in proper names : spanish carlos, marcos, in the conservative orthography of french jacques, charles, jules, etc. ( menendez pidal 1968, p. 208 ; survivances du cas sujet ) - herman 2000, p. 52. - grandgent & moll 1991, p. 82. - captivi, 1019. - herman 2000, p. 53. - romanian explanatory dictionary ( dexonline. ro ) - grandgent & moll 1991", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4439272015533448, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.818383"} {"text": ". - grandgent & moll 1991, p. 82. - captivi, 1019. - herman 2000, p. 53. - romanian explanatory dictionary ( dexonline. ro ) - grandgent & moll 1991, p. 238. see also - oaths of strasbourg - romance copula - romance languages - veronese riddle history of specific romance languages - catalan phonology - history of french - history of italian - history of portuguese - history of the spanish language - latin to romanian sound changes - old french - allen, w. sidney ( 2003 ). vox latina \u2013 a guide to the pronunciation of classical latin ( 2nd ed. ). cambridge : cambridge university press. isbn 0 - 521 - 37936 - 9. - boyd - bowman ( 1980 ). from latin to romance in sound charts. washington dc : georgetown university press. unknown parameter - diez, friedrich ( 1882 ). grammatik der romanischen sprachen ( in german ) ( 5 auflage ed. ). bonn : e. weber. - grandgent, c. h. ( 1907 ). an introduction to vulgar latin. boston : d. c. heath. - grandgent, charles hall ( 1882 ). introduccion al latin vulgar ( in spanish ) ( spanish translation by francisco de b. moll ed. ). consejo superior de investigaciones cientificas. - harrington, k. p. ; pucci, j. ; elliott, a. g. ( 1997 ). medieval latin ( 2nd ed. ). university of chicago press. isbn 0 - 226 - 31712 - 9. - herman, jozsef ; wright, roger ( translator ) ( 2000 ). vulgar latin. university park : pennsylvania state university press. isbn 0 - 271 - 02001 - 6. - meyer, paul ( 1906 ). \" beginnings and progress of romance philology \". in rogers, howard j. congress of arts and sciences : universal exposition, st. louis, 1904. volume iii. boston and new york : houghton, mifflin and company. pp. 237 \u2013 255 - palmer, l. r. ( 1988 ). the latin language. university of oklahoma. isbn 0 - 8061 - 2136 - x. - pulgram, ernst ( 1950 ). \" spoken and written latin \". language 26 ( 4 ) : 458 \u2013 466. doi : 10. 2307 / 410397. jstor 41039", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4610842702340096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.819584"} {"text": "- 2136 - x. - pulgram, ernst ( 1950 ). \" spoken and written latin \". language 26 ( 4 ) : 458 \u2013 466. doi : 10. 2307 / 410397. jstor 410397. - sihler, a. l. ( 1995 ). new comparative grammar of greek and latin. oxford : oxford university press. isbn 0 - 19 - 508345 - 8. - tucker, t. g. ( 1985 ). etymological dictionary of latin. ares publishers. isbn 0 - 89005 - 172 - 0. - vaananen, veikko ( 1981 ). introduction au latin vulgaire. troisieme edition revue et augmentee. paris : klincksieck. isbn 2 - 252 - 02360 - 0. - vincent, nigel ( 1990 ). \" latin \". in harris, m. ; vincent, n. the romance languages. oxford university press. isbn 0 - 19 - 520829 - 3 - von wartburg, walther ; chambon, jean - pierre ( 1928 - ). franzosisches etymologisches worterbuch : eine darstellung des galloromanischen sprachschatzes ( in german, french ). bonn : f. klopp. transitions to romance languages to french - kibler, william w. ( 1984 ). an introduction to old french. new york : modern language association of america. unknown parameter - pope, mildred k. ( 1934 ). from latin to modern french with especial consideration of anglo - norman phonology and morphology. manchester : manchester university press. - price, glanville ( 1998 ). the french language : present and past ( revised ed. ). london : grant and cutler. to italian - maiden, martin ( 1996 ). a linguistic history of italian. new york : longman. to spanish - penny, ralph ( 2002 ). a history of the spanish language. cambridge : cambridge university press. - pharies, david a. ( 2007 ). a brief history of the spanish language. chicago : university of chicago press. - pountain, christopher j. ( 2000 ). a history of the spanish language through texts. london : routledge. to portuguese - williams, edwin b. ( 1968 ). from latin to portuguese : historical phonology and morphology of the portuguese language. philadelphia : university of pennsylvania press. to occitan - paden,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49259632924724195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.820818"} {"text": "family : phyllostomidae, new world fruit bats view all from this family description usually gray - brown ( sometimes dark brown ) above ; paler below. surface of interfemoral membrane well furred. no tail. short, rounded ears ; small tragus. large eyes. thickened, m - shaped fold of skin over nostrils. outside lower incisor has 7 fan - shaped lobes ( unique among bats ) ; cheek teeth reduced. dimensions l 2 1 / 2 - 3 3 / 8 \" ( 65 - 87 mm ) ; hf average 5 / 8 \" ( 18 mm ) ; fa 2 - 2 1 / 4 \" ( 50 - 56 mm ) ; wt 7 / 8 - 1 1 / 2 oz ( 24 - 43 g ). breeding female bears 1 young, apparently at any time of year. habitat mainly humid forest. usually roosts in caves, but also in mines and hollow trees. range central mexico south into south america. discussion discovered in mexico in the 16th century by the spanish conquistadores, who named them after the blood - sucking creatures of eastern european legend, vampire bats feed entirely upon blood and occur only in the new world. the vampires are among the few bats that use their wings for walking on the ground. sleeping by day in caves or other dark, protected places, hairy - legged vampire bats feed at night, chiefly on the blood of birds, such as chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, ducks, and geese. the bat uses sharp upper incisors to quickly inflict a wound so shallow that the victim rarely notices. it bites chickens on the lower legs or near the cloaca ( anal opening ), where there are few feathers. curling the tongue into a tube that fits a v - shaped notch in its lower lip, the feeding bat sips the blood, which flows freely due to an anticoagulant in its saliva. unless the victim is very small, the amount of blood taken by the bat is not harmful ; more serious, after the bat has flown away, is the potential for blood loss owing to slowed clotting, the vulnerability of the open wound to infection, and the possibility of rabies transmission. these large - eyed bats have good vision, but a poorly developed system of echolocation. they usually congregate in small groups of only 1 to 3 per cave, rarely more than 12, though in one cave 35 were found. the carcass of a single hairy - legged vampire bat was found in an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4228565925932856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.823470"} {"text": "| gills on hymenium | | cap is convex | | hymenium is free | | stipe has a ring and volva | | spore print is white | | ecology is mycorrhizal | | but not recommended | amanita caesarea, commonly known in english as caesar ' s mushroom, is a highly regarded edible mushroom in the genus amanita, native to southern europe and north africa. it has a distinctive orange cap, yellow gills and stem. similar orange - capped species occur in north america and india. it was known to and valued by the ancient romans, who called it boletus, a name now applied to a very different type of fungus. taxonomy and naming amanita caesarea was first described by italian mycologist giovanni antonio scopoli in 1772 as agaricus caesareus, before later being placed in amanita by persoon in 1801. the common name comes from its being a favorite of the roman emperors, who took the name caesar ( originally a family name ) as a title. the romans called it boletus, derived from the ancient greek \u03b2\u03c9\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 for this fungus as named by galen. several modern common names recognise this heritage with the english caesar ' s mushroom and royal amanita, french imperiale, polish cesarski and german kaiserling. in italian, it is ovolo ( pl. ovoli ), due to its resemblance to an egg when very young. in albanian it is kuqelorja from its color ( < albanian kuqe ' red ' ). other common names include amanite des cesars and oronge. it has also been classified as a. umbonata. a. hemibapha is a similar species originally described from india, and this name has sometimes been applied to north american collections. the relationship of the similar north american species a. arkansana and a. jacksonii to a. caesarea is not clear. the edibility of some of these similar species is also unclear, though a. jacksonii is eaten by many and there have been no reports of illness from it. this mushroom has an orange - red cap, initially hemispherical before convex and finally flat. the surface is smooth, and margins striated, and it can reach 15 ( 6 in ) or rarely 20 cm ( 8 in ) in diameter. the free gills are pale to golden yellow, as is the cylinder - shaped stipe, which is 8 \u2013 15 cm ( 3", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3922241432304223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.831985"} {"text": "margins striated, and it can reach 15 ( 6 in ) or rarely 20 cm ( 8 in ) in diameter. the free gills are pale to golden yellow, as is the cylinder - shaped stipe, which is 8 \u2013 15 cm ( 3 \u2013 6 in ) tall and 2 \u2013 3 cm ( around 1 in ) wide. the ring hangs loosely and is lined above and smooth below. the base of the stipe is thicker than the top and is seated in a greyish - white cup - like volva, which is a remnant of universal veil. the spores are white. it could be confused with the poisonous fly agaric ( amanita muscaria ). though a. muscaria has a distinctive red cap dotted with fluffy white flakes, these tend to fall off as the carpophor ages and the bright red tends to fade to a yellowy orange. the latter mushroom will always have white gills and stalk with a ringed volva rather than a yellow stalk and is typically associated with spruce ( picea ), pine ( pinus ) or birch ( betula ). certain varieties ( e. g. amanita muscaria var. guessowii ) are close to yellow even at the juvenile stage. distribution and habitat this mushroom fruits in oak woodland, sometimes mixed with conifers, from early summer to mid autumn. it is found in north africa and southern europe, particularly in the hills of northern italy. it is thought to have been introduced north of the alps by the roman armies as it is most frequently found along old roman roads. the mushroom is also distributed in hungary, india, and china ( sichuan province ). although the species is not known to exist in the united states and canada, it has been collected in mexico. this mushroom is highly prized, and is a common sight in the markets of italy, southern france, and spain. however, many mycologists warn inexperienced gatherers against seeking it out as it can be easily confused with other deadly members of the amanita genus, for example amanita virosa or amanita phalloides. - ^ scopoli ja. ( 1772 ) ( in latin ). flora carniolica exhibiens plantas carnioliae indigenas et distributas in classes, genera, species, varietates ordine linnaeano. vol. 2. vienna : johann paul krauss. p. 419. - ^ persoon ch. ( 1801 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38306190001485313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.833145"} {"text": "et distributas in classes, genera, species, varietates ordine linnaeano. vol. 2. vienna : johann paul krauss. p. 419. - ^ persoon ch. ( 1801 ) ( in latin ). synopsis methodica fungorum. gottingae. p. 252. http : / / 184. 108. 40. 206 / librifungorum / image. asp? itemid = 82 & imagefilename = 0252b. jpg. - ^ carluccio a. ( 2003 ). the complete mushroom book. quadrille. pp. 23 \u2013 24. isbn 1 - 84400 - 040 - 0. - ^ a b c breitenbach j, kranzlin f ( 1995 ). fungi of switzerland 4 : agarics, 2nd part. p. 146. isbn 3 - 85604 - 240 - 7. - ^ breitenbach j, kranzlin f ( 1995 ). fungi of switzerland 4 : agarics, 2nd part. p. 150. isbn 3 - 85604 - 240 - 7. - ^ zoltan k. ( 1986 ). \" mushrooms of the vali forest central hungary \" ( in hungarian ). botanikai kozlemenyek 73 ( 1 \u2013 2 ) : 49 \u2013 72. issn 0006 - 8144. - ^ rishikesh m. ( 2003 ). \" some wild edible mushrooms of siang valley : arunachal pradesh. \". plant archives 3 ( 1 ) : 81 \u2013 84. issn 0972 - 5210. - ^ weihong p, bingcheng g, wei t, yong g. ( 2003 ). \" studies on economic mushrooms in longmen mountain areas \" ( in chinese ). southwest china journal of agricultural sciences 16 ( 1 ) : 36 \u2013 41. issn 1001 - 4829. - ^ castano - meneses g, quiroz - robledo ln. ( 2004 ). \" ants ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) associated with macromycetes fungus ( fungi : basidiomycetes ) in sierra de taxco, guerrero, mexico \". folia entomologica mexicana 43 ( 1 ) : 79 \u2013 86. issn 0430 - 8603. - ^ guzman g, ramirez - guillen f. ( 2001 ). the amanita caesarea - complex. 187. berlin :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4711324027673283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.834046"} {"text": "##ologica mexicana 43 ( 1 ) : 79 \u2013 86. issn 0430 - 8603. - ^ guzman g, ramirez - guillen f. ( 2001 ). the amanita caesarea - complex. 187. berlin : j. cramer. isbn 978 - 3 - 443 - 59089 - 5. - ^ sarkina is, prydiuk mp, heluta vp. ( 2003 ). \" macromycetes of crimea, listed in the red data book of ukraine \". ukrayins ' kyi botanichnyi zhurnal 60 ( 4 ) : 438 \u2013 46. issn 0372 - 4123. - ^ al - sayegh petkovsek s, pokorny b, piltaver a. ( 2003 ). \" the first list of macrofungi from the wider area of the salek valley \" ( in slovenian ). zbornik gozdarstva in lesarstva ( 72 ) : 83 \u2013 120. issn 0351 - 3114. - ^ pegler dn. ( 2002 ). \" useful fungi of the world : caesar ' s mushroom and the christmas mushroom \" ( pdf ). mycologist 16 ( 4 ) : 140 \u2013 41. doi : 10. 1017 / s0269 - 915x ( 02 ) 00412 - 3. http : / / www. theliterature. org / the _ fifth _ kingdom / mycologist / vol. 16. 04. nov % 202002 / pp % 20140 - 141. pdf. retrieved 2009 - 10 - 27. [ dead link ] - ^", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4396446652491056, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.834664"} {"text": "these sites are about the life cycle, anatomy, and habitats of the roach or cockroach, the most ancient insect. learn here how many species of roaches are in the world and what kind of pets they can be. includes photographs and in class activities. pbs : nature : critter guide : cockroach learn about the history of cockroaches, where they live, what they eat, and their social environment. fact monster : cockroach learn here about cockroaches, their life cycle, habitats, and reproduction. note : the site includes pop - up and banner ads. learn how to take care of pet roaches. includes housing, feeding, breeding, and suggested species information. cockroach index : german, oriental, asian cuban roaches explore links on this page to learn about behavior, life cycles, and identification of some species from the cockroach world. madagascar hissing cockroach view the photograph of the madagascar hissing cockroach. click on the \" hear the hissing sound! \" link under the photograph to listen to it. note : this site includes google and banner ads. usc roach cam this webcam is showing live the madagascar roaches living in the south carolina university. cockroaches : photo gallery on this site you will find photographs of several exotic cockroaches. critter ridder : roaches read about common types of pest roaches and scroll down the page to read the cockroach trivia. newton ' s apple teacher ' s guides this page has vocabulary and fun class activities that help children learn about cockroaches.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42761694745004486, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.837713"} {"text": "an appreciation of ethnic jewellery and adornment still no actual alphabetic messages have been found on a single artifact excavated from or picked up from the surface of one of the sites of the bactria - margiana archeological complex. geographically, the more or less agreed upon boundaries of this area would be southern turkmenistan, eastern iran and most of afghanistan reaching over to the indus valley in what is now pakistan. the time frame of the most significant cultural items produced by these migrating farmers and animal domesticators inhabiting the oases and river plains was 4, 500 years ago to 3, 600 years ago. they did not disappear after this time, but other cultures blended with theirs so thoroughly that the area congealed into a trade system that spread all products far and wide throughout the middle east, often including parts of europe, and always including north africa and the arabian gulf. but in the pre - literate period for the bactria - margiana culture - - 4, 500 - 3, 600 years ago - - the people used seals with meaningful symbols. in the case of stone seals, the images were engraved ; in the case of bronze, copper or occasionally silver, the images were cast. the seals were usually furnished with a device that would allow the owner to wear or carry the seal. in fact, so many of the seals were decorated with mythical images that dr. sarianidi, the excavator of much of the archeological material, calls them amulets and after long field experience with the amulets, he has interpreted the meanings of the amulets. his work is published in myths of ancient bactria - margiana on its seals and amulets. one of the more artistic of the seals is the copper image of a wolf killing a goat. the device for hanging the seal on a cord is the loop in the center of the image that shows as a distortion in that area.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49359378664588716, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.839712"} {"text": "what is pcp? pcp is a kind of pneumonia caused by bacteria called pneumocystis jiroveci ( say : \u201c new - mo - sis - tis yee - row - vet - zee - eye \u201d ), or p. jiroveci. it used to be called pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. most people infected with p. jiroveci don ' t get pneumonia because their immune systems are healthy and strong. people whose immune systems are weak because of hiv infection can get pcp. pcp is less common than it used to be, but it ' s still the most common serious infection in people who have advanced hiv disease in the united states. how would i know if i have pcp? if you get pcp, you probably will have fever, cough, trouble breathing ( especially with exercise ) or chest tightness. see your doctor right away if you have these symptoms. most cases are mild, but people with severe pcp may die if the infection isn ' t treated quickly. pcp is diagnosed by lab tests of fluid or tissue from your lungs. how do you get pcp? most scientists believe pcp is spread in the air, but they don ' t know if it lives in the soil or someplace else. p. jiroveci is common all over the world. since you can ' t help being exposed to p. jiroveci, you should get medical care so you won ' t get pcp. ( pcp is not spread by sex. ) how can i protect myself from pcp? if you are at risk of pcp because you have hiv, pcp can be prevented. a good medicine for preventing pcp is trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole ( say : \" try - meth - o - prim sul - fa - meth - ox - uh - sole \" ), or tmp - smx, for short. tmp - smx is a combination of 2 medicines. it comes in pill and liquid forms. other medicines can also prevent pcp if you can ' t take tmp - smx. when should i start taking medicine to prevent pcp? if you have hiv, your doctor will test your blood regularly to check how strong your immune system is. your doctor will probably prescribe tmp - smx to prevent pcp if your cd4 cell count goes below 200. your doctor may also have you start taking tmp - smx if you get certain symptoms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49770629884428663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.848168"} {"text": "how strong your immune system is. your doctor will probably prescribe tmp - smx to prevent pcp if your cd4 cell count goes below 200. your doctor may also have you start taking tmp - smx if you get certain symptoms, such as a temperature above 100\u00b0f that lasts for 2 weeks or longer, or a yeast infection in your mouth or throat ( also called \" thrush \" ). i already had a pneumonia vaccination. won ' t that protect me against pcp? no. the pneumonia vaccine protects you against a different kind of pneumonia. it doesn ' t protect you against pcp. there is no vaccine for pcp. does tmp - smx have side effects? tmp - smx might cause a rash. it might make you feel sick. if you have just a mild reaction, you should keep taking tmp - smx, because it works better than any other medicine to prevent pcp. your doctor can give you another medicine for a while to help you with the side effects of tmp - smx. can i get pcp more than once? yes. if you have already had pcp you can get it again. taking tmp - smx can prevent second infections with pcp. what if my cd4 cell count goes above 200 while i ' m taking medicines to control hiv? your doctor may let you stop taking medicine to prevent pcp if the following things are true for you : - if you never had pcp before. - if your cd4 cell count stays above 200 for 3 to 6 months. - if blood tests show you have a low viral load or an undetectable viral load. recent studies have shown that a strong immune system should protect you from pcp. it is not known whether it ' s safe to stop taking preventive medicine if you have had pcp before. if i get pcp, how is it treated? people who have severe cases of pcp are treated in a hospital with iv medicine ( medicine put into a vein through a tube ). as they get better - - or if the illness was mild to begin with - - they can take medicine in pill form. if you can ' t take tmp - smx, or if you don ' t get better quickly with tmp - smx, you can take other medicines or combinations of medicines. written by familydoctor. org editorial staff", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.455803656141323, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.849329"} {"text": ". - 1659 - much of what is now cecil county was originally attached to kent county until baltimore county was created 12 january 1659. - 1674 - cecil county was erected by proclamation on june 6, 1674. the original boundaries of cecil county, as created in 1674, by proclamation of governor charles calvert, are described as follows : \" from the mouth of the susquehanna river down the eastern side of the bay to swan point, thence to hell point, and so up chester river to the head thereof. \" nothing appears to have been said about the eastern or northern bounds of the county, because they were in dispute, nevertheless the lord proprietary still claimed to the delaware and to the fortieth degree of north latitude. these bounds were slightly varied by another proclamation issued a few days afterwards, which there is reason to believe threw a small part of what is now the extreme southwestern part of kent county under the jurisdiction of the authorities of kent island. - the present county of kent was in the original bounds of cecil county for two weeks, until the inhabitants of kent demanded their territory be returned. - 1732 - in 1732 john, richard and thomas penn, who by will of their father had become joint proprietors of pennsylvania, entered into a written agreement with charles calvert, the fifth lord baltimore, for the adjustment of the boundaries of the two provinces. trans - peninsular line - 1767 - the mason - dixon linewas established to end a boundary dispute between the british colonies of maryland and pennsylvania / delaware. - 1829 - the legislature appointed commisioners to locate the boundary line between cecil and harford counties. they finished their work in 1832. their report shows that they began at the state line, at a rock called long rock, in the middle of the susquehanna river, and continued the line southwardly by various islands and rocks in the river until they reached a large rock at the lower part of watson ' s island. many early court records have disappeared. - family bible records at the historical society of cecil county - bible records contributed to usgenweb there is a cemetery survey for cecil county at the maryland state archives. the survey contains information about the cemetery at the time of the survey in the 1930s. the survey files do not contain actual cemetery records. msa s 1512 - 2777 00 / 59 / 06 / 55 transcriptions of various cemeteries in cecil county can be found at the following websites : - usgenweb ' s tombstone transcription project - cecil county cemetery records from the historical society of cecil county. on this page, you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3694106645600912, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.877836"} {"text": "/ 59 / 06 / 55 transcriptions of various cemeteries in cecil county can be found at the following websites : - usgenweb ' s tombstone transcription project - cecil county cemetery records from the historical society of cecil county. on this page, you will find links to pdf files containing an inventory of cecil county tombstone transcriptions. one of their most experienced family history researchers and a past president of the genealogical society of cecil county, gary burns, has worked several years compiling this detailed spreadsheet. it is still a work in progress and only goes to the letter p right now, but you will find over 29, 000 entries for cecil county tombstones thus far. - an alphabetical list of cecil county cemeteries - the political graveyard is a great resource for politicians that were born, lived and died in cecil county. - dunn, mary devine and lillian devine. st. francis xavier church, warwick, maryland, \" old bohemia \" : its history, the burial register : historical notes. newtown, pa. : will - britt books. 1987. - genealogical society of cecil county. cecil county, md, tombstone inscriptions, districts 7, 8 & 9, volume i. publisher [ s. l. ] : genealogical society of cecil county, c1992. includes 18 area graveyards ; districts 7, 8, & 9 - cemeteries listed in district 7 : asbury, baptist, cokesbury united methodist, harmony chapel methodist, jones memorial, patterson private, principio, sterrett private, st. mark ' s episcopal, taylor ' s private - cemeteries listed in district 8 : bethesda, conowingo baptist, mt. zoar, success farm, st. patrick ' s catholic - cemeteries listed in district 9 : brick meeting house quaker, trinity church, zion methodist, zion presbyterian - robertson, donna j.. tombstone inscriptions of cecil county. d. j. robertson. 1995. - robertson, donna j.. tombstone inscriptions of hopewell united methodist church cemetery, cecil county, maryland. d. j. robertson. 1995. - williams, mildred c. and janet r. brittingham. cecil county, maryland cemetery records : elkton presbyterian churchyard, bethel methodist churchyard, leeds church cemetery. newtown, pa. : will - britt books. 1987. - family history library catalog search results for cemeteries in cecil county for more information about cemeteries in maryland please refer to the maryland cemeteries page. - the 1693 census of the swedes on the delaware : family histories of the swedish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41956348889244854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.878818"} {"text": "of courts : - the admiralty court - following the restoration of the proprietary government, no admiralty court sat in maryland until a vice admiral was commissioned in 1756. the court ' s jurisdiction included contracts, accounts, wages, treason, piracy, felonies, fugitives, mayhem, and bottomry ( cases in which a shipowner put the ship up as security for a loan ). the constitution of 1776 established an admiralty court to try capture and seizures made and brought into maryland ports. the court functioned until 1789, when the u. s. constitution assigned admiralty jurisdiction to the federal courts. - the provincial court - the exact date of the creation of the provincial court is unknown ; it is likely that it dates from leonard calvert ' s commission as lieutenant general of the colony in 1637, which gave him the authority to try all cases except those concerning life, member, or freehold. originally called the county court, the provincial court was modeled after the english county courts. the name change probably occurred sometime between 1640 and 1642, when st. mary ' s and kent counties were created, each with a county court. the provincial court had concurrent jurisdiction with the county courts in most matters, served as an appellate court to the county courts, and had original jurisdiction in criminal cases involving life or member and in civil cases with value above a given sum or poundage of tobacco, which varied throughout the court ' s history. the provincial court also heard chancery, testamentary, and guardianship cases until the chancery and prerogative courts were established and guardianship matters were transferred to the county courts. in addition, the provincial court had concurrent jurisdiction with the county courts in recording conveyances of land, which was compulsory after 1663. - the prerogative court - the probate court of maryland for the greater part of the colonial period was called the prerogative court which was responsible for overseeing the administration of all the records related to the estate of a deceased person. - the chancery court it is anticipated that this bibliography will eventually identify all known family histories published about residents of this county. use this list to : - locate publications about direct ancestors - find the most updated accounts of an ancestor ' s family - identify publications, to quote elizabeth shown mills, about an ancestor ' s \" fan club \" [ friends, associates, and neighbors ] - barnes, robert w., f. edward wright, vernon l. skinner and henry c. peden. colonial families of the eastern shore of maryland. 23 vols. westminster, md. : family", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45298714737151125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.882485"} {"text": "\" [ friends, associates, and neighbors ] - barnes, robert w., f. edward wright, vernon l. skinner and henry c. peden. colonial families of the eastern shore of maryland. 23 vols. westminster, md. : family line, 1996 - 2003 ; lewes, del. : delmarva roots and colonial roots, 2007. fhl us / can book 975. 21 d2b v. 1 ff. [ cecil county families appear in vol. 6 ] - biographies contributed to usgenweb - maryland, cecil - biography section of the family history library catalog - [ anderson ] russell, george ely. \" the swedish settlement in maryland, 1654, \" the american genealogist, vol. 54, no. 4 ( oct. 1978 ) : 203 - 210. fhl 973 d25aga v. 54 - [ caulk ] russell, george ely. \" the swedish settlement in maryland, 1654, \" the american genealogist, vol. 54, no. 4 ( oct. 1978 ) : 203 - 210. fhl 973 d25aga v. 54 - [ clements ] russell, george ely. \" the swedish settlement in maryland, 1654, \" the american genealogist, vol. 54, no. 4 ( oct. 1978 ) : 203 - 210. fhl 973 d25aga v. 54 - [ cornelius ] russell, george ely. \" the swedish settlement in maryland, 1654, \" the american genealogist, vol. 54, no. 4 ( oct. 1978 ) : 203 - 210. fhl 973 d25aga v. 54 - [ creswell ] russell, george ely. \" david creswell of cecil county, maryland, \" the american genealogist, vol. 46, no. 2 ( apr. 1970 ) : 65 - 73. fhl 973 d25aga v. 46 - [ dunbar ] plummer, judith m. bald friar ferry in 1781 : across the susquehanna river between hartford and cecil counties in maryland. westbrook, maine : j. m. plummer, 2004. digital version - [ eliason ] russell, george ely. \" the swedish settlement in maryland, 1654, \" the american genealogist, vol. 54, no. 4 ( oct. 1978 ) : 203 - 210. fhl 973 d25aga v. 54 - [ frist ] frist, william h. and shirley wilson. \" good people beget good people \" : a genealogy of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40062283294847423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.883385"} {"text": ". 4 ( oct. 1978 ) : 203 - 210. fhl 973 d25aga v. 54 - [ frist ] frist, william h. and shirley wilson. \" good people beget good people \" : a genealogy of the frist family. maryland : rowman & littlefield. 2003. - [ hendrickson ] bendler, bruce a. \" the hendrickson family in cecil county, maryland : the first three generations, \" the maryland and delaware genealogist, vol. 31, no. 1 ( winter 1990 ) : 20 - 22. fhl us / can book 975 b2m. - [ lawson ] brayton, john a. the complete ancestry of tennessee williams. winston - salem, n. c. : j. a. brayton, 1993. fhl book 929. 273 w67bj. - [ mathews ] russell, george ely. \" the swedish settlement in maryland, 1654, \" the american genealogist, vol. 54, no. 4 ( oct. 1978 ) : 203 - 210. fhl 973 d25aga v. 54 - [ matthias ] russell, george ely. \" the swedish settlement in maryland, 1654, \" the american genealogist, vol. 54, no. 4 ( oct. 1978 ) : 203 - 210. fhl 973 d25aga v. 54 gazetteer of the state of maryland by richard swainson fisher, pages 61 - 63 are about cecil county. a gazetteer of maryland and delaware by henry gannett a new and complete gazetteer of the united states :... by thomas baldwin, j. thomas the new early settlers of maryland database is a great place to start searching for immigrants who had arrived in the colony by the 1680s. the database \" comprises 34, 326 entries from gust skordas ' early settlers of maryland and carson gibb ' s supplement to the early settlers of maryland. \" available online, courtesy : maryland state archives. other cecil county immigration resources include : - list of imported servants and convicts from europe who served labor terms in colonial cecil county, maryland ( work in progress ), courtesy : immigrant servants database. [ includes richard j. cox ' s abstracts of maryland gazette runaways. ] - burns, gary l., compiler. naturalization records, cecil county, maryland. charlestown, md ( box 11, charlestown 21914 ) : genealogical society of cecil county, 1997. - cecil county was created in 1674 from baltimore county and kent county", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4104867794429243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.884440"} {"text": "l., compiler. naturalization records, cecil county, maryland. charlestown, md ( box 11, charlestown 21914 ) : genealogical society of cecil county, 1997. - cecil county was created in 1674 from baltimore county and kent county however land patents and certificates date from 1649 in the area that now comprises cecil county. the earliest land deed for cecil county itself was recorded in 1674. - through a joint egovernment service of the maryland judiciary and the maryland state archives, free images and indexes of the complete series of cecil county deed books ( 1674 - present ) have been uploaded to their website : mdlandrec. net : a digital image retrieval system for land records in maryland. ( requires free registration. ) - maryland state archives cecil county land survey, subdivision, and condominium plats - land patents and certificates in cecil county, 1649 - 1774 - unpatented certificates and leases - lot holders in 1702 in the township of nottingham - debt books - family history library catalog results for land and property, land and property indexes, and land and property maps - chesapeake city, people, places and events remembered - lee collins has digitized an outstanding collection of photos, ephemera, and other materials of interest to those researching or studying the past in chesapeake city. - an introduction to the area history provided by cecil county tourism - the nottingham lots and the early quaker families a paper presented by robert warwick day, ph. d. spartanburg, south carolina in celebration of the 300th anniversary of the founding in 1701 of the nottingham lots by william penn and early quaker settlers of chester county, pa. - history of cecil county, maryland, and the early settlements around the head of chesapeake bay and on the delaware river, with sketches of some of the old families of cecil county by george johnston. - maryland, cecil - historyin the family history library catalog - catalog of sanborn maps in the collection of the historical society of cecil county - online maps available from the historical society of cecil county - cecil county. simon j. martenet, martenet ' s atlas of maryland, 1865, huntingfield collection, msa sc 1339 - 1 - 75 - cecil county gis - online mapping. an interactive geographic information systems ( gis ) website of cecil county. - map of the upper part of the peninsula, showing the locations of indian forts, early land grants and boundary lines drawn by geo. m. reese under the direction of george johnston, the author of history of cecil county, maryland and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37777812279833234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.885570"} {"text": "cecil county. - map of the upper part of the peninsula, showing the locations of indian forts, early land grants and boundary lines drawn by geo. m. reese under the direction of george johnston, the author of history of cecil county, maryland and designed to illustrate the history of cecil county. - usgs quad topographic features in cecil county - cecil county historical markers - province of pennsylvania, 1681 - 1776 - maryland county department of transportation ( d. o. t. ) maps - these maps are downloadable and are in pdf format. the main use of these are the locations of all known cemeteries in a county and of course the various roads and church locations - county formation maps - maps made with the use animap plus county boundary historical animap 3. 0. this shows all the county boundary changes for each year overlayed with past and present maps so you can see the changes in county boundaries. - military officers in 1696. - colonial militia of cecil county in 1740. - john f. dewitt military museum at the historical society of cecil county 135 e. main street, elkton 410 - 398 - 1790 impressive display of military memorabilia from the revolutionary war through desert storm. - a census of pensioners for revolutionary or military services : with their names, ages, and places of residence, as returned by the marshalls of the several judicial districts, under the act for taking the sixth census ]. 1841. digital version at google books. 1967 reprint : fhl collection 973 x2pc 1840. [ see maryland, cecil county on page 127. ] - cecil county bicentennial committee. cecil county in the revolutionary war : being an account of some of the experiences, events and locations prominent to cecil county and it ' s [ sic ] citizens during the period of 1776 to 1783. elkton, md. : the cecil county bicentennial committee, 1976. - revolutionary patriots of cecil county, maryland by henry c. peden, jr. war of 1812 - list of pensioners on the roll, january 1, 1883 ; giving the name of each pensioner, the cause for why pensioned, the post - office address, the rate of pension per month, and the date of original allowance... washington, d. c. : government printing office, 1883. fhl collection 973 m2lp v. 5 ; digital versions at google books and internet archive. [ see vol. 5, maryland, cecil county, pp. 142 - 145. identifies war of 1812 veterans living in this county", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4071546397371359, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.886756"} {"text": "office, 1883. fhl collection 973 m2lp v. 5 ; digital versions at google books and internet archive. [ see vol. 5, maryland, cecil county, pp. 142 - 145. identifies war of 1812 veterans living in this county in 1883. ] - civil war history for cecil county, maryland - muffled drums and mustard spoons : cecil county, maryland, 1860 - 1865 - cecil county newspapers are identified in \" guide to maryland newspapers, \" available online, courtesy : special collections, maryland state archives. - cecil county newspapers, as held at the historical society of cecil county. bound and microfilmed volumes of newspapers, as well as single issues, published in cecil county since 1823 and the present, constitute a valuable portion of the society ' s library. - cecil whig - p. o. box 429, elkton, md 21922 ; ( 410 ) 398 - 3311 - rising sun herald - 303 e. main st., rising sun, md 21911 ; ( 410 ) 658 - 5740 - cecil soil magazine - p. o. box 645, rising sun, md 21911 ; ( 410 ) 658 - 3244 - newspaper articles transcribed for usgenweb - obituary / death notice index ( surnames a - l ) for cecil county, maryland - obituary / death notice index ( surnames m - z ) for cecil county, maryland - obituaries contributed to usgenweb - newspaper results in the family history library catalog - cecil county probate estate files from 1851 to 1940 are searchable. the site will let you view and save. - wills and estate records contributed to usgenweb - probate records and probate record indexes in the family history library catalog societies and libraries cecil county public library - cecil county public library website - elkton central branch 301 newark avenue, elkton, md 21921 ; phone - 410 - 996 - 5600 ; tdd - 410 - 996 - 5609. monday through thursday - 10 am - 9 pm. friday and saturday - 10 am - 5 pm - cecilton branch 215 east main street cecilton, maryland 21913 phone - 410 - 275 - 1091. monday and tuesday - 10 am - 8 pm wednesday and thursday - 10 am - 6 pm friday - closed saturday - 10 am - 5 pm - chesapeake city branch 2527 augustine herman highway chesapeake city, maryland 21915 phone - 410 - 996 - 1134. monday and tuesday - 10 am - 8 pm wednesday and thursday - 10", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3783670909369236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.889325"} {"text": "pm friday - closed saturday - 10 am - 5 pm - chesapeake city branch 2527 augustine herman highway chesapeake city, maryland 21915 phone - 410 - 996 - 1134. monday and tuesday - 10 am - 8 pm wednesday and thursday - 10 am - 6 pm friday and saturday - 10 am - 5 pm. - north east branch 106 west cecil avenue north east, maryland 21901 phone - 410 - 996 - 6269. monday and tuesday - 10 am - 8 pm wednesday and thursday - 10 am - 6 pm friday and saturday - 10 am - 5 pm - perryville branch 500 coudon blvd. perryville, maryland 21903 phone - 410 - 996 - 6070. monday through thursday - 10 am - 9 pm friday and saturday - 10 am - 5 pm - port deposit branch 13 south main street port deposit, md 21904 phone - 410 - 996 - 6055. monday through wednesday - 12 pm - 6 pm thursday and friday - closed saturday - 10 am - 5 pm - rising sun branch 111 colonial way rising sun, md 21911 phone - 410 - 658 - 4025 alternate phone - 410 - 398 - 2706. monday through thursday - 10 am - 8 pm friday and saturday - 10 am - 5 pm. genealogical society of cecil county the genealogical society of cecil county, an organization established in 1977, ceased operating as an independent nonprofit corporation in 2005. under an arrangement made with the historical society of cecil county, the family - history oriented group has given up its independent status and turned its resources over to the historical society. they made a donation of over $ 2, 000 to the historical society. the historical society of cecil county the library has the largest collection of books, manuscripts, maps, government documents and newspapers pertaining to cecil county in existence. the constantly expanding collection contains over 2, 000 books and 12, 000 issues of newspapers ( starting in 1827 ). the library preserves newspaper clippings, obituaries, souvenir booklets, pamphlets, and other memorabilia related to county families, businesses, organizations, churches, schools, towns, industries, and important events in vertical files. photographic collections include an impressive array of postcards, slides, prints, glass plates, negatives, lantern slides, stereo cards and daguerreotypes. wills, land records, correspondence, receipt, business and organization records and much more comprise the manuscript collection. 135 e. main street elkton, md 21921 ; email : email @ example. com the historical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38750681426594596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.891215"} {"text": "cards and daguerreotypes. wills, land records, correspondence, receipt, business and organization records and much more comprise the manuscript collection. 135 e. main street elkton, md 21921 ; email : email @ example. com the historical society of cecil county is open to the public at the following times. they are closed on all major holidays. monday \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026.. 10 : 00 a. m. \u2014 4 : 00 p. m. tuesday \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026.. 6 : 00 p. m. \u2014 8 : 30 p. m. thursday \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026. 10 : 00 a. m. \u2014 4 : 00 p. m. 1st and 4th saturday of each month \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026.. 10 : 00 a. m. \u2014 2 : 00 p. m. list of closings maryland historical society 201 west monument street baltimore, maryland 21201 - 4674. 410 - 685 - 3750 maryland historical society library library hours are thursday - saturday 10 a. m to 5 p. m. museum and library admission : $ 6 for all non - member visitors ; members are free. please note that picture identification and the completion of a one - time registration form is required for all library patrons. please visit the library \u2019 s visitor information pages for complete information. library visitor information maryland state archives 350 rowe boulevard - annapolis, md 21401 - toll free : ( 800 ) 235 - 4045 - ( 410 ) 260 - 6400 the use of any username and password on our site is for personal and educational purposes only, and constitutes agreement to abide by any and all copyright restrictions. in most instances the username aaco and password aaco # will work. contact firstname. lastname @ example. org if you have any questions or have difficulty accessing files. directions / hoursthe public search room is open tuesday through friday and most saturdays from 8 : 30 a. m. to 4 : 30 p. m. the archives is closed on sundays, mondays, the first saturday of every month, and saturdays of holiday weekends. check website for annual closings. records are pulled every half hour starting at 8 : 45 with the last pull of the day at 3 : 45. on saturdays, due to limited staffing, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37318051644224864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.892220"} {"text": "of every month, and saturdays of holiday weekends. check website for annual closings. records are pulled every half hour starting at 8 : 45 with the last pull of the day at 3 : 45. on saturdays, due to limited staffing, the searchroom and microfilm rooms remain open to the public between 11 : 30 and 1 : 30, but record pulls are not performed at 11 : 45, 12 : 15, 12 : 45 and 1 : 15. the maryland state law library the maryland state law library provides legal information to the state ' s appellate courts and other branches of state government and serves as a resource center for circuit court libraries throughout the state. we are open to the public, and we encourage the use of the library ' s many resources, including laws, general reference materials, state and federal government documents, and state and local histories. list of genealogy titles for cecil county in the catalog of the maryland state law library hours - check this maryland state law library holiday closures calendar for all holiday closures. visitors should check the judiciary information line for delays and closings due to inclement weather or emergencies. all visitors are required to go through a metal detector. monday, wednesday and friday 8 : 00am to 4 : 30pm tuesday and thursday 8 : 00am to 9 : 00pm saturday 9 : 00am to 4 : 00pm directions - the maryland state law library is located just outside of downtown annapolis at 361 rowe blvd just one block south the navy stadium. we are in the first floor the courts of appeal building. upper shore genealogical society of maryland p. o. box 275 easton, md 21601. ( 410 ) 745 - 3050 family history centers - [ 1678, 1681 ] 1678 and 1681 caecill county tax lists, available online, courtesy : mdgenweb. - taxable persons in cecil county for the year, 1752. charlestown, md. : genealogical society of cecil county, 19uu. - taxable persons in 1752. - taxables in 1759. - [ 1760 - 1765 ] batchelor tax lists in st. mary anne ' s p. e. parish 1760 - 1765. - cecil county tax lists of august, 1761. - taxables belonging to elk forge in 1762. - batchelor tax list in st. stephen ' s p. e. parish, july 10, 1763. - taxables in 1766. - cecil county tax list of 1783 : first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth districts. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39799149000051237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.893215"} {"text": "batchelor tax list in st. stephen ' s p. e. parish, july 10, 1763. - taxables in 1766. - cecil county tax list of 1783 : first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth districts. this is an alphabetical index to names to all property owners assessed. the index cards at the maryland state archives include county, hundred, names of tracts of land and whether individuals were paupers or single males as provided in the law. - direct tax - maryland, cecil - taxation results in the family history library catalog cecil county vital records order records from vitalrec. com vital records for cecil county from usgenweb vital recordsfor cecil county in the family history library catalog in 1898, the general assembly passed a law that initiated the registration of births in the 23 counties ( chapter 312, acts of 1898 ). at first, compliance with the law on the local level was incomplete. as the state board of health gradually increased its control over the local boards, registration became more reliable. researchers should keep in mind, however, that as late as 1914 the board of health was still working to increase compliance with the law, and some births went unrecorded. the 1898 law dictated that \" the record of a birth shall state the date and place of its occurrence, name in full, sex and color, and the number of the child, whether living or still born, and the names, color, occupation, birth place and residence of parents, name and address of the physician, midwife or attendant at the birth \". the maryland state archives also has indexing from 1875 through 1950. the early index ( 1875 - 1919 ) is arranged alphabetically by the surname of the child ( or by the parents ' surname if the child ' s name is not given ). the index provides the child ' s name ( if given ), the names of the parents, the date of birth, and the county. the later index ( 1920 - 1950 ) is in soundex order by the surname of the child ; within the soundex classification it is alphabetical by the father ' s first name. when no father ' s name is given, the card is filed at the beginning of the soundex class. children of unmarried couples are listed twice, under the names of both parents. this later index provides the names of the child and the parents, the date and county of birth, and the child ' s race and birth order. although these indexes are open to the public, please note that the birth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39812033977875305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.894325"} {"text": "names of both parents. this later index provides the names of the child and the parents, the date and county of birth, and the child ' s race and birth order. although these indexes are open to the public, please note that the birth certificates themselves are restricted for 100 years after the date of birth. - cecil county board of health ( birth record ) 1898 - 1927 at the maryland state archives - hovermill, harry a. indices to cecil county, maryland marriage licenses, 1865 - 1885. charlestown, maryland : cecil county genealogical society, c1982. available in the family history library. - maryland death certificate index 1898 - 1944, available online, courtesy : vital records indexing project, maryland state archives. - death certificates 1920s - 1940s, 1940s - 1950s, available online, courtesy : historical society of cecil county - burial permits, 1906 - 1912, 1912 - 1962 ; available online, courtesy : historical society of cecil county - social security death index - how do i find a death notice or obituary in a newspaper? - cecil county mdgenweb project, a member of the mdgenweb project, an affiliate of the usgenweb project. - family history library catalog for cecil county. - maryland state archives results for cecil county records. - \" cecil co., \" in genealogical sources in periodicals at the maryland state archives. - worldcat results for cecil county wiki articles describing online collections are found at : - \u2191 handybook for genealogists : united states of america, 10th ed. ( draper, utah : everton pub., 2002 ), 181. [ fhl book 973 d27e 2002 ]. - \u2191 2. 00 2. 01 2. 02 2. 03 2. 04 2. 05 2. 06 2. 07 2. 08 2. 09 2. 10 2. 11 2. 12 2. 13 2. 14 peden, henry c., compiler. inhabitants of cecil county, maryland, 1649 - 1774. westminster, maryland : willow bend books, 1999. - \u2191 3. 0 3. 1 maryland geological survey, george burbank shattuck, florence bascom, edward bennett mathews, clarence wilbur dorsey, jay allan bonsteel, oliver lanard fassig, henry albert pressey, louis agricola bauer, hugh m. curran, george bishop sudworth. cecil county, volume 1. page 26. geological survey ( u. s. ), united states. bureau of soils. digitized by google books - \u2191", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41774473397951495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.895672"} {"text": "##ey, louis agricola bauer, hugh m. curran, george bishop sudworth. cecil county, volume 1. page 26. geological survey ( u. s. ), united states. bureau of soils. digitized by google books - \u2191 4. 0 4. 1 johnston, george. history of cecil county, maryland, and the early settlements around the head of chesapeake bay and on the delaware river, with sketches of some of the old families of cecil county. elkton, maryland : george johnston, 1881. - \u2191 william hand browne, ed., archives of maryland : proceedings and acts of the general assembly of maryland october 1678 - november 1683 ( baltimore : maryland historical society, 1889 ). - \u2191 eichholz, alice, editor. redbook american state, county, and town sources ( provo, utah : ancestry publishing, 2004 ), 306. - \u2191 peder, henry c., jr. revolutionary patriots of cecil county, maryland. westminster, maryland : heritage books, 2007. - \u2191 garrett, jere. \" muffled drums and mustard spoons : cecil county, maryland, 1860 - 1865 \". shippensburg, pennsylvania : burd street press, c1996 - \u2191 \" birth records \" in maryland state archives at guide. mdsa. net ( accessed 28 jun 2010 ). new to the research wiki? in the familysearch research wiki, you can learn how to do genealogical research or share your knowledge with others. learn more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.414224204227915, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.898295"} {"text": "forgetfulness is common during middle age. more than a third of women in the melbourne women ' s midlife health project replied \" yes \" when asked if they had trouble recalling recent events during the preceding week. 1 dementia, mild cognitive impairment, and cognitive aging in discussing cognitive disorders, one should distinguish among dementia, mild cognitive impairment ( mci ), and cognitive aging. dementia entails major cognitive decline that has a substantial impact on occupational activities and other aspects of usual daily living. it is distressingly common with age. by age 95, about half of the population will have dementia. fortunately, midlife dementia is rare. for a woman in her 50s, the estimated incidence is less than 0. 1 per 1, 000 personyears. alzheimer disease and frontotemporal dementia are the prime considerations in this age - group. roughly two - thirds of dementia after age 60 is caused by alzheimer disease, although the importance of mixed pathologies is increasingly recognized. frank dementia is often preceded by a transitional stage of cognitive decline, and the term mci is applied to patients meeting criteria believed to characterize incipient dementia. 2, 3 the inference is that patients with mci already have brain pathology associated with dementia ( eg, the neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques of alzheimer disease ), but the pathologic burden is modest or has not yet overwhelmed intrinsic compensatory mechanisms. mci was originally defined by \" episodic memory \" loss without dementia ( table 1 ). 2 - 4 this form of memory is tested by deliberate recollection of recent episodes or events. in the clinic, a patient may be asked to recall a short word list or a paragraph story that had been presented to her some minutes earlier. patients meeting criteria for mci are at heightened risk for dementia due to alzheimer disease. in a clinical series from the mayo clinic, nearly half of elderly men and women with mci developed alzheimer disease within a 4 - year period. 2 declines in other areas of cognitive performance \u2014 not just memory \u2014 can also be an early indication of dementia from alzheimer disease, vascular disease, frontotemporal dementia, or some other cause. mci subtypes have been categorized to accommodate other cognitive domains ( table 1 ). 3, 4 cognitive aging differs from mci. it represents an erosion of existing abilities, beginning almost imperceptibly in middle age and accelerating during old age. individual rates of change can vary, and many among the very elderly maintain cognitive skills", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49131210490326716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.908195"} {"text": "3, 4 cognitive aging differs from mci. it represents an erosion of existing abilities, beginning almost imperceptibly in middle age and accelerating during old age. individual rates of change can vary, and many among the very elderly maintain cognitive skills remarkably well. the presumption is that cognitive aging reflects processes largely distinct from those that culminate in defined dementias with characteristic brain pathologies. not everyone agrees, however, that cognitive aging is easily separated from disease processes that determine mci and dementia. back to top menopause and midlife cognition when forgetfulness emerges during the menopause transition or early postmenopause, one might wonder whether symptoms should be attributed to loss of ovarian hormones. however, the link between circulating levels of estradiol and cognitive impairment is weak, and clinical trials of midlife hormone therapy have not shown improved cognition. 5 this conclusion is supported by cross - sectional and longitudinal research within defined cohorts of midlife women, where evidence indicates that episodic memory performance is similar before and after natural menopause. 4 findings from the study of women ' s health across the nation offer a nuanced perspective. 5 in this large study, women in the menopause transition, compared to premenopausal women, showed statistically nonsignificant trends for less improvement ( loss of a practice effect ) across annual test sessions on some cognitive tasks. by early postmenopause, these subtle trends were no longer present. if indeed learning, as inferred from these trends, is less efficient during the perimenopause, then cognitive symptoms during this time may reflect awareness of cognitive inefficiency, even if measurable effects are small and transient. cognitive consequences of menopause induced by bilateral oophorectomy, cancer chemotherapy, or irradiation may differ from outcomes of natural menopause. immediately after oophorectomy, small short - term trials suggest that estrogen therapy may improve or maintain episodic memory. moreover, oophorectomy at a relatively young age is associated with increased risk of cognitive impairment or dementia later in life. 6 as shown by women ' s health initiative ( whi ) researchers, beginning hormone therapy later in life ( after age 65 ) increases the risk of dementia. 7 observational studies generally imply reductions in alzheimer disease risk from hormone use. what might account for this discrepancy? women in observational studies have tended to use hormones at younger ages than participants in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5070929569060714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.909136"} {"text": "age 65 ) increases the risk of dementia. 7 observational studies generally imply reductions in alzheimer disease risk from hormone use. what might account for this discrepancy? women in observational studies have tended to use hormones at younger ages than participants in the whi memory trial, raising the important question of whether midlife estrogen use could protect against late - life cognitive impairment. 8 this answer is unknown. because observational findings could be misleading ( recall bias and the healthy user bias tend to favor hormone users ), the long - term cognitive implications of midlife hormone use are unresolved. the north american menopause society does not recommend hormone therapy for cognitive symptoms or to prevent dementia. 9 back to top cognitive symptoms : relation to cognitive disorders it is understandable if symptoms of forgetfulness raise concern of early alzheimer disease. however, dementia is rare during middle age, and converging evidence suggests that midlife is not a time of particular vulnerability ( table 2 ). 10 memory complaints are common at any age and affect men as well as women. in some instances, awareness of mild changes reflective of cognitive aging \u2014 or possibly reflective of transient changes occurring during the menopause transition6 \u2014 is misconstrued as a harbinger of dementia. the temporary inability to retrieve the name of an acquaintance or movie actor, or forgetting why one has entered a room, does not reflect impairment in episodic memory. these common forms of forgetfulness are of less concern than episodic memory loss, because of the latter ' s association with alzheimer disease. finally, perceived memory loss is not equivalent to demonstrable memory loss. indeed, subjective forgetfulness is often not closely linked to objective measures of poor memory. for midlife women, depressed mood, anxiety, and stress may be stronger determinants of cognitive symptoms than objective memory loss. 11, 12 back to top evaluation of midlife cognitive complaints the evaluation of cognitive symptoms during middle age differs somewhat from the approach during old age, when dementia is far more common. it is useful first to gauge the functional impact of cognitive symptoms. do cognitive problems interfere with job performance, financial affairs, or social activities? the availability of a family member or other surrogate informant is quite useful in these assessments. when functional deficits are clear - cut, a family history of midlife dementia raises suspicion of alzheimer disease or frontotemporal dementia. although most gynecologists and primary practitioners have neither the time nor staff for detailed cognitive testing, it is sometimes useful to screen ep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49193768349462824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.910129"} {"text": "cut, a family history of midlife dementia raises suspicion of alzheimer disease or frontotemporal dementia. although most gynecologists and primary practitioners have neither the time nor staff for detailed cognitive testing, it is sometimes useful to screen episodic memory skills, impairments of which are a clue for early alzheimer disease. ( personality and behavioral change, rather than memory loss, are more common early presentations for frontotemporal dementia. ) memory screening should consider the richness and apparent accuracy of details provided by the patient as she conveys her recent medical history. more formally, the clinician can administer a brief test of episodic memory. this might include providing a list of words or a name and address for later recall. short cognitive batteries such as the familiar mini - mental state examination, apart from items that assess episodic memory, are of modest added value when impairments are mild and are unaccompanied by functional decline. more detailed evaluation by a neuropsychologist is useful when the medical history raises concern of functional impairment or when screening procedures suggest objective memory impairment. neurologic consultation is helpful when cognitive loss is clear - cut or when there are other neurologic symptoms or signs. it is equally useful to consider factors that might contribute to cognitive complaints ( table 3 ). among these, midlife stressors are worth exploring. occupational demands, adolescent children, the \" empty nest \" syndrome, aging parents, marital accommodations, personal health concerns, and financial challenges are inherently stressful. such stressors affect mood and sleep, as can menopausal vasomotor symptoms. depressed mood in turn affects the perception of one ' s cognitive abilities ; both daytime sleepiness and depressed mood can blunt mental acuity. when anxiety or depression is detected, psychologic or psychiatric referral can be helpful. when a sleep disorder is suspected, referral to a specialized sleep disorder center should be considered. other forms of career, lifestyle, and marital counseling are warranted on occasion. back to top prevention : introduction to an approach cognitive impairment and dementia are linked to health and lifestyle factors. although associations are largely based on observational research, these factors suggest areas for intervention. midlife, before the usual ages of mci or dementia, is none too soon to begin. in the whi memory study, women ages 65 to 79 were far more likely to develop dementia if baseline cognitive function was low prior to treatment randomization. one approach to the reduction of late - life cognitive disorders is thus to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5056706117662711, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.912405"} {"text": "too soon to begin. in the whi memory study, women ages 65 to 79 were far more likely to develop dementia if baseline cognitive function was low prior to treatment randomization. one approach to the reduction of late - life cognitive disorders is thus to devise strategies to maintain cognitive skills through midlife and into old age. especially worth emphasizing are physical activity, mental activity, and social engagement. the cognitive reserve hypothesis of dementia predicts that boosting these activities would augment brain reserve capacity. 13 the net effect may be to enhance neural efficiency and enable coping mechanisms that mitigate effects of aging and disease predisposing to dementia. proper nutrition is also important. disappointing results in some nutritional supplement trials suggest that the complex combination of nutrients in natural foods are usually more effective than vitamin, mineral, fatty acid, protein, and phytonutrient supplements. perhaps the best preventive strategy for cognitive maintenance hews closely to common wisdom : eat right, exercise ( physical and mental ), minimize stress, and strive for balance in a socially fulfilling life. the author reports no actual or potential conflict of interest in relation to this article. back to top victor w. henderson, md, ms, ncmp, is professor, departments of health research & policy ( epidemiology ) and of neurology & neurological sciences, stanford university, stanford, ca.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5137732671276289, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.914319"} {"text": "photo by todd mcnaught center researchers have zeroed in on the neighborhood of a new gene associated with an inherited form of prostate cancer. in an analysis of 36 families in which prostate cancer was prevalent, scientists found that relatives with the disease shared similar dna sequence patterns on a portion of one of their chromosomes. determining the general region of a chromosome linked to the inheritance of increased cancer risk is the first step toward pinpointing an actual cancer - susceptibility gene. finding a gene could lead to a genetic test to identify men who are more likely than the general population to develop prostate cancer. in addition to laying the groundwork for the discovery of a new prostate - cancer susceptibility gene, the achievement is significant because numerous previous attempts to find such genes have produced few conclusive results. to increase their likelihood of success, the researchers focused their analysis exclusively on ashkenazi jewish families, a group that tends to be more genetically similar overall compared to the general population because they descend from common ancestors. although the study was conducted on a relatively isolated population group, any gene that is ultimately identified could turn out to influence prostate - cancer risk in men of many different ethnic backgrounds. the study, led by dr. danielle friedrichsen, a postdoctoral fellow in dr. elaine ostrander ' s lab in the clinical research and human biology divisions, appears in the feb. 17 issue of the proceedings of the national academy of sciences. co - authors at the center were dr. janet stanford, a member the public health sciences division, suzanne kolb, also of phs, and ostrander. a large body of research indicates that about 5 to 10 percent of men who develop prostate cancer come from families in which the disease is prevalent. this suggests that an inherited faulty gene or genes contributed to their risk. friedrichsen said that the major obstacle to finding genes associated with prostate - cancer risk has been that disease susceptibility comes in many forms. \" there are likely multiple susceptibility genes, and any one group of prostate - cancer families might be enriched for only one of them, \" she said. \" it ' s like a poker hand, where you are looking for one of many possible ' winning ' combinations. \" to minimize this difficulty, friedrichsen said she and her colleagues hypothesized that a population group with common ancestry would be more likely to share the same susceptibility genes, making the search to find them more straightforward. while their work awaits confirmation from additional studies, their hunch appears correct", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5100196715695263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.921180"} {"text": "hypothesized that a population group with common ancestry would be more likely to share the same susceptibility genes, making the search to find them more straightforward. while their work awaits confirmation from additional studies, their hunch appears correct. \" prostate - cancer families with a common heritage may have increased disease susceptibility due to only one or two genes, which makes a genetic analysis much easier, \" friedrichsen said. \" thanks to a collaboration within the international consortium of prostate cancer genetics, a group that has collected information from families with hereditary prostate cancer, we were able to focus exclusively on a set of ashkenazi jewish families for our study. \" using isolated populations to hunt for disease - susceptibility genes has a history of success. by studying such groups, researchers have identified ancestral mutations in breast - cancer susceptibility genes in ashkenazi jews and the gene for huntington ' s disease in a large extended venezuelan family. for the current study, 36 families who identified themselves as jewish were culled from two large prostate - cancer research groups : the fred hutchinson - based prostate cancer genetic research study ( progress ), directed by stanford, and a group at the johns hopkins university, directed by dr. william isaacs. to be eligible for progress, families must either have three or more first - degree relatives with prostate cancer, three successive generations with prostate cancer, or two affected men age 65 or younger. for the johns hopkins study, families must have at least three first - degree relatives affected. among the 36 families in this analysis, 149 men had been diagnosed with prostate cancer. dna was analyzed, or genotyped, from 161 family members, including 94 affected men. the process involves examining what are known as microsatellite markers, genetic signposts whose physical positions along the chromosome are known. the dna sequence of each microsatellite marker can vary considerably among individuals. when all or most affected individuals within a family inherit identical microsatellite marker sequences on a portion of one of their chromosomes, the markers may help point to the position of a nearby gene which, when mutated, confers elevated risk of the disease. genotyping data were analyzed in part using a computer program known as genehunter, developed by dr. leonid kruglyak in the human biology division. using this approach, the researchers found that family members with prostate cancer were more likely to inherit identical microsatellite markers on a portion of the long arm of chromosome 7 in a region known as 7", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5263629220962355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.922294"} {"text": "kruglyak in the human biology division. using this approach, the researchers found that family members with prostate cancer were more likely to inherit identical microsatellite markers on a portion of the long arm of chromosome 7 in a region known as 7q11 - 21 than would be expected by chance. previous studies have not linked this genetic neighborhood to prostate - cancer susceptibility. friedrichsen is now working to pinpoint the actual gene on chromosome 7 associated with the increased risk of prostate cancer. she and colleagues will analyze the dna sequences within genes on chromosome 7 to find the mutation that causes prostate - cancer susceptibility in the affected individuals in the jewish families. it is possible that the same gene may underlie inherited prostate cancer in other populations, although this remains to be tested. \" upon finding the actual gene, the most immediate goal is a genetic test that would enable men from high - risk families to find out whether they carry the mutation and thereby have an increased susceptible to prostate cancer, which would allow them to be screened regularly for the disease, \" she said. \" depending on how the gene functions, it also may be a possible target for a drug. \" friedrichsen said that from a basic - research perspective, the gene \u2014 depending on its role in the cell \u2014 also might illuminate a previously unknown pathway involved in development of prostate cancer, much like the discovery of the brca1 and brca2 genes revealed a role for dna repair genes in causing breast cancer. ' prostate - cancer families with a common heritage may have increased disease susceptibility due to only one or two genes, which makes a genetic analysis much easier. ' dr. danielle friedrichsen, clinical research and human biology divisions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.521025689867207, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.923186"} {"text": "the lyrics were composed by andrei muresanu ( 1816 - 1863 ) and the music by anton pann ( 1796 - 1854 ). it was written and published during the 1848 revolution, initially with the name \" un rasunet \" ( an echo ). it was first sung on june 29 of the same year in the ramnicu valcea city, it was immediately accepted as the revolutionary hymn and renamed \" desteapta - te, romane \" ( wake up, o, romanian! ). since then, this song, which contains a message of liberty and patriotism, has been sung during all major romanian conflicts, including during the 1989 anti - communist revolution. after the revolution, it became the national anthem, replacing the communist national anthem \" trei culori \". since 1848, odesteapta - te romaneo has been dear to romanians, giving them courage during the crucial moments of events such as the independence war ( 1877 - 1878 ) and world war i. in the moments of crisis following the state coup of august 23, 1944, when romania turned against hitleros germany and participated in the war along with the allies, this anthem was spontaneously sung by everyone and was aired on the national radio, keeping the whole country on alert. the same happened on december 22, 1989, at the time of the anti - communist revolution ; the anthem rose from the streets, accompanying huge masses of people, dispelling the fear of death and uniting a whole people in the lofty feelings of the moment. thus, its institution as a state anthem came by itself, due to the tremendous pressure of the demonstrators. the message of the anthem odesteapta - te romaneo is social and national at the same time ; social because it imposes a permanent state of vigil meant to secure the passing to a new world ; national because it gears this awakening to the historical tradition. the anthem proposes that sublime onow or never, o present in all national anthems from the pain with which the greeks fought at marathon and salamina to the french revolutionary marseillaise. the invocation of the national fate is the peak a people can reach in its soaring towards the divine. this onow or nevero historically calls upon all vital energies and mobilizes to the full. romaniaos national anthem has several stanzas, of which the first four are sung on ceremonial occasions. besides this anthem, the romanians also have ohora uniriio ( othe union danceo ), written in 1855 by the great poet va", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4144578771333776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.929422"} {"text": "romaniaos national anthem has several stanzas, of which the first four are sung on ceremonial occasions. besides this anthem, the romanians also have ohora uniriio ( othe union danceo ), written in 1855 by the great poet vasile alecsandri ( 1821 - 1890 ) which was sung a lot on the union of the principalities ( 1859 ) and on all occasions when the romanians aspired to union and harmony among themselves. ohora uniriio is sung on the romanian folk tune of a slow but energetic round dance joined by the whole attendance. the round dance ( hora ) is itself an ancient ritual, symbolizing spiritual communion, equality and the romanianso wish for a common life. desteapta - te, romane, din somnul cel de moarte, in care te - adancira barbarii de tirani! acum ori niciodata croieste - ti alta soarta, la care sa se - nchine si cruzii tai dusmani! acum ori niciodata sa dam dovezi in lume ca - n aste mani mai curge un sange de roman, si ca - n a noastre piepturi pastram cu fala - un nume triumfator in lupte, un nume de traian! priviti, marete umbre, mihai, stefan, corvine, romana natiune, ai vostri stranepoti, cu bratele armate, cu focul vostru - n vine, \" viata - n libertate ori moarte! \" striga toti. preoti, cu crucea - n frunte! caci oastea e crestina, deviza - i libertate si scopul ei preasfant, murim mai bine - n lupta, cu glorie deplina, decat sa fim sclavi iarasi in vechiul nost ' pamant! a somewhat literal translation : wake up, o romanian, from your deathly sleep into which you ' ve been sunk by the barbaric tyrants now, as at no other time, create yourself a new fate, for all others to accept, even your cruelest enemies. now, as at no other time, let ' s send proof to the world that blood of romans still flows inside these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4270900300288537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.933379"} {"text": "now, as at no other time, create yourself a new fate, for all others to accept, even your cruelest enemies. now, as at no other time, let ' s send proof to the world that blood of romans still flows inside these hands. that in our chests we still maintain our pride in a name the victor in his battles, the name of trajan! priests, lead with your crucifixes! because the army is christian, the motto is liberty and the goal is holy, better for us to gloriously die in battle, than to once more be slaves upon our ancient ground! awaken thee, romanian, shake off the deadly slumber the scourge of inauspicious barbarian tyrannies and now or never to a bright horizon clamber that shall to shame put all your nocuous enemies. it ' s now or never to the world we readily proclaim in our veins throbs and ancestry of roman and in our hearts for ever we glorify a name resounding of battle, the name of gallant trajan. do look imperial shadows, michael, stephen, corvinus at the romanian nation, your mighty progeny with arms like steel and hearts of fire impetuous it ' s either free or dead, that ' s what they all decree. priests, rise the cross, this christian army ' s liberating the word is freedom, no less sacred is the end we ' d rather die in battle, in elevated glory than live again enslaved on our ancestral land.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4274647968581967, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.934362"} {"text": "our preschool children learn how to learn. our college students learn to be educators. our 30 years of experience tells us we are on the right path to nurturing better students. for more than a generation, the preschool lab at florida southern college have developed and refined a positive learning environment that propels students and teachers alike to a higher standard of achievement. positive early experiences with school are of paramount importance to young children \u2014 establishing a foundation for the acquisition of knowledge and gaining the skills that they will need later in life. learning best through activities that are relevant to their lives, fsc ' s youngest learners are engaged each day by lessons that challenge them both physically and developmentally. while lessons are designed to meet sunshine state standards, all of our programs reinforce that learning is a lifelong experience that is fun and enjoyable. providing a dynamic learning environment, fsc ' s preschool lab aims to teach the foundations of reading and arithmetic, as well as basic computer skills. low student - to - teacher ratios and limited class sizes ensure a secure, respectful, and nurturing environment for your child to grow. the preschool lab is a richly diverse program in which the children learn and socialize with others from many backgrounds. this diversity extends to the education majors who are teaching. this integral learning component is coupled with activities that actively involve the children and challenge them at levels appropriate to their age. the program is a positive, research - based learning experience based upon the theories of psychologists jean piaget and lev vygotsky. we encourage parents to be involved in their children \u2019 s education. parents are welcome in the preschool lab \u2019 s observation room at any time during the school day. visits need not be scheduled and parents are welcome to stay as long as they wish. classes are available each day of the week during the fall and spring semesters. the florida southern preschool lab is open to any student who is at least three years of age, potty - trained and able to take verbal direction from the teacher. to ensure an appropriate student - teacher ratio, class sizes are limited and early registration is encouraged. contact natalie todt to obtain additional information about enrollment and to schedule a tour of the classroom. check out fsc summer camp exploration 2013! natalie todt program director 111 lake hollingsworth drive lakeland, fl 33801 - 5698", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49545585537711695, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.936967"} {"text": "| an introduction to verbal behavior was written by dr. norman peterson, the director of operations at the foundation for behavioral resources. dr. peterson holds ph. d. in psychology from western michigan university, where he was one of the first graduates of that department \u2019 s doctoral program in behavior analysis. prior to his work at the foundation, dr. peterson also served as a faculty member at western michigan university and as a senior hr consultant at consumers energy. target audience and difficulty level this tutorial is of an intermediate level of difficulty, but was written and designed for a broad audience. it is hoped that anyone from undergraduate students in psychology and related disciplines to doctoral - level psychologists, behavior analysts, and scholars will find the material accessible, engaging, and relevant. upon completing this tutorial you should be able to : - identify definitions and examples of key theoretical concepts in skinner \u2019 s analysis of human language ( including verbal behavior, verbal stimulation, thematic and formal control, tact, mand, echoic, intraverbal, textual, taking dictation, audience control, types of extension, multiple causation, secondary verbal behavior, and autoclitic mands and tacts ) - distinguish between formal and thematic control of verbal behavior - classify examples of the different ways verbal operants can be extended - specify the different ways we learn to respond to private stimulation - analyze samples of natural language using the terms and concepts of skinner \u2019 s analysis of verbal behavior this tutorial has many pleasing features, including : - full audio narration throughout ( with learner control over volume, replaying, and the showing of corresponding text ) - extensive use of graphics, animations, and interactions to illustrate complex concepts and processes - self - paced, so every learner can take as long as he or she needs to learn the material - ability to save progress at any point during the tutorial ( and return to that point later, so program does not need to be completed in one sitting ) - progress in lesson and tutorial clearly indicated by progress bar, screen numbers, and lesson numbers - instructors can easily make the tutorial an assignment or extra - credit project for their course, training program, or workshop, and then track the progress and performance of their students - a comprehensive quiz is offered, and learners can take it an unlimited number of times ( instructors can see each student \u2019 s first quiz score, highest quiz score, and number of quiz attempts ) prerequisite knowledge required since the tutorial was designed for a broad audience, very little prerequisite knowledge is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49602344241400176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.941884"} {"text": "an unlimited number of times ( instructors can see each student \u2019 s first quiz score, highest quiz score, and number of quiz attempts ) prerequisite knowledge required since the tutorial was designed for a broad audience, very little prerequisite knowledge is expected or required. familiarity with basic principles of learning and conditioning is assumed, though these are also addressed briefly early in the tutorial. the tutorial consists of 47 lessons and a total of 665 screens of instructional excitement. the length of time it takes people to complete the tutorial varies widely, but many experts in the elearning industry estimate that one should expect to spend about 1 minute per screen. research on early version of this tutorial \u2019 s format, though, indicated that 30 seconds per screen is more accurate ( but still with a great deal of variability! ). although the tutorial is long, it does not need to be completed in one sitting ; users can save their progress at any time and return to where they left off later. the tutorial requires only an active internet connection ( you must be connected to the internet throughout the program so that your progress can be saved ), a web browser, and the adobe flash player ( version 9 or later ). you probably already have the flash player installed, but if you don \u2019 t it can be downloaded for free. you can also use our custom browser check to see if your browser meets our minimum requirements. accuracy, utility, and risks the content of this tutorial should be considered quite accurate, as it was written by an expert in the field and reviewed for accuracy by a number of other experts, including dr. richard malott, dr. jack michael, dr. linda parott hayes, and greg stikeleather. this tutorial should benefit any psychologist, behavior analyst, student, or behavioral science professional who would like to have a conceptual framework for analyzing human language that is more functional than the structural analyses of traditional linguistics or cognitive psychology. it will be particularly beneficial to those working to establish verbal repertoires with children or adults who have language delays. this tutorial will not provide you with training in specific interventions or methods based on skinner \u2019 s analysis of verbal behavior, but it will provide you with a conceptual understanding of the theoretical basis of such interventions and methods. there is little to no risk associated with completing this tutorial, aside from the physical risks associated with any computer work ( e. g., repetitive stress injuries and eyestrain ) and possibly boredom. this tutorial is based on a programmed textbook that was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.519621363530126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.942980"} {"text": "in 1871, the newly formed german empire, flush from having won the franco - prussian war, annexed the french departments of bas - rhin, haut - rhin, moselle, a third of meurthe, and some of vosges. the treaty of frankfort included a provision for french citizens of the region to retain their nationality and be allowed to move to france, and to retain ownership of the homes they would be leaving. the german government told its new citizens that they must declare their choice to be either french, by the first of october, 1872, or german, by the same date of 1873. what they did not do was provide clear instructions or a form for doing so. confusion resulted for many months, with different newspapers giving different versions of what was to be done. people did not know how children ' s nationality would be affected, as no provision had been made for them to choose differently from their parents. many thought that simply by staying, they did not need to make an official declaration and would stay french. the fear and bafflement of the citizens of alsace - lorraine was given enormous publicity in france and sympathy for them was high. ( at the same time, a public \" vow \" was also gaining support ; it was to build a monument to the dedication to somehow save the annexed region from protestantism. it took quite a while, but sacre coeur was built and stands high on the hill of montmartre above paris, looking like a frenchified taj mahal. ) finally, six months before the deadline to declare french nationality, the german government sent round a notice of clarification. no declaration was necessary if one wanted to become german. if, however, one wanted to remain french, a declaration to that effect was to be made and they had to get out. children were to have the same nationality as their parents chose. those from the region who were overseas had to choose by october, 1873. those who chose became known as the optants, the \" choosers \". as is always the sad case with refugees, it was mayhem. thousands of people overcrowded trains to france. many hoped to get around the law by leaving and then returning, crowding the trains going back. people were camping in the streets of nancy. in marseille, a charity was established to help pay the passage for any optants who wanted to emigrate to algeria, where the colonial government gave them some of the best land. more than five thousand people took up the offer. in all,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44797508310461964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.951870"} {"text": ". in marseille, a charity was established to help pay the passage for any optants who wanted to emigrate to algeria, where the colonial government gave them some of the best land. more than five thousand people took up the offer. in all, the total number of people in the region, in france, and worldwide who chose to remain french came to more than half a million. yippee for the genealogist, the options remain, restated in the bulletin des lois for 1872, which can be found in most large french libraries as well as in caran ( see the post for 10 june, 2009 ). some fifteen thousand pages ( with an alphabetic index, thank heavens ) give about each optant : - full names of the optant and family members ( children and sometimes grandparents ) - date and place of birth - residence at the time of opting ( as this was a worldwide activity, with some families it is possible to discover relatives opting from as far away as south america ) - date and location of making the declaration be aware that, if your ancestor still lived in the annexed area after 1873, they did not make a declaration. by staying, they became or remained german. if you cannot get to france to research your optant ancestors, you can go to the website www. optants. fr to search their data base of both french and german optants. this is only optants from alsace and moselle. the website is the work of the local genealogical society, cdhf, who have produced a number of booklets giving the optant information. the booklets are arranged by the residence of the optant at the time of choosing. on the website, you can type a name into the search box and get a list of people with that surname and their location. the german names of the villages are also given. if you are certain of the name and village, and you find your ancestor, you can order the relevant booklet for 15\u20ac ( at a higher price, they are also available from la librairie de la voute, see the post of the first of may, 2009. ) to see the names of those who opted to be german, the website offers a free. pdf download on the publications page. the website also has pictures and some interesting ditties of the region with words and music so you can sing along. n. b. again, the picture above is taken from the book by george wharton edwards, entitled \" alsace - lorraine \". \u00a92009 anne", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43248894810661415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.952810"} {"text": "i, as well as many others, have long argued that prohibiting same - sex marriage is a blatant act of sex discrimination that has not been remotely justified. one common response is that it cannot possibly be sex discrimination since both women and men are equally prohibited from marrying someone of the same sex. we then point out that such reasoning was rejected in cases striking down interracial marriage laws. the responders generally then illustrate several ways that situation is different. two of the reasons most often mentioned are ( 1 ) whereas the prohibitions on interracial marriage were based on notion of white supremacy, the prohibition on same - sex marriage is not based on any similar notion of male dominance, and ( 2 ) whereas racial differences are superficial, sex differences are real and fundamental,. i will try to address a few other suggested differences at the end, but for now i want to focus on these two using this week ' s supreme court decision in johnson v. california as a springboard for my analysis. johnson was a case which challenged the california department of correction ' s policy of racially segregating prisoners for up to 60 days each time they entered a new correctional facility. the state argued that it ' s policy was \" neutral \" because all prisoners were \" equally \" segregated. the court ruled that nevertheless just by using a racial classification the policy should be \" immediately suspect \". the court emphasized that all racial classifications must be analyzed under strict scrutiny. as for the \" equal \" discrimination argument, justice o ' connor, delivering the majority opinion, wrote : the cdc claims that its policy should be exempt from our categorical rule because it is \" neutral \" - - that is, it \" neither benefits nor burdens one group or individual more than any other group or individual. \" in other words, strict scrutiny should not apply because all prisoners are \" equally \" segregated. the cdc ' s argument ignores our repeated command that \" racial classifications receive close scrutiny even when they may be said to burden or benefit the races equally. \" shaw v. reno ( 1993 ) the cited case of shaw concerned an instance of racial gerrymandering. the court also made reference to another case, powers v ohio ( 1991 ), which demonstrated the idea that it was the mere classification that was the problem even if applied equally. in that case jurors were excluded on the basis of race. even though the defendant was white and the excluded jurors were black, and even though jurors may have been excluded for being white to an equal degree, the policy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49717848412517884, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.969346"} {"text": ". in that case jurors were excluded on the basis of race. even though the defendant was white and the excluded jurors were black, and even though jurors may have been excluded for being white to an equal degree, the policy was still suspect ( and declared unconstitutional ). we note that policies in johnson, shaw, and powers all discriminated \" equally \" and in none of the cases could it be said that the state was motivated by any notions of white supremacy. from the cases we should learn at the least that the mere act of classification can be troublesome regardless of whether a policy was motivated by ideas of one group being better than the other. still we ought to look at why the court has a policy of subjecting such policies to strict scrutiny in order to examine how situations of sex discrimination may be different. there is almost certainly some difference, after all, as although we might expect sex based classifications in voting and peremptory juror challenges to be unlawful, it would be surprising if a court were to strike down sex segregated prison cells. j. o ' connor explains one such rationale in johnson : the reasons for strict scrutiny are familiar. racial classifications raise special fears that they are motivated by an invidious purpose. thus, we have admonished time and again that, \" [ a ] bsent searching judicial inquiry into the justification for such race - based measures, there is simply no way of determining... what classifications are in fact motivated by illegitimate notions of racial inferiority or simple racial politics. \" richmond v. croson ( 1989 ) ( plurality opinion ). we therefore apply strict scrutiny to all racial classifications to \" ' smoke out ' illegitimate uses of race by assuring that [ government ] is pursuing a goal important enough to warrant use of a highly suspect tool. \" ibid. that is racial classifications, for some reason which we will explore, are especially prone to being motivated by illegitimate views including not only notions of racial inferiority but also by \" racial politics \". what does the court mean by \" racial politics \"? i can ' t be sure exactly, but based on the context of the above cases as well as those dealing with racial preferences in contracts and admissions, i take it to mean the view that racial identity is key to people ' s behavior. whatever it means we note that in instances of racial classification ( unlike most other types of classification ) the burden switches to the state to show that the classification is justified. so why might racial classifications be especially prone to being", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5398855281942849, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.970477"} {"text": "key to people ' s behavior. whatever it means we note that in instances of racial classification ( unlike most other types of classification ) the burden switches to the state to show that the classification is justified. so why might racial classifications be especially prone to being motivated by illegitimate views, and do these same reasons apply to gender classifications? well, one reason may be that we have a long history of policies that used racial classifications that were based on these illegitimate motives. this history has left any use of racial classifications automatically suspect. unfortunately we also have a long history of policies using sex classifications based on illegitimate motives. as justice brennan noted in a plurality opinion in the case of frontiero v. richardson ( 1973 ) ( a case argued incidentally by ruth bader ginsburg ) : there can be no doubt that our nation has had a long and unfortunate history of sex discrimination. traditionally, such discrimination was rationalized by an attitude of \" romantic paternalism \" which, in practical effect, put women, not on a pedestal, but in a cage. indeed, this paternalistic attitude became so firmly rooted in our national consciousness that, 100 years ago, a distinguished member of this court was able to proclaim : \" man is, or should be, woman ' s protector and defender. the natural and proper timidity and delicacy which belongs to the female sex evidently unfits it for many of the occupations of civil life. the constitution of the family organization, which is founded in the divine ordinance, as well as in the nature of things, indicates the domestic sphere as that which properly belongs to the domain and functions of womanhood. the harmony, not to say identity, of interests and views which belong, or should belong, to the family institution is repugnant to the idea of a woman adopting a distinct and independent career from that of her husband.... \"... the paramount destiny and mission of woman are to fulfil the noble and benign offices of wife and mother. this is the law of the creator. \" bradwell v. state ( 1873 ) ( bradley, j., concurring ). as a result of notions such as these, our statute books gradually became laden with gross, stereotyped distinctions between the sexes and, indeed, throughout much of the 19th century the position of women in our society was, in many respects, comparable to that of blacks under the pre - civil war slave codes. neither slaves nor women could hold office, serve on juries, or bring suit in their own names,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5436865662894482, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.971606"} {"text": "19th century the position of women in our society was, in many respects, comparable to that of blacks under the pre - civil war slave codes. neither slaves nor women could hold office, serve on juries, or bring suit in their own names, and married women traditionally were denied the legal capacity to hold or convey property or to serve as legal guardians of their own children. and although blacks were guaranteed the right to vote in 1870, women were denied even that right - which is itself \" preservative of other basic civil and political rights \" - until adoption of the nineteenth amendment half a century later. it is true, of course, that the position of women in america has improved markedly in recent decades. nevertheless, it can hardly be doubted that, in part because of the high visibility of the sex characteristic, women still face pervasive, although at times more subtle, discrimination in our educational institutions, in the job market and, perhaps most conspicuously, in the political arena. although justice brennan neglects to mention discrimination in the area of family law explicitly at the end, it is a theme that runs throughout the above passage. we can see it not only in the restrictions placed on married women in the past, but especially in justice bradley ' s quote about women filling the \" noble and benign offices of wife and mother \". note that justice bradley ' s views were not based on notions of the inferiority of women, rather only that there was a certain \" family organization, which is founded in the divine ordinance, as well as in the nature of things. \" to combat such pervasive discrimination, even though it may have been with the best intent, many states passed equal rights amendments or similarly adopted into their common law the idea that in matters of gender classification, just as in matters of racial classification, it is no longer necessary for the claimant to establish that the motives are illegitimate, but rather the state bears the burden by showing the classification is necessary to achieve some compelling interest. although the burden rests with those using the gender classification to justify it, i should point out that many of its defenders do indeed resort to stereotypical notions about the proper roles of men and women. this is seen quite often with those that defend the policy by claiming children need a mother and a father. putting aside for the moment the fact that allowing same - sex marriage does not seem in any way to cause less children to have mothers and fathers, the arguments about why a parent of each gender is necessary are generally based on stereotypical assumptions about gender roles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5000263096618358, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.972706"} {"text": "putting aside for the moment the fact that allowing same - sex marriage does not seem in any way to cause less children to have mothers and fathers, the arguments about why a parent of each gender is necessary are generally based on stereotypical assumptions about gender roles. these notions can even be seen in the legal briefs of those defending the policy. in addition to the direct appeal to traditional marriage, we also have one brief ( pdf ) in washington using the following quote from david popenoe ' s life without father : through their play, as well in their other child - rearing activities, fathers tend to stress competition, challenge, initiative, risk taking, and independence. mothers in their care - taking roles, in contrast, stress emotional security and personal safety... while mothers provide an important flexibility and sympathy in their discipline, fathers provide ultimate predictability and consistency. both dimensions are critical for an efficient, balanced, and human child - rearing regime. this leads us to the second claim about why matters involving racial classifications are different than matters of gender classification. that is while racial differences are superficial, sex differences are real and fundamental. perhaps it is the fact that race is rarely relevant that makes it immediately suspect and perhaps therefore we should not extrapolate from decisions concerning racial classifications to cases involving gender classifications. in a landmark decision concerning gender classification, us. v. virginia ( 1996 ), justice ginsburg did note that : the heightened review standard our precedent establishes does not make sex a proscribed classification. supposed \" inherent differences \" are no longer accepted as a ground for race or national origin classifications. physical differences between men and women, however, are enduring. ( internal cites omitted ) such reasoning, though, should not be interpreted to mean that gender classifications do not need to be subject to heightened review. they were subject to heightened review in the above case, and in states with era ' s they get subject to the same strict scrutiny as racial classifications. this difference between race and sex will show up when the state attempts to justify the policy, it does not alleviate the need to justify. and the court must remain skeptical of these attempts. justice bradley ' s reason for denying women to the bar was, after all, based on differences between men and women. to allow any difference to justify any policy would destroy any notion of equal rights. still, it is perhaps due to these differences that sex segregation in living arrangements can be justified in instances where racial segregation could not be. so does the fact that \" separate but equal \" may sometimes be okay with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5142395689933281, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.974047"} {"text": "would destroy any notion of equal rights. still, it is perhaps due to these differences that sex segregation in living arrangements can be justified in instances where racial segregation could not be. so does the fact that \" separate but equal \" may sometimes be okay with sex segregation, but not with racial segregation mean prohibitions against same - sex marriage should not be subject to heightened scrutiny? no. even if we accepted a policy of \" separate but equal \" in general for sex classifications - - and it is not clear that we should, as gender based admissions policies have been held suspect - - it is important to realize that when it comes to our choice of spouse there can be no \" equal \" substitute like there can for say a dorm room. as i have explained before, this was the reasoning used in perez v. sharp ( 1948 ), a case decided before brown when separate but equal was generally allowed with regards to race in other facilities. to use the reasoning of perez, if we say a man is burdened on account of his sex by having to drive a longer distance to attend a nursing school when the nearby school is women only, how much more burdensome is it for the man to have to leave his life partner and find an \" equal \" substitute on account of his sex. in fact, it is not simply more burdensome, it is impossible. i want to conclude by addressing a few other suggested differences between the \" equal \" racial classifications and the instance of the \" equal \" gender classifications involved in marriage. one is that whereas the racial classifications generally concerned matters of segregation, the marriage requirement is one of integration. to this i note that the court would just as likely have found the cdc policy unconstitutional if it had required a cell to be shared by people of different races. in fact, the court has consistently subjected policies of racial quotas to strict scrutiny. the problem is in the use of the racial classifications in the first place. another suggested difference is that interracial couples could procreate and same - sex couples cannot. this is properly an argument concerning the justification itself, and not about whether a strong justification is needed. i would just note that this fails to be even a weak justification as one cannot reasonably argue that the state would like to confine marriage to couples who can or will procreate. finally there is the argument that marriage is by definition between a man and a woman and thus it is impossible for same - sex couples to be married. we have seen in massachusetts, canada, and other countries around the globe, though,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5297324300357704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:34.975180"} {"text": "picture 1 : jesus our teacher matt. 5 : 1 ( we have heard many stories about the people of israel. god chose the people of israel as his own people. god gave his word to them. he told them what they should do if they wanted to please god. he also told them that one day he would send a special person to help them. this special person would save them from their sins. the people of israel waited for many years. then god sent his own son, jesus christ, from heaven to come and live on the earth ). jesus came as a little baby and grew up among the israelite people. when he was a man he began to teach the people about god. jesus travelled all over israel teaching the people. jesus chose twelve men to stay with him all the time. they were his disciples ( friends ). jesus spent much of his time teaching his disciples, as well as the many people who gathered to listen to him. he used stories that the people could understand and remember easily. ( jesus taught the people in the temple ( big house of god ) in jerusalem, and in their smaller meeting places ( synagogues ) in the villages. jesus also taught the people in their homes, out in the street, by the seashore, and on the hillsides. he went everywhere to make sure all the people heard his message. at one time jesus went up on a hillside and taught a large crowd of people, including his disciples. this is some of the teaching he gave them. ( a second voice could be used here. ) \" people who recognise that they are spiritually poor and come to god for his help are truly happy. they are the people who are in god ' s kingdom. people who mourn and sympathize with others are also happy, for they themselves will receive comfort from others. humble unselfish people are happy. they know they receive all of god ' s promises. people who sincerely seek to be just and good are happy because they will find that they achieve their goal. kind and merciful people are happy, for they find that other people show kindness and mercy to them. the people whose hearts are pure ( right in god ' s sight ) are happy. ( their hearts are right in god ' s sight and they just keep on doing the things that please god. ) they are the people who will see god. the people who work for peace ( between other people ) are happy. god ( and other people ) will call them god ' s children. some people", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4732884078742026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.109332"} {"text": "just keep on doing the things that please god. ) they are the people who will see god. the people who work for peace ( between other people ) are happy. god ( and other people ) will call them god ' s children. some people persecute ( do nasty things to ) other people, simply because they are doing good. the people who are doing good can be happy, for god ' s kingdom in heaven belongs to them. if people are treated badly because they are followers of jesus, they can be glad about that, for god has a special reward for them in heaven. \" ( conclusion of 2nd voice here. ) the people who listened to jesus were amazed when they heard this teaching. they realized that jesus was not an ordinary teacher. jesus spoke with authority. he was a teacher who had come from god. ( he taught the people that he was the son of god, and that he and his father were one. ) many people listened to jesus ' teaching and wanted to follow him. they wanted jesus to be their king. but jesus said, \" i didn ' t come to be a king of this world. my kingdom is in heaven. i am king of all the people who follow me. \" but this teaching is not only for those people, it is for us too. if we want to be truly happy then we need to obey all of jesus ' teaching. we need to follow jesus and make him our king. picture 2 : the two houses matt. 7 : 24 - 27 jesus taught ( his disciples, and all the people, many things about god. these things were not just the ideas of a man. what jesus said was ) the word of god. jesus told a story to show how important it is to do the things that he says. ( a second voice could be used here. ) jesus talked about a man who was ( very ) wise. this wise man built a house for himself. ( sound effects : house building. ) he built the house very carefully, and he built it on a rock ( firm foundation ). later on a fierce storm came upon that house ; wind rain and floods. the storm raged but the house stood firm upon the rock. jesus said that people who hear this message and do what he says are like this wise man. jesus also talked about a foolish man. this man also built a house for himself. ( sound effects : house building. ) but he did not build it carefully ; he built it on ( some soft ) sand. later on a fierce", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4851182840511539, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.110715"} {"text": "wise man. jesus also talked about a foolish man. this man also built a house for himself. ( sound effects : house building. ) but he did not build it carefully ; he built it on ( some soft ) sand. later on a fierce storm came upon that house ; wind rain and floods. the storm raged and the house fell with a great crash, because it was only built on the sand. jesus said that people who hear his message but do not do what he says are like this foolish man. ( change to first voice again. ) jesus talked about a fierce storm and floods. these are like the troubles and difficulties that come to each one of us. if we know jesus and obey his teachings, then these troubles and difficulties will not overwhelm us. jesus gives us the power to overcome these troubles. also, if we have asked jesus to take away our sins, then god has forgiven us. we will not be punished for our sins. god will not send us to hell. but if we turn our backs on jesus and his teaching, then we must face all our troubles alone. jesus cannot help us. also god must punish us for our sins, and when we die he will send us to hell. think about this story and decide if you are a wise foolish person. picture 3 : a light should be seen ( the light of the world ) no one likes to sit in the darkness on their own. sometimes if we are in the dark we are frightened. we think of the many evil things that are done in the darkness. people steal things from others ; people try to kill or hurt others, and many other bad things. the world around us is a dark place when people do not know god. when jesus came into the world he said, ( second voice ) \" i am the light of the world. whoever follows me will have the light of life and will never walk in the darkness. \" ( john 8 : 12. ) it is good for us to know that jesus is the light of the world. if we ask jesus to come into our life ( heart ), then he fills our hearts and minds with light. we do not feel bad about our sins because jesus has forgiven us. we can understand god ' s word because his spirit lives in us and teaches us. this is why jesus says to the people who are his disciples, \" you are the light of the world. \" so, if we are the light of the world, what should we do with that light? jesus said ( second", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4815643753663903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.111654"} {"text": "and teaches us. this is why jesus says to the people who are his disciples, \" you are the light of the world. \" so, if we are the light of the world, what should we do with that light? jesus said ( second voice ) \" no one lights a candle and puts it under a bowl ; instead he puts it on the lampstand, where it gives light in the house. in the same way your light must shine before people, so that they will see the good things you do, and praise your father ( god ) in heaven. \" jesus does not want us to hide the light that we have but to let it shine out to others. we can do this as we follow carefully the things that jesus teaches us in his word ( the bible ). we can love other people and help them with their needs. we can tell other people about jesus and what he has done for them. if we do this the light of jesus will shine out from us and will bring light to others. picture 4 : revenge matt. 5 : 38 - 42 when jesus was on the earth he lived as one of the israelite people. but the israelites were not the rulers of their own country. foreigners ruled over them. they were the romans. the romans had a strong army with many soldiers. sometimes they did bad things to the israelite people. they would beat the israelites, and take things from them. they would make them carry heavy loads for a long way ( a mile ). this made the israelite people very angry. they often wanted to fight the romans and pay them back for their evil ways. but jesus taught the people to do something different to that. jesus said, ( second voice ) \" do not take revenge on someone who wrongs you. if anyone strikes you on the right cheek, let him strike your left cheek too... and if one of the soldiers forces you to carry his pack one mile, carry it another mile... \" jesus was asking the people to do something that they normally wouldn ' t want to do. jesus knew that if people try to take revenge, or fight against those who do wrong to them, that it only leads to more fighting. jesus wanted to change that. he wanted people to do good things, even to people who were bad to them. we know what that is like don ' t we? many times we see people doing evil things to other people, and then the other people try to pay them back with something evil also. it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45506485792170925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.114316"} {"text": "things, even to people who were bad to them. we know what that is like don ' t we? many times we see people doing evil things to other people, and then the other people try to pay them back with something evil also. it happens to us too. people do wrong to us and we want to fight against them. but if we are jesus ' followers, we must think carefully about what he said. jesus said, ( second voice ) \" now i tell you : love your enemies, and pray for those who persecute you. in that way you will be acting as true children of your father ( god ) in heaven. \" another teaching in the bible says : \" ask god to bless ( help ) those who persecute you. if someone does evil to you, do not pay him back with evil. try to do what all people consider to be good. never take revenge, my friends ; leave that to god, for he has said that he will repay those who deserve it. do not let evil defeat you ; instead, conquer evil by doing good. \" if we want to live like that it will not be easy, but god will help us. if we are his followers, then he lives in us, and he can make us strong to do these good things. when we pay back evil by doing good, people will notice that, and they will know that we belong to jesus. then they will praise god for the good things we are doing. picture 5 : praying to god matt. 6 : 5 - 15 one thing we all like doing is talking to a friend. it is like that when we talk to god. we know that god is very great. he made everything we can see or know. he rules over every country and government. god also loves and cares for each one of us. god knows our names and everything about us. if we are followers of jesus then god makes us one of his children and brings us into his family. this means we can talk to god as our own father. god is ready to listen to us at any time and at any place. jesus talked to his disciples about how they should pray to god. jesus said that some people go out in the street where many people can see them, and then they make long prayers to god. they do this so that people will praise them and say that they are important. god is not pleased with that sort of praying. those people are not praying to god, they are only trying to make other people pay attention", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48643196685332185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.115391"} {"text": "make long prayers to god. they do this so that people will praise them and say that they are important. god is not pleased with that sort of praying. those people are not praying to god, they are only trying to make other people pay attention to them. jesus said, \" don ' t pray like that ; when you pray, go away quietly by yourself, and talk to god on your own \". we don ' t need to make long prayers to god. he knows all about our needs even before we ask him. ( jesus said that ) when we pray we should praise god and call his name great. we should pray that god will come and rule in the hearts of people everywhere, so that people will love and obey him here on earth just like they do in heaven. we should ask god to provide for us the food we need for each day. we need to ask god to forgive us for the wrong things we have done and at the same time we must be prepared to forgive others who have done wrong things to us. ask god to make us strong when the times of testing come, and keep us safe from the attacks of satan. let us always remember that god is very great, and that he loves and cares for us. are you one of god ' s family? then remember that god wants us to come and talk with him as to a father. he is ready to listen to us at any time. when you pray, don ' t do it just to make other people think you are important. god is not pleased with that. talk to god as your friend, and also, listen carefully to what he has to say to you. picture 6 : evil in god ' s world matt. 13 : 24 - 30, 36 - 43 ( jesus spent a lot of time teaching his disciples about god. many other people sat and listened to jesus too. jesus was a good teacher and the people loved to listen to him. one way that jesus taught people about god was through special stories called parables. these stories told of people and things that everyone knew about. but the stories had a hidden ( second ) meaning, that was the most important part of the story. this made the people think carefully about the story. for some people it helped them to understand god ' s message, but some people did not ever find out the true meaning of the story. ) this is one of the parables that jesus taught. ( second voice. ) a man and his helpers planted good seeds ( plants ) in a field", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41825749001977874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.116305"} {"text": "s message, but some people did not ever find out the true meaning of the story. ) this is one of the parables that jesus taught. ( second voice. ) a man and his helpers planted good seeds ( plants ) in a field. one night ( shortly after this ), some of the man ' s enemies came to his field. they planted weeds all in among the good plants and then ran away. later, the good plants grew up, but so did the weeds. the man and his helpers were upset about this. they said, \" some enemies have done this to spoil the crop \". the helpers said to the man, \" will we go and pull out all the weeds? \" but the man said \" no ; if you pull out the weeds now, you will pull out the good plants too. we must let both good plants and weeds grow together until the time of harvest. then, at harvest time i will tell my helpers, \" collect all the weeds first, and tie them up in bundles ready to burn. then collect the good plants and store them in my barn. ( first voice. ) can you work out the hidden meaning of the story? jesus ' disciples and the other people listened carefully. they found it difficult to understand what was the true meaning of the story. later, jesus explained it to his disciples. jesus said ( second voice ), \" i ( the son of man ) am the one who plants the good seeds. the field is the whole world. the good plants are the people who belong to god, and the weeds are the people who belong to satan. the enemy who planted the weeds is satan. the time of harvest is the end of this world, and the helpers who gather in the harvest ( plants ) are the angels. just as the weeds are gathered up and burned in the fire, so it will be at the of this world. i, ( the son of man ) will send out my angels and they will take out from this world everything that is evil and everyone who rebels against god. they will throw the bad people into the terrible place of fire ( hell ) where they will weep very much. but god ' s people will stay with god in the place where he rules. they will be very happy and everything they do will please god. ( they will shine like the sun in their father ' s kingdom. ) did you work out the true meaning of the story? remember that this story is god ' s message for us. we must make", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4889730561555813, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.117398"} {"text": "happy and everything they do will please god. ( they will shine like the sun in their father ' s kingdom. ) did you work out the true meaning of the story? remember that this story is god ' s message for us. we must make sure that we are members of god ' s family. then we will be ready for that day when god comes to gather together all the people who have rebelled against him, and send them to the place of fire. we will be ready to stay with god in heaven that he has prepared for us. picture 7 : children of god matt. 18 : 1 - 6, 19 : 13 - 15 jesus loved children. he was interested in them and tried to help them when he could. the older people thought that children were not important, but jesus liked to talk to the children. children were important to him. he talked to his disciples about children. he knew there were some very good things that the disciples could learn by observing what children did. children did not try to take an important place for themselves. they trusted their parents and obeyed them. jesus wanted his disciples to be like this. one day some women brought their children to jesus. they wanted jesus to put his hands on them and pray for them. however, jesus ' disciples tried to stop the women and children going to him. jesus saw what was happening and said, \" no, let the children come to me. ( children are a good example for us to follow. ) if people want to become followers of god ( enter god ' s kingdom ) they must become like little children. they must be humble and just trust god to save ( help ) them. \" at another time jesus ' disciples talked to him about who were the great ( important people in god ' s kingdom ( the place where god rules ). jesus took a small child and stood him in the middle of all the grown up people. then he said that for people to even enter god ' s kingdom ( become one of god ' s people ) they had to change their thinking and become like little children. they should not think that they are important themselves and so should be give a place in god ' s kingdom. no, they should realize that they are not great in god ' s sight ; they are sinful people, and they must simply trust god to save them. if they want to be great people in god ' s kingdom, then they must keep on being like little children. they must think of themselves as being not important, trust god to help them at all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46485078626914755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.118645"} {"text": "and they must simply trust god to save them. if they want to be great people in god ' s kingdom, then they must keep on being like little children. they must think of themselves as being not important, trust god to help them at all times, and carefully obey the things he asks them to do. then they will be great people in god ' s sight. jesus loved the children and cared for them. he said that if we care for children it is just the same as if we were caring for him. if we ever lead children astray from god, then god is very displeased and we can expect terrible punishment from him picture 8 : the lost sheep matt. 18 : 12 - 14 jesus told his disciples a story about a sheep that wandered away and became lost. he wanted them to know that he cared a lot about people who wandered away from god. he wanted his disciples to care about people like that too. this is the story he told them : ( can use second voice. ) a man had a flock of one hundred sheep. one of the sheep wandered away and became lost. what do you think the man will do about that lost sheep? i will tell you. he will leave the ninety - nine sheep in safe keeping and go and search for the lost sheep. then, if he finds the lost sheep he will be very happy. he will be happier about finding the lost sheep than about the ninety - nine sheep that didn ' t ever wander away. he will carry the lost sheep back home on his shoulders and then call together his friends to celebrate with him... \" in the same way, god is not happy for anyone to wander away from god and become lost, ( especially young children ). but if a sinful person, who has wandered away from god, changes his ways and turns to god, then god is very happy. and everyone in heaven is happy too! jesus said that he is like a shepherd looking after sheep. but the sheep that he looks after are people. jesus said that he is the good shepherd who gives his life for the sheep. jesus gave his life for all people when he died on the cross. he did this to pay the penalty for our sins. now, if we will trust jesus to save ( help ) us ( and carefully obey his teaching ) then he will take away our sin. jesus will bring us into god ' s family and we will become one of god ' s people. we become one of god ' s sheep. jesus said there are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42255671947074525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.119762"} {"text": ") us ( and carefully obey his teaching ) then he will take away our sin. jesus will bring us into god ' s family and we will become one of god ' s people. we become one of god ' s sheep. jesus said there are many, many people who are still not in god ' s family. they are like lost sheep. jesus told his disciples to go to all parts of the world and tell people his good message. jesus wants his disciples to find all the lost sheep and bring them to him. if you are one of jesus ' disciples then you need to think carefully about this. we need to think about how we can bring some of these lost sheep to jesus. perhaps they are some of your friends and relatives. perhaps they are people who live ( in a village ) near you. we need to be like jesus and go out and find these lost sheep and bring them to him. picture 9 : forgiving others matt. 18 : 21 - 35 jesus spoke many times to his disciples about how important it was to forgive other people for the wrong things that they did to them. the disciples found it difficult to understand just what jesus meant when he said they should forgive others. so one day peter, one of the disciples, came to jesus and said, \" if someone keeps on doing wrong things to me, and i forgive him seven times, will that be enough? \" peter thought that to forgive someone seven times was being very kind, but jesus surprised peter. he said, \" no, not just seven times, but seventy times seven! \" by saying that jesus meant that we should go on forgiving people for ever. the jesus told them this story : ( second voice ). at one time a king ( leader ) was trying to straighten out matters with people who owed him money. a man was brought before the king who owed him a huge amount ( many millions of dollars ). there was no way that the man could repay this huge amount to the king. so the king told his servants to sell the man as a slave, along with man ' s wife and children and all his possessions. that way the king would receive some payment towards the money owed. but the man fell on his knees before the king and pleaded with him. \" be patient with me, and i will pay it all back \", he said. the king felt sorry for the man and forgave him all the amount that he owed ( said he did not have to pay back any of the money ). then the king let him", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4435076786264198, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.120781"} {"text": "and i will pay it all back \", he said. the king felt sorry for the man and forgave him all the amount that he owed ( said he did not have to pay back any of the money ). then the king let him go. the man left the king ' s house and soon after met one of his fellow workers who owed him a small amount of money. this man grabbed his fellow worker by the throat and began to choke him. \" pay back what you owe me \", he said angrily. his fellow worker fell on his knees before the man and pleaded with him \" be patient with me and i will pay it all back \", he said. but the man would not listen to him and had him put in jail until he could get the money repaid to him. some other fellow workers saw what happened and they went out and told the king. when the king heard what had happened he was very angry. he told his servants to bring the man to him, and then he said, \" you wicked man! i was sorry for you and i forgave you that large amount that you owed me. you should have been sorry for your fellow worker and forgiven him too. \" then the king told his servants to put the man in jail until everything that he owed had been paid back. jesus then said to his disciples, \" this is how god, your father in heaven, will treat you unless you each forgive your brother ( fellow man, people you live with, ) from your heart ( sincerely, genuinely ). ( first voice ) jesus was very clear in the teaching he gave to his disciples. if other people do wrong things to us, we must be ready to forgive them, and keep on forgiving them. this is not easy for us to do, because we often feel like paying back people with something bad and hurtful when they do wrong to us. however, we must remember just how much god loves us and how he has forgiven us for all our sins. if we are jesus ' disciples then he lives in us by his spirit. he is able to make us strong to forgive others and to pay back people with good deeds when they do wrong to us. picture 10 : god ' s reward matt. 20 : 1 - 16 jesus and his disciples were not rich people, but the disciples were very happy to be followers of jesus. they had given up many of their own things when they began to follow jesus. sometimes they thought about the days in the future. they said to jesus,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42915230374050023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.122477"} {"text": "his disciples were not rich people, but the disciples were very happy to be followers of jesus. they had given up many of their own things when they began to follow jesus. sometimes they thought about the days in the future. they said to jesus, \" what will happen to us? will god give us many things? \" jesus told them that god loved and cared for them very much. they were members of god ' s family, and god always gives good gifts to his children. jesus also said that god gives the same gifts to all people. then jesus told them this story : ( second voice ) a landowner needed people to work in his harvest field ( vineyard ). he went out early in the morning and found some men to work for him. he agreed to pay them ( the regular wage of ) a silver coin each for the day ' s work, and then he sent them off to work. a few hours later ( at nine o ' clock ) the landowner went out again and saw some other men standing in the market place with nothing to do. he said to them, \" you go to my harvest field too, and i will pay you a fair wage, \" and off they went. two more times, later in the day, he went out and found other men to come and work for him. finally, late in the day, ( at five o ' clock ) he went out again and found some other men still without work to do. he sent these men also to work in his harvest field. at sunset, the landowner said to his foreman ( work manager ), \" call all the workers in and give them their pay. start with the workers who began last and finish with those who started work first. \" so the people who started work late in the day came to the foreman and he gave each of them a silver coin. then the foreman paid all of the other workers, and gave each of them the same amount, a silver coin. the men who had begun work early in the day started to complain. they thought that they should receive more pay because they had worked much longer than the others. however, the landowner said to them, \" i have paid you exactly what we agreed on, so you can ' t say that i am being unjust to you. i want to give all the other workers, even those who came last, the same amount of pay, i have the right to do what i want with my own money. will you be angry with me because i am being generous to these other workers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40809357680390235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.123482"} {"text": "i want to give all the other workers, even those who came last, the same amount of pay, i have the right to do what i want with my own money. will you be angry with me because i am being generous to these other workers? and then jesus said to his disciples, \" in the same way, many who are last now will be first then, and the first will be last. \" jesus told this story to his disciples to show them that god is very generous. god gives many good gifts to those who love and obey him. if we turn away from our sins, come to jesus and ask him to take away our sins, then god will do that. he will take way ( forgive us ) all our sins. jesus will come to live in our hearts by his spirit, and he promises never to leave us. this means that we will live forever with jesus. because jesus lives in us he can make us strong to do all the things that please god. god also brings us into his family and makes us one of his own children. when god does all these things for us then we are very happy. god does the same things for all people who love him and obey his word. he does not do less for one person than another. and it doesn ' t matter if a person has been a follower of jesus for a short time or a long time. god does the same good things for them all. some people think that because they are wealthy or important people in the world now, then they will also be important in god ' s kingdom ( the place where god rules ) later on. but jesus said that it is the humble people, who love god and obey him, who will be the important people in god ' s kingdom. people may think that they are last now, but later on they will be first. picture 11 : be prepared! matt. 25 : 1 - 13 the disciples of jesus asked him many questions about when the world would end and when he ( jesus ) would come back to the world from heaven. jesus told them about many things that would happen in the future. many of these things were not pleasant. they were quite different from what the disciples had expected. ( jesus told them that jerusalem would be destroyed, that there would be wars between many nations, and that people all over the world would experience times of great trouble. ) jesus said that he would come back to the world from heaven, but only god the father knew when that time would be. the important thing was that they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4533721899947807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.124528"} {"text": "between many nations, and that people all over the world would experience times of great trouble. ) jesus said that he would come back to the world from heaven, but only god the father knew when that time would be. the important thing was that they should be ready to meet him when he did return. jesus told them some stories to help them remember this. here is one of them. ( second voice ) jesus said that the time when he comes back to the world from heaven is like the time when a man ( bridegroom ) goes to get his bride. it was the jewish wedding custom in those days that when a man was ready to be married he would go with some of his friends to the bride ' s home. then he would bring the bride back to his own home and they would have a big feast there with all their friends. the people who knew the man and the bride, and who wanted to go to the wedding feast, would wait by the road for the man and his bride to come. then they would join in the procession and go to the man ' s home. ( in the procession there would be a lot of singing and happy talking. ) usually the wedding procession happened at night. ( so people who wanted to join in the wedding procession would take a lamp with them. ) this is the story that jesus told : there were ten young women who went out to the roadside to wait for the bridegroom and bride to come. it was night time and they all had their lamps so that they would be able to join in the procession. five of the women were wise, and they had brought extra oil with them for their lamps. five of the women were foolish, and they did not bring extra oil. the women waited for a long, long time, and finally they went to sleep. then at midnight they heard a shout : \" wake up! here comes the bridegroom. go out and meet him now! \" all the women got up quickly and got their lamps ready. then the five foolish women found that they had no oil for their lamps. they asked the five wise women to give some of their oil to them. but they said that they could not do that or they might not have enough, to go into the wedding feast. they told the five foolish women to go quickly to the store and get the oil they needed. they went off to do that, but while they were away the bridegroom arrived. all the people in the wedding procession went into the bridegroom ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4769357804062081, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.125781"} {"text": "the five foolish women to go quickly to the store and get the oil they needed. they went off to do that, but while they were away the bridegroom arrived. all the people in the wedding procession went into the bridegroom ' s home for the feast, and then they shut the door. later the five foolish women came back and called out to the bridegroom inside the house, \" oh sir! open the door and let us in too ( please ). \" but he replied \" i don ' t know you. you can ' t come inside. \" jesus told this story, then he said to his disciples, \" therefore you must always be alert. be prepared for the time when i will return, for you don ' t know when that time will be. \" jesus told that story many, many years ago, but the message is still the same today. jesus could return to this world at any time. we must be alert and prepared to meet jesus when he returns. this means that we must be sure that we have become one of god ' s family, and we must be sure that the things we are doing each day are the things that will please jesus. ( include suitable examples if necessary. ) picture 12 : waiting for jesus matt. 25 : 14 - 30 jesus taught his disciples that later on he would return to the world from heaven. while they were waiting for him, he wanted them to make good use of all the things god gave them. jesus told them this story. ( second voice ) a wealthy man was going on a journey to a far country. he called his servants together and gave each of them some of his money. he wanted them to use the money to make more money for him. he gave five amounts of money to one man, two amounts to another man. ( each man received money according to his ability to use it. ) then the wealthy man went away on his journey. the man with five amounts of money went straight to work with it and eventually he earned another five amounts. the man with two amounts of money did the same and he earned two more amounts. but the man with one amount went and dug a hole in the ground and hid the money there. ( so that it wouldn ' t be lost or stolen. ) after a long time the wealthy man returned from his journey. he called all his servants together to see what they had done with the money he had given them. the servant who had received five amounts of money came and spoke to his master. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4616799659655473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.127528"} {"text": ") after a long time the wealthy man returned from his journey. he called all his servants together to see what they had done with the money he had given them. the servant who had received five amounts of money came and spoke to his master. \" sir, you gave me five amounts of money. look, here are another five amounts of money that i have earned. \" his master said, \" you have done well. i gave you a small amount of money and you have worked well with it, just as i asked you to. now i will put you in charge of many things. come and share in the joy of your master. \" the man who had received two amounts of money came and told his master how he had made another two amounts. his master was very pleased and told him the same things as he had told the man with five amounts of money. then the man who had received one amount of money came and spoke to his master. \" sir, i knew you were the sort of man who reaps crops from places where he has not sown seed, and i was afraid you would take from me any money that i earned. so i hid your money in the ground, and here it is, just as you gave it to me. \" the wealthy man was very angry and said, \" you are a wicked and lazy servant. if you thought i was that sort of person you should have put my money in the bank, so it might have gained some interest ( more money ) for me. take the money from this man, and give it to the man with five amounts of money. for the man who uses well what he has been given shall be given more. but the man who does not use well what he has been given, even that small amount will be taken from him. send that wicked, lazy servant away. he will be punished. \" ( first voice ) jesus is like the wealthy man who went away on a journey. we who are followers of jesus are like the servants. god has given each of us the ability to do different things well. some of us are good at making things ; some of us are good speakers ; some of us are good at helping others. there are many different things that we can do that will help others to know about jesus. jesus wants us to work well at these things and not to get tired of telling others about him. jesus will be very displeased if we do not use the things that god has given us, or if we hide the message", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4771105393722621, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.128941"} {"text": "about jesus. jesus wants us to work well at these things and not to get tired of telling others about him. jesus will be very displeased if we do not use the things that god has given us, or if we hide the message of god from others. if we do well the things that jesus has asked us to do, then when he returns to the world, he will be very pleased with us and we will share in his joy for ever. picture 13 : jesus is baptized mark 1 : 4 - 11 mark was one of jesus ' friends. he wrote down many of the things that jesus said and did. we will listen to some of these stories now. mark tells us that jesus cared very much about people, especially those who were poor and outcast. he also tells us how jesus used his great power ( as god ' s son ) to help people, as he healed many people of their sicknesses. mark begins his book by telling us about a man called john. john was sent by god as a special messenger ( prophet ) to the israelite people. john lived by himself, away from the towns, out in the desert. but great crowds of people came to hear his message. ( for many years god had said to the israelites that one day he would send a man to them who would help them. he would take away their sins and be their king [ leader ] forever. ) john said to the people, \" get ready! very soon the messiah ( god ' s man ) will come. you must turn away from your sin and do the things that please god. then you will be ready to meet the messiah ( god ' s man ). \" some of the people wanted to follow john ' s message, so john baptized ( immersed ) them in the river jordan. this was a sign that they wanted god to forgive their sins and that from then on they would do the things that pleased god ( john said, \" the messiah [ god ' s man ], who is coming soon, is much greater than i am. i baptize you with water. he will baptize you with god ' s spirit. ) then jesus came to see john. jesus had not started telling god ' s message to others yet. jesus asked john to baptize him. john was surprised that jesus asked him, because jesus had never done anything wrong. jesus wanted to show people that he was a man who was obedient to god, and that he was going to please god in everything he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43770073181620134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.131560"} {"text": "baptize him. john was surprised that jesus asked him, because jesus had never done anything wrong. jesus wanted to show people that he was a man who was obedient to god, and that he was going to please god in everything he did. he also wanted to show people that he was beginning his work as god ' s man to help people. so john baptized jesus in the river jordan. as jesus was coming up out of the water, people saw god ' s spirit come down gently on jesus in the form of a dove. then they heard god ' s voice speaking to jesus from heaven. god said, \" you are my son, whom i love. i am very pleased with you. \" yes, jesus was a man who obeyed god, but he was also god ' s son, and everything he did pleased god. jesus was ready now to begin his work of telling god ' s message to people, and of using his power to help people. you listen and you will hear some stories about the wonderful things he did. picture 14 : jesus calls helpers ( disciples ) mark 1 : 14 - 20 god had sent jesus to do a special work. now jesus began his ministry ( work ). he went through all the places in israel, teaching the people about god. he said, \" now is the time for you people to come to god. turn away from your sins and follow ( obey ) this good message that i am giving you. \" jesus also did many wonderful things to help people. jesus also wanted other people to do this work with him. one day jesus was walking along the shore beside the lake of galilee, and he saw some men that he knew. peter and andrew were brothers, and they were fishermen. they were throwing a net out into the sea to catch some fish. jesus said to them, \" you come and be my followers ( be my disciples, work with me ). i will teach you how to catch men ( and make them followers of god ). so peter and andrew left their fishing nets behind and went with jesus. jesus walked on a little further and came to two more men, who were getting their nets ready for fishing. their names were james and john. jesus talked to them and asked them also to come with him and to be his followers. straight away they left their nets and their boat and went with jesus. there were many people who followed jesus to listen to his teaching, and to see the wonderful things he did. jesus chose twelve men to be his special followers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3856339230332973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.132712"} {"text": "to be his followers. straight away they left their nets and their boat and went with jesus. there were many people who followed jesus to listen to his teaching, and to see the wonderful things he did. jesus chose twelve men to be his special followers ( friends, disciples ). ( their names were : peter ; james ; john ; andrew ; philip ; bartholomew ; matthew ; thomas ; james, son of alphaeus ; thaddaeus ; simon the zealot ; and judas iscariot. ) these twelve men stayed with jesus all the time. jesus taught them about god the father, god the spirit, and about himself. he taught them that he was god ' s son and showed this was true by the many great things he did. he also taught them that he was going to die on a cross as a payment for the sins of all people, but that he would rise from the dead after three days. jesus taught men so that they could go and teach others. jesus wanted people all around the world to hear his message. today too, jesus wants people to be his followers and work with him. jesus wants men and women, boys and girls, to be his disciples. jesus wants us to study his word so that we know all about him, and he wants us to tell other people about him. jesus said that if people want to be his disciples they must forget about pleasing themselves and think instead about pleasing others. we must also be prepared to suffer hardship, just as jesus did. if we love jesus and want to please him most of all, then this will not be too difficult for us to do. remember, being a disciple of jesus is the best thing that we could ever be. picture 15 : a man is made clean mark 1 : 40 - 45 jesus continued to travel from place to place, teaching the people about god. one day a man came to jesus and knelt in front of him. this man had a terrible skin disease called leprosy. because the man had leprosy the people made him leave his home and family and go away and live by himself. he was not allowed to go near anyone, and if anyone came near to him he had to shout, \" unclean! unclean! \" and make people stay away from him. people were very frightened to go near a leper in case they caught the terrible disease too. at that time there was no way that leprosy could be cured. eventually this disease would make the man die. jesus didn ' t run away from this man", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.455615438846639, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.133899"} {"text": "very frightened to go near a leper in case they caught the terrible disease too. at that time there was no way that leprosy could be cured. eventually this disease would make the man die. jesus didn ' t run away from this man. jesus showed great love for this man and came close to him. the man believed that jesus could help him and so he said to jesus, \" if you want to, you can make me clean. \" ( heal my leprosy ). then jesus did something that no one ever did. he reached out and touched the man. jesus said to him, \" of course i want to help you. be clean! \" as soon as jesus said that, the man ' s leprosy was cured. his skin became clean and good again and he was able to go back and live with his family and friends that man was very happy indeed. jesus was able to do this great miracle ( work ) because he is god. he is the one who made all things, and he has power to cure any sickness that people have. jesus loved that man and wanted to help him. jesus loves each one of us too. jesus knows about the sin that is in our hearts, but he still loves us and wants to help us. sin is like that terrible skin disease of leprosy. sin makes unclean in the sight of god, and sin separates us from god. ( because he is holy ). if we come to jesus he will reach out to us and help us. if we ask him to, he will take away our sins and make our hearts clean. but if we want him to do this we have to turn away from our sins, and do the things he tells us in his word. ( if we are already disciples of jesus then we can think about this story. jesus really loved this man with the terrible skin disease. he didn ' t run away from him. he wanted to help him. we know people like this too. perhaps they don ' t have a terrible disease, but for some reason we don ' t like to be seen with them. maybe they are from another clan, or perhaps they are always rude to us. whatever it is, we need to love these people, just like jesus would. we must reach out to them and try and help them. then we may be able to share with them the message of god ' s love for them. ) picture 16 : a paralysed man walks mark 2 : 1 - 12 jesus was staying in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4475600984124575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.135208"} {"text": "must reach out to them and try and help them. then we may be able to share with them the message of god ' s love for them. ) picture 16 : a paralysed man walks mark 2 : 1 - 12 jesus was staying in a place called capernaum, just by the lake of galilee. people heard that he was there and soon a great crowd of people came to his house. there were so many people that no one could even get in the door. they all listened carefully as he taught them about god. a group of people came up to the house, and four of them were carrying a man who was paralysed. they wanted to take the man to jesus, but because the house was so crowded they couldn ' t get inside. however, this didn ' t stop them from trying to get to jesus. they carried the paralysed man up the steps at the side of the house and onto the ( flat ) roof. they made a big hole in the roof, just above where jesus was located. then they lowered the man down on his sleeping mat, right in front of where jesus was standing. jesus was not angry with them for doing this. no, he was pleased. jesus could see that these people really loved their friend who was paralysed. he could also see that they believed that he ( jesus ) could help them. so jesus said to the paralysed man, \" your sins are forgiven! \" the people had not expected jesus to say that. they thought he would have said something about the man ' s sickness. some of the people there were religious teachers. \" who does this man think he is? god is the only one who can forgive sins. this man is not god. he is only a man. \" jesus knew what the religious teachers were thinking, so he said to them, \" you don ' t believe that i have the power ( authority ) to forgive people ' s sins, do you? but which would be easier for me to do ; to say to this man that his sins are forgiven, or to tell him to get up and walk? so i will prove to you that i do have authority to do both of those things. \" then jesus spoke to the paralysed man and said, \" get up now. pick up your sleeping mat and go home1 \" the man got up straight away, picked up his mat and walked through the crowd. the people were very astonished when this happened. they had never seen anything like this before. they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4351722875837861, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.136305"} {"text": "get up now. pick up your sleeping mat and go home1 \" the man got up straight away, picked up his mat and walked through the crowd. the people were very astonished when this happened. they had never seen anything like this before. they praised god that such a great miracle ( work ) should happen to this man who was paralysed. now they knew that jesus had great power to heal people who were sick. they also knew that he had the power to forgive people ' s sins. jesus was a man, but he was also god, and he had the power ( authority ) to do the things that he said. perhaps you feel like the man who was paralysed. you don ' t have any power to do the things that are good and right. if you ask jesus, he can forgive your sins and make you strong to do the things that please god. this is the most important thing that can happen to you. picture 17 : a withered hand & hard hearts mark 3 : 1 - 6 many years before, god had given some laws to the israelites through one of their great leaders, moses. these laws helped the people to understand about god and to live good lives. but some of the israelite teachers added many more laws. many of these laws were about the israelites special ( holy ) day, the sabbath, which was the last day of the week, saturday. the israelites were not allowed to work on the sabbath, and there were many other things that they were not allowed to do. many of them forgot that there were lots of good things that they could do on that day. one sabbath ( saturday ) jesus was in the meeting house with many other israelites. one of the men there had a hand that was crippled ( withered ). some of the israelite leaders were there and they watched jesus closely to see if he would heal the man. they thought it would be very wrong for jesus to do this, because it would be like working on the sabbath. these people didn ' t really care about the man who was crippled. they thought it was more important that people should obey the israelite rules. jesus spoke to the man with the crippled hand and asked him to stand out in front of all the people. then jesus spoke to everyone. he said, \" what does our law allow us to do on the sabbath? to help people or to harm them? to save a man ' s life, or to destroy it? ' the people realised that what jesus was saying was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43972371431753254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.137263"} {"text": "to everyone. he said, \" what does our law allow us to do on the sabbath? to help people or to harm them? to save a man ' s life, or to destroy it? ' the people realised that what jesus was saying was right, but they didn ' t want to admit that the way they kept some of their rules was wrong. so nobody answered jesus. they said nothing. this made jesus angry, as he saw that these people had so little love for the man who was crippled. then jesus said to the man with the crippled hand, \" stretch out your hand! \" the man did that, and straight away it was restored ( made good again ), and was just as good as his other hand. the man was very happy, but some of the israelite leaders were very angry at what jesus had done. they began to make plans about how they could get rid of jesus. we would agree that these men were wrong to have so little feeling ( love, pity ) for the man with the crippled hand. but sometimes we are like that too. we say that other people should follow god ' s word in exactly the same way that we do. if they don ' t, we say that they are wrong, and sometimes we become angry with them. we should remember that jesus showed us that caring for people is more important than keeping rules. it is very important that we follow god ' s word correctly, but if we do that it should not keep us from loving and helping others. no, rather it should help us to love and care for others even more. picture 18 : jesus calms the storm mark 4 : 35 - 41 jesus was by the lake of galilee and was teaching the people about god. soon many people were there listening, and they crowded in on him. so he got into a fishing boat just near the water ' s edge and taught the people from there. at the end of the day jesus was very tired, and wanted to get away from the crowd. so he said to his disciples, \" let ' s go over to the other side of the lake \". they agreed, and they all set off in the boat. jesus settled himself down in the rear of the boat to have a sleep. then a fierce storm struck the boat. the waves became very rough and so much water came into the boat that it was ready to sink. many of the disciples were fishermen. they had sailed on this lake for many years and they knew all about storms, but this storm was too strong", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46657477553699667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.138177"} {"text": ". the waves became very rough and so much water came into the boat that it was ready to sink. many of the disciples were fishermen. they had sailed on this lake for many years and they knew all about storms, but this storm was too strong for them. they became frightened and thought they would soon die. they were upset that jesus was still asleep, so they woke him up and said to him, \" teacher, look at this storm! we are all about to drown and you are still sleeping. don ' t you care what happens to us? \" jesus got up and spoke to the wind and the waves. \" quiet! be still! \", he said. immediately the wind died down and the sea became calm. then jesus spoke to his disciples, \" why are you so frightened? don ' t you have faith in me yet? \" the disciples were astonished and still frightened. they had never seen anything like this before. they said to each other, \" what sort of person is jesus? he is much greater than we ever realized. even the winds and the waves do what he says! \" the disciples were beginning to learn about jesus. they had heard his message, and had seen some of his great miracles ( works ). they were starting to understand that jesus was much more than an ordinary man ; that he was indeed the son of god. he was the one who had authority ( power ) over all things, which he himself had created. they were starting to learn that in times of great trouble and difficulty they could trust jesus to help them. jesus is just the same today. if we are his disciples ( followers ) then he is a friend who is ready to help us. but what a friend he is! he has great authority ( power ) over all things, and he has great power to help us. sometimes we have difficulties and trials. ( these are like the storm that came upon jesus and his disciples in the boat. ) jesus knows all about these things that happen to us. he can take away our fears and bring peace to our hearts. picture 19 : a woman is healed mark 5 : 25 - 34 jesus and his disciples came back across the lake in the boat. a big crowd of people was there to meet them when they arrived. one man came straight away to jesus and fell at his feet. this man ' s name was jairus. he was the leader of the synagogue ( place where the israelites met to worship god ). jairus told jesus that his twelve year old daughter was very", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4341843926741806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.139084"} {"text": "straight away to jesus and fell at his feet. this man ' s name was jairus. he was the leader of the synagogue ( place where the israelites met to worship god ). jairus told jesus that his twelve year old daughter was very sick, and he asked jesus to come quickly and heal her, or else she would die. jesus and his disciples set off with jairus to go to his house, and a big crowd of people went with them. there was a woman in the crowd who was very sick. she had suffered from severe bleeding for 12 years. she had been to many doctors and had spent all her money trying to get better. instead, her sickness only got worse. she had heard about jesus and came to see if he could help her. now she had seen jesus she felt sure he could help her. but she was too embarrassed to speak openly about her sickness. ( the israelite law said that she was ritually unclean, and any one she touched would also be ritually unclean for 7 days. ) this woman believed that if she could just touch a part of jesus ' coat, then she would be well again. she thought she could do this in the crowd and no one else would know. so as the crowd moved along the woman moved closer and closer to jesus. then she reached out and touched jesus ' coat. straight away her sickness was cured ( the bleeding stopped ). the woman was very happy that she had been made well, and she was also pleased that no one seemed to have noticed what she had done. then jesus stopped and looked around. he knew that power had gone out from him to heal someone. jesus said, \" who touched my coat? \" jesus ' disciples were surprised to hear jesus ask this question, because so many people were crowding around him and touching him. however, jesus kept looking at the people around him. the woman realized that she could not hide herself any longer. she came trembling with fear and knelt at jesus ' feet. she told jesus everything that had happened. jesus was not angry with her ; no, he was very pleased to hear what she had done. jesus said to her, \" daughter, ( suitable greeting ) because you believed in me ( that i could heal you ) you have been made well. so, don ' t be upset ( concerned ). go home in peace and be free from your trouble ( sickness ). jesus showed the people that he had the power to cure sickness. he also showed that he knows about the things", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47305197934597754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.140045"} {"text": "made well. so, don ' t be upset ( concerned ). go home in peace and be free from your trouble ( sickness ). jesus showed the people that he had the power to cure sickness. he also showed that he knows about the things that people like to keep hidden. perhaps there are things in your life that you want to keep hidden from other people. things that are not sicknesses, but are the bad actions and thoughts that we would be ashamed to tell to others. jesus knows all about these things and he wants to help us. we can come to jesus, tell him about these things, and ask him to take away our sins. he will do this, and he will make us strong to do the things that please god. we must have faith in ( believe in ) jesus just like the woman did. we must tell jesus about these things and trust him to help us. picture 20 : a dead child lives mark 5 : 22 - 24, 35 - 43 ( jesus had just healed a woman who had been sick with severe bleeding, and he was talking to her. ) jairus was the leader of the local synagogue and he was waiting for jesus to come to his house. jairus ' daughter was very sick. just then some servants arrived who had come from jairus ' house. they said to jairus, \" your daughter is dead. there is no need any more to ask the teacher ( jesus ) to come. \" jairus was very sad when he heard this, but jesus said to him, \" don ' t be frightened by what they have said. you must continue to believe that i can still help your daughter. \" then jesus stopped all the people from following him any further. he took with him only three of his disciples, peter, james and john, as well as jairus, and they went on to jairus ' house. when they arrived at jairus ' house, there were many people there. they were all crying loudly and making a lot of noise, because the girl was dead. jesus went into the house and said to the people, \" why are you making all this noise and crying? the girl is not dead, she is only asleep. \" the people were not happy to hear this from jesus, and they laughed scornfully at him. so jesus made everyone leave the house except jairus and his wife, and his three disciples. they went into the room where the girl was lying in bed. jesus went up to her, took her hand and said. \" little", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4408836844012263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.140981"} {"text": "not an israelite. and normally the israelites would not have anything to do with greek people. this woman had a daughter who was possessed by an evil spirit, and she was very worried about her. she came and knelt in front of jesus and pleaded with him to drive the evil spirit out of her daughter. at first jesus did not speak to her, but she kept on asking jesus to help her daughter. then jesus said to her, \" i came to help the israelite people. if i help you, it would be like a father giving his children ' s food to the dogs. \" jesus really loved this woman and her daughter, and he wanted to help them. he was testing this woman to see if she really believed that israel ' s god could help her. the woman said to jesus, \" yes, that is right ( not to give the children ' s food to the dogs ) but even the dogs eat the crumbs ( scraps ) that fall from the table. \" jesus was very pleased with what the woman said, and he said to her, \" that was a good answer. now i know that you do believe very strongly that god can help you. i have done what you have asked for, and you can go home now. i have driven out the evil spirit from your daughter. \" the woman was very pleased and went back to her home. there she found her daughter lying quietly on her bed, and the evil spirit had left her. this story helps us to understand how god loves all people. sometimes we find it very difficult to like people who live in other countries and who are very different from us. god is not like that. god loves all people in all countries. all people must come to god in the same way. they must believe that god is the one who can help them, and that he can help them only through his son jesus. if we love jesus and obey his teaching, then we are brought into god ' s family, and it doesn ' t matter what country we come from. we learn from this story too, that satan is trying to control people everywhere. but jesus ' power is much stronger than satan ' s. if we are prepared to come to jesus and ask him to help us, jesus can free us from the power of satan wherever we are. jesus can bring peace to our hearts, and he can help us to live a life that pleases god. picture 22 : a deaf and dumb man hears and speaks mark 7 : 31 - 37 jesus and his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4777616313344951, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.142934"} {"text": "the power of satan wherever we are. jesus can bring peace to our hearts, and he can help us to live a life that pleases god. picture 22 : a deaf and dumb man hears and speaks mark 7 : 31 - 37 jesus and his disciples left the place of tyre and came back to the lake of galilee. on the way they met a group of people who brought a man to jesus. this man was deaf and could not speak properly. the people urged jesus to lay his hands on the man to heal him. jesus knew that the man would feel embarrassed with so many people standing around and staring at him, so he took the man away from the crowd by himself. then jesus put his fingers gently in the man ' s ears. he also spat on his fingers and touched the man ' s tongue. jesus looked up to heaven, and gave a deep sigh, because he was very sorry for the man. then he gave a command, \" open! \" straight away the man could hear clearly, and he could also speak properly. the people were amazed and happy to see what jesus had done. jesus asked the people to keep all these things quietly to themselves, but instead they kept on telling other people. they kept saying, \" everything that jesus does, he does very well! he can even make deaf people hear, and dumb people speak. ( he must be the man the prophets spoke about many years ago. he must be god ' s chosen man, the messiah. ) \" the people were very excited to see what jesus did to that man. we know how important it is to be able to hear clearly and to speak properly. it is good to know that jesus ' power is so great that he could help this man with his problem. it is even more important for each of us to be able to hear clearly the word of god, and for each of us to be able to speak clearly to others about jesus. perhaps we need to ask jesus to touch our ears so that we can hear god ' s word clearly. perhaps we need to ask him to touch our tongues so that we can praise god and speak clearly to others about him. picture 23 : jesus makes the blind to see mark 8 : 22 - 26 ( jesus and his disciples came to a place on the shore of the lake of galilee, called bethsaida. this was the home village of peter and andrew, james and john, who were some of jesus ' disciples. ) some of the people brought a blind man to jesus. they asked jesus to touch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4434484233475779, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.143843"} {"text": "of the lake of galilee, called bethsaida. this was the home village of peter and andrew, james and john, who were some of jesus ' disciples. ) some of the people brought a blind man to jesus. they asked jesus to touch the blind man so that he could see again. jesus took the blind man by the hand and led him out of the village, away from all the people. when they were in a quiet place, by themselves, jesus took some of his saliva and put it on the man ' s eyes. then he put his hands on the man ' s eyes and said, \" can you see anything now? \" the man looked around him and said, \" yes, i can see people ( but i can ' t see them clearly ). they look like trees, only they are walking around. jesus put his hands on the man ' s eyes again, and then the man could see everything very clearly. the man was amazed and very happy. he wanted to rush off and tell everyone what jesus had done, but jesus told him to go straight back to his own home, and not even to go into the village. jesus knew that if the man went into the village it would cause a big commotion, and this would make it difficult for jesus to help other people. the man was so happy that he could now see everything around him. before, he had been in darkness, and it had been difficult for him to do anything. now he could see! it is the same for us when we come to know jesus. if we love jesus and carefully obey his teaching, then he brings his light into our hearts and minds. jesus teaches us from his word, the bible, so that we can see what are the right things for us to do. jesus leads us by his spirit and we follow the ways that he knows are best for us. jesus said. \" i am the light of the world, anyone who follows me will not walk in the darkness. \" when we are walking in the light with jesus, then we can see clearly to show his way to other people. we can bring people to jesus, just like the people of bethsaida brought the blind man to him. picture 24 : jesus ' power over satan mark 9 : 14 - 31 jesus went with three of his disciples, peter, james and john, to another place. the other disciples were together and a man brought his son to them. the man was worried because his son was possessed by a dumb evil spirit. the disciples tried", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48016302073065625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.144859"} {"text": "jesus went with three of his disciples, peter, james and john, to another place. the other disciples were together and a man brought his son to them. the man was worried because his son was possessed by a dumb evil spirit. the disciples tried to cast out the evil spirit, but they couldn ' t. soon a big crowd of people gathered and some of them started to argue with the disciples. just then jesus came to them with peter, james and john. jesus said to the people, \" what is the trouble? \" the father of the boy came and spoke to jesus. i brought my son to you so you could heal him. he is possessed by a dumb evil spirit that throws him onto the ground, so that he foams at the mouth, grinds his teeth and his body becomes rigid. i asked your disciples to cast out the evil spirit, but they couldn ' t. jesus spoke to the man and to his disciples and said, \" the problem is that your faith in god is so small. ( you don ' t believe that god has enough power to help you. ) bring the boy to me! \" so they brought the boy to jesus. when the evil spirit in the boy saw jesus, he made the boy fall to the ground and roll around, foaming at the mouth and grinding his teeth. jesus said to the father, \" how long has he been like this? \" the father said, \" ever since he was a small child. many times the evil spirit has made him fall into the fire or the water to try and kill him. oh please take pity on us and help us if you can! \" jesus said, \" if you really believe that god ' s power is very great, then it is possible for him to do everything you can think of. \" the man said, \" i do believe that god is able to help us, but my faith in god is very weak. help me to have a strong faith in god. \" jesus saw that many people were running towards them to see what was happening, so he spoke to the evil spirit in the boy, \" come out of him you deaf and dumb evil spirit, and never enter him again! \" the evil spirit gave a loud scream, shook the boy strongly, and came out of him. the boy lay on the ground and some people said that he was dead. jesus came and took him by the hand and helped him to stand up. then the boy was quite all right. everyone was amazed and happy when they saw what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4472486236258244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.146879"} {"text": "of him. the boy lay on the ground and some people said that he was dead. jesus came and took him by the hand and helped him to stand up. then the boy was quite all right. everyone was amazed and happy when they saw what the power of god had done. later, when all the people had gone away, jesus ' disciples asked him, \" why couldn ' t we cast out the evil spirit? \" jesus said, \" to be able to do this, you need to spend much time in prayer with god. \" this story shows us that jesus ' power is very great. jesus is much stronger than satan and all the evil spirits. jesus is the son of god, and has power ( authority ) over all things in this world. if we are people who love jesus and obey his teaching, then jesus lives in us and he wants to show his power through our lives ( through the things we do and say ). with our own strength we cannot overcome satan and the evil spirits, and we cannot do the things that please god. god knows that we cannot do these things by ourselves. jesus lives in us and he can help us to do and say the things that please god. he can give us the power to overcome satan and the evil spirits. we need to spend much time in prayer with god so that we can get to know him well. then other people will see god ' s great power at work in our lives.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45398514835324927, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.148001"} {"text": "| epa rules show corn ethanol reduces emissions | the environmental protection agency has finalized new rules which show that corn ethanol complies with the 20 percent reduction in emissions required by the renewable fuels standard. the rfs is a 2007 federal law which mandates increased use of biofuels. epa \u2019 s emissions modeling includes indirect land use changes presumably caused by increased ethanol production. rule calculations were expanded to include an additional 100 countries. epa found that even when accounting for changes in land use attributed to increased ethanol production, corn ethanol creates significantly fewer emissions than gasoline. todd sneller, nebraska ethanol board administrator, said epa \u2019 s rules confirmed the ethanol industry \u2019 s commitment to an environmentally friendly alternative fuel. \u201c epa \u2019 s decision proves that the ethanol industry continues to improve its green credentials, \u201d sneller said. \u201c as fossil fuels become more expensive and dirty, renewable fuels like ethanol are proving to be more efficient and environmentally friendly than ever. \u201d the issue of lifecycle emissions in the ethanol production process will be a featured presentation at the ethanol 2010 : emerging issues forum, april 8 - 9 in omaha. dr. steffen mueller, a principal economist at the university of illinois at chicago, will deliver the presentation, \u201c critical accounting : documenting efficiency in ethanol production. \u201d mueller conducts research on emissions and energy use of the ethanol production process.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4068856673432628, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.151252"} {"text": "a survey of brdf representation for computer graphics cs348c, winter 1997 whether they are generated from theoretical models or measured, brdfs for computer graphics need efficient representations. we examine the representations that have been proposed, including data tables, analytic models, splines, spherical harmonics, wavelets, and zernike polynomials. this evaluation suggests that most are lacking in flexibility, compactness, or computational efficiency. we propose some approaches to improving on these methods by making greater use of the symmetry of brdfs. historically, the reflection properties modeled by computer graphics renderers have been limited. despite their physical inaccuracy, simple models such as the phong model remain popular. true photorealism, however, requires more sophisticated and elaborate models of surface properties. it is difficult to establish exactly how far one should go in elaborating the surface model. a truly complete representation of the reflective behavior of a surface might take into account such phenomena as polarization, scattering, fluorescence, and phosphorescence, all of which might vary with position on the surface. therefore, the variables in this complete function would be : once we have eliminated all these variables, we are left with a reflectance function of the angles of the incident and reflected angles only. this function is called the bidirectional reflectance distribution function ( brdf ). the brdf is defined on the cross product of two hemispheres, and is therefore a function of four ( scalar ) variables : where e is the irradiance, that is the incident flux per unit area, and l is the reflected radiance, or the reflected flux per unit area per unit solid angle. the units of brdf are thus inverse steradians. intuitively the brdf represents, for each incoming angle, the amount of light that is scattered in each outgoing angle. for a lambertian ( perfectly diffuse ) surface, for example, the brdf is constant, and equal to ( the factor of pi is necessary so that the brdf is correctly normalized. ) more complicated brdfs will, of course, have angular dependence. brdfs to be used in rendering may either be obtained from theoretical models of reflection at a surface, or may be measured directly. each of these presents its own set of challenges. in either case, however, the result is a four - dimensional function ( ignoring color for the moment ), and efficient methods of storing and computing this function must be found. there are many methods presented in the literature,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6010212718024586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.172876"} {"text": "its own set of challenges. in either case, however, the result is a four - dimensional function ( ignoring color for the moment ), and efficient methods of storing and computing this function must be found. there are many methods presented in the literature, varying in flexibility, physical correctness, and space and time efficiency. in this paper we will explore some of the issues in acquiring and representing brdfs. we will start with a look at the papers on brdfs arising from physical models, monte carlo simulation, and actual measurement. then, we will consider the various papers on brdf storage and representation, focusing on the tradeoffs in correctness, flexibility, and efficiency. finally, we will present some new ideas on how to make brdf storage more efficient, and how to re - introduce some of the dimensions we removed earlier. the brdfs used in computer graphics can be either computed from analytical models or captured. we will look at several papers representing the state of the art in both cases. over the past twenty years, a variety of physically - based brdf models of increasing sophistication have been proposed. we will look closely at one of the more recent, and more complex, models in this series, namely that proposed by [ he 91 ]. this model contains most of the features common to these models, starting with specific assumptions about the surface microgeometry, and considering factors such as as self - shadowing, fresnel reflection, the effects of the wave nature of light, and subsurface scattering. the result is a model with a small number of parameters that can, at least in theory, be measured from an actual surface. most of the currently popular theoretical models start with the assumption that the large - scale brdf is the result of fine - scale roughness of the surface. this roughness is described by a collection of microfacets with random sizes and orientations. the statistical distribution of sizes has traditionally been taken to be gaussian, because this distribution is easy to work with and has many mathematically - desirable properties. each facet is taken to be a perfect reflector, obeying the physical laws of reflection for dielectrics. it is assumed that light can interreflect off of several facets before leaving the surface, and that the facets, due to their orientations, can occlude each other. in addition, he ' s model assumes that the facets might be of size comparable to the wavelength of light. this means that the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5846497742408413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.174388"} {"text": "the surface, and that the facets, due to their orientations, can occlude each other. in addition, he ' s model assumes that the facets might be of size comparable to the wavelength of light. this means that the wave nature of light, and hence phenomena such as interference, must be taken into account. the final model for the brdf is extremely complex, but agrees well with actual measured brdfs. specular reflection at grazing angles predicted by theoretical models this model does a good job of accounting for the many physical phenomena seen as a result of a rough - surface model, and predicts actual observed phenomena better than older, simpler models. it cannot, however, make any predictions for surfaces that cannot be modeled as having randomly - oriented microfacets. in particular, it cannot model any nonisotropic surfaces. these are surfaces, such as woven cloth or brushed aluminum, for which the brdf is not independent of azimuth. therefore, he ' s model, despite its complexity, is clearly inadequate for predicting all brdfs that could potentially be of interest in computer graphics. instead of extending the purely theoretical models to surfaces of more complex microgeometry, [ westin 92 ] adopts a simulation - based method of determining the brdfs of more complex surfaces. since they are able to start with any desired microgeometry, there is no inherent restriction on the kinds of surfaces their method can model. for example, they have been able to model the reflection characteristics of velvet and brushed aluminum. doughnut rendered using brdf derived from velvet microgeometry brushed aluminum teapot using anisotropic brdf derived using westin ' s method the process begins with a scene of arbitrary geometry, representing the microgeometry of a small surface patch. since the scene is used as input to a ray tracer, the surfaces within the scene can use any known brdf, and can even be made transparent. the ray tracer follows light incident at random points on the sample as it bounces around the scene, and eventually is scattered back. the algorithm computes, for each incoming angle, the average amount of light reflected into each outgoing angle. thus, the algorithm approximately determines the brdf of a surface patch having the given microgeometry. as an alternative to computing a brdf from some model, one might try to measure the reflectance properties of some sample. the technical challenges involved in doing this are considerable, partly because of the fact that the brdf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5690064892415975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.176053"} {"text": "given microgeometry. as an alternative to computing a brdf from some model, one might try to measure the reflectance properties of some sample. the technical challenges involved in doing this are considerable, partly because of the fact that the brdf is a function of four dimensions. in addition, there are problems with light source and camera stability, with variations in surface geometry, and with interreflection. in fact, one recent survey of brdf measurement laboratories found huge variations in the results reported for identical samples. [ leonard 93 ] for this reason, there has been very little work in trying to use measured brdfs for computer graphics work. large variation in measured brdfs of the same sample one paper that does present a method for acquiring brdfs is [ ward 92 ]. instead of distributing the necessary four degrees of freedom among surface, camera, and light source motion, as is customary in brdf measurement, ward built an imaging reflectometer that uses the two degrees of freedom inherent in a camera imaging system to reduce the number of moving parts. the complete system includes a collimated light source, a half - silvered hemispherical mirror, and a fisheye lens. thus, the system captures the light reflected into all directions at once, since the mirror reflects all the reflected light back to the fisheye lens. conventional brdf measuring apparatus ward ' s brdf measuring setup the clever optical setup of ward ' s device allowed him to acquire a complete brdf in only a few minutes, including time to manually rotate the sample. the quality of the data, however, was not very high. this diagram from ward ' s paper shows the large amount of noise present in the data he acquired, and the limitations on his field of view. since ward fit his data to a model with a small number of free parameters, these were not major problems. they confirm, however, how difficult it is to measure brdfs, even with careful attention to the measuring apparatus. noise and missing data in one slice of ward ' s measured brdf given the size and high dimensionality of brdfs, techniques must be developed to store and compute them efficiently. after a brief look at simple techniques, like storing and interpolating raw data samples or evaluating physically - based models on the fly, we will focus on a collection of representations that allow brdfs to be stored compactly, and computed efficiently when needed. these techniques, to various degrees, make use of the smoothness and symmetry properties of most brdf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5648779611287137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.177263"} {"text": "models on the fly, we will focus on a collection of representations that allow brdfs to be stored compactly, and computed efficiently when needed. these techniques, to various degrees, make use of the smoothness and symmetry properties of most brdfs that make them easier to compress than arbitrary four - dimensional functions. the simplest method of brdf representation one might envision would be to sample the brdf on some regular ( or irregular ) grid, and interpolate among the samples when needed. this is, in fact, a popular method in conventional scatterometry, and data obtained from large brdf measurement laboratories is likely to be presented in this format. despite its simplicity, it has a number of drawbacks for use in computer graphics. first, raw data obtained from measurement is likely to be noisy, as has already been seen [ leonard 93, ward 92 ]. this leads to noisy surfaces in the images produced using these brdfs. although this is not a problem in domains such as thermal simulation [ arnold 89 ], it is highly objectionable in computer graphics. even if the raw data obtained were perfect, it would still not be suitable for direct use because of missing data. it is impractical to measure the brdf for angles near grazing angles or, with most apparatus, near the backscatter angle. this means that there will be holes in the data wherever the incident and outgoing directions are very close, as well as near the horizons of both the incoming and outgoing angles. since grazing - angle brdfs have a large effect on the human perception of surfaces, it is important to have a carefully smoothed and extrapolated brdf near the horizon, rather than one extrapolated from raw ( noisy ) data. missing data can also occur because of time constraints in measuring the brdf. because of the four degrees of freedom necessary for brdf measurement, brdf scans can take a very long time. for this reason, it is common to measure only a relatively small number of 2 - d slices through the four - dimensional space [ leonard 93 ]. as a result, interpolation between these slices is not likely to yield a satisfactory value for the brdf of intermediate points. finally, even if the sampled data were correct and complete ( e. g. obtained from a theoretical model or monte carlo simulation ), the storage of samples is very inefficient because of the size of the brdf. storing a complete brdf sufficiently densely for computer graphics needs is likely to require millions of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5610928415818803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.178730"} {"text": "g. obtained from a theoretical model or monte carlo simulation ), the storage of samples is very inefficient because of the size of the brdf. storing a complete brdf sufficiently densely for computer graphics needs is likely to require millions of points, and accessing this data during rendering would significantly slow down a renderer. again, it is the domain of computer graphics that places specific needs on the denseness at which brdfs need to be stored. ian ashdown has obtained good results in luminaire research by using brdfs and luminaire photometry data sampled on rather sparse grids [ ashdown 92 ]. a common tactic in graphics is to fit measured brdfs to analytic models. these models typically have a very small number of free parameters, and so the fit can cope rather easily with noise and missing data. in addition, since only these best - fit parameters need to be known to reconstruct a brdf, storage is very efficient. nevertheless, using these theoretical models is problematic because of computational complexity and the comparative lack of flexibility. because of their complexity, theoretical models of brdfs tend to be inefficient to compute. for example, evaluating he ' s model requires computing many terms of a slowly - converging series [ he 92 ]. since during rendering this must be done for a large number of incoming and reflected directions, the evaluation of the brdf can significantly slow down rendering time. a more serious drawback to using theoretical models is their lack of flexibility. each model, to be mathematically feasible, must make certain restrictive assumptions on the class of surfaces it can model. one consequence of this has been the emergence of a large class of ad - hoc empirical models. for example, [ ward 92 ] presents an \" elliptical gaussian \" model that is capable of modeling certain kinds of anisotropy, such as that associated with brushed metals. it is a simple modification to a rough - surface model, with two roughness parameters ( in each of two mutually perpendicular directions ) instead of one. ad - hoc brdf models have been used for a long time, and each domain has its favorites. one of the first such models was the minnaert brdf [ minnaert 41 ], developed to characterize the reflectance of the moon : as can be seen, it is a diffuse ( lambertian ) brdf with extra lightening towards the horizons, controlled by the \" limb darkening parameter \" k. models like these are often useful, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5440982979779441, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.181746"} {"text": "characterize the reflectance of the moon : as can be seen, it is a diffuse ( lambertian ) brdf with extra lightening towards the horizons, controlled by the \" limb darkening parameter \" k. models like these are often useful, but they cannot be seen as a good general solution in the domain of photorealistic rendering. aside from issues of physical correctness, these models are applicable for only narrow classes of surfaces. therefore, human intervention is required to find a model most nearly applicable for a given surface, and even then there is no guarantee that such a model exists. it is necessary, therefore, to find a framework for representing arbitrary brdfs, without the waste associated with storing point samples. four techniques popular in recent years use splines, spherical harmonics, wavelets, and polynomials on a disk, respectively. one simple extension of interpolating raw data samples is to use spline patches to represent the brdf. in this way, a much sparser grid can be used, and the resulting brdf is smoother. in addition, noisy and missing data are not as problematic, since they are handled by the spline fitting algorithm. a further advantage is that the splines are relatively easy to compute. nevertheless, a spline representation of a complete brdf can still require a large amount of storage. [ he 92 ] presents an interesting hybrid representation based on their analytic model, by using a precomputed spline to simplify the computationally difficult parts of the equation. the authors report a large speedup without sacrificing accuracy. in addition, because the spline represents only a small component in the full equation, the storage costs are small. the major problem with spline representations is that they do not explicitly use the symmetry of most brdfs. that is, a complex, anisotropic brdf will probably require about the same storage as a simple, isotropic one. the only way to represent the symmetry is by combining the spline with an analytic model, thus greatly restricting the kinds of brdfs that are representable. there is no smooth, graceful degradation in the storage costs associated with increasingly complex brdfs. a currently very common method of storing brdfs is by projecting them onto spherical harmonics. these are the spherical analogues of sines and cosines, in that they form a smooth orthonormal basis for functions on the sphere, and are localized in the frequency domain. these properties are useful, since it is easy to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5603006002650258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.183131"} {"text": "these are the spherical analogues of sines and cosines, in that they form a smooth orthonormal basis for functions on the sphere, and are localized in the frequency domain. these properties are useful, since it is easy to project a brdf onto the basis of spherical harmonics, and since smooth, simple brdfs will have fewer nonzero ( or at least nonnegligible ) coefficients than complex ones. the most complete treatment to date of using spherical harmonics to represent brdfs is [ westin 92 ]. it turns out that a naive implementation of brdf representation in terms of spherical harmonics has several problems. first, since the brdf is defined on the product of two hemispheres, rather than two spheres, there is the question of how to fill in the missing hemispheres of data. next, truncation of high - frequency coefficients is likely to cause \" ringing \", because of the sharp edges in frequency space. finally, even moderately complex brdfs require large numbers of spherical harmonic basis functions to be represented correctly. [ westin 92 ] uses a number of mathematical tricks to overcome some of these limitations. first, the authors choose to fill the \" missing \" hemispheres with copies of available data, rather than with zeroes. this has the effect of introducing a symmetry into the function, which causes the coefficients of all odd harmonics to be zero. next, instead of representing just the brdf, the function they actually store is this enforces continuity at the \" equators \" of the spheres, and helps to reduce ringing. they also artificially dampen certain high - frequency coefficients to soften the edges in frequency space, and reduce ringing even further. a final important feature used to simplify the brdf representation and increase its physical correctness is the fact that helmholtz reciprocity is enforced. this principle, arising from the physics of reflection, states that the brdf must remain the same if the angles of incidence and reflection are interchanged. therefore, the ( four - dimensional ) matrix of spherical harmonic coefficients must be symmetric under interchange of incoming and outgoing angles. this not only reduces the storage requirements of the matrix, but also enforces some basic constraints on physical correctness. the spherical harmonic representation is an attractive one for describing brdfs, because of the mathematical and conceptual simplicity of the model. nevertheless, even with westin ' s improvements, the number of coefficients required to represent even moderately complex brdfs is large. very specular surfaces", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6126276050473454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.184151"} {"text": "an attractive one for describing brdfs, because of the mathematical and conceptual simplicity of the model. nevertheless, even with westin ' s improvements, the number of coefficients required to represent even moderately complex brdfs is large. very specular surfaces can be expected to require impractically large numbers of coefficients to represent the sharp reflective peaks accurately. one may summarize the problems with the spherical harmonic representation by pointing out that though the basis functions are well - localized in the frequency domain, they are not at all localized in the spatial domain. therefore, sharp features in the brdfs will cause ringing in other areas unless a large number of coefficients is used. on the other hand, representations that are localized in space, such as splines, require many coefficients even when the surfaces are smooth. therefore, what is really necessary are functions localized in both the spatial and frequency domains. the research conducted into wavelets has shown that it is possible to find such functions, group them into orthonormal bases, and develop efficient algorithms for computing them. the particular implementation of wavelets we will consider is that of the \" second - generation \" wavelets of sweldens and schroder. by using what they refer to as a lifting scheme, they are able to construct wavelets on nearly arbitrary domains, without the mathematical difficulty and other limitations associated with classical \" first - generation \" wavelets. the resulting wavelets have compact support, smoothness ( decay towards high frequencies ), and vanishing moments ( decay towards low frequencies ). wavelet coefficients can be computed efficiently by means of a \" fast wavelet transform \". [ schroder 95 ] describes a basis of second - generation wavelets adapted for representing functions on a sphere. the functions are stored on a subdivided icosahedron, and several classes of wavelets suitable for that basis were found. the authors report good results in storing brdfs using these bases, even using relatively small numbers of coefficients. they also point out that this representation is particularly well - suited for hierarchical illumination algorithms, and multiresolution analysis. successive subdivisions of icosahedron according to the paper, the main cost associated with computing the wavelet representation is determining the optimum set of coefficients to keep. since this must be done once per brdf, however, this is not a major drawback. the computation required to compute the brdf for one particular pair of incoming and outgoing angles, which is the computation performed in most conventional renderers, is proportional to the depth to which the tree of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5746233752112858, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.185445"} {"text": ", however, this is not a major drawback. the computation required to compute the brdf for one particular pair of incoming and outgoing angles, which is the computation performed in most conventional renderers, is proportional to the depth to which the tree of coefficients must be expanded, which is approximately logarithmic in the number of coefficients. this compares favorably with the spherical harmonic representation, which requires computation time proportional to the number of coefficients. wavelet representations of one piece of a brdf images use 19, 73, and 203 nonzero coefficients, respectively the preceding two approaches have been sphere - based, in that they look at functions on a hemisphere as a special case of functions on a sphere. an alternative approach is to map the points on a hemisphere onto a disk. one recent paper explores this possibility, looking at representing brdfs in terms of an orthonormal basis of functions on the unit disk. [ koenderink 96 ] starts with the zernike polynomials, commonly used in physical optics. these functions are then projected onto a hemisphere using an equal - area mapping. the \" cross - product \" of these sets of functions is now suitable for representing functions defined on a pair of hemispheres. the authors the observe that the set of representable functions can be restricted to those satisfying reciprocity by forming a new basis from particular linear combinations of the original basis functions. thus, the paper develops a representation very similar to that used in [ westin 92 ], but optimized for the hemisphere rather than the sphere. unfortunately, the hemispherical basis shares many of the faults of the spherical harmonic basis. the basis functions are not spatially localized, and representations in terms of the basis are susceptible to ringing. in addition, evaluating the brdf at a particular incoming and outgoing angle requires computation time proportional to the number of nonzero coefficients. therefore, the storage and computation costs of using the zernike - based representation are likely to be considerable. creating a basis specialized to the hemisphere, though, is a good idea, and might be applicable to other methods, such as wavelets. we will now look at some areas for possible future research in brdf representation. in general, there is a need both for more efficient and computationally inexpensive brdf representations, and for extended ( especially spatially - varying ) brdfs. it is interesting to note that the most popular surface reflectance model currently in use is the phong model. the reason for this is simplicity - the phong model", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5964130672451824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.186504"} {"text": "coefficients. a final idea for improving brdf representation deals with color. most papers on representation pay little attention to color, assuming that whatever representation is chosen can simply be repeated three times for the red, green, and blue components. it might make more sense, though, to use an hsv basis to represent color. for many brdfs, the variation in one or more of these components will be minimal. for example, many plastics will exhibit variation only in saturation and value, while metals will vary only in value, except near grazing. switching to an hsv basis should require little change in the representation algorithms, except perhaps to deal with the wrap - around of the hue component. true photorealistic rendering will require that we re - introduce some of the dimensions we dropped from the brdf. for example, to obtain physically accurate results when there are multiple reflections in a scene, we need a better model of color, and some provisions for polarization. color should be fairly easy to improve, either by sampling the visible spectrum or by using some basis functions. polarization, however, is more difficult, since in the general case we need to account for linear, circular, elliptical, or random polarization, or combinations of all of these. a simple start might be to represent the brdfs for linearly polarized incident rays only, storing the values for polarization parallel and perpendicular to the plane of incidence. this will allow for the modeling of the most important polarization - related effect, namely the total linear polarization of light reflected at brewster ' s angle from a dielectric. the most important dimensions to be added, though, are the spatial ones. brdfs naturally vary with position on a surface, and it is important to model this variation. the problem is, of course, that adding these two additional dimensions will greatly increase the size of the data set. although it should be possible to represent entire six - dimensional spatially - varying brdfs directly, it is probably much more practical to use some approximate methods. for example, one can conceive of a surface representation that has a small set of basis brdfs, and a sampled or procedurally generated \" texture mask \" that modulates between them. this would be a natural extension of conventional texture maps and bumpmaps, and should be capable of accurately reproducing a large class of real - world materials. it might also be interesting to incorporate brdfs into texture synthesis algorithms, such as those presented in [ heeger 95 ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5865198343866345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.188814"} {"text": "maps and bumpmaps, and should be capable of accurately reproducing a large class of real - world materials. it might also be interesting to incorporate brdfs into texture synthesis algorithms, such as those presented in [ heeger 95 ] and [ lewis 89 ]. one motivating example of a situation where this might be useful is the speckle associated with materials such as sandstone. the brdf in this situation has sharp specular peaks that vary randomly in orientation throughout the surface. other examples include coarsely - brushed finishes on metals, or cloth. many representations for brdfs have been proposed in the computer graphics literature. of those considered here, the one based on wavelets seems to be the most space efficient and quickest to compute. more work is needed to make the method more stable and free of artifacts, possibly by making use of more symmetries and constraints. the most important area for future research, however, is in efficiently extending brdf representation to accomodate spatial | [ arnold 89 ] | | arnold, c. b. and beard, j. l. \" an erim perspective on brdf measurement technology \", spie vol. 1165 scatter from optical components, 1989. | | [ ashdown 92 ] | | ashdown, i. \" near - field photometry : a new approach \", 1992. | | [ he 91 ] | | he, x., torrance, k., sillon, f., and greenberg, d. \" a comprehensive physical model for light reflection \", siggraph 1991. | | [ he 92 ] | | he, x., heynen, p., phillips, r., torrance, k., salesin, d., and greenberg, d. \" a fast and accurate light reflection model \", siggraph 1992. | | [ heeger 95 ] | | heeger, d. and bergen, j. \" pyramid - based texture analysis / synthesis \", siggraph 1995. | | [ koenderink 96 ] | | koenderink, j. j., van doorn, a. j., and stavridi, m. \" bidirectional reflection distribution function expressed in terms of surface scattering modes \", eccv 1996. | | [ leonard 93 ] | | leonard, t. a. and rudolph, p. \" brdf round robin test of astm e1392 \", spie vol. 1995 optical scattering", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5690813166576039, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.189679"} {"text": "background : the heartless president of the fictional nation of panem uses the annual \u201c hunger games \u201d raise up victorious human \u201c idols \u201d that would unify the masses and distract its hungry slaves. according to his rules, twenty - four youths are chosen by lottery to kill each other until only one is left. and while they fight for their lives, the eyes of every household across the land are glued to the televised killing fields. that \u2019 s the law! george orwell \u2019 s 1984 : \u201c behind winston \u2019 s back the voice from the telescreen was still babbling away \u2026. the telescreen received and transmitted simultaneously. \u2026 you had to live \u2026 in the assumption that every sound you made was overheard. \u201d the hunger games are far more than a fictional fantasy. they serve as warnings that illustrate the corruption of our human nature and the duplicity of today \u2019 s trusted leaders. in the first book, the deadly games ended with two winners instead of one : katniss and peeta. they had disobeyed the rules ; each refused to kill the other. the masses loved it, but president snow was furious. instead of building solidarity, the games had fueled a growing rebellion against the wealthy and well - armed capitol, the control center of panem. in the third book, the seventeen - year - old katniss becomes the symbol of the rising rebellion. dressed in her triumphant mockingjay uniform, she is televised and celebrated across the country by rebel leaders. in the end, the rebels win. but it \u2019 s a sad victory! coin, the female rebel leader proves to be more corrupt than snow, her predecessor. and when she gains control of the nation, katniss is no longer wanted and kept out of sight. human history is full of such outcomes. the soviet union is a good example. most of lenin \u2019 s revolutionaries were eventually killed by stalin, who tolerated no competition. in england, where elite financiers funded the bolshevik revolution, only a few voices dared speak up in alarm. george orwell may have been one of the most effective critics of soviet communism and its british supporters. aldous huxley was more subtle. the powerful huxley family had long been steeped in the socialist vision of a totalitarian world government, and his brother julian became the first head of the united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization ( unesco ). remember, alger hiss, the communist who advised president roosevelt to cede eastern europe to stalin ( yalta, february 4 - 11,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4696483166462635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.204675"} {"text": "and his brother julian became the first head of the united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization ( unesco ). remember, alger hiss, the communist who advised president roosevelt to cede eastern europe to stalin ( yalta, february 4 - 11, 1945 ). some months later he presided over the first gathering of the united nations in san francisco. neil postman, who wrote \u201c amusing ourselves to death \u201d, understood their goals and strategies well. to illustrate brainwashing, he drew an interesting contrast between huxley \u2019 s brave new world and orwell \u2019 s 1984 : \u201c orwell feared that the truth would be concealed from us. huxley feared the truth would be drowned in a sea of irrelevance. orwell feared we would become a captive culture. huxley feared we would become a trivial culture, preoccupied with some equivalent of the feelies \u2026. [ in 1984 ] people are controlled by inflicting pain. in brave new world, they are controlled by inflicting pleasure. in short, orwell feared that what we hate will ruin us. huxley feared that what we love will ruin us. \u201d postman \u2019 s insights fit our times. today \u2019 s spiritual war against god, his people and their freedom is being waged on both fronts. the oppressive assaults on liberty, privacy and traditional values fit orwell \u2019 s vision. the flood of images and suggestions that distort beliefs, twist values and trivialize christianity, fit huxley \u2019 s vision. yet, while orwellian oppression intimidates the masses into silence and conformity, its terror also awakens faith and stirs resistance. in contrast, huxley \u2019 s \u201c feelies \u201d simply dull our thinking and distract our attention until myth and trivia become the norm, while biblical conviction becomes an intolerable expression of deviance and extremism. the discarded mockingjay and her sad reflections badly burned in a fiery explosion that killed her sister, katniss tries to understand what happened. the final battles between the rebel forces and the capitol have blurred together in her tormented mind. who did what? why? nothing made sense! she agonizes over the lies and deceptions \u2014 especially the unconscionable killing of countless innocent children : \u201c that a capitol hovercraft manned by rebels bombed the children to bring a speedy end to the war. but if this was the case, why didn \u2019 t the capitol fire on the enemy? children are precious to 13, or so it has always seemed. well", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48911472941566236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.205737"} {"text": "\u2019 m sure i \u2019 m being watched round the clock. for all i know, i \u2019 m on live television at this very moment \u2026. the surveillance makes almost any suicide attempt impossible \u2026. \u201c what if they \u2019 re not going to kill me? what if they have more plans for me? a new way to remake, train, and use me? \u2026 \u201c snow thought the hunger games were an efficient means of control. coin thought the parachutes [ the explosives that killed the children ] would expedite the war. but in the end, who does it benefit? no one. \u201d [ p. 375 - 377 ] a short trial is held, and katniss is released to go \u201c home. \u201d a plane brings her back to district 12, then she travels by cart through her devastated home region : \u201c as i near the ruins of my old house, the road becomes thick with carts. the meadow \u2019 s gone, or at least dramatically altered. a deep pit has been dug, and they \u2019 re lining it with bones, a mass grave for my people \u2026 \u201c we learn to keep busy again \u2026. a few hundred others return because, whatever has happened, this is our home. with the mines closed, they plow the ash into the earth and plant food. machines from the capitol break ground for a new factory where we will make medicines \u2026. \u201d [ p. 385 - 388 ] war is horrible! but that fact is easily forgotten by those who have spent their lives in the safety of america. in contrast, eastern europeans who suffered through the consecutive reigns of hitler and stalin may never forget! ( see the bombing of dresden and soviet depravity ) but there is still hope! how dark and deceptive the world is without god! the people of panem think and act like hopeless people today. those who dare take a stand against evil may win for a season. but freedom without genuine faith never lasts long. today \u2019 s battles against biblical christianity illustrate the problem. and the natural result is cultural corruption and crumbling liberty. if only our leaders would follow these guidelines : \u201c jesus said \u2026 \u2018 if you abide in my word, you are my disciples indeed. and you shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free. \u2019 \u201d john 8 : 31 the world \u2019 s pagan cultures have always included some kind of occult or unbiblical worship, but so has western culture. the historical list of idols is endless : the sun, moon, trees, rocks, fictional gods,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4899458439483023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.208086"} {"text": "john 8 : 31 the world \u2019 s pagan cultures have always included some kind of occult or unbiblical worship, but so has western culture. the historical list of idols is endless : the sun, moon, trees, rocks, fictional gods, politicians, kings, talented singers, beautiful entertainers, military leaders \u2026 or simply oneself. [ twist of faith, chpt. 7 ] today \u2019 s blend of human imagination and digital communication is fast multiplying that list. do you wonder how many hours a week the average teen spends with his mind immersed in digital fantasy worlds featuring man - made idols that can be manipulated? how prepared will he or she be to handle the challenges ahead? alger hiss co - authored of the un charter. the blueprint for america \u2019 s replacement was written over sixty years ago, but few ordinary americans saw the danger. after all, our media and entertainment industries are masters at distracting the masses and creating feel - good fantasy versions of a brave new world or the more orwellian hunger games. huxley and orwell illustrate two different kinds of seduction and tyranny. a seducer will blind and deceive us, while the tyrant may control our bodies but not our minds. orwell \u2019 s totalitarianism may seem more deadly, but huxley \u2019 s \u201c feelies \u201d and trivia is a far greater threat to clear thinking, moral values, biblical faith and the strength of our nation. in other words, what huxley described in brave new world laid the foundation for today \u2019 s amoral choices, sensual seductions, occult deceptions and rising orwellian tyranny. the pattern \u2014 not the details \u2013 of israel \u2019 s ancient history ( on the right ) will continue until the wonderful moment when our lord returns. \u201c therefore we do not lose heart. even though our outward man is perishing, yet the inward man is being renewed day by day. for our light affliction, which is but for a moment, is working for us a far more exceeding and eternal weight of glory \u2026 \u201d 2 corinthians 4 : 16 - 18 \u201c for the lord himself will descend from heaven \u2026. and the dead in christ will rise first. then we who are alive and remain shall be caught up together with them in the clouds to meet the lord in the air. and thus we shall always be with the lord. \u201d 1 thessalonians 4 : 16 - 17 1. george orwell, 1984 [ also titled nineteen eighty - four ], published in 1949", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5006007389995925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.209086"} {"text": "variation is a term used in genetic science, and concerns the emergence of different varieties, or species. this genetic phenomenon causes individuals or groups within a given species to possess different features from others. for example, all human beings on earth possess essentially the same genetic information. but thanks to the variation potential permitted by that genetic information, some people have round eyes, or red hair, or a long nose, or are short and stocky in stature. darwinists, however, seek to portray variation within a species as evidence for evolution. the fact is, however, that variations constitute no such thing, because variation consists of the emergence of different combinations of genetic information that already exists, and cannot endow individuals with any new genetic information or characteristics. variation is always restricted by existing genetic information. these boundaries are known as the gene pool in genetic science. ( see the gene pool. ) darwin, however, thought that variation had no limits when he proposed his theory267, and he depicted various examples of variation as the most important evidence for evolution in his book the origin of species. all human beings on earth share basically the same genetic information, but thanks to the variation potential permitted by this genetic information, they often look very different from one another. according to darwin, for example, farmers mating different variations of cow in order to obtain breeds with better yields of milk would eventually turn cows into another species altogether. darwin \u2019 s idea of limitless change stemmed from the primitive level of science in his day. as a result of similar experiments on living things in the 20th century, however, science revealed a principle known as genetic homeostasis. this principle revealed that all attempts to change a living species by means of interbreeding ( forming different variations ) were in vain, and that between species, there were unbreachable walls. in other words, it was absolutely impossible for cattle to evolve into another species as the result of farmers mating different breeds to produce different variations, as darwin had claimed would happen. luther burbank, one of the world \u2019 s foremost authorities on the subject of genetic hybrids, expresses a similar truth : \u201c there are limits to the development possible, and these limits follow a law. \u201d 268 thousands of years of collective experience have shown that the amount of biological change obtained using cross - breeding is always limited, and that there is a limit to the variations that any one species can undergo. indeed, in the introduction to their book natural limits to biological change professor of biology lane p. lester and the molecular biologist raymond g. bohli", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6230782996656162, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.219329"} {"text": "breeding is always limited, and that there is a limit to the variations that any one species can undergo. indeed, in the introduction to their book natural limits to biological change professor of biology lane p. lester and the molecular biologist raymond g. bohlin wrote : that populations of living organisms may change in their anatomy, physiology, genetic structure, etc., over a period of time is beyond question. what remains elusive is the answer to the question, how much change is possible, and by what genetic mechanism will these changes take place? plant and animal breeders can marshal an impressive array of examples to demonstrate the extent to which living systems can be altered. but when a breeder begins with a dog, he ends up with a dog \u2014 a rather strange looking one, perhaps, but a dog nonetheless. a fruit fly remains a fruit fly ; a rose, a rose, and so on. 269 variations and their various changes are restricted inside the bounds of a species \u2019 genetic information, and they can never add new genetic information to species. for that reason, no variation can be regarded as an example of evolution. the danish scientist w. l. johannsen summarizes the situation : the variations upon which darwin and wallace placed their emphasis cannot be selectively pushed beyond a certain point, that such variability does not contain the secret of \u201c indefinite departure. \u201d 270 the fact that there are different human races in the world or the differences between parents and children can be explained in terms of variation. yet there is no question of any new component being added to their gene pool. for example, no matter how much you seek to enrich their species, cats will always remain cats, and will never evolve into any other mammal. it is impossible for the sophisticated sonar system in a marine mammal to emerge through recombination. ( see recombination. ) variation may account for the differences between human races, but it can never provide any basis for the claim that apes developed into human beings. vestigial organs thesis one claim that long occupied a place in the literature of evolution but was quietly abandoned once it was realized to be false is the concept of vestigial organs. some evolutionists, however, still imagine that such organs represent major evidence for evolution and seek to portray them as such. a century or so ago, the claim was put forward that some living things had organs that were inherited from their ancestors, but which had gradually become smaller and even functionless from lack of use. the tonsils, which evolutionists long sought to define as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5477880920685521, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.220528"} {"text": "century or so ago, the claim was put forward that some living things had organs that were inherited from their ancestors, but which had gradually become smaller and even functionless from lack of use. the tonsils, which evolutionists long sought to define as vestigial organs, have been found to play an important role in protecting against throat in fections, particularly up until adulthood. those organs were in fact ones whose functions had not yet been identified. and so, the long list of organs believed by evolutionists to be vestigial grew ever shorter. the list of originally proposed by the german anatomist r. wiedersheim in 1895 contain approximately 100 organs, including the human appendix and the coccyx. but the appendix was eventually realized to be a part of the lymph system that combats microbes entering the body, as was stated in one medical reference source in 1997 : other bodily organs and tissues \u2014 - the thymus, liver, spleen, appendix, bone marrow, and small collections of lymphatic tissue such as the tonsils in the throat and peyer \u2019 s patch in the small intestine \u2014 are also part of the lymphatic system. they too help the body fight infection. 271 the tonsils, which also appeared on that same list of vestigial organs, were likewise discovered to play an important role against infections, especially up until adulthood. ( like the appendix, tonsils sometimes become infected by the very bacteria they seek to combat, and so must be surgically removed. ) the coccyx, the end of the backbone, was seen to provide support for the bones around the pelvic bone and to be a point of fixation for certain small muscles. in the years that followed, other organs regarded as vestigial were shown to serve specific purposes : the thymus gland activates the body \u2019 s defense system by setting the t cells into action. the pineal gland is responsible for the production of important hormones. the thyroid establishes balanced growth in babies and children. the pituitary ensures that various hormone glands are functioning correctly. today, many evolutionists accept that the myth of vestigial organs stemmed from sheer ignorance. the evolutionist biologist s. r. scadding expresses this in an article published in the magazine evolutionary theory : since it is not possible to unambiguously identify useless structures, and since the structure of the argument used is not scientifically valid, i conclude that \u2018 vestigial organs \u2019 provide no special evidence for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.491980704611635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.221715"} {"text": "published in the magazine evolutionary theory : since it is not possible to unambiguously identify useless structures, and since the structure of the argument used is not scientifically valid, i conclude that \u2018 vestigial organs \u2019 provide no special evidence for the theory of evolution. 272 evolutionists also make a significant logical error in their claim that vestigial organs in living things are a legacy from their ancestors : some organs referred to as \u201c vestigial \u201d are not present in the species claimed to be the forerunners of man. for example, some apes have no appendix. the zoologist professor hannington enoch, an opponent of the vestigial organ thesis, sets out this error of logic : apes possess an appendix, whereas their less immediate relatives, the lower apes, do not ; but it appears again among the still lower mammals such as the opossum. how can the evolutionists account for this? 273 the scenario of vestigial organs put forward by evolutionists contains its own internal inconsistencies, besides being scientifically erroneous. we humans have no vestigial organs inherited from our supposed ancestors, because humans did not evolve randomly from other living things, but were fully and perfectly created in the form we have today. it has now been realized that the appendix ( below ), which evolutionist biologists imagined to be vestigial, plays an important role in the body ' s immune system. the lowest bone in the spinal column, known as the coccyx, is al so not vestigial, but a point for muscles to at tach to.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5121073566167081, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.222429"} {"text": "may 23, 2013, iron in diet news & features for about a decade, a project called harvestplus has been promoting an idea for fighting malnutrition in the third world : develop crops with higher levels of vitamins and minerals. now harvestplus will get a chance to put its plan into action. it received a $ 25 million grant last week from the bill and melinda gates foundation giving it the money to jump - start its effort. the approach represents ' ' a new paradigm of agriculture as an instrument for public health, ' ' said joachim voss, director general of the international center for tropical agriculture in colombia, an organization involved in the harvestplus program. the first goal will be to increase levels of iron, zinc and vitamin a in third world staple crops like rice, wheat, cassava and beans. surviving the heat think it ' s hot, eh? had enough of 90 - degree days? tired of coming back from lunch to have a colleague ask if you have been splashing around in a fountain, when it ' s just sweat that ' s soaking through your shirt? sorry, but you don ' t know hot. a new study has found the first physical clue to the cause of restless leg syndrome, a condition that disturbs the sleep of millions of americans. the syndrome, which causes sufferers to move their legs frequently to avoid unpleasant sensations like tingling and throbbing, particularly at night, has sometimes been considered psychological. pregnancy and childbirth are rife with hazards. those factors under personal control - - like weight issues and poor nutrition, overwork or lack of fitness - - should not become additional burdens. unfortunately, for many millions of women of childbearing age, one or more of these problems compromise their chances of having a healthy, full - term pregnancy and increase the health risks to both mothers and their babies. with growing concerns about the adequacy of the nation ' s blood supply, blood bank officials may welcome a new study suggesting that people with an uncommon blood disease can make suitable donors. the study, published last week in the journal of the american medical association, looked at people with hemochromatosis, a genetic disorder in which they retain too much iron in their blood. the overabundance of iron can lead to organ damage. ace inhibitors are among the most widely used drugs used to treat heart disease and high blood pressure. but despite their proven benefits, many patients find they cannot take them because they bring on a persistent dry cough. now researchers believe that iron supplements may be the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4770560578429993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.237356"} {"text": "ace inhibitors are among the most widely used drugs used to treat heart disease and high blood pressure. but despite their proven benefits, many patients find they cannot take them because they bring on a persistent dry cough. now researchers believe that iron supplements may be the remedy. writing in the current issue of hypertension : journal of the american heart association, scientists say it appears that small amounts of iron can suppress the cough. pitter - patter geckos have admirable stick - to - itiveness, as anyone who has watched one of the lizards scamper across a ceiling can attest. but just how they are able to adhere to surfaces has never been completely understood. now, scientists at berkeley, stanford and lewis and clark college have gone a long way toward solving the riddle. geckos don ' t use suction, or friction or some kind of gluelike secretion. instead, they appear to rely on the weak molecular interactions known as van der waals forces for their staying power. from fries to fuel diesel engines are hardly picky eaters. in addition to petroleum - based fuel, they will run, relatively cleanly, on just about any kind of vegetable oil. but a driver can ' t simply pour a bottle of mazola into the tank. a bit of chemistry has to take place first. and there, alas, is the rub. converting vegetable oil into diesel fuel takes time, can be done only in batches and creates a waste water problem. the late dr. benjamin spock, arguably the most influential pediatrician of all time, has left children and their parents with a surprising and rather demanding legacy : advice that they stick to a vegetarian diet devoid of all dairy products after the age of 2. in the seventh edition of his world - famous book, ' ' baby and child care, ' ' issued last month by pocket books just weeks after his death at age 94, dr. spock recommends an approach to childhood nutrition that many experts, including his co - author, dr. steven j. parker, consider too extreme and likely to result in nutritional deficiencies unless it is very carefully planned and executed. generations of americans have been exhorted to eat spinach or liver for the iron that supposedly made popeye ' s muscles bulge or to take iron - rich tonics like geritol to revive their ' ' tired blood. ' ' but while some iron in the diet is critical for health and life itself, the overconsumption or overabsorption of this well -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44785126754607896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.238531"} {"text": "to take iron - rich tonics like geritol to revive their ' ' tired blood. ' ' but while some iron in the diet is critical for health and life itself, the overconsumption or overabsorption of this well - known mineral is now under intense scrutiny as a possible cause or contributor to killer ailments like heart disease and cancer as well as serious infections. the story of iron is a classic illustration of ' ' just because a little is good does not mean more is better. ' ' iron is essential to the formation of the oxygen - carrying pigments : hemoglobin in the blood and myoglobin in the muscles. but people should not take iron supplements or stuff themselves with iron - rich foods unless medical tests have demonstrated an iron deficiency, those who study iron overload warn. some researchers are also concerned about the widespread use of vitamin c supplements, which can enhance the absorption of dietary iron when both are present in the gut at the same time. and questions have been raised about the wisdom of fortifying cereals and bread with iron in a country like the united states where a lot of iron - rich meat is consumed by most people. the idea is to fertilize the sea with iron, creating such a bloom of sea plants that they gulp down tons of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and curb the buildup of this climate - warming gas. long derided as foolish and politically dangerous, the idea has now been put to the test after years of foot dragging and has given strikingly good results, stirring hot debate over whether ecological tinkering might help save the planet from climatic disaster. an international group of researchers is working to develop nutrient - enriched varieties of rice, corn and other common food crops to help prevent malnutrition, disease and death in millions of the world ' s poorest people. wheat varieties that are twice as adept as commonly grown strains at extracting zinc and iron from the soil and packing the minerals into seeds have already been developed by robin graham, a plant scientist at the university of adelaide ' s waite agricultural research institute in australia. twenty years ago, nutritionists routinely predicted dire consequences for people who did not eat meat. today it ' s difficult to find a nutritionist who will not, at least grudgingly, admit that a vegetarian diet, especially a lacto - ovo one, which includes milk and eggs, can even be perfectly adequate for proper growth. and there are those who will tell you that vegetarians are likely to have a better", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44969706814887944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.239720"} {"text": "but while many pediatric experts say that cow ' s milk should not be given to infants, they strongly disagree with some of the committee ' s recommendations. iron has long been considered safe and a promoter of good health. but a new study from finland raises the possibility that high levels of iron may increase the risk of heart attacks. the study of more than 1, 900 men from 42 to 60 years old found that the risk of heart attacks was greater among men with high levels of iron than those with lower amounts. surprising new findings from a large study in finland show that high levels of iron are a strong risk factor for heart attacks. the study, which is being reported today in a leading scientific journal, provides the first empirical evidence for a theory advanced 11 years ago that high amounts of iron promote heart attacks and low levels protect against them. the young children of employed women fare as well nutritionally as the children of full - time homemakers, a new study has found. but the bad news is that many children in both groups eat too much fat and too little calcium, iron, zinc and vitamin e. iron supplements, which some children mistake for candy, are the biggest cause of accidental poisoning deaths of children under 6 years old, a new study reports. the study, which looked at poisoning deaths over an eight - year period, also found pesticides, kerosene and lighter fluid to be leading killers of small children. fifteen years ago reducing regimes like the grapefruit diet, the stillman diet, and \" five pounds in five days of chicken \" were detailed in the pages of women ' s magazines, promising a quick fix for everything from thunder thighs to those embarrassingly protruding tummies. today, such high - protein diets - - grapefruit and beef, or hard - boiled eggs and beef, or chicken - - have been shunted from the quick - weight - loss spotlight and back to the wings where starchy foods and the occasional dessert once lurked. while nutritionists say that most americans consume nearly twice as much animal protein as necessary, they warn that protein deficiency can lead to anemia in women of child - bearing age and to growth deficiency in young children. lead : ten years ago almost every cookbook remotely connected with nutrition was for a reducing diet. today, the nutrition - related cookbooks are more concerned with overall health than with weight reduction. lead : could it be that such fashionable ingredients as broccoli di rape, chilies, morels, carambola, passion fruit and cherimoyas add not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46132792307628717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.241940"} {"text": "nutrition - related cookbooks are more concerned with overall health than with weight reduction. lead : could it be that such fashionable ingredients as broccoli di rape, chilies, morels, carambola, passion fruit and cherimoyas add not only variety to the modern diet but also a generous dose of good health? lead : can infants grow and develop normally on a diet devoid of all animal products except mother ' s milk? can teen - agers and young adults mature properly and meet the physical, intellectual and emotional demands of their lives if they eat no meat, chicken or fish? can you tell if your children are getting enough of the needed nutrients from a vegetarian diet, and what the risks are if they don ' t? most popular - health - well : can statins cut the benefits of exercise? - well : what ' s in your green tea? - well : the scientific 7 - minute workout - well : no easy choices on breast reconstruction - \u2018 semi - invisible \u2019 sources of strength - well : a benefit of aging : flu protection - well : punched and poked by their pride and joy - well : many fronts in fighting obesity - recipes for health : bulking up smoothies with chia seeds - the new old age : dnr by another name", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47489930477227715, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.242517"} {"text": "figuring out the right amount, and types, of fish to eat during pregnancy can feel like yet another tricky decision meant to test a conscientious mom - to - be. much ado has been made of the omega - 3 fatty acids in fish that appear to promote healthy development of the fetal brain. research that gets a lot of attention in certain corners of the web suggests that kids born to mothers who had more fish - derived omega - 3s during pregnancy fare better than the kids whose moms didn ' t. the reported benefits associated with omega - 3s include fewer behavior problems, better verbal skills, and even higher iqs. so it ' s hardly a shock that the meticulous mommy set has taken an interest in seafood. at the same time, many expectant mothers are perplexed by the toxins conundrum. mercury, which can harm the fetus ' s developing nervous system, is found in at least trace amounts in nearly all seafood and at far greater levels in certain fish. so which fish should a pregnant woman eat? u. s. news discussed the dilemma with two experts : gideon koren, physician in the department of clinical pharmacology and toxicology and director of the motherisk program ( dedicated to counseling pregnant women about risks related to drugs, chemicals, disease, nutrition, and environmental agents ) at the hospital for sick children in toronto ; and emily oken, a physician and assistant professor in the department of ambulatory care and prevention at harvard medical school who has researched the risks and benefits of fish consumption during pregnancy and its effects on child development. here ' s what we learned : pick the right fish. not all are the same. big fish that are high on the food chain tend to have greater mercury levels than smaller fish, so size does matter. and not all seafood is equally plentiful in the coveted omega - 3s. for example, shrimp and pollack are low in mercury but don ' t offer a lot of omega - 3 compared with other seafood, says oken. other fish are high in both omega - 3s and mercury. generally speaking, salmon ( whether wild or farm raised ) tends to be low in mercury and rich in omega - 3s, as do herring, trout, and sardines. canned tuna, oken notes, usually has moderate levels of mercury. the fish found to have the highest mercury levels, says koren, are fresh or frozen tuna, shark, swordfish, escolar, marlin, and orange rough", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43126125667160775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.250779"} {"text": ". canned tuna, oken notes, usually has moderate levels of mercury. the fish found to have the highest mercury levels, says koren, are fresh or frozen tuna, shark, swordfish, escolar, marlin, and orange roughy. pregnant women are advised to limit these to twice per month, he says. the food and drug administration and the environmental protection agency also warn against king mackerel and tilefish. balancing omega - 3s and mercury is complicated. the fda and the epa recommend that pregnant women eat up to 12 ounces, or about two servings, of low - mercury fish and shellfish per week. following that recommendation can be a good way to get omega - 3s without getting too much mercury \u2014 but it ' s no guarantee. on some measures of behavior and brain development, oken says, the children of \" women who have two to three servings of supermarket fish [ per week ] tend to do better \" than those who eat less fish. but limiting fish intake by number of servings is a crude way to restrict mercury intake, oken says, because most people aren ' t aware of which types of fish are high in mercury. \" even different types of fish caught in the same lake can have different levels of mercury, \" says koren. if you eat locally caught fish, you may need to inquire with the health department to determine the levels of mercury in a given type of fish or shellfish and to learn about special seafood advisories the department may have issued. in fish and fish oil supplements, dha and epa are, generally speaking, the types of omega - 3s thought to yield the greatest benefits, and protection of cardiovascular health is the most thoroughly researched of their benefits. in fetal brain development, though, most research points to dha as the prime actor. epa, however, may offer fetuses other benefits, such as protection against asthma, says oken. nevertheless, experts caution that the research supporting the recommended level of fish consumption is not definitive. \" at the present time, \" koren says, \" the hard evidence that we demand \u2014 to say what to do \u2014 is not there. \" he notes that a randomized study designed to confirm a link between maternal omega - 3 intake and higher offspring iq found no significant effect.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4360811988974116, "token_count": 470, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.251848"} {"text": "chicago ( reuters ) - a baby girl in mississippi who was born with hiv has been cured after very early treatment with standard hiv drugs, u. s. researchers reported on sunday, in a potentially ground - breaking case that could offer insights on how to eradicate hiv infection in its youngest victims. the child ' s story is the first account of an infant achieving a so - called functional cure, a rare event in which a person achieves remission without the need for drugs and standard blood tests show no signs that the virus is making copies of itself. more testing needs to be done to see if the treatment would have the same effect on other children, but the results could change the way high - risk babies are treated and possibly lead to a cure for children with hiv, the virus that causes aids. \" this is a proof of concept that hiv can be potentially curable in infants, \" said dr. deborah persaud, a virologist at johns hopkins university in baltimore, who presented the findings at the conference on retroviruses and opportunistic infections in atlanta. the child ' s story is different from the now famous case of timothy ray brown, the so - called \" berlin patient, \" whose hiv infection was completely eradicated through an elaborate treatment for leukemia in 2007 that involved the destruction of his immune system and a stem cell transplant from a donor with a rare genetic mutation that resists hiv infection. \" we believe this is our timothy brown case to spur research interest toward a cure for hiv infection in children, \" persaud said at a news conference. instead of brown ' s costly treatment, however, the case of the mississippi baby, who was not identified, involved the use of a cocktail of widely available drugs already used to treat hiv infection in infants. when the baby girl was born in a rural hospital in july 2010, her mother had just tested positive for hiv infection. because her mother had not received any prenatal hiv treatment, doctors knew the child was at high risk of infection. they transferred her to the university of mississippi medical center in jackson, where she came under the care of dr. hannah gay, a pediatric hiv specialist. because of her risk, dr. gay put the infant on a cocktail of three hiv - fighting drugs - zidovudine ( also known as azt ), lamivudine, and nevirapine - when she was just 30 hours old. two blood tests done within the first 48 hours of the child ' s life confirmed her infection and she was kept on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4349608270310741, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.258046"} {"text": "( also known as azt ), lamivudine, and nevirapine - when she was just 30 hours old. two blood tests done within the first 48 hours of the child ' s life confirmed her infection and she was kept on the full treatment regimen, persaud told reporters at the conference. in more typical pregnancies, when an hiv - infected mother has been given drugs to reduce the risk of transmission to her child, the baby would only have been given a single drug, nevirapine. researchers believe use of the more aggressive antiretroviral treatment when the child was just days old likely resulted in her cure by keeping the virus from forming hard - to - treat pools of cells known as viral reservoirs, which lie dormant and out of the reach of standard medications. these reservoirs rekindle hiv infection in patients who stop therapy, and they are the reason most hiv - infected individuals need lifelong treatment to keep the infection at bay. after starting on treatment, the baby ' s immune system responded and tests showed diminishing levels of the virus until it was undetectable 29 days after birth. the baby received regular treatment for 18 months, but then stopped coming to appointments for a period of about 10 months, when her mother said she was not given any treatment. the doctors did not say why the mother stopped coming. when the child came back under the care of dr. gay, she ordered standard blood tests to see how the child was faring before resuming antiviral therapy. what she found was surprising. the first blood test did not turn up any detectible levels of hiv. neither did the second. and tests for hiv - specific antibodies, the standard clinical indicator of hiv infection, also remained negative. \" at that point, i knew i was dealing with a very unusual case, \" dr. gay said. baffled, dr. gay turned to her friend and longtime colleague, dr. katherine luzuriaga of the university of massachusetts, and she and persaud did a series of sophisticated lab tests on the child ' s blood. the first looked for silent reservoirs of the virus where it remains dormant but can replicate if activated. that is detected in a type of immune cell known as a cd4 t - cell. after culturing the child ' s cells, they found no sign of the virus. then, the team looked for hiv dna, which indicates that the virus has integrated itself into the genetic material of the infected person. this test turned up such low levels that it was just above", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42681765281855033, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.259171"} {"text": "' s cells, they found no sign of the virus. then, the team looked for hiv dna, which indicates that the virus has integrated itself into the genetic material of the infected person. this test turned up such low levels that it was just above the limit of the test ' s ability to detect it. the third test looked for bits of genetic material known as viral rna. they only found a single copy of viral rna in one of the two tests they ran. because there is no detectible virus in the child ' s blood, the team has advised that she not be given antiretroviral therapy, whose goal is to block the virus from replicating in the blood. instead, she will be monitored closely. there are no samples that can be used by other researchers to confirm the findings, which may lead skeptics to challenge how the doctors know for sure that the child was infected. persaud said the team is trying to use the tiny scraps of viral genetic material they have been able to gather from the child to compare with the mother ' s infection, to confirm that the child ' s infection came from her mother. but, she stressed, the baby had tested positive in two separate blood tests, and there had been evidence of the virus replicating in her blood, which are standard methods of confirming hiv infection. dr. anthony fauci, director of the national institutes of allergy and infectious diseases, said although tools to prevent transmission of hiv to infants are available, many children are born infected. \" with this case, it appears we may have not only a positive outcome for the particular child, but also a promising lead for additional research toward curing other children, \" he said. dr. rowena johnston, vice president and director of research for amfar, the foundation for aids research, which helped fund the study, said the fact that the cure was achieved by antiretroviral therapy alone makes it \" imperative that we learn more about a newborn ' s immune system, how it differs from an adult ' s and what factors made it possible for the child to be cured. \" because the child ' s treatment was stopped, the doctors were able to determine that this child had been cured, raising questions about whether other children who received early treatment and have undetectable viral loads may also be cured without their doctors knowing it. but the doctors warned parents not to be tempted to take their children off treatment to see if the virus comes back. normally, when patients stop taking their medications, the virus comes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48394842569280655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.260393"} {"text": "scientists at the georgia institute of technology have attained very promising results on their initial investigations of a new test for ovarian cancer. using a new technique involving mass spectrometry of a single drop of blood serum, the test correctly identified women with ovarian cancer in 100 percent of the 94 patients tested. because of the extremely low prevalence of ovarian cancer in the general population (. 04 % ), extensive prospective testing will be required to evaluate the test \u2019 s potential utility in general screening applications. scientists at the georgia institute of technology have attained very promising results on their initial investigations of a new test for ovarian cancer. using a new technique involving mass spectrometry of a single drop of blood serum, the test correctly identified women with ovarian cancer in 100 percent of the 94 patients tested. the results can be found online in the journal cancer epidemiology, biomarkers, & prevention research. \u201c because ovarian cancer is a disease of relatively low prevalence, it \u2019 s essential that tests for it be extremely accurate. we believe we may have developed such a test, \u201d said john mcdonald, chief research scientist at the ovarian cancer institute ( atlanta ) and professor of biology at georgia tech. the measurement step in the test, developed by the research group of facundo fernandez, associate professor in the school of chemistry and biochemistry at tech, uses a single drop of blood serum, which is vaporized by hot helium plasma. as the molecules from the serum become electrically charged, a mass spectrometer is used to measure their relative abundance. the test looks at the small molecules involved in metabolism that are in the serum, known as metabolites. machine learning techniques developed by alex gray, assistant professor in the college of computing and the center for the study of systems biology, were then used to sort the sets of metabolites that were found in cancerous plasma from the ones found in healthy samples. then, mcdonald \u2019 s lab mapped the results between the metabolites found in both sets of tissue to discover the biological meaning of these metabolic changes. the assay did extremely well in initial tests involving 94 subjects. in addition to being able to generate results using only a drop of blood serum, the test proved to be 100 percent accurate in distinguishing sera from women with ovarian cancer from normal controls. in addition it registered neither a single false positive nor a false negative the group is currently in the midst of conducting the next set of assays, this time with 500 patients. \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.538226941602286, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.270834"} {"text": "in distinguishing sera from women with ovarian cancer from normal controls. in addition it registered neither a single false positive nor a false negative the group is currently in the midst of conducting the next set of assays, this time with 500 patients. \u201c the caveat is we don \u2019 t currently have 500 patients with the same type of ovarian cancer, so we \u2019 re going to look at other types of ovarian cancer, \u201d said fernandez. \u201c it \u2019 s possible that there are also signatures for other cancers, not just ovarian, so we \u2019 re also going to be using the same approach to look at other types of cancers. we \u2019 ll be working with collaborators in atlanta and elsewhere. \u201d in addition to having a relatively low prevalence, ovarian cancer is also asymptomatic in the early stages. therefore, if further testing confirms the ability to accurately detect ovarian cancer by analyzing metabolites in the serum of women, doctors will be able detect the disease early and save many lives. libby \u2019 s h * o * p * e * \u2122 comment : this study involved testing the metabolite levels in blood sera from 44 women diagnosed with serous papillary ovarian cancer ( stages i - iv ) and 50 healthy women or women with benign conditions. the assay distinguished between the cancer and control groups with an unprecedented 99 % to 100 % accuracy. the method possesses significant clinical potential as a cancer diagnostic tool. because of the extremely low prevalence of ovarian cancer in the general population (. 04 % ), extensive prospective testing will be required to evaluate the test \u2019 s potential utility in general screening applications. initial trials on new ovarain cancer tests exhibit extremely high accuracy, news release, georgia institute of technology, august 11, 2010. zhou m, guan w, walker ld, et. al. rapid mass spectrometric metabolic profiling of blood sera detects ovarian cancer with high accuracy. cancer epidemiol biomarkers prev 1055 - 9965. epi - 10 - 0126 ; published onlinefirst august 10, 2010 ; doi : 10. 1158 / 1055 - 9965. epi - 10 - 0126", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4939643644112927, "token_count": 453, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.272302"} {"text": "the annual report to the nation on the status of cancer shows the u. s. is making progress in controlling some tumors, but rates of human papillomavirus \u2013 related cancers remain stubbornly high. overall, the report shows lower cancer rates in the u. s. among all genders and racial and ethnic groups for the most common cancers, including lung, colon, anal, breast and prostate. but rates of hpv - related cancers, like cervical cancer, are elevated despite the fact that a vaccine exists to prevent the viral infection that can trigger the disease. \u201c it \u2019 s hard not to be happy that the death rates of these major cancers are going down, but i think the hpv issue is pressing. \u201c if you can \u2019 t get individuals to get vaccinated \u2014 because getting cancer is horrible, then there has to be an economic side to this because treating people with these cancers is expensive, \u201d says dr. joanne mortimer, director of the women \u2019 s cancer program at the city of hope cancer center in los angeles. \u201d i think the biggest challenge we face is figuring out a way to vaccinate individuals to prevent this. \u201d the food and drug administration approved the first vaccine against a cancer, gardasil, which protects against the hpv strains that can trigger cervical cancer and genital warts, in 2006. shortly after approval, the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ), which sets immunization guidelines, added the hpv vaccine to its lineup of recommended childhood vaccinations, proposing that girls ages 11 to 12 be immunized against the sexually transmitted hpv before they became sexually active. state health departments, which follow cdc guidelines, began mandating the shot for school entry, but parents balked. the so - called promiscuity vaccine, as they saw it, would only promote sexual activity and many refused to vaccinate their preteen children for a sexually transmitted disease. ( research shows that \u2019 s not case. ) in 2010, only 48. 7 % of girls ages 13 through 17 received at least one dose of the three - dose hpv vaccine ( cervarix joined gardasil as the second hpv vaccine in 2009 ), and only 32 % received all three recommended doses. considering the u. s. government \u2019 s healthy people 2020 target is 80 % vaccination among girls ages 13 to 15 for all three doses, those immunization rates are lagging. comparatively, vaccination rates are much higher in canada, the u", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4072729226003089, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.278950"} {"text": ". s. government \u2019 s healthy people 2020 target is 80 % vaccination among girls ages 13 to 15 for all three doses, those immunization rates are lagging. comparatively, vaccination rates are much higher in canada, the u. k. and australia. the shots are effective at controlling the most common strains responsible for cervical cancer, and public - health officials still see the vaccine as a powerful weapon in keeping rates of this cancer down. between 2000 and \u2019 09, rates of hpv - associated cancers declined in all women except american indians and alaska natives, among whom vaccination rates are lower. and the benefits of the anticancer vaccine aren \u2019 t limited to girls. the same virus that contributes to cervical cancer can also lead to anal and oral cancers, which is why the cdc also recommends the shot for boys ages 11 to 12 years as well. \u201c it \u2019 s not unique to certain populations, and hpv infections are now across all demographics, and that is one reason we are seeing more anal cancers, \u201d says dr. julian sanchez, a colorectal - cancer surgeon at city of hope. \u201c it \u2019 s not a topic that \u2019 s in the media very often. \u201d that frustrates cancer experts and public - health officials since the hpv - related cancers are among the most preventable, with proper vaccination. but misconceptions about the vaccine and its potential side effects \u2014 former presidential hopeful michele bachmann erroneously linked hpv vaccination to mental retardation \u2014 and parental resistance to inoculating young children against a sexually transmitted virus make hpv vaccination a \u201c taboo \u201d topic for many doctors. but that \u2019 s a hurdle that health providers have to overcome, say cancer experts, if they want to see the encouraging declines in cancer continue. \u201c just as it is hard for some patients to talk about anal disease or their kids having sex, it \u2019 s equally hard for some providers to talk about it, \u201d says sanchez. \u201c i talk about it everyday, and sometimes it is still difficult for me to approach some patients who i know have a degree of opposition to this type of conversation. \u201d the annual report is a collaboration between researchers at the cdc, the american cancer society, the national cancer institute, and the north american association of central cancer registries. since 1998, it has provided a robust picture of the state of cancer in the u. s. unlike the case with hpv - related cancers, the report shows that from 2000 to \u2019 09, cancer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4335317040731464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.281259"} {"text": "north american association of central cancer registries. since 1998, it has provided a robust picture of the state of cancer in the u. s. unlike the case with hpv - related cancers, the report shows that from 2000 to \u2019 09, cancer - death rates overall have been declining, dropping by 1. 8 % per year among men, 1. 4 % among women and 1. 8 % among kids up to the age of 14. for both men and women, the declines occurred among some of the most common cancers : lung, prostate, breast, colon and rectum, leukemia, and non - hodgkin lymphoma. the cancers with rising death rates included skin, pancreatic and liver cancers for men, while women showed an elevated risk of dying from pancreatic, liver cancer and uterine cancers. the rates of new cancers in the same time period showed a more varied pattern. while men enjoyed an overall 0. 6 % decrease per year on average of new diagnoses, the rates for women remained stable, while children showed a 0. 6 % increase per year of new cancer cases. the decline for men was driven by fewer cases of prostate, lung, rectum, stomach and larynx cancers ; women showed some of the same drops, but these were offset by increases in thyroid, melanoma, kidney, pancreas, leukemia, liver and uterine cancers. \u201c every time we get these reports we argue about whether the death rate decreases because we find so many of these cancers early and we overtreat certain cancers like breast cancer and prostate cancer, \u201d says mortimer. overscreening and overtreating cancers have recently become a controversial public - health topic as new analyses question the extensive and repeated screening for certain cancers, like breast and prostate, in light of their potential complications and costs. in 2009, the u. s. preventive services task force changed its recommendations for mammograms, advising women to wait until they are 50 years old, not 40, to begin regular testing. in 2012, the task force also advised men to skip routine screening for prostate cancer with the prostate - specific - antigen test altogether unless they have a history of the disease. experts hope that the good and bad news in the report will motivate americans to remain vigilant about cancer \u2019 s risk factors, including smoking and too much sun exposure, while taking advantage of ways to protect themselves from tumors, like getting vaccinated against hpv. \u201c the report does a great job", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4264466163519403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.282193"} {"text": "fenugreek diabetes can control both glucose & cholesterol levels in blood, additionally nourishes digestive system, liver and promotes respiratory health. what is fenugreek ( trigonella foenum - graecum )? trigonella foenum - graecum is a plant of the family fabaceae ; leaves are useful as herb and their yellow colored seeds as a spice. fenugreek is cultivated in nepal, india, pakistan, bangladesh, china, egypt, france, spain, turkey, and morocco. fenugreek has been in use for centuries for various female conditions, brain and nervous system problems, skin, liver and metabolic disorders. it is also beneficial for respiratory and gastrointestinal problems. how does fenugreek lower your sugar level? fennugreek slows down the absorption of glucose, and other simple carbohydrates. it is due to its mucilaginous fiber content and high viscosity formation in the gut. additionally, fenugreek shows improvement in hdl - cholesterol levels ( 31 % increase ). how does fenugreek lower your risk for heart diseases and strokes? fenugreek possesses antioxidant property in the presence of glutathione and beta - carotene in their seeds. this prevents the oxidation of ldl cholesterol, thus stops inflammation of arteries, and no plaque formation. therefore, fenugreek reduces the risk of atherosclerosis and heart diseases. medicinal benefits of fenugreek trigonella foenum - graecum ( fenugreek ) has traditionally in use for the treatment of diabetes. - fenugreek traditionally used to promote digestion, improve appetite and to support respiratory health. the high - fiber seeds also provide support for healthy bowel function, and its lecithin content promotes fat metabolism. provide relief from digestion - related conditions such as pain, cramps, intestinal gas, stomach bloating, diarrhea, and restore digestion. - relief chronic cough, sore throat, treats skin irritations, anemia, bad breath, respiratory infections, and mouth ulcers. - fenugreek helps menopausal symptoms, induces childbirth, increases milk supply in lactating women, fenugreek tea made of fenugreek leaves can relieve arthritis pain. - traditional chinese medicine ( names as hu lu ba ) use fenugreek seeds, they consider", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46693187737277075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.286249"} {"text": "induces childbirth, increases milk supply in lactating women, fenugreek tea made of fenugreek leaves can relieve arthritis pain. - traditional chinese medicine ( names as hu lu ba ) use fenugreek seeds, they consider fenugreek could warm and tonify kidneys. swallowing 2 to 3 grams of fenugreek seeds early in the morning in an empty stomach, before brushing the teeth and having morning tea or coffee can help heal joint pains without any side effects. fenugreek recommended daily dosage fenugreek to help reduces high blood sugar levels, your daily dosage may be between10 to 30 g defatted seed powder each day. if you are taking fenugreek as a tincture, take three to four ml dose, three times each day. fenugreek available in different forms fenugreek is commercially available in different forms as raw fenugreek seeds, defatted fenugreek seed powder, tablets, capsules, and tincture. how do you take fenugreek? take one - teaspoon fenugreek seed and add it into one cup of water, boil and steep it for 5 to 10 minutes. remove from heat and drink with or without sweetener ( stevia ). you can take fenugreek tea as a hot or cold drink. bioactive constituents of fenugreek fenugreek seeds contain alkaloid trigonelline and protein high in lysine and l - tryptophan. fenugreek has steroidal saponins ; diosgenin, yamogenin, tigogenin, and neotigogenin. mucilaginous fiber has beneficial effects on lowering blood - sugar - levels. scientific evidence for fenugreek as sugar natural herb effects of fenugreek seeds on blood glucose and serum lipids in type i diabetes by sharma rd, raghuram tc, rao ns published in eur j clin nutr. 1990 apr ; 44 ( 4 ) : 301 - 6. the study shows fenugreek diet significantly reduced fasting blood sugar and improved the glucose tolerance test. there was a 54 per cent reduction in 24 - h urinary glucose excretion. it significantly reduces in serum total cholesterol, ldl and vldl cholesterol and triglycerides. these results indicate the usefulness of fenugreek seeds in the management of diabetes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41579952599721115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.287147"} {"text": "in the news research indicates that sports participation and active commuting to school would significantly decrease obesity prevalence in adolescents. as reported in the july 2012 issue of pediatrics, we surveyed 1718 high school students and asked them about their team sports participation, active commuting to school, recreational physical activity, height, weight, diet quality, and other individual characteristics. we found 4 key points : - adolescents playing on 2 sports teams were 22 % less likely to be overweight / obese and 39 % less likely to be obese compared with adolescents not playing on any sports teams. - the prevalence of overweight / obesity and obesity would decrease by 11 % and 26 %, respectively, if all adolescents played on 2 sports teams per year. - adolescents who walked / biked to school at least 4 days per week were 33 % less likely to be obese compared with those who never walked / biked to school. - the prevalence of obesity would decrease by 22 % if all adolescents walked / biked to school at least 4 days per week. sports participation typically involves consistent moderate to vigorous physical activity, which may account for its robust inverse relationship with high - risk weight status. active commuting to school may also be a fruitful strategy for decreasing childhood obesity. to combat dwindling active commuting rates in youths in recent decades, federally - funded safe route to school programs are providing the necessary infrastructure to support active commuting to school. based on our results, interventions that facilitate sport participation in adolescents of all ability levels should be prioritized for obesity prevention. authors : keith m. drake, ph. d., michael l. beach, m. d., ph. d., meghan r. longacre, ph. d., todd mackenzie, ph. d., linda j. titus, ph. d., andrew g. rundle, dr. p. h., madeline a. dalton, ph. d. study examines links between movie smoking, team sport participation and youth smoking. as reported in the july 2009 issue of archives of pediatric & adolescent medicine, we examined the joint effects of movie smoking exposure and team sports participation on established smoking. we analyzed data from school and telephone - based surveys that assessed movie smoking exposure and team sports participation in 2, 048 youths aged 16 - 21 years. we found two key points : team sports participation lowers the risk of youth smoking. however, the more movie smoking that team sports players see, the greater the likelihood that they will be smokers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5034217242895254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.295652"} {"text": "bookmark or cite this page as < http : / / www. sym454. org / hebrew / shela. htm > note that this web page has nothing to do with the hebrew calendar, it only concerns specific jewish ritual events that are considered to have some astronomical relevance. for reviews of the traditional rabbinic sources for the jewish laws pertaining to the request for rain, please see the following references : none of the above sources dealt adequately with the relevant astronomy, so my intention here is to focus specifically on the astronomical aspects. as a canadian living in a cool climate with rain ( or snow ) all year round, the timing of all prayers with regard to rain and dew seemed meaningless to me until i spent a year living in israel in 1977, during which i realized that those prayers perfectly suit the climate in israel. when israel prays for rain, the rains come to israel. when israel prays for dew, the rains stop in israel, or so it seemed at the time. in the present era during the summer in israel rain essentially never falls. therefore one might expect that it would be appropriate or at least permissible for those in the diaspora to say the prayer for rain starting on the same date as those living in israel, specifically having the land of israel in mind, but the traditional sources have soundly rejected that idea ( see the references cited above ). one might expect that sh ' ela in israel should begin in the first regular weekday service after the official prayer for rain during the musaf service on shemini atzeret. however, the ancient sages delayed sh ' ela for 11 days until the 3rd of cheshvan, to allow time for pilgrims to return home after sukkot. subsequently rabban gamaliel extended the delay to the 7th of cheshvan, to allow 15 days \" for even the tardiest israelite to reach the euphrates \". their concern was that rain would turn the roads to mud before the pilgrims could reach their homes. that traditional delay continues today in israel, even though the temple was destroyed and there are no pilgrims anymore. when the temple is re - built there will be no risk of roads turning to mud because today almost all roads are paved, and anyhow probably all pilgrims will return home safely and rapidly in some sort of vehicle. later, for those living in lands outside israel in mesopotamia, syria, egypt, and \" nearby or similar places \", the delay was extended to 60 days after tekufat tishrei, a term", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43859128175094136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.330232"} {"text": "safely and rapidly in some sort of vehicle. later, for those living in lands outside israel in mesopotamia, syria, egypt, and \" nearby or similar places \", the delay was extended to 60 days after tekufat tishrei, a term that is loosely translated as the southward equinox. the talmud bavli tractate eruvin page 56a, in the context of surveying a city to determine its orientation with respect to the 4 cardinal directions prior to setting up an eruv, very briefly mentions that on tekufat nisan ( northward or spring equinox, near the beginning of the hebrew month of nisan ) and on tekufat tishrei ( southward or autumn equinox, in the hebrew month of tishrei, near yom kippur ), sun rises at the middle of the range of sunrise points during the year and sets at the middle of the range of sunset points. this definition is astronomically quite valid for tropical and mid latitudes on planet earth, within plus or minus a day or so of the actual equinox, but it ' s an observational method that doesn ' t yield a way to compute the moment of any equinox. this method is also rather inconvenient because it requires a very long period of observation ( at least from one solstice to the opposite solstice ). it isn ' t mentioned in calendrical contexts in tractate rosh hashanah nor in tractate sanhedrin, which suggests that it may never have been directly used to support the sanhedrin calendar committee ' s decision to declare a leap year. the insertion of the leap month had to be announced well in advance of the spring equinox, so that pilgrims would know when to begin their journey to arrive in jerusalem before passover. the talmud didn ' t specify whether the observer is to note the direction to the upper limb, center, or bottom limb of the solar disk. atmospheric refraction near both horizons severely limits the accuracy of this observational method, especially on a cold morning with high humidity pressure inversion over the eastern horizon, which can make sun appear to rise several minutes prematurely ( 4 minutes earlier per degree of refraction, and as much as + 2\u00b0 of refraction is possible ). observation from an elevated point also introduces errors, making the apparent sunrise earlier and the apparent sunset later. to minimize the error due to atmospheric refraction, the recorded direction should be that of the center of the solar disk at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46419444617863415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.331442"} {"text": ", at the equator when it is local apparent noon on the day of an equinox, sunlight will shine straight down any vertical shaft, and no object will cast a shadow, especially when the equinox moment is close to noon. requiring that observations be made at the equator, however, is not very convenient for inhabitants of the holy land! the direction or azimuth of sunrise or sunset must be distinguished from the angle made by the path of the rising or setting sun with respect to the horizon, known as the solar parallactic angle. although sun rises at the true east direction and sets at the true west direction on the day of an equinox, on that day the solar parallactic angle would be 90\u00b0 only at the equator. at non - equatorial latitudes, due to atmospheric refraction near the horizon and the solar semi - diameter, especially at elevations above sea level, the upper solar limb is seen to rise before it reaches the direction observed at the equator ( jean meeus, mathematical astronomy morsels v, chapter 63, \" where does the sun rise at the equinoxes? \", pages 343 - 4 ), and for the same reasons the upper solar limb remains visible as sun sets until after it passes the direction observed at the equator. the range of variation of sunrise and sunset directions are least at the equator, where they are equal to the earth equatorial obliquity ( axial tilt relative to the plane of earth ' s orbit around sun ). at higher latitudes the variations are progressively greater, as shown in the following charts : at sunrise or sunset only, the solar parallactic angle is given by : solar parallactic angle at sunrise or sunset = arccosine [ sine ( geographic latitude ) / cosine ( solar declination ) ] where all angles are in degrees ( jean meeus, astronomical algorithms, second edition, chapter 14, \" the parallactic angle \", on page 99 ). the parallactic angle can only be 90\u00b0 on days when the solar declination equals the observer ' s geographic latitude, which occurs twice per year for locales between the tropic of cancer and tropic of capricorn, but never occurs at latitudes further north or south of the tropics. locales that are on the tropic of cancer see a 90\u00b0 parallactic angle only when sunset or sunrise occurs near the moment of the north solstice, and locales that are on the tropic of cap", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44591578685900274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.333644"} {"text": "equinoxes. for example, in toronto the equal day and night occurs 4 to 5 days after the southward equinox and about 5 days before the northward equinox. click here to see charts of the variation of daytime length with latitude throughout the year 133kb. this chart shows that in both the north and south hemisphere the dates of equal length daytime and nightime ( where the daytime lengths cross the 12 - hour line ) are several days prior to the spring equinox and several days after the autumn equinox. the gaps separating the 12 - hour days from the equinoxes are unequal and differ between hemispheres, because of differences in earth ' s orbital velocity, and are shorter at higher latitudes ( further away from the equator ), because the length of day changes more rapidly near the equinoxes at latitudes further away from the equator, as shown in the chart. the calculation of the date to start sh ' ela is based on amora shmuel, who took the year as exactly 365 + 1 / 4 = 365. 25 days or 365 days 6 hours long, which is the same as the mean length of the julian calendar year. according to astronomical calculations, however, such a long year length was last appropriate more than 100, 000 years ago, when earth was rotating slightly faster. shmuel who assumed that the intervals between the four tekufot ( equinoxes and solstices ) are equal in length, each 1 / 4 of 365 + 1 / 4 days = 91 + 5 / 16 days = 91 days 7 + 1 / 2 hours. for more information about tekufat shmuel, see \" method # 1 \" on my \" rambam and the seasons \" web page. astronomically, the actual intervals between the equinoxes and solstices are not equal, and they vary over the centuries, as shown on my web page \" the lengths of the seasons \" at < http : / / www. sym454. org / seasons / >. the actual southward equinoctial year length is considerably shorter than 365. 25 days, currently around 365. 242 days ( 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 30 seconds ), which is 42 seconds shorter than the mean gregorian calendar year length of 365 + 97 / 400 = 365. 2425 days ( 365 days 5 hours 49 minutes 12 seconds ), and it is continuing to get progressively shorter as aphelion slowly advances towards the southward equinox, as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4324218163257977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.335584"} {"text": "mean gregorian calendar year length of 365 + 97 / 400 = 365. 2425 days ( 365 days 5 hours 49 minutes 12 seconds ), and it is continuing to get progressively shorter as aphelion slowly advances towards the southward equinox, as explained on the \" lengths of the seasons \" web page at < http : / / www. sym454. org / seasons / >. the tekufat tishrei according to the calculation of shmuel drifts about 3 days later on the gregorian calendar for each elapsed 400 years. today it is about 13 days later than its original proleptic gregorian date, for essentially the same reason that the julian calendar is 13 days behind the gregorian calendar. the gregorian calendar itself, however, has drifted almost 3 / 2 days later with respect to the autumnal equinox, so today tekufat tishrei is almost 14 + 1 / 2 days late with respect to the actual astronomical southward equinox, and during the 21st century it will continue to be fall behind at a fairly steady rate averaging 11 minutes and 30 seconds later per year, as shown in the chart below ( click here or on the chart to open a higher - resolution pdf version 18kb ). the drift of the seasons according to tekufat shmuel is contrasted with the more accurate method of rav adda bar ahavah and the solar longitude method of rambam on my web page entitled \" rambam and the seasons \". my freeware windows program, kalendis, has the built - in ability to generate a tekufot report for any hebrew year. click here to see an example of such a report for hebrew year 5769, showing astronomical clock times calculated for israel civil time, along with the traditional tekufot moments reckoned according to the methods of amorah shmuel, rav adda bar ahavah, and rambam. relative to the actual solar cycle, the traditional hebrew calendar periodically varies over a range of more than 30 days, as shown in the following chart depicting the actual timing of the southward equinox relative to certain events in the month of tishrei 192 kb : in the era of hillel ben yehudah ( hebrew year 4116, near the left edge of the chart ) the southward equinox could land as late as the 27th of tishrei, but in the present era the latest equinox lands on the 19th of tishrei. the day below the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4206650085195671, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.336574"} {"text": "20, 2009 at about 2pm, based on a clock showing the mean solar time at the midpoint between the nile river and the end of the euphrates river ( about 16 minutes ahead of jerusalem mean solar time ), so the spring equinox according to tekufat shmuel will be about 18 days and 10 hours too late. the year according to shmuel is 365 days and 6 hours = 365. 25 days in length, whereas the mean year of the traditional hebrew calendar = molad interval \u00d7 235 months / 19 years = 365 + 24311 / 98496 days = 365 days 5 hours 55 minutes and ( 25 + 25 / 57 seconds or 7 + 12 / 19 chalakim ) \u2248 365. 2468222 days. in other words, the year of tekufat shmuel is exactly 4 minutes 34 + 32 / 57 seconds = 313 / 98496 of a day longer than the hebrew calendar mean year, so its long - term drift rate to dates that average progressively later in the hebrew calendar year is the inverse of that fraction = 98496 / 313 = 314 + 214 / 313 \u2248 314. 6837 years per day of drift. tekufat shmuel will eventually drift all the way through the hebrew calendar and start the drift cycle over again, always > 1 year late. to calculate how long that will take, divide the hebrew calendar mean year by the tekufat shmuel yearly drift rate : = ( 365 + 24311 / 98496 days ) / ( 313 / 98496 of a day ) = 114937 + 70 / 313 years. the following chart depicts a long - term view of tekufat shmuel spring equinox moments, with the birchat hachamah moments highlighted, for traditional hebrew calendar years 2000 through 6000 ( click here or on the chart to open up a higher - resolution pdf version 133kb ) : as expected, the spring equinox according to tekufat shmuel falls progressively later in nisan as the years pass, with the average at the start of nisan in hebrew year 2000 and at the 13th of nisan in the present era. the total drift of tekufat nisan according to shmuel from creation to the present era was 5768 \u00d7 313 / 98496 days \u2248 18 + 1 / 3 days later in the calendar year ( if you are checking my arithmetic, keep in mind that there is no day zero at the start of hebrew months ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4817201082220517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.341695"} {"text": "present era was 5768 \u00d7 313 / 98496 days \u2248 18 + 1 / 3 days later in the calendar year ( if you are checking my arithmetic, keep in mind that there is no day zero at the start of hebrew months ). as a consequence, it is becoming progressively less likely for tekufat nisan to land in the month prior to nisan ( which can only be adar sheini in the present era ). birchat hachamah will fall in adar sheini only one more time, in hebrew year 5993, and the last time that tekufat nisan will fall in adar sheini will be in hebrew year 6563. in the traditional hebrew calendar birchat hachamah never lands on day 1, 3, 6, 8, 10, 13, 15, 17, 20, 22, 24, 27, or 29 in nisan, because those days can never be wednesday. for the same reason, birchat hachamah never falls on day 2, 4, 9, 11, 16, 18, 21, 23, or 25 in the month before nisan. the zig - zag pattern in the chart above is due to the rosh hashanah postponement rules and makes it hard for the eye to discern the underlying pattern. we can remove that effect to reveal the birchat hachamah pattern by plotting the difference between shmuel tekufat nisan and the traditional molad of nisan, connecting every 19th year of the tekufah and every 28th year for birchat hachamah ( click here or on the chart to open up a higher - resolution pdf version 65kb ) : relative to the molad of nisan, each birchat hachamah moment is 28 years 9 days 9 hours 56 minutes and 14 parts later except that after every 3rd birchat hachamah the pattern jumps earlier by one molad interval ( 29 days 12 hours 44 minutes and 1 part ), and after 5 such cycles the birchat hachamah moment lands in the 8th year of the 19 - year cycle ( top diagonal line on the chart ) and from there takes 4 steps later before the next time that it jumps one molad interval earlier. thus there is an 84 - year cycle of 3 \u00d7 28 years, which repeats 5 times and is completed by a group extended to 4 \u00d7 28 years, so the pattern repeat interval is 19 \u00d7 28 = 532 years. the birchat hachamah moment for 576", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4517320833986177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.342619"} {"text": "- year cycle of 3 \u00d7 28 years, which repeats 5 times and is completed by a group extended to 4 \u00d7 28 years, so the pattern repeat interval is 19 \u00d7 28 = 532 years. the birchat hachamah moment for 5769 falls exactly at the average, as it does every 532 years. the last time that birchat hachamah falls before the molad of nisan will be in hebrew year 5993. the following chart compares the equinox and solstice moments calculated by solex version 9. 1 ( a \" postcard - ware \" computer program based on numerical integration, the \" gold standard \" in celestial mechanics, written by professor aldo vitagliano of the chemistry department at the university of naples, italy ) with tekufat shmuel ( thick dashed lines ) and with tekufat adda ( thick solid lines ) and the solar longitude method of rambam ( thin solid lines ), from the traditional year of creation for the first 10 millennia of the hebrew calendar. click here or on the chart to open up a full - page higher - resolution pdf version 43kb ( due to limitations of the image generator, the low resolution version has jagged lines for tekufat shmuel instead of the intended dashed lines ) : my freeware windows program, kalendis, has the built - in ability to generate a tekufot report for any hebrew year : click here to see an example of such a report for hebrew year 5769, showing astronomical clock times calculated for israel civil time, along with the traditional tekufot moments reckoned according to the methods of amorah shmuel, rav adda bar ahavah, and rambam. although the seasons of tekufat shmuel pass at fixed intervals, it is impossible to quote a constant error rate with respect to the actual mean astronomy, beause the astronomical changes are non - linear, for reasons that are explained on my \" lengths of the seasons \" web page at < http : / / www. sym454. org / seasons / >. the tekufat shmuel calculation was probably established near the era when the shmuel minus solex spring equinox difference was closest to zero. that was around hebrew year 3400, which was well before the era of shmuel. the back - calculated traditional equinox of creation according to tekufat shmuel was astronomically more than 26 days too early. today teku", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4686989044260236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.343513"} {"text": "that was around hebrew year 3400, which was well before the era of shmuel. the back - calculated traditional equinox of creation according to tekufat shmuel was astronomically more than 26 days too early. today tekufat nisan of shmuel is astronomically about 18 days too late. if the original timing at creation was correct then today we reckon the tekufah more than 26 + 18 = 44 days too late! the polynomials posted at the nasa eclipses web site at < http : / / eclipse. gsfc. nasa. gov / secat5 / deltatpoly. html > estimate that for the start of tishrei at the epoch of the hebrew calendar the approximate delta t was 1 day 3 hours and nearly 40 minutes, so if the uncertainty is better than 25 % then the solex astronomical start of season moments ought to be accurate to within less than 7 hours at the calendar epoch. should jews employ a more accurate method for reckoning the seasons? for the purposes of the request for rain, this is not a calendrical question, it is a ritual matter. the more pressing needs are the reform of the traditional fixed arithmetic hebrew calendar and molad. please see \" the seasonal drift of the traditional ( fixed arithmetic ) hebrew calendar \" at < http : / / www. sym454. org / hebrew / drift. htm > and \" moon and the molad of the hebrew calendar \" at < http : / / www. sym454. org / hebrew / molad. htm >. could it be that the calculation for birchat hachamah was not intended to arrive at the same ecliptic solar longitude as existed at creation but rather to arrive at the same sidereal solar longitude, when sun will be at the same position against the background of stars in the zodiac? ( or alternatively that the zodiac will be in the same position as existed at creation. ) the so - called first point of aries was established around 600 bc, but that is not where sun was at creation in 3760 bc ( no year zero ). at the the northward equinox in 3760 bc, sun was actually about 10 + 1 / 2\u00b0 west of the eastern border of the astronomical constellation taurus, or about 44\u00b0 east of the \" true \" first point of aries. relative to the mean sidereal solar year the mean year of tekufat shmuel = 365 + 1 / 4 days = 365 days 6", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4721136948689606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.344477"} {"text": "astronomical constellation taurus, or about 44\u00b0 east of the \" true \" first point of aries. relative to the mean sidereal solar year the mean year of tekufat shmuel = 365 + 1 / 4 days = 365 days 6 hours has a deficiency of more than 9 minutes. when averaged over the past 6 millennia using astronomical algorithms the mean sidereal year was about 365 days 6 hours 9 minutes 17 seconds, which would have accumulated a sidereal solar longitude deficiency of about 6 degrees 15 + 1 / 2 arcminutes per millennium and in the present era when we say birchat hachamah sun would be more than 35 + 3 / 4 degrees west of its original position at creation ( sun moves slightly less than one degree per 24 hours eastward along its path through the middle of the zodiac constellations ). this error is almost as inaccurate as the 11 minute excess that 365 days 6 hours has with respect to the present era mean northward equinoctial year of 365 days 5 hours 49 minutes and 0 seconds. today the mean sidereal year is usually quoted as about 365 days 6 hours 9 minutes 9 + 1 / 2 seconds. it is worth noting, however, that a mean year of 365 + 10 / 39 days = 365 days 6 hours 9 minutes 13 + 11 / 13 seconds would have accumulated until today a deficiency of less than 12 arcminutes of sidereal solar longitude error since creation, and is an attractively short cycle. the birchat hachamah blessing itself is very short : baruch attah hashem, elokeinu melech ha - olam, o ' seh ma ' aseh b ' reishit. blessed are you, hashem our god, king of the universe, who makes the work of creation. although this blessing is known as birchat hachamah, blessing the sun, it doesn ' t actually mention the sun. however, there are a variety of traditions that embellish this with various psalms before and after the blessing, making quite a ceremony out of the occasion. although one might expect that the evening service would be the appropriate time to recite the blessing, because the calculated moment of the tekufah ( ignoring any time zone differences ) corresponds to sunset at the start of a yom rivii, nevertheless the practise is to carry out the ceremony in the morning, preferably when sun is visible, with the earliest time being the moment when the entire solar disk is above the horizon after sunrise and the latest time being", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48924760841850234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.345483"} {"text": "version, 19 kb ) : to have the original tekufat adda minus molad of nisan difference recur on the original weekday one \" only \" needs to wait 7 \u00d7 19 = 133 years, but even this would be an inconveniently long interval for the purposes of reciting the birchat hachamah blessing. astronomically there does exist a solar activity / sunspot cycle that lasts approximately 22 years, having two alternating solar magnetic half - cycles of approximately 11 years duration. the length of each cycle is currently unpredictable, in fact each half - cycle is only recognized retrospectively upon review of records of sunspot counts and radiation flux measurements, because as each cycle declines there are frequent resurgences of solar activity, see < http : / / en. wikipedia. org / wiki / solar _ cycle >. as of february 2008, it was thought that sun had just passed the cycle minimum and had begun a new cycle, and the web page at < http : / / antwrp. gsfc. nasa. gov / apod / ap080206. html > shows one of the last sunspots of the old solar cycle. compared to other stars we see in the heavens, however, sun is exceptionally stable, an attribute that is of critical importance to life on earth. in conclusion, although we have plenty of reasons to be infinitely grateful to hashem for creating a wonderful and stable sun to keep our home planet bright, warm. and cozy, the traditional celebration of a 28 - year solar anniversary has nothing to do with any physical solar cycle, nor any other astronomical cycle, nor any events purported to have occurred at the time of creation. it ' s just arithmetic. because of doubt, therefore, it might be appropriate for those who insist on saying the birchat hachamah blessing to immediately also say baruch shem kvod malchuto l ' olam va ' ed, \" blessed be the name of his glorious kingdom for all eternity \". many authorities have offered opinions as to when the optimal, earliest and latest time to recite the blessing, ranging from sunset at the beginning of yom rivii all the way to any time of day on yom rivii. a commonly held and usually unexplained opinion is that the optimal time is during the third hour of the morning. according to the traditional reckoning of tekufat nisan, when it falls at the beginning of yom rivii that first hour starting at sunset was in ancient times", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46657196136880286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.350611"} {"text": "opinion is that the optimal time is during the third hour of the morning. according to the traditional reckoning of tekufat nisan, when it falls at the beginning of yom rivii that first hour starting at sunset was in ancient times known as the hour of shabbtai ( saturn ). this is just the ancient hebrew name for that hour, it has nothing to do with the astronomical planet that we call saturn. the hour of shabbtai recurs every 7 hours throughout each week. those who hold that sun must be fully visible when the blessing is recited often also hold that the blessing should be recited during the first hour of the daytime that is an hour of shabbtai, which is the third hour of the morning, where each hour is 1 / 12th of the inteval from sunrise to sunset on that day. click here to learn about the ancient hebrew hourly mazalot and weekday names 14kb. should jews employ a more accurate method for reckoning the seasons? for the purposes of the birchat hachamah blessing, this is not a calendrical question, it is a ritual matter. the more pressing needs are the reform of the traditional fixed arithmetic hebrew calendar and molad. please see \" the seasonal drift of the traditional ( fixed arithmetic ) hebrew calendar \" at < http : / / www. sym454. org / hebrew / drift. htm > and \" moon and the molad of the hebrew calendar \" at < http : / / www. sym454. org / hebrew / molad. htm >. this page updated 14 tevet 5772 ( traditional ) = 14 tevet 5772 ( rectified ) = jan 7, 2012 ( symmetry454 ) = jan 7, 2012 ( symmetry010 ) = jan 8, 2012 ( gregorian )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4388490249650014, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.351327"} {"text": "revolutionary movements invariably produce great leaders. the name hugo chavez stands among these. judging the role individuals play in historic processes is a precarious affair. but having some estimation is important to understanding the challenges that may await. the us marxist, george novack, observed that the \u201c leadership, collective and individual, embodies the conscious element in history \u201d. in other words, revolutionaries all make some difference. as for the influence of an individual, novack suggested, it can \u201c range from negligibility to totality \u201d. chavez certainly played an important and often times critical role. he helped form a movement which managed to maintain and revive revolutionary traditions, under the banner of bolivarianism, which were otherwise in retreat. in december 1982 chavez, along with 3 other military officers, formed the mbr - 200. they took an oath that set them on a course to revolution. like all revolutionaries whose names are written in history, chavez was made in the course of struggle. stubbornly loyal to a revolutionary morality influenced by liberation theology ; fiercely combative in the mould of the guerreros who fought spanish colonialism and american imperialism ; and increasingly embracive of the intellectual traditions of marxism in latin america. this was hugo chavez. chavez made his mark because he stood firm when many were buckling at the knees. the year the berlin wall fell, after the defeat of the nicaraguan revolution and the end of a cycle of anti - dictatorship and revolutionary struggle throughout latin america, many revolutionaries looked bleakly toward the future. the mbr - 200 took a different view, participating in el caracazo and making preparations for a revolutionary offensive. while many consider the zapatista uprising of 1994 as the landmark beginnings of the global rebellion against neoliberalism, the mbr - 200 should be credited. in 1992, chavez and the mbr, in command of several army units and with the support of significant numbers of rank and file soldiers and of a growing social movement, attempted a coup. their aim was not to establish a military regime but to wrest power from the elites and open a process of democratisation based on the idea of establishing a new anti - neoliberal constitutional foundation. the mbr planned the coup for may 1992 to coincide with a general strike. but due to fears that the mbr - 200 plan had been discovered, the coup had to be brought forward. the organisation of the strike proved weak. the defeat alerted chavez to the weaknesses of a strategy that did not include the proper party and civic political organisation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49453592696631493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.356161"} {"text": "to fears that the mbr - 200 plan had been discovered, the coup had to be brought forward. the organisation of the strike proved weak. the defeat alerted chavez to the weaknesses of a strategy that did not include the proper party and civic political organisation of workers and peasants. in a 1996 interview for the australian solidarity magazine, venceremos, chavez noted this lesson : our revolt of february 4 1992, in which over 300 young officers and 10, 000 soldiers rose up, was unsuccessful because, despite our close links with the street, the people weren \u2019 t sufficiently prepared to be able to back us up. nevertheless, we have continued to build a growing movement in strategic alliance with the residents of the poor suburbs and the universities. chavez was becoming a revolutionary representative of the embryonic anti - capitalist movement, both at home and throughout the continent. chavez \u2019 s calls for \u201c a people \u2019 s revolutionary constituent assembly \u201d, for \u201c economic democracy \u201d and popular \u201c control over the productive apparatus of society \u201d, helped fuel the beginnings of the anti - neoliberal movement that is still unfolding in latin america. as is the fate of almost all revolutionaries, chavez was not destined to witness the more beautiful expressions of what we fight for. several years ago he reflected on the long road ahead for the venezuelan revolution : i \u2019 m going to resort to the thought, to some of the ideas of this great italian revolutionary thinker, antonio gramsci, to make an observation about the moment that we are living. a truly historic crisis occurs when something is dying \u2026 but has not finished dying, and at the same time there is something that is being born but which also hasn \u2019 t finished being born. in the time and space where this occurs, an authentic organic crisis unfolds, an historic crisis, a total crisis. here, in venezuela, let \u2019 s not forget that for several years we have been right in the middle of a true organic crisis, a true gramscian crisis, a historic crisis. that what is dying refuses to die and doesn \u2019 t finish dying and that what is being born has not yet been completely born either. we are in the epicentre of the crisis ; a good number of the years to come are part of this historic crisis \u2026 there is nothing finished ; nothing that will stand still in the bolivarian revolution. the ruling class of venezuela will take confidence from chavez \u2019 s death. the revolutionary left will be challenged to find the discourse and strategic and tactical clarity that so often fell to chavez. the revolutionary officers and soldiers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4742442723741365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.357194"} {"text": "children in some 3. 9 million households suffered from food insecurity last year, with their families unable to provide them with adequate, nutritious food at times. nearly 17 million americans suffered from \u201c very low food security, \u201d meaning they had to reduce the amount they ate, saying the food they bought did not last and they didn \u2019 t have the funds to buy more. they typically found themselves in this situation a few days a month for seven months of the year. - more than 50 million americans can \u2019 t buy food ( investmentwatchblog. com ) - nearly 15 % of u. s. households were hungry in 2011 ( 247wallst. com ) - more than 50 million americans couldn \u2019 t afford to buy food at some point in 2011 ( 12160. info ) - report : nearly 15 % of us households \u2018 food insecure \u2019 ( commondreams. org ) - 17. 9m u. s. families struggle to buy food ( upi. com ) - does usda measure hunger? ( rcsfoodbank. wordpress. com ) - nearly 17 million americans experience low food security ( sott. net ) - nearly 18 million u. s. households had trouble getting food last year ( wnyc. org ) - more than 50 million americans are short of food ( wibw. com ) - more than 50 million americans short of food ( wtvr. com )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41036592152523665, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.359812"} {"text": "thu january 12, 2012 mine ' s smaller! claim about tiny frog is challenged sure, it ' s tiny. but is it the tiniest? there ' s a frog in papua new guinea that researchers announced this week is \" the smallest known vertebrate species \" ( that is, a creature with a spine ). it ' s so small, in fact, that the picture posted by the journal plos one with the scientists ' report shows the little paedophryne amauensis sitting on a dime with plenty of room to spare. the discoverers say the frog ' s average body length is 7. 7 mm ( about three - tenths of an inch ). and now comes the challenge. according to the associated press : \" the males of a species of deep - sea anglerfish are about 2 mm smaller, said university of washington ichthyologist theodore pietsch, who described them in 2006. the males don ' t have stomachs and live as parasites on 1. 8 - inch ( 4. 57 - centimeter ) - long females. \" [ we ' ll say it before someone else does : guys would do that, wouldn ' t they? ] louisiana state university herpetologist and environmental biologist christopher austinm, who discovered the little frogs, tells the ap \" he knew about the anglerfish but felt that average species size [ including males and females ] made more sense for comparison. \" as for the frogs, the bbc says finding them \" was not an easy assignment. they are well camouflaged among leaves on the forest floor, and have evolved calls resembling those of insects, making them hard to spot. \" if you ' d like to hear the short clicking sound the frogs make, check this interactive webpage from the ap. ( h / t to npr. org ' s scott neuman. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40988465941342683, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.365269"} {"text": "violence and people with mental illness there are studies that show people with mental illness are more violent than the general population and people with mental illness are not more violent. there are several reasons for the discrepancy first paper : edited by dr. e. fuller torrey summary : it is well known that the two major demographic predictors of violent behavior are male sex and younger age. it is also known that the two major clinical predictors of violent behavior are past history of violence and substance abuse ( alcohol and / or drug ). recent studies have established that being severely mentally ill and not taking medication is a third major clinical predictor of violent behavior. severely mentally ill individuals who are taking their medication are not more dangerous than the general population. - all studies of mental illness and violence done to date suggest that individuals with severe psychiatric disorders who are taking their medication are not more dangerous than the general population. among all individuals, being a male and being a substance abuser ( alcohol and / or drugs ) are the largest predictors of who will become violent. severely mentally ill individuals who are not taking their medication are more dangerous than the general population. several early studies in the 1970s suggested this fact but were not well controlled. for example, a six - year follow - up of 301 patients discharged between 1972 and 1975 from a california state hospital reported that their arrest rate for \" violent crimes \" was 10 times the rate for the general population. sosowsky l. explaining the increased arrest rate among mental patients : a cautionary note. american journal of psychiatry 1980 ; 137 : 1602 \u2013 1605. a new york state study compared homicides committed by mentally ill persons in the years prior to widespread deinstitutionalization ( 1963 \u2013 1969 ) with the years during widespread desinstitutionalization ( 1970 \u2013 1975 ). there was a significant increase in homicides in the latter period. the authors conclude that \u201c closer follow - ups of psychotic patients, especially schizophrenics, could do a lot to improve the welfare of the patient and community. \u201d grunberg f, klinger bi, grumet br. homicide and community - based psychiatry. journal of nervous and mental disease 1978 ; 166 : 868 \u2013 874. in reviewing these earlier studies on discharged psychiatric patients, dr. judith rabkin concluded : \" arrest and conviction rates for the subcategory of violent crimes were found to exceed general population rates in every study in which they were measured. \" rabkin j. criminal behavior of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43130476822276564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.405026"} {"text": "psychiatric patients, dr. judith rabkin concluded : \" arrest and conviction rates for the subcategory of violent crimes were found to exceed general population rates in every study in which they were measured. \" rabkin j. criminal behavior of discharged mental patients : a critical appraisal of the research. psychological bulletin 1979 ; 86 : 1 \u2013 - 27. the epidemiological catchment area ( eca ) surveys carried out 1980 \u2013 1983 reported much higher rates of violent behavior among individuals with severe mental illness living in the community compared to other community residents. for example, individuals with schizophrenia were 21 times more likely to have used a weapon in a fight. swanson jw, hozer cd, ganju vk et. al. violence and psychiatric disorder in the community : evidence from the epidemiologic catchment area surveys. hospital and community psychiatry 1990 ; 41 : 761 \u2013 770. in an analysis of data from the eca study, the authors noted that \" mentally ill individuals with no treatment contact in the past six months had significantly higher odds of violence in the long term \u201d and that \u201c moderate levels of agitation and psychoticism increase the risk of violence. \" they then conclude : \" this would seem to provide a strong argument for providing more interventions targeted specifically to persons with combined mental illness and addictive disorders who are likely not to comply voluntarily with conventional outpatient therapies. \" swanson j, estroff s, swartz m et. al. violence and severe mental disorder in clinical and community populations : the effects of psychotic symptoms, comorbidity, and lack of treatment. psychiatry 1997 ; 60 : 1 \u2013 22. a study of inpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia reported an inverse correlation between their propensity to violence and their blood level of antipsychotic medication. yesavage ja. inpatient violence and the schizophrenic patient : an inverse correlation between danger - related events and neuroleptic levels. biological psychiatry 1982 ; 17 : 1331 \u2013 - 1337. a study of severely mentally ill patients in a state forensic hospital found a highly significant correlation ( p 0. 001 ) between failure to take medication and a history of violent acts in the community. smith ld. medication refusal and the rehospitalized mentally ill inmate. hospital and community psychiatry 1989 40 : 491 \u2013 496. a study in a forensic hospital in england reported an association between violent behavior and untreated psychotic symptoms. according to the authors, \" over 80 percent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47410349328929224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.406748"} {"text": ". 3 times greater risk for conviction for assault and serious violence compared to a control group with other psychiatric diagnoses. wesseley sc, castle d, douglas aj et. al. the criminal careers of incident cases of schizophrenia. psychological medicine 1994 ; 24 : 483 - 502. a study of 348 inpatients in a virginia state psychiatric hospital found that patients who refused to take medication \" were more likely to be assaultive, were more likely to require seclusion and restraint, and had longer hospitalizations. \" kasper ja, hoge sk, feucht - haviar t et. al. prospective study of patients \u2019 refusal of antipsychotic medication under a physician discretion review procedure. american journal of psychiatry 1997 ; 154 : 483 \u2013 489. a study in switzerland compared 282 men with schizophrenia with a matched control group in the general population. the patients were five times more likely to have been convicted of violent crimes, mostly \" assaults resulting in bodily harm. \" the more acutely ill the patient was, the more likely he was to have been violent. modestin j, ammann r. mental disorder and criminality : male schizophrenia. schizophrenia bulletin 1996 ; 22 : 69 \u2013 82. a study of homicides in finland reported that \" the risk of committing a homicide was about 10 times greater for schizophrenia patients of both genders than it was for the general population. \" for men \" schizophrenia without alcoholism increased the odds ratio more than 7 times ; schizophrenia with coexisting alcoholism more than 17 times. \" eronen m, tiihonen j, hakola p. schizophrenia and homicidal behavior. schizophrenia bulletin 1996 ; 22 : 83 \u2013 89. in another study in finland, an unselected birth cohort of 11, 017 individuals was followed for 26 years. men with schizophrenia without alcoholism were 3. 6 times more likely to commit a violent crime than men without a psychiatric diagnosis. men with both schizophrenia and alcoholism were 25. 2 times more likely to commit a violent crime. rasanen p, tiihonen j, isohanni m et. al. schizophrenia, alcohol abuse, and violent behavior : a 26 - year follow - up study of an unselected birth cohort. 1998 ; schizophrenia bulletin 24 : 437 \u2013 441. in the three - site macarthur foundation study of violence and mental illness, 17. 4 percent of the patients were violent in the 10 - week period prior to hospitalization, during which time they were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47444902069202, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.409996"} {"text": "1998 ; schizophrenia bulletin 24 : 437 \u2013 441. in the three - site macarthur foundation study of violence and mental illness, 17. 4 percent of the patients were violent in the 10 - week period prior to hospitalization, during which time they were not being treated, compared to an average of 8. 9 percent for the five 10 - week periods after hospitalization during which most of them were being treated. steadman hj, mulvey ep, monahan j et. al. violence by people discharged from acute psychiatric inpatient facilities and by others in the same neighborhoods. archives of general psychiatry 1998 ; 55 : 393 \u2013 401. an english study of 1, 015 forensic patients with severe mental illness ( \" functional psychosis \" ) reported that the diagnosis of \" schizophrenia was most strongly associated with personal violence \" and that \" more than 75 percent of those with a psychosis were recorded as being driven to offend by their delusions. \" the authors concluded that \" treatment appears as important for public safety as for personal health. \" taylor pj, leese m, williams d et. al. mental disorder and violence. british journal of psychiatry 172 : 218 \u2013 226, 1998. a 10 - year follow - up of 1, 056 severely mentally ill patients discharged from mental hospitals in sweden in 1986 reported that \" of those who were 40 years old or younger at the time of discharge, nearly 40 percent had a criminal record as compared to less than 10 percent of the general public. \" furthermore, \" the most frequently occurring crimes are violent crimes. \" belfrage h. a ten - year follow - up of criminality in stockholm mental patients. british journal of criminology 1998 ; 38 : 145 \u2013 155. a study of 331 individuals with severe mental illness reported that 17. 8 percent \" had engaged in serious violent acts that involved weapons or caused injury. \" it also found that \" substance abuse problems, medication noncompliance, and low insight into illness operate together to increase violence risk. \" swartz ms, swanson jw, hiday va et. al. violence and severe mental illness : the effects of substance abuse and nonadherence to medication. american journal of psychiatry 1998 ; 155 : 226 \u2013 231. a study of 63 inpatients with schizophrenia in spain reported that the best predictors of violent behavior were being sicker ( i. e., higher scores on symptom measures ) and less insight into their illness. \" the single variable that best predicted violence was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.491722752893524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.411196"} {"text": "inpatients with schizophrenia in spain reported that the best predictors of violent behavior were being sicker ( i. e., higher scores on symptom measures ) and less insight into their illness. \" the single variable that best predicted violence was insight into psychotic symptoms. \" arango c, barba ac, gonzalez - salvador t et. al. violence in schizophrenic inpatients : a prospective study. schizophrenia bulletin 1999 ; 25 : 493 \u2013 503. a study of 961 young adults in new zealand reported that individuals with schizophrenia and associated disorders were two - and - one - half times more likely than controls to have been violent in the past year. if the person was also a substance abuser, the incidence of violent behavior was even higher. arseneault l, moffitt te, caspi a et. al. mental disorders and violence in a total birth cohort. archives of general psychiatry 2000 ; 57 : 979 \u2013 986. a four - state ( new hampshire, connecticut, maryland, and north carolina ) study of 802 adults with severe mental illness ( 64 percent schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, 17 percent bipolar disorder ) reported that 13. 6 percent had been violent within the previous year. \u201c violent \u201d was defined as \u201c any physical fighting or assaultive actions causing bodily injury to another person, any use of lethal weapon to harm or threaten someone, or any sexual assault during that period. \u201d those who had been violent were more likely to have been homeless, to be substance abusers, and to be living in a violent environment. those who had been violent were also 1. 7 times more likely to have been noncompliant with medications. as has been found in other such studies, the women with severe psychiatric disorders were almost as likely to have been violent ( 11 percent ) as were the men ( 15 percent ). because the data on violent behavior were collected by self - report, the authors suggested \u201c that our findings are probably conservative estimates of the true prevalence of violent behavior for persons with smi. \u201d they concluded \u201c that risk of violence among persons with smi is a significant problem \u201d and \u201c is substantially higher than estimates of the violence rate for the general population. \u201d swanson jw, swartz ms, essock smet al. the social - environmental context of violent behavior in persons treated for severe mental illness. american journal of public health 2002 ; 92 : 1523 \u2013 1531. a study in ohio compared 122", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5217837836641235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.412400"} {"text": ", swartz ms, essock smet al. the social - environmental context of violent behavior in persons treated for severe mental illness. american journal of public health 2002 ; 92 : 1523 \u2013 1531. a study in ohio compared 122 patients with schizophrenia who had committed violent acts with 111 patients with schizophrenia who had not committed such acts. the violent patients had significantly more prominent symptoms and significantly less awareness of their illness. friedman l, hrouda d, noffsinger s et. al. psychometric relationships of insight in patients with schizophrenia who commit violent acts. schizophrenia research 2003 ; 60 : 81. a study of 1, 011 outpatients with severe psychiatric disorders in five states reported that \u201c community violence was inversely related to treatment adherence, \u201d i. e., the less medication individuals took, the more likely they were to become violent. \u201d elbogen eb, van dorn ra, swanson jw et al. treatment engagement and violence risk in mental disorders. british journal of psychiatry 2006 ; 189 : 354 \u2013 360. in singapore, 110 individuals were charged with murder between 1997 and 2001. among these, 7 had schizophrenia, 1 had bipolar disorder, and 2 had delusional disorders. thus, 10 out of 110 ( 9 percent ) had psychotic disorders. koh kgww, gwee kp, chan yh. psychiatric aspects of homicide in singapore : a five - year review ( 1997 \u2013 a study in new york assessed 60 severely mentally ill men who had been charged with violent crimes. the author reported that medication noncompliance and lack of awareness of illness both played significant roles in causing the men \u2019 s violent behavior. alia - klein n, o \u2019 rourke tm, goldstein rz et al. insight into illness and adherence to psychotropic medications are separately associated with violence severity in a forensic sample. aggressive behavior 2007 ; 33 : 86 \u2013 96. a study of 907 individuals with severe mental illness reported that those who were violent were \u201c more likely to deny needing psychiatric treatment. \u201d the authors concluded that \u201c clinical interventions that address a patient \u2019 s perceived need for psychiatric treatment, such as compliance therapy and motivational interviewing, appear to hold promise as risk management strategies \u201d. elbogen eb, mustillo s, van dorn r et al. the impact of perceived need for treatment on risk of arrest and violence among people with severe mental illness. criminal justice and behavior 2007 ; 34 : 197 \u2013 210. a review of 10 studies of homicides committed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4949056694614785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.413718"} {"text": "s, van dorn r et al. the impact of perceived need for treatment on risk of arrest and violence among people with severe mental illness. criminal justice and behavior 2007 ; 34 : 197 \u2013 210. a review of 10 studies of homicides committed by individuals with psychoses reported that such homicides are much more likely to occur during the person \u2019 s initial episode of psychosis, before he / she has been treated. according to the authors : \u201c the rate ratio of homicide in the first episode of psychosis in these studies was 15. 5 times the annual rate of homicide after treatment for psychosis. \u201d nielssen o, large m. rates of homicide during the first episode of psychosis and after treatment : a systematic review and meta - analysis. schizophrenia bulletin advance access, published november 5, 2008. in reviewing many of these studies in 1992, prof. john monahan concluded : \" the data that have recently become available, fairly read, suggest the one conclusion i did not want to reach : whether the measure is the prevalence of violence among the disordered or the prevalence of disorder among the violent, whether the sample is people who are selected for treatment as inmates or patients in institutions or people randomly chosen from the open community, and no matter how many social and demographic factors are statistically taken into account, there appears to be a relationship between mental disorder and violent behavior. \" monahan j. mental disorder and violent behavior. american psychologist 1992 ; 47 : 511 \u2013 521. in a 1996 editorial reviewing such studies, dr. peter marzuk added : \" in the last decade, however, the evidence showing a link between violence, crime, and mental illness has mounted. it cannot be dismissed ; it should not be ignored. \" marzuk pm. violence, crime, and mental illness. archives of general psychiatry 1996 ; 53 : 481 \u2013 486. a 2001 review article on violence and schizophrenia, authored by researchers at the institute of psychiatry in london, concluded : \" it is now generally accepted that people with schizophrenia, albeit by virtue of the activity of a small subgroup, are significantly more likely to be violent than members of the general population, but the proportion of societal violence attributable to this group is small. \" the authors also noted that \" comorbid substance abuse considerably increases the risk. \" they emphasized that the proportion of total violence in society attributable to schizophrenia is small, specifically \" below 10 percent. \" walsh e, buchanan a, fahy t. violence and schizophrenia : examining", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47522400842582035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.417136"} {"text": "the crime, leading the authors to conclude that \u201c closer follow - ups of psychotic patients, especially schizophrenics, could do a lot to improve the welfare of the patient and community. \u201d grunberg f, klinger bi, grumet b. homicide and deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill. american journal of psychiatry 1977 ; 134 : 685 \u2013 687. grunberg f, klinger bi, grumet br. homicide and community - based psychiatry. journal of nervous and mental disease. 1978 ; 166 : 868 \u2013 874. a 1985 study reported that 10 percent ( 7 out of 71 ) of all homicides 1978 \u2013 1980 in contra costa county in california were carried out by individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. all had been evaluated psychiatrically prior to the crime and had refused medication. wilcox de. the relationship of mental illness to homicide. american journal of forensic psychiatry 1985 ; 6 : 3 \u2013 15. in indiana, researchers examined the records of 518 individuals in prison who had been convicted of homicide between 1990 and 2002. among the 518, 53 ( or 10. 2 percent ) had been diagnosed with schizophrenia ( n = 27 ), bipolar disorder ( n = 12 ), or other psychotic disorders not associated with drug abuse ( n = 14 ). an additional 42 individuals had been diagnosed with mania or major depressive disorder. it should be emphasized that the study included only those who had been sentenced to prison and did not include those individuals who had committed homicides and were subsequently found to be incompetent to stand trial or not guilty by reason of insanity and therefore sent to a psychiatric facility instead of prison. thus, the 10. 2 percent is an undercount. the authors also noted that 80 percent of the mentally ill individuals who committed homicides had received past psychiatric treatment but that \u201c many of the offenders were not receiving treatment \u201d at the time of the homicide. matejkowski jc, cullen sw, solomon pl. characteristics of persons with severe mental illness who have been incarcerated for murder. journal of the american academy of psychiatry and the law 2008 ; 36 : 74 \u2013 86. in 2007, there were 16, 929 homicides in the united states. if individuals with severe psychiatric disorders were responsible for only 10 percent of these, that would be approximately 1, 690 homicides. u. s. crime rates ( http : / / www. disastercenter. com / crime / uscrime. htm ). at least 10 percent of males with severe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46061553353737733, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.419811"} {"text": "of these, that would be approximately 1, 690 homicides. u. s. crime rates ( http : / / www. disastercenter. com / crime / uscrime. htm ). at least 10 percent of males with severe mental illnesses become violent, and a lesser percentage of females do. in the united states, this would total approximately 200, 000 \u2013 250, 000 individuals. there are very few data that can be used to estimate the percentage of severely mentally ill individuals who become violent. the best study used the danish psychiatric case register, covering the whole country, and convictions for criminal offenses. between1978 and 1990, 6. 7 percent of males and 0. 9 percent of females with \" major mental disorders \" ( psychoses ) were convicted of a violent crime ( \" all offenses involving interpersonal aggression or a threat thereof \" ) compared with 1. 5 percent males and 0. 1 percent females among individuals with no psychiatric diagnosis. since these are only convictions, it can be assumed that another unknown percentage committed a violent act for which they were not charged or convicted. hodgins s, mednick sa, brennan pa, et. al. mental disorder and crime. archives of general psychiatry 1996 ; 53 : 489 \u2013 496. the incidence of violent behavior among severely mentally ill individuals in the studies discussed under ii above includes : 11 percent in the survey of nami families 13 percent among outpatients with schizophrenia 8. 9 percent in treatment and 17. 4 percent not in treatment in the macarthur foundation study 17. 8 percent among inpatients with severe mental illness in light of the above, it seems reasonable to estimate that at least 10 percent of males with a severe mental illness exhibit violent behavior at some time during their illness and a lesser percentage of females do so. since there are at least 4 million individuals in the united states with schizophrenia and manic - depressive disorder, then approximately 200, 000 \u2013 250, 000 severely mentally ill individuals are or have been violent. publicized episodes of violence by individuals with severe mental illnesses are a major cause of discrimination and stigma against this group. following highly publicized attacks on prominent german officials by individuals with severe mental illnesses, there was a measurable \" marked increase in desired social distance from mentally ill people immediately following [ the ] violent attacks. \" the increased social distance and consequent stigma slowly decreased over time but had not returned to baseline two years later. angermeyer mc, matschinger h. the effect of violent attacks by schizophrenic persons", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43677240287205876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.420862"} {"text": "] violent attacks. \" the increased social distance and consequent stigma slowly decreased over time but had not returned to baseline two years later. angermeyer mc, matschinger h. the effect of violent attacks by schizophrenic persons on the attitude of the public towards the mentally ill. social science and medicine 1996 ; 43 : 12 : 1721 \u2013 1728. a study using university volunteers demonstrated that reading a newspaper article reporting a violent crime committed by a mental patient led to increased \" negative attitudes toward people with mental illnesses. \" thorton ja, wahl of. impact of a newspaper article on attitudes toward mental illness. journal of community psychology 1996 ; 24 : 17 \u2013 25. such studies suggest that it is futile to try to decrease stigma against individuals with mental illness until the problem of violence is addressed. this was noted as early as 1981 by dr. henry steadman who observed : \" recent research data on contemporary populations of ex - mental patients supports these public fears [ of dangerousness ] to an extent rarely acknowledged by mental health professionals.... it is [ therefore ] futile and inappropriate to badger the news and entertainment media with appeals to help destigmatize the mentally ill. \" steadman, hj. critically reassessing the accuracy of public perceptions of the dangerousness of the mentally ill. journal of health and social behavior 1981 ; 22 : 310 \u2013 316, 1981. in 1992 dr. john monahan added : \" the data suggest that public education programs by advocates for the mentally disordered along the lines of \u2018 people with mental illness are no more violent than the rest of us \u2019 may be doomed to failure.... and they should : the claim, it turns out, may well be untrue. \" monahan j. mental disorder and violent behavior. american psychologist 1992 ; 47 : 511 \u2013 521. the 1999 surgeon general ' s report on mental health noted that \" the perception of people with psychosis as being dangerous is stronger today than in the past.... people with mental illness, especially those with psychosis, are perceived to be more violent than in the past \" ( surgeon general ' s report, p. 7 ). u. s. department of health and human services. mental health : a report of the surgeon general. ( rockville, md. : u. s. department of health and human services, substance abuse and mental health services administration, center for mental health services, national institutes of health, national institute of mental health, 1999 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45920939056698784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.421893"} {"text": "the surgeon general. ( rockville, md. : u. s. department of health and human services, substance abuse and mental health services administration, center for mental health services, national institutes of health, national institute of mental health, 1999 ). see the briefing paper \" stigma and violence \" for a more complete discussion of this issue. violence and schizophrenia the violence issue among individuals with schizophrenia is a treatment issue, nothing more nor less. by dr. e. fuller torrey schizophrenia research 88 ( 2006 ) 3 \u2013 4 the recent killing of wayne fenton by a patient with untreated schizophrenia reminds us of a fact that we too often ignore. a subset of people with schizophrenia and other psychoses are dangerous if their paranoid delusions and other symptoms are not treated, especially if they are also abusing alcohol or street drugs. eight major studies of violence among seriously mentally ill individuals have been reported in the united states since 1990. together they show that 5 to 10 % of such individuals commit acts of serious violence each year. the studies also show the importance of treatment in reducing this violence. for example in the catie study the incidence of violence was very low because all participants were receiving antipsychotic medications. similarly in the macarthur violence risk assessment study the incidence of violence among treated patients was much lower than among those not taking medications. homicides are the best documented and supreme expression of violence. in the united states only one small study of homicides committed by mentally ill individuals has been carried out ; in contra costa county in california from 1978 to 1980 there were 7 individuals with schizophrenia and 1 other with a drug - induced psychosis among 71 total homicides. in european and commonwealth nations in recent years, 13 such studies have been done. individuals with schizophrenia and other psychoses were found to be responsible for an average of 9. 4 % ( range : 5. 3 to 17. 9 ) of all homicides. the united states has a higher total homicide rate than most other countries so the percentage of homicides attributable to individuals with severe psychiatric disorders will be somewhat lower. thus it seems apparent that individuals with psychoses are responsible for at least 5 % of homicides in america. the massive discharge of patients from state psychiatric hospitals, followed by the failure to treat many of them, was well underway by 1966. during the intervening 40 years in the u. s. there have been 742, 691 total homicides, of which a minimum of 37, 134 ( 5 % ) were attributable to individuals with severe psychiatric", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4660577974090169, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.423118"} {"text": "well underway by 1966. during the intervening 40 years in the u. s. there have been 742, 691 total homicides, of which a minimum of 37, 134 ( 5 % ) were attributable to individuals with severe psychiatric disorders, almost all of whom were not being treated. as such, almost all of these were preventable homicides. the most common victims of such homicides are family members, especially mothers. mental health professionals are not uncommon but not rare victims. for example, in oregon two psychiatrists were killed by patients in a single year. the violence issue among individuals with schizophrenia is a treatment issue, nothing more nor less. in virtually every case it has been found that the individuals responsible for such homicides, like the young man who killed dr. fenton, were not taking medication. the problem is that approximately half of all individuals afflicted with schizophrenia have moderate or severe anosognosia ; they are neurologically impaired and thus unable to perceive their own illness or need for medication. laws governing the treatment of mentally ill individuals in the united states ignore this fact and make involuntary treatment exceedingly difficult to carry out. several studies have shown a correlation between anosognosia and noncompliance with medication and with violent behavior. the solution is assisted treatment for individuals with schizophrenia who have anosognosia and are thought to be dangerous. this can be accomplished by conservatorships, conditional release, or by outpatient commitment. maryland, where dr. fenton was killed, is one of only eight states with no provision for outpatient commitment. in most states the laws are written in such a way that the family of the mentally ill person and mental health professionals can do nothing until the person demonstrates dangerousness. dr. fenton paid the ultimate price for maryland ' s inadequate laws. studies have shown that the use of conditional release and outpatient commitment reduce violence dramatically. in north carolina outpatient commitment reduced the incidence of violence from 42 to 27 % when the commitment was continued for at least 6 months. in new york, where the outpatient commitment statute is called kendra ' s law, a recent study reported that its use reduced the incidence of those who physically harmed others from 15 to 8 %. however it is considered politically incorrect to promote outpatient commitment or other forms of involuntary treatment. as a consequence organizations like the two apas and nami are largely silent on this issue. others, like the mental health association and the bazelon center even deny the link between untreated schizophrenia and violence", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4919051024757734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.424133"} {"text": "welcome to the franklin elementary school web page for ms. benson ' s class! we have been working on an ecology project with our scientists, carol thornber and risa goldstein. these are our scientists, carol and risa, in our classroom. the students and risa, carol and ms. benson decided to do an experiment looking at how different pollutants affect the growth of plants. we hypothesized that plants given water would grow better than those given solutions with various \" pollutants \", but of course we didn ' t know how plants would react to different pollutants. we picked common substances for our pollutants. we chose to use lima bean seeds, since they are large and grow quickly. we planted seeds in potting soil. we gave the seeds either : water ( control ), sunscreen solution ( sunscreen + water ), soap solution ( liquid soap + water ), or shampoo solution ( shampoo + water ). here we are setting up our experiment seeds were \" watered \" as necessary to keep the soil moist. there were 18 seeds / treatment. we measured plant size and the number of leaves per plant over several weeks. seeds given either soap or shampoo did not grow at all ( we had maybe 1 germinate from each of these categories and then quickly die ). seeds given either water or sunscreen did germinate and grow. however, those given water grew significantly higher and had significantly more leaves than those given sunscreen. thus, we concluded that soap and shampoo are very bad for bean growth, and that sunscreen is slightly harmful for beans. ( of course, this may vary by the concentration of sunscreen, etc... but we didn ' t get into that!! )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5111979636520819, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.427321"} {"text": "camping offers the serenity of escape \u2014 and, if it ' s combined with the exercise of a hiking trip, it benefits both body and mind. the simplicity of camping combined with the beauty of nature can help us readjust and unwind from our hectic lifestyles. whether you ' re in the woods, in the desert, combing the beaches, or climbing mountain trails, you ' ll want to keep a few survival techniques in mind to guarantee a memorable trip. before you leave know the camping environment. different terrain carries different challenges \u2014 for example, pitching a tent on sand is very different from setting up camp on land, and if you don ' t have the right equipment, you could find yourself sleeping under the stars on a windswept beach! you ' ll also want to be prepared for any possible hazards \u2014 everything from poison ivy to potentially dangerous wildlife. as you plan your trip, contact park rangers or an outdoors expert at your local sporting goods store, go online to research where you ' ll be going, or browse the shelves at the library or local bookstore. a day or so before you leave, check local weather forecasts or contact ranger stations so you don ' t end up in the path of a hurricane, flooding, or other natural disaster. knowing your surroundings will help you find out how you can prepare or whether you want to avoid the area altogether. if you ' ll be hiking to your campsite, practice walking with your fully packed backpack to get an idea of how the pack fits and whether the load is well distributed. this helps prevent blisters and strain. it ' s also a good idea to practice walking in the boots you ' ll be wearing. and remember that saying \" take only pictures, leave only footprints \"? if you ' re hiking in remote areas with no waste disposal facilities, you ' ll need to carry out your garbage and other unused items. make this easier by packing as lightly as you can. find a water - resistant, easy - to - assemble tent. before you leave, practice putting up your tent in your backyard or living room to make sure it works properly. ( but be careful not to leave any important pieces behind when you finish! ) find the right sleeping bag. you ' ll want to choose the right one for your conditions. temperatures can drop quickly when you ' re camping at higher elevations, so if you ' re headed to higher ground, buy or rent sleeping bags designed to keep you warm in low temperatures. goose down or synthetic ( manmade ) materials can keep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4142158417375006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.438159"} {"text": "conditions. temperatures can drop quickly when you ' re camping at higher elevations, so if you ' re headed to higher ground, buy or rent sleeping bags designed to keep you warm in low temperatures. goose down or synthetic ( manmade ) materials can keep you toasty in temperatures as low as - 15\u00b0f ( - 26\u00b0c ). your first - aid kit you ' ll want to be sure you pack these essentials for your trip : medications. if you take medication, such as asthma or allergy medicines, pack enough to last for the trip. if you take a daily medication, take along a couple of extra days ' supply, just in case. insect repellent and sunscreen. for summertime excursions, use sunscreen and an insect repellent that contains 10 % - 30 % deet. although you can buy products that combine sunscreen with an insect repellent, these generally aren ' t a good idea because sunscreen should be applied more frequently than an insect repellent. apply the sunscreen first. you ' ve got your phone with you, so how bad could it be? actually, relying on a cell phone for emergency backup can be downright scary \u2014 as many hikers have discovered the hard way. not all wilderness areas have cell phone coverage. so don ' t think of your phone as your only safety device. take along an emergency kit that includes : a flashlight ( with extra batteries ) a gps device bottled water ( in addition to your regular supply ) high - carbohydrate snacks ( such as energy bars ) a whistle ( this can be heard at greater distances than a traditional call for help ) a thermal reflective blanket ( these \" space blankets \" are light and easy to carry and offer emergency protection against wind and cold ) what to wear shorts might seem like the perfect camp gear when you leave the house, but if the weather shifts from sun to storm clouds, they may leave you with the chills. try to bring a variety of clothing, including practical clothes that dry fast. if you plan to hike, long pants and shirts made of lighter fabrics are a better choice than shorts. they help protect against everything from ticks and mosquitoes to poisonous and thorny plant life ( not to mention sunburn ). speaking of insects, you can now buy clothing that ' s been treated with insect repellents \u2014 you ' ll still need to use a rub or spray - on repellent on exposed skin though! layering your clothes, from tank tops to long -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42829236289175465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.439116"} {"text": "insects, you can now buy clothing that ' s been treated with insect repellents \u2014 you ' ll still need to use a rub or spray - on repellent on exposed skin though! layering your clothes, from tank tops to long - sleeved jackets, will allow you to add or remove layers easily depending on the temperature. and don ' t forget to bring extra socks, extra shoes, and waterproof rain gear. a plastic poncho and rain hat pack well and offer good protection when unexpected cloudbursts threaten to rain on your rustic parade. a hat is a camping essential. if you ' re bringing a hat to stay warm, be sure it fits snugly. if you are hoping for it to provide shade during warm - weather adventures, select something lightweight and well ventilated like a straw or mesh weave. and remember to pack something waterproof to keep your head dry in case of rain. although your experiences will vary from campsite to campsite, a few tips always apply. the first rule to remember is not to camp alone. the buddy system isn ' t only fun, it ' s also smart \u2014 there ' s someone to help in case of an emergency. make sure the folks back home have your camping itinerary and check in with them at regular, previously arranged intervals. many park areas offer an opportunity to sign in at the beginning of a trail. take advantage of this system ( or tell a ranger at the park ' s ranger station when you ' re setting out ). that way, if conditions get rough, your chances of getting help are better. of course, most campers breeze through their outdoor adventures without a snag. but part of the serenity of camping is knowing someone will know how to find you if you need help. how can you keep your campsite safe? here are some tips from the pros : plan your site. pick a clear spot on a hill or slope to avoid potential flash flooding after a sudden rain. there ' s nothing like the power of water in motion to wash away your love for camping along with your gear. if you ' re in an area that may attract bears or other wildlife, plan your site so your cooking area is well away from your sleeping area ( the u. s. national park service recommends people sleep about 100 yards, or 90 meters, uphill or upwind from where they cook ). don ' t play with fire. make sure open campfires are legal before you start one ( consult a park ranger or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4126669854193533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.440057"} {"text": ". national park service recommends people sleep about 100 yards, or 90 meters, uphill or upwind from where they cook ). don ' t play with fire. make sure open campfires are legal before you start one ( consult a park ranger or campsite staff member to find out ). once you ' ve determined it ' s ok to have a fire, carefully consider where your fire will burn : 10 feet ( 3 meters ) away from your tent is a good rule of thumb. store food safely. food that ' s not stored properly can attract all kinds of wildlife, including animals that are potentially dangerous, like bears. the national park service recommends hanging food above ground in special bags ; you can also rent special bear - proof containers at some ranger stations. be aware of what ' s going on around you. make a mental note of your surroundings, including who is nearby and what they might be doing. lock your car, even if you think no one is around. be friendly, but not too friendly. be ready for the unexpected. don ' t forget to take along plenty of drinking water, even if you ' re headed to a mountain retreat where the water looks clear, cool, and tempting. no matter how crystal clear stream, river, or lake water looks, it can be contaminated with parasites like giardia that make people seriously ill. sure, packing water may seem heavy, but it ' s one of the essentials of camping. bottles are unwieldy to carry ( and you have to carry the empties back with you ), so many seasoned campers find it easier to take along drinking pouches filled with water. wildlife species native to remote areas also use the waterways, and germs from sick animals can contaminate lakes, streams, or rivers. these can make people sick, too. you can bathe and swim if it ' s not restricted, but bring your own water to drink \u2014 and drink plenty of it, to avoid dehydration. there are many edible plants along the trail, but don ' t try harvesting them unless you know what you ' re doing. some berries, leaves, mushrooms, or roots look yummy but they can make you sick. if you want to harvest goodies on your trip, study up by reading books or visiting reputable internet sites before you head out \u2014 and then take the pictures with you. national parks and other campsites are alive with wildlife, from birds to bears or chipmunks to snakes. it may be tempting to lure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40801839376145754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.441378"} {"text": "by reading books or visiting reputable internet sites before you head out \u2014 and then take the pictures with you. national parks and other campsites are alive with wildlife, from birds to bears or chipmunks to snakes. it may be tempting to lure the animals into your campsite with food just to get a closer look. but do yourself ( and the animals ) a favor and resist. wild animals need to stay wild. not feeding them helps preserve their survival \u2014 as well as your own. it ' s easy to think of animals like horses as domesticated, but any wild animal can bite and even smaller animals can do substantial damage to a campsite. even if you escape the close encounter without losing a finger, the next family to land in the same campsite might not be so lucky. once an animal knows it can be fed at a certain location, it will instinctively return. just as the next person to encounter the animal may not fare as well as you, the same animal may not be as fortunate with other people. attracting animals to campsites puts them at risk for cruel treatment from people who may not be as kind as you. getting lost while camping and hiking is probably the biggest problem most campers face. it ' s a good idea to learn how to use a compass and map to get from place to place \u2014 most campers have no idea how to use a compass. to avoid getting lost, stay on well - marked trails and never camp without a friend or family member along for the ride. before you start on your adventure, get maps from the park or forest ranger. if you and your buddy do get lost, follow trail markers to the nearest ranger station and wait for help to arrive. if you can ' t find a ranger station, look for a safe, sheltered place and wait for help to come looking for you ( it will if you ' ve followed procedures such as signing in on trails and leaving information at home on where you ' ll be ). an ordinary sports whistle is a camper ' s best friend when it comes to calling for help. the regular repeat of the clear tone can help guarantee your cries for help will be heard at distances the human voice can ' t travel. if you have a cell phone and can get a signal, try contacting park rangers by phone. if you do have an unexpected problem, no matter how small it seems to you, don ' t hesitate to ask park rangers for help. asking directions or advice can mean the difference between a treasured memory and a nightmare. if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41168847755586735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.442304"} {"text": "direct - to - consumer ( dtc ) genetic testing refers to genetic tests that are marketed directly to consumers via television, print advertisements, or the internet. this form of testing, which is also known as at - home genetic testing, provides access to a person \u2019 s genetic information without necessarily involving a doctor or insurance company in the process. [ definition from nlm ' s genetic home reference handbook ] almost two years ago i wrote about 23andme ( 23andme : 23notme, not yet ), a well known dtc company, that offers a genetics scan ( snp - genotyping ) to the public \u2018 for research \u2019, \u2018 for education \u2019 and \u2018 for fun \u2019 : \u201c formally 23andme denies there is a diagnostic purpose ( in part, surely, because the company doesn \u2019 t want to antagonize the fda, which strictly regulates diagnostic testing for disease ). however, 23andme does give information on your risk profile for certain diseases, including parkinson \u201d in another post personalized genetics : too soon, too little? i summarized an editorial by ioannides on the topic. his ( and my ) conclusion was that \u201c the promise of personalized genetic prediction may be exaggerated and premature \u201d. the most important issue is that predictive power to individualize risks is relatively weak. ioannidis emphasized that despite the poor evidence, direct to consumer genetic testing has already begun and is here to stay. he proposed several safeguards, including transparent and thorough reporting, unbiased continuous synthesis and grading of the evidence and alerting the public that most genetic tests have not yet been shown to be clinically useful. and now these \u201c precautionary measures \u201d actually seem to happen. last week the fda sent 5 dtc - companies, including 23andme a letter saying \u201c their tests are medical devices that must receive regulatory approval before they can be marketed. \u201d ( ie. see ny - times article ). alberto gutierrez, who leads diagnostic test regulation at the fda, wrote in the letters : \u201c premarket review allows for an independent and unbiased assessment of a diagnostic test \u2019 s ability to generate test results that can reliably be used to support good health care decisions, \u201d these letters are part of an initiative to better explain the fda \u2019 s actions by providing information that supports clinical medicine, biomedical innovation, and public health, \u201d ( may 19 new england journal of medicine commentary, source : see amed - news ) although it doesn \u2019 t look like the tests will be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48345526169790853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.451376"} {"text": "the fda \u2019 s actions by providing information that supports clinical medicine, biomedical innovation, and public health, \u201d ( may 19 new england journal of medicine commentary, source : see amed - news ) although it doesn \u2019 t look like the tests will be taken from the market, 23andme does take a quite a rebellious attitude : one of its directors called the fda \u201c appallingly paternalistic. \u201d many support this view : \u201c people have the right to know their own genetic make - up \u201d, so to say. furthermore as discussed above, 23andme denies that their genetic scans are meant for diagnosis. in my view the latter is largely untrue. at least 23andme suggests that knowing a scan does tell you something about your risks for certain diseases. however, the risks are often not that straightforward. you just can \u2019 t \u201c measure \u201d the risk of a multifactorial disease like diabetes by \u201c scanning \u201d a few weakly predisposing genes. often the results are given in relative risk, which is highly confusing. in her ted - talk the 23andme director anne wojcicki said her husband sergey brin ( google ), had a 50 % chance of getting parkinson, but his relative risk ( rr, based on the lrrk2 - mutation, which isn \u2019 t the most crucial gene for getting parkinson ) varies from 20 % to 80 %, which means that this mutation increases his absolute risk of getting parkinson from 2 - 5 % ( normal chance ) to 4 - 10 % at the most. ( see this post ). furthermore, as reported by venture in nature ( october 8, 2009 ) : for seven diseases, 50 % or less of the predictions of two companies agreed across five individuals ( i. e. for one disease : 23andme : rr 4. 02, and navigenics rr : 1. 25 ). on the other hand * fun * diagnoses could lead to serious concern in, or wrong / unnecessary decisions ( removal of ovaries, changing drug doses ) by patients. there are also concerns with regard to their good - practice standards, as 23andme just flipped a 96 - wells plate of costumer dna ( see genetic future for a balanced post ), which upset a mother noticing that her son didn \u2019 t have compatible genes. but lets assume that proper precautions will prevent this to happen again. there are also positive aspects : results of a preliminary study showed that people who find out they have high genetic risk for cardiovascular disease are more likely to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46482813557670033, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.452297"} {"text": "son didn \u2019 t have compatible genes. but lets assume that proper precautions will prevent this to happen again. there are also positive aspects : results of a preliminary study showed that people who find out they have high genetic risk for cardiovascular disease are more likely to change their diet and exercise patterns than are those who learn they have a high risk from family history. ( technology review : genetic testing can change behavior ). furthermore, people buy those tests themselves and, indeed, there genes are their own. however, i agree with dr. gutierrez of the fda saying : \u201c we really don \u2019 t have any issues with denying people information. we just want to make sure the information they are given is correct. \u201d ( ny - times ). the fda is putting the consumers first. however, it will be very difficult to be consistent. what about total body scans in normal healthy people, detecting innocent incidentilomas? or what about the controversial xmrv - tests offered by the whittemore peterson institute ( wpi ) directly to cfs - patients? ( see these posts ) and one step further ( although not in the diagnostic field ) : the ineffective cam / homeopathic products sold over the counter? i wouldn \u2019 t mind if these tests / products would be held up to the light. consumers should not be misled by the results of unproven or invalid tests, and where needed should be offered the guidance of a healthcare provider. but if tests are valid and risk predictions correct, it is up to the \u201c consumer \u201d if he / she wants to purchase such a test. \u201c what five fda letters mean for the future of dtc genetic testing \u201d at genomics law report is highly recommendable, but couldn \u2019 t be accessed while writing the post. [ added : 2010 - 06 - 14 13. 10 ] - problem assessing genomics law report is resolved. - also recommendable : the post \u201c fda to regulate genetic tests as \u201c devices \u201d \" at phg foundation. this post highlights that simply trying to classify the complete genomic testing service as \u201c a device \u201d is inadequate and will not address the difficult issues at hand. one of the biggest issues is that, while classifying dtc genetics tests as devices is certainly appropriate for assessing their analytical validity and direct safety, it does not and cannot provide an assessment of the service, thus of the predictions and interpretations resulting from the genome scans. although standard medical testing has traditionally been overseen by professional medical bodies, the current genomic risk profiling tests are simply not good enough to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46573698320624846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.453339"} {"text": "schisandra is a woody vine native to eastern asia. it winds around the trunks of trees, covering the branches. the white flowers produce small red berries that may grow in clusters. traditionally, the berries are harvested in the fall, dried, and then ground to make the powdered medicinal herb. the seeds of the fruit contain lignans, which are believed to be active constituents. schisandra has long been used in the traditional medicines of russia and china for a wide variety of conditions including asthma, coughs, and other respiratory ailments, diarrhea, insomnia, impotence, and kidney problems. hunters and athletes have used schisandra in the belief that it will increase endurance and combat fatigue under physical stress. more recently, schisandra has been studied for potential liver - protective effects. what is schisandra used for today? schisandra has not been proven effective for any condition. research on the herb is limited to studies in animals, as well as human trials that are not up to modern scientific standards. schisandra comes in capsules, tinctures, powder, tablets, and extracts. common dosages are 1. 5 to 6 g daily. safety in pregnant or nursing women, children, or people with severe liver or kidney disease has not been established. - reviewer : ebsco cam review board - review date : 07 / 2012 - - update date : 07 / 25 / 2012 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46958592734440463, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.454893"} {"text": "caroline anne forell, university of oregon school of law, has published convicts, thieves, domestics, and wives in colonial australia : the rebellious lives of ellen murphy and jane new. here is the abstract. this article examines the lives of two female convicts who rebelled against the law and the australian penal system in the early nineteenth century. it follows ellen murphy and jane new from their first arrests through their experiences with and exits from the penal system. as thieves, convicts, domestics, and wives, ellen and jane interacted repeatedly with the law. both the notorious jane ( who was the subject of a habeas corpus action in in re jane new ), and the more representative ellen, began thieving as young teenagers in the teeming cities of england. the law arrested, tried, and convicted them. next it transported them to van diemen \u2019 s land ( now, tasmania ). it then unsuccessfully attempted to manage their lives. download the article from ssrn at the link. the law influenced convict women \u2019 s choices in more overt ways than it did free women although, as this article discusses, many similarities existed between the legal disabilities imposed on both groups and, on occasion, as with jane new, the law doubly disabled convict women because they were assigned to their husbands. nevertheless, ellen and jane \u2019 s interactions with the law illustrate how convict women were able to make meaningful choices even in the heavily regulated penal systems of governors arthur of van diemen \u2019 s land and darling of new south wales.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4548797551686793, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.456424"} {"text": "some issues we hope the manuscripts may consider : - how do media literacy \u2019 s structured, formal and critical practices of reading texts / contexts / cultures map onto new forms of participation and engagement in social media environments? - how does learning about young peoples \u2019 out - of - school literacy practices with digital media support the development of in - school programs? - why are aspects of mass media and popular culture generally absent from discussion about digital media and learning? - how are new online tools ( including those for remix, screen capture, commenting, and collaborative writing ) shifting the role of media production practices both in and out of the classroom? - is the focus on digital \u201c tool competence \u201d contributing to another kind of \u201c technicist trap? \u201d - how does scholarship in digital media and learning address issues of representation and cultural difference? - is digital citizenship a new set of life skills or a form of moral education that frames media and technology use in terms of middle - class values and cultural norms? - how do messages about media literacy and about the value of digital media and learning resonate with journalists, policymakers, school leaders, teacher, parents and children and young people themselves? call for papers : special issue for the special issue, the journal will consider articles, essays, and book reviews related to the theme. we encourage submissions from scholars, professionals, and educators at any level and in any discipline. contributors are encouraged to query the editors in a short email describing their papers to determine suitability for publication. contributors are invited to make submissions at any time on the jmle website at http : / / www. jmle. org. final date for all volume 2 issue 2 submissions is june 1, 2010. guidelines for submission are available at : http : / / jmle. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48119396446463586, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.459199"} {"text": "vitamins can be a mysterious entity you put into your body on a daily basis that rarely has any noticeable effects. it ' s hard to gauge for yourself if it ' s worth the price and effort, so we put all our questions about vitamins to experts to help us differentiate between wasted cash and a helpful supplement. photo by lisa brewster. we ' ve asked a few experts to chime in on the importance of vitamin intake and the best practices for doing so. we have health coach and dietitian krista lennox ma, rd, cdn, nutritionist andy bellatti ms, rd, and department of exercise and sports science at the university of south carolina aiken ' s dr. brian parr. do i need to take a daily multivitamin if i eat healthy? since we haven ' t arrived in a science - fiction - esque future where a pill can supply all the nutrition we need in one swallow we use multivitamins to supplement what we might be missing from our diets. as it turns out, knowing your diet ' s limitations is the best step to figuring out if you need a multivitamin. krista lennox weighs in : for most healthy americans under the age of 50 it is possible to meet necessary nutrient needs through diet alone. consumption of a wide variety of colorful, nutritious food is the best way to maintain health and prevent chronic disease. with that being said, it is important to note that most americans do not meet the recommended amount of nutrients in their diet. through increased intake of fruits and vegetables, low fat dairy products, whole grains, and fortified foods americans can help ensure the quality of their diet so they ' re more likely to meet nutritional needs. dr. parr agrees : probably not, but maybe. if you eat a healthy diet that contains a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low - fat dairy you likely get adequate levels of vitamins and minerals. remember, you are supplementing your diet so you don ' t need a multivitamin / mineral that contains 100 % ( or more ) of the recommended daily allowance for each vitamin or mineral. really, the flintstones vitamin you took as a kid would be sufficient. it may not provide great health benefits, but it also would be unlikely to cause any problems. andy bellati ' s take is similar, but he outlines a more specific regiment instead of a multivitamin approach : not surprisingly, many americans don ' t consume sufficient amounts of the nutrients that are easily lost during the processing of food.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4583326824446211, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.474075"} {"text": "problems. andy bellati ' s take is similar, but he outlines a more specific regiment instead of a multivitamin approach : not surprisingly, many americans don ' t consume sufficient amounts of the nutrients that are easily lost during the processing of food. approximately 3 / 4 of american adults don ' t get enough magnesium in their diet, which is a crucial mineral for blood pressure regulation, among other functions. top sources? spinach, potatoes, nuts, and oats. vitamin d deficiency is rampant. the latest research shows that current recommendations for 600 international units a day are too low. part of the problem is that recommendations are made solely on vitamin d ' s role in bone health, while newer research takes into consideration the multitude of functions vitamin d is necessary for. i urge all my clients to take 2, 000 to 4, 000 international units a day. if it seems like too much, keep in mind that if you get your vitamin d from the sun, the body produces 10, 000 international units and then ceases production. if you avoid certain types of foods, supplements might help fill in the blanks of your diet. andy bellati recommends a few good supplements : i recommend vitamin b12 supplements for people who avoid animal products. in many cases, i recommend probiotic supplements. a healthy gut is very important for overall health, and too many people wreck their gut flora ( aka the friendly critters in our colon that help with immunity and nutrient absorption ) with poor diets, exposure to environmental toxins, and stress. probiotic supplements should ideally be purchased refrigerated and stored that way at home. for individuals who do not normally eat fish or sea vegetables ( two sources of dha and epa omega - 3 fatty acids ), i recommend they supplement with either fish oils or algae oil. a consistent intake of dha and epa omega - 3 fatty acids ( also known as \" fish oil \", although sea vegetables also offer them ) is crucial for heart health. photo by matt reinbold. how do i know if i need supplements? none of this information is really useful unless you have a way to figure out if you even need to be taking supplements in the first place. to do so, you ' ll need to take a close look at your diet or get a blood test with your physician to check for deficiency. dr. parr notes that it ' s difficult to self - assess and even though supplements can work to battle deficiency, the purpose stops there. which is to say, there aren ' t added", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47831537242418354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.475228"} {"text": "a blood test with your physician to check for deficiency. dr. parr notes that it ' s difficult to self - assess and even though supplements can work to battle deficiency, the purpose stops there. which is to say, there aren ' t added benefits from taking more than your daily allowance : given the nature of the typical american diet, people really may not be getting enough essential nutrients like vitamins and minerals in their diet. typically not low enough to cause deficiency symptoms, but lower levels than are recommended. in these cases, a supplement would be advised. andy belatti adds that the main goal for people should be to improve the overall diet as opposed to relying on supplements : technically, it ' s smart to supplement if your diet is not high in nutrients. however, when i work with clients who consume minimally nutritious diets, my goal is to include more nutritious foods, rather than go straight for supplements. supplements can only do so much. popping a multivitamin every day is a moot point if your diet is high in unhealthy fats, sodium, and added sugars. photo by erich ferdinand. are there negative effects from taking too many vitamins? it is possible to get too much of a good thing and in the case of vitamins, it ' s important to watch your intake. in this case, it ' s the fat - soluble vitamins because they ' re stored in your liver and fatty tissues and aren ' t needed typically needed on a daily basis. the water - soluble vitamins make a quick exit in your urine if you take too much, but the fat - soluble vitamins hole up as long as they can. dr. parr explains how to keep your intake on the level : toxicity can result from very high doses and is most common with the fat - soluble vitamins a, d, e, k. again, taking a supplement that provides less than 100 % of the rda for each vitamin and mineral is likely safe. krista lennox adds : when it comes to vitamins more is not always better, according to a recent study the nutrients most likely to exceed the tolerable upper intake levels are iron, zinc, vitamin a and niacin. can vitamins improve my athletic performance? we ' ve all heard about pumping in certain types of vitamins and minerals when we ' re working out or trying to prep our bodies for a hearty workout, but does it really work? dr. parr doesn ' t think so : in theory,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47584331549226977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.476347"} {"text": "ve all heard about pumping in certain types of vitamins and minerals when we ' re working out or trying to prep our bodies for a hearty workout, but does it really work? dr. parr doesn ' t think so : in theory, some vitamins and minerals could improve exercise performance or health, but research into vitamin / mineral supplementation tends to show a lack of positive effect. here are three examples : 1 ) iron is an essential component in oxygen transport in the blood and muscle. iron deficiency can impair exercise performance by lowering oxygen delivery to the muscle, an essential step in producing energy for muscular activity. in iron deficiency cases, an iron supplement can reverse the deficiency and restore exercise performance. but taking an iron supplement when you have normal iron levels would not improve performance. in fact, excess iron intake can cause liver damage. 2 ) i have seen several studies that report that certain vitamin supplements have no effect at reducing the risk of chronic diseases, like heart disease or cancer. in particular, high doses of vitamins a, c, e and the mineral selenium ( all antioxidants ) don ' t appear to lower the risk of chronic diseases and may actually increase the risk of death. 3 ) deficiencies of certain nutrients can have a negative effect on immune function, so eating a balanced diet is essential. that said, there is no support for \" boosting \" the immune system by taking high doses of vitamins, minerals, or other supplements, despite the claims made by supplement companies. in fact, supplement manufacturers are not required to prove their products have any beneficial effects, so the majority of nutritional supplements have not undergone appropriate testing. for those supplements that have been tested, the results are not consistent with the claims. if this is the case, shouldn ' t taking more of those vitamins improve health? i think that the answer lies in the difference between eating food that contains nutrients and taking high doses of those nutrients. maybe the vitamins themselves cannot make up for an inadequate diet. the whole ( the food people eat ) is more important than the sum of its parts ( the individual nutrients that make up those foods ). photo by lululemon athletica. is there a difference between a supplement and the vitamins i get in food? now we know that vitamin and mineral supplements work best to fill in the gaps of your diet but shouldn ' t be used as a supplement for eating healthy. but is the difference between a supplement and real food really that big of a deal? it turns out it is,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4847291088253923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.477625"} {"text": "vitamin and mineral supplements work best to fill in the gaps of your diet but shouldn ' t be used as a supplement for eating healthy. but is the difference between a supplement and real food really that big of a deal? it turns out it is, kristi lennox explains : supplements are not intended to replace foods because they cannot provide all of the nutrients and benefits of whole foods. whole foods are complex therefore one food can contain multiple nutrients essential for health. fiber has been shown to reduce the risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes and also help in weight management. whole foods also contain naturally occurring substances which can help protect your health. andy bellati agrees and expands a little : in many cases, yes. when vitamin e is isolated, for example, it does not work as efficiently as it does within its original food matrix. foods high in vitamin e ( mainly nuts and seeds ) contain compounds that interact with vitamin e in such a way that allows it to operate efficiently. as it turns out, vitamins can have a positive effect on your overall health, but it ' s best to use them exclusively as a supplement to a good diet. when you ' re out shopping, don ' t forget to buy whatever is on sale, since they ' re all the same. overdosing on vitamins isn ' t worth much either, so if you ' re going to go the multivitamin route, make sure it ' s not providing too much of any fat - soluble vitamins or alternately, consider supplementing with just the specific mineral and vitamins you need based on your diet.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49960059201195717, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.478352"} {"text": "molecular pathology library the past two decades have seen an ever - accelerating growth in knowledge about molecular pathology of human diseases which received a large boost with the sequencing of the human genome in 2003. molecular diagnostics, molecular targeted therapy and genetic therapy are now routine in many medical centers. the molecular field now impacts every field in medicine, whether clinical research or routine patient care. there is a great need for basic researchers to understand the potential clinical implications of their research whereas private practice clinicians of all types ( general internal medicine and internal medicine specialists, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, surgeons, pediatricians, family practice ), clinical investigators, pathologists and medical laboratory directors and radiologists require a basic understanding of the fundamentals of molecular pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment for their patients. traditional textbooks in molecular biology deal with basic science and are not readily applicable to the medical setting. most medical textbooks that include a mention of molecular pathology in the clinical setting are limited in scope and assume that the reader already has a working knowledge of the basic science of molecular biology. other texts emphasize technology and testing procedures without integrating the clinical perspective. there is an urgent need for a text that fills the gap between basic science books and clinical practice. in the molecular pathology library series the basic science and the technology is integrated with the medical perspective and clinical application. each book in the series is divided according to neoplastic and non - neoplastic diseases for each of the organ systems traditionally associated with medical subspecialties. each book in the series is organized to provide ( 1 ) a succinct background of the essential terminology, concepts and technology of molecular biology, ( 2 ) an overview ofthe broad application of molecular biology principles to disease and ( 3 ) specific application of molecular pathology to the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of neoplastic and non - neoplastic diseases specific to each organ system. these broad section topics will be broken down into succinct chapters, averaging about 15 to 20 pages each, to cover a very specific disease entity. the chapters will be written by established authorities on the specific topic from academic centers around the world. in one book, diverse subjects are included that the reader would have to pursue from multiple sources in order to have a clear understanding of the molecular pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of specific diseases. attempting to hunt for the full information from basic concept to specific applications for a disease from the varied sources is time - consuming and frustrating. by providing this quick and user - friendly reference, understanding and application of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5529602586447446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.487533"} {"text": "painful and cracked nipples are not a normal part of breastfeeding. nipples become damaged and sore if the baby is not positioned and attached effectively. if feeding is painful and / or if at the end of a breastfeed the nipple seems flattened or pinched then the position that the baby is held in and / or the attachment needs to be adjusted and improved. ineffective positioning and attachment will not only cause painful feeding, but will also result in the baby not taking enough breastmilk, which in turn will result in a baby who is unsettled after feeds. in addition, feeds can take longer and the mother will become at risk of developing engorgement, blocked ducts and mastitis. whilst poor positioning and attachment is the cause of the majority of sore nipples, it is possible that thrush may be the cause, especially if the pain starts after a period of trouble free feeding. a symptom of thrush is pain that continues after the feed has ended. how can sore nipples be prevented? making sure that the baby is attached effectively will mean that the nipple reaches the rear of the mouth close to the soft palate. at this point it is protected from being squashed and rubbed by the tongue during the feed. if the baby is not well attached and the nipple is further forward in the mouth, it will be pinched against the hard palate causing pain in the first instance, and ultimately the skin to break down and a crack to form. treating sore and cracked nipples involves removing the cause by improving the positioning and / or attachment. often this will require help from a health professional or trained volunteer. even very sore nipples can feel comfortable during feeding once the attachment is improved. many creams and sprays are available, however care should be taken \u2013 they will not work unless the cause is treated and some can cause allergic reactions in the mother or baby. for a cracked nipple, it is possible that applying a small amount of purified lanolin may assist with healing by a process called moist wound healing. expressing a few drops of breastmilk onto the damaged area after each feed may also help, as breastmilk contains substances which aid healing and counter infection. more information is available on the breastfed babies website.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4161515340569899, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.491588"} {"text": "since the first thanksgiving occurred, reportedly in 1621, historians and pop culture have spread a cornucopia of tall tales, half truths, and straight - up lies. but this thanksgiving, we ' re thankful for the truth. so before you succumb to the delights of turkey day, allow us separate fact from fiction for you. no one knows when the first thanksgiving celebration occurred. for the pilgrims, a thanksgiving was a religious holiday, in which they would thank god for a specific event, such as winning a battle. for the native americans, thanksgiving was part of a daily routine for all the gifts of life. therefore, to refer to the harvest feast of 1621 as the first thanksgiving is categorically false. and this feast actually occurred sometime between sept. 21 and nov. 11, according to historians, and unlike modern traditions, it was three days long. it wasn \u2019 t until the american revolution in the 1770s that the continental congress suggested a national day of thanksgiving. and in 1817, the state of new york adopted thanksgiving day as an annual custom, and many states soon followed. finally, in 1863 president abraham lincoln appointed a day of thanksgiving as the last thursday in november, which many historians believe was in correlation with the anchoring of the mayflower at cape cod in november 1620. 1 of 5", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3783505198684838, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.493390"} {"text": "i have recently discovered that i have been using imprecise names, and probably confused some of you in other parts of the world where different words are used. for example, i learnt from reading this that in america, what are called \u2018 yams \u2019 are really varieties of sweet potato which have a moist texture. in contrast, i have been referring to taro as \u2018 yam \u2019, basically equating anything we call in chinese yu4tou3 with \u2018 yam \u2019. while one could put it down to a combination of my poor plant - recognition skills and half - baked linguistic ability, i \u2019 m not the only person who equates yu4tou3 and \u2018 yam \u2019 ; so does this bilingual food blog from singapore. and after all, we call steamed yu4tou2gao1 [ mandarin ] / wu tao gou [ cantonese ], \u2018 yam cake \u2019 ( and i made some shredded yam cake ). lily \u2019 s wai sek hong, a malaysian writing from america helps to unravel the puzzle with this explanation : in malaysia, \u2018 woo tau \u2019 in cantonese is called yam but it is taro here in the states and yam is sweet potato. trying to look for bilingual dictionary definitions can be hugely confusing too. on the chinese - language internet, the most common list of food words provides this translation : yam \u2014 shan1yu4 \u2014 \u5c71 taro \u2014 yu4tou2 \u2014 on the other hand, my us - produced dictionary follows the american usage : sweet potato \u2013 shan1yu4 \u2014 \u5c71 yam \u2014 shu3 \u2014 how, er, not helpful : ma3ling2shu3 \u99ac \u9234 = potato ; mu4shu3 \u6728 = tapioca ; and to southeast asian chinese, fan1shu3 = sweet potato, following cantonese usage, cf. china, where sweet potatoes are called di4gua1 \u5730 ]. but back to \u5c71 ( shan1yu4 in mandarin ). when pronounced in japanese, it \u2019 s yamaimo \u2014 that very special ingredient needed to make okonomiyaki! yamaimo is usually translated into english as \u2018 mountain yam \u2019. while the colocasia genus comprises only six to eight different types of flowering plants, there are 600 varieties of dioscorea, of which the edible ones are known as yams. the genus ipomoea also has over 500 species, some of which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49003204191303573, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.500173"} {"text": "colocasia genus comprises only six to eight different types of flowering plants, there are 600 varieties of dioscorea, of which the edible ones are known as yams. the genus ipomoea also has over 500 species, some of which we commonly recognise as the morning glory flower, and others in the form of edible tubers, i. e. sweet potatoes. within the dioscorea family, the species of edible tubers we call yams come in a mind - boggling diversity. from the long, cream - coloured, stick - like chinese / japanese mountain yam \u5c71, to huge, dark brown, ugly, knobly lumps. but don \u2019 t be put off by the external appearance, a yam that looked like a piece of elephant dung on the outside, turned out like this : aren \u2019 t the variegated colours beautiful? i have no idea what the correct name for this kind of yam is, but here \u2019 s a photo of the whole tuber from a japanese blog that refers to it as murasaki yamaimo \u5c71, \u2018 purple yam \u2019. unfortunately, to me this was rather bland, taste - wise, and too dry and powdery in texture for my liking ( think of powdery potatoes, the kind used for baked potatoes, as compared to the smooth, waxy kind used for roast potatoes ). previously, i was also wasthe misconception that yams are always purple and anything purple is a yam. after all, yam - flavoured ice cream is always purple isn \u2019 t it? of course that \u2019 s just food colouring, but it is based on the perception that yams are purple. it was only when i bought purple sweet potatoes for these two - coloured sweet potato balls and this purple soup, did i realise that yams do not have a monopoly on this rich colour. here \u2019 s a photo from nakashima farms, a californian - japanese producer of sweet potatoes, showing the four varieties they sell. i was amazed and impressed by the different coloured flesh ( yikes! no wonder the sweet potato i bought didn \u2019 t look like the one in the recipe book! ). the purple sweet potato shown here is known as the okinawan variety from japan. i \u2019 m not sure whether the ones i got for the two - coloured sweet potato balls and purple soup were also the okinawan variety, but they were labelled as originating from thailand ( purchased in sheng siong ). right now,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.441697231371247, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.501352"} {"text": "from japan. i \u2019 m not sure whether the ones i got for the two - coloured sweet potato balls and purple soup were also the okinawan variety, but they were labelled as originating from thailand ( purchased in sheng siong ). right now, my favourite kind is the japanese variety, satsumaimo \u3055\u3064\u307e\u3044\u3082, shown on the extreme left ( or see photo here ). it \u2019 s purple on the outside but not on the inside ^ _ ^. the pale yellow flesh is sweet and very smooth. in contrast, the typical local sweet potatoes, which are orange both outside and within, i \u2019 ve found are extremely fibrous, making the texture unpleasant when eating them whole, and necessitating a lot of sieving if you want to use them in recipes like the two - coloured sweet potato balls. satsumaimo from japan can be rather pricey, so an alternative is are the \u2018 japanese sweet potatoes \u2019 grown in vietnam. they are usually very small \u2013 just the right size for a snack bento \u2013 and are often sold in bags at the supermarket. the other day, i bought a full - sized satsumaimo for the first time, and found it much more satisfying than the tiny vietnamese ones. now that we \u2019 ve got yam, taro and sweet potato sorted out, what about the difference between roots, tubers, corms and rhizomes? \u2026 maybe another time, my head is spinning already : p. if you \u2019 re dying to pursue this line of inquiry further, do have a look at this page from s. j. kays at the university of georgia on cultivated edible root, tuber, rhizome, bulb and corm crops of the world, which includes a list of the most commonly cultivated root and tuber crops with their names in sixteen different languages ( and botanical name, of course ), photographs and even bibliographies of the latest scientific publications on each variety. from a more culinary perspective, the cook \u2019 s thesaurus on \u2018 sweet potatoes & yams \u2018 as well as on \u2018 tubers & corms \u2018 are a good reference. p. s. maybe you \u2019 ve guessed already, my favourite rhizome is wasabi ( ^ _ * )!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4445689115419812, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.502238"} {"text": "this composite graphic illustrates the use of the shallow radar instrument on nasa ' s mars reconnaissance orbiter for mapping underground ice - rich layers of the north polar layered terrain on mars. pane \" a \" is a radargram from the instrument, showing a cross - section of mars ' north polar cap, based on time lags of radio - wave echoes returning from different layers. the penetrating radar reveals icy layered deposits overlying a basal unit in some areas. the vertical dimension in the cross - section is exaggerated one - hundred - fold compared with the horizontal dimension. the vertical scale bar is one kilometer ( 3, 281 feet ). the horizontal scale bar is 100 kilometers ( 62 miles ). pane \" b \" is an image from the high resolution imaging science experiment camera, also on nasa ' s mars reconnaissance orbiter. it shows the layered deposits and the basal unit in outcrop exposed near the edge of the polar cap. the scale bar is 2 kilometers ( 1. 24 miles ). this is a cutout from an observation taken on taken nov. 28, 2006, at 83. 4 degrees north latitude and 118. 8 degrees east longitude. full - frame versions of the observation are available at http : / / hirise. lpl. arizona. edu / psp _ 001593 _ 2635. pane \" c \" is a radar - generated map of the surface elevation of the polar region. the white line from a to a ' is the ground track for the radargram in pane \" a. \" yellow dashed lines show the extent of the basal unit ( upper - left region ) and of the layered deposits. the color - coded reference bar for elevations in panes \" c \" and \" d \" shows elevations ranging from yellow at 2. 3 kilometers ( 1. 4 miles ) below the standard reference level for mars to violet at 5. 8 kilometers ( 3. 6 miles ) below that reference. pane \" d \" is a radar - generated map of the elevation at the base of the layered deposits, showing no basal deflection in the lower - right region ( despite the mass of overlying layers ) and about about 1 kilometer ( 0. 6. mile ) of basal unit deposits in the upper - left region. pane \" e \" is a radar - generated map of the thickness of the layered deposits, the difference between the surface elevations mapped in \" c \" and the base elevations mapped in \" d. \" the total volume of the layered deposits is 821, 000 cubic kilometers ( 197", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.500016731518064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.505405"} {"text": "a radar - generated map of the thickness of the layered deposits, the difference between the surface elevations mapped in \" c \" and the base elevations mapped in \" d. \" the total volume of the layered deposits is 821, 000 cubic kilometers ( 197, 000 cubic miles ), about 30 percent that of earth ' s greenland ice sheet. the scale bar of 200 kilometers ( 124 miles ) applies also to panes \" c \" and \" d. \" the color - coded reference bar indicates thicknesses ranging from yellow at 2 kilometers ( 1. 24 miles ) to black at zero thickness. the illustration is adapted from a 2009 paper by putzig et al. in the journal icarus. the shallow radar instrument was provided by the italian space agency. its operations are led by the university of rome and its data are analyzed by a joint u. s. - italian science team. nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory, a division of the california institute of technology in pasadena, manages the mars reconnaissance orbiter for the nasa science mission directorate, washington. lockheed martin space systems, denver, is the prime contractor for the project and built the spacecraft. the high resolution imaging science experiment is operated by the university of arizona, tucson, and the instrument was built by ball aerospace & technologies corp., boulder, colo. image credit : nasa / jpl - caltech / university of rome / southwest research institute / university of arizona browse image | medium image | full res image", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4998586188831661, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.506086"} {"text": "public libraries and state networking branch origins of the public libraries and state networking branch trace to 1902 when the state library commission was created. commission responsibilities for public library development were assigned to the office of public libraries under the state board of education in 1935, and to the division of library extension from 1947 to 1971. within the division of library development and services, the public libraries branch was formed in 1971 and renamed the public libraries and state networking branch in 1988. the branch provides leadership and technical assistance to improve library service. maryland state library for the blind and physically handicapped 415 park ave. baltimore, md 21201 the maryland state library for the blind and physically handicapped opened in 1968. the library serves eligible blind and physically handicapped residents of maryland. it is the maryland regional library under the national library services for the blind and physically handicapped of the library of congress. the state library network the branch also oversees the state library network through which maryland residents obtain library materials and gain access to information not available in their local library. the network provides interlibrary loan, direct lending of materials, technical assistance to libraries, and staff training. more than 400 maryland libraries participate in the state library network. these include public, university, college and community college libraries. the network is centered at enoch pratt free library in baltimore. the network is aided by several regional resource centers : the state library resource center ( baltimore city ) the eastern shore regional library, inc. ( salisbury ) the southern maryland regional library association ( charlotte hall ), and the western maryland regional library ( hagerstown ). state library resource center enoch pratt free library 400 cathedral st. baltimore, md 21201 in 1971, the central library of the enoch pratt free library system was designated as the state library resource center. the center lends books and other materials to libraries in the state library network from sources within maryland and out of state via the maryland interlibrary loan organization. it also provides information to state government through the government reference service. the center administers sailor, maryland ' s online electronic information network. overseen by the division of library development and services in conjunction with the center, sailor connects marylanders to information resources within the state and worldwide. it also provides access to internet resources. sailor allows users to identify and locate books ; articles in magazines, newspapers, and journals ; answers to specific questions ; or information on a particular topic. it gives information about services of public and private agencies ; and government information, such as proposed legislation, job listings, and census data. sailor is available without charge through all public", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4428151949588226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.508901"} {"text": "ocean education resources the smithsonian institution ' s sant ocean hall! noaa ocean explorer expeditions and a lesson bank noaa education - all things ocean noaa okeanos explorer education materials collection hands - on activities for grades 5 - 12 topics : why do we explore? also sign up for ocean gazing podcasts the national marine sanctuaries media library is a comprehensive database containing a collection of high - quality still images and video footage featuring all 13 national marine sanctuaries and the papahanaumokuakea marine national monument. the database is fully searchable by keyword, category and location, and all the images are tagged with relevant information including resolution and usage rights. mid - atlantic marine educators association ( mamea ) join maryland and other mid - atlantic educators at the annual conference at the national aquarium in baltimore! click title for information about mamea and the conference. ocean literacy standards national standards for ocean education centers for ocean sciences education excellence ( cosee ) - cosee video and audio podcasts. subjects include using the internet for real - time coastal monitoring explorations in the classroom and applying environmental models to teach k - 12 science. tracking bay oyster larvae ; predict oil spill drift, others noaa / national geographic oceans live - lessons with free video clips nasa ocean motion five modules with multiple lessons : navigation, traveling on a rotating sphere, data and information, global ocean warming, energy balance noaa learning objects the noaa ocean exploration program has released graphic - based oceanography learning objects. each learning object includes a video demonstration and interactive activities / puzzles. the included lessons cover diverse topics ranging from plate tectonics to ocean currents to deep sea benthos. ocean sustainability game - the cloud institute for sustainability can you catch enough fish to support your family, with all your neighbors trying to do the same? dolphin quest - seven essential principles for ocean literacy : an activity guide for educators 28 activity - based lessons, one for each grade group for each of the seven olps. this activity guide is the first in a three volume series that will help teachers and informal educators for grades k - 12th embrace the ocean literacy principles ( olp ) and put them into practice. joint oceanographic institution school of rock voyage ; lessons for earth science and ocean science teachers american museum of natural history - milstein hall of science properties of water lessons for grades 3 - 12 amnh ology - the living oceans for middle and upper elementary students amnh ocean resources - readings, web pages, ocean sounds, virtual trips storm center communications satellite imagery ; based in maryland.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4604001628565997, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.517112"} {"text": "of science properties of water lessons for grades 3 - 12 amnh ology - the living oceans for middle and upper elementary students amnh ocean resources - readings, web pages, ocean sounds, virtual trips storm center communications satellite imagery ; based in maryland. stormcenter communications provides a unique blend of media, environmental science and meteorological expertise packaged specifically to meet the expanding role of weather and environmental reporting along with emergency management communications. office of naval research use the focus site for lesson planning, fact - checking, explaining difficult concepts, or linking to other resources. links to educational resources such as lesson plans, animations and activities. dive and discover with dive and discover, your students are at the frontline of scientific inquiry as they join scientists \u2014 geologists, chemists and biologists \u2014 who are exploring the seafloor and making amazing new deep - sea discoveries. coastal ocean observation laboratory c. o. o. l. is a series of internet - based instructional modules that link middle and high school classrooms with active research investigations at the rutgers rmcs coolroom sea at wood \u2019 s hole k - 12 lessons sea ' s k - 12 lesson plans have recently been awarded the prestigious studyweb\u00ae academic excellence award as, \" one of the internet ' s premier sites for educational resources for students and teachers. \" sample lesson : how to hide in the ocean vims - the bridge : virginia institute of marine sciences this section links to sites with curriuclum units and large collections of lesson plans and / or classroom activities. eyes on the bay - maryland department of natural resources lessons on do, salinity, habs, real time data physical oceanography data archive - nasa jpl oceans for life - national geographic ; all grade levels ; tied to social studies standards maryland sea grant national sea grant education resources the bridge the bridge ocean sciences education teacher resource center is a comprehensive site for marine education resources that are available on - line. it provides teachers with a convenient source of accurate and useful information on marine science topics. a search engine, site map and an alphabetized list of sites in this database are available. there are various lesson plans and activities for k - 12 classrooms. for more information, please visit http : / / www. vims. edu / bridge /. for other educational resources from sea grant, please visit http : / / www. seagrant. noaa. gov / roe / edu _ resources. html. along the coast - creating a healthy coast lessons mbari module - pelagic predators during this unit, students", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4972580055074255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.518280"} {"text": "sea grant, please visit http : / / www. seagrant. noaa. gov / roe / edu _ resources. html. along the coast - creating a healthy coast lessons mbari module - pelagic predators during this unit, students will use evolving satellite technology to follow open - ocean animals along their migration routes and examine the connections between physical and biological requirements and animal behaviors. mbari module - eyes in the sea during this unit, students will investigate the science, technology and people involved in ocean exploration and the questions behind the research. mbari module - unidentified floating objects this unit is adaptable for all audiences and serves as an introduction to classification. during the unit, students will explore the process of identifying and classifying organisms by working with a variety of items, from hardware to deep - sea organisms. mbari module - iron fertilization during this unit, students will use real - and near - real - time data to explore the significance of oceanic iron fertilization, including the potential positive and negative effects of activating the biological pump. iron fertilization lesson modified for maryland high schools ( oceans, limiting factors, climate change, carbon cycle ) can iron fertilization of the oceans fix global warming? fertilization articles and cartoon to supplement iron fertilization lesson mbari module - coastal processes this activity uses realtime data from the mbari lobo ocean observatory project to introduce students to marine chemistry, environmental science and oceanography. using this multidisciplinary approach, students will investigate their own questions about how agriculture and coastal processes affect estuarine waterways. case study : upwelling case study : elkhorn slough nitrogen study more lessons... mbari - ocean careers sea turtle migration satellite tracking travel to underwater vents in alvin virtual kelp forest visit forces of change \u2013 the smithsonian institution ocean planet resources beyond the reef photos of all kinds of plankton the virtual ocean photos of microscopic ocean organisms volvo ocean race lesson plans - middle school noaa \u2019 s virtual world on noaa ' s island, one can soar through a hurricane on the wing of a research aircraft, rise gently through the atmosphere atop a weather balloon, or search for a hidden underwater cave on a side trip from a noaa submarine. even more web sites", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5311755244548111, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.519274"} {"text": "see also the dr. math faq : browse high school sequences, series stars indicate particularly interesting answers or good places to begin browsing. selected answers to common questions : strategies for finding sequences. - adding arithmetic sequences [ 07 / 10 / 1998 ] how do you add the numbers from 1 to 5000 without actually doing it or using a calculator? what if you were adding just the odd numbers? - calculating the fibonacci sequence [ 11 / 28 / 1996 ] is there a formula to calculate the nth fibonacci number? - decimal to fraction conversion [ 06 / 25 / 1998 ] i am trying to find a method ( one that can be programmed on a pc ) to convert the decimal part of a real number to a fraction represented by integers for the numerator and denominator. - describing patterns in sequences [ 04 / 16 / 2002 ] my students are able to identify the number patterns corresponding to number sequences, but are having difficulty explaining them in - doubling grains of wheat [ 10 / 7 / 1996 ] a man asked for 1 grain of wheat for the 1st square on a chess board, 2 grains for the 2nd square... - doubling sequence [ 8 / 24 / 1996 ] on jan 1st it snowed one centimeter ; on jan 2, 2cm ; on jan 3, 4 cm... - fibonacci and incoming bits [ 09 / 08 / 99 ] given a transmitter sending 100 bits of random data over an ideal communication channel, what is the probability that there will be three consecutive 1 ' s at least once in the sequence? - finding a pattern [ 11 / 11 / 2001 ] give the next four numbers in the sequence : 2, 8, 7, 28. - finding a rule for a sequence [ 07 / 24 / 2003 ] what is the next number in this sequence? 1, 3, 11, 67,? - finding sum formula using sequences of differences [ 06 / 28 / 1998 ] finding a formula for the sum of the first n fourth powers using sequences of differences. - finding the pattern in a series of numbers [ 11 / 14 / 1995 ] what is the pattern for 1, 8, 27...? - infinite square root [ 6 / 4 / 1996 ] if y = sqrt ( 2 + sqrt ( 2 + sqrt ( 2 + sqrt ( 2 +..., y = 2,... how can i prove that this is true, using normal properties of roots? - look - and - say sequence", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49926671428558894, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.525832"} {"text": "2 + sqrt ( 2 + sqrt ( 2 + sqrt ( 2 +..., y = 2,... how can i prove that this is true, using normal properties of roots? - look - and - say sequence [ 02 / 14 / 2002 ] i can ' t find the next six numbers : 1, 11, 21, 1211, 111221,... - mean proportionals and geometric means [ 01 / 06 / 1999 ] how do you find the mean proportional of two numbers? what about two mean proportionals? n mean proportionals? - next number in a sequence [ 03 / 13 / 2002 ] given any sequence, one can construct an infinite number of n - degree polynomials that satisfy the sequence, hence discern an infinite number of answers. what is the proof for this? - sequence differences [ 06 / 24 / 2003 ] the third and fourth terms of a sequence are 26 and 40. if the second differences are a constant 4, what are the first five terms of the - strategies for tests on sequences [ 7 / 9 / 1996 ] i have a problem answering test questions about number sequences. - sum of n odd numbers [ 7 / 11 / 1996 ] why is the sum of the first n odd numbers the square of n? - the traveling bee [ 09 / 18 / 1998 ] if a bee travels between two trains that are moving at 30 and 20 mi / hr respectively, starting from 50 mi apart, how far does the bee travel? - unsolvable equations [ 11 / 10 / 2001 ] if i have an equation in the form of x ^ n + y ^ n = z, how do i solve for n? - why is zero the limit? [ 02 / 25 / 2002 ] why is zero called the limit of the terms in the sequence the limit of 1 over n, as n approaches infinity, equals zero? - 121, 111211, 311221 puzzle ( look and say sequence ) [ 10 / 23 / 2001 ] 121, 111211, 311221 - what ' s the next number? - 1, 7, 23, 55, 109, 191, _ _ _ [ 10 / 03 / 2002 ] my family is stumped on this number pattern : 1, 7, 23, 55, 109, 191, _ _ _... - 21 ^ 100 - last two digits [ 09 / 04 / 1997 ] what are the last two digits of 21 to the 100th power? - 22 / 7 as an approximation for pi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5364482731511631, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.526870"} {"text": ", 55, 109, 191, _ _ _... - 21 ^ 100 - last two digits [ 09 / 04 / 1997 ] what are the last two digits of 21 to the 100th power? - 22 / 7 as an approximation for pi [ 04 / 01 / 1998 ] approximating pi by simple continued fractions. - activities to find pi [ 10 / 07 / 1998 ] can you suggest any classroom activities to find pi, other than the standard way of measuring the circumferences and diameters of circles? - advanced algebra [ 09 / 23 / 1997 ] my teacher gave us this problem : 1 + 1 / ( 1 + 1 / ( 1 + 1 / ( 1 + 1 / 1 +... ) ) ) - alternating harmonic series [ 11 / 18 / 1997 ] i am trying to find the proof for the sum of the alternating harmonic series. i did find out that it is ln ( 2 ), but please tell me why? - alternating sequence [ 01 / 27 / 1997 ] find a pattern and the next three numbers in the sequence : 0, 8, 27... - ant walking in a squared spiral [ 06 / 02 / 1999 ] an ant walks out a distance of 1 from the origin, down the x - axis. it then turns left and goes up 1 / 2. if it continues turning left and going the half the previous distance, where does the ant end up? - are all infinitely long repeating numbers even? [ 06 / 06 / 2000 ] given an infinitely long repeating series, x = 12341234..., then 10000x = 123412341234... since 9999 is odd and 12340000... is even, can we say that x is even, and therefore all infinitely long repeating series are - arithmetical progression [ 7 / 7 / 1996 ] an arithmetical progression has a common difference of 1 / 1 / 2. the sum of the first n terms is 365 and the sum of the first 2n terms is 1330. calculate the value of n and the first term. - arithmetic and geometric progressions [ 03 / 23 / 1998 ] given a set of conditions, can you find a specific term in an arithmetic or geometric progression? - arithmetico - geometric series and polylogarithms [ 07 / 06 / 2006 ] is there a closed form expression for the sum of the series e ^ ( - x ) + 1 / 9 * e ^ ( - 3x ) + 1 / 25 *", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4941881716584653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.527779"} {"text": "geometric series and polylogarithms [ 07 / 06 / 2006 ] is there a closed form expression for the sum of the series e ^ ( - x ) + 1 / 9 * e ^ ( - 3x ) + 1 / 25 * e ^ ( - 5x ) + 1 / 49 * e ^ ( - 7x ) +...? - arithmetic progression [ 12 / 19 / 1996 ] if ( b + c - a ) / a, ( c + a - b ) / b and ( a + b - c ) / c are in arithmetic progression, show that 1 / a, 1 / b and 1 / c are also in arithmetic progression. - arithmetic sequence conundrum [ 10 / 11 / 2002 ] for some real number t, the first three terms of an arithmetic sequence are 2t, 5t - 1, and 6t + 2. what is the numerical value of the fourth term? - arithmetic sequences as lines [ 09 / 05 / 2003 ] in a sequence like - 40, - 25, - 10, 5,... is there a sure - fire way to find the the general term? - arithmetic series [ 5 / 19 / 1996 ] how do you calculate a series like 2, 4, 6, 8... for say 3 terms starting anywhere in the series not by adding 3 specific terms together, but by using the first term and the number 3? - arithmetic vs. exponential increases [ 05 / 06 / 1999 ] what does \".... the work produced... will increase exponentially rather than arithmetically \" mean? - average yearly depreciation [ 06 / 07 / 2002 ] i ' m trying to figure out the average depreciation per year for an automobile, given its price history over several years.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5144161094270632, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.528668"} {"text": "the necessary skills what are the project management skills required? referring back to our hi - tech information distribution example, these skills are not, as we might expect, an in - depth knowledge of systems, computer technology or software. true, a sufficient knowledge of these subjects was certainly required, but an unbalanced knowledge of the project in this respect could actually be a barrier to successful project performance. rather, the skills sets, that is, for the members of the project managing team, relate to the \" people \" dimension. for example, the project manager or team leader, whatever he or she may be called, should have an ability - handle stress and take responsibility for the success or failure of the project. - lead through formal and informal authority, especially in a corporate matrix environment, winning the support of the project ' s stakeholders for its goals. - organize and coordinate all contributors to the project, especially specialists with superior knowledge, or stakeholders with vested interests. - foster positive problem solving and negotiation without compromising project - understand and deal with conflicts that inevitably arise, and achieve harmony between diverging or opposing technical views, and arrive at timely closure. - assess project status and progress and make mature judgments that focus on the success of the project. what does all this add up to? focused \" communication \" skills and \" people \" skills. for many, particularly those who are more comfortable with science and engineering or, for that matter, computer hardware and software, this is \" touchy - feely \" stuff! they are far more comfortable with the mechanistic aspects of project management, namely the tools and techniques of time and cost control. but this is the new reality. projects are done by people and they must contribute effectively and efficiently. unless they are motivated and encouraged to do so, and stay focused on the project ' s objectives, no amount of \" tools and techniques \" will save a poor project from getting worse.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4494414193788581, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.533633"} {"text": "researchers discover generic ' white ' odor laurax ( medical xpress ) \u2014 researchers working at the weizmann institute of science in israel have discovered that there exists an odor analog of the color white and the sound of white noise. they ' ve been conducting studies on the odor, which they ' ve named laurax and have published a paper in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences describing their results. most people are aware of white noise and the color white \u2013 both come about from the blending of many ingredients. white noise is what people hear when multiple tones are played at once. similarly, the color white comes about when multiple wavelengths converge. the research team in israel wanted to know if there is a similar phenomenon with odors so the set up a series of experiments to find out. first, they concocted 86 odorants that represented the known olfactory spectrum in such a way as to make them all equally intense. from those they took small samples and mixed them together to create a variety of odor samples, with amounts of each of the basic odorants varying from 1 to 43. they then presented the samples to a group of 59 volunteers who were asked to rate pairs of the samples as to how close they smelled to one another. in analyzing the results, the researchers found that as the number of odorants in each sample increased, the more difficulty the volunteers had in telling the difference between them. as the number approached 30, they found that most couldn ' t tell the difference at all, even if none of the odorants were the same. in addition, the odor that arose at such levels became distinct itself, which the researchers named, laurax. to learn more about the new generic odor, the team conducted another experiment where they asked volunteers to sniff one of four samples of laurax over a period of three days to familiarize them with it. on the fourth day they were asked to sniff four mixtures and label them as laurax or three other names that had been invented for the experiment. the researchers found that the volunteers were more likely to label a sample as laurax if it had a high number of odorants in it, and as the odorants approached 30, most were inclined to give it that generic label. the researchers also found that most of the volunteers could tell the difference between different mixes of laurax, similar to the way most can distinguish different shades of white. more information : weiss, t. et al., perceptual convergence of multi - component mixtures in olfaction implies an olfactory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5508848567077156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.541353"} {"text": "difference between different mixes of laurax, similar to the way most can distinguish different shades of white. more information : weiss, t. et al., perceptual convergence of multi - component mixtures in olfaction implies an olfactory white. proceedings of the national academy of sciences, november 19, 2012. doi : 10. 1073 / pnas. 1208110109 in vision, two mixtures, each containing an independent set of many different wavelengths, may produce a common color percept termed \" white. \" in audition, two mixtures, each containing an independent set of many different frequencies, may produce a common perceptual hum termed \" white noise. \" visual and auditory whites emerge upon two conditions : when the mixture components span stimulus space, and when they are of equal intensity. we hypothesized that if we apply these same conditions to odorant mixtures, \" whiteness \" may emerge in olfaction as well. we selected 86 molecules that span olfactory stimulus space and individually diluted them to a point of about equal intensity. we then prepared various odorant mixtures, each containing various numbers of molecular components, and asked human participants to rate the perceptual similarity of such mixture pairs. we found that as we increased the number of nonoverlapping, equal - intensity components in odorant mixtures, the mixtures became more similar to each other, despite not having a single component in common. with components, most mixtures smelled alike. after participants were acquainted with a novel, arbitrarily named mixture of equal - intensity components, they later applied this name more readily to other novel mixtures of equal - intensity components spanning stimulus space, but not to mixtures containing fewer components or to mixtures that did not span stimulus space. we conclude that a common olfactory percept, \" olfactory white, \" is associated with mixtures of or more equal - intensity components that span stimulus space, implying that olfactory representations are of features of molecules rather than of molecular identity. journal reference : proceedings of the national academy of sciences \u00a9 2012 medical xpress - wake up and smell the sweat nov 21, 2007 | not rated yet | 0 - how odors are sensed : a complex system clarified apr 12, 2006 | not rated yet | 0 - human ability good in tracking odors aug 29, 2005 | not rated yet | 0 - study shows people can guess personality via body odor dec 05, 2011 | not rated yet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6312423753091707, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.542490"} {"text": "a complex system clarified apr 12, 2006 | not rated yet | 0 - human ability good in tracking odors aug 29, 2005 | not rated yet | 0 - study shows people can guess personality via body odor dec 05, 2011 | not rated yet | 0 - initial research into ' proust phenomenon ' reveals link between memories and smells jan 30, 2012 | not rated yet | 0 - motion perception revisited : high phi effect challenges established motion perception assumptions apr 23, 2013 | 3 / 5 ( 2 ) | 2 - anything you can do i can do better : neuromolecular foundations of the superiority illusion ( update ) apr 02, 2013 | 4. 5 / 5 ( 11 ) | 5 - the visual system as economist : neural resource allocation in visual adaptation mar 30, 2013 | 5 / 5 ( 2 ) | 9 - separate lives : neuronal and organismal lifespans decoupled mar 27, 2013 | 4. 9 / 5 ( 8 ) | 0 - sizing things up : the evolutionary neurobiology of scale invariance feb 28, 2013 | 4. 8 / 5 ( 10 ) | 14 why is zone 1 in liver more prone to ischemic injury? 10 hours ago hi, is it because around central vein, there is only deoxygenated blood from the vein where as in the periphery there is hepatic artery. also why... how can there be villous adenoma in colon, if there are no villi there may 22, 2013 as title suggest. thanks : smile : how can there be a term called \" intestinal metaplasia \" of stomach may 21, 2013 hello everyone, ok stomach ' s normal epithelium is simple columnar, now in intestinal type of adenocarcinoma of stomach it undergoes \" intestinal... pressure - volume curve : elastic recoil pressure don ' t make sense may 18, 2013 from pressure - volume curve of the lung and chest wall ( attached photo ), i don ' t understand why would the elastic recoil pressure of the lung is... if you became brain - dead, would you want them to pull the plug? may 17, 2013 i ' d want the rest of me to stay alive. sure it ' s a lousy way to live but it beats being all - the - way dead. maybe if i make it 20 years they ' ll... mri bill question may 15, 2013 dear pfers, the hospital gave us a $ 12k bill for one mri", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5716289218734135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.544460"} {"text": "way to live but it beats being all - the - way dead. maybe if i make it 20 years they ' ll... mri bill question may 15, 2013 dear pfers, the hospital gave us a $ 12k bill for one mri ( head with contrast ). the people i talked to at the hospital tell me that they do not... - more from physics forums - medical sciences more news stories a brief visual task can predict iq, according to a new study. this surprisingly simple exercise measures the brain ' s unconscious ability to filter out visual movement. the study shows that individuals whose... psychology & psychiatry 2 hours ago | 4. 8 / 5 ( 4 ) | 0 | nervous about that upcoming job interview? you might want to take steps to reduce your jitters, especially if you are a man. psychology & psychiatry 3 hours ago | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 ( medical xpress ) \u2014 research by u of t mississauga psychology professor glenn schellenberg reveals that two key personality traits \u2013 openness - to - experience and conscientiousness \u2014 predict better than iq... psychology & psychiatry 5 hours ago | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 | parents naturally are concerned for their children ' s safety, particularly when there is news of a child abduction that happens close to home. finding the balance between emotions and the \" teachable moment \" as parents talk... psychology & psychiatry 5 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 a new report on suicide in ireland shows that suicide cases experienced a significant number ( and intensity ) of life events in the 6 months prior to their death. psychology & psychiatry 5 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 little is known about why asthma develops, how it constricts the airway or why response to treatments varies between patients. now, a team of researchers at weill cornell medical college, columbia university medical center... 47 minutes ago | not rated yet | 0 | scientists at the national institutes of health report they have discovered in mouse studies that a small molecule released in the spinal cord triggers a process that is later experienced in the brain as the sensation of... 22 minutes ago | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 | teams of highly respected alzheimer ' s researchers failed to replicate what appeared to be breakthrough results for the treatment of this brain disease when they were published last year in the journal science. 22 minutes ago | not rated yet | 0 | ( medical xpress ) \u2014 the human brain is able to identify", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5361484400216188, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.545402"} {"text": "news tagged with ligands related topics : cells, organic molecules in coordination chemistry, a ligand is an ion or molecule ( see also : functional group ) that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex. the bonding between metal and ligand generally involves formal donation of one or more of the ligand ' s electron pairs. the nature of metal - ligand bonding can range from covalent to ionic. furthermore, the metal - ligand bond order can range from one to three. ligands are viewed as lewis bases, although rare cases are known involving lewis acidic \" ligands. \" metal and metalloids are bound to ligands in virtually all circumstances, although gaseous \" naked \" metal ions can be generated in high vacuum. ligands in a complex dictate the reactivity of the central atom, including ligand substitution rates, the reactivity of the ligands themselves, and redox. ligand selection is a critical consideration in many practical areas, including bioinorganic and medicinal chemistry, homogeneous catalysis, and environmental chemistry. ligands are classified in many ways : their charge, their size ( bulk ), the identity of the coordinating atom ( s ), and the number of electrons donated to the metal ( denticity or hapticity ). the size of a ligand is indicated by its cone angle. this text uses material from wikipedia and is available under the gnu free documentation license. researchers at usc have found that a class of pharmaceuticals can both prevent and treat alzheimer ' s disease in mice. alzheimer ' s disease & dementia may 21, 2013 | 5 / 5 ( 7 ) | 0 | researchers at emory university have identified a protein that stimulates a pair of \" orphan receptors \" found in the brain, solving a long - standing biological puzzle and possibly leading to future treatments for neurological... medical research may 21, 2013 | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5363712625275983, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.548919"} {"text": "general guidelines for managing asthma making some lifestyle changes can help you avoid triggers that may cause an asthma attack. - reduce your exposure to allergens that trigger asthma. - pay attention to warning signs when they occur. - treat symptoms early. - ask your doctor about physical activity. - get a yearly flu shot. because there are many types of allergens that may trigger asthma, it is nearly impossible to completely eliminate all allergens from your environment. however, there are many things that you can do to help reduce allergens and minimize your exposure to asthma triggers. the national heart, lung, and blood institute offers these suggestions : take these steps to control dust mites : - wash bedding once a week in hot water. water must be hotter than 130 degrees f ( 60 degrees c ) to kill dust mites. - cover mattresses and pillows in dust - proof ( allergen - impermeable ) zippered covers. - avoid cloth - covered cushions. - if your pillow does not have a dust proof cover, wash your pillow each week in hot water. - reduce indoor humidity below 60 %. dehumidifiers and central air conditioners can help. - if possible, remove carpets from your bedroom. - if stuffed toys are in the house, keep them off your bed. wash stuffed toys weekly in hot water. take these steps if you are allergic to pets : - if possible, keep pets out of your home. - keep pets out of the bedroom and other sleeping areas at all times, and keep the door closed. - keep pets away from fabric - covered furniture, carpets, and stuffed toys. if possible, remove carpet from your home. take these steps to control cockroaches and mice in your home : - do not leave out food. store food in airtight containers. - make sure trash in your home is properly stored in containers with lids that close securely. remove trash daily. - try using poison baits, boric acid, or traps before using pesticide sprays. - do not stay in a room that has recently been sprayed with a pesticide. wait until the odor has cleared before going back to the room. take these steps to control mold : - fix plumbing leaks and other moisture problems. - use a bleach cleaner to wash mold off hard surfaces. let the surface dry completely. take these steps to avoid irritants : - avoid using strong - smelling products, like perfume, paint or talcum. - avoid wood - burning stoves, fireplace", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4035537623593356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.553778"} {"text": "of the symptoms. take all the necessary precautions to prevent asthma attacks, and treat symptoms as early as possible to avoid escalation to a serious attack. consider using an online program to manage your symptoms. these programs can help to improve the control of your asthma and your lungs ' function. organizations like the american lung association and the asthma and allergy foundation of america offer information on web - based asthma management tools and support groups. your doctor may recommend that you limit strenuous physical activity after an asthma attack. in general, asthma should not limit your participation or success in physical activities. consider the following when exercising : - make sure you have good asthma control before exercising. - if exercise triggers your asthma, ask your doctor about using a short - acting beta - agonist about 15 minutes before exercise. - try warming - up for at least 10 minutes before exercise. warm up may include walking or other low - intensity activities. - avoid other triggers such as high pollution levels, pollen season, freshly cut grass, or cold. if cold is a trigger, wear a scarf or mask to warm the air before it hits your lungs. - consider changing the length or intensity of exercise if mild symptoms persist. - with any new activity, gradually increase your intensity. when to contact your doctor stay in contact with your doctor between visits, especially if your symptoms are changing. whether you stay in contact over the phone, through email, or through your doctor ' s website, good communication can help you stay out of the hospital and have better control of your asthma. keep in mind, too, that if you are having a mild to moderate asthma attack and your medicine does not work in the time it is supposed to, call your doctor. if you are having a severe asthma attack, take your asthma medicine and get emergency medical help right away. - reviewer : brian randall, md - review date : 10 / 2012 - - update date : 10 / 11 / 2012 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4213986341137137, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.555686"} {"text": "after the civil war, congress championed the cause of newly freed african americans by enacting the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendments to the constitution. the thirteenth amendment abolished slavery. the fourteenth amendment provided citizenship and equal protection under the law. the fifteenth amendment guaranteed black men the right to vote. other legislation to enforce these amendments followed. however, between 1873 and 1883 the u. s. supreme court issued a series of decisions that set back federal efforts to protect the civil rights of african americans until 1957, when the first civil rights law since reconstruction was passed. in the south, where ninety percent of african americans lived, state constitutions were amended to legalize disenfranchisement. the ku klux klan resorted to beating, lynching, and burning homes to reinforce white supremacy. black labor was bound to the land as peonage and sharecropping replaced the antebellum plantation system of slavery. in both the north and the south, african americans were segregated by law and by custom in schools, public accommodations, housing, transportation, armed forces, recreational facilities, hospitals, prisons, and cemeteries. in 1896 the supreme court sanctioned legal separation of the races in its ruling in the case of plessy v. ferguson, which stated that separate but equal facilities did not violate the fourteenth amendment. science, history, and popular culture bolstered racial policy by promoting the myth of negro inferiority. by the turn of the twentieth century, african americans found themselves reduced to a color - caste system almost as oppressive and destructive as the chattel slavery they had endured. a new wave of racial violence swept the u. s., erupting in a torrent of lynchings and race riots. the worst of these riots occurred in springfield, illinois, in 1908. read more about prelude \u00bb view all items from prelude \u00bb founding and early years in response to the springfield riot, a group of black and white activists, jews and gentiles, met in new york city to address the deteriorating status of african americans. among them were veterans of the niagara movement ( a civil rights group ), suffragists, social workers, labor reformers, philanthropists, socialists, anti - imperialists, educators, clergymen, and journalists \u2014 some with roots in abolitionism. in the abolitionist tradition, they proposed to fight the new color - caste system with a \u201c new abolition movement \u201d \u2014 the national association for the advancement of colored people. the naacp pledged \u201c to promote equality of rights and eradicate caste or race prejudice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4467187959942973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.570120"} {"text": ". in the abolitionist tradition, they proposed to fight the new color - caste system with a \u201c new abolition movement \u201d \u2014 the national association for the advancement of colored people. the naacp pledged \u201c to promote equality of rights and eradicate caste or race prejudice among citizens of the united states ; to advance the interest of colored citizens ; to secure for them impartial suffrage ; and to increase their opportunities for securing justice in the courts, education for their children, employment according to their ability, and complete equality before the law. \u201d the naacp pursued this mission through a variety of tactics including legal action, lobbying, peaceful protest, and publicity. read more about founding and early years \u00bb view all items from founding and early years \u00bb the new negro movement world war i created a transformation for african americans from the \u201c old \u201d to the \u201c new. \u201d thousands moved from the rural south to the industrial urban north, pursuing a new vision of social and economic opportunity. during the war black troops fought abroad \u201c to keep the world safe for democracy. \u201d they returned home determined to achieve a fuller participation in american society. the philosophy of the civil rights movement shifted from the \u201c accommodationist \u201d approach of booker t. washington to the militant advocacy of w. e. b. du bois. these forces converged to help create the \u201c new negro movement \u201d of the 1920s, which promoted a renewed sense of racial pride, cultural self - expression, economic independence, and progressive politics. evoking the \u201c new negro, \u201d the naacp lobbied aggressively for the passage of a federal law that would prohibit lynching. the naacp played a crucial role in the flowering of the negro renaissance centered in new york \u2019 s harlem, the cultural component of the new negro movement. naacp officials w. e. b. du bois, james weldon johnson, walter white, and jessie fauset provided aesthetic guidance, financial support, and literature to this cultural awakening. the naacp \u2019 s efforts on the international front included sending james weldon johnson to haiti to investigate the occupation of u. s. armed forces there. in the courts the naacp prosecuted cases involving disenfranchisement, segregation ordinances, restrictive covenants, and lack of due process and equal protection in criminal cases. read more about the new negro movement \u00bb view all items from the new negro movement \u00bb the great depression with the onset of the great depression of the 1930s, the naacp confronted an internal dispute and external criticism over the merits of pursuing an agenda of civil and political equality versus an agenda of economic development and independence.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4455205298323544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.571452"} {"text": "from the new negro movement \u00bb the great depression with the onset of the great depression of the 1930s, the naacp confronted an internal dispute and external criticism over the merits of pursuing an agenda of civil and political equality versus an agenda of economic development and independence. the merits were debated at the amenia conference in 1933. in the political arena, the naacp won the first successful campaign against a supreme court nominee, judge john j. parker, demonstrating the association \u2019 s growing influence. by 1931, the naacp undertook the defense of the scottsboro boys, nine black youths wrongfully accused of raping two white women, before losing control of the case to the communist - led international labor defense. later, based on the findings of attorneys nathan margold and charles h. houston, the naacp launched a legal campaign against de jure segregation that focused on inequalities in public schools. towards the end of 1932, in response to employment discrimination, the naacp sent roy wilkins, then the assistant naacp secretary, and george schuyler, a journalist and author, undercover to investigate conditions for the 30, 000 black workers in the war department \u2019 s mississippi river flood control project. in 1939 the naacp created its legal defense and educational fund, inc., to litigate cases and raise money exclusively for the legal program. on the cultural front, the naacp deliberated about the prospect of jesse owens \u2019 s and other black athletes \u2019 participation in the 1936 olympics in light of nazi propaganda and urged them not to participate. after the daughters of the american revolution barred marian anderson from singing at constitution hall in 1939, the naacp worked with the franklin d. roosevelt administration to stage a concert for her at the lincoln memorial. read more about the great depression \u00bb view all items from the great depression \u00bb world war ii and the post war years as the united states entered world war ii, the naacp joined union organizer a. philip randolph in support of a massive march on washington to protest discrimination in the armed forces and defense industries. the march never took place. in the midst of the war, naacp executive secretary walter white toured the european, mediterranean, and pacific theaters of operation to observe and report on the experience of black soldiers. in 1945 the naacp sent walter white and w. e. b. du bois to the united nations conference on international organization to propose the abolition of the colonial system. du bois reinforced the naacp \u2019 s position in 1947 by submitting to the united nations \u201c an appeal to the world, \u201d a petition linking the history of racism in america to the treatment of people of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40984974498694926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.572444"} {"text": "organization to propose the abolition of the colonial system. du bois reinforced the naacp \u2019 s position in 1947 by submitting to the united nations \u201c an appeal to the world, \u201d a petition linking the history of racism in america to the treatment of people of color under colonial imperialism. the following year, in response to naacp pressure, president harry truman issued two executive orders banning discrimination in federal employment and armed forces. on the legal front, the supreme court handed the naacp important victories against all - white voting primaries, segregation in interstate travel, and restrictive covenants in smith v. allwright, morgan v. virginia, and shelley v. kraemer. read more about world war ii and the post war years \u00bb view all items from world war ii and the post war years \u00bb the civil rights era the naacp \u2019 s long battle against de jure segregation culminated in the supreme court \u2019 s landmark brown v. board of education decision, which overturned the \u201c separate but equal \u201d doctrine. former naacp branch secretary rosa parks \u2019 refusal to yield her seat to a white man sparked the montgomery bus boycott and the modern civil rights movement. in response to the brown decision, southern states launched a variety of tactics to evade school desegregation, while the naacp countered aggressively in the courts for enforcement. the resistance to brown peaked in 1957 \u2013 58 during the crisis at little rock arkansas \u2019 s central high school. the ku klux klan and other white supremacist groups targeted naacp officials for assassination and tried to ban the naacp from operating in the south. however, naacp membership grew, particularly in the south. naacp youth council chapters staged sit - in demonstrations at lunch counters to protest segregation. the naacp was instrumental in organizing the 1963 march on washington, the largest mass protest for civil rights. the following year, the naacp joined the council of federated organizations to launch mississippi freedom summer, a massive project that assembled hundreds of volunteers to participate in voter registration and education. the naacp - led leadership conference on civil rights, a coalition of civil rights organizations, spearheaded the drive to win passage of the major civil rights legislation of the era : the civil rights act of 1957 ; the civil rights act of 1964 ; the voting rights act of 1965 ; and the fair housing act of 1968. read more about the civil rights era \u00bb view all items from the civil rights era \u00bb a renewal of the struggle the naacp struggled through the 1970s and 1980s, a period marked by change and many challenges. naacp executive director roy wilkins ended his long tenure with the association ( 1931 \u2013 1977 ) and margaret", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4619274284216923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.573492"} {"text": "all items from the civil rights era \u00bb a renewal of the struggle the naacp struggled through the 1970s and 1980s, a period marked by change and many challenges. naacp executive director roy wilkins ended his long tenure with the association ( 1931 \u2013 1977 ) and margaret bush wilson became the first black woman to chair the naacp board of directors. the naacp built on the legal and legislative victories of the civil rights era by supporting race - conscious initiatives to redress the legacy of racial discrimination. the naacp backed busing to achieve school desegregation and affirmative action programs with the government and private sector. but by the mid - 1970s, the naacp faced the threat of bankruptcy as the result of two lawsuits and criticism about its relevancy from proponents of the black power movement. in the 1980s, the reagan administration reduced the budget of the equal opportunity commission, tried to disband the u. s. commission on civil rights, reduced the number of civil rights attorneys in the justice department, and urged the supreme court to end affirmative action. the confluence of challenges in the 1970s and 1980s spurred the naacp to find new ways of defining its mission to address the issues of african americans. read more about a renewal of the struggle \u00bb view all items from a renewal of the struggle \u00bb towards a new century during the 1990s the naacp pursued economic empowerment, youth programs, and voter registration as top priorities. to \" stem the tide of black land loss, \" the naacp supported black farmers in a class action lawsuit against the u. s. department of agriculture alleging racial discrimination. the naacp began a campaign to protest the flying of the confederate flag in south carolina. the naacp also addressed the rise in hate crimes, evinced by a series of black church fires that swept the southeast. as it celebrates its centennial, the naacp is reflecting on the progress made and the work still to be done. at the dawn of the twenty - first century, the naacp continues to seek new ways of defining its mission. the organization is endeavoring to expand membership and build coalitions by reaffirming its origins as a racially and ethnically diverse human rights organization. while supporting enforcement of existing civil rights laws, the naacp is devising new strategies to redress racial disparities in education, employment, housing, health care, the criminal justice system, civic engagement, and voting rights. as long as racial hatred and discrimination exist, the naacp will wage a relentless campaign \u201c to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons. \u201d read more about towards a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4276040179581931, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.574473"} {"text": "northern california - on a ranch north of the bay area, several dozen men live in a labor camp. when there ' s work they pick apples and grapes or prune trees and vines. this year, however, the ranch has had much less work, as the economic recession hits california fields. state unemployment is over 12 %, but unemployment in rural counties is always twice what it is in urban ones. despite these statistics, however, unemployment among farm workers is largely hidden. in the case of these workers, it ' s hidden within the walls of the camp, far from the view of those who count the state ' s jobless. because they work from day to day, or week to week, there are simply periods when there ' s no work at all, and they stay in the barracks. in the past, the ranch ' s workers were mostly undocumented immigrants. in the last several years, however, the owner has begun bringing workers from mexico under the h2 - a guest worker program. while there are differences in the experiences of people without papers and guest workers, some basic aspects of life are the same. for the last several weeks, all the workers in the camp have been jobless, and neither undocumented workers nor guest workers can legally collect unemployment benefits. everyone ' s living on what they ' ve saved. and since the official total of the state ' s unemployed is based on counting those receiving benefits, none of the men here figure into california ' s official unemployment rate. the camp residents share other similarities. poverty in mexico forced them all to leave to support their families. living in the camp, they do the same jobs out in the fields. all of them miss their families and homes. and that home, as they see it, is in mexico. here, in the u. s., they don ' t feel part of the community that surrounds them. a permanent resident visa, or \" green card, \" would allow them to bring their families, and perhaps eventually to become integrated into the community. but for people coming from mexico to look for work in california fields, green cards are not available. their only alternative is what they call \" walking through the mountains \" - - that is, crossing without papers - - or signing up as a guest worker. in addition, as one man points out, because farmers are in the u. s. during planting season, the fields they ' d normally cultivate at home go unplanted. some of their options as unemployed workers are different, however,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4217429245345147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.583713"} {"text": "in addition, as one man points out, because farmers are in the u. s. during planting season, the fields they ' d normally cultivate at home go unplanted. some of their options as unemployed workers are different, however, because of their different immigration status. ironically, in one way, guest workers have a disadvantage they don ' t share with the undocumented. guest workers have a visa, but they can only work for the rancher or contractor who brought them to the united states. if they ' re out of work and leave the ranch to look for a job with another employer, they violate the terms of their visa and can be deported. undocumented workers, however, can and do look for jobs outside the ranch when work there gets slow. the dangers of deportation and working without a visa hang over their heads every day they ' re in the united states. i ' m 38 years old, and i come from leon, guanajuato, where there are a lot of factories making shoes. i spent 10 years working in those factories as a cutter. if you work a 10 - hour day, you can make 1, 100 pesos ( about $ 100 ) a week. that ' s not enough to support a family, even there. and i have three kids, who are still living there with my wife. i came to the u. s. because of the economic pressure of trying to provide for them. i wanted them to get an education and just eat well, just so they ' d be healthy. we all felt terrible when i decided to come here nine years ago. the kids were little - - they didn ' t really understand. but when they got older, they ' d ask me why i had to be gone so long. it ' s been five years since i ' ve been able to go home. i came without any papers, just crossing the border in the mountains. when i think about my friends with papers, i wish i ' d had the chance. but the truth is, i couldn ' t come that way. there always used to be times when you could go back to mexico. but it ' s too difficult now. to begin with, it costs about $ 5, 000 now to cross the border coming back. and the border has become very dangerous. it ' s not like it was before. if you leave, you ' re not sure you ' ll be able to get back, even walking through the mountains. so i ' ve been trapped here for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4098393641184867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.584602"} {"text": ". and the border has become very dangerous. it ' s not like it was before. if you leave, you ' re not sure you ' ll be able to get back, even walking through the mountains. so i ' ve been trapped here for five years. but i tried to take advantage of it, and not think too much about going back. i work here in the grapes and the apples. i knew about the work here from my wife ' s brothers. years ago, a lot of people came here from leon. now i ' m the only one. lots of those other folks left, and i was the only one who stayed. this year it ' s been harder. i ' ve hardly worked on the ranch this year - - just a couple of months. i looked for other work, but there wasn ' t a lot. in january and february, i went to the day labor center near here, and got work pruning apple trees. i ' m very grateful to them. even when there wasn ' t work on the ranch here, we could work other places and still live in the camp. they never charged us rent. when they have work, they expect you to work for them. you ' re living in their housing. some of the jobs are paid by piece - rate. when they pay by the hour, it ' s about $ 9. 85 per hour. sometimes, if we ' re working, we eat meat every day. but when you ' re not working, you eat tortillas and salt. that ' s the normal thing. before coming here, when i was living in mexico, we didn ' t eat meat very often. when you ' re here, you ' re always thinking about mexico. this is going to be my last year. i ' ve decided to stay in mexico, and to try not to think about coming here anymore. i ' ve put some money into a house and a little land. i ' ll go back to work in those shoe factories. i still know how to do all the work there. we ' ll suffer economically, but i hope we ' ll be ok. who knows? here everything is just work. it ' s all very serious. mexico feels more free. living here, it ' s not your country. my oldest son is studying psychology, and will go to the university in leon. he has a good future because he studies, and i support him. i hope for a good future for my other kids too, and i ' m hoping", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.41619627476808485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.585457"} {"text": "your country. my oldest son is studying psychology, and will go to the university in leon. he has a good future because he studies, and i support him. i hope for a good future for my other kids too, and i ' m hoping that they ' ll have a future in mexico. i don ' t want them to leave. with more education, i hope they won ' t have to. i ' m 21 - - not married yet. i come from tlazezalco in michoacan, where my father works in the fields. my grandfather has some land, and so his sons rent from him. my father worked in the u. s. many years ago, in the 80s, before i was born. he just worked one year and never went back. then my brother went to atlanta eight years ago. i actually never planned to come here. i always said, i ' m not going. but now look. here i am. i have a dream - - to build a house, get married, and have a family. i have someone in mind, but you can ' t rush it. she told me to go, so i ' m hoping she ' ll wait for me. i never wanted to come to the u. s. by walking through the mountains. but one christmas eve, my aunt asked me if i ' d ever thought about coming here. at first i wasn ' t that enthusiastic, but then i began thinking about it. every christmas, she goes back to michoacan. she said, \" they ' re hiring people, and they asked me to give them a hand. \" so they brought me here, on an h2 - a visa. now i ' ve been coming this way for three years. the bosses here on the ranch arrange for the visa. then the foreman meets us at the border. we have to pay our own expenses to get there from our town. they pay for transportation and food from the border to the ranch here. the first two times we came in at nogales, and this last time through tijuana. the foreman takes us to the appointment with the consulate, where they tell you if you ' ve been approved or not. if they don ' t approve you, you have to go back home. this last time, two of us weren ' t approved. the consulate asked them if they had experience working in the fields. they ' d worked in factories. they said you need two months experience working in the fields to come here", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45088093923058753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.586386"} {"text": "go back home. this last time, two of us weren ' t approved. the consulate asked them if they had experience working in the fields. they ' d worked in factories. they said you need two months experience working in the fields to come here. the visa only lasts for six months. we ' re only supposed to work on this ranch. i guess we could work other places but you ' d be breaking the agreement, so it ' s better not to risk it. but we haven ' t had work here for several weeks. in the last two years, i really haven ' t made a lot of money. but the pay is better here. it ' s easier to save, because you ' re not spending so much. in six months, you can save what it might take you two years at home. in my town there aren ' t any factories so the work is all in the fields, but there ' s not much work there. some weeks you work three days, and in other weeks, you don ' t work at all. the economy is bad all over. here you can eat meat every day if you want. the way things are in mexico, you can ' t buy meat every day. to me, i just have a temporary life here. i have friends here who invite me to play football, but it ' s not a real team. i could never join one, because i ' m not here during part of the football season. so i just play with friends. here i ' m always living against the clock. i ' m not here to make a home. that ' s just the way my life is here. temporary. in reality, my home is my town, tlazezalco. i wouldn ' t trade it for any other. i came here because of the poverty. there ' s work at home, but just a little. i rent a little land on which i plant corn and garbanzos, and raise some animals. but you can ' t actually live on the money you make farming. it just helps a little. i ' m always working in other jobs, in someone else ' s fields, or on a hog farm. when i work for someone else, i get paid by the day. when i work for myself, it depends on the price of what i ' m able to grow, or how much i get for an animal i raise. the corn price has been the same for a while - - 70 or 80 pesos. sometimes, you can sell it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43990699054530846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.587360"} {"text": ", it depends on the price of what i ' m able to grow, or how much i get for an animal i raise. the corn price has been the same for a while - - 70 or 80 pesos. sometimes, you can sell it, but other times you just feed it to the animals. there are times when my family can survive this way. but if you have a big family, it doesn ' t really give you anywhere near enough money. so my aunt got me to come here on an h2 - a. we ' ll see how it works out. i haven ' t decided if it ' s worth it yet. we ' re not here for that long, but you always want to be with your family. i ' m not planting anything this year either, because i ' m here during the planting season. traduccion al espanoleditor \u2019 s note : farm groups are pushing congress to include a guest worker program \u2026 coachella, calif. \u2013 cristian cabrera was working in the grape fields with her family last \u2026 salinas \u2013 as an organizer with the united farm workers, i \u2019 ve grown accustomed to seeing \u2026 editors of los angeles spanish - language newspaper la opinion write that they hope gov. jerry brown \u2026 hiring undocumented workers has a \u2018 negligible \u2019 impact on the wages of documented workers in the \u2026 editor \u2019 s note : they may be too young to remember cesar chavez, but young people \u2026", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3854871479978344, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.588012"} {"text": "durham, n. c. - - researchers report finding a strong and surprising association between the gene that causes cystic fibrosis and a debilitating form of pancreatitis, inflammation of the pancreas. duke university medical center gastroenterologist dr. jonathan cohn, who led the research team, said the main point of the study \" is that many patients carrying a diagnosis of unexplained chronic pancreatitis have a disease where genetics plays a major and previously unsuspected role. this finding introduces a new concept about how chronic pancreatitis develops and it will change how physicians treat patients with this condition. \" the researchers from duke, the durham vamc and the university of north carolina at chapel hill published the results of their study thursday in the new england journal of medicine. the research was supported by grants from the national institutes of health, the department of veterans affairs and the cystic fibrosis foundation. the most striking feature of chronic pancreatitis is severe, often incapacitating, abdominal pain. about two - thirds of the estimated 100, 000 cases of chronic pancreatitis in the united states are caused by heavy alcohol use. however, chronic pancreatitis also strikes patients who are not drinkers, and in almost all these cases, the cause is unknown, or idiopathic. the new study shows that in many patients with idiopathic chronic pancreatitis, there is a genetic explanation for their condition, the researchers said. the gene involved in these cases of idiopathic pancreatitis is the same as the gene that causes cystic fibrosis. the classic features of cystic fibrosis include severe lung disease, abnormal sweat production and pancreatic insufficiency. the research team conducted extensive genetic analysis of 27 patients referred to duke with idiopathic chronic pa contact : richard merritt duke university medical center", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4794260481260226, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.591212"} {"text": "the 2012 new car models are shipping already, lead by the 2012 ford focus scheduled to arrive at dealerships this month. these are the first new cars that have to comply with new, stricter fuel economy standards passed by the national highway traffic safety administration ( nhtsa ) in 2009. the changes are the first major increase in fuel economy standards for cars since the requirements originally took effect in the 1970s. automakers are expected to adopt a wide range of technologies to meet the new targets, including direct injection, continuously variable transmissions, hybrid systems, and plug - in electric cars. the new standards require a new - car corporate average fuel economy ( cafe ) of average 33. 3 mpg this year and light trucks to average 25. 4, for an overall average of 29. 7 mpg. these standards are scheduled to ramp up all the way to 34. 1 mpg overall by 2016. under the new system, each automaker has an independent fuel economy target to meet, based on the types and sizes of vehicles it plans to produce. but on average, the new standards are supposed to increase overall fuel economy by 16 percent this year and by a third by 2016. ( congress has called for a 40 - percent increase overall by 2020. ) these fuel economy improvements are supposed to save 61 billion gallons of fuel and reduce carbon dioxide ( co2 ) emissions by 654. 7 million metric tons, according to nhtsa. this chart above shows how the requirements ramp up through 2016, not counting some loopholes and credits available to the automakers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4221829513786333, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.592787"} {"text": "\" energy drinks typically feature caffeine and a combination of other ingredients, including taurine, sucrose, guarana, ginseng, niacin, pyridoxine and cyanocobalamin, \" says stephanie ballard from nova southeastern university. \" caffeine has been consistently been observed to enhance aerobic performance, although its effects on anaerobic performance may vary, \" she added. the impact of energy drinks on weight loss has different theories. some data suggest that combined with exercise, they may lead to weight loss. however, other studies suggest that users may get addicted to caffeine, with increasing calorie - burn and weight loss. however, being loaded with sugar, energy drinks may be contributing to the obesity epidemic alongside less caffeinated, sugary drinks like soda, warned ballard. \" for the national collegiate athletic association, athletes are considered to be doping if urinary caffeine is greater than 15 \u00b5g / ml, which is about the same as drinking eight cups of coffee, each containing 100 mg of caffeine, \" ballard said. caffeine has been reported to cause insomnia, nervousness, arrhythmias, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, pregnancy and childbirth complication, gastrointestinal upset and death. but small amounts can be safe and still boost performance. \" caffeine in amounts of up to 6 mg / kg may produce benefits with low risk of adverse effects, \" she added. the study was published in a recent issue of the physician and sportsmedicine. ( ani )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43970955897613356, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.597990"} {"text": "washington, d. c. - - the opportunity rover has found strong evidence that eons ago water flowed across mars, pooled on the surface, and then returned to the atmosphere, leaving behind a thick layer of minerals leached from the land. \" we ' ve found our ancient water on mars, \" says rover science team member harry mcsween of the university of tennessee, knoxville. at a press conference at nasa headquarters here today, rover principal investigator steven squyres of cornell university ticked off the evidence for a soaking wet mars he and his team had developed from opportunity observations of the previous weeks. the new findings don ' t prove that mars ever sustained life or even that mars was ever as warm and wet as earth has been. however, they do mean that at least in one patch the size of oklahoma, water soaked the rock for age upon age, which is all that life could ask for. part of the evidence involves the structure of the outcrop. the round balls 2 or 3 millimeters in diameter seen weathering out of the rock, they decided, resemble \" concretions \" that grow as mineral - laden water lays down salts in the rock pores. also indicative are vugs, \" very weird - looking, tabular holes \" that riddle the rock, in squyres ' s words. they are probably the voids left by now vanished crystals of gypsum - - to judge by their shape - - that grew from mineral - laden water. the mineralogy is telling, too. the rover ' s spectrometer found high concentrations of jarosite, an iron - rich mineral \" you have to have water around to make, \" said squyres. another sign of water was chemical. the rover ' s alpha particle x - ray spectrometer found \" an enormous quantity of sulfur in this rock, \" said squyres. \" it must be full of sulfate, a telltale sign of liquid water. \" the rover ' s minithermal emission spectrometer also saw abundant signs of sulfate in the infrared colors of the rock, much of it probably magnesium sulfate, the familiar epsom salts. \" this is an astonishing amount of salt, \" said benton clark, a science team member at lockheed martin in denver. on earth, such an abundance of salts most often forms when water carrying dissolved material pools and then evaporates. all this salty water on early mars tells team members that water soaked the subsurface or, more likely, the bottom of a lake or ocean. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45252144398590805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.602165"} {"text": "even for the lucky few creatures that are preserved in the fossil record, soft tissues such as skin and feathers typically disappear over time. but a newly developed technique has found a way to bring them back to life in some cases. researchers have now used the approach to resurrect the teeth and recognize the carcass of a 50 - million - year - old fossil of a lizard, long thought to be merely preserved remnants of skin shed from the reptile. \" this is incredibly uncharted territory, \" says gregory erickson, a vertebrate paleontologist at florida state university in tallahassee. \" this technique reveals that there ' s literally more to fossils than meets the eye. \" discovered in the 1980s, the lizard fossil is one of only two known examples of reptile skin unearthed from the green river formation of the western united states, a finely layered mudstone best known for its exquisite fish fossils. even though soft tissues are incredibly rare in the fossil record, being preserved only in unusual environmental circumstances, this lizard fossil survived the ages, says phillip manning, a vertebrate paleontologist at the university of manchester in the united kingdom. it ' s easy to see the remnants of individual scales in the skin, but the rock doesn ' t include any visible remains of bones or other hard tissue \u2014 a combination that led researchers to believe that the skin had been shed by a living creature and then preserved. but recently, to learn more about the fossil, manning and his colleagues turned to a relatively new x - ray analysis technique \u2014 dubbed synchrotron rapid scanning x - ray fluorescence \u2014 with surprising results. instead of enabling scientists to see inside or through rock, he notes, the intense x - rays produced by this technique cause particular elements or compounds to fluoresce, revealing previously unrecognized chemical remnants that are invisible to the naked eye but persist in the rocks at very low concentrations. when the researchers illuminated the fossil with x - rays that cause sulfur and copper to fluoresce, the skin remnants showed up in remarkable detail. but when they lit the fossil with x - rays that cause phosphorus to glow, the technique revealed many small spots in the lizard ' s head where that element was concentrated \u2014 regularly spaced spots that appear where the creature ' s jaws would have been. the arrangement prompted the researchers to interpret the traces of phosphorus as the chemical remnants of teeth. because lizards don ' t shed their teeth when they molt their skin, the technique reveals the unusual fossil to be the partially preserved remnants of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47900728277641835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.606814"} {"text": "would have been. the arrangement prompted the researchers to interpret the traces of phosphorus as the chemical remnants of teeth. because lizards don ' t shed their teeth when they molt their skin, the technique reveals the unusual fossil to be the partially preserved remnants of a full carcass, the researchers report online this month in applied physics a : materials science & processing. the fossil ' s state of preservation reveals a lot about the environmental conditions where the carcass ended up, presumably after being washed into the lake soon after it died. lake - bottom waters at this particular spot likely had little or no oxygen, enabling preservation of the skin. but the waters apparently were also acidic, which totally dissolved the creature ' s bones and left only scant traces of its teeth. the chemical vestiges of the teeth were most likely preserved because tooth enamel typically has a low concentration of organic matter and large crystals of phosphate minerals, both of which render the teeth more resistant to decay. the x - ray technique the team used \" will open the curtain to a whole new way of studying extinct animals and the conditions in which they lived and died, \" manning says. another benefit of the approach, he notes, is that it ' s nondestructive. previous studies using the technique have revealed the chemical residues of pigments in feathers, providing insight into the color patterns that ancient birds might have sported. the technique also offers the opportunity to discern remnants of soft tissues that are only rarely preserved, such as the pigment - filled retinas of eyes, the ink sacs of ancient squid, and possibly other tissues such as muscles \u2014 at least as far as the naked eye is concerned. results of the new study \" are fantastically interesting, \" says mark norell, a vertebrate paleontologist at the american museum of natural history in new york city. \" there ' s a whole lot more preserved with fossils than we ever thought there was. \" erickson agrees. \" this technique will prompt paleontologists to revisit a lot of classic fossils, \" he says. \" who knows what got missed during the first 150 years of paleontology? \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4784147321846285, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.607764"} {"text": "timothy n. baldwin, jd. august 27, 2010 americans have historically prided themselves in being different from all other nations of the earth. stemming from our independent lives and station from great britain - - even while being politically subject to it - - the foundation of america rested upon the ideal of independence, individualism, self - determination and freedom. a massive and motivating secession movement from great britain took only a few years to brew throughout the colonies, given only minor usurpations from their mother country, comparably speaking. the colonies \u2019 sovereignty was deemed established not upon the winning of the war but upon their unilateral declaration : \u201c these united colonies are, and of right ought to be free and independent states. \u201d once their sovereignty was confirmed by the treaty of paris of 1783, constitutions were formed upon the american ideal of choice, reflection and wisdom, knowing that the natural law principles of self - government proclaimed in the declaration of independence were the undergirding foundation and were eternal in application to every generation. upon these same principles, many in america today believe that similar decisions as made by the founding generation must be made the people of the states. the fruits of the spirit of the federal government have evidenced its machinery intent of subjecting the people of the states to anti - american ideology. masses of people scrounge around trying to find the answer in the system as is. \u201c there must be someone to blame! \u201d they claim. some angrily point to the federal courts because of their \u201c misinterpretation \u201d of the u. s. constitution. some point to congress for passing laws without having read the u. s. constitution or with the attitude that if the law is unconstitutional, the courts will set it straight later. others point to the president - - as if he can do anything without the money congress gives him to wage war, support his bureaucracy, grow his military - industrial complex and spread the wealth of the nation. thus, every two and four years, the only method of reform that can be thought of is voting in new politicians in federal office. meanwhile, the people see little importance in putting politicians in the state and local positions who have a true understanding of what federalism, state sovereignty and consent of governed truly mean in theory and application. and the cycle of enslavement continues. ironically, many of these same people who claim that the federal government has enslaved the people and destroyed the states throughout many generations and that there is a conspiracy of the highest order and most evil intent shun", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4994519307524713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.620378"} {"text": "and the cycle of enslavement continues. ironically, many of these same people who claim that the federal government has enslaved the people and destroyed the states throughout many generations and that there is a conspiracy of the highest order and most evil intent shun the thought that the states secede from the union. they reject ( unwittingly or not ) the notion that the nation is too large to be governed by one central authority ; that self - government cannot exist as long as 400 plus million people are lumped into one system of governance ; and that true government reform means breaking this empire up into smaller parts. they cannot wrap their minds around the ideal that the american dream demands that the states separate from the form of government that they acknowledge is enslaving them. as has been observed, the u. s. constitution is \u201c in reality a version of the british constitution, \u201d from which the colonies seceded in 1776. the only notable and distinctive element of difference in the u. s. constitution was the concept of federalism \u2014 a federal system of sovereign states exercising their powers independent of the federal government and the federal government exercising its powers independent of the states. but even great britain exercised a type of federalism as the colonies were left to govern their internal affairs without interference. were this not true, resisting the stamp act of 1765 would seem quite silly. so, can the experiment of dual sovereignty be considered a success? while most americans may not recognize the failure of this experiment, the results from our debauched federal government clearly prove the failure. yet, many americans still attempt to use the same debauchery to bring freedom to the states which they claim are in slave status. something is terribly wrong with this picture. what will it take for americans to realize that the states are naturally and morally justified in separating from the chains and cycle of tyranny? perhaps more than anyone would care to admit. we obviously have not learned from the example of our founding generation, for they seceded under much less egregious circumstances than our political and social plight today. we cannot even learn from the modern - day examples of other countries. consider the nation of sudan, the south of which is undergoing a serious secession effort today. in a recent article entitled moral justifications of secession for southern sudan, the author writes about the moral justification of secession in sudan, saying, \u201c in the two wars ( 1955 - 1972 ) and ( 1983 to 2005 ), the total number of deaths have been always estimated at between 3 million and 4 million", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4927902546185493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.621580"} {"text": "southern sudan, the author writes about the moral justification of secession in sudan, saying, \u201c in the two wars ( 1955 - 1972 ) and ( 1983 to 2005 ), the total number of deaths have been always estimated at between 3 million and 4 million \u2026 the prior occupation and annexation of territories of south sudan by sudanese armed forces, massive human rights violations and discriminatory injustice are seen as severe injustices that can morally justify secession. \u201d how astutely observant it is for human rights groups and other \u201c free \u201d governments of the world, including the united states federal government, to recognize a moral justification ( i. e. natural right ) of a people to secede from their existing political connections! i think a monkey could figure this out. so, does it really take the death of millions before the people realize that they should secede! i thought constitutions ( and thus unions ) were to be formed and remain under the pretext of forethought, consent, wisdom and reason, not upon the force of remaining until the country reaches utter devastation like sudan. amazingly, some americans are more afraid of reforming the union than they are of the federal government, which they assert have total control over our lives with the intent to do so. despite this assertion and belief, these people ignore america \u2019 s first principle : \u201c when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. \u201d even alexander hamilton admits this necessity under the u. s. constitution. yet somehow this observation of social and political nature has been foolishly rejected by many who claim to love freedom and america. the reality is, the federal government has nothing without the cooperation and consent of the states. this was admitted throughout the federalist papers. were even a few states to secede from the union, the federal government \u2019 s power to do anything in response would be exponentially limited. they have no assets as it is. they have nothing but debt. their only sustenance is a people who chose to remain bound to their rule. that day is short lived. the new secession movement has nothing but moral justification written all over it \u2014 a morality which considers preemptive prevention to be a better remedy. people can argue practicality all they want ( just as some did in 1775 - 1776 in america ), but the wave of freedom", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4236883441133902, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.622640"} {"text": "has nothing but moral justification written all over it \u2014 a morality which considers preemptive prevention to be a better remedy. people can argue practicality all they want ( just as some did in 1775 - 1776 in america ), but the wave of freedom \u2019 s future will demand that your loyalty be revealed. a side must be chosen. neutrality will not be tolerated, just as in 1776. you need to know : those who advocate secession today are not wackos and nut - jobs, despite the attempts by news commentators such as chris matthews, geraldo and the like to categorize otherwise. today \u2019 s secessionists are reputable and honorable doctors, lawyers, politicians, journalists, scholars, teachers, university professors, economics, insurance agents, deputy sheriffs, military officers, business owners and a myriad of regular americans. subscribe to the newswithviews daily news alerts! what people need are leaders who have a vision for the future of freedom in the states of america. these leaders are not found in washington d. c. they are likely and virtually unknown on a national scale. however, as circumstances worsen, they will rise to the occasion and the opportunity of history will reveal invaluable statesmen, those like the founding fathers. it will be these leaders and those who follow them who will prove that at least some of the states are not like other nations of the world who wait until millions are killed or their lives destroyed before secession is justified. they will use the wisdom given by god to \u201c provide new guards for their future security \u201d and to \u201c secure these rights [ of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness ]. \u201d thomas jefferson, american declaration of independence, 1776, ( emphasis 2. george pellew, american statesmen, john jay, vol. 9, ( boston and new york, houghton, mifflin and co., 1899 ), 69, statement made by sir henry maine. 3. \u201c [ we are called upon to decide whether ] societies of men are really capable or not of establishing good government from reflection and choice, or whether they are forever destined to depend for their political constitutions on accident and force. \u201d alexander hamilton, federalist paper 1 ( emphasis added ). 4. thomas jefferson, american declaration of independence, 1776, ( emphasis added ). 5. \u201c if such presumptions [ of federal tyranny ] can fairly be made, there ought at once to be an end of all delegated authority. the people should resolve to recall all the powers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4778391482173916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.624226"} {"text": ", ( emphasis added ). 5. \u201c if such presumptions [ of federal tyranny ] can fairly be made, there ought at once to be an end of all delegated authority. the people should resolve to recall all the powers they have heretofore parted with out of their own hands, and to divide themselves into as many states as there are counties, in order that they may be able to manage their own concerns in person. \u201d alexander hamilton, federalist paper 26 ( emphasis added ). 6. thomas jefferson, american declaration of independence, 1776. \u00a9 2010 timothy n. baldwin, jd - all rights reserved timothy n. baldwin is an attorney from pensacola, fl. he received his bachelor of arts degree at the university of west florida in 2001 and received his juris doctorate degree from cumberland school of law at samford university in 2004. baldwin was a prosecutor in the 1st district of florida from 2004 to 2006. in 2006, he started his own law practice, where he created specialized legal services entirely for property management companies. like his father, chuck baldwin, timothy baldwin is an astute articulator of cutting - edge political ideas, which he posts on his website, www. libertydefenseleague. com and speaks about in various public forum. baldwin is the author of freedom for a change, in which he expounds the fundamental principles of freedom believed by america \u2019 s forefathers and gives inspiring and intelligent application of those principles to america \u2019 s current political and cultural standing. baldwin believes that the times require all freedom - loving americans to educate, invigorate and activate the principles of freedom within the states of america for ourselves and our posterity. web site : libertydefenseleague", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5201122793375934, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.625297"} {"text": "find is a very powerful command. after the last post about grep, in which i mentioned that dos has a command called \u201c find \u201d which is a simplistic version of grep, i now feel obliged to tell all about the real ( that is, the * nix ) find works on the basis of find ( from somewhere ) ( something ) ; the \u201c from somewhere \u201d is often \u201c. \u201d ( here, the current directory ), or \u201c / \u201d ( root, to search the entire filesystem ). it \u2019 s not terribly interesting. what is interesting, is the \u201c something \u201d bit. you can specify a file name, for example : $ find / - name \" foo. txt \" / home / steve / misc / foo. txt $ that wasn \u2019 t very exciting, and it will take a long time to complete, too. systems with \u201c slocate \u201d installed could just say locate foo. txt and get the answer back in a fraction of a second ( by looking it up in a database ), without trawling through the whole hard disk ( or, indeed, all attached disks ). so that \u2019 s not what \u2019 s exciting about find. what is exciting about find, is what else it can do, instead of just \u201c - name foo. txt \u201d. don \u2019 t get me wrong ; the \u201c - name \u201d switch is useful. more useful with wildcards : find. - name \" *. txt \" will find all text files. you can restrict the search to one filesystem with the \u201c - mount \u201d ( aka \u201c - xdev \u201d ) flag. if you want to find files newer than / var / log / messages, you can use find. - newer / var / log / messages if you want to find files over 10kb, then find. - size + 10k will do the job. to get a full listing, find. - size + 10k - ls. want to know what files i own? find. - uname steve how about listing all files over 10kb with their owner and permissions? $ find. - size + 10k - printf \" % m % u % f \\ n \" - rwxr - xr - x steve foo. txt - rw - - - - - - - steve bar. doc - rwxr - xr - x steve fubar. iso - rwxr - xr - x steve fee. tx", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4651427250998659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.627856"} {"text": "there has been too little serious public policy debate concerning how best to reduce exposure of children and youth to media violence. many of the debates that have occurred in congress, the popular press, and conferences have often focused on whether there is sufficient scientific evidence of harmful effects to support public policy actions. some debates have conflated other public policy issues with the basic scientific question of whether there are significant harmful effects. some u. s. first amendment proponents who are vociferous critics of media violence research do not seem to understand that the scientific question ( are there harmful effects? ) is different from the legal question ( are proposed policies legal under the u. s. constitution? ). as the medical, public health, and psychological scientific communities have repeatedly stated, the scientific debate about whether there are harmful effects of media violence is over. we believe that it is time to move on to the more difficult public policy questions concerning whether modern societies should take action to reduce the high rates of exposure of children and youth to media violence, and if so, what public policies would likely be the most effective. - source much of this has focused on claims made by breivik that he used the \u201c military shooter \u201d call of duty : modern warfare 2 to prepare for his attacks. critics of games and gaming very quickly pounced on his assertion to claim this was evidence of a causal link between game - playing and committing acts of violence. years of research documents how witnessing violence and aggression leads to a range of negative out - comes for children. these outcomes result both from witnessing real violence ( osofsky, 1995 ) as well as from viewing media vio - lence ( anderson et al., 2003 ; gentile, 2003 ). ironically, the same parents who take great pains to keep children from witnessing violence in the home and neighborhood often do little to keep them from viewing large quantities of violence on television, in movies, and in video games. are games our escapist fantasies, or our outlets for dealing with reality? either way, why is our most common gameplay choice the pursuit of war?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5085563369075881, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.632475"} {"text": "converts a number to thai text and adds a suffix of \" baht. \" in excel for windows, you can change the baht format to a different style from the control panel by using regional and language options in windows vista or in microsoft windows xp. in excel for the macintosh, you can change the baht number format to a different style by using control panel for numbers. number is a number you want to convert to text, or a reference to a cell containing a number, or a formula that evaluates to a number. the example may be easier to understand if you copy it to a blank worksheet. how to copy an example - create a blank workbook or worksheet. - select the example in the help topic. note do not select the row or column headers. selecting an example from help - press ctrl + c. - in the worksheet, select cell a1, and press ctrl + v. - to switch between viewing the results and viewing the formulas that return the results, press ctrl + ` ( grave accent ), or on the formulas tab, in the formula auditing group, click the show formulas button. | | displays the number in text. ( one thousand two hundred thirty four baht in thai text )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4409347453736555, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.635249"} {"text": "the general question of the prolegomena. is metaphysics possible at all? were metaphysics actually present as a science, one might say : here is metaphysics, you only require to learn it, and it will convince you permanently and irresistibly of its truth. in that case the present question would be unnecessary, and there would only remain one which would more concern a testing of our acuteness, than a proof of the existence of the thing itself ; namely, the question, how is it possible, and how is the reason to set about attaining it? unfortunately, in this case, human reason is not in such a happy position. there is no single book that can be shown, like for instance euclid, of which it can be said : this is metaphysics, herein is to be found the chief end of the science, the knowledge of a supreme being and of a future world, demonstrated upon principles of the pure reason. it is possible, doubtless, to bring forward many propositions that are apodictically certain, and that have never been contested ; but these are in their entirety analytic, and concern more the materials and the elements of construction, than the extension of knowledge, which is our special object in the present case. but even when synthetic propositions are produced ( such as the principle of sufficient reason ), which though they have never been proved from mere reason, that is, a priori, as they ought to have been, are willingly admitted ; even then, whenever it is attempted to make use of them for the main purpose, one is landed in such unstable and doubtful assertions, that it has always happened that one system of metaphysics has contradicted another, either in respect of the assertions themselves or their proofs, and has thus destroyed all claim to a lasting recognition. the very attempts made to establish the science have without doubt been the primary cause of the scepticism that so early arose, a mode of thought in which the reason treats itself with such violence, that it would never have arisen but from the latter \u2019 s utter despair of satisfying its chief aspirations. for long before man began methodically to question nature, he interrogated his own isolated reason, already practised, in a measure by common experience ; because reason is always present, while the laws of nature generally require to be laboriously sought out. and so metaphysics floated to the surface like foam, and like foam, too, no sooner was it gathered up than it dissolved, while another", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5361079434368936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.649880"} {"text": "; because reason is always present, while the laws of nature generally require to be laboriously sought out. and so metaphysics floated to the surface like foam, and like foam, too, no sooner was it gathered up than it dissolved, while another mass of it appeared upon the scene which some were always found eager to grasp ; while others, instead of seeking to penetrate the cause of the phenomenon in question, thought themselves wise in laughing at the futile exertions of the former. the essential feature distinguishing pure mathematical knowledge from all other knowledge a priori, is that it does not proceed from conceptions themselves, but always through the construction of conceptions. ( critique, p. 435. ) since, therefore, in its propositions it must pass out of the conception to that containing the corresponding intuition, these can and ought never to arise from the dissection of conceptions, that is, analytically ; in other words, they are, in their entirety, synthetic. i cannot refrain from remarking on the disadvantage resulting to philosophy from a neglect of this simple and apparently insignificant observation. hume, indeed, feeling it a task worthy of a philosopher, cast his eye over the whole field of pure knowledge a priori in which the human understanding claims such extensive possession. he, however, inconsiderately severed from it an entire, and indeed the most important, province, namely, that of pure mathematics, under the impression that its nature, and, so to speak, its constitution, rested on totally different principles, that is, solely on the principle of contradiction ; and although he did not make such a formal and universal division of propositions as is here done by me, or under the same name, yet it was as good as saying, pure mathematics contains simply analytic judgments, but metaphysics, synthetic judgments a priori. now in this he made a great mistake, and this mistake had decidedly injurious consequences on his whole conception. for if he had not made it, he would have extended his question respecting the origin of our synthetic judgments far beyond his metaphysical conception of causality, and comprehended therein the possibility of mathematics a priori ; for he must have regarded this as equally synthetic. but in the latter case he could, under no circumstances, have based his metaphysical propositions on mere experience, as he would then have been obliged to have subordinated the axioms of pure mathematics themselves to experience, a proceeding for which he was much too penetrating. the good company into which metaphysics would then have been brought", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.599307730434351, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.650941"} {"text": "metaphysical propositions on mere experience, as he would then have been obliged to have subordinated the axioms of pure mathematics themselves to experience, a proceeding for which he was much too penetrating. the good company into which metaphysics would then have been brought must have ensured it against contemptuous treatment ; for the strokes aimed at the latter must have also hit the former, and this neither was nor could have been his intention. the result must have been to lead the acute man to considerations similar to those with which we are now occupied, but which must have gained infinitely by his inimitable style. essentially metaphysical judgments are, in their entirety, synthetic. we must distinguish between judgments belonging to metaphysics from metaphysical judgments proper. among the former are comprised many that are analytic, but they only furnish the means for metaphysical judgments, these forming the entire purpose of the science, and being all synthetic. for when conceptions belong to metaphysics, as, for instance, that of substance, the judgments arising from their dissection belong also to metaphysics ; e. g., substance is that which only exists as subject, & c., and many more similar analytic judgments, by means of which an en leavour is made to approach the definition of the conception. since, however, the analysis of a pure conception of the understanding ( such as those metaphysics contains ) cannot proceed differently from the analysis of any other conception ( even an empirical one ) not belonging to metaphysics ( e. g., air is an elastic fluid, the elasticity of which is not destroyed by any known degree of cold ), it follows that the conception but not the analytic judgment, is properly metaphysical. the science in question has something special and peculiar in the production of its cognitions a priori, which must be distinguished from what it has in common with all other cognitions of the understanding ; so, for instance, the proposition, \u201c all that is substance in things is permanent, \u201d is a synthetic and properly metaphysical judgment. when the conceptions a priori constituting the materials of metaphysics have been previously collected according to fixed principles, the dissection of these conceptions is of great value. they can be then presented as a special department ( as it were a philosophia definitiva ), containing solely analytic propositions relating to metaphysics, though quite distinct from the synthetic, which constitute metaphysics itself. for, indeed, these analyses have nowhere any important use, except in metaphysics, that is, in reference to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5839591386024299, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.652009"} {"text": "be preparatory exercises, designed more to show what has to be done, to realise a science as far as is possible, than to expound one. they must, therefore, rely on something known as trustworthy, from which we may with confidence proceed, and ascend to its sources, as yet unknown to us, and the discovery of which will not only explain what we already knew, but at the same time exhibit to us a range of many cognitions, all arising from these same sources. the methodical procedure of prolegomena, especially of those destined to prepare a future system of metaphysics, will therefore be analytic. now it fortunately happens that, although we cannot accept metaphysics as a real science, we may assert with confidence that certain pure synthetic cognitions are really given a priori, namely, pure mathematics and pure natural science, for both contain propositions, partly apodictically certain through mere reason, and partly recognised by universal consent as coming from experience, and yet as completely independent of it. we have, then, at least some uncontested, synthetic knowledge a priori, and do not require to ask whether this is possible, since it is actual, but only \u2014 how it is possible, in order to be able to deduce from the principle, rendering possible what is already given, the possibility of all the rest.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.584361207768309, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.653544"} {"text": "the combination of titan \u2019 s low gravity and thick atmosphere would allow a human to fly by strapping \u201c fake wings \u201d to their arms. the second - largest moon in the solar system, saturn \u2019 s titan is the only moon with a substantial atmosphere, which is much deeper than earth \u2019 s. it \u2019 s so thick and the gravity so weak, in fact, that you could strap wings on your arms and flap them like a bird to fly. the air is mostly nitrogen, but the rest is mostly hydrocarbons, giving titan \u2019 s atmosphere a thick orange smoggy haze that is opaque to visible light. cassini studies titan in infrared light ( which can penetrate the haze ) and with radar \u2014 and in 2004, via the huygens probe, an atmosphere probe became the first spacecraft to transmit from the surface of a moon other than our own. titan is remarkably earthlike, apart from being so cold that water is as hard as rock ; in addition to the atmosphere, it is the only place other than earth known to have bodies of liquid on the surface \u2014 lakes as large as the great lakes, except that it \u2019 s not water : it \u2019 s probably methane or ethane. the climate is probably similar to some of our deserts, with gigantic monsoons perhaps once a decade or more, and long droughts between. nasa scientists are working on a mission called titan mare explorer ( time ) specifically to study the lakes of titan. read the full text here : http : / / mentalfloss. com / it \u2019 s raining on titan! illustration credit & copyright : david a. hardy ( astroart )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4406762261241745, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.655517"} {"text": "\" we acknowledge one baptism for the remission of sins. \" these words, found in the nicene - constantinopolitan creed, simply and yet boldly declare orthodox teaching on baptism. the baptismal experience is often considered the fundamental christian experience. the word baptize derives from baptizo, the transliterated form of the greek word \u03b2\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd or baptivzw. in a historical context, it means \" to dip, plunge, or immerse \" something entirely, e. g. into water. although commonly associated with christian baptism, the word is known to have been used in other contexts. for instance, a 2nd century author named nicander wrote down a pickle recipe which illustrates the common use of the word. he first says that the pickle should be dipped ( bapto ) into boiling water, followed by a complete submersion ( baptizo ) in a vinegar solution. the word was also used to explain the process of submerging cloth into a colored dye. the christian ritual of water baptism traces back to saint john the forerunner, who the bible says baptized many, including jesus. certain forms of baptism were practiced in the old testament. additionally, baptism was practiced in some pagan religions as a sign of death and rebirth. baptism as a sacrament in contrast to a common protestant viewpoint, baptism is more than just a symbolic act of burial and resurrection, but an actual supernatural transformation. baptism is believed to impart cleansing ( remission ) of sins and union with christ in his death, burial and resurrection ( see romans 6 : 3 - 5 ; colossians 2 : 12, 3 : 1 - 4 ). baptism is performed by the three - fold immersion of a person in the name of the holy trinity. that is, a person is immersed \" in the name of the father, and of the son, and of the holy spirit, \" once for each person of the holy trinity. the practice of baptism by the pouring or sprinkling of water, instead of full immersion, is not taught or practiced in the orthodox church as in some roman catholic and protestant churches. baptism is immediately followed by chrismation and holy communion at the next divine liturgy, regardless of age. adults are baptized after they have completed their time as a catechumen. the orthodox also practice infant baptism on the basis of various texts ( e. g. matthew 9 : 14 ) which are interpreted to condone full church membership for children. this is generally based on a confession", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5371497098113694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.669512"} {"text": "completed their time as a catechumen. the orthodox also practice infant baptism on the basis of various texts ( e. g. matthew 9 : 14 ) which are interpreted to condone full church membership for children. this is generally based on a confession of faith for a child by his or her godparents. the orthodox church does not practice infant baptism in order to cleanse the taint of original sin, because this doctrine is not taught in the orthodox church. validity of a baptism because the sacrament of baptism has actual spiritual and salvific effects, certain criteria must be complied with for it to be valid ( i. e., to actually have those effects ). baptism in water is assumed. violation of some rules regarding baptism render the baptism illicit ( i. e., a violation of the church ' s laws, and a sin for those who willingly and knowingly participate in it ), and yet still valid. for example, if a priest introduces some unauthorized variation in the ceremony, the baptism is still valid so long as certain key criteria are still met, even though the priest has violated the church ' s law and thus sinned, and so have the other participants if they know the priest ' s behaviour is illict. in normal circumstances, a licit baptism must be performed by a priest or a deacon. however, in cases of a genuine emergency, anyone may perform the baptism. one of the criteria for validity is that the correct form of words be used. orthodox use the form \" let this servant of christ be baptized... \" or \" this person is baptized by my hands... \" catholics use the form \" i baptize you... \" however, both churches recognize the other ' s form as valid. the catholic church teaches that the use of the verb \" baptize \" is essential. it is also considered essential that the trinitarian formula is used. baptisms from non - trinitarian churches, such as oneness pentecostal, are generally not considered valid. there was an ancient controversy over baptism using the formula that oneness pentecostals use, with some ancient authorities holding it to be valid. however, this was motivated by the apparent use of that formula at some places in scripture, not by anti - trinitarian considerations ( which might well invalidate the baptism even if that formula is valid ). the most significant part, some theologians have argued, is not so much the trinitarian wording, as the trinitarian intention,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4695604271350873, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.670582"} {"text": "anti - trinitarian considerations ( which might well invalidate the baptism even if that formula is valid ). the most significant part, some theologians have argued, is not so much the trinitarian wording, as the trinitarian intention, and the recognition that the baptism involves all three persons. some theologians have also argued that sprinkling on a part of the body other than the head in an emergency would also be valid. a person, once baptized, cannot be baptized again. there was an ancient practice in some areas of rebaptizing those who had returned to the church from heresy, but that practice has been universally rejected. baptism by other denominations the various jurisdictions of the orthdox church generally accept baptism performed by other denominations as valid, subject to certain conditions. it is only possible to be baptized once, thus people with valid baptisms from other denominations may not be baptized again on conversion. instead, for these converts the sacrament of chrismation is performed. however, in some cases it can be difficult to decide whether the original baptism was valid, so if there is any doubt, a conditional baptism is employed, in which the officiant says something of the form of \" if you are not yet baptized, i baptize you... \" the need for conditional baptisms is motivated not only by factual uncertainties regarding the original baptism, but also by the uncertainty of some of the baptismal theology regarding the precise conditions for the validity of baptism. ( the church holds that one cannot be certain that opinions which are offered by pious theologians, but on which the church has not made an authoritative pronouncement, are correct, and even authoritative pronouncements can have multiple interpretations which the church has neither definitively endorsed or rejected. ) the ritual of baptism is prefigured in the purification rites of jewish law and tradition. in the tanakh and tradition of the teachers of the torah, a ritual bath for purification from uncleanness used to be required under specified circumstances in order to be restored to a condition of ritual purity. for example, women after menses, and after a number of blood - free days following child - birth, were washed in a ritual bath, called a mikvah. those who became ritually defiled by contact with something infectious, would also use the mikveh as part of their healing. washing was also required for converts. through practices such as these, immersion in the mikveh came to represent purification and restoration, and qualification for full religious", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48305195863954914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.671593"} {"text": "with something infectious, would also use the mikveh as part of their healing. washing was also required for converts. through practices such as these, immersion in the mikveh came to represent purification and restoration, and qualification for full religious participation in the life of the community ( book of numbers chapter 19 ). traditional conversion to judaism also requires a mikvah, so for converts jewish initiation is in some ways similar to christian initiation, although the term baptism is not used to describe the jewish conversion. baptism in the gospels st. john the forerunner a preliminary understanding of baptism starts with st. john the forerunner, the cousin of jesus. john spoke of a baptism of repentance in preparation for the coming of the messiah. - \" and he came into all the country about jordan, preaching the baptism of repentance for the remission of sins ; as it is written in the book of the words of esaias the prophet, saying, the voice of one crying in the wilderness, prepare ye the way of the lord, make his paths straight. every valley shall be filled, and every mountain and hill shall be brought low ; and the crooked shall be made straight, and the rough ways shall be made smooth ; and all flesh shall see the salvation of god. \" ( luke 3 : 3 - 6 kjv, also see matthew 3 : 1 - 6, mark 1 : 1 - 5 ) in regards to his relationship to the coming messiah, john also spoke of another kind of baptism. - \" john answered, saying unto them all, i indeed baptize you with water ; but one mightier than i cometh, the latchet of whose shoes i am not worthy to unloose : he shall baptize you with the holy ghost and with fire : whose fan is in his hand, and he will throughly purge his floor, and will gather the wheat into his garner ; but the chaff he will burn with fire unquenchable. \" ( luke 3 : 16 - 17 kjv, also see matthew 3 : 7 - 12, mark 1 : 6 - 8 ) baptism of christ during john ' s earthly ministry jesus came to receive baptism from john : - \" and john bare record, saying, i saw the spirit descending from heaven like a dove, and it abode upon him. and i knew him not : but he that sent me to baptize with water, the same said unto me, upon whom thou shalt see the spirit descending, and remaining on him, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47219706761314073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.672597"} {"text": "a dove, and it abode upon him. and i knew him not : but he that sent me to baptize with water, the same said unto me, upon whom thou shalt see the spirit descending, and remaining on him, the same is he which baptizeth with the holy ghost. and i saw, and bare record that this is the son of god. \" ( john 1 : 32 - 34 kjv, also see matthew 3 : 13 - 17, mark 1 : 9 - 11 ) the great commission after his resurrection, jesus appeared to the disciples and spoke to them saying, - \"... all power is given unto me in heaven and in earth. go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the father, and of the son, and of the holy ghost : teaching them to observe all things whatsoever i have commanded you : and, lo, i am with you always, even unto the end of the world. amen. \" ( matthew 28 : 18 - 20, also see mark 16 : 14 - 20, acts 2 : 38 ) the commandment of the lord to baptize \" in the name of the father, and of the son, and of the holy ghost \" was the practice of the early church and is still the practiced method for baptizing today, although other methods exist ( see acts 2 : 38 ; 8 : 16 ; 10 : 48 ; 19 : 5 ). protestants on baptism martin luther placed a great importance on baptism. luther states in the large catechism ' of 1529 ad, - \" to put it most simply, the power, effect, benefit, fruit, and purpose of baptism is to save. no one is baptized in order to become a prince, but as the words say, to ' be saved. ' to be saved, we know, is nothing else than to be delivered from sin, death, and the devil and to enter into the kingdom of christ and live with him forever. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.467565094877994, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.673550"} {"text": "the word justification, as used in theological circles today, is pregnant with meaning and laden with baggage carried over from the protestant reformation. there has been, in recent centuries, a tendency among biblical scholars to exclusively adopt and employ the standard western christian or reformed protestant [ juridical ] definition of the word. it often seems that this understanding of justification is adopted de facto as the only proper way to understand the pauline use of the word. the word justification is used three times in the book of romans. the word group is defined in the following manner : dike ( root word of the group, meaning right or just ), dikaios ( meaning righteously or justly ), dikaiosune ( meaning righteousness or justice ), dikaiosis ( meaning \u201c the act of pronouncing righteous \u201d or acquittal ), dikaioma ( meaning an ordinance, a sentence of acquittal or condemnation, a righteous deed ), dikaio ( meaning \u201c to show to be righteous \u201d or \u201c to declare righteous \u201d ), and dikastase ( meaning \u201c to judge \u201d or \u201c a judge \u201d ). it appears that the word group, when taken as a whole, can convey both a sense of righteousness and justice ( as a legal declaration ). this legal framework for understanding justification all hinges on the concept of justice as understood in the pagan greek culture of the time - dikaiosis. the ancient, pagan greeks, thucydides for one, adhered to a juridical understanding of this concept as punishment. it is valid to assume that st. paul was familiar with these pagan concepts since this [ greek culture ] was his immediate cultural context. the question arises : what do we do with st. paul \u2019 s jewish heritage and culture that was no less familiar to st. paul, but was surely of more importance to him? dr. alexandre kalomiros in the river of fire proposes that the traditional eastern christian and patristic view of justification is more compatible with the nature of the christian god. he says, \" the word dikaiosune, ' justice, ' is a translation of the hebraic word tsedaka. this word means ' the divine energy which accomplishes man \u2019 s salvation. ' it is parallel and almost synonymous to the other hebraic word, hesed, which means ' mercy, ' ' compassion, ' ' love, ' and to the word emeth which means ' fidelity, ' ' truth. ' this gives a completely other dimension to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5623005906829626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.683751"} {"text": "almost synonymous to the other hebraic word, hesed, which means ' mercy, ' ' compassion, ' ' love, ' and to the word emeth which means ' fidelity, ' ' truth. ' this gives a completely other dimension to what we usually conceive as justice. this is how the church understood god \u2019 s justice. this is what the fathers of the church taught of it - god is not just, with the human meaning of this word, but we see that his justice means his goodness and love, which are given in an unjust manner, that is, god always gives without taking anything in return, and he gives to persons like us who are not worthy of receiving. \" kalomiros sees justification primarily in an eschatological manner. for kalomiros, justification is both present and future, eliciting submission in loving response to the unmerited love of god by those who would respond in faith. so, for the eastern christian, it is this imparted \u201c righteousness \u201d, dikaiosune, ( instead of a juridical justification ) that is culminated eschatologically in the fullness of time through the mercy of god by our loving response, in faith to him. so, in romans 5 : 16, when st. paul says, \u201c and not as it was by one that sinned, so is the gift : for the judgment was by one to condemnation, but the free gift is of many offences unto [ dikaioma ] justification, \u201d the eastern christian and patristic scholar would be completely comfortable with justification defined as a \u201c righteousness mercifully imparted by god that restores man to a state that was originally intended. \u201d as the fall of adam condemned the cosmos, and therefore mankind, to a world of sin and corruption, the death and resurrection is able to \u201c make righteous \u201d that creation which previously existed in a fallen state subjected to death. while eastern christian theology does not embrace a juridical framework, the work of christ is the sole basis for our imparted righteousness and \u201c justification \u201d in the eyes of god. it is only the work of christ on the cross, the \u201c tree that saves \u201d which can counter the condemnation and corruption introduced to the world through the edenic tree. viewing the word group holistically, we can turn to the rest of scripture for a more complete understanding of the dike word group and its implications on st. paul \u2019 s use of dikaiosune", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5300094364159601, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.684648"} {"text": "the world through the edenic tree. viewing the word group holistically, we can turn to the rest of scripture for a more complete understanding of the dike word group and its implications on st. paul \u2019 s use of dikaiosune et. al. in matthew 5 : 17 - 20, christ says, \" think not that i am come to destroy the law, or the prophets : i am not come to destroy, but to fulfil. for verily i say unto you, till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled. whosoever therefore shall break one of these least commandments, and shall teach men so, he shall be called the least in the kingdom of heaven : but whosoever shall do and teach them, the same shall be called great in the kingdom of heaven. for i say unto you, that except your righteousness shall exceed the righteousness of the scribes and pharisees, ye shall in no case enter into the kingdom of heaven. \" here we see a hint about the depth of the righteousness imparted to us by god in his mercy. the dikaiosune tos anthropos that is unattainable by man ( as indicated in the passage above ) is to be replaced by the dikaiosune tou theou \u2013 the righteousness of god in christ which is imparted to man in god \u2019 s mercy. there is no necessity for a juridical pronouncement of innocence, but rather christ \u2019 s righteousness is imparted to man in a transformative manner through christ and his death on the cross. in the eastern churches, this justification ( impartation of righteousness ) is associated with entrance into the church. this is an ancient practice preserved from the earliest times. the liturgical texts indicate a process of conversion that culminates in baptism and the joining of oneself to the church. the baptismal service text clearly defines this belief when the convert, or newly baptized infant [ after the baptism ] is told, \u201c you are justified ; you are illumined! \u201d ( goaa \u2013 the service of holy baptism ) justification, the impartation of righteousness, begins at conversion through the mercy of god, and it continues throughout the life of the christian as one is conformed, in righteousness, to the image and likeness of god through the power of the holy spirit. since the righteousness is offered and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5208366817274035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.685502"} {"text": "begins at conversion through the mercy of god, and it continues throughout the life of the christian as one is conformed, in righteousness, to the image and likeness of god through the power of the holy spirit. since the righteousness is offered and imparted to the christian in love, the orthodox christian believes that man is, likewise, free to reject christ \u2019 s righteousness and offer of salvation. for there is no love apart from freedom \u2013 coercion and slavery are characteristics that are incompatible with a perfect love. there are assurances in scripture that god will hold close to himself those who are of his fold, and the christian can rest confidently in this fact. but, we are just as free to reject god and his love as we are to embrace him. western v. eastern concepts - implications while the western approach to theology seems to help our western minds, so used to a scientific model of reasoning, \u201c understand god, \u201d the eastern approach seems to, in my opinion, organically synthesize the multi - faceted nature of theological truth. eastern theology is far from systematic, but it takes into account and embraces all that has been handed down to us from christ, to his apostles through the church via the holy spirit. paul negrut defines the tension that exists when trying to understand western theological concepts in light of early christian and eastern theology. he says, \u201c much of this sounds strange to western ears, both protestant and catholic, because the historical development of western theology has been quite different. patience is therefore required to penetrate this strangeness, but that is a necessary prelude to any real understanding, dialogue or critique! \u201d this patience is, however necessary and would, if employed in theological dialog between the east and west, yield much fruit. it would serve the western christian well to bear in mind that the juridical concepts of salvation, substitutionary atonement, et. al. were foreign to not only the eastern church but also the western church ( catholic and protestant ) until the time of augustine. even then these concepts were vague and undefined ; they were not universal doctrines in the church anywhere! anselm further developed these ideas some 600 years later, and luther built on the work of anselm about 500 years after that. is it any wonder that these concepts which seem to the protestant an integral part of historical christian theology ( which are, in actuality, rather new ) baffle the eastern christian mind? these categories and concepts are somewhat unique and have existed in their present form for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5584972925095297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.686430"} {"text": "any wonder that these concepts which seem to the protestant an integral part of historical christian theology ( which are, in actuality, rather new ) baffle the eastern christian mind? these categories and concepts are somewhat unique and have existed in their present form for a relatively short period of time. to the eastern christian, theology is not something that improves with age \u2013 it is something to be internalized, and it can best be understood by journeying as close to the roots of our faith as possible. reason and logic [ read : the enlightenment ] cannot guarantee a better understanding of god, his son or our faith. some helpful quotations in summary, it is not an antagonistic attitude that causes the eastern christian and patristic scholar to recoil at some notions of western and protestant theology, it is simply that the approach employed by many western scholars ( inherited from the likes of augustine, anselm and luther ) seems at odds with what eastern christians believe has been safeguarded since the foundation of the church at pentecost. the traditional orthodox mind is immediately suspicious of biblical interpretations that have little or no root in the early life and theology of the church ; this is true in spades of particularly the forensic notion of justification, and of its consequent bifurcation of faith and works. \u2026 this of course does not mean that the orthodox do not believe that each generation of christians may receive new insights into scripture, especially insights relevant in a given cultural context. however, it does mean that the new insights must remain consistent with earlier ones, and that one or two pauline passages ( and one specific interpretation of those passages ) are not considered theologically normative \u2013 particularly as a foundation for a soteriological dogma \u2013 unless the early and continuing tradition of the church show them consistently to have been viewed as such. \u2026 because of its less juridical exegesis of pauline soteriological statements, eastern christianity has never had anything approaching the kind of faith v. works controversies that have enveloped and ( for both good and ill ) theologically shaped the christian west, whether one considers the late fourth - / early fifth - century pelagian controversy or the 16th - century protestant reformation begun by martin luther. rather, the east has maintained a somewhat distant and even puzzled attitude toward the theological polemics which have raged over justification in terms of faith or works. - valerie karras this paganistic conception of god \u2019 s justice which demands infinite sacrifices in order to be appeased clearly makes god our real enemy and the cause of all our mis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5286175067451769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.687498"} {"text": "##mics which have raged over justification in terms of faith or works. - valerie karras this paganistic conception of god \u2019 s justice which demands infinite sacrifices in order to be appeased clearly makes god our real enemy and the cause of all our misfortunes. moreover, it is a justice which is not at all just since it punishes and demands satisfaction from persons which were not at all responsible for the sin of their forefathers. in other words, what westerners call justice ought rather to be called resentment and vengeance of the worst kind. even christ \u2019 s love and sacrifice loses its significance and logic in this schizoid notion of a god who kills god in order to satisfy the so - called justice of god. does this concept of justice have anything to do with the justice that god revealed to us? does the phrase \u201c justice of god \u201d have this meaning in the old and new testaments? perhaps the beginning of the mistaken interpretation of the word justice in the holy scriptures was its translation by the greek word dikaiosune. not that it is a mistaken translation, but because this word, being a word of the pagan, humanistic, greek civilization, was charged with human notions which could easily lead to misunderstandings. first of all, the word dikaiosune brings to mind an equal distribution. this is why it is represented by a balance. the good are rewarded and the bad are punished by human society in a fair way. this is human justice. - kalomiros greek orthodox archdiocese of america - service of holy baptism karras, valerie a. \u2013 justification and the future of the ecumenical movement ( liturgical press \u2013 collegeville, mn ) kalomiros, dr. alexandre \u2013 saint nektarios orthodox conference : the river of fire ( seattle, st. nektarios press, 1980 ) pollard, aurthur - anselm \u2019 s doctrine of the atonement : an exegesis and critique of cur deus homo, churchman volume 109, number 4, 1995", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4801518189330688, "token_count": 417, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.688433"} {"text": "spengler is a bit of a downer, but, after reading this article about his work, maybe he is on to something? he died before ww2 however his synopsis of civilizations and their rise and fall is something worth looking at. maybe this is how the catholic church will survive, we believe in children, be counter cultural case in point \u201c he also predicted the west \u2019 s coming decline in birthrates brought about largely by the advent of feminism, also a feature of spengler \u2019 s civilizational phase. whereas the advent and success of feminism in the west is heralded in our time as a sign of civic progress, spengler \u2019 s study of other civilizational cycles convinced him that it was just the opposite \u2014 a reflection of cultural decline, largely because it curtailed the production of children. as he puts it : the primary woman, the peasant woman, is mother. the whole vocation towards which she has yearned from childhood is included in that one word. but now emerges the ibsen woman, the comrade, the heroine of a whole megalopolitan literature from northern drama to parisian novel. instead of children, she has soul - conflicts ; marriage is a craft - art for the achievement of \u201c mutual understanding. \u201d it is all the same whether the case against children is the american lady \u2019 s who would not miss a season for anything, or the parisienne \u2019 s who fears that her lover would leave her, or an ibsen heroine \u2019 s who \u201c lives for herself \u201d \u2014 they all belong to themselves and they are all unfruitful. this phenomenon, says spengler, is seen in every society in transition from the cultural to the civilizational phase, and in all instances it leads to what he calls \u201c appalling depopulation. \u201d spengler saw a similar phenomenon in the realm of politics. looking at athens of 400 bc and caesar \u2019 s rome, he sees a progressive degradation : \u201d the new woman typically values self - fulfillment and independence rather than the stereotypically feminine ideal of self - sacrifice ; believes in legal and sexual equality ; often remains single because of the difficulty of combining such equality with marriage ; is more open about her sexuality than the \u2018 old woman \u2019 ; is well - educated and reads a great deal ; has a job ; is athletic or otherwise physically vigorous and, accordingly, prefers comfortable clothes ( sometimes male attire ) to traditional female garb.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47664189771539517, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.690698"} {"text": "the hellingly hospital railway was a light railway owned and operated by the east sussex county council. it was used to deliver coal and passengers to hellingly hospital, a psychiatric hospital, via a spur from the london, brighton and south coast railway \u2019 s cuckoo line at hellingly railway station the railway was constructed in 1899 and opened to passengers on 20 july 1903, following its electrification in 1902. after the railway grouping of 1923, passenger numbers declined so significantly that the hospital authorities no longer considered passenger usage of the line to be economical, and the service was withdrawn. the railway closed to freight in 1959, following the hospital ' s decision to convert its coal boilers to oil, which rendered the railway unnecessary. the route took a mostly direct path from a junction immediately south of hellingly station to hellingly hospital, past sidings known as farm siding and park house siding respectively, used as stopping places to load and unload produce and supplies from outbuildings of the hospital. much of the railway has since been converted to footpath, and many of the buildings formerly served by the line are now abandoned. construction and opening in 1897, east sussex county council purchased of land at park farm, about three miles ( 5 km ) north of hailsham, from the earl of chichester, to be the site of a new county lunatic asylum which would eventually become known as hellingly...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.36941263570878746, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.692224"} {"text": ", march 14, 1889 \u2014 october 13, 1971 ) was a prolific medievalist, etymologist, philologist, and specialist in chaucer who was lecturer and then professor of english literature at johns hopkins university from 1924 to 1956. born in an academic family, kemp malone graduated from emory college as it then was in 1907, with the ambition of mastering all the languages that impinged upon the development of middle english. he spent several years in germany, denmark and iceland. when world war i broke out he served two years in the united states army and was discharged with the rank of captain. malone served as president of the modern language association, and other philological associations ( see link ) and was etymology editor of the american college dictionary, 1947. he resisted the views of old english poetry as products of a purely oral tradition. he contended that we must look to poets ' individual elaboration of traditional structures : \" a given poet was reckoned worthy if he handled with skill the stuff of which, by convention, poems must be made \" ( malone, \" the old tradition : poetic form \" in a literary history of england, albert c. baugh, editor, p. 31 ) his interests ranged from 10th century manuscripts to the etymology of contemporary comic strip names. american speech, the english language, the historical arthur ( his suggestion was the roman dux lucius artorius castus ( he edited a facsimile of the......", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3897456690504957, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.693670"} {"text": "rhea brushes the stormy face of saturn, an airless ice orb against the feathery bands of a gas giant. saturn ' s unilluminated rings are seen at upper right. rhea is the second largest of saturn ' s moons at 1, 528 kilometers ( 949 miles ) across. this view looks toward the unlit side of the rings from about 3 degrees above the ringplane. the image was taken in wavelengths of polarized infrared light with the cassini spacecraft wide - angle camera on feb. 4, 2007. cassini acquired the view at a distance of approximately 1. 2 million kilometers ( 700, 000 miles ) from saturn and 679, 000 kilometers ( 422, 000 miles ) from rhea. image scale is 137 kilometers ( 85 miles ) per pixel on saturn and about 80 kilometers ( 50 miles ) per pixel on rhea. the cassini - huygens mission is a cooperative project of nasa, the european space agency and the italian space agency. the jet propulsion laboratory, a division of the california institute of technology in pasadena, manages the mission for nasa ' s science mission directorate, washington, d. c. the cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras were designed, developed and assembled at jpl. the imaging operations center is based at the space science institute in boulder, colo. for more information about the cassini - huygens mission visit http : / / saturn. jpl. nasa. gov / home / index. cfm. the cassini imaging team homepage is at http : / / ciclops. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5039319652462011, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.695254"} {"text": "liberia from 1912 to 1930 daniel edward howard was the president of liberia from 1912 to 1920 and had to deal with wars on all fronts - internally and externally. the finances of the state were so bad that the pay of government employees was suspended for months a at time. the european war, world war i, resulted in the trade between liberia and britain, france and the united states reduced to almost zero due to the german submarine blockade. in 1917, liberia joined the allies against germany and liquidated a property of german nationals in liberia. the money generated from this liquidation was deposited into the liberian government bank account to compensate for loss of revenue from the blockade. the war ended in 1920, and liberia ' s legislature ratified the treaty of versailles. charles d. b. king became liberia ' s president in 1920 and serve for 10 years. since the war had caused the financial situation of liberia to be in such bad condition, president king and a commission embarked upon a journey to the united states to get assistance in paying of her debts and straightening her financial affairs. they arrived in march of 1921, shortly after president harding had taken office. the state department and treasury had all new personnel and the congress had many new congressmen. congress had suspended all foreign credit and extension of foreign loans, even though the state department was sympathetic with the request from the liberian delegation. negotiation drag on until october before the state department finally granted liberia a loan for five million dollars. the commission was greatly relieved because the long, painful negotiations were complete. however, great disappointment followed when the u. s. congress failed to ratify the agreement. in 1923, the firestone rubber company explored the possibilities of establishing a rubber plantation in liberia. in fact, the conditions in liberia are ideal for rubber trees and a one million acre plantation was established in harbal. this was a great economic boost for liberia due to the employment of 25, 000 workers. a loan for 5 million dollars was secured shortly afterwards that allowed liberia to consolidate and bond all internal and external depts. in addition, certain public works were to be developed with money from this loan. one of which was the establishment of liberia ' s first radio station which broadcast its first message in 1927. while the nation was feeling so good about the recent events, tragedy occurred in november of 1927 when a ship carrying soldiers sank near the monrovian port killing thirty including former president daniel howard and his son. president king and his vice - president resigned from office in 1930 admits scandal resulting for the accusations of slavery and forced labor.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.35676312263893584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.698925"} {"text": "by nan talleno philadelphia ( cbs ) - little dogs of all breeds and sizes are certainly extremely cute. but that doesn \u2019 t mean that they shouldn \u2019 t have the same guidelines, boundaries and daily structure that a larger dog would have. in fact, it \u2019 s even more important to make sure that little dogs follow the rules because, sadly, they are more susceptible to becoming stressed, fearful and anxiety - ridden if this isn \u2019 t fulfilled daily and may possibly fall prey to small dog syndrome. small dog syndrome is a situation which occurs when a small dog exhibits negative behavioral tendencies including aggressive and / or territorial behavior resulting from fear or anxiety or both. this is often a direct byproduct of lack of leadership and direction on the part of the human caregiver for the small dog to follow. this can be avoided entirely by providing proper leadership and guidance. take time to teach your dog a new command such as \u201c sit, \u201d \u201c stay, \u201d \u201c come, \u201d \u201c focus, \u201d or \u201c leave it, \u201d, etc, among many others for a few minutes each day. take your dog for a walk daily and provide a daily routine, safe boundaries and structure for your dog to follow. for more information on leadership skills and training tips, go to my website at peaceinthepack. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44597129473021696, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.700367"} {"text": "several oil slicks occurred on lake maracaibo in northwestern venezuela between december 2002 and january 2003, and were observed by various satellite instruments. these images from the multi - angle imaging spectroradiometer ( misr ) provide new information relating to one such event near the center of lake maracaibo on december 26, 2002. in unpolluted areas, the water surface is \" ruffled \" by wind and the resulting wave facets divert reflected rays into many directions. an oil film dampens the presence of small wind - driven \" capillary \" waves, resulting a smoother, more mirror - like surface. also, oil is more strongly absorbing than the surrounding water. therefore, at most viewing angles, a surface slick will appear darker than the surrounding unpolluted areas, whereas near the specular angle ( the angle at which a perfect mirror reflects light ) it will appear brighter. simultaneous observation at multiple view angles therefore enhances the reliability of oil - slick detection using optical imaging. an example of how the optical contrast of an oil film on a water surface changes as a function of viewing angle is illustrated by these false - color misr images, comprised of near - infrared, red and blue spectral data at three different angles, using the vertical - viewing camera ( left ), the 26\u00b0 - forward - viewing camera ( center ) and the 46\u00b0 - forward - viewing camera ( right ). a swirly area in the middle of the lake appears darker than the surrounding waters at both the nadir and 46\u00b0 views, but brighter than the surrounding waters at the 26\u00b0 view. of the three images, only the 26\u00b0 camera observes close to specular reflection angle. lake maracaibo is the largest lake in south america. the lake is somewhat saline, since it is connected to the gulf of venezuela by a narrow strait in the north. venezuela is the largest oil producing nation in the western hemisphere, and the lake maracaibo basin includes the largest oil fields and almost a quarter of this nation ' s population. the multi - angle imaging spectroradiometer observes the daylit earth continuously from pole to pole, and every 9 days views the entire globe between 82 degrees north and 82 degrees south latitude. these data products were generated from a portion of the imagery acquired during terra orbit 16081. the panels cover an area of 72 kilometers x 225 kilometers, and utilize data from blocks 81 to 83 within world reference system - 2 path 8. misr was built and is managed by nasa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5433462112585623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.704212"} {"text": "the public and scientists have helped create the first 150, 000 species pages in the encyclopedia of life ( eol ), the global online project to create a page for each of the 1. 8 million known species on the planet. it may be less than one tenth of the way there, but the response of people who have uploaded more than 30, 000 images and videos, has been huge say eol, especially since new tools have been installed to make it easier to add to the site. it isn ' t only experts who can contribute to the site. people with an interest in nature but no special scientific training, known as citizen scientists, can add information. for example, images can be uploaded through the eol ' s flickr page. each eol page is verified by experts, and scientists from all over the world can add species information, from physical descriptions to details of habitat, diseases, look - alikes and even dna barcodes. the information will shed light on things such as conservation strategies for endangered species, or climate change and the movements of disease - bearing or invasive pests. david lees, is an expert on moths and butterflies at the natural history museum and at inra ( french national institute for agricultural research ), france. he has created an eol species page to mark the 25th anniversary of the discovery in europe of an invasive moth called the horse chestnut leafminer, cameraria ohridella. it is ravaging the leaves of the white - flowered horse chestnut tree, popular not only for its flowers in spring but for the game of conkers. ' like the opening of pandora ' s box, this moth, first discovered at lake ohrid in macedonia in 1984, has spread like wildfire after a probable accidental release near vienna in 1989, ' says lees. representing a genus not known before in europe, its origins had been a mystery, but this year entomologists at inra working on the diversity of its dna have shown it originated in the balkans, the source of the horse chestnut tree itself. the moth does not kill the tree, but can completely brown the leaves by summer, causing councils to replace the trees with other species. in some parts of europe, it is starting to infest nearby sycamores as well. ' this moth is now more or less throughout europe and poses a threat to ecosystems in southeast asia, north america and elsewhere - wherever the beautiful horse chestnut trees occur, ' says lees. eol will help raise awareness of invasive species through detailed species descriptions to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4243122840167023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.706652"} {"text": "the number of children admitted to english hospitals with bacterial pneumonia decreased by a fifth in the two years following the introduction of a vaccine to combat the disease, according to a new study published today in the journal thorax. bacterial pneumonia is a serious illness caused by streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria that mostly affects babies, young children and elderly people. in europe, around one in ten deaths in the under - fives is caused by the disease. bacterial pneumonia usually develops as a complication following a respiratory tract infection such as influenza. symptoms include difficulty breathing, wheezing, fever and loss of appetite. in september 2006, a vaccine known as pcv7 was introduced into the childhood primary immunisation programme across the uk, to protect against seven different strains of streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. today ' s study, led by researchers from imperial college london, shows that in the first two years following the introduction of this vaccine, hospital admissions for bacterial pneumonia decreased by 19 per cent amongst children aged under 15 years. admissions for empyema, a rare and serious complication of bacterial pneumonia, decreased by 22 per cent. the pneumococcal vaccine is administered at two, three and 13 months of age. when it was first introduced there was a catch - up campaign for children up to two years. take - up of the vaccine over the study period was high. it was administered to an average of 84 per cent of eligible children in england in the first year following its introduction and 91 per cent the following year. dr sonia saxena, who led the study from the school of public health at imperial college london and works as a gp in south london, said : \" it ' s a frightening experience for everyone involved when your child becomes unwell and very disruptive to families if they need to be admitted to hospital, so we ' re really pleased that the number of children becoming seriously unwell and needing admission to hospital with bacterial pneumonia and empyema has fallen since the vaccination programme was introduced. in addition, it ' s great that such a large proportion of parents chose to have their child vaccinated over the period we were studying. the success of any vaccination programme depends on vaccinating as many people as possible. now that we have clear evidence about the benefits of the pneumonia vaccine, we hope more parents will be encouraged to have their children vaccinated in future. \" the study showed that the number of older children admitted with bacterial pneumonia decreased, as well as the number of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4750792725214767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.712159"} {"text": "have clear evidence about the benefits of the pneumonia vaccine, we hope more parents will be encouraged to have their children vaccinated in future. \" the study showed that the number of older children admitted with bacterial pneumonia decreased, as well as the number of younger children, following introduction of the vaccine. this result suggests that vaccinating young children against bacterial pneumonia also provides protection for older, non - vaccinated children, providing ' herd immunity ' by slowing the spread of disease. the pcv7 vaccine was introduced in england after hospital admission rates for bacterial pneumonia and empyema increased by 31 per cent and 260 per cent respectively, between 1997 and 2006, amongst children aged under 15 years. the reasons for this increase are unclear. prior to the introduction of pcv7, there were 13, 771 hospital admissions for bacterial pneumonia among children under 15 years in 2005. the pcv7 vaccine has now been replaced with a newer pneumococcal vaccine called pcv13, which works in the same way as pcv7 but protects against more strains of streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. there are around 90 strains of this bacteria and around a quarter of cases are caused by strains not covered by pcv13. joanna murray, a co - author of the study, also from the school of public health at imperial college london, added : \" our study looked at a two year period since the introduction of pcv7. we are keen to see whether there continues to be a decrease in the number of cases, which is what we are hoping. our results are encouraging, but even with a vaccination programme in place bacterial pneumonia remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality among children. scientists are working to develop even better vaccines that can protect against more strains of streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria and protect even more people. \" explore further : researchers suggest boosting body ' s natural flu killers more information : e. koshy et al. impact of the seven - valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination ( pcv7 ) programme on childhood hospital admissions for bacterial pneumonia and empyema in england : national time - trends study, 1997 - 2008. thorax, september 2010.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46430624055546266, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.714065"} {"text": "this is a case of an unwisely chosen simile taken waaaay too far. this idea, that the entire universe could be inside the event horizon of not a supermassive, but rather a superduperultrahypermegastupendouslymassive black hole, is usually introduced in introductory classes about general relativity. the instructor in this case is trying to make clear that, contrary to a fairly popular misconception, the event horizon of a black hole is locally flat. that is, there are no cgi - fireworks, nor any kind of hard \" surface \", nor anything else particularly special, in the immediate vicinity of the event horizon. the only special thing that happens is a long distance effect, like noticing that every direction now points off in the distance towards the singularity. the simile is also used to point out that, at the event horizon, even second - order, nearly local effects ( that is, curvature of spacetime, or tidal effects in other words ) become less pronounced the more massive the black hole is. ( as an aside, this also explains why hawking radiation is more intense for smaller black holes ) so... as the simile suggests, if the black hole were massive enough, we might not even be able to detect it. the key, though is massive enough. first of all, the whole beauty of the einstein curvature tensor ( the left side of einstein ' s equation ) is that it is lorentz invariant, so it can be calculated in any reference frame, including one that is hypothetically based inside an event horizon. the curvature can still be unambiguously calculated, so when you suggest that it may be only an optical illusion, you are also suggesting that all the scientists who do that type of large - scale curvature calculation ( not me personally ) are totally incompetent. just so you know. i would suggest not mentioning that at any conferences on cosmology. one of the enduring mysteries of modern cosmology is that the large - scale curvature of the universe seems to be open ( like the 3 - space - plus - one - time dimensional analog of a saddle or pringle potato chip ) and not flat ( like euclidean geometry ) or closed ( like a sphere ). the last is what we would calculate if the visible universe were inside a black hole. so, for the visible universe to be inside an event horizon, the cosmic acceleration we have seen thus far would have to actually just be one small, contrarian region inside an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5721898921074154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.717853"} {"text": "is what we would calculate if the visible universe were inside a black hole. so, for the visible universe to be inside an event horizon, the cosmic acceleration we have seen thus far would have to actually just be one small, contrarian region inside an even larger event horizon of globally closed curvature. just to make the event horizon radius 13. 7 giga - lightyears ( a bare minimum starting point that excludes all manner of things that make the real situation many orders of magnitude worse * ), you would need over 8e52 kg of mass in the singularity. this would require over 5e79 protons, where i have heard that the entire visible universe only has about 10 ^ 80 particles, total, and i think i heard that there are about 10 ^ 18 photons for every proton, or maybe even all other particles. somebody can look that up if they want to, but it ' s definitely a big number. the upshot is that there would have to be an amount of mass, all crammed into one singularity, that would render the total mass of every single thing we can see a barely detectable rounding error. monkeying with all those dark matter and even dark energy theories is less of a leap than that. your prediction doesn ' t actually predict anything, since you account for either its presence or its absence. speculation 1 : olber ' s paradox is already solved for accepted theories of cosmology, so pointing out that your theory can also resolve it is nice but doesn ' t score any points. speculation 2 : are you suggesting that the singularity is where all the antimatter to match the universe ' s matter went? remember the singularity dwarfs the visible universe. that still doesn ' t explain the asymmetry, it only pushes the question back by one logical step : why did the antimatter go into the big singularity and not the matter? speculation 3 : hawking radiation for the big singularity ' s event horizon lends whole new meaning to the term negligible. see my previous aside. also, we can ' t observe matter being destroyed at the singularity. that ' s information flowing the wrong way. also, that negates the previous assertion that the sky is black because it ' s towards the singularity. * like cosmic expansion, just how small our contrarian region is, compared to the whole event horizon, and probably some other, subtler things.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5800445618318799, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.718706"} {"text": "bah, i don ' t think it will be that hard once i get my questions answered. everybody knows the \" doe, a deer \" song. the difference between that and the original hexachord is that the current one uses all 7 tones of the diatonic scale, and the original only used 6 and went \" ut re mi fa sol la \" instead of \" do re mi fa sol la ti \". also, the current use of solfege is altered so that \" do \" is always the tonic - adjustments are made for minor keys or modes with the alternate syllables ( minor third is me instead of mi, minor sixth is le instead of la, etc. ). by contrast, the original system apparently was so that the one semitone in the hexachord ( first 6 notes of a major scale, essentially ) was always between \" mi \" and \" fa \". so, if you ' re singing a chant in dorian mode, the \" tonic \" ( which i ' m not sure was a very solid concept back then ) would be on \" re \". since they only use 6 tones, it ends up sounding closer to pentatonic music than what we ' re used to. anyway, we pianists don ' t get much exposure to medieval music, or even renaissance music. keyboard literature kicks in around the time of bach, and by then functional harmony as we know it was established. i ' m just interested in this because i want to learn as much as i can about the evolution of harmony between, say, pythagoras and bach. that ' s a really weak area of knowledge for me - even weaker than my knowledge of the evolution of harmony in the 20th century.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4923049823958231, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.720342"} {"text": "a season of rain seems to bring our bromeliads into bloom. two weeks ago i first noticed a new bromeliad flower spike nestled half way up our frangipani tree trunk. when we bought our home 12 years ago there were a number of bromeliad plants, all of the same variety, tied to the large frangipani tree trunk and nestled underneath it. bromeliads are native to tropical america and come in a huge range of colours and forms, the most familiar being the edible pineapple fruit. many, like this one, are epiphytes, living on or around other plants without being parasitic. they live mainly on moisture and nutrients from the air. in twelve years i have given them no care at all and they continue to slowly multiply and flower occasionally. they tend to hold rain water in the centre of their circle of leaves. sometimes we find little green tree frogs living in this natural water - well. filtered light suits bromeliads best, however the position of this one against the tree trunk has made light conditions extra tricky for photos. most days over the last two weeks i have taken multiple photos to trace this flower spike ' s development, here are the best for us to enjoy. watching this series just now i have discovered how the spike grows noticeably taller, measured against the frangipani trunk, in the early stages. quite an amazing plant. sharing at this or that thursday.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41108258001738407, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.721745"} {"text": "first, it \u2019 s worth noting that the traditional model of equality still holds such sway in the hearts and minds of most people that it remains necessary for those who reject it to talk in terms of \u201c barriers \u201d even when they are hard to discern or define. thus the president \u2019 s speech mentioned \u201c barriers \u201d to equality nine times, stressing that \u201c too many barriers still remain. \u201d the president recognized that \u201c the barriers of our time \u201d are \u201c very different from the barriers faced by earlier generations. \u201d he knows, that is, \u201c that prejudice and discrimination are not \u2026 the steepest barriers to opportunity today. \u201d what then are the \u201c steepest barriers \u201d? you guessed it : the most difficult barriers include structural inequalities that our nation \u2019 s legacy of discrimination has left behind ; inequalities still plaguing too many communities and too often the object of national neglect. the \u201c structural inequalities \u201d specifically mentioned by the president were \u2022 an unemployment gap ; \u2022 a health and health insurance gap ; \u2022 a prison incarceration gap ; \u2022 an hiv / aids gap. he could, of course, have listed more \u201c structural inequalities, \u201d such as various academic achievement gaps ( reading and math scores, sat scores, high school and college graduation rates, etc. ), but his list is sufficient to confirm that \u201c civil rights \u201d today has nothing to do with eliminating discriminatory \u201c barriers \u201d that treat people differently because of their race. if they reflect discrimination, it is discrimination without any discriminators. one does not have to deconstruct the president \u2019 s speech \u2014 one has only to read it \u2014 to see that he believes the \u201c steepest barriers \u201d holding down blacks are nothing less than the very nature and performance of modern american capitalism itself. the current downturn, in his view, did not result from correctable flaws in the system but from the system itself, a system \u201c built on sand, \u201d a system not in need of reform but of transformation. as he said : our task of reducing these structural inequalities has been made more difficult by the state, and structure, of the broader economy ; an economy fueled by a cycle of boom and bust ; an economy built not on a rock, but sand. to obama and the structural inegalitarians, neither \u201c civil rights \u201d nor racism no longer has anything to do with discrimination, understood as treating people differently because of their race. as kelefa sanneth argued in the august 10", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49682123438711145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.725320"} {"text": "sand. to obama and the structural inegalitarians, neither \u201c civil rights \u201d nor racism no longer has anything to do with discrimination, understood as treating people differently because of their race. as kelefa sanneth argued in the august 10 new yorker : [ racism ] should not be thought of as a personal failing ; it \u2019 s a social system, with a specific history. discrimination against whites, however unfair, isn \u2019 t part of that system, and therefore is not analogous to discrimination against blacks. as lani guinier put it in the article linked above regarding the gates affair, the gates affair teaches us that : race and racism are today more like passive smoke. we all inhale the toxic fumes even if we are not the one lighting up the cigarette. and if we take the time to lift the curtain that post - racialists insist on pulling over our eyes, we might begin to realize that a porch encounter ostensibly about racial profiling is nevertheless a sign of larger and more systemwide injustices. what passes for \u201c civil rights \u201d today, then, sees itself confronting pervasive discrimination with no discriminators, systemic racism with no racists. whatever the president and ms. guinier are smoking, it it clear that in their view \u201c structural inequalities \u201d will never be reduced, the playing field will never be level, until our capitalist economy, built as it is \u201c not on a rock, but sand, \u201d has been replaced with one more to their liking. some wags used to joke ( it was a joke, wasn \u2019 t it? ) that nuclear war should be outlawed as discriminatory because it would have a disparate impact on women and children. i don \u2019 t think barack obama is joking when he argues, as he did to the naacp, that capitalism must be fundamentally transformed because it \u2019 s bad for blacks ( and, oh yes, for everybody else, too ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.501314592375453, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.726245"} {"text": "farmers holiday association the farmers holiday association, active from 1932 to 1937, served as the nominal organization behind a protest movement by mostly midwestern and great plains farmers in reaction to more than ten years of depressed farm income. during world war i farmers met increased worldwide demand for food by increasing their farm sizes and mechanizing their operations. both strategies proved to be problematic following the post - world war i crash of the farm economy that occurred when foreign markets contracted and wartime price controls ended. after a decade of neglect by the major political parties, many farmers looked to protest movements and third parties as the great depression compounded their economic difficulties. the farmers holiday association grew out of the national farmers union, an organization that lobbied for farm aid and tariff reform, as well as operating purchasing and sales cooperatives. the name referred to the famous \" bank holiday, \" farmers noting that if bankers could take a holiday to reorder their business, they should be allowed to do the same. the national farmers union and the farmers holiday association remained closely linked, in part because the primary leader of the farmers holiday association, milo reno, had also been the head of the iowa farmers union. milo reno remained central to the organization well past its peak in 1933, and the iowa chapter was the strongest and most active branch of the organization. although the organization was national, it received greatest support in the upper midwest and northern great plains : iowa, nebraska, minnesota, wisconsin, south dakota, and north dakota drew the largest number of followers. each state chapter acted independently. in nebraska, the communist party attempted to gain some degree of control, but despite considerable activity and media exposure, it had only limited influence. most members owned property or had recently become tenants. association members never constituted a majority of farmers in any region, which weakened their position and virtually guaranteed conflict with their neighbors. the core concept of the movement, cost of production, centered on the belief that farmers must make a profit on their commodities. in an era when many commodities sold for less than they cost to produce, this idea had obvious appeal. under the system proposed by the farmers holiday association, farmers would be allowed to grow all they wanted, and the federal government would mandate a price high enough to cover the costs of mortgage, seed, equipment, and labor plus guarantee a profit on commodities intended for the domestic market. the government would then sell the surplus on world markets at true market value. similar ideas, embodied in the mcnary - haugen bill, failed to win enough support to override president calvin cool", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47118530443109874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.731826"} {"text": "a profit on commodities intended for the domestic market. the government would then sell the surplus on world markets at true market value. similar ideas, embodied in the mcnary - haugen bill, failed to win enough support to override president calvin coolidge ' s vetoes in the 1920s. other positions advocated by the organization included tariff reform and currency inflation. the mechanism for change would be the farm strike, or \" holiday. \" the original plan, as conceived by reno and advocated by him as early as 1921, would call for farmers to cease selling their products or buying anything from anyone. what gave the movement power and importance was the unplanned radical behavior of its members, who, acting without instructions from official leadership, barricaded roads and forced nonstriking farmers to turn away from their markets. strikers, barricade runners, and law enforcement officers all committed acts of violence. there were a few deaths. of almost equal importance to the barricades were efforts to stop farm foreclosure sales by transforming them into \" penny \" or \" sears and roebuck \" sales. farmers refused to bid more than pennies on the dollar for foreclosed property, even threatening those who attempted to enter higher bids. following the sale the property would be returned to the original owner. in many cases striking farmers found active sympathy from state and local politicians and from local law enforcement agencies. the largest strike lasted from early august to early september 1932 but was successful only in sioux city and omaha. nationally, the planned uprising of farmers failed to materialize. other strikes failed to achieve their stated goals, but they did pressure the authorities to take action to relieve the crisis. among the most important results were agreements by major lenders to temporarily halt farm foreclosures and legislation enacting statewide moratoriums on foreclosures in nebraska, south dakota, and minnesota. the power of the farmers holiday association declined with the election of franklin d. roosevelt to the presidency in 1932. milo reno urged a temporary halt to action in the belief that roosevelt supported cost of production. but roosevelt ' s secretary of agriculture, henry wallace, was opposed, favoring instead control of production coupled with payments for acres taken out of service, and these measures were embodied in the agricultural adjustment act. although farmers holiday association leaders threatened continued strikes, the organization lost its ability to influence farmers, now mollified by the receipt of government checks. in its latter years, the organization and its leader, milo reno, flirted with supporters of radical action", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4877082359350863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.732930"} {"text": "ever heard of the cerrado? i can \u2019 t get on you if haven \u2019 t, since i hadn \u2019 t until a week or two ago myself. but this truly precious ecosystem is home to approximately 5 % of the world \u2019 s species, and ( the not good news is ) it has been cut in half in the last 40 years ( an area greater in size than the uk, germany, italy and portugal combined has been destroyed ). a representative of wwf uk recently contacted me about this issue and a campaign and petition they had come up with to help save the cerrado. modeled, it seems, on a similar campaign led by greenpeace that helped to dramatically cut deforestation of the brazilian amazon, i thought their efforts had some true promise and am doing my best to help spread the word and encourage others to take action. what is the petition / campaign, exactly? well, maybe i should start with how the cerrado is being destroyed. it is being destroyed largely from soy ( or \u2018 soya \u2019 in the uk ) farming. 80 % of this soy is being fed to livestock, and especially chickens. this soy and meat from the livestock are being sold to supermarkets and consumers around the world. wwf uk is asking people to get involved in demanding that leading supermarkets ( in the uk, to start ) stop selling products that are connected to cerrado destruction. for one, you can stop buying any such products. but, to have an even stronger impact, you can also send an email to the heads of 6 major uk supermarkets ( via the petition below ). the cerrado, as you could see in the very cool hand shadow film above and from my few sentences on it, is a tremendously unique and valuable ecosystem that needs our help. visit wwf uk to learn more about the cerrado and stay up - to - date on the campaign. - deforestation rates in brazilian amazon dropped 47 % in august - 80 % of amazon deforestation stems from cattle ranching - greenpeace praises brazil - amazon says goodbye to world \u2019 s largest meat exporter - world \u2019 s largest leather exporter backs out of amazon - 14, 000 barrel oil spill in ecuador \u2019 s amazon rainforest image via daniel zanini h. i ' m the director of cleantechnica, the most popular clean energy website in the world, and planetsave, a leading green and science news site. i ' ve been covering green news of various sorts since 2008, and i ' ve been especially focused on solar energy, electric vehicles, bicy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43326579694341494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.735780"} {"text": "consuls theorize the state society of trabzon in 1796 citizen beauchamp had noticed that the muslims of trabzon were \" different \" from the muslims of istanbul : the inhabitants have a wild look about them at first appearance. their dress consists of pants and coat of capuchin cloth. they all walk about armed with pistols and a rifle, even within the town itself. they are not as fanatic as the muslims of constantinople. during the three hundred years the [ latter ] have encountered europeans, they have always preserved the custom of insulting them and mistreating them as unbelievers. during our stay at trabzon, we didn ' t hear a single bad word ; we were not even an object of curiosity for children. beauchamp ' s comparison of the citizens of the imperial and provincial capitals is an exceptional one. other french and british visitors usually found the muslims of trabzon to be more fanatical and less polite than the muslims of istanbul. nonetheless, beauchamp accurately points to a characteristic for which the laz are still famous. they can be exceedingly grim on first encounter, so it is surprising that they later prove to be remarkably polite. what beauchamp noticed was a sharp contrast between an \" outside \" countenance that was intentionally intimidating and \" inside \" countenance that was no less intentionally sociable. these two contrasting demeanors of the laz bring to mind the middle gate of the ottoman palace. from without, its twin towers and fortress wall symbolized invincible sovereign power. from within, its painted portico and garden vista symbolized harmonious fellowship. the analogy is not coincidental. the muslims of trabzon were the creatures of imperial undertakings and accomplishments, not a marginal people at the fringe of the ottoman empire. the character of the laz is then the product of the palace machine. beauchamp was not in a position to see how this was so. during his brief visit he had not had sufficient opportunity to learn how the muslim population had come to compose a state society through participation in imperial military and religious institutions. more interestingly, however, the first french consuls, who resided in the coastal region for many years, also failed to understand the place of its muslim population in the imperial system. in their very first reports, consul fourcade in sinop and consul dupre in trabzon addressed the relationship of state officials and local elites, and each of them reached the same mistaken conclusion : there were two different kinds of authorities in the coastal districts, and they represented", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4464871035666614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.740797"} {"text": ", consul fourcade in sinop and consul dupre in trabzon addressed the relationship of state officials and local elites, and each of them reached the same mistaken conclusion : there were two different kinds of authorities in the coastal districts, and they represented two different kinds of government, one based on bureaucratic centralism and the other on interpersonal associations. fourcade and dupre had dissected the imperial system, then reconstituted it as two pieces, each with a separate and independent entity. a formal system of state officials representing bureaucratic regulations and procedures was the basis of one government. an informal system of leading individuals with armed followings was the basis of another government. it is altogether possible that fourcade and dupre were simply repeating what was already the fixed opinion of other western european officials in the ottoman empire. but whatever the case, they never qualify their initial impressions in order to develop a more nuanced understanding of the relationship of officials and elites. on the contrary, they and their successors come to insist ever more categorically that the coastal districts were subject to two alternative governmental systems. but neither the initial misperception nor the later exaggeration is especially surprising. as i have already suggested in the last chapter, the french consuls were not in a good position to understand the place of the state society of trabzon in the imperial system due to their official standing, their personal background, and their diplomatic interests. the consuls were themselves french officials, and, as such, the counterparts of ottoman officials. they therefore had contacts with the upper tier of the state society of trabzon, where procedures were more visibly bureaucratic and less visibly interpersonal. the consuls represented a country where the state system had been used as a weapon to defeat inherited privilege and wealth, even if the jacobinic revolution had recently come to an end. they would have naturally assumed that state officials of trabzon were distinct from and opposed to its local elites. the consuls were assigned the task of implementing the terms of commercial treaties and agreements that had been negotiated between higher state officials of the two centralized governments. this task became meaningless, however, insofar as political authority worked through interpersonal association rather than through rules and procedures. but these were not the only reasons the first consuls drew a contrast between state officials and local elites. unlike the french scientific expedition that preceded them, they had arrived in trabzon after the napoleonic invasion of egypt, and with diplomatic credentials. for the muslims of trabzon, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.520403732135258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.741979"} {"text": "the sixth scientific conference on technology transfer for development, khartoum, 8 - 10 april 2003 : establishing basic levels of technology transfer for : sudan documentation and library services : challenges and opportunities / by : rafaa ashamallah ghobrial | | 2. it, icts and tt concepts by definition, information technology ( it ) is various technologies, which are used in creation, acquisition, storage, dissemination, retrieval, manipulation and transmission of information. it ( core of technology ) includes computers, various telecommunication devices, media, broadcasting, press, audio - visuals, and micrographs, etc. whereas information and communication technologies ( ict ) include electronic networks - embodying complex hardware and software - linked by a vast array of technical protocols. ict are embedded in networks and services that affect the local and global accumulation and flows of public and private knowledge. according to the united nations economic commission for africa, ict cover internet service provision, telecommunications equipment and services, information technology equipment and services, media and broadcasting, libraries and documentation centres, commercial information providers, network - based information services, and other related information and communication activities ; quite an expansive definition. it is not uncommon to find definitions of ict that are synonymous with those of information technology ( it ). for example, foster defines it as ' the group of technologies that is revolutionizing the handling of information ' and embodies a convergence of interest between electronics, computing and communication. therefore, in this review, the terms it and ict will be used nearly synonymously and in a somewhat broad sense. the terms designate the information processing interaction between providers and users of information and also the development and application of information - processing systems that may not be regarded as part of the development of telecommunications / telematics per se. it is important to emphasize that these technologies only provide new mechanisms for handling an already existing resource : information. therefore, to understand icts, one must first understand information practices and needs. recently, the term \" technology transfer ( tt ) \" has fallen out of favor among many who view the term as outmoded or too narrow in scope, and who prefer terms such as technology collaboration, technology deployment, technology utilization, etc. these are, for the most part, semantic differences, which do little to increase our understanding of these closely, related phenomena. the term \" technology transfer \" encompasses such a broad range of activities that a general definition brief enough to be useful is impossible to develop. however, operational definitions of technology transfer are easier to devise in a specific context, and are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6042329008965501, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.747244"} {"text": ", related phenomena. the term \" technology transfer \" encompasses such a broad range of activities that a general definition brief enough to be useful is impossible to develop. however, operational definitions of technology transfer are easier to devise in a specific context, and are best constructed in terms of specific mechanisms of transfer. a number of different definitions are in use by various institutions and groups, and two of them are included below \u00b7 the technology transfer society ' s brochure defines technology transfer as \" a strategy for achieving organizational goals, as \" a process leading to actual transfer. \" and as \" a discipline involving a multiplicity of skills. \" \u00b7 the american federal laboratory consortium defines technology transfer as \" the process by which existing knowledge, facilities or capabilities developed under federal r & d funding are utilized to fulfill public and private needs. \" that means \" technology transfer consists of efforts and activities intended to result in the application or commercialization of federal laboratory - developed innovations by the private sector, state and local governments, and other domestic users. these activities may include, but are not limited to : o technical / cooperative interactions ( direct technical assistance to private sector users and developers ; personnel exchanges ; resource sharing ; and cooperative research and development agreements ) ; o commercialization activities ( patenting and licensing of innovations and identifying markets and users ) ; and o information exchange ( dissemination to potential technology users of technical information ; papers, articles, reports, seminars, etc. ). \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6199628236279624, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.748225"} {"text": "i rise tonight to speak about the imminent threat posed to a unique part of australia. it is a stretch of the pristine kimberley coastline, which tells the story of our planet and our country from 130 million years ago. it has a record of our planet that was formed at a time when australia, antarctica and new zealand formed a single land mass. this area stretches 200 kilometres along the kimberley coast and provides us with evidence of a diverse range of ancient habitats and the fossilised footprints of the dinosaur inhabitants of that area. some of the largest, if not the largest, ever to walk this earth have left footprints in this place. the isolation of the geography, climate and lack of human interference, and, many of us would argue, the custodianship of the traditional owners have resulted in a historical record of outstanding quality and immeasurable value, one that we are only just discovering. one hundred and thirty million year old prints are found in the broome sandstone along the rocky coastline from south of broome to the end of the dampier peninsula, including of course james price point. it is surreal to think that an area so old and so important is now under threat for resource development, yet we have no full idea of its unique value ; it is still being discovered. the proposed development of the browse lng processing hub intersects with this area of the coastline, bringing with it people, pollution, development and an opening up of this area \u2014 this in the name of progress when alternatives exist for this particular processing plant. the evidence of dinosaur footprints on the north - west coast is in fact not a new discovery. however, the tidal zones which see some of these sections of the trackways covered by water for much of the day and much of the year mean that documenting these materials has taken a long time and continues to take some time, and as i understand we are only touching the tip of the iceberg with what we have seen so far. in many sections, there is only a window of two or three hours per day to look at these trackways and to look at the footprints. in fact, some cannot even be seen until very low tides. therefore, you need to use these these amazing records of prehistoric life. a number of scientists have dedicated their time to this, but most have not been able to secure the sustained grant funding or support or interest over the years from governments to complete this work. however, all this is changing as people realise what an invaluable area this is. dr steven salisbury of the university of queensland", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49318183350188166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.753758"} {"text": "not been able to secure the sustained grant funding or support or interest over the years from governments to complete this work. however, all this is changing as people realise what an invaluable area this is. dr steven salisbury of the university of queensland ' s school of integrative biology has undertaken a significant amount of work to document this site, mostly in a volunteer capacity, and will be releasing a major paper on this work later this year. some of the beginnings of his work, and also that of dr tony thulborn, has recently been articulated in a new scientist article. some initial findings offer a taster of what we can expect to hear about in the future. these were presented in broome on saturday night of the weekend just past, at notre dame university in broome. these findings have demonstrated that this area was a regular pathway for at least four types of dinosaurs, perhaps many more, and that there were significant interaction between them. the work of dr salisbury has been complimented, with prior work done by dr tony thulborn which has also been documented in new scientist this month. as dr salisbury has said : \" before we ' ve even had a chance to work any of this stuff out, we ' re facing the possibility of losing it. \" he likens the area to a jigsaw puzzle : different environments, each with a range of tracks, plants and other fossils. it is a unique area that is apparently incredibly rare on an international scale, all the more so because it has remained untouched and isolated until now. this will not be the case, of course, if the proposed browse hub becomes a reality, given the proximity of the proposed development to the prints. in fact, i have been there and seen some of these footprints \u2014 it is an amazing experience \u2014 and the tracks of the pipelines of the development will be smack in the middle of some of the most important trackways and prints at this site. ambiguity should not exist about something so important. we should not be putting something so important at risk. aspects of the national heritage council ' s recommended approach to the heritage listing of these dinosaur footprints is not well defined. the queries remain about the boundaries of the heritage area ; what is in, what is out, and what trackways and footprints are in there? the boundaries leave uncertainty about whether or not the heritage area does, in fact, cover the footprints. this is because the outside marine boundary has been tied to the tideline, and in that environment it varies a lot. it has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.500038811391863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.754785"} {"text": "are in there? the boundaries leave uncertainty about whether or not the heritage area does, in fact, cover the footprints. this is because the outside marine boundary has been tied to the tideline, and in that environment it varies a lot. it has been left up to the developer to define the boundaries. one wonders how the protection system works in this country. the location of the heritage area falls largely short of the area marked for development, avoiding the overlap, which presents further questions about the development. we are extremely concerned that this development will impact on the dinosaur footprints. both dr salisbury and the murdoch university cetacean research unit in western australia have voiced their concerns about the processes undertaken in different assessments on this project. the epa assessment is being strongly questioned by many in the community because of the way it was carried out. these footprints are a unique window to our prehistoric history. this area is also important because it is one of the only places \u2014 if not the only place \u2014 in the world where aboriginal culture intersects with our prehistoric history, and with dinosaur footprints and trackways. the dinosaur footprints and trackways have been woven into the song cycles of the custodians and traditional owners of this land. these song cycles go up and down the coast and stretch into central australia. i have seen one of these dinosaur footprints and have been told the story about this particular footprint and fossil, and how it is integral to and wound into the song cycles and the culture of the traditional owners of this land. this is one of the most important areas for dinosaurs and archaeology not just in australia but also internationally, one of the only areas in the world where dinosaurs have helped form the landscape, and we are only just beginning to understand this unique and invaluable archaeological cultural site. and now we have a gas hub that does not need to be located at james price point \u2014 smack in the middle of what will turn out to be one of the most important sites for dinosaur footprints and trackways. we have understood only the tip of the iceberg in terms of the value of this site. we are going to be losing it, if this proposal goes ahead, before we even know what is there. how is that intelligent decision making in the year 2012?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4857056330596859, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.755740"} {"text": "bible stories ; religious violence ; \" show them no mercy \" 1 \" when the lord your god brings you into the land you are entering to possess and drives out before you may nations... then you must destroy them totally. make no treaty with them and show them no mercy. \" deuteronomy 7 : 1 - 2, niv. 1 \"... do not leave alive anything that breaths. completely destroy them... as the lord your god has commanded you... \" deuteronomy 20 : 16, niv. 1 overview of violence in the hebrew bible : biblical scholar raymond schwager : \"... has found 600 passages of explicit violence in the hebrew bible [ a. k. a. old testament ], 1000 verses where god ' s own violent actions of punishment are described, 100 passages where god expressly commands others to kill people, and several stories where god irrationally kills or tries to kill for no apparent reason. violence... is easily the most often mentioned activity in the hebrew bible. \" 6 of the many passages in the hebrew scriptures that describe major loss of life, most were conventional wars. four of these events would probably qualify as genocides under most current definitions of the term. they were : the worldwide flood at the time of noah as described in genesis, chapters 6 to 8. from the description, it almost completely wiped out the human race, with the exception of noah, his wife and sons and their the passover incident described in exodus chapters 11 and 12, in which all of the firstborn of all egypt were slaughtered. this included newborns, children, youths, adults, the elderly - - both human and animal. the conquest of canaan, in which god ordered the hebrews to completely canaanite people - - again from the elderly to newborns and fetuses. this is described throughout the book of joshua as occurring in jericho and other the near extermination of the entire tribe of benjamin by the remaining 11 tribes, triggered by the serial rape and murder of a priest ' s concubine by a see judges, chapter 20. the first three of the above genocides have at least three factors the bible explains that god was primarily responsible. many liberal christians, liberal jews, historians and biblical archaeologists believe that all three are religious myths - - stories of great spiritual significance about events that never actually happened. jewish and christian conservatives generally believe in that the authors of the bible were inspired by god and thus their writings are inerrant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44193166353919744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.759151"} {"text": "historians and biblical archaeologists believe that all three are religious myths - - stories of great spiritual significance about events that never actually happened. jewish and christian conservatives generally believe in that the authors of the bible were inspired by god and thus their writings are inerrant. they believe that the genocides happened exactly as described in the bible. in addition, the book of revelation, as interpreted by christian dispensationalists, predicts that a massive genocide will occur at some time in our future, in association with the war of armageddon and the end of the world as we know it ( teotwawki ). if it were to happen in the near future, on the order of two billion people will die. in modern times, genocide is generally regarded as the most serious, reprehensible, horrifying and disgusting crime of which humans are capable. those responsible are considered to be sub - human pariahs. at first glance, there seems to be a conflict between concept of god as a loving, caring, beneficent deity, and his responsibility in causing or ordering these theologians have attempted to resolve this apparent conflict for millennia. it is part of a larger conflict called theodicy : why doesn ' t an all - good god prevent evil?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4573940092668315, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.759677"} {"text": "an oil executive once observed that burning oil for energy is like burning picassos for heat. oil is extraordinarily valuable as the basis for so many products we use every day that the thought of simply burning it ought to be unthinkable. so versatile are oil molecules that they can be transformed into substances that serve as clothing, medicines, building materials, carpet, skin care products, sporting goods, agricultural chemicals, perfumes, and myriad other products. increasingly, when we make oil - based products for homes and businesses, we are finding ways to reuse those products or recycle the materials they are made from ( think : recyclable plastics ). but, burning oil is always a one - time, irreversible act that leaves nothing of value behind and produces greenhouse gases and pollutants that harm us. and yet, because oil remains the most cost - effective and widely available source of liquid fuels, we are hooked on it for transportation with little prospect of substitutes on the scale we would require - - unless we consider electricity. it is worth remembering that electricity was a strong contender for powering automobiles at the beginning of the last century and that it ran the trolleys of the era ( and still runs many today ). electricity was actually preferred over gasoline for powering cars at the time, especially cars that were used exclusively for local trips. battery exchange was already available as a quick way to \" charge \" a car. but improvements in the internal combustion engine and the increasing availability and affordability of gasoline led to the extinction of the electric car no later than the 1930s. more recently, despite all the hand waving about marginal gains in u. s. oil production, we have been experiencing a plateau in worldwide oil production since 2005. ongoing tightness in oil supplies has led to high prices for gasoline and diesel, and so the world is turning once again to electricity to power transportation. of course, many hybrid gas - electric vehicles are already in use, and some all - electric vehicles are now being produced for the mass market. but in a world increasingly faced with energy constraints and climate change, continuing to rely on the automobile as the main source of transportation may be a poor policy choice. first, astute observers will note that electric vehicles of whatever kind are actually powered primarily by fossil fuels. according to the u. s. energy information administration two - thirds of all electric power worldwide is generated using fossil fuels. that means coal and natural gas are being burned to produce the lion ' s share of electricity. some oil", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.532626940350413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.770196"} {"text": "primarily by fossil fuels. according to the u. s. energy information administration two - thirds of all electric power worldwide is generated using fossil fuels. that means coal and natural gas are being burned to produce the lion ' s share of electricity. some oil is still used, especially in countries that export it and so have cheap supplies available to them. to reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions, we would have to burn less overall fossil fuel. only one - third of the heat energy produced in a typical fossil - fueled power plant actually gets turned into electricity. the rest is expelled as waste heat which is why we see huge volumes of steam coming from cooling towers wherever fossil - fueled generating plants operate. were it not for the fact that renewable energy can be employed to make electricity, electric - powered vehicles on a mass scale would provide little advantage when it comes to pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. these vehicles would, however, still reduce dependence on petroleum. there are two obvious moves that would substantially reduce our reliance on fossil - fuel produced electricity. one already mentioned would be vastly expanding renewable energy sources such as wind, solar and hydroelectric. naturally, there are the problems of load - balancing and storage related to intermittent power sources such as wind and solar. these problems would have to be overcome in the long term in order to allow the electrification of transportation based primarily on renewable energy. but, there are plausible paths to such an outcome, especially if overall reductions in energy use are part of the path, something i ' ll discuss below. naturally, nuclear generated electricity can also be used to power vehicles. but i am doubtful that in the post - fukushima era, nuclear power will be a viable option for increasing nonfossil fuel - based electricity production, both for political and technical reasons. a second move that would reduce our reliance on fossil - fuel based electricity would be a vast expansion of our mass transit systems. done properly, this expansion would reduce overall energy use in transportation by moving people from energy - intensive automobiles into more efficient mass transit. an overall reduction in energy use is important because, for many reasons, it is unlikely that renewable energy production will be able to match the huge quantities of energy we currently get from fossil fuels. the expansion of mass transit would need to be executed in a way that would make such systems so ubiquitous, convenient and inviting that people would prefer them over cars as many do in major american and european cities. much of the mass transit infrastructure can run on electricity and already does including electric - powered subways, commuter trains, buses and trams. to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5181507033500242, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.771399"} {"text": "ubiquitous, convenient and inviting that people would prefer them over cars as many do in major american and european cities. much of the mass transit infrastructure can run on electricity and already does including electric - powered subways, commuter trains, buses and trams. to that infrastructure we would need to add electric - powered, high - speed passenger rail service between major cities. that ' s already in place in europe and japan. in the united states such a high - speed rail system would reduce the need for short - haul air travel and thus reduce jet fuel use. and, we ' d want to expand and electrify freight traffic over rails, something that would lessen the need for long - haul trucking. even in trucking, hybrid trucks are starting to appear in commercial fleets, something that can further reduce use of diesel and gasoline. of course, some modes of transport are not going to be amenable to electric power. electric - powered planes are not impossible, but would probably not be able to carry much weight given the current state of battery technology. ocean - going freighters will likely continue to need liquid fuels, though sails are starting to appear on some to reduce fuel use. on land we will almost certainly need some liquid fuels for four categories of vehicles : rural transport, farm machinery, heavy equipment and emergency vehicles. it probably isn ' t cost - effective to string wires in rural areas for local transportation because population densities are too low. some people are working on electric farm machinery charged using solar cells. but, the work needs to progress further before it can be widely adopted. for some farm tasks, liquid - fueled engines may continue to be the most practical approach for a long time to come. where construction and mining take place away from sources of electricity, heavy equipment will have to operate using liquid fuels. emergency vehicles could use electricity, but would have to have liquid - fuel capabilities in case the electricity is unavailable. in the united states 71 percent of the petroleum products consumed are used in transportation. if the country were able to run its transportation system entirely without oil, the united states would not only cease to import oil, but would have significant surplus oil production. of course, such a change could only take place over many years. but the advantages to such a transition are so numerous that we should not dismiss it as too difficult or costly. only 5 percent of all oil is used to produce petrochemicals - - chemicals which form the basis for the almost miraculous materials and substances that we now take for granted. by ceasing to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5091477720844494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.772494"} {"text": "should not dismiss it as too difficult or costly. only 5 percent of all oil is used to produce petrochemicals - - chemicals which form the basis for the almost miraculous materials and substances that we now take for granted. by ceasing to burn the bulk of our oil to move goods and people, we could sustain the production of these products for a very long time. and, properly formulated, many could be recycled almost indefinitely. that seems like a much better use of an energy source that doubles as the \" renaissance man \" of the chemical industry. when you add in the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution ; an end to oil imports for the united states and possibly many other countries adopting the same strategy ; and the financial boost of keeping funds previously spent on imports at home, it ' s hard to see why electrifying transportation would not be a good idea - - so long as it is done with any eye toward increasing renewable energy production while reducing overall energy consumption in the transportation sector. kurt cobb is an author, speaker, and columnist focusing on energy and the environment. he is a regular contributor to the energy voices section of the christian science monitor and author of the peak - oil - themed novel prelude. in addition, he writes columns for the paris - based science news site scitizen, and his work has been featured on energy bulletin, the oil drum, oilprice. com, econ matters, peak oil review, 321energy, common dreams, le monde diplomatique and many other sites. he maintains a blog called resource insights and can be contacted at firstname. lastname @ example. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5045695251926551, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.773253"} {"text": "poor befuddled readers of newspapers can \u2019 t be expected to understand straightforward units of measurement so when it comes to geographical area we journalists have a neat ( where neat means hackneyed ) trick \u2013 compare the subject of the article to things the reader might know. traditionally this has been the football pitch as in \u2026 \u201d the beckhams \u2019 front porch is the size of three football pitches \u201d. naturally this is no good for really big things. for areas of amazon rainforest felled, the traditional unit of area is wales. see this prime example \u2026 the challenges here are immense and interlocking : an area the size of wales is chopped down every year ; the burning of so many trees adds hugely to the greenhouse gases linked to global warming ; global warming itself threatens to shift the weather system and deny the forest the rain it needs to survive. when it comes to darfur there are two conventions for describing its vastness. if writing for a british newspaper, it would be expressed thus \u2026 unamid is planning to build a base for monitors in sileia and is running long - range patrols across the territory to show locals that it is serious about their security. but the force only has 9, 000 people to look after an area the size of france. american readers, who presumably aren \u2019 t sure of the size of france, get texas, as in \u2026 the success of the african union mission is critical to allowing aid agencies to help the 2 million people who have been forced into relief camps, said nicki bennett of the british charity oxfam. fewer than 7, 000 soldiers are assigned to an area the size of texas, she said, so more troops are needed. but hang on a minute. has anyone done the maths? well it has been a quiet week, and i have. so i give you the following size comparison \u2026 - texas \u2013 696, 200 sq km ( wikipedia ) - france \u2013 547, 030 sq km ( cia factbook ) - spain \u2013 504, 782 sq km ( cia factbook ) - darfur \u2013 493, 180 sq km ( wikipedia ) so there you have it. darfur is in fact almost 200, 000 sq km smaller than texas. or a bit more than two wales smaller than a france. from now on i shall only ever compare its size with that of spain. and will rather tediously be encouraging my colleagues to do likewise. or of course they could compare it with 82, 196, 666 football pitches. ( i \u2019 ve got a funny", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45970441034561316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.776374"} {"text": "oklahoma trails has several counties and projects up for adoption. if you would be interested in adopting a county or project look at the oklahoma trails. if you find one that you would like to adopt e - mail the state administrator or assistant state administrator. [ being a county or state administrator is fun and rewarding. if you have an interest in the history of oklahoma and the genealogy of it ' s residents please consider it. if you think \" there is no way i can do this \" there are many people ready, willing and able to help you. it ' s not near as difficult as you might think. ] | texas county was formed at oklahoma statehood ( 16 november 1907 ) from the central one - third of \" old beaver county \" also known as \" no man ' s land \". when the formation of the county was authorized by the constitutional convention of 1907, the county was so named because it was wholly included within the limits of the texas cession of 1850, whereby the ownership of the area was passed from the state of texas to the united states government. from 1850 to 1890, its lands were never attached to any state or territory, never surveyed, and never divided into townships and sections. from 1890 to 1907, it was part of beaver county. | texas county has been a transportation corridor. in the mid - and late - nineteenth century various plains indian tribes traversed the region, including the apache, comanche, kiowa, cheyenne, and arapaho. in the 1880s two cattle trails extended from texas to kansas, passing near hardesty. along one that wound its way from south to north, drovers took their herds from hansford county, texas, to kansas. an east - west trail, called the montana trail or the national trail, developed after the state of kansas banned texas cattle, because they might carry fever ticks. the route left camp ( fort ) supply and crossed the public land strip, turning north into the southeastern corner of colorado. in spring 1888, after creating the town of liberal, kansas, in march, the chicago, kansas and nebraska railway ( soon controlled by the chicago, rock island and pacific system, cri & p ) constructed a line into the public land strip. the railhead was built outside kansas in order to facilitate the shipping of texas herds. therefore, loading pens were constructed at a rail head near present tyrone, and watering facilities were set up a few miles distant at shade ' s well. the pens could accommodate eight thousand head, and the water troughs, twice that many. these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.405513953525764, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.782718"} {"text": "there \u2019 s a dichotomy, used in linguistics and in literary criticism, used to describe the relationship between words and their referents. the word we speak or write for referent is called \u201c the signifier \u201d while referent itself ( the meaning of the word ) is called \u201c the signified. \u201d for example, when i say the word \u201c tree \u201d to you, i \u2019 m using a symbolic formation of letters to refer you to the idea of a tree. i say the word, and you picture in your mind that tree. the word that i say has no inherent connection to a tree itself. it \u2019 s completely arbitrary. when i say \u201c tree \u201d to an english speaker, they will have a mental image of a tree similar to the mental image of a tree that a spanish speaker would have if i were to use the spanish verbal symbol for tree : \u201c arbol. \u201d that \u2019 s why if you went to elementary school with a dim - witted bully named jerry ( or if you watch parks and rec ), you likely will not name one of your children jerry. for you, the signified of jerry is distasteful, and you don \u2019 t want that same signifier to be used for your newborn baby. typically, when we make associations with words, they hark back to the same mental referents. this is often not the case for proper nouns, like the name \u201c jerry. \u201d because they refer to specific entities in reality, proper nouns often carry loaded associations. in the case of professional sports teams, every baseball fan feels some connotation accompanying the proper noun \u201c yankees. \u201d thus, \u201c lakers \u201d as a signifier has come to refer to a professional sports team that, depending on your loyalties, embodies either the totality of human evil as we know it, or the pinnacle of accomplishment in a sports organization. even as a person who maintains a position closer to the former connotation than the latter, i would still not want the lakers to change their name. after all, my signifier is already applied and functioning within my vocabulary. why change it? the same is true for the utah jazz. now, the argument for changing the name for utah \u2019 s professional basketball team is that it is nonsensical. after all, the word jazz typically refers to a genre of music that emerged in new orleans, and when the name of the team was conceived, it was conceived with that connection in mind. then the team moved to utah, the name", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5499534088661773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.788851"} {"text": "##sical. after all, the word jazz typically refers to a genre of music that emerged in new orleans, and when the name of the team was conceived, it was conceived with that connection in mind. then the team moved to utah, the name stayed with it, and suddenly we have a team name with no apparent association with its location. nonsensical, right? perhaps in the immediate aftermath of the relocation of the team, the decision to keep the name was nonsensical. but now, nonsensical would be to alter the present vocabulary of the nba. to any nba fan in the world, the word \u201c jazz \u201d refers to a particular team located in utah, not to miles davis \u2019 s art form. within the context of the nba, the signified of the word \u201c jazz \u201d is the utah jazz \u2013 the team built by jerry, john and karl. the team with the tragic luck of reaching its peak during the jordan era. the team that brought us greg ostertag. when jordan pushed off on russell ( and he did push off ), there was not a single person watching that game that considered the word \u201c jazz \u201d emblazoned across bryon russell \u2019 s jersey a misnomer. it was the signifier for a collection of players about to have their heart broken. this remains the case. the signifier \u201c jazz \u201d still refers to utah \u2019 s team, and maybe it doesn \u2019 t make sense to anyone only casually associated with the team, but it makes sense to those of us who have always heard the word \u201c jazz \u201d and thought of our favorite basketball team. there is an entire construct of feelings and ideas associated with the team \u2019 s name, and the truly senseless act would be to erase those associations with a name change. while i acknowledge new orleans contribution to the landscape of american music, i respectfully assert that the name of utah \u2019 s nba team matters far more to jazz fans than it does to jazz fans. the borders of jazz nation have long since changed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5106029668872689, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.789690"} {"text": "and then there \u2019 s your brain. three pounds of the most complex material we \u2019 ve discovered in the universe. this is the mission control center that drives the whole operation, gathering dispatches through small portals in the armored bunker of the skull. your brain is built of cells called neurons and glia \u2014 hundreds of billions of them. each one of these cells is as complicated as a city. and each one contains the entire human genome and traffics billions of molecules in intricate economies. each cell sends electrical pulses to other cells, up to hundreds of times per second. if you represented each of these trillions and trillions of pulses in your brain by a single photon of light, the combined output would be blinding. the cells are connected to one another in a network of such staggering complexity that it bankrupts human language and necessitates new strains of mathematics. a typical neuron makes about ten thousand connections to neighboring neurons. given the billions of neurons, this means there are as many connections in a single cubic centimeter of brain tissue as there are stars in the milky way galaxy. the three - pound organ in your skull \u2014 with its pink consistency of jell - o \u2014 is an alien kind of computational material. it is composed of miniaturized, self - configuring parts, and it vastly outstrips anything we \u2019 ve dreamt of building. so if you ever feel lazy or dull, take heart : you \u2019 re the busiest, brightest thing on the planet. ours is an incredible story. as far as anyone can tell, we \u2019 re the only system on the planet so complex that we \u2019 ve thrown ourselves headlong into the game of deciphering our own programming language. imagine that your desktop computer began to control its own peripheral devices, removed its own cover, and pointed its webcam at its own circuitry. that \u2019 s us. and what we \u2019 ve discovered by peering into the skull ranks among the most significant intellectual developments of our species : the recognition that the innumerable facets of our behavior, thoughts, and experience are inseparably yoked to a vast, wet, chemicalelectrical network called the nervous system. the machinery is utterly alien to us, and yet, somehow, it is us. the tremendous magic in 1949, arthur alberts traveled from his home in yonkers, new york, to villages between the gold coast and timbuktu in west africa. he brought his wife, a camera, a jeep, and \u2014 because of his love of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5710975234937211, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.801318"} {"text": "1949, arthur alberts traveled from his home in yonkers, new york, to villages between the gold coast and timbuktu in west africa. he brought his wife, a camera, a jeep, and \u2014 because of his love of music \u2014 a jeep - powered tape recorder. wanting to open the ears of the western world, he recorded some of the most important music ever to come out of africa. but alberts ran into social troubles while using the tape recorder. one west african native heard his voice played back and accused alberts of \u201c stealing his tongue. \u201d alberts only narrowly averted being pummeled by taking out a mirror and convincing the man that his tongue was still intact. it \u2019 s not difficult to see why the natives found the tape recorder so counterintuitive. a vocalization seems ephemeral and ineffable : it is like opening a bag of feathers which scatter on the breeze and can never be retrieved. voices are weightless and odorless, something you cannot hold in your hand. so it comes as a surprise that a voice is physical. if you build a little machine sensitive enough to detect tiny compressions of the molecules in the air, you can capture these density changes and reproduce them later. we call these machines microphones, and every one of the billions of radios on the planet is proudly serving up bags of feathers once thought irretrievable. when alberts played the music back from the tape recorder, one west african tribesman depicted the feat as \u201c tremendous magic. \u201d and so it goes with thoughts. what exactly is a thought? it doesn \u2019 t seem to weigh anything. it feels ephemeral and ineffable. you wouldn \u2019 t think that a thought has a shape or smell or any sort of physical instantiation. thoughts seem to be a kind of tremendous magic. but just like voices, thoughts are underpinned by physical stuff. we know this because alterations to the brain change the kinds of thoughts we can think. in a state of deep sleep, there are no thoughts. when the brain transitions into dream sleep, there are unbidden, bizarre thoughts. during the day we enjoy our normal, wellaccepted thoughts, which people enthusiastically modulate by spiking the chemical cocktails of the brain with alcohol, narcotics, cigarettes, coffee, or physical exercise. the state of the physical material determines the state of the thoughts. and the physical material is absolutely necessary for normal thinking to tick along. if you were to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6036205942350118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.802324"} {"text": "chemical cocktails of the brain with alcohol, narcotics, cigarettes, coffee, or physical exercise. the state of the physical material determines the state of the thoughts. and the physical material is absolutely necessary for normal thinking to tick along. if you were to injure your pinkie in an accident you \u2019 d be distressed, but your conscious experience would be no different. by contrast, if you were to damage an equivalently sized piece of brain tissue, this might change your capacity to understand music, name animals, see colors, judge risk, make decisions, read signals from your body, or understand the concept of a mirror \u2014 thereby unmasking the strange, veiled workings of the machinery beneath. our hopes, dreams, aspirations, fears, comic instincts, great ideas, fetishes, senses of humor, and desires all emerge from this strange organ \u2014 and when the brain changes, so do we. so although it \u2019 s easy to intuit that thoughts don \u2019 t have a physical basis, that they are something like feathers on the wind, they in fact depend directly on the integrity of the enigmatic, three - pound mission control center. the first thing we learn from studying our own circuitry is a simple lesson : most of what we do and think and feel is not under our conscious control. the vast jungles of neurons operate their own programs. the conscious you \u2014 the i that flickers to life when you wake up in the morning \u2014 is the smallest bit of what \u2019 s transpiring in your brain. although we are dependent on the functioning of the brain for our inner lives, it runs its own show. most of its operations are above the security clearance of the conscious mind. the i simply has no right of entry. your consciousness is like a tiny stowaway on a transatlantic steamship, taking credit for the journey without acknowledging the massive engineering underfoot. this book is about that amazing fact : how we know it, what it means, and what it explains about people, markets, secrets, strippers, retirement accounts, criminals, artists, ulysses, drunkards, stroke victims, gamblers, athletes, bloodhounds, racists, lovers, and every decision you \u2019 ve ever taken to be yours. * * * in a recent experiment, men were asked to rank how attractive they found photographs of different women \u2019 s faces. the photos were eight by ten inches, and showed women facing the camera or turned in three - quarter profile. unbeknownst to the men, in half the photos the eyes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5761075394444126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.803307"} {"text": "to rank how attractive they found photographs of different women \u2019 s faces. the photos were eight by ten inches, and showed women facing the camera or turned in three - quarter profile. unbeknownst to the men, in half the photos the eyes of the women were dilated, and in the other half they were not. the men were consistently more attracted to the women with dilated eyes. remarkably, the men had no insight into their decision making. none of them said, \u201c i noticed her pupils were two millimeters larger in this photo than in this other one. \u201d instead, they simply felt more drawn toward some women than others, for reasons they couldn \u2019 t quite put a finger on. so who was doing the choosing? in the largely inaccessible workings of the brain, something knew that a woman \u2019 s dilated eyes correlates with sexual excitement and readiness. their brains knew this, but the men in the study didn \u2019 t \u2014 at least not explicitly. the men may also not have known that their notions of beauty and feelings of attraction are deeply hardwired, steered in the right direction by programs carved by millions of years of natural selection. when the men were choosing the most attractive women, they didn \u2019 t know that the choice was not theirs, really, but instead the choice of successful programs that had been burned deep into the brain \u2019 s circuitry over the course of hundreds of thousands of generations. brains are in the business of gathering information and steering behavior appropriately. it doesn \u2019 t matter whether consciousness is involved in the decision making. and most of the time, it \u2019 s not. whether we \u2019 re talking about dilated eyes, jealousy, attraction, the love of fatty foods, or the great idea you had last week, consciousness is the smallest player in the operations of the brain. our brains run mostly on autopilot, and the conscious mind has little access to the giant and mysterious factory that runs below it. you see evidence of this when your foot gets halfway to the brake before you consciously realize that a red toyota is backing out of a driveway on the road ahead of you. you see it when you notice your name spoken in a conversation across the room that you thought you weren \u2019 t listening to, when you find someone attractive without knowing why, or when your nervous system gives you a \u201c hunch \u201d about which choice you should make. the brain is a complex system, but that doesn \u2019 t mean it \u2019 s incomprehensible. our neural circuits were carved by natural selection to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5485263094158803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.804256"} {"text": "or when your nervous system gives you a \u201c hunch \u201d about which choice you should make. the brain is a complex system, but that doesn \u2019 t mean it \u2019 s incomprehensible. our neural circuits were carved by natural selection to solve problems that our ancestors faced during our species \u2019 evolutionary history. your brain has been molded by evolutionary pressures just as your spleen and eyes have been. and so has your consciousness. consciousness developed because it was advantageous, but advantageous only in limited amounts. consider the activity that characterizes a nation at any moment. factories churn, telecommunication lines buzz with activity, businesses ship products. people eat constantly. sewer lines direct waste. all across the great stretches of land, police chase criminals. handshakes secure deals. lovers rendezvous. secretaries field calls, teachers profess, athletes compete, doctors operate, bus drivers navigate. you may wish to know what \u2019 s happening at any moment in your great nation, but you can \u2019 t possibly take in all the information at once. nor would it be useful, even if you could. you want a summary. so you pick up a newspaper \u2014 not a dense paper like the new york times but lighter fare such as usa today. you won \u2019 t be surprised that none of the details of the activity are listed in the paper ; after all, you want to know the bottom line. you want to know that congress just signed a new tax law that affects your family, but the detailed origin of the idea \u2014 involving lawyers and corporations and filibusters \u2014 isn \u2019 t especially important to that new bottom line. and you certainly wouldn \u2019 t want to know all the details of the food supply of the nation \u2014 how the cows are eating and how many are being eaten \u2014 you only want to be alerted if there \u2019 s a spike of mad cow disease. you don \u2019 t care how the garbage is produced and packed away ; you only care if it \u2019 s going to end up in your backyard. you don \u2019 t care about the wiring and infrastructure of the factories ; you only care if the workers are going on strike. that \u2019 s what you get from reading the newspaper. your conscious mind is that newspaper. your brain buzzes with activity around the clock, and, just like the nation, almost everything transpires locally : small groups are constantly making decisions and sending out messages to other groups. out of these local interactions emerge larger coalitions. by the time you read a mental headline, the important action has already transpired, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5687335116362894, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.805333"} {"text": ", almost everything transpires locally : small groups are constantly making decisions and sending out messages to other groups. out of these local interactions emerge larger coalitions. by the time you read a mental headline, the important action has already transpired, the deals are done. you have surprisingly little access to what happened behind the scenes. entire political movements gain ground - up support and become unstoppable before you ever catch wind of them as a feeling or an intuition or a thought that strikes you. you \u2019 re the last one to hear the information. however, you \u2019 re an odd kind of newspaper reader, reading the headline and taking credit for the idea as though you thought of it first. you gleefully say, \u201c i just thought of something! \u201d, when in fact your brain performed an enormous amount of work before your moment of genius struck. when an idea is served up from behind the scenes, your neural circuitry has been working on it for hours or days or years, consolidating information and trying out new combinations. but you take credit without further wonderment at the vast, hidden machinery behind the scenes. and who can blame you for thinking you deserve the credit? the brain works its machinations in secret, conjuring ideas like tremendous magic. it does not allow its colossal operating system to be probed by conscious cognition. the brain runs its show incognito. so who, exactly, deserves the acclaim for a great idea? in 1862, the scottish mathematician james clerk maxwell developed a set of fundamental equations that unified electricity and magnetism. on his deathbed, he coughed up a strange sort of confession, declaring that \u201c something within him \u201d discovered the famous equations, not he. he admitted he had no idea how ideas actually came to him \u2014 they simply came to him. william blake related a similar experience, reporting of his long narrative poem milton : \u201c i have written this poem from immediate dictation twelve or sometimes twenty lines at a time without premeditation and even against my will. \u201d johann wolfgang von goethe claimed to have written his novella the sorrows of young werther with practically no conscious input, as though he were holding a pen that moved on its own. and consider the british poet samuel taylor coleridge. he began using opium in 1796, originally for relief from the pain of tooth - aches and facial neuralgia \u2014 but soon he was irreversibly hooked, swigging as much as two quarts of laudanum each week. his poem \u201c kubla", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6016168445874014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.806317"} {"text": "| spend the time | | outdoors | all you need is a camera or a camera trap so that you can photograph african mammals. the quality of the photographs needs to be good enough to allow us to identify the animal in the image. a handheld gps device is useful, but not essential as we have a link to google maps on our website that allows citizen scientists to identify the location of their photographs. | help update the distribution records of african mammal species. | | add your recent photos of animals photographed in africa. | the broad picture : the aim of mammalmap is to update the distribution records of all african mammal species. through collaborations with professional scientists, conservation organisations, wildlife authorities and citizen scientists across africa, we consolidate all reliable and identifiable evidence ( camera trap records, photographs ) of current mammal locations into an open - access digital database. the database software automatically generates online distribution maps of all recorded species which are instantly visible and searchable. the information consolidated within mammalmap will not only yield crucial information for species conservation policies and landscape conservation policies, but provides an excellent platform for educating the public about african mammals and their conservation challenges. why mammalmap is necessary : in africa, our knowledge of mammal distribution patterns is based largely on historical records. however, the last three centuries have seen extensive human - modification of african landscapes with the associated conversion, compression and fragmentation of natural land. with further land development presenting a likely reality for the future, the effectiveness of mammal conservation efforts depends on ecological records being updated so that they accurately reflect mammal distribution patterns in the 21st century. with mammalmap we plan to conduct these ecological updates over the coming years, by mapping the current distribution of mammal species ( including marine mammals and small mammals ) across africa. how mammalmap contributes to conservation : the conservation benefits of this research are multiple. first, the comparison of these updated distribution records with both historical and future records will enable the detection of species \u2019 distribution changes in response to human - related and climate - related habitat changes. these change detections will assist the guidance of continent - wide conservation policies and decision making processes. second, the research will promote and facilitate interdisciplinary and international collaboration amongst scientists and conservation practitioners, with potential benefits to the advancement of conservation science. finally, both the project input stage ( data collection ) and output stage ( data dissemination ) will offer interactive, dynamic and widely applicable education tools suitable for both formal and informal education sectors. the where and the how of mammalmap : the area of interest for mammalmap is the whole of africa.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44485073221330845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.809207"} {"text": "charlotte, nc : information age pub., inc., c2009. xiii, 269 p. ; 25 cm. includes bibliographical references ( p. 233 - 251 ) and indexes. prologue. improvising riffs on dewey and the utopian - - 1. no schools at all - - 2. gatherings - - 3. assembly places - - 4. homelike ambience - - 5. resources - - 6. parents and peers - - 7. all as teachers and learners - - 8. learning community for children - - 9. sharing of gifts - - 10. responsibility for cooperation - - 11. life, not objectives - - 12. toward worthwhile lives - - 13. purpose engrained in activities - - 14. discovery of aptitudes and development of capacities - - 15. inevitability of learning - - 16. analogy to babies - - 17. creating attitudes, not acquiring and storing - - 18. resisting acquisitive society - - 19. overcome acquisitiveness - - 20. cultivating positive capacities to liberate - - 21. enjoyment now, not deferred - - 22. always \" is \" with faith in \" to be \" - - 23. all - around development - - 24. sense of positive power - - 25. elimination of fear - - 26. confi dence, eagerness, and faith in human capacity - - 27. faith in the environment - - 28. worthwhile activities - - 29. the \" right way \" - - 30. from love to justice, \" for goodness sake! \" - - epilogue : riffs of hopes and dreams - - bibliography. ( source : nielsen book data ) \" love, justice, and education \" by william h. schubert brings to life key ideas in the work of john dewey and their relevance for the world today. he does this by imagining continuation of highly evocative article that dewey published in the \" new york times \" in 1933. dewey wrote from the posture of having visited utopia. schubert begins each of thirty short chapters with a phrase or sentence from dewey ' s article, in response to which a continuous flow of utopians consider what is necessary for educational and social reform among earthlings. schubert encourages the utopians, who have studied earthling practices and literatures, to recommend from their experience what earthlings need for educational and social reform and how they can address obstacles to that reform. the utopians speak to myriad implications of dewey ' s report by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5669760056743907, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.811797"} {"text": "by ucilia wang the u. s. environmental protection agency proposed a new plan to boost biofuel production while requiring biofuel makers to cut greenhouse gas emissions during production. the proposal to measure greenhouse gas emissions will surely be controversial. it would require refineries to consider the emissions produced by farming or converting forestland into farmland, transporting the feedstock, blending of the biofuels and the market consumption of the fuels. biofuels would have to be produced with lower emissions than the gasoline and diesel they replace in order meet a national biofuel standard, the proposal said. california approved a similar rule last month when it approved a precedent - setting low - carbon fuel standard. ethanol companies lobbied hard against the mandate to count emissions from changes to land use. vocal opponents to this mandate included big - shot biofuel investor vinod khosla and former presidential candidate and general wesley clark, who also is co - chairman of the biofuel group, growth energy. the epa ' s announcement arrived on the same day that the u. s. department of energy said it would dole out nearly $ 800 million for biofuel research and production projects. the money would provide a good boost for an industry that has struggled to commercialize new technologies or raise enough money to stay in business. president obama on tuesday also directed the doe, the epa and the department of agriculture to form an interagency group to speed up the development and deployment of advanced biofuels, which refer to fuels made from non - food plants such as switch grass and algae, a well as from wood wastes and even garbage from city dumps. the group also will work on promoting the use of flex - fuel vehicles that can run on gasoline as well as gasoline blended with ethanol. the government passed legislation in 2007 that set a goal of producing 36 billion gallons of a variety of biofuels for transportation by 2020. reaching the goal could prove difficult, given the financial and political troubles that corn ethanol producers have been facing and the challenges of commercializing new technologies that new non - food plants or even garbage to make fuels ( see u. s. won ' t meet its own biofuel mandate and lignol ' s cellulose ethanol plant bites the dust ; valero seeks to gobble up verasun ). the legislation led to a flood of private equity investments in producing corn ethanol and developing new types of biofuels. but controversy erupted when environmental groups, cattle ranchers and other industry groups contended that the increase in corn ethanol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4150899793428428, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.817237"} {"text": "up verasun ). the legislation led to a flood of private equity investments in producing corn ethanol and developing new types of biofuels. but controversy erupted when environmental groups, cattle ranchers and other industry groups contended that the increase in corn ethanol production had prompted farmers to plant corn instead of other food crops, thereby jacking up food and feed prices. the mandate also drew fears that more forestland would be converted into cropland for making biofuels. texas even asked the epa to modify the biofuel mandate last year, arguing that the requirement would severely harm the economy and environment ( see epa denies texas ethanol waiver ). on tuesday, the epa reaffirmed the production goal but proposed a new plan to reach it. but the epa changed how the fuels are categorized and the expected production volumes for each category. the proposal also includes metrics for reducing greenhouse gas emissions during biofuel production. by 2022, the refineries are expected to produce 16 billion gallons of cellulosic biofuels, 15 billion of gallons per year of conventional biofuels ( i. e., corn ethanol ), 4 billion gallons of advanced biofuels ( i. e., algal biofuel ) and 1 billion gallons of biomass - based diesel, according to the new proposal. refineries, blenders and oil companies would be have to increase their biofuel output incrementally, the amount of which would be determined by the epa each year. refiners must factor in the emissions results from the biofuel production, including the impact by farming, in order to get credit for meeting the biofuel mandate. the government hopes the new doe funding for biofuels would help the industry move quicker on meeting the national goal. the funding is split into four parts. about $ 480 million is geared for pilot or demonstration projects that combine technologies at each refinery to produce biofuels, heat and power and other bioproducts, according to the u. s. department of energy, which is overseeing the funding process. the doe plans to award money to 10 to 20 applicants that can take their projects up and running in the next three years. another $ 176. 5 million is set for companies that received government funding in the last two years and could use more money to build demonstration or commercial refineries. the doe is setting aside $ 110 million for basic science research. roughly $ 25 million would go to establishing a small refinery for researchers to experiment with their projects. another $ 35 million", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44320273158022966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.818211"} {"text": "september 30, 2005 eileen shields, public information officer, 415 / 554 - 2507 san francisco announces second west nile virus case patient contracted virus outside of san francisco san francisco, ca \u2014 san francisco health officials have confirmed the city \u2019 s second case of west nile virus ( wnv ). the patient, a middle aged woman, is convalescing in a nursing care facility. details of the woman \u2019 s travel history and the wnv incubation period lead disease control investigators to conclude that the woman contracted the disease in the sacramento area and not in san francisco. city officials expect cases in san francisco residents who travel to where west nile virus transmission is active. \u201c city residents need to stay vigilant about protecting themselves and their neighbors from mosquito bites by preventing mosquito breeding, \u201d observed rajiv bhatia, md, director of environmental health. \u201c the elderly, the very young and anyone with a chronic illness need to be especially careful by taking personal precautions. this is a preventable disease that can have critical outcomes in vulnerable populations. \u201d over 40 san francisco birds have been tested for the virus this year and none have been found positive. typically, wnv cases in birds precede so far in 2005, 753 human cases of the west nile virus have been reported in 38 california counties, with most of the cases in sacramento and riverside counties. there have been 16 fatalities. in the united states, almost 10, 000 human cases of wnv have been reported since it was first detected in the united states in new york in 1999. most individuals who become infected with wnv will not experience any illness. others will have only mild symptoms, such as fever, fatigue, nausea, headache, muscle aches, skin rash, or swollen lymph nodes. however, wnv can affect the elderly and individuals with compromised immune systems with more severe illness. wnv is transmitted to humans and animals through a mosquito bite. mosquitoes become infected when they feed on infected birds. human - to - human transmission of wnv does not occur. san francisco is taking several steps to limit risks to residents. the city \u2019 s mosquito control program includes : collecting birds for testing, monitoring ponds and other possible mosquito breeding sites, trapping to detect high numbers of mosquitoes, treating sewer catch basins to prevent breeding, and educating residents and owners about removing standing water from private property and avoiding mosquito bites. individuals can reduce their risk of mosquito - borne diseases by taking - avoid spending time outside when mosquitoes are most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4599582366299484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.820965"} {"text": "branding is a dangerous concept most people point to the early marking of livestock as the genesis of the modern day concept of branding. if only that were the case. during those more self - reliant times, attaching a mark or family name to a product was a highly symbolic gesture, ascribing one ' s reputation - and assuring personal commitment - to a product ' s value. today ' s modus operandi referred to as \" branding \" is a corporate, cosmetic undertaking detached frmo people ' s personal character. it took hold in teh 20th century with the advent of mass - produced products and broadcast media. and its image - driven, message - obsessed mindset persists despite the radical changes in the prevailing context and conditions of today ' s marketplace. prior to the industrial age, the marketplace was much like an open - air farmers ' market. consumers and producers gathered to exchange value directly. customers were distrustful and discerning, so they often looked to others in the community for information and guidance. value and trust were the chief determinants of ongoing, successful relationships ; of marketplace success. and as such, producers were obsessed with the value of their offerings and their resulting standing in the community. caring and creativity ruled. during the industrial age, the nature of the marketplace changed. consumers relocated from small communities to jobs in industrial towns, where they relied on retailers for food, clothing and household products. this coincided with the advent of mass production and mass consumption and ushered in an arms length, transactional mindset and orientation. marketers became more concerned with sales and promotion of goods, and less with providing distinctive value as a means to building ongoing relationships. marketers of the time weren ' t trying to match customers ' dispositions and desires with distinctive value. their focus was on driving down unit costs through economies of scale, and using distribution and mass marketing techniques to find customers for their excess production of goods and services. branding was their chief means of differentiating and controlling the distribution of those homogenous offerings. influence and persuasion ruled. well, it ' s deja vu all over again. rapid technological advancements have brought us back to the future. today ' s post - industrial age, like pre - industrial times, is a fragmented marketplace of communities of like - minded people looking for distinctive value. it ' s overflowing with an abundance of products, along with skeptical people who increasingly rely on others in their \" communities \" for information and guidance. value and trust are, once again, the principal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5255513015403668, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.825430"} {"text": "like - minded people looking for distinctive value. it ' s overflowing with an abundance of products, along with skeptical people who increasingly rely on others in their \" communities \" for information and guidance. value and trust are, once again, the principal determinants of success. despite this fact, marketers persist in the folly of branding. the pernicious cognitive pull of this powerful industrial - age concept, along with the ecosystem that evolved to perpetuate it, is holding back marketing thought and organizational action. make no mistake : marketers are wasting a lot of time and money because of branding. once great organizations, like gm, hertz and spring, are close to collapse due to the psychological weight of branding. and, like fish with water, most people are completely unaware of it. the danish philosopher soren kierkegaard wrote, \" concepts, like individuals, have their histories and are just as incapable of withstanding the ravages of time as are individuals. \" the industrial - age concept of branding will ultimately die its timely death. but i wouldn ' t wait. it ' s a danger organizational concept. for the sake of your people and your future, wrestle it to the ground and kill it before it kills you. tom asacker, author of a little less conversation copyright 2010, author retains ownership. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5273810831020462, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.825922"} {"text": "the borneo island ( kalimantan ) is the world ' s third largest island after greenland and new guinea island. overall width of borneo island is 736, 000 km 2. there are also tracks of mountains in the northeast with the highest mountain is mount kinabalu with peaks as high as 4175 m. the island is tropical with an average temperature of 24 - 25 degrees and crossed by the equator. borneo island has the richest flora in the sunda islands. diversity of trees in a small forest is the same as the diversity of trees throughout the island of papua or south america. this island is the center of plant diversity, as there are 10, 000 to 15, 000 species of flowering plants. the number of flora is as rich as flora throughout africa, although the width of africa 40 times larger than borneo. the diversity of flora on the borneo island includes elements of asia and australia. the diversity of flora on the borneo island is a valuable asset, especially for the indonesian nation and the world at large. in contrast to its market place, may be said to be rather rare and even unique. it is located on the water. of course this will bring impression for foreign tourists and domestic tourists. there are marine parks and diving tourism ( diving ) with a depth of about five meters in the waters of this borneo island. there are a wide variety of marine life here, including the squid lobster, ghostpipe fish, octopus, nudibranchs, seahorses, eel ribbon, scorpion fishes. beaches in the mabul city of borneo island is one of the nominated as the best beaches in 2011. in addition to clear water of this beach, there are also many resorts and villas for tourists who want to stay and you can also enjoy diving in the sea on this beach, so do not be confuse anymore for tourists to visit.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40574779541974704, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.831340"} {"text": "missouri state archives austin augustus king, 1848 - 1853 austin augustus king was born in sullivan county, tennessee on september 21, 1802 to walter and nancy sevier king, daughter of john sevier, the first governor of tennessee. king attended public schools in tennessee, studied law, and was admitted to the tennessee bar in 1822. king married nancy harris roberts ( 1806 - 1857 ) in 1827 and moved to columbia, missouri in 1830 where king started a law office with john b. gordon. following service during the black hawk indian war in 1832, king represented boone county in the missouri general assembly from 1834 to 1837. he served as missouri fifth circuit judge from 1837 to 1848. king presided at the hearing of mormon leader joseph smith and others for treason, murder and additional crimes in 1838 in ray county, missouri. smith and nine others were held over for trial but later escaped. he unsuccessfully sought the democratic gubernatorial nomination in 1844 but won the nomination in 1848. king was sworn in as missouriis tenth governor on november 28, 1848. during his administration, bonds were issued to the hannibal and st. joseph railroad and to the pacific railroad company to finance railroad construction. a state reform school was established in st. louis in 1850 and in 1851, a deaf and dumb asylum was started in fulton. although a slave owner, king as governor vetoed the missouri fugitive slave law as unconstitutional. after leaving office, king attended the 1855 missouri slave owners convention in lexington, missouri but opposed missourians crossing over state lines to vote on the pro - slavery kansas lecompton constitution. when the civil war started, he elected to stay with the union. king served as a union democrat in the 38th u. s. congress from 1863 to 1865. when his bid for reelection failed, king resumed his law practice. austin augustus king collapsed in a st. louis courtroom and died on april 22, 1870. he is buried in richmond cemetery, ray county, missouri. the records ( 1848 - 1853 ) of governor austin augustus king ( 1802 - 1870 ) include affidavits, certifications, the constitution of the missouri institution for the blind, correspondence, construction bids and agreements for the second state capitol building, court proceedings, newspaper clippings, petitions, reports, state bonds, telegrams, and writs of election. rights and reproductions copyright is in the public domain. preferred citation : [ item description ], [ date ] ; austin augustus king, 1848 - 1853 ; office of governor, record group 3. 10 ; missouri state archives, jefferson city. how to use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37123977608535375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.835057"} {"text": "the internet can be empowering in schools the scene : a high school classroom. students gaze into their laptops. they might be taking notes like good little boys and girls. or they might be passing the time on myspace, quietly playing a web game while their teacher thinks she has their undivided attention. it looks like a teacher ' s worst nightmare. but it ' s the future. if we ' re smart. the best thing about the internet is the power it gives. power to have a voice in civic government, power to learn on our own terms, power to share our lives. but that power isn ' t allowed in the classroom. not yet. and that ' s a mistake. schools all over the country lock their computers away in a lab or a library. that ' s the situation at garfield high school, where the district ' s web filter blocks access to sites like myspace and youtube and occasionally some blogs teachers want to use in class. the filter saves everyone a lot of trouble and worry. students are curious and schools are scared. filters are the easiest way to stop young minds from wandering where they shouldn ' t - - whether it ' s a mindless online game, a profanity - filled blog or worse. schools need to be careful. so they hold back. they stay safe. that ' s the wrong way to go. giving the internet a place in the classroom would cost teachers some control, but the perks are worth it and teens deserve it - - not just to make use of their skills in the classroom but to take make full use of the technologies available to them. consider the situation at the university of washington ' s medical school, where laptops are required gear and no one walks around the class to see what students are doing on them. \" we could be checking e - mail, \" said first - year student kristina rudd. \" many of us are. \" but they do other things, too. the second an obscure term escapes the lecturer ' s lips, someone in the classroom will look it up in wikipedia or medical journals, dig up a relevant article and send it to the class. suddenly, the influence of the lecture no longer relies on the effectiveness of the lecturer. and it can happen in high school. at the private lakeside school, 14 - year - old janelle dy hands in almost all her work by e - mail. when she ' s allowed to use her laptop in class, she makes the most of it. \" when i took notes on paper, sometimes i '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44985215519460253, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.840000"} {"text": "14 - year - old janelle dy hands in almost all her work by e - mail. when she ' s allowed to use her laptop in class, she makes the most of it. \" when i took notes on paper, sometimes i ' d have difficulty understanding what the teacher was talking about, due to vocabulary, \" she said. \" but now i have a dictionary on my laptop i ' m allowed to use at all times. also i can get to other web sites, like wikipedia or encyclopedia britannica. \" not everyone in her class is as dutiful. some students find ways to distract themselves, and a few, making use of their tech savvy, bypass the school ' s web filter and go where they shouldn ' t. that will happen. but to base all students ' technological access on the behavior of an irresponsible few is not only lazy, it denies them an opportunity to learn integrity. granted, many schools are not equipped for this. besides the obvious financial barriers, too many teachers are unaware of all the ways technology can supplement their lessons and few schools have the technical prowess to keep internet rebels in check. but there ' s something else holding educators back : fear of losing control. clearly, teens have a fluency with the internet most teachers can ' t match. bring this technology to every desktop and teachers are put at a disadvantage. we can continue to play it safe, or we can take some risks and give teens some power. who knows? they might surprise us. and the nightmare scenario might be a dream come true. and, also from the seattle post - intelligencer my heart just about stopped when i saw the headline on today ' s seattle times site : \" school officials unite in banning wikipedia. \" i am a wikipedia junkie - - it ' s my starting point for everything from determining what direction the deep fork river flows in oklahoma, to keeping track of kid nation tv show developments, to figuring out what ' s up with a trend in some cities with kids using bicycles without brakes. i have a close friend who ' s using wikipedia to learn about the potential new owners of the corporation where she works. on the save seattle schools blog, contributers reportedly consulted wikipedia to learn more about mckinsey & co., the outside consulting firm that superintendent goodloe - johnson is using to help craft a strategic plan. is wikipedia the final, definitive source of all information? no. but i don ' t agree with those crotchety librarians in the times article who complain that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4600565904524123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.841029"} {"text": "outside consulting firm that superintendent goodloe - johnson is using to help craft a strategic plan. is wikipedia the final, definitive source of all information? no. but i don ' t agree with those crotchety librarians in the times article who complain that, \" we don ' t see it as an authoritative source, \" and subsequently block the site from students. with today ' s technology, information flow has become much more fluid and immediate. just because it can ' t be found in a bound book doesn ' t necessarily mean that it ain ' t so. indeed, there ' s a tremendous amount of subjectivity that goes into what is printed as the \" truth. \" of course, just because someone posted a statement online doesn ' t necessarily mean that it is true, either. it ' s a shame that the teachers and librarians quoted in the article didn ' t take advantage of the situation - - finding inaccurate information on wikipedia - - by having their students revise the wikipedia site with their own research, or engage in broader discussions about how authority and truth will be staked out in new media ( a battle that ' s raging right now between traditional journalists and bloggers ). do you or your kids use wikipedia? do you think it has a place in schools?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47518207454100186, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.841576"} {"text": "a reentrant lock is one where a process can claim the lock multiple times without blocking on itself. it ' s useful in situations where it ' s not easy to keep track of whether you ' ve already grabbed a lock. if a lock is non re - entrant you could grab the lock, then block when you go to grab it again, effectively deadlocking your own process. reentrancy in general is a property of code where it has no central mutable state that could be corrupted if the code was called while it is executing. such a call could be made by another thread, or it could be made recursively by an execution path originating from within the the code itself. if the code relies on shared state that could be updated in the middle of its execution it is not re - entrant, at least not if that update could break it. a use case for re - entrant locking a ( somewhat generic and contrived ) example of an application for a re - entrant lock might be : you have some computation involving an algorithm that traverses a graph ( perhaps with cycles in it ). a traversal may visit the same node more than once due to the cycles or due to multiple paths to the same node. the data structure is subject to concurrent access and could be updated for some reason, perhaps by another thread. you need to be able to lock individual nodes to deal with potential data corruption due to race conditions. for some reason ( perhaps performance ) you don ' t want to globally lock the whole data structure. you computation can ' t retain complete information on what nodes you ' ve visited, or you ' re using a data structure that doesn ' t allow ' have i been here before ' questions to be answered quickly. an example of this situation would be a simple implementation of dijkstra ' s algorithm with a priority queue implemented as a binary heap or a breadth - first search using a simple linked list as a queue. in these cases, scanning the queue for existing insertions is o ( n ) and you may not want to do it on every iteration. in this situation, keeping track of what locks you ' ve already acquired is expensive. assuming you want do the locking at the node level a re - entrant locking mechanism alleviates the need to tell whether you ' ve visited a node before. you can just blindly lock the node, perhaps unlocking it after you pop it off the queue. a simple mutex is not re - entrant as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5643547911969196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.844475"} {"text": "| english language arts | | mathematics | | literacy in all subjects | the common core state standards implementation ( ccssi ) team creates and organizes the educator resources to ensure world class, innovative, digitally rich, standards - based teaching and learning. we communicate, create, and curate ccss resources. wisconsin adopted the common core state standards as wisconsin ' s mathematics and english language arts standards in 2010. teachers, content experts, parents, and community leaders all weighed in to help create the common core state standards for english language arts, mathematics, and literacy in all subjects, and these standards have been adopted by over 45 states. wisconsin is also participating in a multi - state project to develop new common standards for science. led by the national research council, a framework was developed to guide the writing of science standards. achieve, inc., is leading the development of next generation science standards based on this framework. expect a final draft version in spring of 2013. wisconsin assessment system beginning in the 2014 - 15 school year, wisconsin ' s state assessment will be based on the ccss. wisconsin is a governing state within the multi - state consortium called the smarter balanced assessment consortium ( smarter ). through smarter, a common state summative assessment will be created and will replace the wisconsin knowledge and concepts exam. wisconsin is also interested in adopting a college entrance exam as part of a balanced assessment system. in addition to smarter, wisconsin is involved in developing both new alternate achievement standards and a new alternate assessment for students with significant cognitive disabilities. dynamic learning maps is charged with developing new alternate achievement standards, called common core essential elements ( ccees ), which are aligned with the common core state standards. a new assessment will be developed to align with these standards.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49246187618122, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.849125"} {"text": "editors : rainer beck, heinz hilbrecht, klaus reinsch and peter volker hardcover : 546 pages this book is not so much about the sun, but about the opportunities for amateur astronomers to observe the sun. compared with other areas of astronomy solar observing has a number of advantages : \u2022 observation can be carried out during the day. you do not have to stay up all night and arrive at work the next day exhausted! \u2022 there is an abundance of light. unlike \" deep sky \" astronomy you actually have to discard much of the light reaching your telescope. \u2022 you can set up your observatory in your own backyard - even in the city - there is no need to escape light pollution at remote locations. \u2022 observations can be made practically every clear day and some simple programs like sunspot counts can be done in just a few minutes. \u2022 you do not need a monster telescope, even a small telescope will show an amazing amount of detail. \u2022 the view is constantly changing, the sun ' s appearance has never been, nor will it ever be exactly the same as today. this book was conceived and written by a group of german amateur observers. each section was the responsibility of the amateur who had made that aspect of solar astronomy his specialty. the emphasis was on the practical and covers the kind of solar astronomy within the reach of most amateurs. soon after publication it was declared by many reviewers as the \" standard work \" and much correspondence reached the authors from abroad requesting an english translation. in terms of content the basic information in the original german edition will be found here. where necessary, updating has taken place and errors have been corrected. numerous passages were revised taking into account the larger, inter - national circle of readers, many pictures have been added and references to german - language literature have been changed, where possible, to appropriate english - language works. the book is divided into four major parts. part a describes instruments used in solar astronomy, offers help in making decisions with regard to buying, and provides instructions for those who might build their own instrument. part b deals with the many different amateur observation possibilities. part c gives encouragement and help in planning and carrying out expeditions to observe solar eclipses and gives details on observation. part d is an extensive bibliography especially tailored for the amateur solar astronomer. each chapter of the book is self - contained in terms of contents and the reader can turn to those subjects which interest him or her the most. numerous cross - references are embedded within the text to point the reader to related sections.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5335671897409963, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.854444"} {"text": "| quick facts : janitors and building cleaners | | 2010 median pay | | $ 22, 210 per year $ 10. 68 per hour | entry - level education | | less than high school | | work experience in a related occupation | | none | | on - the - job training | | short - term on - the - job training | | number of jobs, 2010 | | 2, 310, 400 | | job outlook, 2010 - 20 | | 11 % ( about as fast as average ) | | employment change, 2010 - 20 | | 246, 400 | janitors and building cleaners keep many types of buildings clean, orderly, and in good condition. most janitors and building cleaners work indoors, but some work outdoors part of the time, sweeping walkways, mowing lawns, or shoveling snow. because office buildings are usually cleaned while they are empty, many cleaning workers work evening hours. the work can be physically demanding and sometimes dirty and unpleasant. most janitors and building cleaning workers learn on the job. they do not need formal education. the median hourly wage for janitors and building cleaners was $ 10. 68 in may 2010. employment of janitors and building cleaners is expected to grow 11 percent from 2010 to 2020, about as fast as the average for all occupations. while overall job prospects are expected to be favorable, those with experience are likely to have the best opportunities. compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of janitors and building cleaners with similar occupations. o * net provides comprehensive information on key characteristics of workers and occupations. learn more about janitors and building cleaners by contacting these additional resources.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3582058951380592, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.857440"} {"text": "a 17th - century priest and st. augustine native, long ago linked to the martyrdom of franciscan priests and hundreds of native indians in 1705 in tallahassee, has been rediscovered by a tallahassee organization striving to build a shrine to florida martyrs. in their research, the tallahassee group learned of the 1951 book \" here they once stood, \" written about the tragic ending of the apalachee missions in the tallahassee region. the book ' s authors, mark boyd, hale smith and john w. griffin, conducted intense research for the book that included detailed historical records and archaeology for the times. a passage about fray augustin ponce de leon quotes spanish records of the time about how ponce died on sept. 3, 1705, in tallahassee defending the lives of native indians who lived and worked in the missions. in \" here they once stood, \" the details of the 1705 massacre indicate that ponce had come to the region from st. augustine with capt. don joseph begambre, acting governor of the presidio ( of st. augustine ). they were \" with a group of infantry and chistian indians with their arms, in pursuit of the enemy indians that carried off as captives all the women with all their children and others of minor age of the village in charge of the said.... ponce. \" his village was not named in the book. the story further says, \" ( they ) encountered the enemy at dawn ( on sept. 3 ).... ( fray augustin ) fought with them until several shots made him surrender his soul to his creator as others of his force also did. \" the story goes on to say the enemy was eventually defeated. that enemy was \" pagan indians \" who were fighting the catholics and their converts. the book reports that ponce went along to minister to the soldiers and indians \" without exhibiting fear ( the enemy ) might kill him. \" whether ponce is the first native - born floridian or even st. augustine ' s first native to die in the mission fields is being researched by historian michael gannon ph. d. gannon said recently that ponce was a franciscan and his baptismal record from st. augustine is among church records in the diocesan archives at st. joseph convent and in copies of church records at the st augustine historical society. gannon, when he was in charge of the archives, secured the records and had them preserved. they date back to 1594 and are considered the oldest church records in today ' s united states.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37363089349584255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.866470"} {"text": "of church records at the st augustine historical society. gannon, when he was in charge of the archives, secured the records and had them preserved. they date back to 1594 and are considered the oldest church records in today ' s united states. gannon is researching if there were any other franciscans from florida or st. augustine who may have been martyred. the tallahassee organization - - the martyrs of la florida missions inc. - - has been researching the tragic ending of priests and indians in the apalachee missions around tallahassee. they have extended their search to st. augustine ' s historical records because the first mission was nombre de dios, still in existence today. according to pete cowdrey ph. d., the shrine ' s historian, \" it is a real privilege to be connected, even in the smallest way, with the important effort that is casting additional light on the sacrifice of so many who gave their lives for the catholic faith here in north florida. \" the archaeological remains of many of those missions are surrounded by varying degrees of urban development today, but visitors to the quiet grounds where so many were killed are reminded that real people - - apalachee and spaniards, clergy and laity - - suffered horrifically for their faith and died martyrs ' deaths at the hands of their tormenters in brutal attacks just over 300 years ago, \" cowdrey said. \" the victors left only destruction in their wake, but today dedicated individuals are working at the service of the church to tell their story. \" the tallahassee group, which calls itself \" the martyrs \" for short, is continuing research about the missions and is making forays into historical records also held at florida state univeristy, mission san luis in tallahassee and the university of florida. meanwhile, antonieta echenique bernardino also awaits future findings on the missions and ponce. bernardino is a cuban native who lives in miami and is steeped in genealogy and research. she had spent much time in spain researching ponce ' s family because she is a descendent of augustin ' s brother nicolas. \" i knew augustin was a priest, but i did not know he was a martyr, \" she told the record. the site of the shrine of the martyrs of la florida missions inc. will be located where the mission of san pedro y san pablo once stood. historical records indicate that one of the bloodiest massacres of christian indians took place there at the hand of english governor james moore of the carolina", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37759015394994766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.867536"} {"text": "women must have access to contraceptives and hiv prevention methods : un friday, 17 february 2012 16 : 23 new york, feb 17 : the united nations reiterated on thursday the need to provide women with access to both hormonal contraceptives and condoms to prevent unwanted pregnancies and hiv infection, after a renewed consultation with health experts on the issue. a stakeholder consultation organized by the un joint programme on hiv / aids ( unaids ) in geneva reviewed recent epidemiological studies on the transmission and acquisition of hiv by women using hormonal contraceptives and concluded that the data was not sufficient to change the world health organizationa\u20ac\u2122s ( who ) current recommendation, which indicates that condoms are the most effective method to prevent hiv infection. a\u20ac\u0153while a range of contraceptives protect against unintended pregnancies, only condoms, male and female, provide dual protection by stopping hiv transmission and preventing unintended pregnancies, a\u20ac said unaids in a press statement. according to unaids, about half of the 34 million people living with hiv are women. in sub - saharan africa, the region most affected by the epidemic, nearly 60 per cent of all new hiv infections occur in women. a\u20ac\u0153women need safe contraceptive and hiv prevention options that they can own and manage, a\u20ac said michel sidiba\u00a9, executive director of unaids. a\u20ac\u0153new investments into research for female controlled hiv prevention options and safe contraceptive methods are essential, a\u20ac she said, adding that not giving women and girls access to these methods increases their vulnerability to hiv infection. the level of unmet family planning need among the 1. 18 billion women between the ages of 15 and 49 worldwide is estimated to be 11 per cent, while in sub - saharan africa it is more than twice as high, at 25 per cent. unaids recommends that people who are sexually active a\u20ac \u201c particularly women and girls a\u20ac \u201c have full access to information and counselling to make informed choices about their sexual and reproductive health needs. a\u20ac\u0153women and girls must have access to the widest range of contraceptive and hiv prevention options. such services must be provided in an integrated manner by health workers. a\u20ac ( ibns )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.473724197524547, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.870202"} {"text": "in the ninth year of the hijrah, an arab king made the first positive moves to islam after years of feeling hatred for it. he drew closer to faith ( iman ) after opposing and combating it. and he finally pledged allegiance to the prophet, peace be on him, after his adamant refusal to do so. he was adiyy, son of the famous hatim at - taai who was known far and wide for his chivalry and fabulous generosity. adiyy inherited the domain of his father and was confirmed in the position by the tayy people. part of his strength lay in the fact that a quarter of any amount they obtained as booty from raiding expeditions had to be given to him. when the prophet announced openly his call to guidance and truth and arabs from one region after another accepted his teachings, adiyy saw in his mission a threat to his position and leadership. although he did not know the prophet personally, and had nev er seen him, he developed strong feelings of enmity towards him. he remained antagonistic to islam for close upon twenty years until at last god opened his heart to the religion of truth and guidance. the way in which adiyy became a muslim is a remarkable story and he is perhaps the best person to relate it. he said : \" there was no man among the arabs who detested god ' s messenger, may god bless him and grant him peace, more than i, when i heard about him. i was then a man of status and nobility. i was a christian. from my people i took a fourth of their booty as was th e practice of other arab kings. when i heard of the messenger of god, peace be on him, i hated him. when his mission grew in strength and when his power increased and his armies and expeditionary forces dominated east and west of the land of arabs, i said to a servant of mine who looked after my camels : ' get ready a fat camel for me which is easy to ride and tether it close to me. if you hear of an army or an expeditionary force of muhammad coming towards this land, let me know. ' one evening, my servant came to me and said : \" yaa mawlaya! what you intend ed to do on the approach of muhammad ' s cavalry to your land, do it now. \" ' why? may your mother lose you! ' ' i have seen scouts searching close to the habitations. i asked about them and was told that they belonged to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44092540888630977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.878447"} {"text": "on the approach of muhammad ' s cavalry to your land, do it now. \" ' why? may your mother lose you! ' ' i have seen scouts searching close to the habitations. i asked about them and was told that they belonged to the army of muhammad, ' he said. ' bring the camel which i ordered you to get ready. ' i said to him. i got up then and there, summoned my household ( including ) my children and ordered them to evacuate the land we loved. we headed in the direction of syria to join people of our own faith among the christians and settle among them. we left in too much haste for me to gather together our entire household. when i took stock of our situation, i discovered that part of my family was missing. i had left my own sister in our najd homelands together with the rest of the tayy people. i did not have any means to return to her. so i went on with those who were with me until i reached syria and took up residence there among people of my own religion. as for my sister, what i feared for her happened. news reached me while i was in syria that the forces of muhammad entered our habitations and took my sister together with a number of other captives to yathrib. there she was placed with other captives in a compound near the door of the masjid. the prophet, peace be upon him, passed by her. she stood up before him and said : ' yaa rasulullah! my father is dead and my guardian is not here. be gracious to me and god will be gracious to you! ' and who is your guardian? ' asked the prophet. ' adiyy ibn hatim. ' she said. ' the one who fled from god and his prophet? ' he asked. he then left her and walked on. on the following day, the same thing happened. she spoke to him just as she did the day before and he replied in the same manner. the next day, the same thing happened and she despaired of getting any concession from him for he did not say anything. then a man from behind him indicated that she should stand up and talk to him. she therefore stood up and said : ' o messenger of god! my father is dead and my guardian is absent. be gracious to me and god will be gracious to you. ' i have agreed he said. turning to those about him, he instructed : likewise ` let her go for her father loved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4073885971367549, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.879602"} {"text": "! my father is dead and my guardian is absent. be gracious to me and god will be gracious to you. ' i have agreed he said. turning to those about him, he instructed : likewise ` let her go for her father loved noble ways, and god loves th em. ' ' i want to join my family in syria, ' she said. \" but don ' t leave in a hurry, \" said the prophet, \" until you find someone you can trust from your people who could accompany you to syria. if you find a trustworthy person, let me know. \" when the prophet left, she asked about the man who had suggested that she speak to the prophet and was told that he was ali ibn abi talib, may god be pleased with him. she stayed in yathrib until a group arrived among whom was someone she could trust. so she went the prophet and said : ' o messenger of god! a group of my people have come to me and among them is one i can trust who could take me to my family. ' the prophet, peace be on him, gave her fine clothes and an adequate sum of money. he also gave her a camel and she left with the group. thereafter we followed her progress gradually and waited for her return. we could hardly believe what we heard about muhammad ' s generosity towards her in spite of my attitude to him. by god, i am a leader of my people. when i beheld a woman in herhawdaj c oming towards us, i said : ' the daughter of hatim! it ' s she! it ' s she! ' when she stood before us, she snapped sharply at me and said : ' the one who severs the tie of kinship is a wrongdoer. you took your family and your children and left the rest of your relations and those whom you ought to have protected. ' ' yes, my sister, ' i said, ' don ' t say anything but good. ' i tried to pacify her until she was satisfied. she told me what had happened to her and it was as i had heard. then i asked her, for she was an intelligent and judicious person : \" what do you think of the mission of this man ( meaning muhammad peace be on him )? \" \" i think, by god, that you should join him quickly. \" she said. \" if he is a prophet, file one who hastens towards him would enjoy his grace. and if he is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4357207083069072, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.881941"} {"text": "meaning muhammad peace be on him )? \" \" i think, by god, that you should join him quickly. \" she said. \" if he is a prophet, file one who hastens towards him would enjoy his grace. and if he is a king, you would not be disgraced in his sight while you are as you are. \" i immediately prepared myself for travel and set off to meet the prophet in madinah without any security and without any letter. i had heard that he had said : ' i certainly wish that god will place the hand of adiyy in nay hand. ' i went up to him. he was in the masjid. i greeted him and he said : ' who is the man? ' adiyy ibn hatim, ' i said. he stood up for me, took me by the hand and set off towards his home. by god, as he was walking with me towards his house, a weak old woman met him. with her was a young child. she stopped him and began talking to him about a problem. i was standing ( all the while ). i said to myself : ' by god, this is no king. ' he then took me by the hand and went with me until we reached his home. there he got a leather cushion filled with palm fibre, gave it to me said : ' sit on this! ' i felt embarrassed before him and said : ' rather, you sit on it. ' ' no, you, ' he said. i deferred and sat on it. the prophet, peace be on him, sat on the floor because there was no other cushion. said to myself : ' by god, this is not the manner of a king! ' he then turned to me and said : ' yes, adiyy ibn hatim! haven ' t you been a \" rukusi \" professing a religion between christianity and sabeanism? ' ' yes, ' i replied. ' did you not operate among your people on the principle of exacting from them a fourth, taking from them what your religion does not allow you? ' ' yes, ' i said, and i knew from that he was a prophet sent ( by god ). then he said to me : ' perhaps, o adiyy, the only thing that prevents you from entering this religion is what you see of the destitution of the muslims and their poverty. by god, the time i s near when wealth would flow among them until no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49254663660599785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.882860"} {"text": "perhaps, o adiyy, the only thing that prevents you from entering this religion is what you see of the destitution of the muslims and their poverty. by god, the time i s near when wealth would flow among them until no one could be found to take it. ' perhaps, o adiyy, the only thing that prevents you from entering this religion is what you see of the small number of muslims and their numerous foe. by god, the time is near when you would hear of the woman setting out from qadisiyyah on her camel until she reaches this house, not fearing anyone except allah. ' perhaps what prevents you from entering this religion is that you only see that sovereignty and power rest in the hands of those who are not muslims. by god, you will soon hear of the white palaces of the land of babylon opening up for them and the treas ures of chosroes the son of hormuz fall to their lot. ' ' the treasures of chosroes the son of hormuz? ' i asked ( incredulously ). ' yes, the treasures of chosroes the son of hormuz, ' he said. thereupon, i professed the testimony of truth, and declared my acceptance of islam. \" one report says that when adiyy saw the simplicity of the prophet ' s life - style, he said to him : \" i testify that you do not seek high office in this world nor corruption, \" and he announced his acceptance of islam. some people observed the prophet ' s treatm ent of adiyy and said to him : \" o prophet of god! we have seen you do something which you have not done to any other. \" \" yes, \" replied the prophet. \" this is a man of stature among his people. if such a person come to you, treat him honorably. \" adiyy ibn hatim, may god be pleased with him, lived for a long time. he later said : \" two of the things ( which the prophet spoke of ) came to pass and there remained a third. by god, it would certainly come to pass. \" i have seen the woman leaving qadisiyya h on her camel fearing nothing until she arrived at this house ( of the prophet in madinah ). \" i myself was in the vanguard of the cavalry which descended on the treasures of chosroes and took them. and i swear by god that the third event will be realized. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45411721437690883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.883795"} {"text": "if a specific user can or cannot successfully execute a program ( binary or script ) depends on two things : the user need execution privileges on the file. this isn ' t a problem : ls - l reveals that any user can execute the user needs reading, writing and / or execution privileges to the files the program accesses. this part is much, much trickier and more dangerous, as it may involve changing the permissions of many files. for more information, see chmod - wikipedia. the normal way to execute a command with root privileges is sudo. from the manpage : sudo allows a permitted user to execute a command as the superuser or another user, as specified in the sudoers file. the real and effective uid and gid are set to match those of the target user as specified in the passwd file and the group vector is initialized based on the group file ( unless the - p option was specified ). if the invoking user is root or if the target user is the same as the invoking user, no password is required. otherwise, sudo requires that users authenticate themselves with a password by default ( note : in the default configuration this is the user ' s password, not the root password ). once a user has been authenticated, a time stamp is updated and the user may then use sudo without a password for a short period of time ( 5 minutes unless overridden in sudoers ). the basic syntax in your specific case is : regarding your other questions : 1. where do all of the commands that do not require root privileges reside in my os? most binaries for all users reside inside most system binaries ( require root privileges ) reside in this is just a rule of thumb. you can place binaries everywhere you want. see also : filesystem hierarchy standard 2. can i move this command there? apart from potentially breaking something, this would have absolutely no effect.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4606210744320791, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.885938"} {"text": "annuals, biennials, or perennials, 5 - 400 cm, spiny. stems ( 1 - several ) erect, branched or simple, sometimes narrowly spiny - winged. leaves basal and cauline ; finely bristly - dentate to coarsely dentate or 1 - 3 times pinnately lobed, teeth and lobes bristly - tipped, faces green and glabrous or densely gray - canescent, usually eglandular. heads discoid, borne singly, terminal and in distal axils, or in racemiform, spiciform, subcapitate, paniculiform, or corymbiform arrays. ( peduncles with \u00b1 reduced leaflike bracts. ) involucres cylindric to ovoid or spheric, ( 1 - 6 \u00d7 ) 1 - 8 cm. phyllaries many in 5 - 20 series, subequal or weakly to strongly, outer and middle with bases appressed and apices spreading to erect, usually spine - tipped, innermost usually with erect, flat, often twisted, entire or dentate, usually spineless apices ( distal portion of phyllary midveins in many species with elongate, glutinous resin gland, usually milky in fresh material but dark brown to black when dry ). receptacles flat to convex, epaleate, covered with tawny to white bristles or setiform scales. florets 25 - 200 + ; corollas white to pink, red, yellow or purple, \u00b1 bilateral, tubes long, slender, distally bent, throats short, abruptly expanded. cylindric, lobes linear ; ( filaments distinct ) anther bases sharply short - tailed, apical appendages linear - oblong ; style tips elongate ( as measured in descriptions including the slightly swollen nodes, long cylindric fused portions of style branches and very short distinct portions ). cypselae ovoid, \u00b1 compressed, with apical rims, smooth, not ribbed, glabrous, basal attachment scars slightly angled ; pappi persistent or falling in rings, in 3 - 5 series of many flattened, plumose bristles or plumose, setiform scales ( longer bristles shorter than corollas except in c. foliosum and c. arvense ). x = 17. only three genera in cynareae are represented by native species in the new world, and of these cirsium", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4562245141179898, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.888462"} {"text": "national standards correlations how to use this activity science is all around us from a bicycle brake to a pine cone to a flag pole. in \" dirtmeister ' s science reporters, \" students lead their own investigation in observing, identifying, and describing the science found in their world then write about their findings. with the help of science expert steve tomecek ( the \" dirtmeister \" ), students learn to ask scientific questions, communicate their observations, and construct explanations of natural phenomena. in this installment, \" dirtmeister ' s science reporters \" focuses on animal adaptations. students are challenged to find and report on one way a particular animal preferably one found in their local area is adapted to its environment. using the questions on the assignment sheet, students describe the animal and how it is especially designed to fit in with its environment. when students complete their observational reports, they submit them online for possible inclusion in the science observer. this activity offers an exciting way to teach inquiry - based science, as each new investigation helps reinforce basic science concepts. through participation in \" dirtmeister ' s science reporters, \" students will : - explore, observe, and describe the world around them. - identify various phenomena in the real world. - investigate materials, organisms, and properties of common objects. - construct explanations of natural and man - made phenomena. - develop the ability to ask scientific questions, investigate aspects of the world around them, and use their observations to construct reasonable explanations for the questions posed. - ask questions about objects, organisms, and events in the environment. - use data to construct a reasonable explanation. - communicate their ideas to others. - develop their science knowledge. - learn through the inquiry process how to communicate their own investigations. teachers who participate in \" dirtmeister ' s science reporters \" should allow students two class periods ( 45 - minute blocks ) to complete the assignment. this includes time for students to retrieve and review the assignment, read the background material, find and observe their subject, answer questions about their findings, and write their reports. you may wish to assign the step of finding and observing a subject as homework. we also suggest that students who participate submit a \" draft \" of their report to you before final writing. in this way, you can determine if the student is \" on target \" with his or her assignment. top of page national standards correlations the \" dirtmeister ' s science reporters \" animal adaptations investigation helps students meet the following science content standards as set forth by the national research council of the national academy of - students conduct a simple", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5283991313190864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.895361"} {"text": "his or her assignment. top of page national standards correlations the \" dirtmeister ' s science reporters \" animal adaptations investigation helps students meet the following science content standards as set forth by the national research council of the national academy of - students conduct a simple investigation. ( content standard a ) - students employ simple equipment and tools to gather data and extend the senses. ( content standard a ) - students communicate investigations and explanations. ( content standard a ) - students discover and understand the characteristics of organisms. ( content standard c ) - students understand the relationship between organisms and their environment. ( content standard c ) - students understand the structure and function of living things. ( content - students understand the diversity and adaptations of organisms in their environment. ( content standard c ) top of page how to use this activity in \" dirtmeister ' s science reporters \" students are introduced to new science concepts. after gaining knowledge about the concept by reading background information, students seek out an example of that concept in the real world whether it ' s found in their home, school, or community. they answer questions about their observations using an observation sheet provided by the dirtmeister. this observation sheet encourages scientific observation, critical thinking, and directed student writing. finally, students write their reports. they can see samples of what other students top of page as students learn about animal adaptation, they are challenged to find and describe one way an animal of their choice is adapted to its in order to survive, every animal has certain features that help it \" fit in \" with its surroundings. this is known as animal adaptation. some adaptations are purely physical. for example, sharks have fins to help them swim and gills that allow them to breathe underwater. without these two special traits, they would have difficulty surviving in a marine environment. animals also adapt to their environments through certain behaviors or actions. when threatened, a porcupine extends its quills, making it difficult for a fox to eat the porcupine. having the ability to adapt to changes in the environment is critical for an animal ' s survival. animals who can ' t adapt die! adaptation also allows animals to exploit environments that other animals cannot occupy. flippers and fins, for example, allow fish to live comfortably underwater. because they can live in different environments, animals reduce the competition for resources and possess a better chance to survive. of all the world ' s animals, humans are perhaps the best adapted because we can fit in almost any environment on the planet. however, humans depend on technology to adapt to their surroundings. through the use of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4997975446384171, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.896547"} {"text": "and possess a better chance to survive. of all the world ' s animals, humans are perhaps the best adapted because we can fit in almost any environment on the planet. however, humans depend on technology to adapt to their surroundings. through the use of technology, humans have been able to adapt to almost every environment imaginable, from icy cold antarctica to the bottom of the sea. without this outside help, we would actually only be able to live in a very narrow type of as students learn about animal adaptation, it ' s important for them to understand the comparisons of adaptation between humans and other animals. technology has permitted humans to make fairly rapid adjustments to environmental change. however, for other animals, adaptation is a slow, steady process which may take hundreds of thousands of years to accomplish. as humans change the earth ' s environment, entire species of animals are being eliminated because they cannot \" fit in \" and do not have the time needed to develop sufficient means of adapting to the changed environment. top of page here are some suggestions to enhance the experience of dirtmeister ' s science reporters for your students : - have the class list all of the different animals that they can encounter in and around their local environment. what are various adaptations for each of these animals? - have students describe how they adapt to different changes in their environment. how do we change for the weather and seasons? how do different explorers adapt to hostile environments? - have students focus on how humans have \" borrowed \" adaptations from other animals. when we go in the water, how are we like a shark? ( swim fins ) when we travel to very cold climates, how are we like a polar bear? ( fur parka ) - have students create their own animorph story. have the main character travel to different environments and \" morph \" to fit the conditions. - have students \" design a creature \" that fits an unusual environment. for example, how could a creature survive on venus with its poison atmosphere and searing heat? what about in a volcano? what special adaptations would it need? - talk with your school librarian or media specialist about researching animals in the library, including books and multimedia resources. ( see \" resources \" section below. ) - have the class use the computer to search the web for supplementary articles on animals and their habitats and adaptations. - provide space on a classroom bulletin board for the dirtmeister ' s - using computer software such as clarisworks or microsoft works, have students create and maintain electronic science journals. encourage students to illustrate their work by using", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4597146495088672, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.898909"} {"text": "and their habitats and adaptations. - provide space on a classroom bulletin board for the dirtmeister ' s - using computer software such as clarisworks or microsoft works, have students create and maintain electronic science journals. encourage students to illustrate their work by using the software ' s drawing or painting features. this is an excellent way of keeping notes and storing reports for future use. top of page the following scholastic supplemental materials can be used in conjunction with dirtmeister ' s science reporters : - big books : science ( grades k4 ). this book series covers a variety of topics, from bugs to wind. they are brightly illustrated and great for the classroom library. - environmental atlas of the united states, by mark mattson ( grade levels 4 and up ). the only environmental atlas for young readers that emphasizes u. s. ecological information. - be a scientist skills books ( grades 36 ). this series includes featured scientists, hands - on activities, and an emphasis on practical process skills. the series consists of three sets of three books each for grades 34, 45, and 56. - super science ( grades 36 ). super science covers science news and classroom - tested experiments for extending the learning experience of science concepts and integrates science with reading, math, language arts, and social studies objectives already in the classroom curriculum. - quick and easy learning centers : science, by lynne kepler ( grades 13 ). this professional resource book focuses on the use of everyday materials to promote independent, hands - on learning. information on how - tos, management, experiments, and reproducibles are included in this helpful book. complete descriptions of these resources and more can be found in scholastic ' s supplemental materials catalog. you can also call scholastic directly related web sites general science sites science and technology for children curriculum the natural history museum ( london ) edison national historic site endangered species program national inventors hall of fame understanding our planet through chemistry maps and references dirtmeister ' s home | animal adaptations | teacher ' s guide | kids ' sample reports", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45582835416265144, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.900231"} {"text": "a previous post describes my jones family coding system which has served me well over the years of tree climbing. see : this coding system was also discussed in bwp ( 17 ). however, there comes a time when you will find yourself in a nest of surnames. it may be at a particular geographic area, or historical time period, or a religious group with many members. there will be multiple folks with the same names being used. how do you keep them straight? how do separate and identify which john johnson, john smith, john brown, and john jones is the path you will need to follow? the following method is a coding system i have found helpful. it is different from my family coding system, since it involves only one surname, and needs to code for multiple generations. this approach will help separate and code each individual among a large number of folks with many different surnames. it is very simple. first you label each person identified by their surname. you take the first two letters of their surname and then assign them a number. if the first name is john johnson, you would code \" jo - 1 \". if you have another john johnson in the county at the same time, you would label him \" jo - 2 \". now if you have a john jones living next door, you would code this \" jon - 1 \", knowing that you have already used \" jo = johnson \". thus, \" jon = jones \". now if there was a john johns in the same neighborhood, you code him \" joh - 1 \", using the next letter of the alphabet that was not used in a previous surname group. any surnames that share the same letters would take the next letter to separate and code it. thus, saul would be sa - 1, sampson would be sam - 1, and samuel would be samu - 1, etc., etc. you would then start a record of the families identified in this geographic area, coding each individual, and you would not used the same letters for a different family surname. start with a small number of folks that you are working. these often will be those around your brick wall. then start a listing for the codes you use, allowing you to keep a record of the surnames. let ' s get started!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49602383228457914, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.902468"} {"text": "the death of socrates okay, fine. it took only two weeks to fall off the theme - day thing. as two tribe members noted, thursday theme day flew in the face of the spontaneity that defines \u201c \u2026 the house \u2026 \u201d regardless, in short order it became a chore, self - imposed at that, and there is little reason to accept such discipline. with that bit of housekeeping completed, let \u2019 s talk about the death of socrates and the examined life. the examined life is a frequent theme here : \u201c the unexamined life is not worth living, \u201d said socrates. it occurs to me that perhaps you are not aware of the tradition behind this ancient saying. please allow me to tell you the story ( a bit editorialized, thank you very much. ) ( and in that spirit, this is a long post. i understand if you aren \u2019 t interested in spending the time on it. frankly, if i were you, i doubt i would spend that much time with me. if that \u2019 s the case, i invite you to scroll to the bottom for a brief summary, as well as some reading recommendations. ) ruins of the agora socrates held truth a thing to be pursued, not discovered, an idea that takes it off the mount and puts it in the streets. ( oliver wendall holmes, a pragmatist, echoed the notion when he remarked to a friend, \u201c all i mean by truth is the path i have to travel. \u201d ) and that is where he spent his time, in the streets, talking to anyone who would listen. xenophon wrote that he \u201c was always on public view. \u201d he continues, \u201c socrates used to go to the walkways and gymnasia, to appear in the agora as it filled up, and to be present wherever he would meet with the most people. \u201d * his student, plato, recorded him referring to himself, fittingly, as a gadfly. ( it is important to know that socrates left no written record. most of what we know of him was recorded by his student and younger friend, plato. plato, by the way, was the teacher of aristotle, who, in case you are not aware, was the teacher of alexander the great, alex making a cameo here at \u201c \u2026 the house \u2026 \u201d just a couple of weeks ago. ) he was well known in athens for years prior to his trial. aristophanes mentions him in his comedy the clouds, produced in 423 bc,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48400358859809944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.908993"} {"text": "making a cameo here at \u201c \u2026 the house \u2026 \u201d just a couple of weeks ago. ) he was well known in athens for years prior to his trial. aristophanes mentions him in his comedy the clouds, produced in 423 bc, portraying socrates as a sophist. there is no historical evidence that socrates was associated with the sophists, his recorded sayings do not support this account. the sophists had a dicey reputation in athens at the time. the historian g. b. kerferd described the sophists of this period as : \u201c \u2026 a set of charlatans that appeared in greece in the fifth century, and earned ample livelihood by imposing on public credulity : professing to teach virtue, they really taught the art of fallacious discourse, and meanwhile propagated immoral practical doctrines. \u201d the climate at the time was tense. the year was 399 b. c. the city ( athens ) guardians were being pressed for reform and the youth were restless. so it came to be that socrates, a pain in the backside to those holding to the status quo, was arrested on charges of \u201c corruption of youth \u201d and \u201c impiety. \u201d specifically, the impious acts were : \u201c failing to acknowledge the gods that the city acknowledges \u201d and \u201c introducing new deities. \u201d ( \u201c could socrates have been the corrupter of youth after all? \u201d asks nietzsche. \u201c and did he deserve his hemlock? \u201d ) he was brought to trial. the law in athens dictated that such cases not exceed a day \u2019 s length and the old philosopher knew that he could not make his case in just a day. instead he began to challenge the jurors. \u201c some will say : yes, socrates, but you cannot you hold your tongue \u2026. now, i have great difficulty in making you understand my socrates on trial. answer to this. for if i tell you that to do as you say would be a disobedience to the god, and therefore that i cannot hold my tongue, you will not believe that i am serious ; and if i say again that daily to discourse about virtue, and of those other things about which you hear me examining myself and others, is the greatest good of man, and that the unexamined life is not worth living, you are still less likely to believe me. yet i say what is true \u2026. \u201d in essence, he claimed that the jurors ( citizens of athens selected by lottery ) could hardly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4401032527540972, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.909945"} {"text": "and that the unexamined life is not worth living, you are still less likely to believe me. yet i say what is true \u2026. \u201d in essence, he claimed that the jurors ( citizens of athens selected by lottery ) could hardly be expected to be sympathetic, as they had little appreciation for philosophy. his tone, as recorded in plato \u2019 s apologia, was reprimanding and unapologetic. if plato and xenophon are to be believed, socrates sought not to persuade, but to lecture and provoke. \u201c and now, o men who have condemned me, i would fain prophesy to you ; for i am about to die, and in the hour of death men are gifted with prophetic power. and i prophesy to you who are my murderers, that immediately after my departure punishment far heavier than you have inflicted on me will surely await you. me you have killed because you wanted to escape the accuser, and not to give account of your lives but that will not be as you suppose : far otherwise. for i say that there will be more accusers of you than there are now ; accusers whom hitherto i have restrained : and as they are younger they will be more inconsiderate with you, and you will be more offended at them. if you think that by killing men you can prevent some one from censuring lives your evil lives, you are mistaken ; that is not a way of escape which is either possible or honourable ; the easiest and the noblest way is not to be disabling others, but to be improving yourselves. \u201d the law held that the guilty party had to kill himself, hence the hemlock. it was expected, and suggested by his followers, that he would flee. socrates takes the hemlock. most hold that he did not flee on moral grounds, that seeing the sentence through to completion was his moral obligation. and so it was, indeed. * fittingly, my first trip abroad, over thirty years ago, found me in athens. surprisingly, my travel journal from that trip has survived the years. the young man ( me ) wrote : \u201c the agora left little impression upon me ; it once housed such great thoughts as those proclaimed by plato, socrates, aristotle, yet one feels no inclination to think more profoundly because of common ground crossed. \u201d ( i was painfully ponderous even then. ) socrates stated that the unexamined life is not worth living. i disagree with the fundamental premiss,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4982652433136874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.910905"} {"text": ", aristotle, yet one feels no inclination to think more profoundly because of common ground crossed. \u201d ( i was painfully ponderous even then. ) socrates stated that the unexamined life is not worth living. i disagree with the fundamental premiss, the notion of a life not worth living ; but that \u2019 s not the point. inverted to the positive, socrates \u2019 s admonition might be understood to read : the examined life is ( more ) worth ( y of ) living. he did not say, what is the meaning of life? ; rather he made a value statement on existence. he did not suggest developing a flow chart, or creating a matrix. there are no three - ring binders with tabs in this project. no powerpoint. no life coach. he exhorted, in my shorthand, simply : examine. accept nothing less than an adequate accounting. it is an open and expansive thought. conversely, drilled into us from childhood : seek and find, question and answer, open and close. those are closed equations, for lack of a better phrase. for me, the power of socrates is the open equation : examine. although i \u2019 ve not read it, i understand that i. f. stone \u2019 s the trial of socrates, is an excellent read if you \u2019 re interested in the history. if you are curious to read the thoughts of a working philosopher on the matter of living fully the examined life, i suggest the late robert nozick \u2018 s ( 1938 - 2002 ), the examined life, philosophical meditations. along similar lines, but more historical, you might enjoy james miller \u2019 s examined lives, from socrates to nietzsche. it was a 2011 new york times notable book and is imminently readable. lastly, if you wish to wade deep into these waters, consider nozick \u2019 s philosophical explanations, specifically the last chapter, \u201c philosophy and the meaning of life. \u201d thanks for reading. i hope you found it interesting.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5338567737043278, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.912201"} {"text": "\u201c prior \u201d to the creation of the material universe ex nihilo there was no space or time. because there was no time we conclude that god existed atemporally ( timelessly ). what about the absence of space? would this not mean god existed non - spatially without creation? yes it would. how does that conclusion square with the biblical teaching that god is omnipresent? how can a being that is spaceless in nature be omnipresent? is the bible contradicting itself in its description of god \u2019 s nature? what exactly is the nature of god \u2019 s omnipresence? has he always been omnipresent? these questions ought to cause us to think more clearly about what it means to say god is \u201c omnipresent. \u201d to be all - present requires that there be a \u201c here \u201d and a \u201c there \u201d to be present at. without the existence of spatial location the notion of omnipresence is meaningless. seeing that there was no space \u201c prior \u201d to creation it follows that god was not omnipresent prior to creation. omnipresence, then, is not an essential attribute of god \u2019 s nature ; spacelessness is essential to god \u2019 s nature. \u201c god existing alone without creation is spaceless. \u201d god became omnipresent concurrent with creation in virtue of the creation of space. omnipresence emerged as a contingent relation between god and the spatial universe. what is the nature of god \u2019 s omnipresence? while we have determined that god is spaceless without creation and omnipresent subsequent to creation, this does not tell us anything about the nature of his omnipresence. what does it mean to say god is omnipresent? does it mean he is spatially located within and extended throughout the universe such that he is present at every point, or does it mean he is cognizant of and causally active at every point in the universe though he is neither spatially located in, nor spatially extended throughout it? while we have typically conceived of omnipresence in the first sense i would argue that god \u2019 s omnipresence is more aptly described by the second. at a minimum god \u2019 s omnipresence means he is not localized anywhere within space, and that he lacks both shape and size. but if omnipresence refers to god \u2019 s extension through space he would have both shape and size because the universe has both shape and size. god", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5624750297903478, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.919149"} {"text": "of, and causal activity at every point in the universe then god \u2019 s omnipresence would not encroach on his essential spaceless nature. mental cognizance and causal activity do not require spatial presence. additionally, there is nothing intrinsic to the act of creation that would require god to be drawn into space ( spatialized ). creation was not a spatial act, therefore, we have no compelling reason to believe god surrendered his divine spacelessness and began to exist spatially subsequent to the act of creation. it stands to reason that god remained spaceless even subsequent to creation. if god remained spaceless his omnipresence must mean he is simply \u201c cognizant of and causally active at every point of space \u201d. god \u2019 s omnipresence is an example of analogous language in which those incomprehensible aspects of god \u2019 s nature are described in terms finite humans can comprehend. we run into problems, however, when we take this use of language and apply it to god in literal terms. god is not spatially extended throughout the finite universe, but is cognizant of and causally active in each and every part of it as a non - spatial being. because god is mentally cognizant of, rather than personally located at every point in the universe he can be both here and there, and know the difference between the two.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5306982759169423, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.920638"} {"text": "news > more storm misery threatens australia two tropical storm systems are threatening northern australia today, and are so close to each other they were caught in the same satellite view. one has grown enough in strength to be given a name \u2013 tropical cyclone lua \u2013 while the second, still known as system 96p, is still growing. it is this second storm system which is currently the more immediate threat though, being close enough to the coast to warrant warnings of high seas. nasa \u2019 s aqua satellite passed over the area at 05 : 39 gmt on 13th march and was able to capture both storms in a single image. lua appears to the left of the image in the southern indian ocean, with system 96p to the right, above the southern pacific ocean. lua formed about 240 miles west - northwest of port hedland, australia, attaining maximum winds of about 40mph. forecasters at the joint typhoon warning centre ( jtwc ) expect lua to meander for a couple of days, strengthening significantly and then making landfall in the pilbara region of western australia on about 16th march. system 96p is located about 170 nautical miles west of darwin and 115 nautical miles northwest of port keats and is heading in a southerly direction. the atmospheric infrared sounder ( airs ) instrument aboard the nasa satellite showed that deep convection \u2013 the rising air that forms the thunderstorm making up a tropical cyclone \u2013 is growing in size around the system \u2019 s circulation centre. according to the jtwc, the system is becoming more organised and it is anticipated that it will become a tropical depression before curving towards the southeast and making landfall. local residents have been advised to monitor the progress of both storms as they have the potential to cause severe damage and disruption. it is more bad news for a nation that is still dealing with the after - effects of several storm and flooding events which have hit the country in recent months.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4304313644166509, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.922484"} {"text": "over 8, 000 websites created by students around the world who have participated in a thinkquest competition. compete | faq | contact us space monkeys in training nasa \u2019 s most recent venture into space will involve the study of one of the most fascinating, yet mysterious features of the solar system \u2014 - the sun. ironically, mankind has lived for millennia under the sun \u2019 s vigilance, yet we still remain oblivious to most of its undiscovered sciences. you \u2019 d think that after thousands of years of scientific observation, we would have unveiled more information about this age - old star than we have, but two tiny details have complicated our efforts - - the sun is too bright and hot to study directly, and too far away to study closely. so how is nasa going to examine the sun if their equipment can \u2019 t get past the intensity of heat and light? the answer lies in an old form of technology, exploited for the purposes of modern science. invented more than 450 years ago, galileo \u2019 s telescope has inspired nasa \u2019 s hessi telescope, which will scope the sun \u2019 s solar flares to collect data about their particle acceleration and energy release. our goal in developing this informative website is to help students better understand the purpose of the hessi telescope. we also wish to provide teachers with resources appropriate for their classroom lesson plans. jennya schmahl science workshop, san jose, ca, united states stevena schmahl science workshop, san jose, ca, united states williama schmahl science workshop, san jose, ca, united states 19 & under abe megahedhypercosm inc., madison, wi, united states social sciences & culture > education > homework & study guides science & technology > technology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5388913995916127, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.924110"} {"text": "assalam - o - aleykum wa rehmatullahi wa barakatuh \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0645 \u0648 \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647 it was a monsoon friday! do you know what monsoons are? these are torrential rains that come in july. in the indo - pak subcontinent, life depends very much on the timely arrival of these rains. in the mountains and the valleys and the vast plains of this sub - continent where more than a billion people strive to keep body and soul together, two seasons bring a great shortage of water. in winter, the rivers have very little flow, the mountains keep the snow, and the springs dry up. occasional rainfall and then the spring rains keep life from being extinguished altogether. immediately after spring, comes the dry season. the land, the wells, the springs, the rivers, the dams, and the lakes do not only lose water, they are so parched you would think they have not seen water for centuries. all over the land, people look to the skies, and pray for the rains to arrive in time. the monsoons come from the arabian sea, crossing south india, then over the bay of bengal into bangladesh and assam. traveling along the north touching the himalayas, they saturate the thirsty land of the ganges and the jumna, and then they arrive in pakistan, fifteen days after they have hit eastern india. every day until the rains come, the farmers, and the thirsty humans and animals wait anxiously. if there is delay, many will die of thirst, there will invariably be a famine, and many more will then die of hunger. so, monsoons are welcome. when they come, the land is full of water, the rivers become mighty seas, floods are common, and there is such an excess of water you would not think there ever was a shortage. dams have been built to keep the excess water, but these dams silt up, and new dams take a lot of money, and you have to take into account dislocation of populations whose land new dams affect. there is another downside as well. across the land, the poor build mud houses near the streams or depressions, so as to be closer to water sources. and when there are floods \u2026.. the dam water is released to protect the dam and surrounding humanity \u2026.. sometimes whole villages downstream that have not had warning, get swept away \u2026.. and there is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47120007274021175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.937447"} {"text": "as to be closer to water sources. and when there are floods \u2026.. the dam water is released to protect the dam and surrounding humanity \u2026.. sometimes whole villages downstream that have not had warning, get swept away \u2026.. and there is no one to mourn their loss \u2026.. but this is not what the story is about, although this has happened in the past. it was a monsoon friday! it had been raining the last four days and nights ; the sky having cleared only in the early morning was again covered with threatening dark grey clouds. my friend and i walked to the mosque for our friday prayers and felt a few drops fall on our faces, so we increased our pace \u2013 i no longer liked getting wet in rain. as we entered the mosque, i saw some women outside the mosque, near the place shoes are taken off. these were of varying ages, in the weather - beaten rags that only the poor know how to wrap around themselves so as to pass for clothes. my friend stopped and called to them : \u201c sisters, come inside, it is about to rain, and if you want, you can say your prayers, too. \u201d if you knew this part of the world, you would have noticed two challenges to the status quo here. one, in the muslim community of the indo - pak sub - continent generally you do not find women inside the mosque. some groups do allow women to have a separate portion for prayers, but not most of the afghan - indo - pak society. the second is that begging is not allowed inside the mosques, and these women were obviously there for begging. the other people in the mosque looked annoyed but said nothing because we were considered rather respectable members of this posh locality we lived in. the women were hesitant, but when thicker drops started falling, they saw wisdom in coming inside, and then shyly, one went for performing ablution ( wudu \u2013 cleaning with water ), and one by one they all did, and lined up behind the men for the jum3a prayers. the khutba ( sermon ) and the prayers over, we started to come out of the mosque, when one of the older women said : \u201c please sirs, listen and help us \u201d. at this my friend stopped again, and asked in a soft voice : \u201c yes sister, what is your problem \u201d? one gentleman, very well known, very rich through selling government land, very active in the community here, spoke up to my friend in his authoritative voice : \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4482604937912504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.938663"} {"text": ", and asked in a soft voice : \u201c yes sister, what is your problem \u201d? one gentleman, very well known, very rich through selling government land, very active in the community here, spoke up to my friend in his authoritative voice : \u201c you are wasting you time with them sir, they are professional beggars. just leave them alone \u201d. the woman who had asked for help suddenly got angry and said : \u201c respected sir, how dare you call me a beggar? i come from the mountains, and we work to provide food for ourselves, but this is the rainy season and there is no work, and my son has been ill with fever for the last three days, and we haven \u2019 t eaten for that time, and my house is leaking. you come with me, and i will show you \u201d. she was shaking with rage, but her voice was still composed, and you could see that she had been hurt deeply. my friend said : \u201c yes, respected sir, let us go and see if she is telling the truth \u201d. the gentleman sensed a waste of time, and sought a retreat. \u201c i am sorry, here take this hundred rupee note \u201d, but the woman would not take the money. she insisted that the man who had called her a professional beggar accompany her to see for himself that she was not one, and that her condition was indeed as she had described. she had been grossly insulted, and she wanted her pride restored. my friend encouraged her. he loved such confrontations. all his life he had been working to restore to the downtrodden their right to live with dignity. the gentleman was upset, as the raindrops had become bigger, and they would eventually bring in a rainstorm, for monsoons are nothing but water pouring from the skies. to tell you the truth, i also wanted to get back to my cozy home. i have been through quite a few uncomfortable times, and i did not want to expose myself to the elements any more ; but here was my friend, and i could not possibly leave his side now. so, we all squeezed together in his old diesel mercedes, and drove to the locality of the women. when we arrived, it was a bigger mess than we thought. in the centre ran a hilly stream, which becomes violently uncrossable if it rains heavily upstream. we would have to cross quite a few hundred yards of muddy and slippery terrain on foot with rain now falling over us. the gentleman took a look, offered his deep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4374290806462376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.939761"} {"text": "ran a hilly stream, which becomes violently uncrossable if it rains heavily upstream. we would have to cross quite a few hundred yards of muddy and slippery terrain on foot with rain now falling over us. the gentleman took a look, offered his deep apologies, and increased his offer to two hundred, and then five hundred rupees, but the woman still refused. she no longer wanted help ; she just wanted to show the objector that he was wrong. you can rest assured that this was a substantial amount, as my salary at that time as a middle class professional was around three thousand rupees, and so the five hundred rupees would have been sufficient for that woman and her son for one to two months. we grudgingly trudged on, with our shoes heavy with mud, fearing slips and falls, and i most of all fearing my wife who would demand to know why i had, at my age, gone to play in the mud. as we reached the \u201c house \u201d, we saw how true the woman \u2019 s words were. her \u201c house \u201d consisted of one room, made of mud, with a thatched roof also covered with mud, which had dissolved now with rain, and the water was pouring in. inside on a bed made of jute ropes ( we call it charpoy ), lay a young man about 18 - 22, and he did had fever. we had not stopped at our houses to take a thermometer, but he felt hot to touch. we gave some money to the women who had accompanied us, and came back, and that weekend we convened a meeting to decide what we could do. we formed an organization called \u201c idarae huqool ul ibaad \u201d which means in english \u201c society for the rights of mankind \u201d, and put some money from our salary in. the next day at office we asked our colleagues to chip in with a regular contribution, and so we managed to collect three thousand rupees per month from our salaries this way. thus we, who were physical engineers, started our experiments in social engineering. we went to that locality to look at its problems and to discuss and analyze with the residents. the money came a little later. with that and a grant from zakat ( from a pakistani living in saudi arabia ), we built a school, and persuaded the government to get a teacher for it. we built snother school - cum - training center - cum community hall for them, and a mosque, and improved their well \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46665407001902326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.940842"} {"text": "living in saudi arabia ), we built a school, and persuaded the government to get a teacher for it. we built snother school - cum - training center - cum community hall for them, and a mosque, and improved their well \u2019 s safety. gave some of them employment, hope, education for their children and the adults. we devised a new technique for fast literacy. made the residents think for themselves and work on a self - help basis. opened a vocational training center for the girls. hired a sewing master and his help. we also helped the residents build their own local dispute - settling mechanism, and dislodged the state repressive police from that locality. our activities were not without notice in this tiny elite town. the police lived by making the lower classes fight with each other, and collecting bribes from both sides. when the residents formed their own local dispute - solving system, the police and its stooges were deprived of a steady and substantial income. we estimated that the police were raking in rupees two thousand every day from that locality. when that money stopped leaking out, it was spent by the residents on their households and the environment, and the living standard or rather the quality of life improved. naturally this caused resentment, and not just at low levels. the police chief called us, and tried to convince us that we should concentrate on teaching the clientele good manners and how to pray. we politely declined to toe his line. then came the summons from the deputy commissioner. we knew what it meant. he is the guy with the entire federal administration for the district in his hands. he tried to reason with us : \u201c look, what are you doing? \u201d we gave blank looks. so he explained : \u201c you are from our class. if you educate this lowly class, from where will we get our servants? you are betraying your own class. \u201d we just smiled. this would have meant a lot of trouble, but somehow our education, our background, and our prestigious jobs, gave the federal administration an idea that we must have some influential backing, so nothing happened to us. then the local authority stepped in, because the shantytown was built on municipal land. here the law was not on our side, but the ground realities were. these people were needed as low - paid workers. if they were thrown out, where will the laborers and the low - paid staff come from? so that gave us some breathing space. we had anticipated this and built our centre with baked bricks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46484175591849936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.942290"} {"text": "were. these people were needed as low - paid workers. if they were thrown out, where will the laborers and the low - paid staff come from? so that gave us some breathing space. we had anticipated this and built our centre with baked bricks joined with very weak concrete to assure the local authorities that this was a temporary construction, and would be dismantled on their instruction. our methods gave our clients such confidence that our girls were in demand for official functions as well. when our girls went back \u201c home \u201d to their villages, occasionally we would get enthusiastic letters from our \u201c graduates \u201d that they were applying what they had learnt from us to educate their sisters in their villages. so we went to the office in the morning, came back in the evenings and occupied ourselves with community work, which lasted late into the night, as we had to fight on several fronts. eventually, i fell ill, and had to be in and out of hospital for severe asthma, so i gradually gave up my active social work. then my friend suffered a series of heart attacks. we looked for younger people to take over, but there were no takers. the municipal authorities finally struck, bulldozed that shantytown, and threw the residents further away. we continued to provide help, but the community had been destroyed, and we were no longer up to the task of visiting there new environment regularly. the united nations representatives came to us, wanting to learn from us the secret of our success in transforming the attitudes and lives of these people. we told them of our methods, of our determination from the beginning that any help must be in the locality, and that the residents should not have to come to a bureaucratic setup in posh offices. this is what we believe intimidates them. but that is all we could do. our health did not permit active participation in any schemes the un would evolve. the stream quietly flows down the same route, roaring during the monsoons again. all that is left as a reminder of our efforts is the mosque, the multi - purpose building, and the improved well \u2013 all by the side of the hilly stream. perhaps the school is also there, but it was quite far upstream, and i haven \u2019 t visited it, so i cannot say for sure. the residents, unfortunately, are no longer there. and scattered throughout pakistan, in the tiny villages are young and adult women we educated, and trained, and some of them are carrying the torch. my friend too, is no more. he died nearly four years ago", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4514112402128596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.943377"} {"text": "a century ago this week robert peary and frederick cook locked horns in the \u201c the north pole controversy, \u201d an epic media battle that dominated news on both sides of the atlantic for months. for readers it became a scandalous and impossibly compelling story, a post - victorian jon vs. kate with furs and dogs. john tierney took up the story in the new york times yesterday morning. to tierney \u2019 s credit, he avoids the temptation to spend his entire column regaling the reader with evidence of peary or cook \u2019 s rightful attainment of the pole. ( he does take a position : neither man made it ). instead he takes an interesting behavioral, rather than historical, approach to the question : why do the supporters of both explorers defend their man against all reasonable arguments? the answer, he argues, is that they become psychologically ( perhaps neurochemically ) committed to their candidate in a manner that is hard to alter. the use of the word \u201c candidate \u201d here is intentional since tierney reports that this phenomenon is well measured in people supporting politicians and political parties. also reported yesterday was the discovery of a \u201c lost world \u201d in papau new guinea. a team of scientists ( big discoveries always follow sentences that begin with \u201d a team of scientists \u2026 \u201d ) discovered a unique, pristine ecosystem in the crater of mount bosavi. the team found more than forty new species, including the world \u2019 s smallest parrot, the world \u2019 s largest rat, and a herd of grazing brontosauruses. ( i \u2019 m making up the rat part ). the use of \u2018 lost world \u2019 is an interesting way to describe this ecosystem not simply because it conjures images of jurassic park, arthur conan doyle \u2019 s 1912 novel of the same name, and a whole genre of early twentieth - century adventure books, but because it \u2019 s not an obvious ( and therefore not an unconscious ) description of mount bosavi. accounts of the volcano, its geographical and biogeographical riches, have been appearing for forty years in academic journal ( see for example records of the south australian museum 15 ( 1965 ) : 695 - 6 ; mammals of new guinea ( 1990 ) : 236 ) and even further back in popular literature. jack hides and other australians were writing about the mount bosavi in the 1930s. but \u201c lost world \u201d sounds better than \u201c relatively unknown ecosystem \u201d especially if it \u2019 s timed to coincide with a 3 - part bbc special on the expedition ( titled \u201c lost land of the volcano \u201d ). perhaps", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4970946656731113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.947202"} {"text": "this paper craft flip book lets kids create their own collection of kooky characters. what you ' ll need : - 2 sheets of white paper ( 8 - 1 / 2x11 inches ) - light cardboard - crayons or markers how to make match - up books : step 1 : cut each sheet of paper into 3 equal - size rectangles. ( cut across the short side of the paper. ) this will give you 6 rectangles. step 2 : cut a piece of light cardboard the same size as the rectangles. stack the 6 paper rectangles on top of each other. fold them down twice, dividing the papers into 3 sections. step 3 : unfold the rectangles and draw a different person, family member, animal, or monster on each page. draw the head in the top square, the body in the middle square, and the legs at the bottom. ( note : the drawings should all be about the same size, and the heads, bodies, and legs should all line up in the same place. this way the head of one figure will line up with the body on every other drawing. ) step 4 : after you finish drawing, put the piece of cardboard on the bottom of the stack. then staple the left side of your drawings together to make a book. step 5 : carefully cut across the papers along the folds, stopping before you get to the left side. ( don ' t cut the cardboard! ) your book is done. flip through your book, turning different flaps at a time, to see what silly characters you can create! paper crafts are great fun, and they also make great gifts. your kids will learn how to make a special book just for mom in the next section.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4417132161882683, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.948831"} {"text": "rugby, settled in northern morgan county in 1880, began as an unusual combination of commercial venture and utopian ideal. a group of boston capitalists seeking to develop a large tract of land in east tennessee combined with the english author and social reformer thomas hughes to create a model community. hughes had achieved considerable fame in the united states for his 1857 novel tom brown ' s school days, a semi - autobiographical story about rugby, an english school for boys. hughes ' s vision for rugby in tennessee was a place where young elite english men could work together with americans, free from the traditional british upper class stigma against labor. the resulting village of rugby became home to approximately 450 residents at its zenith in the early 1880s. homes, a library, a school, recreational facilities, and a church were constructed for residents, as well as an elaborate hotel, the tabard inn, for guests. by the early 1890s, however, most of the community ' s momentum had dissipated. crops such as tomatoes failed to produce enough profit to sustain the economy. poor planning and weak real estate sales further soured the commitment of the american and english investors. hughes, who only visited rugby once a year and never actually lived there, was unable to sustain the enthusiasm that had enticed so many to settle ten years before. rugby today has become a revitalized community. efforts by local residents to restore the existing buildings have made rugby an important tourist attraction, where the remains of hughes ' s utopian dreams survive in the victorian architecture and pastoral setting. for information on visiting rugby, go to : http : / / www. historicrugby. org / for more information on its history, also see : http : / / tennesseeencyclopedia. net / entry. php? rec = 1158", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4521184765076149, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.950966"} {"text": "moderate - intensity physical activity. we \u2019 ve used this phrase throughout the stand up & eat blog. why? current recommendations for adults are to do at least 150 minutes per week of moderate - intensity physical activity or 75 minutes of vigorous - intensity physical activity per week ( or some combo of the two ). just what does moderate - intensity feel like? well, if you \u2019 re an exercise physiologist, moderate - intensity is equal to 3. 0 to 5. 9 mets. a met is a way of describing the amount of energy ( calories ) the body is burning relative to energy burned at complete rest. so 1 met is rest, 2 mets means the body is burning calories at twice the rate of rest, 3 mets is three times, and so on. ok, that doesn \u2019 t help the average person much. another way to know if you are exercising at the recommended moderate - intensity level is by rating how hard you think you \u2019 re working. called the \u201c rating of perceived exertion ( rpe ), \u201d you simply estimate on a scale of 0 ( not at all hard ) to 10 ( extremely hard ) what number best matches your effort while exercising. if you rate your physical activity intensity at 5 - 6, then you are likely doing moderate - intensity exercise. if you rate yourself lower than 5, you would need to pick up the pace a bit. a similar self - rating strategy is the \u201c talk test. \u201d it goes like this. if you are doing a physical activity and you can sing a song at the same time, you are at a light - intensity level. if you can \u2019 t sing but you can still talk fairly comfortably, you are in the moderate - intensity zone. if you are so breathless that you can \u2019 t sing or talk, you \u2019 re doing a high - intensity physical activity. the newest method for helping people judge their exercise intensity requires a step counter and a watch. we have blogged previously about the great benefits of using a step counter to get and stay physically active. but one downside to using step counters is that a step is a step whether done at a stroll or a full - bore run. so you may be reaching your daily step number goal but you don \u2019 t know if you are attaining the recommended moderate - intensity goal. new studies1, 2 now suggest that if you walk at a pace where you are doing about 1, 000 steps in 10 minutes ( 100 steps a minute ), you will be burning calories at the 3 met, 5", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5146549972680129, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.955942"} {"text": "moderate - intensity goal. new studies1, 2 now suggest that if you walk at a pace where you are doing about 1, 000 steps in 10 minutes ( 100 steps a minute ), you will be burning calories at the 3 met, 5 - 6 rpe, or \u201c talk but not sing \u201d levels. that is, you \u2019 re at the moderate - intensity level that is recommended to get health and fitness benefits. yes, it is a rather crude way to estimate exercise intensity, but scientists believe that it \u2019 s practicality outweighs it \u2019 s imprecision. so the next time you go for a walk, check the number of steps on your pedometer and the time on your watch before you head out. when you \u2019 re done, divide the number of steps you walked by 100. if this number matches or is more than the number of minutes you walked, then you likely were walking at a moderate ( or higher ) intensity. pay attention to how you felt during your walk and aim to do most of your daily physical activities at that same intensity level. 1. marshall sj, et al. translating physical activity recommendations into pedometer - based step goal : 3, 000 steps in 30 minutes. american journal of preventive medicine. 2009 ; 36 ( 5 ) : 410 - 415. 2. tudor - locke, ce et al. redometer - based step count guidelines for classifying intensity in a young ostensibly health population. canadian journal of applied physiology. 2005 ; 30 : 666 - 676.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45015068302377353, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.957333"} {"text": "since it looks like america and its attempt at freedom and other nouns is coming to an end, i wonder what the history books would have looked like if it had never quite started. something as simple as a lack of french support could have doomed our attempted revolution. with no navy and inferior land troops, what could the colonies have done? on one hand, the end of the british empire may have been inevitable. but i don ' t think it was inevitable at the time. the world wars ended the empires of france, germany, and britain ( and some other places that are too lame to name ), far after the american revolution. and who knows what a captive american colony could have done during that time to change future history. can you imagine a world war i with germany knowing that america would be against it? only in hind sight does an american - british alliance seem anything close to inevitable. earlier american intervention might have made a difference. or, continued control of american resources might have made britain powerful enough to prevent war in the first place. but this assumes a lot. it assumes that america would have been quite as badass under the crown rather than against it. i suspect this is not the case. rebellion, and weakness, fuel innovation. we were a weak nation, something which we cannot quite grasp today, but the war of 1812 certainly proves my point. so we had to do more, and faster, than any other country, just to survive. somehow we carried that a bit further and became the most powerful nation in the world. i do think that britain with control of the american colonies, or whatever we ' d be by then, would still be the most powerful country in the world, but not by so much. beyond national psychology, there is politics and diplomacy. would the louisiana purchase have happened under british rule? while the crown may have been eager to buy the land, would france have sold it? almost certainly not! the sale was a great deal for france and america, giving is needed land, giving them money, and as a bonus for france, strengthening a potential rival of britain. maybe a britain that didn ' t lose the colonies could have conquered the land instead, but i suspect the sale was a lot cheaper. such a war may have cost both sides too much, leading to an even stronger prussian / german state, which could have contested french continental supremacy, and next thing you know all of european history is completely re - written, though i predict it would still end with a failed invasion of russia. but maybe being", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4782920526900607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.967653"} {"text": "leading to an even stronger prussian / german state, which could have contested french continental supremacy, and next thing you know all of european history is completely re - written, though i predict it would still end with a failed invasion of russia. but maybe being unable to sell louisiana would have forced france into peace sooner, preventing the invasion of russia, and depriving hitler of that important historical lesson which he ignored anyway because he was an arrogant racist ( redundant? ), so really nothing changes. on a side note, i do not believe that anyone has successfully invaded russia or canada. obviously this should make us worried about a potentially invincible axis of cold places. to make it even worse, neither country speaks english. without the louisiana purchase, or with it at a high military cost, would the americans ( with all the alternative history, and my lack of time travel, i ' ve decided to go with the third person ) have been able to beat up mexico repeatedly for land? and without that land, would america have had enough worthless desert to send natives to starve to death before inventing gambling? the entire presidency of andrew jackson could have been nullified. what would a stronger mexico have done? my guess is, been marginally less horrible, but it would not have been the savior and / or destroyer of the world. it would have been a scarier soviet union growing out of russia, still in control of alaska. would canada have fallen? i do not know, but know this, any history in which canada is not free to be canadian is not a history that i want to see. and sarah palin would have been a communist and had a totally hot russian accent, unlike whatever the hell that is. i do hope that by the time this post goes up our representatives will have worked out something. my vote is for a all the sane people to lock the tea party members in a basement storage room, hold the votes, and then let them out when we ' re done governing and can go back to screaming incoherently at each other. if not, well then there ' s one day before life gets more interesting than i ' d like. launch fever detachment 1 hour ago", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44784135663352026, "token_count": 441, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.968591"} {"text": "unions have done some good in the early days of our country, gaining workers higher wages so they could buy the products they were producing, although workers flocked to detroit for the $ 5 / day wage long before unions. nowadays they can be useful in developing countries to improve working conditions and have even played a part in bringing down communist governments ( poland comes to mind ). in general they are extra overhead, with part of the workers \u2019 wages going to pay union dues and lobby for political causes not all workers agree with. progressive non - union companies can attract workers at higher pay without the extra layer of bureaucracy. companies with better safety records can attract workers \u2013 safety sells. for these reasons, private sector union membership has declined, and work has fled to right - to - work states. my home state of indiana just became the 23rd right to work state. sometimes non - union wages are lower, but not always. auto transplant and supplier wages are comparable in union and non - union plants. non - union workers in the local economy often resent the unionized workers for their higher pay which drives up the cost of living. the main purpose of collective bargaining units is to get higher than market wages and benefits for their members, not to serve the customers better. this is fine in the private sector where there are competitive pressures and real customers, because if the workers are overpriced it will drive the company out of business. ( poor management and poor quality products will sink companies too. ) public sector union membership has increased private sector union membership peaked in the 1950s and has declined since then. fifty - two percent of u. s. union members now work for a government. government workers are much better insulated from the end - use customer ( or parents of the students ), so the level of bureaucracy is not as noticeable without competitive pressures. the union dues of public sector unions go to elect liberal democratic politicians, who make promises they know will break the budgets of their state and local governments. and we all know the federal budget is out of control. it \u2019 s also too bad for conservative teachers, who are forced to subsidize social causes they don \u2019 t believe in. divisive strikes in the 1970s my hometown of highland, indiana, had a teacher \u2019 s strike when i was in seventh grade. the kids were off school for several weeks while the teachers walked the picket line. it was part of the indiana teacher \u2019 s union \u2019 s master strike plan to get higher wages statewide. the outside influences nearly tore our town", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41636789152635134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.977525"} {"text": "i was in seventh grade. the kids were off school for several weeks while the teachers walked the picket line. it was part of the indiana teacher \u2019 s union \u2019 s master strike plan to get higher wages statewide. the outside influences nearly tore our town apart as many of the residents were steelworkers and felt loyalty to the strikers even though their kids were suffering. my math teacher held class for her students anyway ; no doubt she was unpopular with some of her fellow teachers but the kids whose parents allowed them to cross the picket line loved her for it. i had 3 jobs in high school ; two were at minimum wage, and the third was bagging groceries at a little more than minimum wage, but the extra pay was eaten up by union dues. when i went to college, i studied engineering and took a coop job with caterpillar in peoria, illinois. my first coop session was in the east peoria tractor plant as a uaw member. it was to be split in thirds, with one session to be in the training shop to learn how to use the machine tools. that fall, the contract with the big three agriculture implement makers was up, and once again john deere was stronger financially than caterpillar and international harvester. the local union leaders were upset that cat had been passed over as a strike target for the third contract in a row, so they voted to go on an unauthorized strike. the local union president voted once and then again to break the tie ( so much for roberts \u2019 rules of order ). so caterpillar was on strike from the end of september until right before christmas. nothing was gained since the union didn \u2019 t negotiate with cat until the deere strike was settled ; the workers had to survive on approximately $ 100 per week strike pay. meanwhile, another city was divided by a strike since caterpillar was the largest employer. i missed getting machine shop training, went home and substitute taught. strikes don \u2019 t help anyone. for me it was an inconvenience and loss of earnings for school ; for workers trying to feed their families, strikes cause serious financial pain. new tactics \u2013 badgering the budget balancers teachers and government workers strikes are now illegal or highly discouraged. so the unions have adopted more effective tactics : coercion and influence of elected officials. in new jersey even the liberal newspapers were critical of democratic governor jon corzine for being too cozy with the public sector unions. recent pitched battles between governors of wisconsin, ohio and michigan and public sector employees have drawn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44061397697189486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.979476"} {"text": "##ion and influence of elected officials. in new jersey even the liberal newspapers were critical of democratic governor jon corzine for being too cozy with the public sector unions. recent pitched battles between governors of wisconsin, ohio and michigan and public sector employees have drawn out of town protestors, the occupy movement and the usual crew of race - baiting liberals. when governor scott walker spoke at a fundraiser in troy, he drew 2000 protestors, most from out of town. some reporters wrote only about the grievances of the teachers and other protestors, but didn ' t write about the contents of walker ' s speech. what about the people attending the speech who felt intimidated by the angry protestors? the noisy 10 percent and sympathizers some protestors had signs saying \u201c we are the 99 %, \u201d but they are the noisy 10 %, with another 10 % or 20 % who sympathize with them. meanwhile, the taxpayers pay ever higher wages and benefits compared to similar work in the private sector. someday soon, we will reach a tipping point. fortunately, many of our states require a balanced budget, so the day of reckoning comes soon for those states, and they will be healthier in the long run. already states like illinois and new york that have raised taxes to solve their budget problems have seen business leave for neighboring states. meanwhile, the federal government continues to spend 40 % more than it takes in. the u. s. is piling up debt and headed on a slippery slope toward greece in a few years if we don \u2019 t do something soon. the battle is heating up for november, with clear consequences and choices. it will be up to the voters to sort through the demonizing and determine the best way forward.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43996119142506646, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.982654"} {"text": "this page will also discuss leviticus : 400 years after the israelites ' migration to egypt at the end of genesis, a new pharaoh subjects them to slavery and has all their newborn children killed. one baby escapes and is found by pharaoh ' s daughter and named moses. as an adult, he kills an overseer for beating an israelite and flees to the desert. he settles down into the life of a shepherd when he is called by god to liberate his brethren. leviticus : the guide book about how the israelites are to properly worship god. numbers : the israelites are on their way to the promised land. moses, with god ' s help, guides his people to the land flowing with milk and honey while battling hostile nomadic peoples and internal dissension. things do not go entirely to plan. deuteronomy : moses ' last instructions to the new generation of israelites about to enter canaan : moses and the previous generation of israelites are dead and its up to joshua to lead the new generation in conquering the promised land. joshua is followed by the book of judges these books contain the following tropes : - after action report : according to tradition, these books were written near the end of moses ' and joshua ' s lifetimes. - ambiguously jewish : in rabbinical tradition, moses was never circumcised, hence why he wasn ' t allowed into the promised land. freud theorized that moses wasn ' t jewish at all, but egyptian royalty that for some reason threw in with their lot. - according to exodus, moses was not allowed into the promised land because of his disobedience to god in his leadership of the isrealites. circumcision had nothing to do with it. - badass grandpa - moses was 120 when he died. joshua finally became leader, at 80. - bittersweet ending : the israelites conquer canaan but it ' s foretold the next generation will be unfaithful to god. - bury your gays : the infamous leviticus 20 : 13... two men having sex with each other must be put to death. - church militant : contrary to what you see in the ten commandments, the worshipers of the golden calf were not swallowed up by the earth. god had moses command the levite priests to slaughter them. the swallowed up by the earth vent happened later, in an unrelated incident. - crazy - prepared / the dev team thinks of everything : the laws of moses. covers civil law", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41573534424994213, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.988794"} {"text": "the earth. god had moses command the levite priests to slaughter them. the swallowed up by the earth vent happened later, in an unrelated incident. - crazy - prepared / the dev team thinks of everything : the laws of moses. covers civil law, criminal law, public sanitation, religious rituals... it even gives some case studies for unusual events. - deus ex machina : whenever the people of israel are in need, god provides. - does not like shoes : god in the burning bush. \" remove your sandals, for the place where you are standing is holy ground. \" - dropped a sea on him : pharaoh and those unfortunate egyptian soldiers caught in the red sea at the wrong time. - everyone calls him barkeep : pharaoh in sharp contrast to two hebrew midwives identified by name. - exactly what it says on the tin : exodus describes an exodus. deuteronomy means \" second law \". - fatal flaw - moses ' anger. - pharaoh ' s arrogance. - aaron ' s weak leadership. - miriam ' s jealousy of moses. - joshua ' s overconfidence. - balaam continuing to antagonize the israelites even after experiencing god ' s power. - foreshadowing : deut. 17 : 14 was about how to choose a good king, centuries before any israelite even thought this was a good idea. - geo effects : taken advantage of by the israelite army ( and occasionally it also gets the better of them because they weren ' t right with god ). - god was my copilot : god ( or a messenger thereof ) shows up to help joshua take town the city of jericho. - heroic blue screen of death : after joshua ' s failed attack on ai. - heel face revolving door : pharaoh. - holy backlight : moses gets glowy from spending so much time in god ' s direct presence. - holy is not safe : exodus 33 : 20 provides the page quote. moses asks to see god ' s face, but he replies that seeing it would kill moses. god arranges for moses to see his back instead. - just so story - these books explain the origins of the names of places known only to middle easterners. - kill ' em all : well, all the first - born unprotected by lamb ' s blood, anyway. - kill it with water : drowning pharaoh ' s army in the red sea. - lyrical dissonance : the song of moses ( deut. 32 : 1 - 43 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4614555453751144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.989738"} {"text": "- born unprotected by lamb ' s blood, anyway. - kill it with water : drowning pharaoh ' s army in the red sea. - lyrical dissonance : the song of moses ( deut. 32 : 1 - 43 ) which was sung as the israelites finally entered the promised land. in the passages beforehand, god had flat out told moses that his people were going to mess up badly in the end, and gave the song to moses as a reminder of what they needed to do once that day came to repent. nevertheless, it ' s about as uplifting as a kick in the balls. - meaningful echo : the generation after moses crosses the jordan river in a manner similar to how their parents crossed the red sea. - moses in the bullrushes : the trope namer. - only fatal to adults : only those israelites under the age of 20 make it to the promised land, the rest being wiped out by various means as a result of their complaining... and the fact that they were a rag tag bunch of misfits wandering a vast expanse of desert for 40 years. - pals with jesus : moses talks to god all the time and spends a lot of time in his presence. he also got to see god ' s \" back \", whatever that ' s supposed to mean. - sacred hospitality : various clans get cursed for not extending it, israel gets in trouble for being stupid about it ( they made a promise they shouldn ' t have because they didn ' t consult god ), and the laws of the new nation codify being kind to strangers, extending sanctuary for escaped slaves, etc. - take a third option : joshua meets a stranger after prayer. he demands to know whether the stranger is an enemy or an ally. the stranger replies : \" neither, i ' m here to command you. \" joshua realizes who he ' s talking to. - 10 - minute retirement : well, forty years for moses, but who ' s counting? - torches and pitchforks : the crowds have a tendency to get a little volatile whenever things don ' t go exactly their way.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4295241807412537, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:35.990631"} {"text": "look, ma! no thrusters! nearly all spacecraft in existence today work based on newton ' s third law \u2014 for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. expulsive explosion of pressurized stuff out the spacecraft ' s back creates a reaction force that accelerates the spacecraft forward. * this means that real - life and conceivable future spaceships are mostly fuel tanks with a controlled explosion chamber in the back, with comparatively little volume for basic life support and human habitation. most science fiction stories, however are about humans, not reaction mass, so science fiction writers would prefer spacecraft to have much more of their volume dedicated to human activities. they typically want their spaceships to be able to operate within walking - distance of the cantina, rather than turning half the town into slag as our heroes flee mos eisley. a reactionless drive or reactionless engine is a piece of advanced technology invented to make life easy for those science fiction for our purposes it is sufficient to define the drive as follows : \" any form of propulsion not based around expulsion of fuel or reaction mass \". in other words the drive will propel a vehicle, almost always a starship, without having to waste space carrying propellant. sometimes authors will try to control these drives by requiring a power plant to make it keep working but more than a few will keep working forever. obviously this would be an awesome invention! so why don ' t we have them? well, naively it would shatter the fundamental basis of all physics since isaac newton, as detailed here, and modern theories predict effects too small to be useful. thoughtful speculative fiction writers have also noted that any sort of reactionless drive would provide those who possess it with an infinitely powerful weapon ( compare weaponized exhaust, which is the use of a reaction drive as a weapon ). note that this would not be a problem if they required truly massive amounts of power * but many examples don ' t. some writers try to side step this potential danger by setting a maximum speed that the drive can go. unfortunately while this eliminates the possibility of an infinitely powerful missile it still leaves the developer with an infinitely powerful energy source leaving the writer with most of the same problems. other times, it may be limited to higher tech species or sufficiently advanced aliens who presumably have some scientific understanding beyond the ken of \" lesser races \". open / close all folders - mobile suit victory gundam featured the reactionless minovsky drive ( a scaled down version of the system used to make battleships fly ) on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5626815150244386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.003548"} {"text": "advanced aliens who presumably have some scientific understanding beyond the ken of \" lesser races \". open / close all folders - mobile suit victory gundam featured the reactionless minovsky drive ( a scaled down version of the system used to make battleships fly ) on the victory gundam and it ' s successor, the v2, granting thruster - less levitation within atmospheres and in the latter case enough surplus power to sustain the enormous \" wings of light \". - gunbuster features the eltreum, a 70 km - long carrier craft that uses mathematical computations and a load of other stuff to somehow warp the fabric of spacetime itself in order to move. - the trope namer is larry niven ' s known space universe stories. the utility of this technology is made clear in the ringworld books as it allows the ships to remain stationary relative to the ringworld for extended periods. - cavorite from h. g. wells ' the first men in the moon created anti - gravitational thrust. it blocks the earth ' s gravity in the same way lead blocks electromagnetic fields, allowing the moon ' s weaker gravity to pull the vessel up. needless to say jules verne had a fit. - ender in exile actually plays this one fairly straight as far as power goes. the starship engines work with a directional forcefield, dissolving space debris in front of the ship and propelling it out the back. of course, it was the same dissolving technology that created the little doctor device, a weapon that rips molecules apart, increasing by proximity of mass. meaning that if someone drove the ship ' s engine into a sizable mass ( say, a planet ) the entire structure would unweave. - that ' s still a reaction drive, just not carrying the mass ; it ' s essentially a ram scoop. the \" park shift \" drives in use by speaker for the dead seem to be true reactionless drives, somehow manipulating reference frames to spin the universe past your ship ( at relativistic but subluminal speeds ), but card doesn ' t go into much detail. ( the park shift drive is also an inertialess drive of sorts ; a spacecraft can instantly switch from a dead - stop to going 99 % of the speed of light without having to spend time accelerating. ) - the cities in flight series has the dillon - wagoner graviton polarity generator or \" spindizzy \" which gets more efficiency when it moves greater amounts of mass. - rendezvous with rama by arthur", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.576550843950213, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.004712"} {"text": "without having to spend time accelerating. ) - the cities in flight series has the dillon - wagoner graviton polarity generator or \" spindizzy \" which gets more efficiency when it moves greater amounts of mass. - rendezvous with rama by arthur c. clarke gives one to the eponymous mysterious alien spacecraft, and acknowledges its impossibility in order to add to the mystery. \" there goes newton ' s third law. \" - the impeller drive of honor harrington generates a pair of bands of extremely high gravitational distortion that allow a ship to go forward in a method that is likened to surfing. top speed for unmanned items ( such as missiles ) is in excess of 99 % of lightspeed under the right conditions. manned vessels are generally restricted to 0. 8c for military vessels and 0. 6c for commercial, but that ' s a function of particle shielding not the drive. the real limiting factor is how great an acceleration that your crew can withstand, something that is increased by inertial compensators. - isaac asimov : - in the gods themselves, he managed to come up with a fully thought through mechanism for this that doesn ' t involve abandoning conservation of momentum. there might not be anything to push against where you are in this universe, but what about the one next door? - in the fourth book of the foundation series, foundation ' s edge, the ( first ) foundation produces a few top - secret starships that use a \" gravitic drive \" for maneuvering in normal space. these ships use no reaction mass. according to the next book, foundation and earth, the gravitic drive draws its power from the combined gravitational field of the entire galaxy. - the eponymous technology in anti - grav unlimited are rods that act like \" gravity magnets \". through experimentation, he not only manages to create a perpetual motion engine for his van ( by welding two rods perpendicular to each other so that they ' re always being pulled up on one side and down the other ), but also manages to rig rods such that he can make the van fly. - in fleeing earth ( terre en fuite ) by francois bordes ( aka francis carsac ), the second civilization of humanity ( after we mostly die out in another ice age ) is conquered by aliens. when the aliens are defeated using a genetically - engineered virus, they leave behind some of their technology, including their primary means of propulsion in space called \" space magnets \". apparently, there are certain energy lines between nearby stars that can be used", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5545875328008729, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.005752"} {"text": ". when the aliens are defeated using a genetically - engineered virus, they leave behind some of their technology, including their primary means of propulsion in space called \" space magnets \". apparently, there are certain energy lines between nearby stars that can be used for space travel by using these \" space magnets \" to allow a ship to be \" pulled \" towards a specific star. a ship with a \" space magnet \" can accelerate to close to 80 % of the speed of light. ships can also maneuver with these drives similar to how sailing ships can be still pushed by the wind even going in a perpendicular direction. there are limitations, however. it is discovered that there is a barrier of sorts at midpoint between the two stars that prevents a ship with a \" space magnet \" from moving farther ( why the drive can ' t simply be shut off for the time being is not explained ). exceptions include a massive object traveling at very high speeds. this comes into play when the sun is about to explode, forcing humans to build giant \" space magnets \" that allow them to move planets, such as earth and venus. - in tom swift and the race to the moon, the plucky hero ' s spaceship is driven by \" repellatrons. \" while there is no exhaust, these don ' t violate the conservation of momentum, because they work by pushing remotely against the earth. - in stone by adam roberts, reactionless propulsion is achieved by extremely rapid teleportation in infinitesimal steps. this can even be applied to an individual, who can be wrapped in a protective shell, with life - support equipment and a teleportation device, and then sent off to their destination through interstellar space. the speed of this mechanism is affected by gravitational fields, where a stronger field requires more complex calculation ( and thus less rapid steps ). the reader may notice this sounds exactly like the stutterdrive mentioned for sword of the stars under video games. as stone was published in 2003, and the game in 2006, i can only assume it was half - inched. - larry niven proposed more - or - less this design in his \" the theory and practice of teleportation \", originally a speech at boskone in 1969. - in c. j. cherryh ' s alliance / union verse, the faster - than - light travel drives that are used to enter hyperspace can, while in normal space, be used to make instantaneous changes in velocity ( piling on a second impossibility on top", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5297464819527478, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.006695"} {"text": "the many ways cylons in battlestar galactica have outstripped their creators technologically is by giving all of their baseships reactionless drives. in fact, due to the star shape and lack of outward features, it ' s sometimes unclear which way is their up, down, or forward. their fighters still use normal engines, presumably due to power / size constraints. - the firefly class of merchant space ships does spew a little bit of exhaust when it goes to full burn, but this exhaust is extremely rarefied and appears static against the backdrop of interplanetary space. given the spacecraft ' s lack of internal space for storing propellant, the exhaust may merely be the ( unaccelerated ) fuel expended to power the reactionless drive. - the various reactionless drives in gurps : spaceships are most obviously useful in that they save a tremendous amount of space because even the best reaction engines require a large fraction of the ship ' s mass in order to reach useful speeds. all of them require a great deal of power to operate, but not nearly enough to explain the thrust through anything but superscience. - the \" ether propeller \" of space 1889. - later versions of traveller used reactionless \" thruster plates \" for spaceship movement. - the ion drive engines of starfire are probably reactionless drives \u2014 they let a starship instantly switch back - and - forth between a dead stop and 10 % of the speed of light at the flick of a switch, so they definitely ignore pesky details of physics like inertia \u2014 but we are never told outright whether they spew exhaust or not. - in warhammer 40000, some of the more technologically advanced races have them. the necrons do in addition to being the only race to possess true ftl travel as opposed to using the warp. the eldar and dark eldar may possibly have them, while other races do not. - in sword of the stars, the liir have what ' s called a stutterdrive, which teleports their ships an infinitesimal amount millions of times a second. they use no thrust and have no inertia, and their ships are not affected by in - game techs that affect thrust. - this is also out of necessity, as their ships are filled with water and trying to move them through normal means would be an engineering nightmare. however, they do have a disadvantage when maneuvering near large celestial bodies, as gravity wells makes teleportation calculations more complex", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4933398079166369, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.008751"} {"text": "of necessity, as their ships are filled with water and trying to move them through normal means would be an engineering nightmare. however, they do have a disadvantage when maneuvering near large celestial bodies, as gravity wells makes teleportation calculations more complex, slowing down the ship. - they still use thrusters to rotate. also, if the stutterdrive is destroyed in battle, they are able to use the thrusters to move slowly. it is also not explained why, when the drive is destroyed, they keep drifting, even though they should stop dead. - the tarka normally have reaction drives, but their hyperdrives can be enhanced to allow them to maneuver at subluminal speeds without the use of reaction drives. this leaves space in the aft section to add more and / or heavier turrets. - the morrigi use gravity manipulation for their propulsion. they are precursors who used to have very advanced tech, though. - one of the drive systems in ascendancy is a gravity drive which works by projecting gravitons in front of the ship, which then pull the ship forward. presumably, the gravitons are removed after the ship passes, otherwise, they would then pull it backwards. it should be noted that this is by far not the fastest engine in the game and has no advantages other than be slightly faster than the one preceding it. - the normandy ( both of them ) in the mass effect games uses a \" tantalus drive \" that propels the ship by creating mass concentrations in front of the ship that it falls into through gravity, principally for stealth purposes to avoid the use of heat - emitting thrusters. - the greater powers of orion ' s arm have access to 3 kinds of reactionless drives for their spaceships, all largely based on the alcubierre drive ( see real life section below ) but limited to just below the speed of light ( attempting to hit c allegedly causes void bubble collapse ). like alcubierre drive, they depend on negative mass, and as per the setting ' s guidelines, elaborate justification has been provided as to their plausibility. thematically, the lesser gods ' displacement and halo drives ( pictured above ) have only disposable engines located inside void bubbles and magnetically or gravitationally coupled to an external ship, since at their level, the only way to take down said bubbles is to destroy them chaotically. the highest archailects ' void drives however are true warp craft, with entire ships or fleets being contained within", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5091643239213639, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.009774"} {"text": "from horrifying stats that suggest half of us will be clinically obese within 20 years, to research that shows one third of all uk children are already overweight or obese by the time they leave primary school, every week seems to throw up another scare story about our national weight problem. [ healthy : kids prefer stickers to crisps ] and the stark facts don \u2019 t lie : the number of overweight or obese children is increasing year - on - year in britain. there are currently one million obese children under the age of 16. \u201c puppy fat \u201d, you say? but the truth is as many as 70 per cent of those kids will grow up to become obese adults. if we continue as we are, 90 per cent of today \u2019 s children could be overweight or obese by 2050. as leading uk obesity prevention organisation mend points out, the consequences for our health \u2013 and our children \u2019 s \u2013 will be grave : \u201c children and adults who are above a healthy weight are much more likely to develop chronic diseases. \u201d these include heart and blood disease, some cancers, osteoarthritis, fatty liver, type 2 diabetes, infertility, asthma and high blood pressure \u2013 which can lead to stroke. meanwhile, experts suggest that overweight children will tend to have poorer body image, leaving them susceptible to eating disorders in later life. the reason for the increase in obesity is complex, but societal changes in the way we eat, what we eat and how active we are conspire to produce the problem. it doesn \u2019 t help that there is confusing information out there about what foods are healthy and what aren \u2019 t \u2013 such as so - called \u201c low fat \u201d products, which can be high in sugar. so how can you act now to prevent obesity in your children before it happens? for childhood obesity week ( july 2 - 8 ) we bring you our top ten tips to keeping your kids on the straight and narrow : the modern trend for snacking on the go has partly contributed to our inability to fathom when we are genuinely hungry \u2013 and adds to the calories we intake every day. keep regular, proper mealtimes for the family \u2013 including breakfast. even better, aim to eat seated around a table. it is good to avoid distractions during a meal, so that food is eaten consciously. as the department of health \u2019 s change4life programme notes : \u201c growing bodies respond better to routine. \u201d swap the snacks swap sugary snacks and drinks to ones", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3904012237576634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.019958"} {"text": "is good to avoid distractions during a meal, so that food is eaten consciously. as the department of health \u2019 s change4life programme notes : \u201c growing bodies respond better to routine. \u201d swap the snacks swap sugary snacks and drinks to ones that are lower in sugar. it is best to keep sugary foods to mealtimes ( e. g breakfast cereals ) than to eat them as snacks. so switch sugar soft drinks for water, skimmed milk or well - diluted pure fruit juice, swap sugary snacks such as cakes and biscuits for fresh fruit, a chunk of cheese or bread - based options such as a scone or currant bun. buy reduced sugar jams and choose canned fruit in juice rather than syrup. check the labels check the labels of seemingly healthy \u2018 low fat \u2019 options for the sugar content. look for the \u2018 carbohydrates ( of which sugars ) figure - \u2018 high \u2019 sugars is more than 15g of total sugars per 100g ; \u2018 low \u2019 is 5g of total sugars per 100g. added sugars will be high up in the ingredients list, too. other terms include sucrose, glucose, fructose, maltose, corn syrup and honey. serve up \u2018 me - size \u2019 meals resist the urge to dole out extra portions on your kids \u2019 plates \u2013 or to insist they finish everything in front of them. it \u2019 s vital to make sure children get the right amount for their age. respect your child \u2019 s appetite \u2013 their bodies know how much they need. follow the \u2018 five a day \u2019 rule you \u2019 ve heard it a million times before, but do try to dole out five portions of fruit and veg a day \u2013 it \u2019 s easier than you might think. some nhs tips include adding fruit, such a banana, strawberries or sultanas, to a child \u2019 s breakfast cereal ; giving dried fruit as a snack ; popping extra vegetables in a pasta sauce or casserole for dinner. get them moving exercise is vital at all ages : the nhs points out, for instance, that children under the age of five who can walk unaided should be physically active for at least three hours a day, whether indoors or out. and those aged five to 18 should do at least one hour of aerobic activity every day \u2013 a mix of moderate activities such as walking to school, rollerblading, skateboarding or playing in the playground and more intensive exercise such as running, playing chase, vigorous dancing, football or riding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4344312069678523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.020972"} {"text": "at least one hour of aerobic activity every day \u2013 a mix of moderate activities such as walking to school, rollerblading, skateboarding or playing in the playground and more intensive exercise such as running, playing chase, vigorous dancing, football or riding a bike fast or on hills. cut back fat as well as sugar, cutting back on fat is a key tool in the battle against obesity. the easiest and surest method is to limit junk food, and too many fatty treats such as cakes, crisps and chocolate. children \u2013 especially the under - twos \u2013 do need a certain amount of healthy fat in their diet so when they are very young make sure they have full fat milk and dairy products. you can switch to lower fat varieties over the age of two. but watch out for the \u201c bad \u201d fats \u2013 saturated fat \u2013 in foods such as processed meats ( burgers, sausages ), pastry, coconut and palm oil. see change4life for more ideas on where to cut down on fatty foods. don \u2019 t use sweet treats as a reward try not to get into the habit, from the outset of weaning, of \u2018 rewarding \u2019 good eating with a sweet treat at the end. limit desserts to special occasions. a yoghurt or piece of fruit is fine if your child is still peckish after their meal. limit the telly it \u2019 s a cliche but too much time spent stuck in front of the tv or computer games eats into the time spent engaged in active exercise. place strict controls on your child \u2019 s tv and computer viewing habits to ensure they are encouraged into active play as much as possible \u2013 even if it \u2019 s just skipping in the garden or racing up and down the stairs. bring the whole family on board the only sure way to ensure healthy eating and healthy habits is to set an example as a whole family \u2013 so don \u2019 t tuck into sweet treats and junk food while your child sits down to a plate of fish pie and spinach ; make sure the whole family gets involved in activities at the weekends such as walking, swimming and outdoor games, and try to get everyone to respect mealtimes and sit around the table to enjoy them.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42863822102358196, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.021843"} {"text": "characters of permutation representations let \u2019 s take to be a permutation representation coming from a group action on a finite set that we \u2019 ll also call. it \u2019 s straightforward to calculate the character of this representation. indeed, the standard basis that comes from the elements of gives us a nice matrix representation : on the left is the matrix of the action on, while on the right it \u2019 s the group action on the set. hopefully this won \u2019 t be too confusing. the matrix entry in row and column is if sends to, and it \u2019 s otherwise. so what \u2019 s the character? it \u2019 s the trace of the matrix, which is the sum of all the diagonal elements : this sum counts up for each point that sends back to itself, and otherwise. that is, it counts the number of fixed points of the permutation. as a special case, we can consider the defining representation of the symmetric group. the character counts the number of fixed points of any given permutation. for instance, in the case we calculate : in particular, the character takes the value on the identity element, and the degree of the representation is as well. this is no coincidence ; will always be the degree of the representation in question, since any matrix representation of degree must send to the identity matrix, whose trace is. this holds both for permutation representations and for any other representation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5830296668830479, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.023765"} {"text": "a person ' s gait could be early sign of alzheimer ' s subtle changes in the way a person walks can be an early warning sign of cognitive decline and a signal for advanced testing, researchers reported sunday at the alzheimer ' s association international conference in vancouver, canada. the findings are the first to link a physical symptom to the disease, which up until now required doctors to begin a diagnosis by focusing on cognition and administering lengthy neurological exams. the evidence in the five studies is \" robust, \" experts say. they note walking changes can occur even before cognition decline surfaces. the presentation on the opening day of a week of meetings follows a plan the u. s. government announced in may to help train doctors in earlier detection and to find a cure by 2025. \" monitoring deterioration and other changes in a person ' s gait is ideal because it doesn ' t require any expensive technology or take a lot of time to assess, \" says bill thies, chief medical and scientific officer for the alzheimer ' s association. the disease afflicts 5. 4 million in the usa, and the number is forecast to spike to 16 million in 2050 as baby boomers age. \" walking and movements require a perfect and simultaneous integration of multiple areas of the brain, \" says rodolfo savica, author of a study at the mayo clinic in rochester, minn. walking changes occur because the disease interferes with the circuitry between areas of brain. savica ruled out other diseases, such as parkinson ' s and arthritis, as possible causes. in the mayo clinic study, researchers measured the stride length, cadence and velocity of more than 1, 341 participants through a computerized gait instrument at two or more visits roughly 15 months apart. those with lower cadence, velocity and length of stride experienced significantly larger declines in global cognition, memory and executive function. \" these changes support a possible role of gait changes as an early predictor of cognitive impairment, \" savica says. another large study of 1, 153 adults with a mean age of 78, by researchers at the basel mobility center in basel, switzerland, found that gait became \" slower and more variable as cognition decline progressed. \" participants were divided into groups based on cognitive diagnoses : cognitively healthy, mild cognitive impairment ( mci ) or alzheimer ' s dementia. gait was measured using a walkway with 30, 000 integrated sensors. those with alzheimer ' s walked slower than those with mci, who walked slower than those who were cognitively healthy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45084156029208716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.026409"} {"text": "additions, clarifications, and corrections regarding the content of this document will be most graciously accepted : please send email to firstname. lastname @ example. org. rating : value judgments are used to categorize web sites based on their content. these ratings could use simple allowed / disallowed distinctions like those found in programs like cybersitter or netnanny, or they can have many values, as seen in ratings systems based on platform for internet content selection ( pics, see question 3. 0 ). filtering : with each request for information, the filtering software examines the resource that the user has requested. if the resource is on the \" not allowed \" list, or if it does not have the proper pics rating, the filtering software tells the user that access has been denied and the browser does not display the contents of the web site. the first content filters were stand - alone systems consisting of mechanisms for determining which sites should be blocked, along with software to do the filtering, all provided by a single vendor. the other type of content filter is protocol - based. these systems consist of software that uses established standards for communicating ratings information across the internet. unlike stand - alone systems, protocol - based systems do not contain any information regarding which sites ( or types of sites ) should be blocked. protocol - based systems simply know how to find this information on the internet, and how to interpret it. filters and ratings systems are seen as tools that would provide the cyberspace equivalent of the physical separations that are used to limit access to \" adult \" materials. in rating a site as objectionable, and refusing to display it on the user ' s computer screen, filters and ratings systems can be used to prevent children from seeing material that their parents find objectionable. in preventing access, the software acts as an automated version of the convenience - store clerk who refuses to sell adult magazines to high - school students. filters are also used by businesses to prevent employees from accessing internet resources that are either not work related or otherwise deemed inappropriate. whether used in homes or workplaces, these tools raise serious privacy concerns. list - based blocking works by explicitly enumerating sites that should either be blocked or allowed. these lists are generally provided by filter vendors, who search for sites that meet criteria for being classified as either \" objectionable \" or \" family - friendly \". filtering software vendors vary greatly in the amount of information and control they make available to users. most vendors do not allow users to see the actual list", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5801478854590445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.045553"} {"text": "for sites that meet criteria for being classified as either \" objectionable \" or \" family - friendly \". filtering software vendors vary greatly in the amount of information and control they make available to users. most vendors do not allow users to see the actual list of blocked sites, as it is considered to be a kind of trade secret. however, some vendors provide detailed descriptions of the criteria used to determine which sites should be blocked. some vendors might allow users to add sites to the list, either in their own software or by sending sites to the vendor for review. stand - alone filtering tools also vary in the extent to which they can be configured by users. some software packages allow users to make selections from a list of the categories they would like blocked. for example, a parent may wish to block explicit sex but not discussions of homosexuality as a life - style. others might allow users to choose from a range of choices in any given topic area. for example, instead of simply blocking all nudity, these tools might allow users to chose to allow partial nudity while blocking full nudity. keyword - based blocking uses text searches to categorize sites. if a site contains objectionable words or phrases, it will be blocked. first, these lists are incomplete. due to the decentralized nature of the internet, it ' s practically impossible to definitively search all internet sites for \" objectionable \" material. even with a paid staff searching for sites to block, software vendors cannot hope to identify all sites that meet their blocking criteria. furthermore, since new web sites are constantly appearing, even regular updates from the software vendor will not block out all adult web sites. each updated list will be obsolete as soon as it is released, as any as any site that appears after the update will not be on the list, and will not be blocked. the volatility of individual sites is yet another potential cause of trouble. adult material might be added to ( or removed from ) a site soon after the site is added to ( or removed from ) a list of blocked sites. blocking lists also raise problems by withholding information from users, who may or may not have access to information describing the criteria used to block web sites. while some vendors provide descriptions of their blocking criteria, this information is often vague or incomplete. several vendors have extended blocking beyond merely \" objectionable \" materials. in some instances, political sites and sites that criticize blocking software have been blocked. this obscurity is compounded by practices used to protect these lists of blocked sites", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5288612428630155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.047397"} {"text": "or incomplete. several vendors have extended blocking beyond merely \" objectionable \" materials. in some instances, political sites and sites that criticize blocking software have been blocked. this obscurity is compounded by practices used to protect these lists of blocked sites. vendors often consider these lists to be proprietary intellectual property, which they protect through mathematical encryption, which renders the lists incomprehensible to end users. as a result, users are unable to examine which sites are blocked and why. this arbitrary behavior demeans the user ' s role as an active, thoughtful participant in their use of the internet. keyword searches cannot use contextual information. while searches can identify the presence of certain words in a text, they cannot evaluate the context in which those words are used. for example, a search might find the word \" breast \" on a web page, but it cannot determine whether that word was used in a chicken recipe, an erotic story, or in some other manner. in one notable incident, america online ' s keyword searches blocked a breast cancer support group. keyword searches cannot interpret graphics. it is not currently possible to \" search \" the contents of a picture. therefore, a page containing sexually explicit pictures will be blocked only if the text on that page contains one or more words from the list of words to be blocked. the massachusetts institute of technology ' s world wide web consortium has developed a set of technical standards called pics ( platform for internet content selection ) so that people can electronically distribute descriptions of digital works in a simple, computer - readable form. computers can process these labels in the background, automatically shielding users from undesirable material or directing their attention to sites of particular interest. the original impetus for pics was to allow parents and teachers to screen materials they felt were inappropriate for children using the net. rather than censoring what is distributed, as the communications decency act and other legislative initiatives have tried to do, pics enables users to control what they receive. there are two components involved in the practical use of pics : ratings systems, and software that uses ratings systems to filter content. pics - based software uses an alternative approach based on distributed sharing of ratings information. instead of using blocking lists or keyword searches, programs that use pics use standardized \" ratings systems \" to determine which sites should be blocked. available from software vendors or from internet sites, these ratings systems are be used to describe the content of internet sites ( see question 3. 7 for a description of how pic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5956790197273905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.048550"} {"text": "pics use standardized \" ratings systems \" to determine which sites should be blocked. available from software vendors or from internet sites, these ratings systems are be used to describe the content of internet sites ( see question 3. 7 for a description of how pics works in practice ). users of pics - based software are usually given the ability to choose which ratings system they would like to use. as an open standard, pics can be used for a wide range of applications. in addition to providing a means for blocking content deemed unsuitable for children, pics might also be used for describing content in terms of its educational content, potential for violations of privacy, or any other criteria that involve rating of internet sites. in some senses, programs that use pics are much more flexible than stand - alone filtering software. users of pics software are not tied to the judgments of the software vendor, and the descriptions of the criteria used by the ratings systems are publicly available. however, users are currently limited to choosing between a small number of ratings systems, each of which has its own biases and viewpoints. users that disagree with the popular ratings systems may be unable to use pics in a manner that fits their needs and viewpoints. a rating is a description of some particular internet content, using the terms and vocabulary of some ratings system. self - rating : web site publishers can evaluate their own content and put pics rating information directly into their web pages. currently, this evaluation can be done through web pages provided by developers of the major ratings services. third - party ratings : interested third parties can use pics ratings systems to evaluate web sites and publish their own ratings for these sites. educational groups, religious groups, or individuals can rate sites and publish these ratings on the internet for users to access. your browser software may influence choice of ratings service. if you use microsoft ' s internet explorer, you only have one choice ( rsaci ) built in to the initial distribution. to use other ratings services, ie users must download files from the ' net and install them on their pcs. currently ( as of september 1997 ), there are three pics services that are being widely used or promoted : rsaci : sponsored by the recreational software advisory council ( known for ratings on video games ), rsaci is probably the most widely used pics ratings system in use today. rsaci ' s ratings categories include violence, nudity, sex, and language, with 5 ratings within each category. as of september 1997, rsaci", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5072584963575074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.049580"} {"text": "rsaci is probably the most widely used pics ratings system in use today. rsaci ' s ratings categories include violence, nudity, sex, and language, with 5 ratings within each category. as of september 1997, rsaci claims to have over 43, 000 sites rated. safesurf : developed by the safesurf corporation, this system ' s categories include \" age range, \" \" profanity, \" \" heterosexual themes, \" \" homosexual themes, \" \" nudity, \" \" violence, \" \" sex, violence, and profanity, \" \" intolerance, \" \" glorifying drug use, \" \" other adult themes, \" and \" gambling, \" with 9 distinctions for each category. safesurf and rsaci both rely on self - rating of internet sites by web publishers. netshepherd : based in calgary, net shepherd rates sites based on quality levels ( 1 - 5 stars ). unlike safesurf and rsac, netshepherd conducts third - party ratings of web sites. they claim to have rated over 300, 000 sites. netshepherd has also announced partnerships with firms such as altavista and catholic telecom, inc. once these choices have been made, the browser software uses them to filter sites. when an internet site is requested, the browser compares the site ' s rating with the user ' s selection. if the site has ratings for the chosen system and those ratings fit within the parameters chosen by the user, it is displayed as usual. if the appropriate ratings fall outside of those parameters ( perhaps the site has \" frontal nudity, \" while the user was only willing to accept \" partial nudity \" ), access to the site is prohibited, and the user is shown a message indicating that the site is blocked. since most web sites are not currently rated, most software provides users with the option of blocking out sites that do not contain pics ratings. in order to prevent mischievous children from changing ratings or disabling pics altogether, most browsers can be configured to require a password before disabling pics. rsaci, safesurf, and other proponents of ratings would obviously like everyone to rate their sites, while civil libertarians and opponents of ratings argue against any ratings. publishers of family - oriented sites or those who are trying to reach audiences concerned with internet content might consider rating. similarly, purveyors of adult material might rate their sites in order to be \" good citizens \". in evaluating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4864847064780039, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.050524"} {"text": "against any ratings. publishers of family - oriented sites or those who are trying to reach audiences concerned with internet content might consider rating. similarly, purveyors of adult material might rate their sites in order to be \" good citizens \". in evaluating ratings systems, publishers may want to examine the categories used by each system and the distinctions used by those categories. different systems will classify ratings systems in different ways, some of which may misrepresent the content of web sites. for example, sites discussing safe sex might not want to be placed in the same category with pornographic sites. web site publishers might also consider the popularity of the ratings services. currently ( as of september 1997 ), there are only a few major ratings services. publishers are free to user other ratings, but these may not be useful to the internet users who rely upon the popular systems. this presents a dilemma for some publishers, who can either accept the ratings of the popular systems, even if those ratings misrepresent their material, or refuse to rate their sites, knowing that this might cause their sites to be unavailable to some users. versions of microsoft ' s internet explorer have provided an extreme example of this problem. although ie allows user to use any pics ratings system, rsaci is the only system that is built in to the selection list. since internet explorer is the most widely - used pics - capable browser ( as of fall 1997, netscape ' s navigator does not support pics ), it seems likely that many pics users will be relying upon rsaci. for publishers interested in reaching a wide audience, this market force may determine their choice of ratings system. finally, philosophical concerns may cause some people to decide not to rate. web - site publishers who are not comfortable with the general content of available ratings systems, or who object to the concept of ratings, may choose not to rate their own sites. msnbc ' s troubles with ratings provide an ironic illustration of this possibility. displeased with the rsaci ratings that would be necessary, msnbc management removed all rating information from the site. msnbc and other news organizations briefly discussed the possibility of creating a new ratings system specifically for news reporting. while this proposal was eventually rejected, it illustrates some of the problems with content ratings. well - funded publishers like msnbc might be able to effectively create ratings systems that meet their needs, but smaller publishers who want to rate their sites may be forced to accept unsatisfactory ratings. to make matters worse, third party rating does", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47685714654544076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.051562"} {"text": ". well - funded publishers like msnbc might be able to effectively create ratings systems that meet their needs, but smaller publishers who want to rate their sites may be forced to accept unsatisfactory ratings. to make matters worse, third party rating does not require the consent or even notification of a web - site publisher. since third party ratings are distributed by third party \" label bureaus, \" a web - site publisher may not know if her pages have been rated, or what the ratings said. third - party ratings also present significant technical challenges that may discourage their development. unlike self - ratings, third party pics ratings do not reside on publisher ' s web pages. instead, they must be distributed to users using one of two methods : some software, such as microsoft ' s internet explorer, provides users with the option of blocking out any site that does not have a rating. this choice may be appropriate for some, but it severely restricts the available options. by blocking out most of the web ( including possibly some sites designed for younger users ), this approach presents children with a severely restricted view of the world. these issues of quality and accountability would become even trickier if numerous schemes were to come into use. if there were dozens of pics ratings schemes to choose from, publishers would not know which to choose, and users might not know which to trust. the first - and currently the only viable alternative - is to avoid use of pics for self - rating, and in internet browsers. the second approach would be to develop a new ratings vocabulary, as an alternative to rsaci, safesurf, or other currently available ratings systems. this involves several steps : the first step is generation of a ratings system, including categories that would be discussed and distinctions within those categories. this would require a discussion of the values that will be represented in the ratings system, and how these values should be expressed. once the system has been developed, sites must be rated. this can be done in one of two ways : given the significant resources that will be needed to effectively deploy a new ratings system, it seems unlikely that there will be a large number of pics alternatives available in the near future. the developers of pics are trying to change this through the pics incubator project, which offers resources to organizations interested in developing new ratings systems. book reviews and movie ratings are only two examples of the many ways in which we use information filters. used in conjunction with other information sources - including advertising and word - of - mouth -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4739429789720775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.052593"} {"text": ", which offers resources to organizations interested in developing new ratings systems. book reviews and movie ratings are only two examples of the many ways in which we use information filters. used in conjunction with other information sources - including advertising and word - of - mouth - these ratings provide a basis for making informed decisions regarding information. unfortunately, pics does not currently provide users with the contextual information and range of choices necessary for informed decision making. when deciding which movies to see, we have access to reviews, advertisements and trailers which provide information regarding the content. these details help us choose intelligently based on our values and preferences. on the other hand, pics - based systems do not provide any contextual detail : users are simply told that access to a site is denied because the site ' s rating exceeds a certain value on the rating scale. furthermore, the limited range of currently available pics ratings system does not provide users with a meaningful choice between alternatives. parents who are not comfortable with any of the current ratings systems may not find pics to be a viable alternative. continuing with our analogies to other media, consider book reviews in a world where only two or three publications reviewed books. this might work very well for people who agree with the opinions of these reviewers ( and, of course, for the reviewers themselves! ), but it would work very poorly for those who have differing viewpoints. some might argue that the \" success \" of a single set of movie ratings offers a model for pics. however, ratings are generally applied only to movies made for entertainment by major producers. documentaries and educational films are generally not rated, but similar web sites could be rated under pics. movie ratings also provide a cautionary lesson that should be considered with respect to the internet. unrated movies, or movies with certain ratings, often have a difficult time reaching audiences, as they may not be shown in certain theaters or carried by large video chains. this has led to self - censorship, as directors trim explicit scenes in order to avoid nc - 17 ratings. this may be appropriate for commercially - oriented entertainment, but it could be dangerous when applied to safe - sex information on the internet. ratings systems also fail to account for the global nature of the internet. legal or practical pressures aimed at convincing internet publishers to rate their own sites will have little effect, as these businesses or individuals have the option of simply moving their material to a foreign country. furthermore, the existing ratings systems are of limited value to those in countries that do not share western values. concerns about un", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5286500055548964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.053924"} {"text": "their own sites will have little effect, as these businesses or individuals have the option of simply moving their material to a foreign country. furthermore, the existing ratings systems are of limited value to those in countries that do not share western values. concerns about unrated international material or differing cultural values could be addressed through direct censorship. for example, governments might use pics ratings or proprietary filtering software to implement \" national firewalls \" which would screen out objectionable material. alternatively, ratings might be used to \" punish \" inappropriate speech. if search engines chose to block sites with certain ratings ( or unrated sites ), or if browsers blocked certain ratings ( or lack of ratings ) by default, these sites might never be seen. it is possible that a wide range of pics ratings system could come into use, providing families with a real opportunity to choose ratings that meet their values. the utility of pics might also be increased by use of new technologies like \" metadata \" ( data about data, used to describe the content of web pages and other information resources ), which might be used to provide contextual information along with pics ratings. however, these tools may not be available for general use for some time, if at all. some people confuse ratings with the topical organization that is used in libraries and web sites like yahoo. while no system of organization of information is neutral, topical schemes attempt to describe what a resource is \" about \". rating rarely helps us find information resources topically and is usually too narrowly focused on a few criteria to be useful for information retrieval. if this question is taken to mean : \" are there any solutions that would provide children with the ability to use the internet without ever seeing material that is explicit or \" adult, \" the answer is probably yes. this would require a combination of three factors : if the question is interpreted as meaning : \" are there any solutions that provide some protection from adult or objectionable material without restricting free speech? \" the answer is much less clear. stand - alone systems clearly don ' t meet these criteria, as they place users at the whims of software vendors, who may block sites for arbitrary reasons. in theory, pics might fit this role, but the lack of a meaningful choice between substantially different ratings systems leaves parents and publishers with the choice of using ratings that they may not agree with, or that fail to adequately describe their needs or materials. describing speech as \" adult \" or \" appropriate for children \" is inherently a tricky and value - laden process. in the u.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5033888666608589, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.054955"} {"text": "with the choice of using ratings that they may not agree with, or that fail to adequately describe their needs or materials. describing speech as \" adult \" or \" appropriate for children \" is inherently a tricky and value - laden process. in the u. s., many people have attempted to prevent schools and libraries from using everyday publications like huckleberry finn and descriptions of gay / lesbian lifestyles. the fierce debates over these efforts show that no consensus can be reached. increased use of filtering software would likely be the beginning, rather than the end, of debates regarding what internet materials are \" appropriate \" for children, and who gets to make that decision. secondly, parents should play an active role and interest in their children ' s use of the internet. for some children this might mean restricting internet use to closely supervised sessions. other children might be able to work with clearly defined rules and guidelines. to discourage unsupervised use of the internet, parents might consider measures such as placing the family computer in a common space in the home and retaining adult control over any passwords required for internet access. parents should also work to educate children regarding proper use of the internet. just as parents teach children not to talk to strangers on the street, parents might discourage children from visiting certain web sites, divulging personal or family information, or participating in inappropriate chats. some parents might consider using filtering software, despite all of the potential drawbacks. parents considering this route should closely examine their options, in order to understand their options and the implications of any choice. for stand - alone filtering systems, this means investigating the criteria used in developing blocking lists and / or news reports describing the software. if possible, parents might try to find stand - alone systems that allow users to view and edit the lists of blocked sites. parents considering the use of pics systems should investigate the categories used by the various ratings systems, in order to find one that meets their needs. information about pics - based systems can be found at the home pages of the respective ratings systems. in general, the use of a filtering product involves an implicit acceptance of the criteria used to generate the ratings involved. before making this decision, parents should take care to insure that the values behind the ratings are compatible with their beliefs. finally, parents should realize that the internet is just a reflection of society in general. much of the \" adult \" content on the internet can be found on cable tv, at local video stores, or in movie theaters. since other media fail to shield children", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5292922876520583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.055921"} {"text": ", parents should realize that the internet is just a reflection of society in general. much of the \" adult \" content on the internet can be found on cable tv, at local video stores, or in movie theaters. since other media fail to shield children from violence or sexual content, restrictions on the internet will always be incomplete. isp - based filtering : isps might do the filtering themselves, preventing their customers from accessing objectionable materials, even if those customers do not have their own filtering software. this requires the use of a proxy server, which would serve as a broker between the isp ' s customers and remote web sites. when a customer of a filtering isp wants to see a web site, his request goes to the proxy server operated by the isp. the proxy server will then check to see if the site should be blocked. if the site is allowable, the proxy server retrieves the web page and returns it to the customer. this approach is technically feasible. in fact, it ' s currently used by many corporations, and some isps that offer this service. however, proxying requires significant computational resources that may be beyond the means of smaller isps. even if the isp can afford the computers and internet bandwidth needed, this approach is still far from ideal. in order to do the filtering, proxy servers would have to use stand - alone or pics - based systems, so they would be subject to the limitations of these technologies ( see 2. 4, 2. 5, and 3. 13 ). the shortcomings of existing filtering systems may prove particularly troublesome for isps that advertise filtering services, as these firms could be embarrassed or worse if their filters fail to block adult material. finally, isps that filter material may lose customers who are interested in unfiltered access to the internet. providing filtering software : others have suggested that isps should be required to provide users with filtering software. while this might be welcome by parents who are thinking about getting on to the ' net ( and by software vendors! ) it could present a financial serious burden for smaller isps. most advocates of the use of blocking software by libraries have forgotten that the public library is a branch of government, and therefore subject to first amendment rules which prohibit content - based censorship of speech. these rules apply to the acquisition or the removal of internet content by a library. secondly, government rules classifying speech by the acceptability of content ( in libraries or elsewhere ) are inherently suspect, may not be vague or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5161779173548089, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.056891"} {"text": "creating a fairer britain a duty on the public sector to promote gender equality was introduced across britain in 2007 following similar duties in relation to race and disability in 2002 and 2006. this means that all public bodies, including local authorities, should be assessing the needs of women and men and taking action to meet these needs. local authorities should carry out research on prevalence and use other local information to help them do this. the equality and human rights commission has published guidance on the gender equality duty. under the sex discrimination act it is permissible to limit the provision of facilities or services to one sex in a number of circumstances, including services provided by women \u2019 s refuges if they are providing special care comparable to that provided at a hospital, as would rape crisis centres if they were providing medical or psychiatric care. it is also lawful to provide single sex services where female users are likely to suffer serious embarrassment at the presence of men. this could include rape crisis centres and women \u2019 s refuges if they involve group provision of services involving intimate personal matters. the law in this area does not change because of the gender duty : if something was lawful before the duty was introduced, it remains lawful. however, this is a complex area of law with a number of exemptions, and further details are set out in chapter 6 of the code of practice on the gender equality duty the gender duty cannot be used as grounds to cut or refuse funding to single sex services. it would equally be inappropriate to interpret the gender duty as meaning that services should be provided on the same scale for both men and women. for instance, because the majority of victims of domestic violence and rape are women, it would not be appropriate for a local council to fund or provide refuge services on an equal numbers basis for men and for women. for example, when ealing council \u2019 s new funding policies threatened the survival of a long - standing domestic violence support group, the southall black sisters ( sbs ) the decision was overturned following a legal challenge at the high court. the new criteria required those applying for funding to provide domestic violence services to all people in ealing ' irrespective of gender, sexual orientation, race, faith, age [ and ] disability ' for the same amount of money that had previously been given to sbs. this would effectively result in less funding for the highly specialised services targeted at ethnic minority women offered by sbs. this was challenged in the courts by two service users of sbs. the ehrc intervened and argued that the council had failed to carry out their legal obligations under the race", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4608279599412527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.060617"} {"text": "in less funding for the highly specialised services targeted at ethnic minority women offered by sbs. this was challenged in the courts by two service users of sbs. the ehrc intervened and argued that the council had failed to carry out their legal obligations under the race equality duties to assess the impact of changes in funding criteria and that the council did not understand the correct interpretation of the race relations act 1976, which allowed for the targeting of domestic violence services to particular ' hard to reach ' communities as a form of lawful positive action to achieve equality and encourage integration. ealing council conceded the claims during the hearing, with the effect that they will need to re - consider the funding criteria and the process for inviting bids for domestic violence services. local authorities should ensure that they are compliant with both the concordat and the compact. sustainable funding is essential for specialised services to continue and develop - this means funding cycles of at least three years. services often find it difficult to secure core costs yet these are critical for effective provision. in many cases, the support provided by specialised voluntary sector services saves the statutory sector money, particularly health, social services and the police. more information can be found in the map of gaps and map of gaps 2 reports. developing new provision in an area should only be undertaken in partnership with specialised organisations such as those in neighbouring areas or national umbrella bodies such as rape crisis and women \u2019 s aid. issues such as start - up costs, recruiting staff with sufficient experience and knowledge and developing referral pathways require consultation and careful consideration.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44423190072115243, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.061317"} {"text": "coastal & marine geology infobank our mapping systems the usgs and science education usgs fact sheets ground penetrating radar comment : 11 : 53 - 13 : 06 ( 01 : 13 ) source : annenberg / cpb resources - earth revealed - 4. the sea floor keywords : subduction, \" grand canyon \", vessel, instrument, \" camel - grab \", \" box corer \", \" james sadd \" our transcription : subduction begins at enormous underwater trenches, some of them several times deeper than the grand canyon. because of the great depth, marine geologists have had to come up with a host of ingenious ways of exploring the deep sea floor. the primary tool used by earth scientists to study the ocean floor is a research vessel like this one, outfitted with a variety of oceanographic sampling instruments. mounted on the stern of the vessel, is this a - frame, which is a hydraulically movable rack used to lift and deploy the instruments. the oceanographic sampling instruments are tethered to the vessel with this steel cable wound around a revolving drum. scientists can take a bite of sediment or rock from the ocean bottom using a sampling instrument like this \" camel - grab \". it takes sediment samples very quickly but only of the upper few centimeters of ocean bottom. often times, an undisturbed sample of the deeper layers is required to examine variations in the accumulated sediment on the ocean bottom with time. this \" box corer \" takes an entire column of sediment, which later can be split open and the individual layers analyzed like pages in a book. geology school keywords", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4928141511558841, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.063956"} {"text": "the morale in rhode island in july l777 was very low. newport had been occupied by the british since december 1716 and the colony had undergone a miserable winter with serious food and fuel shortages. british general richard prescott insulted newport residents in every way possible. soldiers were allowed to get drunk, break into homes and steal. quakers who refused to take off their hats for any authority were accosted in the streets by soldiers and their hats were knocked off. anyone, male or female, venturing out after dark was liable to be accosted by drunken soldiers and brutalized. the news outside of rhode island was gloom - ridden. our troops were just beginning to recuperate from the terrible winter at valley forge. general washington, fearful of weakening his small army, refused to release troops to rid rhode island of the british. rhode island privateers were having difficulties, the navy was bottled up in providence, and the powerful british fleet seemed fully in control. the more pessimistic were already beginning to emphasize the hopelessness of the situation and there was talk of surrender. the colony desperately needed some action that would lift up her spirits and give her the confidence to strike a blow for independence. fortunately for rhode island on july 9, 1777, major william barton performed a deed so daring and against such odds that rhode island again felt free and undefeated. barton heard a number of rumors from british troops in newport who were very dissatisfied with their pompous commander. the soldiers charged that prescott was secretly having an affair with the wife of a prosperous tory named overing. prescott often visited mrs. overing at her home in middletown, about five miles north of newport, and remained there in the cool, comfortable house overnight while his troops remained in their hot, crowded quarters in newport. prescott held the colonists in such low esteem that he took but few guards with him on his visits. major barton gathered a few men from tiverton and portsmouth and rowed across the bay to warwick. their plan was to capture the british general and to keep him at daniel arnold ' s tavern on west shore road. in the middle of the night on july 8, five whaleboats left warwick neck in the dark and carefully made their way past the british patrol boats. years of clandestine smuggling operations gave them the knowledge of the waters in the bay and the necessary skills to land undetected at middletown without benefit of lights. powerful john hunt of portsmouth quietly came upon the lone sentry guarding the house and overpowered him before he could make a sound. within minutes the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.40815632327111523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.069986"} {"text": "the waters in the bay and the necessary skills to land undetected at middletown without benefit of lights. powerful john hunt of portsmouth quietly came upon the lone sentry guarding the house and overpowered him before he could make a sound. within minutes the colonists were in prescott ' s bedroom. the general had never been more startled in his life than on that morning when he awoke to stare into the pistols of barton and his men. one sound, he was told, and he would be a dead man. the confused prescott wasn ' t even allowed to dress as he was seized and rushed from the house in the early dawn. the men departed as silently as they had entered. with prescott unceremoniously dumped in the bottom of a whaleboat, they rowed silently across the bay to warwick neck once more. british sentries on board the patrol boats never noticed them and probably wouldn ' t have believed that a british general was a prisoner in one of the small boats had they even been told. once back in warwick, prescott remained a prisoner at daniel arnold ' s tavern for the remainder of july 9 while barton awaited orders for the delivery of his high - ranking prisoner. the news spread throughout the colonies and was applauded everywhere. there was almost as much joy among the british troops in newport as among the townsmen when they received the news. general prescott ' s officers even enjoyed a laugh or two at his expense. it was not very often that a man like prescott, who inconvenienced and humiliated others, was so treated and barton became an american hero overnight. the americans were taking no chances of having their captive freed by tories or by a raid in warwick, however, and quickly took him to providence, where he was held until he could later be exchanged for charles lee, an american general. the rhode island general assembly was so pleased with the feat that barton and hunt were given a bounty of over $ 1, 000, and later the continental congress bestowed honors upon the major and his rhode islanders. in due time, prescott was exchanged and returned to command in newport, where he inflicted even more hardships on british soldiers and residents alike. he especially mistreated his hessian troops and, except for the tories who flattered him and received favors from him, prescott was regarded as one of the most hated men in rhode island. as a further reward for his daring, william barton was promoted to lieutenant colonel and put in command of 200 foot soldiers and 200 horsemen. when general robert pigot attacked warren and bristol with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45115405345967974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.070985"} {"text": "was regarded as one of the most hated men in rhode island. as a further reward for his daring, william barton was promoted to lieutenant colonel and put in command of 200 foot soldiers and 200 horsemen. when general robert pigot attacked warren and bristol with a large force, barton nearly gave rhode island another spectacular accomplishment by attacking the british at bristol ferry. unfortunately, the american commander, whose job it was to hold the british in bristol until barton arrived, felt that his force was too small and retreated. this allowed the british to burn 70 flatboats gathered for an invasion of newport and part of the town as well. even more damage might have been inflicted had not barton arrived when he did and attacked the large british force. the americans fought so well that the british were nearly overcome, but when barton was shot in the leg the british were able to make good their retreat. barton recovered from his wound and went on to become one of rhode island ' s favorite heroes. at the turn of the century, his prestige and influence was felt in helping to establish the textile industry in rhode island. in later life, the rhode islander who captured a general moved to vermont, where he purchased land and founded the town that still bears his name. while the capture of prescott had little strategic importance in the war, the daring and the bravery of the rhode islanders served to keep up morale and was an example of the will, ingenuity and determination that would keep the colonies going throughout the struggle.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38277506834370034, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.071572"} {"text": "one of the most insidious forms of racial discrimination and injustice is the growing manifestation known as racially motivated \" economic segregation. \" across the united states during the eight years of the bush administration between 2001 and 2008, banking and mortgage companies were systematically deregulated. black americans, in particular, were disproportionately targeted and segregated for subprime, high interest mortgages and housing loans that were far beyond acceptable lending practices. the result was massive financial devastation and loss in the black american community with the highest foreclosure and bankruptcy rates in the nation. today, black americans are still reeling from the housing crisis coupled with a debilitating unemployment rate beyond 14 percent. but we are entering into a questionable period of american history and politics when it is not popular or politically correct for those who have been targeted for exploitation, discrimination and economic injustice to speak out publicly for fear of being perceived or mischaracterized as mere irresponsible \" victims \" or \" freeloaders \" in our national society. what former massachusetts gov. mitt romney said about the 47 percent of americans who in his view do not pay taxes and who see themselves as \" victims \" is only touching the surface the serious economic and social realities for millions of americans. the real controversy goes way beyond the revelation of what romney exactly said with malice and bias in those private moments before his wealthy supporters in boca raton, fla. what should be deeper at issue is why black americans and other people of color in america are economically segregated and discriminated against in the u. s. economy? economic segregation is the deliberate premeditated targeting and separation of people based on race, class or on some other social factor that denies equal access to economic opportunity and justice. decades ago there were many unjust public policies and laws that attempted to justify education segregation. the supreme court ruled in 1954 that separate and unequal public schools were unconstitutional. economic segregation, like education segregation, is a violation of civil rights and should also be declared unconstitutional. \" redlining \" is not a new phenomenon when it comes to systematic racial discrimination in the housing marketplace. the 1968 fair housing act made it a federal law for sellers and landlords not to discriminate against buyers and renters. yet, it is important to note the recent proactive work and progress of the national association of real estate brokers ( nareb ) concerning the economic impact of the housing crisis on black america. during the annual legislative conference of the congressional black caucus foundation ( cbcf )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47994495398973797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.075346"} {"text": "to note the recent proactive work and progress of the national association of real estate brokers ( nareb ) concerning the economic impact of the housing crisis on black america. during the annual legislative conference of the congressional black caucus foundation ( cbcf ) held in washington, d. c., nareb sponsored a forum on the \" state of housing in black america. \" nareb president and ceo julius cartwright emphasized, \" it is urgently important that we mobilize and take action to address the myriad of critical issues that we have identified documenting housing - related disparities for african americans across the nation. \" now that there are emerging signs exhibiting a gradual recovery in the u. s. economy from the depths of a recession, it is important for black americans to challenge and confront the lingering financial disparities and negative economic dispositions that have been unfairly imposed on black americans and others. this is not about just crying out about what is wrong with the economy. we have to always be vocal without apology. we do, however, have much to fight for, and that is the economic recovery, development and sustainability of black communities. for all of these reasons, we have to pull the \" sheets \" off the systemic segregation and discrimination wherever it may be found in the marketplace : housing, manufacturing, financial services and banking, environmental exposure disparities, imports and exports, or in other economic sectors. there is so much opportunity today to rid our communities of poverty, unemployment and underdevelopment. but it will require further struggle, focus and taking every chance to reinvest and to rebuild our families, communities, educational institutions, and businesses. we need to raise up a new generation of freedom fighters and entrepreneurs who are neither afraid nor ashamed to call out and fight discrimination and economic segregation in all of its forms.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.453794118862651, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.076059"} {"text": "habitat - fish passage technical assistance date published : march 16, 2001 number of pages : 58 resident and anadromous salmonids are a vital component of the culture and economy of the pacific northwest. each year, millions of dollars in revenues are generated in washington, oregon, and california by sport and commercial fisheries targeting salmon and trout. in addition, the presence and abundance of salmonids indicates the health of pacific northwest stream ecosystems. without question, protection and enhancement of salmonids and the habitats that support them directly enhances the distribution and abundance of many other wildlife species as well. correction of human - made fish passage barriers such as impassable culverts, dams, floodgates, or degraded fishways is one of the most cost effective methods of salmonid restoration. in many cases, several miles of quality salmon and trout habitat can be retrieved and brought into production by eliminating a single point source fish barrier. to address these problems, the fish passage unit performs several major functions : fishway inspections, fishway operation and maintenance, culvert inventory work, fishway major project development, database management, and training / consultation on fish passage related issues. the unit is composed of specialized fish biologists, engineers, technicians, and equipment operators. following is a summary of work completed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4476656834419567, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.077347"} {"text": "the story begins two generations before the trojan war when the child anthedon ( rejoicing in flowers ) was born to the minos ( ruler ) of crete ( who had come from skuthia, i. e. scythia ) by bull - loving pasiphae ( all - illuminating ), a daughter of the moon and sun ( that is, helios, also called phaethon, illuminating ). one day the child went into a cave used to store hydromel ( mead ), which was the sacred drink before dionysos gave us wine. in innocent ignorance he drowned himself in the liquor, but nobody knew what had happened to him. therefore the minos sent for the kouretes ( curetes ), who were known as great seers ( manteis ), and they told him that whoever could best describe minos ' miraculous cow would be able to restore anthedon alive to him. this cow changed colors every four hours : from the black of chaotic night, to the pure white of day, to the vital red of blood, then back to black again. so minos had all the diviners in the land brought together, and the kouretes judged the best description to be that of a certain iatromantis ( healer - seer, i. e. shaman ) from corinth called poluidos ( \" much knowing \" ), the son of koiranos, the son of abas, the son of melampous ( blackfoot ) the egyptian, the most famous iatromantis in greece, who knew the language of snakes and woodworms. poluidos said that the cow was like the ripening mulberry ( batos ), which is first pure white, then vibrant red, and finally a rich dark purple ( i. e. black ). ( these are also the colors of the alchemical great work. ) therefore, poluidos was entrusted with finding anthedon, and by divination he came to a place where the owl ( glaux ) was driving away the bees ( melissai ) from a cave ( for bees reveal the presence of prophetic goddesses ). looking inside he found the drowned boy, and brought him to minos. however, the grief - stricken minos was not satisfied, because the kouretes had said that the iatromantis would restore his living son to him, so he ordered that poluidos be shut up with the boy ' s body in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45522364851876673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.101121"} {"text": "however, the grief - stricken minos was not satisfied, because the kouretes had said that the iatromantis would restore his living son to him, so he ordered that poluidos be shut up with the boy ' s body in a beehive - shaped tomb, until he brought anthedon back to life. this was beyond poluidos ' ( or any mortal ' s ) power, and so he prayed to the gods for help. after a while, as his eyes became accustomed to the dark, he saw a snake approaching the corpse. on an impulse he killed the snake, because the idea had come into him that it would nibble the corpse. shortly thereafter a second snake came forth and discovered the body of the first. then it went away and came back holding in its mouth the twig of an herb ( called dios anthos, the flower of zeus ) with three blue - green ( glaukos ) leaves. [ graves thinks it was mistletoe, the druidic herb of the sun. ] the second snake laid this herb upon the first snake, which immediately came to life and left with its companion. poluidos was astonished, but quickly took the serpent ' s branch and applied it to the boy while repeating a prayer three times. like the snake, the boy immediately returned to life. ( this is the very same herb that asclepius later used to resurrect hippolytus. ) anthedon had a shiny blue - gray scar over his heart where the branch had touched him, and so he was thereafter called glaukos ( blue - grey ) or in their language glas ( gaelic, \" grey \" ). poluidos explained to the boy that a part of his mortality had been burned away and replaced by divine substance, as shown by the scar. in this way he was reborn as a iatromantis ( healer - seer ), and he was called antitheos ( godlike ). moreover, he later discovered that from the serpent - staff he had acquired power over snakes, as have his descendants to the end of time. minos gave poluidos many gifts, but then ordered him to teach glaukos all his arts, especially divination ; because glaukos ( or glas ) was an eager student, he became known as gathelos glaukos or, in their language, gaodhal glas, from gaoith - dil ( lover of learning ). his magical craft,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46643840999354585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.101991"} {"text": "glaukos ( or glas ) was an eager student, he became known as gathelos glaukos or, in their language, gaodhal glas, from gaoith - dil ( lover of learning ). his magical craft, the glaukou tekhne ( art of the blue man ), became so famous that the ancients would say, \" it doesn ' t take the art of the blue man to do so and so \" when they meant \" it doesn ' t take a wizard to do so and so. \" eventually minos gave poluidos leave to return home, but before he did so, the seer bade glaukos to spit in his mouth. ovid is wrong in claiming that by so doing glaukos lost all power of divination and that in this way poluidos reclaimed the gift he had been compelled to give. if this were true, how could glaukos have become the famous seer that he did, eagerly sought for his prophecies by people throughout greece? what really happened is that poluidos also spat into glaukos ' mouth ; in this way a sacred covenant was forged between the two seers. thus also glaukos was called gnostes ( soothsayer ). ( this name is also equipotent with the antitheos euplokamos, the godlike one with fair locks ) after returning home, poluidos fathered eukhenor ( who accompanied his father to troy and was killed by paris in the war ), astuktatia and manto ( a famous prophetess ). when glaukos got his beard, he went to live on the shores of the euboicum mare ( euboean sea ) at the place in euboia that is now called anthedon in his honor. he felt a strong attraction for the sea and used to fish with both nets and rod and line. one day he came to a rocky place, with the waves on one side and on the other a meadow of grassy herbs, never touched by sheep or goats, nor frequented by bees, nor cut by people. he spread out his nets and lines on this grass to dry, and was counting the fish that were still on his hooks, when he observed the strangest thing : one of the fish nibbled a certain blue - green or gray grassy herb ( glauke poia ) and suddenly became rejuvenated and jumped back into the water. in this way", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4439419040551412, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.102809"} {"text": "his hooks, when he observed the strangest thing : one of the fish nibbled a certain blue - green or gray grassy herb ( glauke poia ) and suddenly became rejuvenated and jumped back into the water. in this way all the fish escaped back into the water. ( this herb, which some call glaukiskos, had been sown by kronos in his golden age. ) glaukos was curious about the nature of this undying grass ( danaia poia ), and so he picked some of it and chewed it. immediately his heart began to pound and he felt the irresistible call of the sea. he cried, \" farewell earth, to which i shall never return! \" and jumped into the depths. he was immediately surrounded by schools of sea - divinities, who called on the all - encircling king and queen, okeanos ( ocean ) and tethus, to accept him in their domain. the seirenes ( sirens ) sang a magic purification song to him thrice three times, and told him that he had to bathe in the hundred streams. when glaukos did so, his mind became confused as in a dream and was so transformed that he could not even clearly remember his earlier life. through his delirium he discovered that he had a thick green beard, and bluish skin, and feet like the tail of a fish. thus he became glaukos of the sea ( pontios or thalassios ), a pontomedon ( lord of the sea ) and came to rule a kingdom under the waters near delos. to the prophetic art he had learned from poluidos, he added the art of the wise old man of the sea, nereus the truthful, son of earth and sea ( gaia and pontos ), who was his friend, and thereafter glaukos gnostes ( soothsayer ) delivered oracles, coming once a year to the seamen in each port and island of greece. not long after glaukos ' transformation, skulla ( scylla ), a beautiful nereid ( daughter of old man nereus ), came down to the seashore at night. there she disrobed and refreshed herself in a shallow pool. in the moonlight she saw a beautiful boy floating with his chest and arms out of the water. she pulled her long hair over her breasts and called to him, \" what are you looking at? \" \" the most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4604393693986514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.103718"} {"text": "mysterious island near sicily [ monte circei? ], which is the home of many beasts, who live on hills green with herbs. it is a paradoxical place, where the sun rises and sets, and the hidden kingdom of potnia kirke ( mistress circe ), divine sorceress and daughter of the sun ( helios ) and perse, a moon goddess ( perhaps hekate herself ) born of the ocean ; thus kirke was the sister of pasiphae, the mother of glaukos. he came up through a submarine cave that opens into her halls ( megara ). there he called for audience with the queen and explained that he was filled with passion for a nymph. he begged, \" theia ( aunt ) kirke, polupharmakos ( knowing many potions ), master of the magic of love, grant me this favor and sing a spell or brew a potion - for i know the magic power of herbs - but not one that will cure me! rather, turn her heart so that she burns with as much passion as me. \" the regal and powerful enchantress, kirke euplokamos ( fair - haired ), replied, \" ah, godlike glaukos, my dear young sea lord, it would be far better if you loved someone like me, who knows what it is to burn with passion, than that frivolous nymph. \" then with many words and actions she won his heart, so that he felt the same lust as her. in a shallow pool in her halls they tangled their limbs, hers soft and white, his glossy and blue, and spawned like fish. then crafty ( doloessa ) kirke taught him arts and incantations that would allow him to take the form of a mortal man, and accept her love in this way too. and through the night they enjoyed every pleasure afforded by their bodies and their craft. in the morning glaukos begged kirke audeessa ( speaking mortal speech ) for forgiveness, saying, \" gracious goddess i have misled you. although you have shown me every kindness and we have joined in passion, i cannot stop loving skulla. indeed seaweed will grow on the tops of the mountains, and trees will grow in the depths of the sea, before i will stop loving her. \" ( kirke is called euplokamos - fair - haired - because that name is equipotent with audeessa leaina - the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44673347957039006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.105641"} {"text": ", and trees will grow in the depths of the sea, before i will stop loving her. \" ( kirke is called euplokamos - fair - haired - because that name is equipotent with audeessa leaina - the lioness who speaks the speech of mortals - her secret nature. ) mistress kirke was furious and would have destroyed glaukos, but she loved him already and knew he was a powerful sea lord. therefore she turned her wrath toward skulla, circling like a sparrow hawk and saying to herself \" very well ; you want her desiring you like a bitch in heat, and so she shall. \" she stormed into the dark forest and gathered secret herbs and pulverized them into a pungent powder while she sang a spell taught to her by hekate. when she was done, she wrapped her azure robe around her fair shoulders and went out through her court, where her familiar animals fawned about her ( for she is potnia theron - mistress of the beasts ). by magic arts she skimmed across the waves to rhegion ( modern reggio di calabria ), opposite the rocky coast of zankle ( mod. messina ), and to that pool where skulla was accustomed to refresh herself. she poured her potent potion into the water as she circled it, intoning over it a complex spell thrice nine times. at her usual time skulla came to the pool, loosened the peplos ( robe ) from her shoulders, and folded it on a rock. when she had waded waist deep into the pool she felt something churning in the water around her thighs ; suddenly the water around her waist erupted with snarling dogs ' heads. she jumped from the pool to escape them, but discovered in her horror that they were her : her legs were covered with shaggy hair and shaped like dogs ; each of her beautiful buttocks had become a yapping dog head, and her place of love had become a snarling dog. such was the revenge of kirke polupharmakos ( skilled in many potions ). kirke brought great - hearted glaukos to see what she had done to skulla, hoping that she would then have all his love, but he was horrified that she could do such a thing and fled from her into the ocean ' s depths. skulla deine ( the terrible ) went to hide in a cave by the shore, where she would show her beautiful torso to lure sailors into her cave. when they came to lie", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43893979944412986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.106563"} {"text": "a thing and fled from her into the ocean ' s depths. skulla deine ( the terrible ) went to hide in a cave by the shore, where she would show her beautiful torso to lure sailors into her cave. when they came to lie with her, her lustful hunger was satisfied by the ravening dog - heads, for this was the only way they could be fed ( although they could be placated somewhat by stroking ). she also revenged herself on kirke by devouring as many of odysseus ' companions as she was able. skulla petraia ( living on rocks ) stayed in this place for many years, until she was mercifully turned to stone. in ten months - the period of divine gestation - kirke bore a daughter from the seed of glaukos gnostes ( soothsayer ), whom she named sibulla ( sibyl ). when the girl was grown she traveled in many lands, and so she was called phoito ( wanderer ). first she went to live in eruthrai ( erythrae ), where she achieved much fame for her prophecies, for when the achaeans were on the way to ilion, she told them that troy would fall and that a poet ( i. e. homer ) would tell lies about the war. later she went with the kimmerioi ( cimmerians ) to sardo ( sardinia ), where she prophesied to those long - breasted mountain nymphs ( numphai oreskooi dolikhomazoi ) who call themselves dianades or ianades ( i. e. the janae, daughters of jana ), who in turn taught her many secrets, including the ways through the underworld. [ this meeting is described somewhat differently in the janid, the mythic history of the janae. ] then they traveled to lake aornos ( lk. avernus, near naples ), the mouth of the underworld, where they established a home in the great cave ( near baiae ) and she founded the oracular shrine later moved to kume ( cumae ) ; among the cimmerians she was consulted by aeneas and odysseus after they left troy. finally she went to the city of the nymphs ( astu numpheon ) on samos, where she lived many years, prophesying from the cave of the nymphs there [ probably the spiliani cave", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4285763701702758, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.107426"} {"text": "troy. finally she went to the city of the nymphs ( astu numpheon ) on samos, where she lived many years, prophesying from the cave of the nymphs there [ probably the spiliani cave ]. later prophetesses were called sibyls ( sibullai ) after her. her name phoito reflects her parentage, for it is equipotent with audeessa ( speaking mortal speech ) and kouros ( lad ), that is, kirke and glaukos. she was called herophile ( beloved of hera ) on samos ( where the goddess is especially honored ) because that name is equal to gathelos aitherios ( ethereal ), and she lived for a thousand years because herophile aitheria is equipotent with aion ( aeon ). she was called deiphobe because that name is equal to skotia ( darkness ). she was known by this name as a priestess of both apollo and trioditis, a name for artemis as the threefold goddess of the road. this is all i will say about this sibulla for now. after leaving kirke, godlike glaukos came in human form to iason ( jason ) and used his arts to construct the ship argo ; he himself became an argonaut, in fact, the ship ' s first steersman. he traveled with iason and the other argonauts in quest of the golden fleece of kolkhis ( colchis ), into aia [ that is, gaia, the earth ], his family ' s origin, whose king, called aietes, was blood - brother of kirke and pasiphae and father of medeia ( medea ). ( he is a king of the underworld like aides [ hades ]. ) in the battle between iason and the turrhenoi ( etruscans ), glaukos protected himself by jumping into the sea and taking on his fish form ; he was the only argonaut to escape unscathed. having revealed himself as a sea lord, he subsequently helped the argonauts in many ways. all this took place in the generation before the trojan war. although he never forgot skulla, great - hearted glaukos had many wives. for example, he loved ariadne when she was on dia, but she and dionysos preferred each other, and glaukos", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4513448840312357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.108271"} {"text": "before the trojan war. although he never forgot skulla, great - hearted glaukos had many wives. for example, he loved ariadne when she was on dia, but she and dionysos preferred each other, and glaukos had to give her up. gathelos also went to egypt, where he used his craft and bravery to help the pharaoh to defeat the ethiopians. in gratitude the pharaoh offered him his daughter skotia ( darkness ) as wife, and they were married. they lived happily in egypt until the pharaoh [ perhaps akhenaten, 1367 - 1350 bce ] introduced a new religion that was hostile to the practices of druids ( druidon ). therefore, mighty gathelos took skotia his queen and a large number of followers to seek the land that had been prophesied for them. ( we know that anthedon gathelos was destined for skotia, because gathelos and skotia together equal anthedon. ) first they went to gotthia, where carthage was later built. then gathelos led them on to found a colony in galicia in spain, which is called brigantia ( near modern la coruna ) after the goddess brigintis ( brighid ), and from there they went to ierne ( ireland ). here gathelos was crowned king and his followers took the name skotioi ( dark ones, scots ) after the name of their queen. some say that the entire gaelic clan ( clan - na - gael ) is named for gaodhal glas ( gathelos glaukos ), who led them into these places. eventually the skotioi came to the land of hyperboreans, to caledonia in the northernmost parts of albion ( england ), where they settled. they founded the kingdom of skotia, also named for gathelos ' queen. in time, glaukos returned to live in the sea, where he was most at home, and spawned the race of glaukidai ( descendants of glaukos ), or hoi glaukoi ( the blue men ), who live in caves beneath the waves. although there are now glaukidai in many parts of the world, their largest number are in scotland, where glaukos went after leaving the mediterranean. the highlanders call them the \" blue men \" ( na fir ghorm ) because, like glaukos, the blue men have glossy bluish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44071262397720345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.109229"} {"text": "the world, their largest number are in scotland, where glaukos went after leaving the mediterranean. the highlanders call them the \" blue men \" ( na fir ghorm ) because, like glaukos, the blue men have glossy bluish ( gorm ) skin, a long gray ( glas ) face with curly green hair and beard. their eyes tend to be small, their noses flat, and mouths large. their arms are long and their legs are like fish - tails. they are the size of a full - grown man, and very strong. some say that the glaukidai are gathelos ' descendants by kirke, for the plural glaukidai is equipotent with gathelos and kirke [ i. e. glaukidai is numerically equal to the sum of gaqhlos and kirkh ], which is confirmed by the singular glaukides ( descendant of glaukos ), which is equipotent with aiaie ( she who dwells in aiaia ) and antitheos ( godlike, an epithet of glaukos ), and also equipotent with doloessa leaina ( the lioness who speaks with mortals ), that is, kirke. people who have seen the blue men know that they are not the same as the selkies ( seal - people ), but they often cooperate and accompany each other. since most of the uneducated folk don ' t know the origin of the blue men, they say that they are fallen angels that were not so guilty as to be thrown into hell, or that they were people suffering under some punishment or spell. most of the blue men live in caves under the waters of the minch, the channel through the \" charmed islands \" ( na h - eileinean ) - lewis and the shiants - of the hebrides ; indeed this channel is called the stream of the blue men ( sruth nam fear gorm ). it is also called the \" current of destruction, \" because they say the blue men stir up the waves by their incessant swimming. sailors often observe blue men floating from the waist up in the water and know that storms often follow their appearance. the blue men may attack ships or sailors who have mistreated the selkies and other seafolk. sometimes an attack can be averted by engaging the chieftain of the band of blue men in a rhyming contest ; if the chieftain is sufficiently impressed by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47714382997596655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.110045"} {"text": "may attack ships or sailors who have mistreated the selkies and other seafolk. sometimes an attack can be averted by engaging the chieftain of the band of blue men in a rhyming contest ; if the chieftain is sufficiently impressed by the captain ' s wits, he will leave the ship alone. although innocent sailors have little to fear, they nevertheless often sail around the shiant islands to avoid the blue men ' s stream. they sing : \" oh, weary on the blue men, their anger and their wiles! the blue men can help mortals in many ways. therefore, during hallowtide ( the samhain season ), the people light a candle by the sea and pour a libation of new ale into the water, while they pray that the blue men will leave seaweed on the beach, which they use for fertilizer. after the ritual, the candle is carefully extinguished. the whole day long, the whole night long, they ' re splashing round the isles ; they ' ll follow every fisher - ah! they ' ll haunt the fisher ' s dream - where billows toss, oh, who would cross the blue men ' s stream? \" like their great - hearted ancestor, the blue men have a lusty disposition, and often seek love from mortal women. ( there are blue women - na te ghorm, hai glaukai - as well, who are not so often seen, but are just as famous for their amorous inclinations. ) the dark - complexioned offspring of these unions often have webs between their fingers, which become horny crusts after the midwives cut them. by this evidence we know that there is considerable blue man blood flowing in highland veins. in fourteenth - century kintail ( ross - shire, scotland ), hugh fraser, later the laird of lovat, had a daughter kerling, who was very attractive, and independent in thought as well as action. she was a devotee of the goddess dana ( danu ) of the three ways, which was their name for artemis, and was well - schooled in magic. for her lover she had chosen her father ' s barn - man ( skallag ), who was very handsome, but she knew she would not be permitted to marry below her station. so she disguised her love and bided her time, until she was able to leave home, at which time she boldly told this barn - man her intentions, and married him, much to the dismay of her", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47084303337089833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.111091"} {"text": "permitted to marry below her station. so she disguised her love and bided her time, until she was able to leave home, at which time she boldly told this barn - man her intentions, and married him, much to the dismay of her relatives and the gentry. however, this man had married her for her wealth and didn ' t love her, so she found little satisfaction in her husband and decided to find herself a leannan sith ( fairy lover ). early one morning kerling went down to the shore by the sound of sleat and climbed a rock at the high - tide mark. then she shed exactly seven tears into the sea and sang : hear me, blue man, hear my call! when the first light of dawn turned the waters gray, she saw an attractive blue man emerge from the waves and swim toward her. when he reached her rock, he asked, \" what is thy will with me, fair dame? \" and she replied that she wanted a lover. he was agreeable and told her that he would come at the seventh stream ( spring tide ), which is the time when blue men can take on human form and live above the waves. seven tears i have let fall. salty ocean, salty tears : come to me, i have no fears! stormy ocean, stormy hearts : we shall play our destined parts! he came that first time and many times thereafter, and often they were seen together after their trysts, so he became known to the townspeople, who called him gille gorm ( blue lad, also gilligorm etc. ) from his complexion, which was not entirely hidden by his human form. nevertheless, he was considered very handsome ; oral tradition described gille - gorm : he was the tallest of them all, many in our clan, from that day to this, have denied this liaison, which they consider shameful, but the truth has never been suppressed completely. eventually kerling had a child from gille - gorm, and as a result even today a few clan members have the blood of the blue boy in their veins. her father hugh, lord lovat, never forgave her. the broadest in the shoulders too, with feet as small as they could be. ( gillegorm ' s ancestry is shown by his name in greek glaukokouros - blue - lad, which is equipotent with leaina - the lioness, that is, kirke - and megaletor - the great - hearted one, that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4718063084534049, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.114570"} {"text": "ancestry is shown by his name in greek glaukokouros - blue - lad, which is equipotent with leaina - the lioness, that is, kirke - and megaletor - the great - hearted one, that is, glaukos. ) during their years together, gille - gorm taught kerling the glaukou tekhne ( art of the blue man ), which he had learned from his ancestors, and she taught him the arts she had learned as a priestess of dana. eilean donnan castle ( on st. donnan island ) had been built in 1266, under order of king alexander iii, by a son who had been given the second sight by his father, the chief on the island, for he gave his son his first drink out of a raven ' s skull. this castle became a key factor in the conflict between the lord of the isles and the earl of ross. acting under orders from thomas randolph, earl of moray and guardian of the kingdom, earl hugh of ross, captured the castle and later apprehended coinneach ( kenneth ) na sroine, the constable of the castle, imprisoning him at inverness. therefore the allied clans chose gille - gorm to be constable of eilean donnan castle and thus over chief of the allies of the west. later, while william, sixth earl of ross, was away, gille - gorm led his troop of \" mountain men \" on a diversionary invasion. first they sacked and looted the territory around tain and chanonry, then they proceeded southeast to the muir that lies between kessock ferry and munlochy bay. they said they would burn inverness to the ground unless the provost would free coinneach and pay a ransom. the provost said he would consider their demands and sent barrels of whisky to gille - gorm ' s soldiers as a show of good faith. in the meantime, kerling ' s vengeful father, hugh fraser, who was the crown ' s lieutenant in the north, and his vassals joined the troops of earl william of ross, coming from inverness, at kessock ferry. in the morning they attacked at drumderfit ( blair na coi ), where gille - gorm ' s band was camped. under this onslaught by much superior numbers ( and, some say, because of the effects of the whiskey! ), gille - gorm ' s troops were forced to retreat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43479161252290277, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.115616"} {"text": "as she did the incantation called am mothan [ the mothan ] : and protect thee coming or departing ; by thy heart be mapon macc matrona ; may the lady brigit flow upon thee - o may wise brigintis always bathe thee! now i pick the sacred mothan, she sewed the herb into crotair ' s vest under his left arm, in accord with her craft and thus protected him in his many travels. as did mapon macc matrona, in the holy name of dagda, and of brigit, lugh and danu. though in field of furious fighting, where no bounds are known to anger, be thou happiness and comfort, mighty morrighan ' s protection! crotair was schooled at beauly priory where he took orders. later the hunchback of beauly priory returned to kintail where he was pastor of kilichoinen in glenelg and of kilmore in sleat. further, because crotair was of the celtic church he took no vow of celibacy and so he fathered a son, who was called gille fhinnein [ servant of st. finnan ]. and so was born clan mac gill ' innein ( the sons of the servant of st. finnan ). ( by naming themselves after this saint - a common practice in the 14th century - they hoped to disguise their descent from gille - gorm, the blue man ; other descendants kept the name macgilligorm. ) chief gille - gorm was buried under a large stone cairn, which was visible as late as 1785 ( the largest among the cairns of drumderfit raised to the slain ). a wooden idol of the chief was erected near the house of drumderfit, the estate of some of his descendants, the lobans of drumderfit in easter ross ; it perished when a band of munros and sutherlands destroyed the estate during the jacobite uprising of 1715. now we say : bonnie boy blue, come blow your horn, the wolf ' s in the meadow and prowls through the corn. but where is the brave boy who guards his sheep? he ' s under a hillock, fast asleep. will you awake him? no, not i, for if i do, the wolf will die! send comments about this page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4556171920334216, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.117835"} {"text": "mit professor \u2019 s book digs into the eclectic, textually linked reading choices of people in medieval london. imagine a future in which wireless power transfer is feasible : cell phones, household robots, mp3 players, laptop computers and other portable electronics capable of charging themselves without ever being plugged in, freeing us from that final, ubiquitous power wire. some of these devices might not even need their bulky batteries to operate. a team from mit ' s department of physics, department of electrical engineering and computer science, and institute for soldier nanotechnologies ( isn ) has experimentally demonstrated an important step toward accomplishing this vision of the future. the team members are andre kurs, aristeidis karalis, robert moffatt, prof. peter fisher, and prof. john joannopoulos ( francis wright davis chair and director of isn ), led by prof. marin soljacic. realizing their recent theoretical prediction, they were able to light a 60w light bulb from a power source seven feet ( more than two meters ) away ; there was no physical connection between the source and the appliance. the mit team refers to its concept as \" witricity \" ( as in wireless electricity ). the work will be reported in the june 7 issue of science express, the advance online publication of the journal science. the story starts one late night a few years ago, with soljacic ( pronounced soul - ya - cheech ) standing in his pajamas, staring at his cell phone on the kitchen counter. \" it was probably the sixth time that month that i was awakened by my cell phone beeping to let me know that i had forgotten to charge it. it occurred to me that it would be so great if the thing took care of its own charging. \" to make this possible, one would have to have a way to transmit power wirelessly, so soljacic started thinking about which physical phenomena could help make this wish a reality. various methods of transmitting power wirelessly have been known for centuries. perhaps the best known example is electromagnetic radiation, such as radio waves. while such radiation is excellent for wireless transmission of information, it is not feasible to use it for power transmission. since radiation spreads in all directions, a vast majority of power would end up being wasted into free space. one can envision using directed electromagnetic radiation, such as lasers, but this is not very practical and can even be dangerous. it requires an uninterrupted line of sight between the source and the device, as well as a sophisticated tracking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5970221888394689, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.125664"} {"text": ". one can envision using directed electromagnetic radiation, such as lasers, but this is not very practical and can even be dangerous. it requires an uninterrupted line of sight between the source and the device, as well as a sophisticated tracking mechanism when the device is mobile. the key : magnetically coupled resonance in contrast, witricity is based on using coupled resonant objects. two resonant objects of the same resonant frequency tend to exchange energy efficiently, while interacting weakly with extraneous off - resonant objects. a child on a swing is a good example of this. a swing is a type of mechanical resonance, so only when the child pumps her legs at the natural frequency of the swing is she able to impart substantial energy. another example involves acoustic resonances : imagine a room with 100 identical wine glasses, each filled with wine up to a different level, so they all have different resonant frequencies. if an opera singer sings a sufficiently loud single note inside the room, a glass of the corresponding frequency might accumulate sufficient energy to even explode, while not influencing the other glasses. in any system of coupled resonators there often exists a so - called \" strongly coupled \" regime of operation. if one ensures to operate in that regime in a given system, the energy transfer can be very efficient. while these considerations are universal, applying to all kinds of resonances ( e. g., acoustic, mechanical, electromagnetic, etc. ), the mit team focused on one particular type : magnetically coupled resonators. the team explored a system of two electromagnetic resonators coupled mostly through their magnetic fields ; they were able to identify the strongly coupled regime in this system, even when the distance between them was several times larger than the sizes of the resonant objects. this way, efficient power transfer was enabled. magnetic coupling is particularly suitable for everyday applications because most common materials interact only very weakly with magnetic fields, so interactions with extraneous environmental objects are suppressed even further. \" the fact that magnetic fields interact so weakly with biological organisms is also important for safety considerations, \" kurs, a graduate student in physics, points out. the investigated design consists of two copper coils, each a self - resonant system. one of the coils, attached to the power source, is the sending unit. instead of irradiating the environment with electromagnetic waves, it fills the space around it with a non - radiative magnetic field oscillating at mhz frequencies.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6315550932792524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.126648"} {"text": "of the coils, attached to the power source, is the sending unit. instead of irradiating the environment with electromagnetic waves, it fills the space around it with a non - radiative magnetic field oscillating at mhz frequencies. the non - radiative field mediates the power exchange with the other coil ( the receiving unit ), which is specially designed to resonate with the field. the resonant nature of the process ensures the strong interaction between the sending unit and the receiving unit, while the interaction with the rest of the environment is weak. moffatt, an mit undergraduate in physics, explains : \" the crucial advantage of using the non - radiative field lies in the fact that most of the power not picked up by the receiving coil remains bound to the vicinity of the sending unit, instead of being radiated into the environment and lost. \" with such a design, power transfer has a limited range, and the range would be shorter for smaller - size receivers. still, for laptop - sized coils, power levels more than sufficient to run a laptop can be transferred over room - sized distances nearly omni - directionally and efficiently, irrespective of the geometry of the surrounding space, even when environmental objects completely obstruct the line - of - sight between the two coils. fisher points out : \" as long as the laptop is in a room equipped with a source of such wireless power, it would charge automatically, without having to be plugged in. in fact, it would not even need a battery to operate inside of such a room. \" in the long run, this could reduce our society ' s dependence on batteries, which are currently heavy and expensive. at first glance, such a power transfer is reminiscent of relatively commonplace magnetic induction, such as is used in power transformers, which contain coils that transmit power to each other over very short distances. an electric current running in a sending coil induces another current in a receiving coil. the two coils are very close, but they do not touch. however, this behavior changes dramatically when the distance between the coils is increased. as karalis, a graduate student in electrical engineering and computer science, points out, \" here is where the magic of the resonant coupling comes about. the usual non - resonant magnetic induction would be almost 1 million times less efficient in this particular system. \" old physics, new demand witricity is rooted in such well - known laws of physics that it makes one wonder why", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5839876124400527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.127580"} {"text": "comes about. the usual non - resonant magnetic induction would be almost 1 million times less efficient in this particular system. \" old physics, new demand witricity is rooted in such well - known laws of physics that it makes one wonder why no one thought of it before. \" in the past, there was no great demand for such a system, so people did not have a strong motivation to look into it, \" points out joannopoulos, adding, \" over the past several years, portable electronic devices, such as laptops, cell phones, ipods and even household robots have become widespread, all of which require batteries that need to be recharged often. \" as for what the future holds, soljacic adds, \" once, when my son was about three years old, we visited his grandparents ' house. they had a 20 - year - old phone and my son picked up the handset, asking, ' dad, why is this phone attached with a cord to the wall? ' that is the mindset of a child growing up in a wireless world. my best response was, ' it is strange and awkward, isn ' t it? hopefully, we will be getting rid of some more wires, and also batteries, soon. ' \" this work was funded by the army research office ( institute for soldier nanotechnologies ), national science foundation ( center for materials science and engineering ), and the department of energy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5749611409598461, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.128110"} {"text": "the james webb space telescope has to be kept at bitterly cold temperatures for its sensitive instruments to work. each step of the way, engineers must counter webb ' s ordinary, everyday heat production with a method of dropping the temperature ever lower why an infrared telescope? the webb telescope sees in infrared light, a wavelength that warm objects emit in large amounts. we look for infrared light for several reasons. first, the light from the most distant objects in the universe \u2014 objects that existed just 200 million years after the big bang \u2014 has been stretched as it travels through the expanding universe. the stretching changes the light, moving it from the visible range into invisible infrared. second, infrared light can pierce the dust that blocks visible light emissions, allowing us to peer through clouds of dust to the warm objects within. finally, warm objects that don ' t emit their own visible light, such as planets, do emit infrared, making them viewable with the right tools. but infrared light also comes with an inherent complication \u2014 it ' s emitted by everything made up of atoms. when the atoms in an object collide or vibrate, their electrons are bumped up to a higher energy level. as those electrons return to their normal energy level, they give off radiation. much of this radiation escapes as infrared. warm objects, which have a great number of excited electrons, emit lots of infrared. the more infrared there is nearby, the harder it is to pick out distant sources of infrared. if webb were on earth, it would be constantly awash in the planet ' s own infrared haze. we avoid that by deploying the telescope in space. but even that doesn ' t solve the problem entirely, because webb itself \u2014 being made, after all, of atoms \u2014 will emit infrared radiation. the solution : keep the webb telescope as cold as possible, so the infrared produced by its own excited atoms doesn ' t overwhelm the distant emissions it ' s designed to detect. back to top webb ' s distant orbit performs two functions. it places the telescope in a frigid environment, and makes it possible to position the telescope so it always has the sun, earth and moon on the same side, behind its sunshield. the second sun - earth lagrange point, one of five points in the solar system where gravitational forces allow an object to remain in a fixed position relative to earth, is 940, 000 miles away from earth. as the earth orbits the sun, its gravity will drag webb along behind it, keeping it in this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5778079516773313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.135993"} {"text": "in the solar system where gravitational forces allow an object to remain in a fixed position relative to earth, is 940, 000 miles away from earth. as the earth orbits the sun, its gravity will drag webb along behind it, keeping it in this optimal location. it will take a full month for webb to reach its new home beyond the moon. back to top the need to keep webb cold affects its design dramatically. for instance, the telescope ' s odd structure is the result of it not being enclosed in a tube. telescopes are usually enclosed in a tube or a dome to block out nearby, unwanted light and radiation. but webb needs to be open to space in order to keep itself cool enough for its infrared detectors to work properly. a tube would both radiate infrared and trap too much heat inside the telescope, while the open design allows the heat to pour harmlessly off into space. so rather than use a tube, webb stops unwanted visible and infrared light with its giant sunshield and \u201c baffles, \u201d small, dark barriers that block light at strategically placed points. the open design is the only way to cool webb to the right temperatures and still maintain its large size. if the webb telescope relied mainly on coolant like other infrared telescopes, it would need many tons of coolant and its life would be significantly shorter, for once the coolant ran out the telescope would be unusable. back to top divide and conquer webb has two sections \u2014 a hot side and a cold side, divided by its sunshield. on the hot side of the sunshield, the region exposed to sunlight, parts of webb will reach temperatures near boiling, as high as 358 kelvin ( 185 degrees fahrenheit, or 85 degrees celsius ). this is where webb ' s ambient - temperature equipment, like its solar panel, antennae, computer, gyroscopes and navigational jets are kept. the warm side of the telescope is, overall, where the electronics and navigational system resides. on the cold side, webb will be about 40 kelvin ( - 388 degrees fahrenheit, - 233 degrees celsius ). in contrast, the coldest temperature ever recorded on earth, at the russian vostok station in antarctica, was minus - 129 degrees fahrenheit \u2014 far too toasty for webb ' s needs. the cold side of the sunshield is where the science happens, and it contains the parts of webb most sensitive to infrared radiation : its microshutter array", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5443673067343098, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.136901"} {"text": "- 129 degrees fahrenheit \u2014 far too toasty for webb ' s needs. the cold side of the sunshield is where the science happens, and it contains the parts of webb most sensitive to infrared radiation : its microshutter array, mirror and mirror actuators, filter wheels, and, of course, the infrared detectors. back to top webb ' s mirror will reach about 40 - 50 kelvin ( - 390 degrees fahrenheit, - 230 degrees celsius ) once it ' s deployed. the mirror is made of polished beryllium, a metal that has the benefit of contracting less in extreme cold than the glass that typically makes up a telescope mirror. a mirror that contracts dramatically produces a deformed image. engineers design the webb mirror by running computer models that show exactly how the beryllium will deform as it cools. the engineers then design the mirrors so that when they deform, they deform into the right shape, and test and test until they get them perfect. without the chill of space, these incorrectly shaped mirrors would be useless to the telescope. back to top chilling the instruments but even more dramatic cooling goes on around the camera and spectrograph in the mid - infrared instrument ( miri ). miri sees farther into the infrared than the other instruments, and thus has to be kept spectacularly cold. webb boasts a two - stage cryocooler that works like the world ' s most effective refrigerator, pumping a warmth - absorbing gas through the instrument. the first stage brings miri ' s temperature down to 18 kelvin, and the second stage brings the miri detectors to 6 kelvin \u2014 that ' s just six degrees above absolute zero, the theoretical temperature at which all motion freezes, even the movement of atoms. the infrared detectors in webb ' s other instruments need temperatures of about 40 kelvin ( - 375 degrees fahrenheit or - 233. 3 degrees celsius ) to operate correctly. the detectors themselves give off heat when they are in use, so operators will \" read \" the detectors continuously rather than periodically, to always keep them at a stable temperature. this allows them to tell the difference between the internal infrared of the detectors and the infrared of distant objects. back to top webb is protected from the heat and light of the sun, moon and earth by its huge sunshield. the sunshield, large enough for the telescope to remain protected even as it tilts in different directions, consists of five layers, each about the thickness", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5632813643575303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.137895"} {"text": "from the heat and light of the sun, moon and earth by its huge sunshield. the sunshield, large enough for the telescope to remain protected even as it tilts in different directions, consists of five layers, each about the thickness of plastic wrap. the layers do not touch, because that would allow for the transfer of heat from one layer to the next, and coatings of aluminum help further cut down on warmth transmission. the layers are made of a material called kapton, also used in spacesuits and circuitry, which has the convenient properties of being heat resistant and strong. the sunshield is also coated on the sunward side with silicon, which reflects and radiates away the incoming sunlight. because the telescope is so far away from earth, it lacks the protection of our planet ' s magnetic field. this means it will be bombarded by high - energy cosmic rays, which can interfere with signals or even build up enough of an electrical charge to cause small lightning strikes on the telescope. the sunshield ' s coatings of aluminum and a grid of conducting strips on the sunshield layers control the electricity and prevent voltage arcs from damaging the telescope. with heat banished, pushed away and driven out to the fullest extent possible, webb will wait in its silent, chilly expanse of space for the faint, distant signals from the early universe. as it gazes into the darkness with cold clarity, the infrared universe will reveal itself to us, its invisible light weaving images that human eyes will see for the first time. back to top", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5277310126372174, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.138471"} {"text": "ido perlman, helga kolb and ralph nelson horizontal cells are the interneurons of distal vertebrate retina. they provide the pathways for both local and long range interactions between photoreceptors. these interactions are called feedback signals. feedback signals adjust the gain of photoreceptor synaptic output, both as seen in the horizontal cells themselves and in the adjacent, proximally projecting bipolar cells. in forming a distal, lateral synaptic network, horizontal cells enrich not only their own physiology but that of presynaptic and postsynaptic partners. they generate spatial opponency in both cones and bipolar cells. they also generate color opponency in cones, bipolar cells, and chromatic horizontal - cell subtypes. the actions of horizontal cells propagate forward in the retina, can be identified in the physiology of retinal ganglion cells, and in visual perception. horizontal cell actions are in turn tuned by neuromodulators released by other retinal neurons. the first intracellular, light - evoked responses recorded in the vertebrate retina were slow, negative going changes in membrane potential that lasted for as long as the light stimulus was present ( fig. 1 ). before the morphological source of these responses became clear, they were called simply s - potentials ( 1 ). as shown in figure 1, s - potentials are membrane hyperpolarizations that last for as long as the light stimulus is present. the graded character of the s - potential is evident in figure 1a. the brighter the stimulus, the larger the amplitude of the s - potential until a saturation level is reached. in figure 1b, the duration of a light stimulus of fixed intensity is altered in order to examine the temporal properties of s - potentials. for long stimuli, the s - potential only changes in duration but the amplitude remains constant ( 2 leftmost responses in fig. 1b ). further reduction in the stimulus duration causes a decrease in amplitude ( fig. 1b ). this illustrates the temporal summation of the s - potential, following bloch \u2019 s law. up to certain stimulus durations, in this case about 10 msec, the amplitude is directly related to the quantal content of the stimulus ( quantal flux multiplied by duration ), while for stimuli of longer duration, the amplitude is related to the quantal flux, that is, the rate of quantal absorption by photoreceptors ( 1 ). in s -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6006363185775193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.303451"} {"text": "the stimulus ( quantal flux multiplied by duration ), while for stimuli of longer duration, the amplitude is related to the quantal flux, that is, the rate of quantal absorption by photoreceptors ( 1 ). in s - potentials this \u2018 critical duration \u2019 varies considerably with stimulus conditions ( 2 ). it is likely that s - potentials were named in honor of their discoverer, gunnar svaetichin, although \u2018 slow potential \u2019 is another common interpretation. figure 1. the s - potential of the fish retina. light stimuli of fixed duration and different irradiances ( a ) and light stimuli of fixed irradiance but different durations ( b ) were used to elicit these potentials. lower traces in a and b record light - stimulus duration and provide 100 msec \u2018 tick - marks \u2019. the illustrations are from svaetichin, 1953 ( 1 ). s - potentials puzzled neurophysiologists of the 1950s when they were first described. at that time, neurons were thought only to be depolarized by synaptic inputs ( inside becoming more positive relative to outside ), thus having their inside - negative resting membrane potentials become reduced. this depolarization was thought of as excitation, and if the excitation was large enough, action potentials, or nerve spikes, were generated to transfer signals down the length of the nerve - cell axon. s - potentials, however, were not depolarized by light, but rather hyperpolarized, and did not fire action potentials, even with the brightest light stimuli. at first, the cell type of origin for s - potentials was not really known other than that microelectrode tips were somewhere in the outer retina. in fact, initially svaetichin thought s - potentials arose from cones ( 1 ). however, later intracellular marking techniques, in which dyes were injected from the electrode tips into the cytoplasm of the recorded neuron, revealed that horizontal cells, second order neurons postsynaptic to cones, were the source of the s - potentials ( 3, 4 ). since being first described in fish retinas, s - potentials have been recorded from retinal horizontal cells in all vertebrate classes. these include both cold - blooded vertebrates ( 4 - 13 ), household mammals ( 14 - 20 ) and primates ( 21 - 26 ). horizontal cells have now been studied", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6056232579675769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.304493"} {"text": "from retinal horizontal cells in all vertebrate classes. these include both cold - blooded vertebrates ( 4 - 13 ), household mammals ( 14 - 20 ) and primates ( 21 - 26 ). horizontal cells have now been studied by numerous investigators using anatomical, biochemical, pharmacological and electrophysiological techniques. in this chapter, we shall try to summarize our current knowledge of horizontal cells in the vertebrate retina. gunnar svaetichin ( 1915 - 1981 ) mastered high impedance microelectrode techniques while studying neurophysiology in the karolinska institute with ragnar granit ( nobel prize, 1967 ). these enabled intracellular recording of light responses from retinal interneurons, a field that he founded. it was an imaginative area to pursue in the 1940 \u2019 s. he is the discoverer of s - potentials, now known to be retinal horizontal cell responses, and discovered both color opponent and non opponent types. the discovery of neural color opponency ranks with the most significant findings in color vision in the 20th century ( 292 ). the later decades of his career were spent at the venezuelan institute for scientific research. 3. morphology and circuitry. horizontal cells are second order neurons contacting photoreceptors directly all across the plane of the retina \u2019 s outer plexiform layer. these cell types were first described as huge brick - like structures occupying much of the inner nuclear layer in the fish retina ( 27, 28 ). early interpretations assumed these cells to be glial cells, mainly because they gave rise to hyperpolarizing slow responses to light ( s - potentials ) rather than true depolarizing spikes like \u2018 real neurons \u2019. now we know horizontal cells to be true neurons that make true, if unique, synapses and exhibit most of the structural and ultrastructural characteristics of neurons. through golgi staining, intracellular marking and immunostaining techniques we have learned that horizontal cells can adapt various morphologies in the retinas of different vertebrate species ( 6, 29 - 44 ). selective rod and cone contacts of horizontal cells there are two morphological types of horizontal cell in the majority of terrestrial vertebrate retinas, b - type cells with axons and a - type cells that are axonless ( fig. 2a ). in mammals the dendrites of both b - and a - types contact cones,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5670450801253566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.305439"} {"text": "majority of terrestrial vertebrate retinas, b - type cells with axons and a - type cells that are axonless ( fig. 2a ). in mammals the dendrites of both b - and a - types contact cones, while the axon terminals of b - type cells contact rods ( gray area, fig. 1a ). in birds and reptiles, horizontal cells come in further axonless subtypes with color specific cone connections ( fig. 2a, axonless ). figure 2a shows the morphologies of these different types of horizontal cells in different species as indicated. also shown are the spectral types of cone ( red, blue and green dots ) that connect with each type. figure 2a. the morphologies of different types of horizontal cell and their known connectivities with rod and cone photoreceptors. the cells are drawn from golgi stained or neurobiotin filled retinal cells and viewed in flat whole - mounted preparations. b - type cells with axons, and a - type axonless cells exist in most vertebrate retinas. the physiological type that is associated with each morphological type is indicated to the right of the figure, i. e luminosity, blue - yellow and color - opponent types. red -, green - and blue - dots represent inputs from red -, green -, and blue cones respectively. black squares or shaded gray areas represent rod inputs. the turtle h1 cell is from ammermuller and kolb, 1995 ( 84 ) ; h2 - h4 are from kolb et al., 1988 ( 293 ). the cat b - type is from nelson et al., 1975 ( 17 ) ; the a - type is from kolb, 1974 ( 294 ). primate h1 and h2 types are from helga kolb not elsewhere published. the horse axonless horizontal cell is from sandmann et al., 1996 ( 40 ). in fish retinas, short - axon or axonless horizontal cells ( type h4 ) contact only rods ( 45, 46 ), while the dendrites of all axon bearing cells contact only cones ( fig. 2b ). the axons of fish horizontal cells do not contact photoreceptors. there are multiple types of axon bearing, cone - contacting, horizontal cells in fish ( h1, h2, h3 ), each with different patterns of cone selectivity. in the zebrafish example (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5319554740653598, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.306559"} {"text": "photoreceptors. there are multiple types of axon bearing, cone - contacting, horizontal cells in fish ( h1, h2, h3 ), each with different patterns of cone selectivity. in the zebrafish example ( fig. 2b ), most are excited by 2 of the 4 cone types and avoid excitatory input from other types. the exception is the h3 uv triphasic type that appears to be selectively excited by either uv or blue cones. h2 and h3 types are color opponent in wavelength physiology, but h1 is not. figure 2b. cone contacts of h1, h2 and h3 horizontal cell types in zebrafish retina ( a, b, c respectively ). these neurons were back - labeled with dii through crystals placed on their axons. dendritic tips and spines contact cones, sometimes in clusters called \u2018 rosettes \u2019. d. zebrafish cones form a regular mosaic of red ( r ), green ( g ), blue ( b ) and ultraviolet ( uv ) types. the position of horizontal - cell contacts within the mosaic identifies the cone color type that is contacted. e. summary of cone contacts for h1, h2 and h3 types. black arrows are contacts proposed for feed - forward excitation, while gray arrows are contacts proposed for feedback inhibition. except for the uv triphasic h3 cell, all horizontal cells are excited by 2 cone types. the figure is from li, et al, 2009 ( 37 ), with physiological identifications based on connaughton and nelson, 2010 ( 6 ). mammalian and reptilian b - type horizontal cells code changes in brightness but do not discriminate color. they regulate adaptational and spatial responses of cones and bipolar cells. these are luminosity type horizontal cells whose physiology will be discussed later. these b - type cells can often be identified with antibodies against calcium binding proteins ( 47 - 49 ) and some contain the neurotransmitter gaba ( 47, 50, 51 ). in turtle retina, acetylcholine has been located in h1 type horizontal cell dendrites where they invaginate the cone pedicles ( 47 ). h1 type cells of turtles are morphologically analogous to mammalian b - type cells. the dendrites of b - type horizontal cells in mammalian retinas are bushy and contact all cones within the dendritic field. the axon emerges from one of these den", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5405497807110666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.307588"} {"text": "turtles are morphologically analogous to mammalian b - type cells. the dendrites of b - type horizontal cells in mammalian retinas are bushy and contact all cones within the dendritic field. the axon emerges from one of these dendrites. at its distal end, an axon terminal sprouts to collect signals from large numbers of rods at some distance from the cone - contacting dendritic field. the length and thinness of the axon is believed to electrically isolate one portion of the cell from the other, thereby, separating a cone - photoreceptor - involved compartment of the cell from a rod - photoreceptor - involved compartment ( 17 ). in species where there are few rods ( fig. 2a, turtle ) the b - type axon terminal makes sparse contacts with both red cones and the few rods present in this retina ( 36, 52 ). nonetheless soma - dendritic and axon terminal compartments maintain physiological separation, as evidenced by different summation areas ( 53 ). the type i horizontal cell of pigeon retina is axon bearing and also appears analogous to mammalian b - type cells. similar to turtle, the axon terminal contacts a mixture of rods and cones, while the dendrites contact cones ( 35 ). a - type horizontal cells in mammals are purely cone connecting ( most species have only green and blue cones ). they have no connections with rod photoreceptors at all. the h2 cell of the trichromatic primate retina ( humans and old world monkeys ) is a kind of a - type cell. even the h2 cell, where one or more dendrites are elongated and axon - like, contacts only cones. interestingly enough, these longer dendrites contact principally blue cones. this may be a general theme for mammalian axonless horizontal cells that is only now being realized. in certain big cats ( not yet confirmed in domestic cat ), the elongated dendritic tips of a - type cells contact blue cones, while the dendrites closer to the cell body are in contact with both red cones and blue cones ( 54 ). in horses the a - type cell is apparently only connected to blue cones ( fig. 2a ) ( 38, 40 ). in reptiles, and birds with well developed color vision, typically there are two axonless horizontal cell types. each of these connects selectively with a cone type. in turtles, birds, and fish, species with excellent color vision, type", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.52457224510869, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.308482"} {"text": "). in reptiles, and birds with well developed color vision, typically there are two axonless horizontal cell types. each of these connects selectively with a cone type. in turtles, birds, and fish, species with excellent color vision, type h2 and type h3 horizontal cells are large, stellate cells. in birds and turtles these cells lack axons, but in fish h2 and h3 are axon - bearing. these cells contact cones selectively and sense color ( fig. 2a, axonless, color - opponent types of birds and reptiles ; fig. 2b, h2 and h3 axon bearing types of fish ). h2 and h3 respond to some wavelengths with hyperpolarization, and to other wavelengths with depolarization. thus, in turtle ( pentachromats ) and fish ( trichromats or tetrachromats ), h2 horizontal cells connect to green and blue cones and h3 to blue cones ( fig. 2a, fig. 2b ), or to blue cones and ultraviolet cones ( 6, 7, 36, 37, 41, 43, 52, 55, 56 ). in the turtle and zebrafish, ultraviolet - sensitive cones appear to connect only with h3 type horizontal cells, sharing this type with blue cones. some chromatic horizontal cells can be recognized in immunohistochemistry. the c - type horizontal cells of the turtle can be labeled with antibodies to nitric oxide synthase and calcium binding proteins ( 47 ) ; the former suggests a role for no in their functioning ( see section on neuromodulation ). horizontal cells always interact with photoreceptor terminals at what are known as \u2018 lateral elements \u2019 post - synaptic to photoreceptor ribbons ( fig. 3a, le, arrow ). in fish retinas, the horizontal cell connections with cones at the lateral elements are characterized by minute projections called spinules ( fig. 3b ). spinules are dynamic and change shape with the level of illumination. spinule formation is stimulated by background illumination, while darkness causes retraction ( 57, 58 ). these plastic spinules are known to contain the calcium binding proteins caldendrin and camkii ( 59 ). spinules are under an endogenous circadian control but need centrifugal control from the brain via fmr - amide - like and gnrh - like hormone releasing hormones ( 60, 61 ) acting upon the dopa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5468426567791405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.309321"} {"text": "). spinules are under an endogenous circadian control but need centrifugal control from the brain via fmr - amide - like and gnrh - like hormone releasing hormones ( 60, 61 ) acting upon the dopaminergic interplexiform cell system in the retina ( 62, 63 ). these spinules appear also to be under the local control of the visual - cycle byproduct retinoic acid ( 64, 65 ). figure 3. a ) electron micrograph of cat outer plexiform layer ( opl ) shows an a - type horizontal cell dendritic terminal entering an overlying cone pedicle to form a lateral element ( le ) at a ribbon triad. b ) light adapted fish retina exhibits spinules ( spin ) on horizontal cell lateral elements in cone pedicles at synaptic ribbon ( sr ) synapses. c ) high magnification electron micrograph of a gap junction between two a - type horizontal cell dendrites in the cat retina. the latest information concerning gap junction connexins in zebrafish retina shows that d ) cx 55. 5 forms a hemi - gap junction between hc dendrites and cone pedicles at the ribbon synapse ( arrow ), while e ) complete gap junctions between hc dendrites are made by cx 52. 6. the illustrations in a and c are from kolb ( 1977 ) ( 103 ). the illustration in b is from from dejuan and garcia, ( 2001 ) ( 62 ). both d and e are taken from shields et al., ( 2007 ) ( 72 ). gap - junction contacts and connexins retinal horizontal cells in all species are interconnected to homologous neighbors, by areas of gap junctions. these occur between dendrites, between axon terminals, and occasionally between dendrites and cell bodies. gap junctions are very selective, occurring only between cells of the same type ( that is h1 to h1 etc ). this exclusivity even extends to axon terminal regions and dendritic regions of b - type horizontal cells, that is, gap junctions connect dendrite to dendrite, and axon terminal to axon terminal, but not axon terminal to dendrite ( 66, 67 ). the gap junctions can be extremely large, appearing as plaques ( fig. 3c ). first described in fish retinas by yamada and ishi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5718132130443889, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.310157"} {"text": "axon terminal, but not axon terminal to dendrite ( 66, 67 ). the gap junctions can be extremely large, appearing as plaques ( fig. 3c ). first described in fish retinas by yamada and ishikawa ( 28 ), gap junctions were considered \u201c fused membrane structures \u201d specialized for electrical transmission. procion yellow dye diffusion between morphologically similar horizontal cells was noted by kaneko ( 66 ) and indicated that the electrical junctions could pass small molecules freely through the so - called s - space of horizontal cells ( 10 ). gap junctions are formed at closely opposed plasma membranes ( 2 - 4 nm gap ) from two horizontal cell processes ( fig. 3c ). each of the interacting cells supplies connexons or hemichannels to complete the gap junction contact. these channels can consist of homomeric or heteromeric connexin subunits, thus, potentially allowing a huge variety of gap junctions with slightly different properties to exist between various neurons. each connexon channel contains six connexins ( cx ) surrounding the channel pore. in fish and turtle retinas cx43 and cx26 were originally thought to comprise the horizontal cell gap junction connexins ( 68, 69 ). however more recently connexin 57 has been demonstrated to be expressed at the protein level and to mediate dendritic gap junctions between mouse b - type horizontal cells. the number of junctions appears to increase with light adaptation ( 70 ). in a study on rabbit retina where, unlike mouse, both a - and b - type horizontal cells occur, o \u2019 brien and colleagues have found that cx50 is the connexin between a - type horizontal - cell dendrites ( 71 ). in zebrafish multiple connexins are expressed, in particular cx52. 6 that participates in dendro - dendritic junctions ( fig. 3e ) and cx55. 5 that forms hemi - gap - junction channels with cones at lateral elements ( fig. 3d ) ( 72 ). in zebrafish with cx55. 5 knockout, horizontal - cell color opponency is reduced ( 73 ). this connexin is important for feedback modulation of cone synapses. in addition to cx55. 5, another connexin ( 52. 9 ) is also expressed in zebrafish horizontal cells. it is found both in lateral elements where it may participate in feedback, and in gap junctions between horizontal cell dendrites within the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5586559572287395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.311190"} {"text": "cx55. 5, another connexin ( 52. 9 ) is also expressed in zebrafish horizontal cells. it is found both in lateral elements where it may participate in feedback, and in gap junctions between horizontal cell dendrites within the outer plexiform layer ( 73 ). horizontal cell gap junctions pass not only ions but small cytoplasmic molecules and tracer dyes of less than 500 dalton size ( 74 ). gap junctions enlarge horizontal cell receptive fields ( see section on gap junction physiology ), and are modulated by retinal neurotransmitters or humoral factors ( see section on neuromodulation ). 4. physiological types. the vertebrate retina contains a mosaic of rod - and cone - photoreceptors that serve for dark - and light - adapted vision respectively. multiple cone types, each selectively expressing a visual pigment tuned to a specific region of the visible spectrum, provide vertebrates with the opportunity to discriminate colors. cone types are defined by the spectral preference of their visual pigment ; e. g. short - wavelength ( sw ) cones, medium - wavelength ( mw ) cones and long - wavelength ( lw ) cones, also referred to as blue / uv cones, green cones and red cones respectively. most mammals are dichromats ( 2 cone types ) ; however, old world monkeys and humans are trichromats ( 3 different cone types ), and many non - mammalian species are also trichromats or even tetrachromats ( 4 different cone types ). in the retinas of birds, fish and reptiles, a class of sw cones that are sensitive to ultraviolet light ( uv cones ) can be found ( 27, 75 - 79 ), in addition to the lw, mw, and typical sw cones ( red, green and blue cones respectively ). since rods and cones of different spectral types are directly connected to horizontal cells, it is of interest to explore how horizontal cells integrate and process this richness of spectral information. physiologists recognize two major types of horizontal cell, luminosity and chromaticity. these can be distinguished by photoresponses to lights of different wavelength. the luminosity ( l - type ) horizontal cells always respond with hyperpolarization to light stimuli of any wavelength within the visible range of the spectrum, while the chromaticity ( c - type ) horizontal cells respond with different polarity to light stimuli of different wavelengths ( 80", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5511300377800198, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.312451"} {"text": "type ) horizontal cells always respond with hyperpolarization to light stimuli of any wavelength within the visible range of the spectrum, while the chromaticity ( c - type ) horizontal cells respond with different polarity to light stimuli of different wavelengths ( 80 ). l - type horizontal cells luminosity ( l - type ) horizontal cells are found in every retina that has been studied, non - mammalian vertebrates, mammals and primates. figure 4 shows the photoresponses of luminosity - type horizontal cells from toad ( a ), rabbit ( b ) and monkey ( c ) retinas. regardless of the wavelength, these cells respond with membrane hyperpolarization that depends only on the brightness and duration of the stimulus. in some species, two classes of l - type horizontal cells can be distinguished both by anatomical structure and physiological properties. in the turtle retina, the l1 and l2 types are similar in spectral sensitivity but differ in receptive field size and in photoresponse kinetics to red and green light ( 53, 81 ). anatomically, these two l - type horizontal cell physiologies are respectively the axon terminal and the soma of the turtle h1 horizontal cell ( fig. 2a ). figure 4. photoresponses recorded from luminosity - type horizontal cells of toad, rabbit and monkey retinas. in each case, photoresponses were elicited by light stimuli of different intensities. stimulus intensity is given in log units relative to the most intense stimulus available for the particular recording system. the illustration in a is from normann and pochobradsky, 1976 ( 295 ) ; in b from bloomfield, 1992 ( 296 ), and in c from dacheux and raviola, 1990 ( 23 ). in cat and rabbit retinas, a - type and b - type cells ( fig. 2a ) are both luminosity types. they differ in morphology and in connectivity with rods and cones but respond only with hyperpolarizations to light stimuli ( 14, 15, 17 ). differences in a - and b - type spectral properties have not yet been reported. like turtle retinas, the retinas of cyprinids and old world monkeys have both red and green cones. in these species some l - type horizontal cells favor green cone signals, while others favor red cone signals. in cyprinids, the former is called an l1 type, and the latter an l2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5264693185690781, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.313363"} {"text": "monkeys have both red and green cones. in these species some l - type horizontal cells favor green cone signals, while others favor red cone signals. in cyprinids, the former is called an l1 type, and the latter an l2 type ( 82 ). in old world primates both red and green favoring l - type signals arise from the h1 morphological type. rather than two discrete types, there is a distribution in the balance of red cone and green cone signals for h1 cells ( 21, 24 ). in zebrafish also, there is a distribution in red - green balance on the h1 cell, yielding at the extremes l1 green - peaking types, and l2 red - peaking types ( 6 ). figure 5. color opponency of s - potentials in the fish retina. a. responses were recorded as a function of wavelength covering the entire visible spectrum using light stimuli of different wavelength but similar quantal content. b. the responses that were elicited by selected light stimuli, numbered in a from - 4 to + 4, are shown at greater time resolution. the longer time marks on the rectangular stimulus traces ( upper traces in b ) are 100 msec, the shorter, 10 msec. the illustration is from svaetichin and macnichol, 1959 ( 80 ). figure 6. wavelength dependency of the photoresponses from an l - type horizontal cell, a red / green c - type horizontal cell, and a yellow / blue c - type horizontal cell in the retina of the turtle mauremys caspica. for each wavelength, several intensities are nested. the illustration is from twig et al., 2003 ( 92 ). c - type horizontal cells in 1959, svaetichin and macnichol ( 80 ) first reported on extreme wavelength - dependency of some s - potentials ( fig. 5 ). as shown in the figure, the photoresponses of this s - unit reversed in polarity at a wavelength of about 560 nm. photoresponses to light stimuli of longer wavelength depolarized the cell membrane, while stimuli of shorter wavelengths hyperpolarized the cell membrane. svaetichin and macnichol called these \u2018 color opponent \u2019 s - units chromaticity or c - type horizontal cells. c - type horizontal cells have been extensively studied in turtle, amphibian and fish retinas ( 7, 9, 55, 83 - 94 ). horizontal cells are named", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5546095104576827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.315519"} {"text": "\u2019 s - units chromaticity or c - type horizontal cells. c - type horizontal cells have been extensively studied in turtle, amphibian and fish retinas ( 7, 9, 55, 83 - 94 ). horizontal cells are named by the number of wavelengths at which response polarity reverses ; no reversal \u2013 monophasic ( or l - type ) cells, one reversal \u2013 biphasic c - type cells, two reversals \u2013 triphasic c - type cells, three reversals \u2013 tetraphasic c - type cells. wavelengths at which response polarity reverses are called \u2018 null wavelengths \u2019. in fish retinas, three types of chromaticity horizontal cells have been described ; biphasic, triphasic and tetraphasic ( 6, 86, 95, 96 ). in the bowfin retina, the null wavelength for the biphasic cells is around 640 nm, while null wavelengths of the triphasic cells are ; in the regions of 500 - 530 nm and 650 - 670 nm respectively ( 95 ). the biphasic and triphasic c - type horizontal cells of the fish retina are identified morphologically as h2 and h3 types respectively ( fig. 2b ). in zebrafish the h3 morphological type has taken on as many as 3 physiological identities : the blue triphasic, analogous to previous findings in fish, a uv triphasic type, and a tetraphasic type ( 6 ). in the turtle retina, two classes of biphasic c - type horizontal cells have been identified ( 7, 85, 91 ). typical photoresponses of l - type and c - type horizontal cells in the turtle mauremys caspica to light stimuli of different wavelength and intensity are shown in figure 6. for each wavelength, a series of photoresponses to different intensities is shown. the l - type horizontal cell ( 1st row in fig. 6 ) responds to all stimuli with graded hyperpolarizations regardless of wavelength. the red / green biphasic c - type horizontal cell ( 2nd row, fig 6 ) responds with graded depolarizations to red light stimuli and with graded hyperpolarizations to yellow, green and blue stimuli. the yellow / blue biphasic horizontal cell ( 3rd row, fig. 6 ), responds with depolarizations to red and yellow light stimuli and with hyperpolarizations to blue light stimuli. in order to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5585021577151603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.316897"} {"text": "and blue stimuli. the yellow / blue biphasic horizontal cell ( 3rd row, fig. 6 ), responds with depolarizations to red and yellow light stimuli and with hyperpolarizations to blue light stimuli. in order to define the spectral properties of the horizontal cells, monochromatic light stimuli of dim intensities are used to elicit small amplitude ( < 1mv ) photoresponses. these photoresponses are within the linear range of the cells and can be used to calculate light sensitivities. sensitivity is defined as the volts of evoked response per quantum of light and is calculated by dividing the voltage response by the number of quanta in the stimulus. the relationship between light sensitivity and wavelength is the action spectrum of the cell and describes the threshold spectral properties. figure 7 shows the mean action spectra of 8 l - types, 7 red / green types and 6 yellow / blue types of horizontal cell ( a, b and c respectively ) from the turtle mauremys caspica. these spectra clearly demonstrate that the l - type horizontal cells are most sensitive to long - wavelength stimuli, with the major excitatory input coming from red cones ( 7, 85 ). these cells receive additional excitatory input from green cones and to a lesser extent from blue cones ( 85 ). the red / green c - type horizontal cells are characterized by reversal of response polarity around 600 nm ( fig. 7b ). these cells are excited by green and blue cones and inhibited by red cones ( 7, 85 ). the yellow / blue c - type horizontal cells are inhibited by green and red cones and excited by blue cones ( 7, 85 ) and interestingly, also by uv cones ( 27, 97 ). their photoresponses reverse in polarity around 540 nm ( fig. 7c ). figure 7. action spectra of 8 l - type ( a ), 7 red / green c - type ( b ) and 6 yellow / blue c - type ( c ) horizontal cells in the turtle retina ( mauremys caspica ). sensitivity data were calculated from photoresponses of small amplitude ( < 1 mv ) that were elicited by dim light stimuli illuminating the entire receptive field of the studied cells. in order to compare the different action spectra, the spectrum of each cell was normalized to the peak sensitivity. in ( a ), all responses were of hyperpolarizing polarity. in ( b ) and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5729319582935608, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.317975"} {"text": "at different wavelengths are fit by a spectral model that takes into account the shapes of zebrafish cone pigments ( 6, 98 ), l - type responses to blue and uv stimuli ( figs. 8e, 8f ) are shown to result from stimulation of the short - wavelength absorbance limbs of red and green cones. l1 types show a balance of red and green cone signals and l2 cells hyperpolarize predominantly in response to red cone stimulation ( 6 ). figure 8. color physiology of zebrafish horizontal cells. a. tetraphasic type is depolarized by ultraviolet ( uv - 330nm ) hyperpolarized by blue ( 410nm ) depolarized by blue - green ( 490nm ) and hyperpolarized both by yellow ( 570nm ) and red ( 650nm ) wavelengths. b. uv triphasic cell hyperpolarizes at full amplitude for both irradiances of the uv 330nm stimuli but is depolarized by the dimmer of the blue 410nm stimuli and hyperpolarized by the brighter 410nm stimulus. for 490nm the cell depolarizes, but at longer wavelengths the cell hyperpolarizes. the blue triphasic cell ( c ) hyperpolarizes fully for both 410nm blue stimuli, but responds only weakly to 330nm uv stimuli. depolarization occurs in the blue - green ( 490nm ) and yellow ( 570nm ) but the cell hyperpolarizes for red stimuli ( 650nm ). the biphasic cell ( d ) is hyperpolarized for short - wavelengths ( 330nm, 410nm, and 490nm ) but is depolarized by long wavelengths ( 570nm, 650nm ). two l - type cells, l1 ( e ) and l2 ( f ) hyperpolarize at all wavelengths, but the amplitude ratio at 490nm and 570nm favors 570nm for the l2 - type, and is more evenly balanced for the l1 - type. all amplitudes are given in mv. numbers to the right of each trace are stimulus irradiance, given in log ( - 2 \u00b7 s - 1 ). illustrations are from connaughton and nelson, 2010 ( 6 ). mammals lack c - type horizontal cells given the diversity of horizontal - cell physiology in lower vertebrates, where dendritic contacts with cones", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5705999190922797, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.319688"} {"text": "2 \u00b7 s - 1 ). illustrations are from connaughton and nelson, 2010 ( 6 ). mammals lack c - type horizontal cells given the diversity of horizontal - cell physiology in lower vertebrates, where dendritic contacts with cones containing different visual pigments frequently produce chromatically opponent responses, it is surprising that in mammalian retinas, whose horizontal - cell dendrites also contact cones with different visual pigments, only luminosity - type horizontal cell responses can be recorded ( 18, 19, 22, 99, 100 ). for example, both cat a - and b - horizontal cells are luminosity types ( fig. 9 ), that are dominated by red - cone input, although low - level synergistic input from blue cones can be detected using specific spectral stimulating and adapting conditions ( 100 ). in both a - and b - type cells, rod signals ( fig. 9 ) are intermixed with cone signals ( 16, 17 ). figure. 9. rod - cone mixing in horizontal cells of the cat retina. responses to light stimuli of different intensities were recorded from the cell bodies of a - type and b - type horizontal cells and from the axon terminal of the b - type horizontal cell. brighter stimuli produce greater amplitudes from the cones, and longer \u2018 rod after - effects \u2019 from the saturated rod signals. the illustration is adapted from nelson et al., 1975 ( 17 ). the failure of mammalian horizontal cells to be color opponent may correlate with the absence of a horizontal cell that avoids contact with long - wavelength cones. the biphasic responses in zebrafish retinas are thought to arise from an h2 type horizontal cell that avoids contact with red cones, while selectively contacting green, blue, and uv cones. excitatory input arises from the blue and green cone contacts, and the red inhibitory input arises from feedback contacts from red - cone dominated h1, l - type horizontal cells, onto blue cones ( fig. 2b, panel e ). in the h2 cell there is no red hyperpolarizing signal to mask the h1 red - inhibitory feedback onto the blue cones. this allows the h2 cell to show the color opponent feedback signal ( 37 ). in primate retina, despite a full complement of red, green and blue cone types, horizontal cells also only occur as luminosity types ( 22, 23 ). h1 cells receive synergistic signals from long - and medium", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5631628668543518, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.320578"} {"text": "). in primate retina, despite a full complement of red, green and blue cone types, horizontal cells also only occur as luminosity types ( 22, 23 ). h1 cells receive synergistic signals from long - and medium - wavelength cones ( red and green cones ), while h2 cells receive synergistic input from all three spectral types of cones ; long - medium - and short - wavelength ( red, green and blue cones ) as shown in figure 10. anatomically h1 type horizontal cells tend to avoid the pedicles of blue cones ( fig. 10, neurobiotin - injected h1 cell ) ( 22, 101 ) and are therefore not responsive to blue - cone isolating stimuli ( fig. 10e ). on the other hand, large numbers of h2 dendrites contact blue cone pedicles ( fig. 10, neurobiotin - injected h2 cells, outlined clusters ) ( 22, 101, 102 ). the h2 cell is indeed very sensitive to the blue end of the spectrum ( fig. 10j ). yet, the responses of both horizontal cell types are only of hyperpolarizing polarity to all wavelengths ( 22 ). thus, it appears that subsets of mammalian and primate l - type horizontal cells are devoted primarily to processing of either red green and blue signals or red and green signals, but spectral opponency is not part of the processing regime. figure 10. connectivity and physiology of horizontal cells in the monkey retina. above : intracellular staining and chromatic responses of h1 cells. these cells avoid dendritic contact with s - cones ( blue outlined white circles ). there is no response to s - cone ( blue - cone ) isolating stimuli ( trace e ). below : intracellular staining and chromatic responses of h2 cells. these cells send many dendrites to s - cones ( blue outlined cones ) as well as to red and green cones. the response to s - cone isolating stimuli is large ( j ). the illustration is from dacey, 1996 ( 22 ). 5. rod and cone contributions and passive electrical models. mixing of rod and cone signals steinberg ( 19, 99 ) was the first to distinguish separate rod and cone signals in s - potentials from a mammalian retina. he made intracellular recordings from horizontal cells in the cat retina and saw the typical graded hyperpolarizing responses that depended upon the intensity of the light stimulus. however, unlike", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5647463964373505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.321539"} {"text": "and cone signals in s - potentials from a mammalian retina. he made intracellular recordings from horizontal cells in the cat retina and saw the typical graded hyperpolarizing responses that depended upon the intensity of the light stimulus. however, unlike the responses seen in non - mammalian retinas, steinberg \u2019 s s - potential recordings revealed much more distinct rod and cone contributions to the response. a very slow phase of membrane repolarization seen after termination of the light stimulus was identified as the rod contribution. steinberg called this the \u2018 rod after effect \u2019 ( fig. 9 ). the difference in offset kinetics for rod and cone signal components provides a convenient assay for separating rod and cone inputs to s - potentials in rod - dominated mammalian retinas ( 16 ). in figure 9, typical mixed rod and cone signals of all three horizontal cell structures in cats are shown ( 17 ). in a - and b - type horizontal cell bodies, rod and cone signals are about equal in amplitude, whereas in the axon terminal of the b - type cell, the slowly recovering response characteristic of rod signals occurs. this is interpreted to indicate that rod and cone signals are almost equally mixed in cat horizontal cell bodies, but only rod signals are seen in the axon terminals. the \u2018 rod after effect \u2019 grows increasingly prolonged with bright light stimuli ( fig. 9, bottom ). further evidence for the mixing of rod and cone inputs to cat horizontal cells is seen during light adaptation. when retinas are light adapted by steady background lights, rod signals saturate and rod contributions to the horizontal cell photoresponses, including rod after - effects, vanish. in contrast, the cones adapt to the brighter conditions and their input remains robust. these properties of rod and cone inputs are easily seen in the photoresponses of mammalian horizontal cells such as cats and rabbits ( 15, 17, 19 ). the photoresponses of the rod - dominated b - type horizontal cell axon terminals are virtually abolished by light adaptation. in the horizontal cell bodies ( a and b types ), which receive mixed rod and cone inputs, light adaptation selectively reduces the rod contribution but large cone signals remain and therefore, these horizontal cell elements continue to respond well in the presence of background lights ( 16 ). axon terminals of the axon - bearing b - type horizontal cells in the cat receive an excitatory feed - forward input only from rods, but the cell bodies of a - type and b - type cells contact only cones", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5685632152951774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.322543"} {"text": "( 16 ). axon terminals of the axon - bearing b - type horizontal cells in the cat receive an excitatory feed - forward input only from rods, but the cell bodies of a - type and b - type cells contact only cones. so where does the large rod component of the s - potential in the cell bodies of cat horizontal cell bodies come from? electron microscope observations show gap junctions linking rod and cone photoreceptors in the mammalian outer plexiform layer ( 103, 104 ). these electrical synapses introduce rod signals into cones and thence into horizontal cells. this rod / cone mixing in the photoreceptors is now considered one of the pathways whereby rod driven inputs pass to horizontal cells and to all subsequent second and third order cells in the retina ( 105 - 108 ). in other species, similar characteristics of rod - cone mixing can be found in horizontal cells. in the rabbit retina, as in the cat retina, rod - dominated input to the axon terminal is identified by waveform, sensitivity and the presence of after - potentials ( 15, 109 ). also in primate retina, the axon terminals of the axon - bearing h1 - type horizontal cells produce rod signals while the cell bodies produce cone or mixed rod - cone signals ( 22, 23, 26 ). similar to other mammalian retinas, the somata of primate h1 - type horizontal cells receive rod input indirectly via gap junctions between rods and cones ( 26 ). horizontal cells of reptiles and amphibians, like mammals, mix rod and cone signals. in the retina of the turtle chelydra serpentina, the photoresponses of h1 axon terminals contain slow, low - amplitude components that are contributed by rod photoreceptors, despite the major excitatory input being from long - wavelength sensitive cones. the cell bodies of the same h1 horizontal cells receive input only from long - and medium - wavelength sensitive cones ( 110 ). in xenopus, horizontal cell dendrites contact both rods and cones ( 111 ). similar to mammals, waveforms characteristic of rods and cones, including rod after - effects are recorded in these cells with light stimulation ( 112 ). the amphibian circuitry, with direct rod contacts onto horizontal cell dendrites, differs from mammals, where only cones are contacted, and rod signals enter cones directly through gap junctions. no rod signals have been reported in the purely cone - contacting horizontal cells of fish ( fig", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5523472566812327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.323634"} {"text": "with direct rod contacts onto horizontal cell dendrites, differs from mammals, where only cones are contacted, and rod signals enter cones directly through gap junctions. no rod signals have been reported in the purely cone - contacting horizontal cells of fish ( fig. 2b, fig. 8 ). in fish rod signals are restricted to h4, a special rod - connected horizontal cell type ( 45, 46 ). passive electrical models all vertebrate retinas contain at least one horizontal cell type that is an axon - bearing cell ( fig. 2a, b - types ). the axon terminals and somata of these horizontal cell types are connected by a long thin axon, but in many cases each end behaves as an isolated physiological unit. in the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans, both axon terminals and somata receive excitatory input mainly from red cones but differ in spatial properties and response kinetics for red and green stimuli ( 53, 81 ). in another turtle species, chelydra serpentina, the axon terminal receives excitatory input from red cones and rods while the cell body dendrites contact red and green cones ( 110 ). in domestic mammals ( cat, rabbit ) and in primates ( monkey ), the dendrites of the cell body receive input from cones while the terminals of the axon contact thousands of rods. no evidence has been found to indicate any synaptic or electrical interaction between the axon terminal and the soma of the same cell in any of these cases. where horizontal cell types have the dendritic portion of the cell much distant from the axonal ending ( fig. 2a, b - types ), calculations based on the anatomical dimensions and geometry of the neuron, and ohmic linear properties of cell membrane and cytoplasm, indicate that the axons are too long and thin to allow significant passive electrotonic spread of signals from one end of the cell to the other ( 17, 26, 36, 110 ). such models tell us that signals in cell bodies and axon terminals of horizontal cells reflect only the local synaptic inputs. indeed, the two portions of the same cell act as independent units ( 17 ), in clear violation of neuron theory. the exception to this rule of physiological separation between cell body and axon terminal appears to be the cone - connected horizontal cells in fish. the cone responses of axon terminals in these cells are similar to the cell bodies ( 3 ). as there are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5512734539132367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.324590"} {"text": "the exception to this rule of physiological separation between cell body and axon terminal appears to be the cone - connected horizontal cells in fish. the cone responses of axon terminals in these cells are similar to the cell bodies ( 3 ). as there are no cone contacts from / to the axon terminals in fish, it appears likely that signals are passively conducted from the cell body. the high impedance of the simple unbranched axon terminal may be permissive to the passive propagation of signals through the axon. 6. ionic conductances. ionotropic glutamate - gated channels photoreceptors excite horizontal cells through sign - conserving synapses. in darkness, photoreceptors continuously release an excitatory neurotransmitter that opens horizontal - cell cationic channels with a depolarized reversal potential. therefore, the horizontal cells are maintained at a relatively depolarized potential in darkness. when the photoreceptors are hyperpolarized by a light stimulus, neurotransmitter release is reduced, the post - synaptic ligand - gated channels close and the horizontal cells hyperpolarize. neurotransmitter release from photoreceptor terminals is calcium dependent. exposing the retina to ions that interfere with calcium influx through voltage - dependent calcium channels blocks neurotransmitter release from the photoreceptors, and consequently horizontal cells hyperpolarize ( 113 - 115 ). early experiments in intact retinas pointed to the excitatory amino acids l - glutamate and l - aspartate as putative candidates for the photoreceptor neurotransmitter ( 116 - 120 ). exposing the retina to either l - glutamate or l - aspartate caused depolarization of horizontal cells and loss of photoresponses as shown in figure 11a for horizontal cells in the intact rabbit retina ( 116 ). these observations are consistent with the notions that an excitatory amino acid is continuously released by the photoreceptors in the dark, and that light - induced hyperpolarization of horizontal cells reflects the reuptake of the amino acid from the synaptic cleft. accordingly, exogenously applied neurotransmitter saturates the receptor sites in the horizontal cells causing further depolarization. since the horizontal cells are saturated with the exogenously applied ne", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.548641433741174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.325559"} {"text": "from the synaptic cleft. accordingly, exogenously applied neurotransmitter saturates the receptor sites in the horizontal cells causing further depolarization. since the horizontal cells are saturated with the exogenously applied neurotransmitter, modulation of endogenous transmitter release by light stimuli has little effect on membrane potential and the photoresponses are eliminated. in the experiment described in figure 11a, solutions containing 15 mm l - aspartate or l - glutamate were needed to induce depolarization of rabbit horizontal cells and loss of photoresponses. these and other studies raised two major questions. ( 1 ) why were relatively high concentrations ( in the millimolar range ) of excitatory amino acids needed to exert the effects shown in figure 11a? ( 2 ) which of the two excitatory amino acids was the photoreceptor neurotransmitter? figure 11. a. l - aspartate and l - glutamate depolarize horizontal cell membrane potential and abolish horizontal cell photoresponses in intact rabbit retina. these photoresponses were elicited by diffuse light stimuli. the illustration is from bloomfield and dowling, 1985 ( 116 ). b. l - glutamate depolarizes the membrane potential of a horizontal cell isolated from the carp retina, while l - aspartate and d - glutamate exert no effect. each application pipette was filled with 500 \u00b5m of drug. current pulses measure changes in membrane resistance. the illustration is from lasater and dowling, 1982 ( 125 ). the first question was answered by the identification of efficient uptake systems for glutamate and aspartate by excitatory amino acid transporters ( eaats ) ( 121, 122 ). eaats efficiently remove excitatory amino acids from extracellular space, thereby greatly reducing the concentration of the exogenously applied aspartate or glutamate reaching the cone - to - horizontal - cell synapses. retinal glutamate transporters are reviewed elsewhere in webvision. when non - transportable analogues of excitatory amino acids are applied, considerably lower concentrations are needed to exert effects on horizontal cells ( 109, 123 ). this is illustrated in figure 12 where the effect of 10 mm l - glutamate ( a ) is compared to that of 0. 1 mm kainic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5524317241958692, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.328600"} {"text": "considerably lower concentrations are needed to exert effects on horizontal cells ( 109, 123 ). this is illustrated in figure 12 where the effect of 10 mm l - glutamate ( a ) is compared to that of 0. 1 mm kainic acid ( b ). kainic acid, an agonist for ampa - kainate - type glutamate receptors in vertebrate horizontal cells, but not a substrate for eaats, exerts effects similar to l - glutamate at a concentration lower by 100 fold. in both cases horizontal cells are depolarized and photoresponses lost. in further support of the excitatory amino acid receptor hypothesis, kynurenic acid, a non - selective antagonist of excitatory amino acid receptors ( 124 ) hyperpolarizes horizontal cells, also with loss of photoresponse ( fig, 12 c ). figure 12. the effects of l - glutamate ( a ), kainic acid ( b ) and kynurenic acid ( c ) upon the membrane potential and photoresponses of l - type horizontal cells in the retina of the turtle mauremys caspica. the illustrations are from perlman. the exact identity of the excitatory amino acid was debated for more than a decade. a variety of experiments in intact retinas were designed to decide between l - glutamate and l - aspartate as candidates for photoreceptor neurotransmitter, but with conflicting conclusions. it was not until the development of the isolated cell preparation that a clear answer to this question was obtained. lasater and dowling ( 125 ), in their pioneering work, isolated horizontal cells from the carp retina and recorded the membrane potentials with sharp microelectrodes. since these horizontal cells in culture were separated from all other influences of retinal circuitry, including photoreceptor stimulation, they were characterized by hyperpolarized resting potentials ( close to the potassium equilibrium potential ). application of low doses of l - glutamate, but not of l - aspartate or d - glutamate, induced depolarization, indicating that selective receptors for l - glutamate existed in the horizontal cell membrane ( fig. 11b ). with this experimental approach, a low concentration of l - glutamate was sufficient to induce effects, because in this preparation, removal of extracellular l - glutama", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5434760310120753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.329597"} {"text": "in addition to ampa receptors in horizontal cells cultured from human retina ( 137 ). metabotropic glutamate effects glutamate also influences horizontal cells through metabotropic pathways. unlike ionotropic ampa - glutamate responses, metabotropic actions do not spread globally through membrane voltage changes within the horizontal cell network, but remain local, influencing only nearby cytoplasmic chemistry. dl - ap4, a glutamate analogue selective for type iii metabotropic glutamate receptors, suppresses nearby voltage sensitive potassium channels ( 138 ). similarly, group i and group iii metabotropic glutamate receptors increase the amplitudes of nearby voltage - gated calcium currents in horizontal cells ( 139 ). glutamate provides further metabotropic regulation of calcium and potassium channels through modulation of cytoplasmic ph ( 140 ). nmda receptors on catfish horizontal cells have been observed to down - regulate voltage dependent sodium and calcium channel activity through a calmodulin - dependent mechanism, also a type of metabotropic effect ( 141 ). furthermore sodium entry through stimulated ampa - glutamate channels stimulates local activity of na + k + atpase. this in turn appears important in setting membrane potential ( 142 ). thus, in addition to causing the light response itself, photoreceptor glutamate regulates a variety of cellular and membrane functions. voltage - and time - dependent conductances the photoresponses of horizontal cells from cold - blooded, as well as warm - blooded mammalian retinas, are shaped by voltage - and time - dependent ionic channels located within the plasma membrane ( 143 - 146 ). five types of ionic currents ; a sodium current, a calcium current and three types of potassium current have been identified in isolated horizontal cells of goldfish ( 147 ), catfish ( 148 ), white perch ( 143 ), skate ( 149 ), turtle ( 150 ), rabbit ( 145 ) and cat ( 146 ). figure 13. voltage - and time - dependent ionic conductances in isolated horizontal cells. a. current responses to different voltage steps from a holding potential at - 60mv in horizontal cells from the cat retina, from ueda et al., 1992 ( 146 ). b. current responses and i - v curves from 4 types of horizontal cells that were isolated from the retina of the white perch, from lasater, 1986 ( 143 ). voltage steps evoke membrane", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5208525726567499, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.332928"} {"text": "et al., 1992 ( 146 ). b. current responses and i - v curves from 4 types of horizontal cells that were isolated from the retina of the white perch, from lasater, 1986 ( 143 ). voltage steps evoke membrane current responses for two types of horizontal cells isolated from the cat retina ( fig. 13a ) and four types of horizontal cells isolated from the retina of the white perch ( fig. 13b ). in cat horizontal cells, the inward sodium current is clearly evident during the first 10 ms of the current responses while at the steady state, a sustained outward potassium current is seen ( fig. 13a ). fish horizontal cells exhibit a more complex array of currents as evident from the current waveforms and the i - v curves for transient and sustained portions of the response to electrical stimulation ( fig. 13b ). basically all four types of fish horizontal cells exhibit similar ionic currents but they differ in relative magnitude. the sodium current is inward going and is seen during the initial 10ms of the current pulses that are recorded when the horizontal cells are depolarized from a negative holding potential ( about - 70mv ) to around 0mv. it is very similar to the regenerative sodium current typical of spiking neurons. the physiological role of this current in horizontal cells is not known since these cells do not exhibit action potentials. three types of potassium channel have been identified by their voltage - and time - dependency and by their sensitivity to specific blockers. the inwardly rectifying channels conduct an inward current when the cells are hyperpolarized below potassium equilibrium potential. in some species, extracellular sodium ions influence the reversal potential of these channels making the currents functional at physiological potentials ( 151 ). the sustained outward potassium current ( delayed rectifier ) is activated at potentials more depolarized than the resting, dark potential of the horizontal cells. the outward transient potassium current ( ia ), is activated upon fast depolarization from negative potentials. in the intact turtle retina, the outward transient potassium current is activated upon termination of a bright light stimulus, speeding the recovery of the l - type horizontal cell from the depolarizing overshoot at light offset back to the dark level. this effect allows the l - type horizontal cells to follow fast flickering stimuli and thus, improves the frequency response curve of the cells ( 152 ). l - type calcium responses are a prominent feature of isolated horizontal cells. these channels inactivate only slowly resulting in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5218575741314669, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.334068"} {"text": "allows the l - type horizontal cells to follow fast flickering stimuli and thus, improves the frequency response curve of the cells ( 152 ). l - type calcium responses are a prominent feature of isolated horizontal cells. these channels inactivate only slowly resulting in long duration spikes and persistent depolarized states ( 142, 146, 148, 153 ). outward potassium currents appear in themselves too weak to inactivate calcium currents in these cells ( 154 ), however glutamate activation of the electrogenic na / k atpase appears sufficient to restore hyperpolarized membrane potentials ( 142 ). calcium currents may sometimes contribute to oscillations in the light responses of horizontal cells ( 155 ). gaba receptors and transporters some, but not all, horizontal - cell types accumulate gaba ( 51 ). a likely target of horizontal - cell gaba is other horizontal cells. kamermans suggested gaba as mediator of positive feedback between these neurons ( 156 ). in many species gabaa and / or gabac receptors are located on horizontal cells. qian and dowling discovered retinal gabac receptors. they were localized on the membranes of isolated rod horizontal cells of white perch ( 157 ). retinal gabac receptors are reviewed elsewhere in webvision. currents from gabaa receptors are found in dissociated rabbit horizontal cells ( 158 ). both gabaa and gabac receptor currents as well as gaba transporter currents occur in isolated catfish horizontal cells ( 159, 160 ). isolated horizontal cells from skate ( 161 ) or zebrafish ( 162 ) show no evidence of gaba receptor physiology, but do possess gaba transporter physiology. horizontal - cell gaba circuits are species specific, nonetheless gaba would appear to be an important signaling molecule within the vertebrate outer plexiform layer, and gaba roles include signaling between horizontal cells. 7. gap junctions and spatial characteristics in all vertebrate retinas including mammals, horizontal cells are characterized by large - surface - area gap junctions ( fig. 3c ) between each others \u2019 dendrites ( 163, 164 ). these junctions allow lateral flow of small molecules and ions within the horizontal cell network. gap - junction - permeant tracers such as lucifer yellow or neurobiotin that are injected into one horizontal cell in the layer spread to hundreds of neighboring cells, forming striking images of the interconnected horizontal cell network ( figs. 14, 15a ) ( 14, 66, 67", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5443201987201486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.335026"} {"text": "as lucifer yellow or neurobiotin that are injected into one horizontal cell in the layer spread to hundreds of neighboring cells, forming striking images of the interconnected horizontal cell network ( figs. 14, 15a ) ( 14, 66, 67, 84, 165, 166 ). gap junctions are formed only between neighboring horizontal cells of the same physiological type as shown in figures 14 and 15a. networks of turtle h2 cells ( fig. 15a, left panel ) and of rabbit a - type cells ( fig. 15a, right panel ) are revealed by neurobiotin injection into one cell of the network. gap - junction connexons between rabbit a - type horizontal cells accommodate molecules as large as 500 daltons ( 74 ). the permeance of the gap junctions between horizontal cells and therefore, dye coupling, is influenced by the intracellular and extracellular milieu and by chemicals such as dopamine, retinoic acid, nitric oxide or hydrogen ions that are released by other retinal cells ( see section on neuromodulators ). figure 14. rabbit horizontal cell network revealed by dye injection. lucifer dye, injected into one cell, spreads via the gap junctions linking a - type horizontal cells to reveal the centrally injected cell and hundreds of neighboring cells. the illustration is from mills and massey, 1994 ( 67 ). receptive field properties the gap junctions between horizontal cells are highly permeable to small ions and therefore, serve as low - resistance pathways for electrical signals to spread laterally within the horizontal cell layer. thus, horizontal cells receive excitatory input directly from photoreceptors via chemical synapses and also indirectly via gap junctions with neighboring horizontal cells. the physiological consequence of the gap junctions between horizontal cells is to create a very large receptive field that spreads out to distant retinal regions, regions beyond the extent of direct dendritic contact with photoreceptors ( 10, 66 ). the receptive fields of horizontal cells are measured by several spatial protocols. the most common are ( 1 ) examining responses to a series of concentric spots of increasing diameter but fixed irradiance, or ( 2 ) examining responses to long narrow slits of light presented at different positions across the retina. in either case response amplitudes can be modeled, at least to first order, by differential equations describing current flow in a resistive plane ( 16, 167, 168 ), or equivalently by discrete passive networks of interconnected resistors ( 53 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5754853985756159, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.336008"} {"text": "either case response amplitudes can be modeled, at least to first order, by differential equations describing current flow in a resistive plane ( 16, 167, 168 ), or equivalently by discrete passive networks of interconnected resistors ( 53 ). an experiment in which an l - type horizontal cell in the retina of the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans was stimulated with a series of concentric spots of fixed intensity is shown in figure 15b. the first photoresponse to the left was elicited with a stimulus of super - saturating intensity that illuminated the entire receptive field of the cell. this is the maximal photoresponse. a series of 6 photoresponses were then elicited by sub - saturating light stimuli with different stimulus diameters, as illustrated diagrammatically above each response. the photoresponse amplitude gradually decreases as the size of the illuminated retinal area is reduced ( fig. 15b ; graph ). this reduction of amplitude is not due to diminution of photoreceptor synaptic input to the recorded cell, as even the small spot stimuli are larger than the dendritic extent of the cell. thus, it is suggested that the low amplitude of the responses to small spot light stimuli are due to shunting of the local photoreceptor input into neighboring horizontal cells through gap junctions. with full - field illumination, all the horizontal cells are evenly illuminated, equipotential, and therefore, no current flows between them. with small spot illumination, the membrane potential of non - illuminated horizontal cells is different from that of illuminated cells causing electrical currents to flow between them and thus, to shunt the responses of the illuminated cells. figure 15. a. the syncytia of h2 cells in turtle retina ( left ) and a - type horizontal cells in the rabbit ( right ) as revealed by neurobiotin injection into one cell in each syncytium. the illustration in turtle retina is from ammermuller et al, 1996 ( 84 ) ; the rabbit retina illustration is from mills and massey, 1994 ( 67 ). b. the size of the receptive field of a turtle l - type horizontal cell as determined from the photoresponses that were elicited by concentric light stimuli of different diameters ( left ). the peak amplitude, normalized to the response to full field illumination ( 2nd response from the left ), is plotted as a function of spot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5842070135313048, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.336860"} {"text": "photoresponses that were elicited by concentric light stimuli of different diameters ( left ). the peak amplitude, normalized to the response to full field illumination ( 2nd response from the left ), is plotted as a function of spot radius in order to derive the length constant ( right ). the illustration is from perlman and ammermuller, 1994 ( 176 ). the receptive field of a cat a - type horizontal cell, mapped with a narrow slit of light, is shown in figure 16. exponential decay of response amplitude flanks both sides of the maximal response, which is elicited when the narrow slit is centered on the studied cell. note that this maximal slit response is always smaller than the one elicited by a large light stimulus of the same intensity that covers the entire receptive field of the studied cell ( vmax ). the red receptive field ( fig. 16a ) measures the spatial extent of cat red cone signals, while the blue receptive field ( fig. 16b ) measures the spatial extent of rod signals, both signal components occur in the same horizontal cell. these signals share a common center, but differ in space constant. figure 16. a - type horizontal - cell receptive field in cat retina is mapped with a long narrow slit ( 100 x 5000 \u00b5m ). a. the wavelength is 647nm ( red ) that stimulates a mixture of cat red cone and rod responses. b. the wavelength is 441nm ( blue ) and dim enough to stimulate only rods. rod and cone receptive fields share a common center, but differ in size. the continuous curves are generated by the conductive sheet model, with a space constant of 250 \u03bcm in a. and 200 \u03bcm in b. the figure is from nelson, 1977 ( 16 ). the dimension of the horizontal cell receptive field can be quantified. using variable diameter spots, one common procedure is to find the minimum spot diameter that elicits a maximal response. another measure is the receptive - field length constant lambda ( \u03bb ). for models based on electrical current flow in the horizontal cell layer, lambda is defined as the slit displacement required to reduce response amplitude by 1 / e. ( 16, 167, 169, 170 ). some other definitions of lambda based on empirical curve fitting of data have also been suggested ( 10, 171 ). for models based on electrical current flow in the horizontal - cell syncytium, receptive field size is directly related to lambda,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.567596608437378, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.338972"} {"text": "). some other definitions of lambda based on empirical curve fitting of data have also been suggested ( 10, 171 ). for models based on electrical current flow in the horizontal - cell syncytium, receptive field size is directly related to lambda, and lambda is directly related to the membrane resistance of the horizontal cell, and inversely related to the coupling resistance between the horizontal cells. the space constant of the cone signal components in a cat a - type horizontal cell ( fig. 16a ) is 250 \u03bcm. the space constant for the rod signal component in the same cell is 200 \u03bcm ( fig. 16b ). this illustrates the point that even in the same cell, depending on what is being measured ; somewhat different receptive fields can be inferred. the concept of field size is not monolithic. the exceptional width of horizontal - cell receptive fields finds several uses. first, horizontal - cell actions on photoreceptors and bipolar cells, both of which are much narrower in receptive field centers than horizontal cells, can be seen in the distal limbs of area functions in these narrower - field neurons. second, horizontal cell types can be distinguished by the size and properties of receptive fields. in the turtle retina, two types of luminosity horizontal cells were early recognized ; l1 and l2 ( 53 ) or respectively, large receptive field ( lrf ) and small receptive field ( srf ) horizontal cells ( 81 ). the l1 ( lrf ) cells are characterized by receptive fields of large diameter ( > 3 mm ) while the l2 ( srf ) cells have a receptive field diameter of about 2 mm. these two l - type horizontal cells also differ with regards to spectral properties ( 172 ) and responsiveness to surround illumination ( 173 ). the anatomical stains of lrf and srf cells actually reveals that they are two, electrically isolated, parts of the same cell. lrf is the axon terminal of h1, and srf is the cell body ( fig. 2a ) ( 53 ). thus receptive field measurements add further evidence that a single horizontal cell may have 2 independent area summation regions. the horizontal cell syncytium cannot be fully described by static passive electrical models. the resistances within the horizontal cell layer change with illumination and time and therefore, the size of the receptive field ( magnitude of lambda, or the length constant ) changes also ( 169, 174, 175 ). in general, the size of the receptive - field", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.595782676852165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.339980"} {"text": "the horizontal cell layer change with illumination and time and therefore, the size of the receptive field ( magnitude of lambda, or the length constant ) changes also ( 169, 174, 175 ). in general, the size of the receptive - field length constant is related to the intensity of the light stimulus used to measure it ( 16, 167, 172, 176, 177 ). when the irradiance of the ambient illumination is increased, the length constant first increases to a peak value and then decreases ( 16, 169, 175 ). the spatial properties of c - type horizontal cells in the turtle retina depend upon the color of the light stimuli ( 91, 178 ). the waveform of the photoresponses of c - type horizontal cells may change dramatically when the spatial pattern of the light stimulus is changed, especially when the wavelength of the light is close to the zone where response polarity reverses ( 91 ). this is because depolarizing and hyperpolarizing mechanisms may differ in size. in isolated pairs of horizontal cells, coupling current decreases somewhat over time ( 179 ), potentially introducing another time - dependence in receptive fields. a further receptive field size dependency is introduced by neuromodulators such as dopamine ( see below ). effects on cone receptive fields horizontal cells are post - synaptic to photoreceptors, but are also pre - synaptic, forming a feedback loop. horizontal cells send wide - field visual signals back to the narrow center mechanism of cones through these feedback pathways ( 180 - 186 ). the effects of these pathways is revealed by adjusting the size, shape and color of the light stimuli used to evoke responses from cones. the effects of area and brightness on cone photoresponses from the retina of the tiger salamander are shown in figure 17 ( 183 ). each pair of responses was elicited by light stimuli of the same intensity but different size. the early on - phase of each pair of photoresponses ( initial hyperpolarization ) is identical regardless of the size of the stimulus, but the later phases are considerably affected by the stimulus size. with a small spot stimulus, following the initial hyperpolarization, the cell slightly recovers towards the dark potential but the membrane potential is maintained at a hyperpolarized level for the entire duration of the stimulus. when a large spot stimulus is used, a significant depolarization is seen after the initial hyperpolarizing phase ( arrows in fig", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5639174594571413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.341490"} {"text": "potential but the membrane potential is maintained at a hyperpolarized level for the entire duration of the stimulus. when a large spot stimulus is used, a significant depolarization is seen after the initial hyperpolarizing phase ( arrows in fig. 17 ). this result appears independent of stimulus intensity. the late depolarizing potential reflects the activation of the negative feedback pathway from the horizontal cells to cones. feedback effects are particularly large when cone intracellular chloride concentrations are artificially elevated ( 183, 185 ). figure 17. the contribution of the feedback pathway from l - type horizontal cells to cone responses in the retina of the tiger salamander. cone photoresponses were elicited by light stimuli of different intensities covering a small or a large spot as indicated. the illustration is from lasansky, 1981 ( 183 ). in turtle retina, the feedback pathway from horizontal cells to cones can be revealed by experiments examining the effects of size and color on cone responses ( fig. 18 ). with small spots, red and green light stimuli can be adjusted in brightness until equal amplitude hyperpolarizations are elicited from red and green cones. with these small - spot stimuli, the photoresponses of the red cone are very similar in shape, regardless of wavelength ( upper pairs of responses ). however, when the same two wavelengths of light stimuli were increased in diameter, the excitatory input from the green cones to the l1 - type horizontal cells activated the feedback pathway, and caused the response of the red cone to the green light stimulus to become transient and biphasic ( fig. 18, lower left pair ). in the green cone, the contribution of the feedback pathway from the red - cone input to l1 - type horizontal cells is even more pronounced, and a depolarizing photoresponse is elicited in the green cone with a large diameter red - light stimulus ( fig. 18, bottom right pair ). blue cones also receive feedback signals from l - type horizontal cells ( 187 ) as shown in figure 18 ( right hand traces ). a large diameter red light stimulus was used to selectively isolate possible inputs that were mediated by these feedback pathways. in the dark - adapted state, a small depolarizing after potential is seen following the initial hyperpolarizing phase ( trace 1 ). during a red background light, that selectively desensitized the red cones ( l - cones ), a pure hyperpolarizing photores", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5676245869014371, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.342395"} {"text": "kainate membrane channels ( fig. 19b ), supporting the notion that horizontal cells are the source of the negative feedback input in cone photoreceptors. further, the characteristics of blue - cone feedback currents resemble those of calcium currents ( 185 ), supporting the long - held idea that horizontal - cell feedback to cones operates through a modulation of calcium channels ( 183, 189 ). figure 19. in monkey retina, inhibition of blue cones by long wavelength light is mediated by horizontal cell feedback. a. short - wavelength blue light evokes outward photocurrents in the blue cone, but long - wavelength yellow light evokes inward feedback currents. b. inward feedback currents elicited by long - wavelength stimuli are blocked by 20\u00b5m cnqx, a blocker of horizontal - cell light responses. blue cones are voltage clamped at - 40mv. the figure is adapted from packer et al., 2010 ( 185 ). thus, in primate retina there are color opponent blue cones, but not color opponent horizontal cells. the difference with other vertebrates would appear to reside with horizontal cell circuitry. while the h2 cell of primate retina is somewhat blue cone selective ( fig. 10 ), it apparently is not selective enough to reveal the blue - cone depolarizing feedback signals to red stimuli. the direct hyperpolarizing long - wavelength cone input to h2 cells may mask the blue - cone feedback response. the feedback synapse the negative feedback circuit from horizontal cells to cones is thought to occur at the horizontal - cell lateral elements that invaginate photoreceptor terminals at the triad ribbon synapses ( fig. 3a ). the problem has been that no images of a synapse with presynaptic vesicle clusters has ever been seen within the lateral elements, except for human retina ( 190 ), and there it was only noticed for axon terminal invaginations within rod spherules. however syntaxin - 4, a snare protein involved in fusion of synaptic vesicles to the plasma membrane, has been localized to the lateral elements of mouse horizontal cells in both cones and rods ( fig 20 ) ( 191 ), as has vgat, the vesicular gaba transporter ( fig. 21 ) ( 192 ). these molecules both suggest presynaptic activity in horizontal cells. further, fish retinas have distinctive spinules on the dendritic endings of the horizontal - cell lateral elements", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5712617801977884, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 35, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.344396"} {"text": "159, 160, 203, 205 ). although these cells clearly have gaba uptake systems and accumulate gaba, the idea that gaba mediates the negative feedback of horizontal cells to cone photoreceptors has not received universal experimental validation. horizontal - cell gaba could still have a feed - forward action directly upon bipolar cell dendrites or other horizontal - cell processes ( 156, 205 ). alternatively gaba receptors on horizontal cells might simply serve the purpose of limiting transporter - generated membrane depolarizations in the presence of extracellular gaba. figure 21. electron microscopy shows immunolabeling ( dark granules ) for vesicular \u03b3 - aminobutryric acid transporter ( vgat ) in mouse ( a ) and rat ( b ) horizontal cell lateral elements ( arrow heads ) in rod spherules. rod synaptic ribbons are indicated by long arrows. the scale bars are 0. 5 \u03bcm. the illustration is from cueva et al., 2002 ( 192 ). a further feedback model proposes that elevated proton concentration in the synaptic cleft mediates feedback by inhibiting photoreceptor calcium channels ( 206 ). proton buffers, particularly amino sulfonates like hepes, block feedback ( 207 - 212 ). while there is general agreement that some ph buffers block feedback, there is currently disagreement whether alteration of ph in the synaptic cleft is the mechanism ( 213, 214 ). most feedback models propose that modulation of presynaptic calcium channels in the photoreceptor terminals is the key. using voltage - clamp recordings from cones during illumination with spots or annuli of light, verweij et al ( 1996 ) ( 215 ) suggest that feedback modulates the voltage - dependency of the calcium channels in the cone pedicles ( fig. 22a ). the explanation takes off from an old electrical model ( 5 ) and proposes that horizontal cells can initiate large extracellular current flow through hemi - gap - junction channels into the restricted extracellular space within the triad synapse of the cone ( fig. 22b ) ( 68, 70, 72, 189, 216 ). during light stimulation, the l - type horizontal cells hyperpolarize, increasing the magnitude of the inward flow of cations from extracellular space, through hemi - gap - junction channels, into horizontal cell lateral elements. this causes hyperpolarization of the extracellular space. such hemi - gap - junctions,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.585165768445348, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 37, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.348157"} {"text": "increasing the magnitude of the inward flow of cations from extracellular space, through hemi - gap - junction channels, into horizontal cell lateral elements. this causes hyperpolarization of the extracellular space. such hemi - gap - junctions, consisting of connexin cx55. 5, have been demonstrated anatomically in horizontal cell lateral elements in zebrafish retinas ( fig. 3d ). the extracellular hyperpolarization activates voltage dependent calcium channels which sense the change in the same way as intracellular depolarization, leading to calcium entry, and an increase in glutamate release. the idea finds some support because when the hemi - channels are blocked with carbenoxolone ( a specific gap junction blocker ), the feedback signal in the cone is eliminated ( 189, 204 ). figure 22. electrical feedback model. a. the activation range of calcium currents in cone synaptic terminals shifts towards more hyperpolarized values during surround stimuli that hyperpolarize horizontal cells. b. the electrical or \u2018 ephaptic \u2019 feedback model argues that the voltage within the enclosed extracellular space surrounding horizontal - cell invaginated dendritic tips is influenced by horizontal - cell membrane polarization. with surround stimulation, these dendrites hyperpolarize, causing extracellular space to hyperpolarize also. this affects synaptic calcium channels in the same way as would intracellular depolarization of the cone terminal. the more hyperpolarized the horizontal cell dendrite, the more calcium enters the cone terminal, and the more neurotransmitter is released. the effect is opposite to the light - induced closing of cone outer segment cation channels that suppress neurotransmitter release. ( i ) calcium channels ( red ) are located on the cone presynaptic membrane, adjacent to the ribbon. gap junction hemichannels ( blue ), polarize adjacent extracellular space. extracellular current flow hyperpolarizes extracellular space to a greater extent in the light ( ii ) than in the dark ( i ) the illustration is from kamermans and fahrenfort, 2004 ( 216 ). further evidence for the importance of connexin 55. 5 and hemi gap - junctions for feedback comes from a genetic knockout in zebrafish. feedback to cones, behavioral contrast sensitivity, and horizontal - cell color opponency were all weakened in this knockout. as this connexin is only expressed in horizontal cells", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5963671471954701, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 38, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.350230"} {"text": "hemi gap - junctions for feedback comes from a genetic knockout in zebrafish. feedback to cones, behavioral contrast sensitivity, and horizontal - cell color opponency were all weakened in this knockout. as this connexin is only expressed in horizontal cells, a perturbation of horizontal - cell circuitry is a likely cause. curiously the knockout effects were strongest when horizontal cells were in a hyperpolarized state, but were less evident when they were in a depolarized state ( 73 ). 9. modulation of physiology. the properties of horizontal cells are altered by a variety of humoral factors released by retinal cells during changing conditions of illumination. these chemicals, generally referred to as neuromodulators, are believed to adjust the modes of information processing in the retina in order to match retinal function to ambient condtions. neuromodulators reach horizontal cells either via direct synaptic interactions or by volume transmission. in the latter mode, inter - cellular communication is mediated by passive diffusion of the chemical following its release from the source cells into extracellular space. dopamine is the most extensively studied retinal neuromodulator, but in recent years nitric oxide and retinoic acid have been added to the list. in this section the actions of these neuromodulators on vertebrate horizontal cells is discussed. dopamine - containing neurons reside in the amacrine cell layer of the retina. in fish, where they were first discovered, dopaminergic cells are interplexiform cells ( ipcs ), having cell bodies in the amacrine cell layer and sending long processes to the outer plexiform layer where they arborize and synapse on horizontal cells. in other species ( e. g. turtle, most mammals ), the dopaminergic cells are amacrine cells with few, if any, processes extending to the outer plexiform layer ( 217 ), and therefore dopamine has to reach the horizontal cells by volume diffusion through the inner nuclear layer. the action of dopamine upon vertebrate horizontal cells has been extensively studied and reviewed ( 218 ) and involves at least 4 distinct actions. ( 1 ) dopamine reduces the extent of gap - junction coupling, as shown by dye coupling experiments, by electrophysiological determination of receptive field size ( 119, 166, 176, 219 - 222 ), and by patch recordings from isolated cell pairs ( 69 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5585906172812389, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 39, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.351126"} {"text": "the extent of gap - junction coupling, as shown by dye coupling experiments, by electrophysiological determination of receptive field size ( 119, 166, 176, 219 - 222 ), and by patch recordings from isolated cell pairs ( 69 ). dopamine shrinks the receptive field, and reduces photoresponse amplitude in horizontal cells from intact fish retina ( fig. 23a ). photoresponses that were recorded during superfusion with dopamine solutions were larger in amplitude with small spot stimuli than those recorded with the same stimuli under control conditions ( fig 23a ). the increase in the response to spot stimuli indicates less shunting by neighboring non - illuminated horizontal cells and is consistent with the notion that dopamine uncouples the horizontal cell network ( 220 ). gap junction conductance is reduced through activation of adenylate cyclase by dopamine d1 - type receptors ( 223 ). figure 23. dopamine affects synaptic gain and receptive fields in fish horizontal cells. a. photoresponses were recorded from a horizontal cell in the intact carp retina using light stimuli of fixed intensity but different diameter, under control conditions and after exposure to dopamine. the illustration is from mangel and dowling, 1985 ( 220 ). b. dopamine by itself did not elicit any current response in a horizontal cell isolated from white perch retina ( upper trace ). however in the presence of dopamine the inward current elicited by the ampa / kainate agonist kainic acid ( middle trace ) was significantly augmented ( bottom trace ). the illustration is from knapp and dowling, 1987 ( 227 ). by reducing gap - junction coupling, dopamine limits the spread of neurobiotin, a low - molecular weight ( 323 dalton ) tracer molecule, after injection of this molecule into a cell within the horizontal cell layer. in h1 cells of monkey retina the neurobiotin tracer field is maximal during dark adaptation ( fig. 24a ). the dopamine d1 agonist skf38393 reduces the size of the tracer field ( fig. 24d ), as does light adaptation ( fig. 24b ) and the gap junction blocking agent meclofenamic acid ( fig. 24c ). dark adapted space constants in monkey h1 cells are very large, in excess of 1000 \u03bcm ( 222 ). similar results are seen in mouse retina where additionally,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5461335172536551, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 40, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.352058"} {"text": "blocking agent meclofenamic acid ( fig. 24c ). dark adapted space constants in monkey h1 cells are very large, in excess of 1000 \u03bcm ( 222 ). similar results are seen in mouse retina where additionally, blockade of the dopamine d1 receptor with a d1 antagonist ( sch23390 ) widens the area of tracer spread, and the camp analogue 8 - bromo cyclic gmp reduces the spread of the tracer. all observations are consistent with a d1 receptor, camp - mediated mechanism ( 224 ). figure 24. modulation of horizontal - cell coupling in monkey retina. a. neurobiotin tracer reveals maximal coupling - field occurs in h1 horizontal cells under dark adaptation. b. mesopic ( 500 nm ) background illumination shrinks the coupling field. c. meclofenamic acid, a gap junction blocking agent, prevents tracer spread. d. the dopamine d1 receptor agonist skf38393 greatly reduces the spread of tracer. the scale bars are 100 \u03bcm. the illustration is from zhang, jacoby and wu, 2011 ( 222 ). receptive field modulation by dopamine varies somewhat with species. neurobiotin spread between rabbit a - type cell bodies is highly ph sensitive ( 165 ), in fact only observable at ph 7. 2 + / - 0. 05. nonetheless, a particularly striking modulation of receptive field size occurs in the axon terminal systems of rabbit b - type horizontal cells ( 233 ). modulation of tracer coupling by dopamine is robust in mouse retina ( 224 ) and in monkey retina ( fig. 24 ) ( 222 ). tracer coupling between the rod - driven horizontal cells of skate retina was dopamine insensitive ( 234 ). in isolated horizontal cell pairs dopamine uncouples gap junctions ( 69 ). in this preparation the biophysics of gap junction coupling and its modulation by dopamine can be examined in detail. in zebrafish the unitary conductance of a gap - junction channel is 50 - 60 ps and the open time is ~ 10 msec. dopamine reduces the open time and the frequency of opening of these channels for a net reduction of 2 - 3 fold ( 235 ). the action is mediated through a d1 agonist and is mimicked by the camp analogue 8 - bromo - camp, suggesting an intracellular mechanism that involves increases in camp, a common action", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5591087378074128, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 41, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.352955"} {"text": "net reduction of 2 - 3 fold ( 235 ). the action is mediated through a d1 agonist and is mimicked by the camp analogue 8 - bromo - camp, suggesting an intracellular mechanism that involves increases in camp, a common action of d1 receptors ( 179 ). a parallel study in isolated catfish horizontal - cell pairs yielded similar results. dopamine d1 receptors raised intracellular camp, closing gap junctions. further, intracellular ph and ca2 + ions were ruled out as mediators ( 236 ). ( 2 ) dopamine induces the formation of spinules in fish horizontal cells in a manner similar to that seen with bright - light background illumination ( 193, 225 ). ( 3 ) in fish retina, dopamine reduces the amplitude of horizontal - cell photoresponses ( 220, 226 ), as shown in figure 23a. this phenomenon is attributed to dopamine modulation of the interaction between l - glutamate and ampa / ka receptors on the horizontal cell membrane. dopamine increases the binding of l - glutamate to horizontal - cell - membrane receptors ( 227 ), as illustrated in figure 23b. dopamine by itself evoked no current in the isolated horizontal cell ( fig. 23b, upper trace ), but it significantly augmented the kainate - induced glutamate - receptor current ( fig. 23b, lower traces ). further studies show that this dopamine action is dependent on extracellular magnesium ions ( 228 ). in the intact retina, the photoresponses of horizontal cells reflect the unbinding of glutamate from its receptors. if dopamine increases the affinity of glutamate for its receptors on the horizontal cell membrane, then unbinding at light onset will be at a slower rate. the flicker photoresponses of cat and rabbit horizontal cells were in fact phase - delayed by both d1 and d2 selective dopamine agonists, in agreement with the idea of slower unbinding of glutamate. in these species flicker photoresponses increased in amplitude with dim lights, but decreased with bright lights ( 229 ). pflug et al ( 229 ) suggest that the dopamine - induced increase in glutamate binding by horizontal cells may induce a maintained depolarized bias that shifts cone calcium activation through feedback interaction towards more depolarized levels, tending to facilitate dim - stimulus synaptic transmission, while truncating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5465217160636425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 42, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.353933"} {"text": "increase in glutamate binding by horizontal cells may induce a maintained depolarized bias that shifts cone calcium activation through feedback interaction towards more depolarized levels, tending to facilitate dim - stimulus synaptic transmission, while truncating bright - stimulus transmission ( 229 ), an elaboration of the ideas put forward by mangel and dowling ( 230 ). in other species this appears not to be the case. such modulations are not clear in the turtle retina ( 176, 221 ). ( 4 ) dopamine changes the balance between rod and cone inputs to horizontal cells in xenopus retina, in order to augment the rod contribution in the dark - adapted state and the cone contribution in the light - adapted state. this action is thought to depend on different dopamine sensitivities of ampa / ka receptors postsynaptic to rods and cones ( 231, 232 ). involvement of nitric oxide ( no ) in physiolological regulation of retina is indicated by the presence of cells containing the enzyme nitric oxide synthase ( nos ) that synthesizes no from l - arginine ( 237 ). immunoreactivity to nos isoforms or demonstration of nadph - diaphorase activity has been seen in every vertebrate retina studied ( 238 ). in all species nos occurs in some types of amacrine cells, but reports of nos in photoreceptors, horizontal cells, bipolar cells and muller cells have also been published. in fish retinas, evidence for nos in horizontal cells has been demonstrated by immunostaining and nadph diaphorase histochemistry ( 239 - 241 ). in the turtle retina, n - nos has been reported in horizontal cell processes at photoreceptor ribbon synapses and in the inner segments of the photoreceptors, and e - nos has been seen in the h1 cell axon terminals and in muller cells ( 47, 242 - 244 ). in the rabbit retina, nadph diaphorase activity, an indicator for nos presence in horizontal cells, has been shown to depend upon the state of adaptation and the activity of glutamatergic pathways. it is increased in the dark - adapted state ( 245 ) or by the activation of ampa / ka type receptors ( 246 ). indeed nitric oxide has been suggested as a player in horizontal - cell feedback mechanisms ( 247 ). regardless of the exact cellular source of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5346782235137136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 43, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.354789"} {"text": "the dark - adapted state ( 245 ) or by the activation of ampa / ka type receptors ( 246 ). indeed nitric oxide has been suggested as a player in horizontal - cell feedback mechanisms ( 247 ). regardless of the exact cellular source of no, this molecule exerts profound effects on the physiology of horizontal cells. raising no level by either exogenous application ( no donors ) or by adding l - arginine, the substrate for its synthesis, reduces the size of the horizontal cell receptive field ( 177, 248, 249 ). this effect reflects direct action of no on the gap junctions between adjacent horizontal cells. it is thought to be mediated through cgmp - dependent protein kinase pathways ( 249, 250 ), in a pathway parallel to camp, dopaminergic modulation. no modifies the photoresponses of both a - type and b - type horizontal cells in the rabbit retina ( fig. 25 ). these responses were elicited by a series of disks of fixed intensity and different radii, both in control conditions and during exposure to snap ( an no donor ). for every light stimulus, the photoresponse is larger during snap application as compared to control conditions ( gray vs black responses, fig. 25 ). this is illustrated graphically in figure 25b and 25d where the peak responses of photoresponses shown in parts a and c respectively are plotted as a function of stimulus diameter. snap clearly causes augmentation of the photoresponses to large diameter stimuli. no acts in the distal rabbit retina to augment the photoresponses of the horizontal cells and to reduce the receptive field size ( 249 ). figure 25. the actions of nitric oxide ( no ) upon the physiology of horizontal cells in the rabbit retina. a. & c. the effects of no were tested by adding snap, an no donor, and observing the effects upon photoresponses that were elicited by disks of fixed intensity but different diameters. b. & d. the relationship between response amplitudes and stimulus diameters indicates that no augments the photoresponses of both a - type and b - type horizontal cells and reduces their receptive field sizes ( black traces, control ; gray traces, snap ). the illustration is from xin and bloomfield, 2000 ( 249 ). a similar augmentation of horizontal - cell responses by no has been seen in l - type horizontal cells of carp ( 177 ) and turtle retinas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.537253662006601, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 44, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.355835"} {"text": "traces, snap ). the illustration is from xin and bloomfield, 2000 ( 249 ). a similar augmentation of horizontal - cell responses by no has been seen in l - type horizontal cells of carp ( 177 ) and turtle retinas ( 251 ). the no effect in horizontal cells can reflect either no action upon the phototransduction process in the photoreceptor outer segments ( 251, 252 ) or upon the neurotransmitter release from the photoreceptors ( 253 ). furthermore, no can modulate the interaction between l - glutamate and its receptors on the horizontal cell membrane ( 254 ), and thus can alter the responsivity of horizontal cells independently of effects upon phototransduction. in order to distinguish the above possibilities, the influence of no - related drugs on the transfer function between cone photoreceptors and l1 - type horizontal cells ( l1 - hc ) were studied in the turtle eyecup preparation as shown in figure 26 ( 251 ). in the dark - adapted state ( fig. 26a ), the cone to l1 - hc synapse is non - linear and is characterized by high amplification for dim light stimuli that elicit low amplitude cone photoresponses. reducing the retinal level of no by adding l - name, increased this non - linearity, while raising retinal no level by adding either l - arginine or snp, reduced the non - linearity and linearized the cone - to - horizontal cell transfer function. in the light - adapted state ( fig. 26b ), the cone to l1 - hc transfer function was linear under control conditions consistent with high no level. further increase of retinal no ( adding l - arginine or snp ) did not change the transfer function or synaptic amplification, while lowering retinal level of no ( adding l - name ) changed the transfer function into a non - linear one with high amplification for small amplitude cone photoresponses. what is clear in figure 26 is a direct effect on synaptic transfer from cones to horizontal cells. this may include neurotransmitter release and / or neurotransmitter interactions with its post - synaptic receptors. figure 26. the effects of nitric oxide ( no ) upon transfer function and synaptic amplification between cone photoreceptors and l1 - type horizontal cells in the turtle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5562216385188358, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 45, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.356712"} {"text": "recently a further role for retinoic acid has been proposed ; that of a neuromodulator linked to background adaptation, affecting horizontal cells in particular ( 64, 65, 261 ). retinoic acid is produced in the pigment epithelium as a side effect of the rhodopsin transduction process in bright illumination. retinoic acid induces synaptic plasticity at the terminal dendrites of horizontal cells and promotes the growth of spinules in fish horizontal cells, in a pattern similar to that induced by background lights ( 64, 65 ). it exerts a pronounced effect on the electrical coupling between horizontal cells in mammalian and non - mammalian retinas and reduces the receptive fields of the horizontal cells ( 261, 262 ) as shown in figure 27. adding retinoic acid to retinal preparations of carp, rabbit and mouse, reduces the conductance of the gap junctions between neighboring horizontal cells thus reducing the degree of dye coupling ( fig. 27a ), in a manner similar to that seen during background illumination. intracellular recordings in horizontal cells also show that retinoic acid produces effects similar to those of light adaptation. the amplitudes of the horizontal cell photoresponses to full field stimuli are increased by retinoic acid ( fig. 27b ). the responses to stimulation with bright light annuli are reduced by retinoic acid, and those to spot illumination are increased ( fig. 27c ). thus, retinoic acid, like dopamine and nitric oxide, seems to modulate the physiological properties of vertebrate horizontal cells in order to adjust their function during changing conditions of ambient illumination. figure 27. the effects of retinoic acid upon the physiology of horizontal cells in different species. a. in carp, rabbit and mouse retinas, retinoic acid added in the dark - adapted state reduced the extent of dye coupling. b. retinoic acid added in the dark - adapted state exerts effects similar to those of light adaptation by augmenting the photoresponses of fish horizontal cells. c. retinoic acid, like background illumination, reduces the response to an annulus stimulus and augments that to a spot stimulus in fish horizontal cells. the illustration is from weiler et al., 2001 ( 261 ). 10. functional roles. the major functional roles of horizontal cells in the vertebrate retina are 1 ) initiating the organization of spatially opponent receptive fields for second and third order", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5486138005624146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 47, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.358849"} {"text": "is from weiler et al., 2001 ( 261 ). 10. functional roles. the major functional roles of horizontal cells in the vertebrate retina are 1 ) initiating the organization of spatially opponent receptive fields for second and third order neurons in the retina, 2 ) modulation of the photoreceptor signal with different lighting conditions and 3 ) adjustment of synaptic gain. these roles represent both neuronal signal processing and neuronal adaptation at the first synaptic level in the retina. in the half century since svaetichin ( 80, 263 ) first described s - potentials in the vertebrate retina, we have made progress in our understanding of the many ways that horizontal cells can influence the kinetics and spatial organization of the photoreceptor response, and as a consequence, the physiology of all downstream retinal neurons. these include rod - cone balance changes, distal color opponency, center surround opponency, and gain regulation at the photoreceptor synapse. further, the horizontal cell itself is under neuromodulatory control, and reorganizes its synaptic connections, glutamate sensitivity, and receptive field under the influence of dopamine, retinoic acid and nitric oxide. the horizontal cell forms an important link between inner and outer retina because this cell type controls distal retinal signal processing, while being itself under the influence of centrifugal neuromodulatory control from both within the retina and even from the brain itself. photoreceptor synaptic modulation calcium entry into synaptic structures induces the release of neurotransmitter by promoting fusion of neurotransmitter - laden synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane. calcium enters through specialized membrane channels regulated by voltage, by second messengers, and by neurotransmitters. in the ephaptic model for horizontal cell modulation of gain at cone synapses ( 189, 215, 216 ), depolarized, dark - adapted horizontal cells produce an electrical gradient in the extracellular space that reduces the rate of calcium entry into cone terminals. this in turn, reduces the rate of neurotransmitter release ( fig. 22b ). background illumination hyperpolarizes horizontal cells, increases the extracellular currents, shifts the voltage dependency of the calcium channels in the cone terminals to more hyperpolarized levels", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5621545061024688, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 48, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.359718"} {"text": "rate of neurotransmitter release ( fig. 22b ). background illumination hyperpolarizes horizontal cells, increases the extracellular currents, shifts the voltage dependency of the calcium channels in the cone terminals to more hyperpolarized levels ( fig. 22a ), and increases the rate of transmitter release for a given potential of the cone as compared to the rate of release in the absence of horizontal cell feedback. light - evoked hyperpolarization of horizontal cells increases neurotransmitter release from cones, while light evoked hyperpolarization of cones depresses the same release. horizontal - cell feedback modulation of horizontal cells horizontal - cell modulation of transmitter release from cones serves to complete a negative feedback loop between horizontal cells and cones. this in turn regulates the horizontal cell membrane potential. when horizontal cells become depolarized, calcium influx into the cone synapse is reduced, as is transmitter efflux from the synapse. the effect sends horizontal cell membrane potential in a hyperpolarized direction. thus horizontal cell membrane potential becomes controlled by the network, rather than strictly by factors intrinsic to the cell itself. horizontal cells do not express overt center - surround organization of their receptive fields ; however, they do express color opponency, a very likely result of their own feedback. this is discussed in the section physiological types above. horizontal - cell receptive fields also show evidence of spatial effects from their own feedback circuitry. small spot responses from horizontal cells are increased in amplitude and quickened in time course when a feedback - stimulating annular background is added ( fig. 28 ). in the illustration ( 264 ) small - spot, white - noise stimuli are used to calculate impulse functions under conditions where the spot is presented either with, or without an annulus. the white noise impulse function provides a very accurate depiction of changes in response dynamics. it is clear that the gain of the small spot response is increased, and the temporal tuning of the response is changed to higher frequencies and shorter latencies in the presence of the feedback - stimulating annulus. the increased gain agrees with the idea that an inhibitory feedback influence on photoreceptor synaptic transmission has been removed by the annulus causing greater transmitter release, and consequently greater modulation of that release by light. the change in dynamics is not yet modeled, but it would appear that clearance of glutamate from the photoreceptor synaptic cleft has been accelerated through feedback also. figure 28. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5755561292377301, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 49, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.360641"} {"text": "modulation of that release by light. the change in dynamics is not yet modeled, but it would appear that clearance of glutamate from the photoreceptor synaptic cleft has been accelerated through feedback also. figure 28. the effects of feedback on horizontal - cell gain and speed. using small - spot, white - noise stimuli, impulse functions were calculated for horizontal - cell light responses. s is the impulse function for the spot stimulus alone. s / a is the impulse function for the spot stimulus with additional maintained annular stimulation in the surround to stimulate feedback. in the presence of an annulus the peak time of the spot impulse function shortens, the amplitude increases, and the shape becomes biphasic or differentiating. a. turtle horizontal cells. b. catfish horizontal cells. in each case results are superimposed for 4 different horizontal cells. the illustration is from chappell, et al., 1985 ( 264 ). the illustrated effect ( fig. 28 ) is shown for turtle and catfish horizontal cells ( 264 ), but has also been reported in xenopus, mudpuppy and cat horizontal cells ( 168, 265, 266 ). in these latter species horizontal cell responses contain mixed rod and cone signals. in these species it is particularly rod - selective wide - field stimuli that are effective in increasing the amplitudes of cone - driven spot responses and shortening their latencies ( 168, 265, 266 ). the effect is thought to be analogous to \u2018 suppressive rod cone interaction \u2019 ( srci ), a behavioral paradigm where dim rod backgrounds make flickering, cone - selective, small spots more visible ( 267 ). these observations suggest that feedback provides more than just wide field inhibition of cones, it also regulates synaptic gain and response dynamics. bipolar cell receptive fields bipolar cells respond with opposite voltage polarity to light stimuli illuminating either the center or the surround ( 4, 268 ). bipolar cells perceive horizontal - cell negative feedback and synaptic gain modulation as spatial opponency. this is true for both on - and off - center bipolar cells. the increase in photoreceptor transmitter release caused by horizontal cell hyperpolarization due to annular light stimuli is just the reverse of the decrease in transmitter release that occurs as cones are hyperpolarized by small spots of light. thus through horizontal cell feedback onto cones, for bipolar cells, wide field annular stimuli have just the opposite effect as small spot stimuli. feedback also provides synaptic gain in bipolar cells. small", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5699486428289675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 50, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.361654"} {"text": "are hyperpolarized by small spots of light. thus through horizontal cell feedback onto cones, for bipolar cells, wide field annular stimuli have just the opposite effect as small spot stimuli. feedback also provides synaptic gain in bipolar cells. small - spot center responses of bipolar cells, as well as small - spot responses of horizontal cells, are amplified by feedback ( 265, 269 ). horizontal cell feedback is not necessarily the only way of influencing bipolar cell receptive field architecture. horizontal cells can impinge directly on bipolar cells, feeding visual information forward to these second - order retinal neurons. typical chemical synapses from horizontal to bipolar cells have been described in non - mammalian retinas ( 270, 271 ). in one study, in the presence of apb to block synaptic transmission from photoreceptors to on - center bipolar cells, the light stimulus induced a hyperpolarizing response in the bipolar cell thus supporting the idea of a direct input, possibly from horizontal cells ( 123 ). the best candidate for the feed - forward neurotransmitter is gaba, as seen in experiments on salamander retina ( 272 ). horizontal cells make the gaba synthetic enzyme gad in one of two isoforms, gad 65 or gad 67 ( 273 ) ; and further, in some species, they express uptake systems for gaba ( 51, 161 ). gabaa receptors are found postsynaptic to horizontal cells on the dendritic tips of both flat and invaginating bipolar cells in cat, macaque, and human retinas ( 274, 275 ). while gaba inhibition from horizontal cells might serve for the antagonistic surround of off bipolar cells, gaba excitation would be required for on - bipolar cells. gaba responses are mediated by the chloride gradient in post - synaptic bipolar cells. this gradient is governed in part by the actions of chloride transporters. the transporter kcc2 localized on the dendritic tips of off - center bipolar cells, probably maintains a chloride gradient suitable for gaba inhibition ( 276 ). on bipolar cell dendrites express the chloride transporter nkcc, as do horizontal cells, setting up a chloride gradient suitable for gabaergic excitation. a further potential excitatory pathway for gaba in the distal retina might be provided by gaba transporters. these induce sodium entry, depolarizing, at least, horizontal cells ( 161, 162 ),", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5452423785443921, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 51, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.365718"} {"text": "center or depolarizing on - center bipolar cells to provide the opponent on - or off - surround respectively. in ( b ), the same mechanism can be used to model the generation of color opponent responses in bipolar cells. the drawing illustrates the manner in which biphasic ( bi ) chromaticity horizontal cells and monophasic ( mono ) luminosity horizontal cells can feed back through a single cone type to give the opponent color surround to a red off bipolar cell. in the lower cartoon, red cones provide excitatory input and green cone inhibitory input to produce a red off, green on center double opponent bipolar cell. the red on and green off surround is added by the chromatic ( bi ) and luminosity ( mono ) horizontal cells. the model is adapted from kamermans and spekreijse, 1995 ( 86 ). in the double opponent bipolar cell ( fig. 29b, bottom ), the bipolar cell responds in its center with hyperpolarizations to red light stimuli and with depolarizations to green and blue light stimuli. this central color opponency is generated by different types of inputs from different types of cones ; excitatory input from the red cones and inhibitory input from the green cones. indeed in the retina of giant danio a color opponent cone bipolar cell with bistratified axonal morphology has been found to respond to both ampa / kainate agonists ( off type receptors ) and to eaat agonists ( on type receptors ) suggesting both on and off dendritic input from spectrally distinct cones ( 289 ). if the monophasic and the biphasic horizontal cells feed back onto both spectral types of cone ( 86 ), then the feedback through the green cones would work against the feedback through the red cones because of the different synaptic interactions. when the feedback pathways from each horizontal cell onto the red and green cones differ, then color opponency can be generated by the feedback pathways. however, when the strength of the feedback from each horizontal cell to both types of cones is equal, the surround response could be achromatic. under these conditions, color opponency in the surround of the bipolar cell can occur only through direct input from one or both horizontal cells to the bipolar cell itself. horizontal cells influence ganglion - cell discharge in experiments where horizontal - cell membrane potentials are directly polarized by injections of current through intracellular microelectrodes ( fig. 30 ), gang", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5835641697585723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 53, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.367997"} {"text": "both horizontal cells to the bipolar cell itself. horizontal cells influence ganglion - cell discharge in experiments where horizontal - cell membrane potentials are directly polarized by injections of current through intracellular microelectrodes ( fig. 30 ), ganglion cell discharges characteristic of \u2018 surround responses \u2019 or \u2018 large - spot responses \u2019 are evoked ( 284, 290 ). a hyperpolarizing current step injected into a rabbit horizontal cell depresses the firing rate in an on - center ganglion cell, but increases the firing rate in an off - center ganglion cell ( fig. 30 ). both actions resemble surround responses. this current - evoked response reflects the negative feedback pathway from horizontal cells to cones and / or direct input from the horizontal cells to bipolar cells. evidence for both possibilities has been reported. the glutamate agonist 2 - amino - 4 phosphonobutyrate ( apb ), a selective blocker for transmission between cones and on - center bipolar cells, blocks the light responses of on - center ganglion cells, and also the \u2018 surround - like \u2019 responses evoked by injection of current into horizontal cells ( 290 ). moreover, sub - millimolar concentrations of cobalt ions selectively block the feedback pathway from horizontal cells to cone photoreceptors. in turtles this results in the absence of surround components in ganglion cells in proximal retina ( 291 ). similarly the feedback blocker hepes, a cationic buffer which selectively attenuates horizontal - cell area effects in cone responses, blocks the surround responses of parasol ganglion cells in monkey ( 209 ). this evidence suggests that a major influence of horizontal cells at the ganglion cell level is through interactions with photoreceptors, that this interaction influences the discharge patterns of ganglion cells, and by extension, plays a very important role in vision and visual perception. figure 30. retinal ganglion cells are influenced by current injection into horizontal cells. horizontal cells were penetrated with intracellular electrodes while extracellular spikes were recorded from ganglion cells close to the horizontal cell recording site. the firing rate of an on - center ganglion cell was reduced by hyperpolarizing current injection, and increased by depolarizing currents ( red, above ). the firing rate of an off - center ganglion cell was increased by hyperpolarizing currents, and slightly decreased by depolarizing currents ( blue, below ). the actions mimicked ganglion - cell", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5423858149632633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 54, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.369050"} {"text": "currents ( red, above ). the firing rate of an off - center ganglion cell was increased by hyperpolarizing currents, and slightly decreased by depolarizing currents ( blue, below ). the actions mimicked ganglion - cell surround responses. the illustration is taken from mangel, 1991 ( 290 ). 1. svaetichin g. the cone action potential. acta physiol. scand. 1953 ; 29 suppl. 106 : 565 \u2013 600. 2. daly s. j., normann r. a. temporal information processing in cones : effects of light adaptation on temporal summation and modulation. vision res. 1985 ; 25 ( 9 ) : 1197 \u2013 206. 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[ pubmed ] last updated january, 2012.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5390754128253649, "token_count": 498, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 89, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.523938"} {"text": "paris \u2013 scientists have made an incredible discovery on an asteroid that may prove a highly debated theory! an asteroid has provided evidence of water ice, as well as organic compounds which bolster a leading theory for the origins of life on earth. scientists made their findings by studying 24 themis, an asteroid about 479 million kilometers from the sun, which is one of the largest asteroids in the solar system. \u201c up until now there was no sign that asteroids had any abundant organics or ice on them, \u201d said joshua emery, an astronomer at the university of tennessee and one of the authors of the studies. his discovery, along with other scientists, may provide the evidence for the possibility that the essential building blocks for life came from asteroids. asteroids have mostly been known to be devoid of water due to their proximity to the sun, with comets being the ones to contain water because they form farther out in space. \u201c we had previously thought that only the comets could have brought a lot of water to earth, \u201d said andrew rivkin, researcher at john hopkins university and one of the lead authors of the studies. \u201c but we now have more reasons to think that the asteroid impacts may also have brought a significant amount, especially if each one might have 20 to 30 percent water. \u201d scientists now plan to scan the asteroid belt for more evidence of water and organic materials, hoping to determine if 24 themis is just a comet that got stuck in the asteroid belt or an actual water - bearing asteroid.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49307474538245843, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.527356"} {"text": "the kelvin problem - what packing minimizes the surface area in 3d space? for over 100 years, the kelvin structure composed of truncated octahedrons was believed to be the unit cell, which divided 3d space with minimum surface area. in 1994, the weaire - phelan structure was proposed, which shows 0. 3 % less surface area than the kelvin structure. although monodisperse foams have been used to address this problem and realize the structure, high density difference between gas and liquid and lack of technology to make monodisperse bubbles at micron scale have severely restricted their production and observation. we are studying this problem with monodisperse emulsion drops, instead of foam. microfluidic technique facilitates the production of such small and uniform drops. as continuous phase evaporates, monodisperse drops are densely packed without coalescence, minimizing their interfacial area. therefore, microfluidic approach provides an ideal model system to address kelvin ' s problem. in addition, through polymerization of drops in densely packed state, we can permanently fix the structure and produce monodisperse polyhedron microparticles which are potentially useful as building blocks for assemblies. figure 1 : two layers of monodisperse emulsion drops ( a ) in a low volume fraction of drops ( beehive structure ) and ( b ) in a high volume fraction ( toth structure ). ( c ) polyhedron microparticles templated by toth structure. [ scale bar = 200 microns ] this project is a collaboration with shin - hyun kim.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5530390163680228, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.532208"} {"text": "to create a table, you start and end a line using the table marker \" | | \". between those start and end markers, you can create any number of cells by separating them with \" | | \". to get a centered cell that spans several columns, you start that cell with more than one cell marker. adjacent lines of the same indent level containing table markup are combined into one table. for more information on the possible markup, see helponediting. apart from the option to repeat cell markers to get columns spanning several other columns, you can directly set many html table attributes. any attributes have to be placed between angle brackets <... > directly after the cell marker. the wiki - like markup has the following options : < 50 % > : cell width < ( > : left aligned < ) > : right aligned < ^ > : aligned to top < v > : aligned to bottom < # xxxxxx > : background color if you use several conflicting options like < ( : ) >, the last option wins. there is no explicit option for vertical centering ( middle ), since that is always the default. in addition to these, you can add some of the traditional, more long - winded html attributes ( note that only certain html attributes are allowed ). by specifying attributes this way, it is also possible to set properties of the table rows and of the table itself, especially you can set the table width using | | < tablewidth = \" 100 % \" >... | | in the very first row of your table, and the color of a full row by | | < rowbgcolor = \" # ffffe0 \" >... | | in the first cell of a row. as you can see, you have to prefix the name of the html attribute with table or row. general table layout and html like options : : | | | | | | < tablewidth = \" 80 % \" > ' ' ' heading ' ' ' | | | | cell 1 | | cell2 | | cell 3 | | | | < rowspan = 2 > spanning rows | | | | < bgcolor = ' # e0e0ff ' > spanning 2 columns | | | | < rowbgcolor = \" # ffffe0 \" > cell2 | | cell 3 | | cell width : : | | narrow | | < : 99 % > wide | | spanning rows and columns : : | |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4364755312855516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.749353"} {"text": "thu september 27, 2012 streams of water once flowed on mars ; nasa says photos prove it originally published on thu september 27, 2012 8 : 31 pm nasa ' s curiosity rover has found definitive proof that water once ran across the surface of mars, the agency announced today. nasa scientists say new photos from the rover show rocks that were smoothed and rounded by water. the rocks are in a large canyon and nearby channels that were cut by flowing water, making up an alluvial fan. \" you had water transporting these gravels to the downslope of the fan, \" nasa researchers say. the gravel then formed into a conglomerate rock, which was in turn likely covered before being exposed again. the agency ' s scientists presented their findings of the former streambed on mars at a news conference today. \" a river ran through it, \" curiosity ' s operators tweeted thursday. \" i found evidence of an ancient streambed on mars, similar to some on earth. \" \" from the size of gravels it carried, we can interpret the water was moving about 3 feet per second, \" said curiosity science co - investigator william dietrich, \" with a depth somewhere between ankle and hip deep. \" the rocks have not undergone scientific analysis. but the nasa team says that taken with geographic data from mars orbiters, the photographs tell a story all their own. the images show rocks with round, smooth surfaces ; many of them have been broken down into sizes smaller than one inch in diameter. \" the shapes tell you they were transported and the sizes tell you they couldn ' t be transported by wind, \" co - investigator rebecca williams said. \" they were transported by water flow. \" \" there is earlier evidence for the presence of water on mars, \" the agency said in a press release, \" but this evidence \u2014 images of rocks containing ancient streambed gravels \u2014 is the first of its kind. \" nasa ' s team has named the rock outcrop that reveals the former streambed \" hottah, \" after canada ' s hottah lake. scientists have not yet estimated the age of the rocks, which may have been buried beneath the surface. their age could be several billion years. the next step will be to find a good spot to drill into the rock, nasa says. and they ' ll be looking for possible carbon deposits to determine whether the water on mars once supported life. the photographs released thursday are among more than 13, 000 raw images curiosity has captured. the rover took the photos during its mission to mars", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4858118901392014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.756890"} {"text": "pcr prevalence of ranavirus in free - ranging eastern box turtles ( terrapene carolina carolina ) at rehabilitation centers in three southeastern us states ranaviruses ( genus ranavirus ) have been observed in disease epidemics and mass mortality events in free - ranging amphibian, turtle, and tortoise populations worldwide. infection is highly fatal in turtles, and the potential impact on endangered populations could be devastating. our objectives were to determine the prevalence of ranavirus dna in blood and oral swabs, report associated clinical signs of infection, and determine spatial distribution of infected turtles. blood and oral swabs were taken from 140 eastern box turtles ( terrapene carolina carolina ) that were presented to the wildlife centers at the university of tennessee ( ut ; n = 39 ), wildlife center of virginia ( wcv ; n = 34 ), and north carolina state university ( ncsu ; n = 36 ), as well as a free - ranging nonrehabilitation population near oak ridge, tennessee ( or ; n = 39 ) march - november 2007. samples were evaluated for ranavirus infection using polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) targeting a conserved portion of the major capsid protein. two turtles, one from ut and one from ncsu, had evidence of ranavirus infection ; sequences of pcr products were 100 % homologous to frog virus 3. prevalence of ranavirus dna in blood was 3, 0, 3, and 0 % for ut, wcv, ncsu, and or, respectively. prevalence in oral swab samples was 3, 0, and 0 % for ut, wcv, and ncsu, respectively. wildlife centers may be useful in detection of ranavirus infection and may serve as a useful early monitoring point for regional disease outbreaks. matthew c. allender, m abd - eldaim, juergen p. schumacher, d mcruer, l s. christian, and melissa a. kennedy. \" pcr prevalence of ranavirus in free - ranging eastern box turtles ( terrapene carolina carolina ) at rehabilitation centers in three southeastern us states \" journal of wildlife diseases 47. 3 ( 2011 ) : 759 - 764. this document is currently not available here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4622234491780848, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.761639"} {"text": "last modified : 2003 - 08 - 16 by dov gutterman keywords : venezuela | america | bolivar | star | links : fotw homepage | search | disclaimer and copyright | write us | mirrors by giuseppe bottasini state flag in circular and straight up stars allignment by guillermo aveledo official name : bolivarian republic of venezuela ( republica bolivariana de venezuela ) location : south america government type : federal republic flag adopted : 19 febuary 1954 iso code : ve from agence france presse, november 13, 1999 : \" venezuela changes name to \" bolivarian republic of venezuela \" venezuela ' s constitutional assembly on friday approved a name change for the country, which in the future will be called the bolivarian republic of venezuela. venezuelan president hugo chavez has said the name change was an essential part of his \" revolutionary project \" to change the country ' s constitution. \" bolivarian \" referes to revolutionary figure and national hero simon bolivar. members of a style commission agreed the text of the name change, although it has not yet been decided when the name change would go into effect. \" david fowler, 14 november 1999 venezuela has, if the people give a yes vote to this constitutional change and a new name : republica bolivariana de venezuela. however, the flag will remain the same. guillermo aveledo, 14 november 1999 see also : coat of arms in 1930, the national congress rearranges the stars to its actual design : in a semi - circular order. officialy, the stars have to be placed in a \" arc \" fashion, but there are no specifications about the arc other than the horizontal placing : centered. also, there are many versions of the venezuelan flag, using different shades of blue on the central band. on official buildings, military units and navy ships, the flag carries the arms on the corner, centered on the yellow band. the colors and the stars represent : yellow : nobleness, love, power, and sovereignity ( also, all the venezuelan wealth ) blue : loyalty, justice and perseverence ( also the ocean that separates venezuela from spain, the motherland ) red : honor, bravery, strength and greatness ( also, the blood of all who fought for venezuelas liberation ) the stars represent the 7 united provinces who signed the independence act, on july 5, 1811. this provinces were caracas, cumana, barcelona, barinas, margarita, merida & trujillo. jorge v. alonso - iglesias at < www. ucab", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4598522961652981, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.777103"} {"text": "united provinces who signed the independence act, on july 5, 1811. this provinces were caracas, cumana, barcelona, barinas, margarita, merida & trujillo. jorge v. alonso - iglesias at < www. ucab. edu. ve > ( defunct ) one finds : \" our flag is made up of three horizontal stripes of equal width. yellow stands for the richnesses of the territory, blue for the sea separating us from spain and red for the blood shed by our patriots during the independence [ war ]. our national flag was brought by general francisco de miranda in his second expedition on march 12th, 1806 into \" vela de coro \" ; this is why the flag day is held on march 12th. it was recognised as national standard by congress on july 15th, 1811 and was firstly hoisted as such on july 14th that year. \" santiago dotor, 30 december 1998 coro, which is the oldest city in the mainland of venezuela, is directly on the shoreline. a lookout post was placed north of the city, and was named \" la vela de coro \", literally \" the watch over coro \". the spanish word \" vela \" can both mean sail and vigil. this later is the correct sense of this word, the place where the vigil, the watch, ricardo kowalski, 15 september 1999 flags in venezuela are made in a very informal, quite crafty way. as far as i know, there isn ' t any official guideline or chart for the construction of the national flag, so there are flags with smaller stars, narrower archs, longer stripes, different colours. in the current constitution, it says, about the flag, that this is the tricolori of yellow, blue and red. plain and simple. not much further explanatios are set in the law of national symbols. guillermo tell, 5 november 1999 according to [ pay00 ], the \" plain \" flag ( ybr, 7 w stars, no coat of arms ) is used as alternative civil flag and ensign. ivan sache, 14 january 2001 national flag of venezuela, 1930 - established on july 15th by disposition of the national congress ( as it must be ), it incorporates the constellation of stars in arc of circle with the convexity upwards, perhaps, as remembrance of the crest that until that year enriched some reproductions of the coat of arms of the republic. still one stays effective in two variants : the one of civil use with its three colors and seven stars and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4573123338910803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.780059"} {"text": "the convexity upwards, perhaps, as remembrance of the crest that until that year enriched some reproductions of the coat of arms of the republic. still one stays effective in two variants : the one of civil use with its three colors and seven stars and the one of state use, that adds the venezuelan shield of arms in full color at the canton. nevertheless, the law of national flag, coat of arms and anthem effective from 1954 establishes in fact three venezuelan flags : tricolor without stars and coat of arms, for civil use ; tricolor with stars and coat of arms, for state and military use and the one of the merchant marine, which would only take stars and that the venezuelan soul did hers for civil use actually making unthinkable the absence of the stars. raul orta, 9 may 2002 the \" law of national flag, shield and anthem \" effective since 1954 is the only legal instrument which regulates the matter in my all country, in agreement it establishes the constitution in force since 1999. article 2\u00ba of the mentioned law establishes three national flags, that is to say : 1. a field divided in three horizontal and equal stripes : yellow, blue and red that correspond to the civil flag and ensign ; 2. the previous design to which adds seven five - pinted and white stars in arc of circle with the convexity upward and the venezuelan coat of arms on the canton, that constitutes the state and war flag and ensign ; 3. the design described on numeral \" 1 \" which adds only the seven stars in the same disposicion already described, that even though it was established originally for the merchant marine concludes consolidated by popular will like civil flag and ensign replacing in fact the indicated on the corresponding text. however, the prevailing situation on my homeland has unquestionably generated a renovation and exaltation of the venezolanity in all its most genuine expressions. even though the law determines a character distinction, the national soul has assumed indifferently the national flag ( with stars ) and the national pavillion ( with stars and coat of arms ) like emblem of identity. even more, taking as axis the design of the national flag diverse variants has been generated responding the predominant feelings, which we have come compiling to share them with you opportunely. as far as the \" finial \", the venezuelan \" ceremonial military protocol and regulation \" in force establishes that the spear to which of leans the national pabellon will carry a \" moharra \" with the venezuelan coat of arms in relief within a con", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4916769876796302, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.782946"} {"text": "as the \" finial \", the venezuelan \" ceremonial military protocol and regulation \" in force establishes that the spear to which of leans the national pabellon will carry a \" moharra \" with the venezuelan coat of arms in relief within a contour that simulates a spear - point. in another cases, any type of \" conventional \" finials has been used : from spheres, to streamlined flower or spear - points ; even, there are masts which lacks them. nevertheless, the more spread custom has been to raise or to fix the national flag on spears or mast finished off on spear - points, doing an informal analogy with those of the \" llaneros \" ( plain men ) that integrated the patriotic forces during the venezuelan war of independence. raul orta, 6 january 2003 circular and straight up stars allignment ( see below ) by guillermo aveledo, 30 december 1999 in the national venezolan flag the stars are for ( hoist to fly ) : caracas, cumana, barinas, barcelona, margarita, merida and trujillo. the seven provinces revolted against spain colonial jaume olle, 14 february 1997 in last \" vexillacta \" ( a belgian vexillolgical review ), a note about the venezuelian flag states that the 7 stars are disposed so as to have a point orientated towards the exterior of the imaginary circle of stars. armand noel du payrat, 20 december 1999 according to the law of national symbols they could be arranged like that, as it did not specify, and we could also ( and usualy ) find the version of the flag depicted above : the point of th stars pointing straight up. as i ' ve been paying attention to any venezuelan flags i see on the street ( and there are many : we are on a national duel due to the mudslides and floods which we suffered last week ), and have noticed both variants used in very similar proportions. my count : 35 ( straight up ) to 33 ( circular guillermo aveledo, 20 december 1999 the real national flag have the stars in arc, but standing over their two \" legs \", and not following the arc. pablo acosta ri ' os, 15 june 2000 wrong flag with black stars gouda ' s roem, a margarine factory, issued in c. 1950 a several flag albums ; text : r. j. j. heirman ( ex - teacher ) ; drawings : leonard truk. editor : van dijk ' s mengbedri", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4505137093348048, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.784119"} {"text": "types of fraud continued used with permission from the united states securities and exchange commission. frauds come in many types and varieties. whether you are a first - time investor or have been investing for many years, here are some basic facts you should know about the different types of fraud. in the classic \" pyramid \" scheme, participants attempt to make money solely by recruiting new participants. the hallmark of these schemes is the promise of sky - high returns in a short period of time. pyramid scheme promoters may go to great lengths to make the program look like a multi - level marketing program selling legitimate products or services. but these fraudsters use money from new recruits to pay off early stage investors until eventually, the pyramid collapses. at some point, the schemes get too big, the promoter cannot raise enough money from new investors to pay earlier investors, and people lose their money. ponzi and pyramid schemes are closely related. here is how to tell them apart : | pyramid scheme | | ponzi scheme | | typical \u201c hook \u201d | | earn high profits by making one payment and finding a set number of others to become distributors of a product. the scheme typically does not involve a genuine product. the purported product may not exist or it may only be \u201c sold \u201d within the pyramid scheme. | | earn high investment returns with little or no risk by simply handing over your money ; the investment typically does not exist. | | payments | | must recruit new distributors to receive payments. | | no recruiting necessary to receive payments. | | interaction with original promoter | | sometimes none. new participants may enter scheme at a different level. | | promoter generally acts directly with all participants. | | source of payments | | from new participants \u2013 always disclosed. | | from new participants \u2013 never disclosed. | \u201c prime bank \u201d investments if someone approaches you about investing in a so - called \" prime bank \" program, \" prime world bank \" financial instrument, or similar high - yield security, you should know that these investments do not exist. they are all scams. prime bank programs often claim investors ' funds will be used to buy and trade \" prime bank \" instruments. promoters make the schemes seem legitimate, using complex, sophisticated and official - sounding terms. the investment may be described as debentures, standby letters of credit, bank guarantees, an offshore trading program, a high - yield investment program, or some variation. to reassure investors, promoters may claim that the instrument is issued, traded, or guaranteed by a well - known organization such as the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5296472672437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.788344"} {"text": "##by letters of credit, bank guarantees, an offshore trading program, a high - yield investment program, or some variation. to reassure investors, promoters may claim that the instrument is issued, traded, or guaranteed by a well - known organization such as the world bank, the international monetary fund ( imf ), a central bank, such as the u. s. federal reserve or the international chamber of commerce ( icc ). secrecy is another tip - off. prime bank scheme promoters frequently claim that investment opportunities of this type are by invitation only and limited to select, wealthy customers. they cite secrecy if potential investors ask for references, and sometimes ask investors to sign non - disclosure agreements. some promoters are audacious enough to advertise in national newspapers. they may avoid using the term \" prime bank note, \" and tell prospective investors that their programs do not involve prime bank instruments. regardless of what they \u2019 re called, the basic pitch remains the same, and investors should remain vigilant against offers to invest in high - yield, risk - free international finance programs. promissory notes are a form of debt that companies sometimes use to raise money. they typically involve investors loaning money to a company in exchange for a fixed amount of periodic income. although promissory notes can be appropriate investments for many individuals, some fraudsters use promissory notes to defraud investors, especially the elderly. pump and dump schemes \" pump and dump \" schemes have two parts. in the first, promoters try to boost the price of a stock with false or misleading statements about the company. once the stock price has been pumped up, fraudsters move on to the second part, where they seek to profit by selling their own holdings of the stock, dumping shares into the market. these schemes often occur on the internet where it is common to see messages urging readers to buy a stock quickly. often, the promoters will claim to have \" inside \" information about a development that will be positive for the stock. after these fraudsters dump their shares and stop hyping the stock, the price typically falls, and investors lose their money. pump and dump schemes typically involve little - known microcap companies.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5090072216867929, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.789210"} {"text": "gut bacteria reveals human migrations a bacterial parasite known to cause stomach ulcers is shedding new light on ancient patterns of human migration across the pacific region, according to an international study. in the latest edition of science, researchers report that their study of the distribution of helicobacter pylori genotypes has given further weight to the theory that australia was first populated around 30, 000 years ago. h. pylori is particularly useful for studying the movement of human populations because it is extremely widespread, and is transmitted from mother to child. co - author professor barry marshall, a microbiologist at the university of western australia, says h. pylori is a lot like mitochondrial dna, which is also used to investigate human migration patterns. \" you catch [ h. pylori ] off your mother, \" says marshall. \" all of us carry our mothers ' mitochondrial dna and that goes all the way back through the generations. \" h. pylori has a further advantage in that it contains thousands of genes, compared to just 37 genes in mdna, and differs between populations. \" it was found over [ the ] last few years that each human racial group carried a helicobacter that was relatively unique in that group, \" marshall says. by studying the genetic sequences of hundreds of helicobacter samples taken from populations around the world, researchers were able to map the points in time at which different helicobacter genotypes went their separate ways. using this information, they established that two different waves of migration brought humans to the pacific region. the first wave, which split from the original asian population between 37, 000 and 31, 000 years ago, diverged again into the australian and new guinean populations 23, 000 to 31, 000 years ago. these dates are similar to those obtained from studies of mitochondrial dna, but much later than the dates suggested by archaeological findings, the authors report. a second wave dispersed from taiwan 5000 years ago to populate melanesia and the polynesian islands. marshall, who, along with colleague dr helen windsor, has been investigating the prevalence of helicobacter in indigenous populations, says the research adds another piece of independent information to the migration puzzle. \" there was a little bit of argument, i believe, as to how long ago indigenous people came to australia and that was related to discrepancies in carbon dating, \" marshall says. \" but i think that number of 30, 000 years seems to be the consensus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4644021000116832, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.792448"} {"text": "a heart attack occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle is interrupted. oxygen cannot get to the heart muscle, causing tissue damage or tissue death. copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. a heart attack may be caused by : - thickening of the walls of the arteries feeding the heart muscle ( coronary arteries ) - accumulation of fatty plaques in the coronary arteries - narrowing of the coronary arteries - spasm of the coronary arteries - development of a blood clot in the coronary arteries - embolism that affects the coronary arteries these factors increase your chance of developing heart attack. tell your doctor if you have any of these : squeezing, heavy chest pain, especially with : - exercise or exertion - emotional stress - cold weather - a large meal - pain in the left shoulder, left arm, or jaw - shortness of breath - sweating, clammy skin - loss of consciousness - anxiety, especially feeling a sense of doom or panic without apparent reason unusual symptoms of heart attack ( may occur more frequently in women ) : - stomach pain - back and shoulder pain if you think you are having a heart attack, call 911 right away. tests may include : - blood tests \u2014 to look for certain enzymes found in the blood within hours or days after a heart attack. - urine tests \u2014 to look for certain substances found in the urine within hours or days after a heart attack. - electrocardiogram ( ekg ) \u2014 records the heart ' s activity by measuring electrical currents through the heart muscle, changes can show if there is blockage or damage. - echocardiogram \u2014 uses high - frequency sound waves ( ultrasound ) to examine the size, shape, function, and motion of the heart. - stress test \u2014 records the heart ' s electrical activity under increased physical stress, usually done days or weeks after the heart attack. - nuclear scanning \u2014 uses radioactive material to show areas of the heart muscle where there is diminished blood flow. - electron - beam computed tomography ( ebct ) \u2014 a type of x - ray that uses a computer to make detailed pictures of the heart, coronary arteries, and surrounding structures. - coronary angiography \u2014 uses dye and x - rays to look for narrowing or blockage in the coronary arteries. - pain - relieving medicine - nitrate medicines and other antiplatelet agents and / or angiotensin - converting enzyme ( ace ) inhibitor medicines - anti - anxiety medicine - cholesterol - lowering medicines ( such as statin drugs ) within the first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4979469985455394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.798536"} {"text": "relieving medicine - nitrate medicines and other antiplatelet agents and / or angiotensin - converting enzyme ( ace ) inhibitor medicines - anti - anxiety medicine - cholesterol - lowering medicines ( such as statin drugs ) within the first six hours after a heart attack, you may be given medicines to break up blood clots in the coronary arteries. other medicines that may be given include those that block the function of platelets. if you have severe blockages, you may need surgery, such as : recovery, you may need physical or rehabilitative therapy to help you regain your strength. you may feel after having a heart attack. can help relieve if you have a heart attack, follow your doctor ' s preventing or treating coronary artery disease may help prevent a heart attack. about heart attacks. american heart association website. available at :. accessed august 7, 2012. st - elevation myocardial infarction ( stemi ). ebsco dynamed website. available at :. updated june 7, 2012. accessed august 7, 2012. what is a heart attack? national heart lung and blood institute website. available at :. updated march 1, 2011. accessed august 7, 2011. 7 / 6 / 2009 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance : antithrombotic trialists ' ( att ) collaboration, baigent c, blackwell l, et al. aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease : collaborative meta - analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. last reviewed september 2012 by michael j. fucci, do please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. it is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. call your healthcare provider immediately if you think you may have a medical emergency. always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. copyright \u00a9 ebsco publishing. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40560664732313934, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.800551"} {"text": "nature parks and reserves nature parks and reserves include australia ' s national parks and other protected areas of land or sea especially dedicated to the protection of biodiversity and other natural and cultural resources. australia has over 1, 500 world heritage areas, and national and state parks and reserves which are managed by the australian government and each of the state governments. the area covered extends beyond australia ' s coastline to include marine protected areas up to three nautical miles out to sea as well as national parks on the cocos ( keeling ), christmas and norfolk islands. more than 7. 8 million australians ( 52 % ) aged 18 years and over visited a world heritage area, national or state park in the twelve months prior to march 2004, according to a survey conducted by the abs. a similar survey conducted in 2001 and 1998 reported a 54 % attendance rate of australians visiting these areas. residents of the northern territory recorded the highest attendance rate ( 61 % ) and south australians the lowest ( 49 % ). 9. 1 attendance at nature parks ( a ), by state and territory - 2004 ( b ) | new south wales | | south australia | | western australia | | northern territory | | australian capital territory | | ( a ) includes world heritage parks and state parks. | | ( b ) twelve months before interview in 2004. | | abs, environmental issues : people ' s views and practices, march 2004 ( cat. no. 4602. 0 ). | the survey found that australians aged 25 - 44 years, and couple households with dependent children were the most likely to visit a world heritage area, national or state park. 9. 2 attendance at nature parks ( a ), by age - 2004 ( b ) 9. 3 attendance at nature parks ( a ), by household type - 2004 ( b ) this page last updated 23 may 2008", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41373071539464285, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.803332"} {"text": "the following data is extracted from genealogy and biography of ontario county, new york. the surname hayes is the plural form of an ancient word, hay, or haw, which means a fence, a hedge or a boundary, also a space enclosed, as a park or field. its derivation can be traced to many european languages wherein both the primitive and secondary meanings are precisely the same. from this simple root have sprung the names of hay, hayes, haywood or heywood, hayland, greenhays and many others of a similar character. the name of hayes is to be found both in england and scotland, but is far more common in the former than it is in the latter country. the new england colonial records of the seventeenth century contain the names of four immigrants of this name : thomas hayes, of milford, connecticut ( 1641 ), descendants of whom removed to newark, new jersey ; nathaniel, who was of norwalk. connecticut ( 1651 ) ; john, of dover, new hampshire, who came from scotland in 1680 ; and george, of windsor, connecticut, who, tradition asserts, was a brother of the preceding john. the hayes of canandaigua, new york, who form the principal subject of this article, are descended from the windsor settler. ( i ) george hayes, who arrived in new england about the year 1680, and probably was about twenty - five years old at the time of his immigration, first settled in windsor, connecticut, whence he removed in 1698 to that part of simsbury, connecticut, which is now ( 1911 ) granby. in a manuscript record written or dictated by his grandson, ezekiel hayes, of new haven, he is referred to as follows : \" went from scotland to derbyshire, england, and lived with his uncle. he was anxious to see london, whither he went. having received some account of america, he took passage for this country. \" george hayes ' residence in simsbury was in the locality known as salmon brook, and he died there. september 2, 1725. although he was not active in public affairs his name frequently appears in the early town records of simsbury in connection with land transactions, assessments, \" minister ' s rates, \" etc., and from these it may be inferred that he was pious, thrifty and in every way a worthy citizen. his first wife, whose christian name was sarah and whose surname is illegible on the windsor records, died early in 1683. and the children of this union died young.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44228411518590743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.806629"} {"text": "he was pious, thrifty and in every way a worthy citizen. his first wife, whose christian name was sarah and whose surname is illegible on the windsor records, died early in 1683. and the children of this union died young. at windsor, august 29, 1683, he married ( second ) abigail dibble, only daughter of samuel, granddaughter of thomas, and great - granddaughter of robert dibble, who arrived from england in 1635, settling in dorchester, massachusetts. children, born in windsor : 1. abigail, august 31. 1684 ; married paul tompkins. 2. daniel, born april 26, 1686. 3. sarah, january 22, 1687 - 8 ; married john gosard ( or gozzard ), son of nicholas and elizabeth gozzard, of windsor. 4. mary, born january 6, 1689 - 90 ; married, august 28, 1712, william rice. 5. joanna, born october 2. 1692 ; died after 1780 ; married james hillyer, of simsbury. 6. george. horn march 9, 1695. 7. william, born june 13, 1697, in simsbury. 8. samuel, mentioned below. 9. thankful, born 1700 - 01 ; married, october 9, 1717, nathaniel holcombe. 10. benjamin, born 1702 - 03. 11. dorothy, 1706 ; married abraham dibble, her first cousin. source : genealogy and biography of ontario county, new york", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3687086825034531, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.807125"} {"text": "mold : the pervasive fungus among us relative of mushrooms and yeast, mold serves nature well by decomposing dead organic matter like leaves and wood. however, when mold grows in your home, its powerful enzymes eat through wallpaper, wood, and other materials while producing allergens that can have severe health consequences. prolific throughout nature, there are over 200, 000 identified species of mold, with more being discovered regularly. mold reproduces with mold spores which are like microscopic seeds. at about three microns in size, mold spores are invisible to the human eye. for comparison, the period at the end of this sentence is roughly 300 microns in size - that ' s 100 times larger than the typical mold spore! not only are they invisible, but mold spores are virtually indestructible. they can live for decades, just lying dormant, waiting for the right conditions to begin growing and producing more mold spores, and many species release chemical toxins into the air as a self - defense mechanism. the more you learn about mold spores, the more they sound like space invaders in a sci - fi flick. mold & your health 2006, a university of cincinnati study found that infants who were exposed to airborne mold spores were more likely to develop allergies to mold, pollen, dust mites, pet dander, and certain foods as they grew older. tina reponen, author of the study, says, \" it turns out that the health effects of airborne fungal spores are more complicated than we thought. \" over 80 % of allergy sufferers are sensitive to mold spores, and a 1999 mayo clinic study discovered allergenic fungal sinusitis among 93 % of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis ( crs ). like other allergens, mold can cause sneezing, chronic cough, runny nose, congestion, itchy and watery eyes, skin rashes, sinus headaches, and even more severe respiratory problems. but you don ' t have to be an allergic individual for mold to adversely affect your health. mold can also act as an infectious agent, like bacteria and viruses. additionally, some species of mold produce chemical toxins called mycotoxins. stachybotys ( pronounced \" stack - ee - bot - ris \" ), also known as black mold, is the most common and dangerous species of toxic mold. symptoms of toxic mold exposure may include memory loss and other cognitive disorders, nose bleeds, dizziness, nausea, anemia, difficulty breathing,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4835357158000586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.811127"} {"text": "what caused my corn ear tips to not completely fill? aug 05, 2011 question : i \u2019 ve been checking my corn this week and the ears are filled out pretty decent except around the top ; the tips are mostly empty. it \u2019 s been hot here, so i \u2019 m guessing i don \u2019 t have good ear fill because of the heat, but i \u2019 m wondering if you can give me any better idea of the cause? answer : you \u2019 re probably right about it being the result of the heat, if you \u2019 re in an area that had a lot of high temperatures hit your area during pollination. tips of corn ears pollinate last and so are most susceptible to kernel abortion. if you look at the ears and see fairly uniform kernel loss around the top, that \u2019 s probably what you \u2019 ve experienced. a potassium or nitrogen deficiency is another possibility. both of those nutrients are mobile and move from the oldest to the newest part of the plant but will look different on the crop \u2019 s leaves. nitrogen deficiency starts at the tip of the leaf and comes down through the mid - rib, so there will be a v - pattern through the mid - rib. a potassium deficiency looks somewhat the same, so you have to look closely. that deficiency starts at the tips but then goes down through the outside of the leaves. the grain filling period is the final important stage in growth and development of the corn crop. stress on the crop during this time period can mean lower yields. if you saw abnormal corn ear development in your fields this year, you weren \u2019 t alone. a number of farmers across the midwest reported seeing curved, bent and / or twisted ears in their cornfields.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4234459173933155, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.817879"} {"text": "the earth is running a fever. so with summers growing hotter ( and with affluence rising ) year by year, our world is becoming more and more dependent on air - conditioning. the possibility that air - conditioning could go universal has, in turn, raised ecological alarms, prompting a scramble for more eco - friendly cooling. the united states military, for instance, is being praised for aggressively pursuing alternative energy development and energy conservation. the latter has included spraying foam onto soldiers ' tents in iraq and afghanistan in order to reduce expenditures on air - conditioning. the foam is credited with saving $ 1bn worth of the diesel fuel that runs the generators that power the air - conditioners. but how much energy has really been saved by insulating tents in iraq, when, for at least six years, a solid majority of those in the us have believed that the war there was all a big waste from the very beginning anyway? and what purpose does energy efficiency serve when it supports the war in afghanistan, a bloody venture that only 27 per cent of us citizens and fewer than one - third of afghans believe is worthwhile? in a more peaceful realm of human endeavour, solar power is being used, or soon will be, to air - condition airport terminals that serve a wide variety of cities big and small around the world, from munich to kuwait to adelaide to nantucket. this too is said to be saving energy and reducing greenhouse emissions. but what about the net impact? these facilities are enabling air travel, which is the fastest - growing source of emissions from transportation. passenger volume is expected to continue growing at its current rate of five per cent a year, and that will cancel out both gains from any number of solar - cooled terminals and expected improvements in aircraft fuel efficiency. as a result, overall emissions from air travel are expected to grow at an alarming two to four per cent per year in coming decades. the power - hungry air - conditioner there are many more examples of energy - efficient technologies being deployed across the globe and, paradoxically, bringing with them increased energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. the biggest leaps in energy use come in the summer months. largely because of increasing use of air - conditioning, electric utilities worldwide have struggled to satisfy record demand through the torrid summers that have become ever more frequent in recent years. in the united states, consumption of energy for air - conditioning homes and vehicles has more than doubled just since the mid - 1990s. in india, total consumption for air - conditioning is projected to climb as much as ten -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5599801485430682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.830670"} {"text": "more frequent in recent years. in the united states, consumption of energy for air - conditioning homes and vehicles has more than doubled just since the mid - 1990s. in india, total consumption for air - conditioning is projected to climb as much as ten - fold over the coming decade ; air - conditioners already reportedly account for a staggering 40 per cent of all electricity consumption in the city of mumbai. in brazil, air - conditioning demand has more than tripled in just five years, contributing to a surge in electricity consumption. unusually steep increases in electricity demand in southern european countries are being blamed on the proliferation of air - conditioning. the greatest irony, of course, is that by chilling the indoor environment today, we are helping ensure that future summers will be even hotter. air - conditioning ' s massive energy demand is overwhelming efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. take the output from all of the united states \u2019 renewable electricity sources combined, multiply it by five, and it still could not satisfy current air - conditioning demand - let alone serve other uses. the us department of energy projects that wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass electricity generation will indeed expand almost fivefold, but not until 2030. by that year, if the department ' s predictions hold, total electrical generation from all renewable sources will be sufficient to satisfy only 75 per cent of air - conditioning demand. for everything else, there will be no green alternative. better energy efficiency alone cannot reduce the weight of an air - conditioned society. us home air - conditioning units in service today are an impressive 28 per cent more efficient on average than they were in the mid - 1990s. but we have taken full advantage of that cheaper comfort, and as a result, the number of kilowatt - hours of electricity used for cooling the average air - conditioned household actually increased by 37 per cent over that same period. this carries on a trend that has persisted since before the industrial revolution : more efficient technologies are cheaper to use, so naturally, we use them more. and because energy efficiency is a powerful economic stimulus, we take advantage of it not by doing the same with less, or by doing more with less, but by doing more with more. thus we have everything from foam - covered tents to amazing, and amazingly cooled, football stadiums to air - conditioned dog houses. increases in society - wide energy efficiency are almost always accompanied by rising, not falling, energy consumption. chilling encounters at work in the united states, any suggestion that we reduce our dependence on air - conditioning meets especially strong resistance from the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5542492614331089, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.831919"} {"text": "conditioned dog houses. increases in society - wide energy efficiency are almost always accompanied by rising, not falling, energy consumption. chilling encounters at work in the united states, any suggestion that we reduce our dependence on air - conditioning meets especially strong resistance from the business world. the foremost reason is that almost every one of the country ' s office buildings is designed to be largely uninhabitable in summer without artificial cooling. you can have a tightly sealed building with optimum energy efficiency for air - conditioning, or you can have a highly efficient naturally cooled building, but they can ' t be the same building. although the green - construction industry has come up with compromise designs that can shift between natural and artificial cooling, they are optimum for neither. writing in 2010, just as an intense heat wave was suffocating the us east coast, i attempted to envision a future washington, dc, that would be no longer dependent on air - conditioning. i did not expect this to sit well with the business community, and it didn ' t. in one of numerous hostile responses, conn carroll of the right - wing heritage foundation wrote : \" doesn \u2019 t the ac - free enviro - dream world sound wonderful? daily summertime siestas, shorter business hours, even some days completely off! \" but, he warned, \" as with all enviro - leftist schemes, the heavy costs of their low energy utopian dream are being ignored. slower workdays mean less productivity. shorter hours and closed offices mean lost profits for employers. \" carroll need not have worried quite so much. the scientific literature is brimming with studies showing that increased ventilation with outdoor air, faster air movement, greater control over conditions in employees ' personal workspace, and more contact with the natural environment all improve productivity at both work and school. nevertheless, there is a widespread belief among employers that their employees are like computer chips, operating most efficiently when kept as cool as possible. research does indeed show that people work most productively when they ' re not feeling excessively hot, but it also shows that the typical office ' s too - cool conditions are a drag on productivity. the standards that are followed in the cooling of most buildings do not account for the fact that the temperatures that we humans find comfortable don ' t lie within a fixed range. rather, our comfort range shifts up and down, and expands and contracts, depending on the indoor and outdoor temperatures we ' ve experienced in recent days and weeks. this phenomenon, called the \" adaptive model", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5573676715800473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.832922"} {"text": "comfortable don ' t lie within a fixed range. rather, our comfort range shifts up and down, and expands and contracts, depending on the indoor and outdoor temperatures we ' ve experienced in recent days and weeks. this phenomenon, called the \" adaptive model of comfort \", explains why people who typically live and work in air - conditioned spaces have different comfort expectations from those who do not. such adaptation was seen, for example, when a group of office employees in thailand - half of whom worked in air - conditioned spaces and the rest of whom worked without air - conditioning - were surveyed about their comfort under a variety of temperatures under experimental conditions. eighty percent of non - air - conditioned workers remained comfortable at temperatures as high as 32 degrees celsius, if ventilation was adequate. only 20 per cent of typically air - conditioned workers were comfortable at temperatures that high. the not - so - great indoors those countries around the world that still have a low degree of dependence on air - conditioning should think twice before moving toward the united states ' industrial comfort standards. energy consumption is not the only burning issue. the cool, still, dry atmosphere of the standard us home or office has a variety of other unpleasant and sometimes hazardous side effects. obviously, air - conditioning can play an important role during killer heat waves like those that struck chicago and other parts of the united states in 1995 and much of europe in 2003. but keeping vulnerable members of our communities alive during heat emergencies is one thing ; using that as an excuse for neglecting horrible urban living conditions while at the same time tolerating the routine, lavish deployment of chilled air throughout much of the rest of society is another. air - conditioning creates a need for more air - conditioning. human - physiology studies show that life in the world of \" coolth \" undermines our natural adaptation to heat and can disrupt endocrine functions. as we primates evolved in hot climates, nature equipped us with heat - adaptation mechanisms. experiencing high temperatures, especially when we are also exerting ourselves, builds up tolerance to heat, and we are able to function and work for longer periods under higher temperatures. without such heat adaptation, our bodies are far more susceptible to heat. meanwhile, extremely tight, well - insulated buildings often suffer from so - called sick building syndrome. it is estimated that a productivity loss of as much five to 13 per cent is \" built into \" well - buttoned - up, energy - efficient buildings, even when they adhere to international environmental standards. no single factor, such as buildup of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5368883396140572, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.833933"} {"text": "it is estimated that a productivity loss of as much five to 13 per cent is \" built into \" well - buttoned - up, energy - efficient buildings, even when they adhere to international environmental standards. no single factor, such as buildup of a specific pollutant, accounts for the wide range of problems associated with the air - conditioned environment. the causes are many and varied. depending on the extent of outside ventilation, toxins and irritants can be ten to 100 times as concentrated in indoor air as they are outdoors. researchers in brazil, the united states, and europe have found that people who are employed in air - conditioned workplaces visit doctors and hospitals more frequently and generally have a higher risk of poor health than do those who work without air - conditioning. an air - quality expert commenting on such studies has written : \" occupants of office buildings with air - conditioning systems... consistently report, on average, more symptoms in their buildings than do occupants of buildings with natural ventilation. this has been the finding from many studies over the last 20 years... the symptoms in these studies have included mucous membrane irritation, breathing difficulties, irritated skin, and constitutional / neurological symptoms such as headache and fatigue. \" \" if we are ever to gain some control over fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse emissions, a massive worldwide adjustment of thermostats will be required. \" meanwhile, ventilation is known to be inadequate in a large share of us schools, which have been a major growth area for air - conditioning in recent years. volatile organic compounds, moulds, and allergens trapped in classrooms have been fingered as prime suspects in causing respiratory problems for students. a range of studies worldwide have linked poor ventilation and poor school performance. the range of research findings that favour increased flows of outdoor air is remarkable. under natural ventilation, people have been found to experience fewer problems with headaches, colds, other respiratory ailments, circulation problems, eye dryness, allergies, and chest tightness. there is lower absenteeism when employees work near windows and can open them. when faced with the spring and summer onslaught of pollen, dust, and other allergens, millions of allergy and asthma sufferers take refuge in the climate - controlled indoors. yet the air - conditioning era has seen rates of allergies skyrocket in western societies, and the prevalence of asthma has doubled with each decade that passes. the still - evolving \" hygiene hypothesis \" says that the immune systems of allergy and asthma victims have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5198940542396511, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.834898"} {"text": "- conditioning era has seen rates of allergies skyrocket in western societies, and the prevalence of asthma has doubled with each decade that passes. the still - evolving \" hygiene hypothesis \" says that the immune systems of allergy and asthma victims have been disoriented in part by insufficient childhood exposure to bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and / or other organisms. it appears, thanks largely to air - conditioning and electronic entertainment, that youngsters are not getting enough exposure to the more benign microscopic inhabitants of the outdoor environment, especially the rural environment. if we are ever to gain some control over fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse emissions, a massive worldwide adjustment of thermostats will be required. but most importantly, we ' ll need to adjust our own internal thermostats. by taking a more flexible attitude toward comfort and finding alternative ways to make the indoor environment livable, we can not only save energy but also become more resilient human beings. and we will need that resilience. the coming decades will test our ability to adapt and create, and we cannot leave it to technology to bail us out next time. stan cox is a senior scientist at the land institute in salina, kansas, us and author of losing our cool : uncomfortable truths about our air - conditioned world. the views expressed in this article are the author ' s own and do not necessarily reflect al jazeera ' s editorial policy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5497491594039294, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.835581"} {"text": "seven - year old ammaria johnson from chesterfield county, virginia returned to school after the holidays excited to see her friends and teachers. sadly, that first school day of the new year turned tragically fatal as ammaria, who had a peanut allergy, somehow became exposed to peanut protein and succumbed to an anaphylactic reaction. details thus far are scant. we don \u2019 t know how she was exposed to peanut. her mother says that she had an action plan that allowed her to get benadryl, but that it was not given. she also states that she tried to give an aid an epipen for her at the beginning of the school year but was told to keep it at home. whatever happened, ammaria was in cardiac arrest by the time emergency personnel arrived at school, and was pronounced dead shortly later at a richmond hospital. this sad story provides us several reminders about food allergies. first, they can be life - threatening \u2013 particularly peanut allergies. fully 80 % of all deaths due to anaphylaxis from foods are from peanuts. second, they are preventable. complete avoidance is the only assurance that an allergic reaction won \u2019 t occur. third, anyone with a food allergy or caring for someone with a food allergy should be prepared with the proper medications to treat an allergic reaction. this means epinephrine \u2013 and in some cases two doses. too many people rely on benadryl to treat an anaphylactic reaction. epinephrine is the recommended first - line of treatment. it can never be given too early, but it can be given too late. this food allergy - related death should never have happened. if your child has a food allergy, take the following steps to avoid a tragic occurrence such as the one that happened to this young child : \u00b7 learn to read labels. the food and drug administration ( fda ) requires labels to indicate whether a food product contains peanut protein, or is manufactured in a facility where peanut protein may be present. \u00b7 educate your child about his or her food allergy and the importance of avoiding the particular food \u2013 particularly not to eat anything that hasn \u2019 t been prepared or approved by you, their parent. \u00b7 be aware of potential bullying of children with food allergies. this has become a problem in recent years. tell your child to let you know if they get teased or threatened about his or her food allergies. discuss this potential problem with school personnel so they can be aware of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44511090159853345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.838301"} {"text": "botanical name : syringa plant type : shrub usda hardiness zones : 3 soil type : any soil ph : neutral to slightly alkaline who doesn ' t love lilacs? the ideal lilac shrub has about 10 canes and produces flowers at eye - level \u2014 all the better to enjoy that sweet, haunting fragrance. lilacs do come in seven colors but most are familiar with the common lilac, syringa vulgaris, which blooms in the northern states for 2 weeks in late may. however, there are early -, mid -, and late - season lilacs, which, when grown together, ensure a steady bloom for at least 6 weeks. lilacs are hardy, easy to grow, and low maintenance. they can grow from 5 to 15 feet tall, depending on the variety. the fragrant flowers are good for cutting and attractive to butterflies. click slideshow below to enjoy 7 lovely lilac pictures taken by our almanac readers! - grow lilacs in fertile, humus - rich, well - drained, neutral to alkaline soil ( at a ph near 7. 0 ). if your soil is in poor condition, add compost to enrich. - select a site where your lilac will get full sun \u2014 at least 6 hours. if lilacs don ' t get enough sun, they will not bloom well. - make sure the site drains well. lilacs don ' t like wet feet and will not bloom with too much water. - plant in either spring or fall, although the latter is preferred. - if you ' re lucky, a friend will give you a sucker, or offshoot, of the root system of one of his plants. your sucker will look pathetic at first but just dig a hole, backfill it with soil, and stick the sucker in. then water and wait. in 4 or 5 years, you ' ll be rewarded with huge, fragrant blossoms. - transplanting lilacs from a nursery is also easy. if it ' s container - grown, spread out the roots as you settle the plant into the ground ; if it ' s balled or burlapped, gentle remove it and any rope before filling in the hole. water and wait. - space multiple lilac shrubs 5 to 15 feet apart, depending on the variety. - each spring, apply a layer of compost under the plant, followed by mulch to retain moisture and control weeds. - water during the summer if rainfall is less than 1 inch per week. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39907766123452976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.842198"} {"text": "15 feet apart, depending on the variety. - each spring, apply a layer of compost under the plant, followed by mulch to retain moisture and control weeds. - water during the summer if rainfall is less than 1 inch per week. - lilacs won ' t bloom if they ' re overfertilized. they can handle a handful of 10 - 10 - 10 in late winter, but no more. - after your lilac bush has finished blooming, spread some lime and well - rotted manure around the base. trim the bush to shape it, and remove suckers at the same time. - lilacs bloom on old wood, so it ' s critical to prune in the spring right after they bloom. if you prune later in the summer, you may be removing the wood. here ' s a tip : if your lilac flower clusters are getting smaller, time to prune! - every year after bloom, remove any dead wood. prune out the oldest canes ( down to the ground ). remove the small suckers. cut back weak branches to a strong shoot. cut back tall canes to eye height. - if your lilac is old and in really bad shape, remove one - third of the oldest canes ( down to the ground ) in year one, half of the remaining old wood in year two, and the rest of the old wood in year three. then, following a normal pruning program ( as mentioned in above point ). - another option for an old lilac is to chop the whole thing back to about 6 or 8 inches high. it sounds drastic, but lilacs are very hardy. the downside to this option is that it takes a few years to grow back. the upside is less work and more reward, as the lilac will grow back bursting with blooms. - prone to attack by slugs and snails. - powder white mildew may appear after a summer of hot, humid weather. it may be unsightly, but it does no harm. ignore it. the most common and fragrant lilacs are of the s. vulgaris variety : - for early bloom, try ' charles joly ', a double magneta. - mid - season lilacs include ' monge ', a dark reddish purple, and ' firmament ', a fine blue. - late - season beauties include ' miss canada ', a reddishpink, and ' donald wyman ', a single purple. although common lilacs love", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.365635379028522, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.843107"} {"text": "american college of physicians - care of patients near the end of life end - of - life care is an important aspect of medical practice. individual physicians and the medical community must be committed to the compassionate and competent provision of care to dying patients and their families ( 31 ). patients rightfully expect their physicians to care for them and provide them medical assistance as they are dying. good symptom control ; ongoing involvement with the patient ; and physical, psychological, and spiritual support are the hallmarks of quality end - of - life care. care of patients near the end of life, however, has a moral, psychological, and interpersonal intensity that distinguishes it from most other clinical encounters. patients near the end of life to care properly for patients near the end of life, the physician must understand that palliative care entails addressing physical, psychosocial, and spiritual needs and that patients may at times require palliative treatment in an acute care context ( 32 - 34 ). to provide palliative care, the physician must be up to date on the proper use of opioids and the legality and propriety of using high doses of opioids as necessary to relieve suffering. the physician should know how to refer patients to appropriate palliative care, know how to use home - based and institution - based hospice care, and be aware of the palliative care abilities of the nursing homes to which patients are referred. making decisions near the end of life informed adults with decision - making capacity almost always have the legal and ethical right to refuse any recommended life - sustaining medical treatment ( 35 ). the patient has this right regardless of whether he or she is terminally or irreversibly ill, has dependents, or is pregnant. the patient ' s right is based on the philosophical concept of respect for autonomy, the common - law right of self - determination, and the patient ' s liberty interest under the u. s. constitution ( 36 ). many patients, particularly those with terminal or irreversible illness, elect to forgo certain treatments or pursue treatments that their physicians may consider unwise. these situations demand empathy, thoughtful exploration of all possibilities, negotiation, or compromise and may require time - limited trials and additional consultations. in the unusual circumstance that no evidence shows that a specific treatment desired by the patient will provide any benefit from any perspective, the physician need not provide such treatment. the more common and much more difficult circumstance occurs when the treatment will offer some small prospect of benefit at a great burden of suffering", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4353468340897577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.856004"} {"text": "shows that a specific treatment desired by the patient will provide any benefit from any perspective, the physician need not provide such treatment. the more common and much more difficult circumstance occurs when the treatment will offer some small prospect of benefit at a great burden of suffering or financial cost, but the patient or family nevertheless desires it. if the physician and patient cannot agree on how to proceed, there is no easy, automatic solution. timely transfer of care to another care provider who is willing to pursue the patient ' s preference may resolve the problem. consultation with an ethics committee may be helpful. infrequently, resort to the courts may be necessary. patients without decision - making capacity ( see the section on informed consent ) have the same rights concerning life - sustaining treatment decisions as mentally competent patients. treatment should conform to what the patient would want on the basis of written or oral advance directives. if these instructions are not available, care decisions should be based on the best evidence of what the patient would have chosen ( substituted judgments ) or, failing that, on the best interests of the patient. physicians should be aware that hospital protocols and state legal requirements affecting end - of - life care vary. planning advance care planning allows a competent person to indicate preferences for care or choose a surrogate in the event that the patient cannot make health care decisions. it allows the patient ' s values and circumstances to shape the plan and allows specific arrangements to be made to ensure implementation of the plan. physicians should routinely raise the issue of advance planning with competent adult patients during outpatient visits and encourage them to discuss their values and preferences with their surrogates and family members. these discussions let the physician know the patient ' s views, enable the physician to update the medical record, and allow the physician to reassure patients that he or she is willing to discuss these sensitive issues and will respect their choices. the patient and the physician should negotiate plans to make sure patient wishes are implemented. discussions about patient preferences should be documented in the medical record. the patient self - determination act of 1990 requires hospitals, nursing homes, health maintenance organizations, and hospices that participate in medicare and medicaid programs to ask if the patient has an advance directive, to provide information about advance directives, and to incorporate advance directives into the medical record. advance planning takes place in conversations with the physician ( with documentation in the medical record ) or through written advance directives, such as a living will or durable power of attorney for health care ( 37 ). the latter enables a patient to appoint a sur", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4842368609012214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.857140"} {"text": "advance planning takes place in conversations with the physician ( with documentation in the medical record ) or through written advance directives, such as a living will or durable power of attorney for health care ( 37 ). the latter enables a patient to appoint a surrogate who will make decisions if the patient becomes unable to do so. the surrogate is required to act in accordance with the patient ' s previously expressed preferences or best interests. living wills enable persons to describe the kind of treatment they would like to receive in the event that they lose decision - making capacity. uncertainty about a future clinical course complicates the interpretation of living wills and emphasizes the need for physicians and patients to discuss patient preferences before a crisis arises. talking about future medical care is an effective method of planning. some state laws limit the application of advance directives to terminal illness or deem the advance directives not applicable if, for example, the patient is pregnant. many states have documents that combine the living will and the durable power of attorney for health care into one document. some specify requirements for witnessing the document. the primary care physician and other key heath care personnel should have a written advance directive in the patient ' s medical record. when there is no advance directive and the patient ' s values and preferences are unknown or unclear, decisions should be based on the patient ' s best interests whenever possible, as interpreted by a guardian or by a person with loving knowledge of the patient. when making the decision to forgo treatment, many people give the most weight to reversibility of disease or dependence on life support, loss of capacity for social interaction, or nearness to death. family members and health care workers should avoid projecting their own values or views about quality of life onto the incapacitated patient. quality of life should be assessed according to the patient ' s perspective. problems of life - sustaining treatments withdrawing or withholding treatment withdrawing and withholding treatment are equally justifiable, ethically and legally. treatments should not be withheld because of the mistaken fear that if they are started, they cannot be withdrawn. this practice would deny patients potentially beneficial therapies. instead, a time - limited trial of therapy could be used to clarify the patient ' s prognosis. at the end of the trial, a conference to review and revise the treatment plan should be held. some health care workers or family members may be reluctant to withdraw treatments even when they believe that the patient would not have wanted them continued. the physician should prevent or resolve these situations by addressing with families feelings", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5001175351751623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.858187"} {"text": "and revise the treatment plan should be held. some health care workers or family members may be reluctant to withdraw treatments even when they believe that the patient would not have wanted them continued. the physician should prevent or resolve these situations by addressing with families feelings of guilt, fears, and concerns that patients may suffer as life support is withdrawn. intervention in the case of a cardiopulmonary arrest is inappropriate for some patients, particularly those with terminal irreversible illness whose death is expected and imminent. because the onset of cardiopulmonary arrest does not permit deliberative decision making, decisions about resuscitation must be made in advance. physicians should especially encourage patients who face serious illness or who are in advanced old age, or their surrogates, to discuss resuscitation. although a do - not - resuscitate order applies only to cardiopulmonary resuscitation, discussions about this issue often reflect a revision of the larger goals and means of the care plan. the entire health care team must be carefully apprised of the nature of these changes. do - not - resuscitate orders or requests for no cardiopulmonary resuscitation should specify care strategies and must be written in the medical record along with notes and orders that describe all other changes in the treatment goals or plans. it is essential that patients or surrogates understand that a do - not - resuscitate order does not mean that the patient will be ineligible for other life - prolonging measures, both therapeutic and palliative. however, the appropriateness of a do - not - resuscitate order during and immediately after any procedure needs to be individually negotiated. it is unethical for physicians or nurses to perform half - hearted resuscitation efforts ( \" slow codes \" ). sometimes a patient or surrogate insists on a resuscitation effort, even when they are informed that it will almost certainly fail. a family ' s religious or other beliefs or need for closure under such circumstances deserve careful attention. although the physician need not provide an effort at resuscitation that cannot conceivably restore circulation and breathing, the physician should help the family to understand and accept this position. it is more controversial whether physicians may unilaterally write a do - not - resuscitate order when the patient may survive for a very brief time in the hospital. some institutions, with forewarning to patients and families, allow physicians to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.467348392729775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.859176"} {"text": "is more controversial whether physicians may unilaterally write a do - not - resuscitate order when the patient may survive for a very brief time in the hospital. some institutions, with forewarning to patients and families, allow physicians to write orders against resuscitation over the patient ' s or family ' s objections. empathy and thoughtful exploration of options for care with patients or surrogate decision makers should make such impasses rare. full discussion about the issue should include the indications for and outcomes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, the physical impact on the patient, implications for caregivers, the do - not - resuscitate order, the legal aspects of such orders, and the physician ' s role as patient advocate. physicians who write a unilateral do - not - resuscitate order must inform the patient or surrogate. determination of death the irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain is an accepted legal standard for determining death when the use of life support precludes the use of traditional cardiopulmonary criteria. after a patient has been declared dead by brain - death criteria, medical support should ordinarily be discontinued. in some circumstances, such as the need to preserve organs for transplantation, to counsel or accommodate family preferences, or to sustain a viable fetus, physicians may temporarily support bodily functions after death has been determined. there is an increasingly unmet need for organs and tissues. physicians should be involved in community efforts to make potential donors aware of their option to make a gift that would enhance life, health, or sight by organ or tissue donation. physicians should obtain consent from the patient for the disposal and use of tissue, organs, or other body parts removed during diagnostic or operative procedures. all potential donors should communicate their preference to their families and have it listed on such documents as driver ' s licenses or organ donor cards. physicians caring for dying or brain - dead patients who are potential donors should inquire about whether the patient had expressed preferences about donation ( 38 ). federal and state law and health care accreditation bodies require that hospitals have procedures to ensure that families of hospitalized potential donors are made aware of the option to consent to organ donation. the issue of organ donation often arises in very difficult circumstances and may carry significant symbolic import for the family. physicians should approach families with sensitivity and compassion. furthermore, organ procurement raises ethical concerns about the determination of death that have been partly addressed by legislation that defines brain death. it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48224221239514364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.860209"} {"text": "often arises in very difficult circumstances and may carry significant symbolic import for the family. physicians should approach families with sensitivity and compassion. furthermore, organ procurement raises ethical concerns about the determination of death that have been partly addressed by legislation that defines brain death. it can also create conflict or the appearance of conflict between the care of a potential donor and the needs of a potential recipient. the care of the potential donor must be kept separate from the care of a recipient. the potential donor ' s physician should not be responsible for the care of the recipient nor be involved in retrieving the organs or tissue. however, the potential donor ' s physician may alert an organ - tissue procurement team of the existence of a potential donor. once brain death has occurred and organ donation is authorized, the donor ' s physician should know how to maintain the viability of organs and tissues in coordination with the procurement team. before declaration of brain death, treatments proposed to maintain the function of transplantable organs may be used only if they are not expected to harm the potential donor, whether by causing symptoms or by compromising the chance of survival. irreversible loss of consciousness persons who are in a persistent vegetative state are unconscious ( 39, 40 ) but are not brain dead. because their condition is not progressive, patients in a persistent vegetative state are not terminally ill. they lack awareness of their surroundings and the ability to respond purposefully to them. the prognosis for these patients varies with cause. some physicians and medical societies believe that there are no medical indications for life - prolonging treatment or access to intensive care or respirators when patients are confirmed to be in a persistent vegetative state ( 41 ). they conclude that these patients cannot experience any benefits or suffer any discomfort and that all interventions should therefore be withdrawn. however, many patients or families value life in and of itself regardless of neurologic state. for these reasons, goals of care should guide decisions about life - prolonging treatment for patients in a persistent vegetative state in the same manner as for other patients without decision - making capacity. intravenous fluids and artificial feedings artificial administration of nutrition and fluids is a life - prolonging treatment. as such, it is subject to the same principles for decisions as other treatments. some states require high levels of proof before previous statements or advance directives can be accepted as firm evidence that a patient would not want these treatments in the setting of terminal illness, permanent unconsciousness, or advanced dementia. for this reason", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.51440712144796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.861250"} {"text": "as other treatments. some states require high levels of proof before previous statements or advance directives can be accepted as firm evidence that a patient would not want these treatments in the setting of terminal illness, permanent unconsciousness, or advanced dementia. for this reason, physicians should counsel patients to establish advance care directives and complete these parts of living wills especially carefully. clinically, there is unfounded concern that discontinuing use of feeding tubes will cause suffering from hunger or thirst despite research findings to the contrary. physicians should carefully address this issue with family and caregivers. physician - assisted suicide and euthanasia the debate over physician - assisted suicide is very important to physicians and patients. both groups favor easing the dying process, providing adequate pain control, and avoiding unwanted overtreatment and protracted suffering. patients and physicians may find it difficult at times to distinguish between the need for assistance in the dying process and the practice of assisting suicide. physician - assisted suicide occurs when a physician provides a medical means for death, usually a prescription for a lethal amount of medication that the patient takes on his or her own. in euthanasia, the physician directly and intentionally administers a substance to cause death. physicians and patients should distinguish a decision by patients or their authorized surrogate to refuse life - sustaining treatment or an inadvertent death that occurs during an attempt to relieve suffering from physician - assisted suicide and euthanasia. laws concerning or moral objections to physician - assisted suicide and euthanasia should not deter physicians from honoring a decision to withhold or withdraw medical interventions in appropriate situations. fears that unwanted life - sustaining treatment will be imposed continue to motivate some patients to request assisted suicide or euthanasia. in the clinical setting, all of these acts must be framed within the larger context of good end - of - life care. many patients who request assisted suicide are depressed, have uncontrolled pain, or have potentially reversible suffering or fears ( 42 ). in the setting of providing comfort to a dying person, most physicians and patients should be able to address these issues. for example, with regard to pain control, the physician may appropriately increase medication to relieve pain, even if this action inadvertently shortens life ( the \" double effect \" ). physician - assisted suicide may be legalized in some states, although no consensus currently exists among patients or physicians ( 43 ) or within the college. many fear that physicians are inadequately trained to arrive at such a conclusion with patients. concerns focus in particular on vulnerable populations -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46602413458649494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.863285"} {"text": "annual report 2013 the state of the world ' s human rights 16 june 2010 amnesty international has urged other countries to follow ecuador ' s example and ratify a new un mechanism that will provide access to justice for everyone whose economic, social and cultural rights are violated and who is denied an effective remedy in their own countries. ecuador is the first country in the world to ratify the optional protocol to the international covenant on economic, social and cultural rights which allows individuals and groups within the country to seek justice from the united nations should these rights \u2013 which include the rights to adequate housing, food, water, health, work, social security and education - be violated by their government. \" access to justice is an essential right for victims of all human rights violations, \" said widney brown, amnesty international ' s senior director of international law and policy. \" we encourage all countries to follow ecuador ' s positive example and ratify within the shortest possible time. \" the optional protocol will enable people denied their human rights to have their complaints heard in front of an independent, international panel of experts. the decisions made by this new mechanism are likely to influence decisions of national and regional courts around the world. \" states that ratify the optional protocol will establish a vital tool for people, in particular for those living in poverty, to hold their governments accountable, \" said widney brown. \" they should also follow through on this commitment by strengthening national mechanisms for the enforcement of economic, social and cultural rights. \" the optional protocol was adopted by the un general assembly by consensus on december 10 2008 and was opened for ratification in september 2009. the complaint mechanism will become operational after 10 countries ratify the optional protocol. in addition to ecuador, 31 countries have signed the optional protocol, indicating their intention to ratify but ratification is necessary to make the optional protocol legally binding. to - date ecuador is the only country to have ratified the protocol. amnesty international is a member of the ngo coalition for an optional protocol to the international covenant on economic, social and cultural rights and has been campaigning for the last six years for an optional protocol. the 32 states that have signed the optional protocol include : argentina, armenia, azerbaijan, belgium, bolivia, chile, congo, ecuador, el salvador, finland, france, gabon, ghana, guatemala, guinea - bissau, italy, luxembourg, madagascar, mali, mongolia, montenegro, netherlands, paraguay, portugal, senegal, slovakia, slovenia, solomon islands, spain, timor - leste, togo, ukraine and uruguay. economic, social and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4687339338778237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.866213"} {"text": "log in to anagrammer scrabble word : quotient in which scrabble dictionary does quotient exist? definitions of quotient in dictionaries : - noun - the ratio of two quantities to be divided - noun - the number obtained by division - the number obtained by dividing one quantity by another. - n - the number resulting from the division of one number by another there are 8 letters in quotient : e i n o q t t u scrabble words that can be created with an extra letter added to quotient all anagrams that could be made from letters of word quotient plus a wildcard : quotient? scrabble words that can be created with letters from word quotient 8 letter words 7 letter words 6 letter words 5 letter words 4 letter words 3 letter words 2 letter words images for quotient - quotient is the answer to a division algorithm - here when 35 7 the quotient would be 5 while 35 would be called... - the quotient rule - the derivative of a quotient - when you divide a number the answer you get is the quotient. - quotient rule - quotient rule example 2 step 2 - quotient of powers -... with parts of division dividend divisor quotient remainder", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5796259826216175, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.867575"} {"text": "african americans depicted in art in the united states capitol and legislative buildings are listed below : bronze by daub and firmin studios, llc, 2013 dr. martin luther king, jr. bronze by by john wilson, 1985. bronze by by artis lane, 2009. blanche kelso bruce, senator from mississippi shirley chisholm, representative from new york oil on canvas by kadir nelson, 2008. william l. dawson, chair of government operations, 1969 \u2013 1974 oil on canvas by robert bruce williams, 1968. ron dellums, chair of armed services committee 1993 \u2013 1994 oil on canvas by andre white, 1997. william h. gray iii, chair of budget committee 1985 - 1988 oil on canvas by simmie knox, 1996. augustus hawkins, chair of education & labor committee 1984 \u2013 1991 oil on canvas by joseph maniscalco, 1990. parren mitchell, chair of the house small business committee 1981 \u2013 1986 photograph on canvas by joseph d. clipper, jr., no date. battle of lake erie, 1813, by william h. powell, senate collection general marion inviting a british officer to share his meal, by john blake white, senate collection ronald e. mcnair the challenger crew, oil on canvas by charles schmidt, 1987. the boston massacre, 1770, lunette in fresco by constantino brumidi, 1871. henry garnet and several unidentified men civil rights bill passes, 1866, oil on canvas by allyn cox, 1974. unidentified man voting \" emancipation proclamation \" vignette next to lincoln \u2019 s second inaugural, 1865, oil on canvas by allyn cox, 1982. joseph h. rainey \" the first black congressman \" vignette next to women \u2019 s suffrage parade, 1917, oil on canvas by allyn cox, 1982. slave labor commemorative marker, 2012 commemorating the important role played by laborers, including enslaved african americans, in building the united states capitol. officer jacob chestnut chestnut - gibson plaque, memorial to officer jacob chestnut and detective john gibson who gave their lives defending the united states capitol on july 24, 1998.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38169026654737814, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.869601"} {"text": "the deodar cedar grows in acidic, loamy, moist, sandy, well drained, clay soils. the deodar cedar tree makes an excellent specimen tree for landscapes because of its pleasing shape and attractive silver - green coloring. the tree also makes a fast growing and soft wind screen and has been successfully used as a street tree with the lower branches pruned for pedestrian traffic. an excellent evergreen with graceful pendulous branches. pyramidal form when young, wide - spreading and flat - topped in old age, often reaching 70 ' in height. ( zones 7 - 9 ) the deodar cedar provides nesting sites, cover and food for mammals and birds such as the woodpecker. the deodar cedar tree can become an immense tree in its native himalayan habitat. there, at approximately 4000 feet, it has been known to reach 250 feet in height. commonly, it is smaller and has been called \" the most graceful cedar \" by michael dirr, noted tree expert and author. it is no wonder that its name, deodar, derives from sanskrit that translates to \" timber of the gods. \" this beautiful tree, with its interesting branching pattern and drooping tips, attracted the eye of plant fanciers early in history. it was introduced to europe in 1822 and to the united states nine years later. normal moisture requirements ; good drought tolerance. the leaves are needle - like with sharp tips. blue - green or sometimes silvery, 1 to 2 inches long and usually borne in clusters. needles are shed in late spring as new growth appears. the fruit is oval ; 3 to 6 inches long ; dry and hard.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42264701555841666, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.871152"} {"text": "improving soils and their management for more efficient water use in environmentally sustainable agriculture location : coastal plain soil, water and plant conservation research title : selection and use of designer biochars to improve characteristics of southeastern usa coastal plain degraded soils submitted to : book chapter publication type : book / chapter publication acceptance date : january 13, 2011 publication date : september 12, 2012 citation : novak, j. m., busscher, w. j. 2012. selection and use of designer biochars to improve characteristics of southeastern usa coastal plain degraded soils. in : lee, j. w., editor. advanced biofuels and bioproducts. new york : ny : springer. p. 69 - 96. interpretive summary : sandy soils of the southeastern usa coastal plains have a long history of agricultural production. they were initially cultivated by paleo - americans and then by early european settlers who, in time, intensively farmed the soils which eventually led to soil degradation. because soils are sandy, degraded, and highly weathered, they require intensive management to be productive. they have low fertility, poor water storage, and poorly - aggregated, hard subsurface layers that limit root growth. the result of all this is that, even though rainfall is not poor, more often than not, crops experience yield - reducing drought. to remedy the poor growing conditions, soils are annually deep tilled to shatter the hard layer and promote root growth ; but soil loosening is temporary and soils re - compact. soils can be improved more permanently by amending them with organic matter, the most likely of which would be crop residues. however, residues do not last long in the hot wet environment. an amendment that is more resistant to change is biochar. it has lasted for hundreds of years in tropical areas and has the potential to improve soil fertility and water holding capacities. however, not just any biochar can positively amend the soil ; some have properties that can be detrimental. biochar properties depend on how they were developed, such as the original material that was charred and the temperature of the charring process. biochars can be designed that have properties complimentary to soil problems. this chapter discusses coastal soil problems and how we can produce biochars for them that will sequester carbon, enhance fertility, and increase water holding capacities for improved crop growth and productivity. sandy soils in the southeastern coastal plain region have a long history of agricultural production ; the soils were initially cultivated by paleo - americans and more recently by european settlers with row", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4822053163783193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.874742"} {"text": ", enhance fertility, and increase water holding capacities for improved crop growth and productivity. sandy soils in the southeastern coastal plain region have a long history of agricultural production ; the soils were initially cultivated by paleo - americans and more recently by european settlers with row crops ( corn, cotton, wheat, etc. ). because these soils are sandy, they have poor tilth. soils were derived from marine sediments deposited approximately 0. 5 to 5 million years ago and are extensively weathered as a result of their age, climate, sandy textures, and poor ability to retain nutrients. moreover, these soils have poor water storage and limited root penetration due to a poorly - aggregated, subsurface hard layer that limits root growth and leads to crop moisture stress. annual deep tillage is used to shatter the hard layer after which natural and traffic - induced re - cementation occurs. when organic carbon in crop residues is returned to soil, it can improve fertility and physical characteristics ; however, the warm and wet climate of the coastal plain promotes its rapid oxidation and loss. amendments of biochar should help overcome these soil tilth challenges. when organic by - products are pyrolyzed to produce bio - oil, biochar is a by - product. biochar may be a more appropriate soil amendment than crop residues because it is more recalcitrant and stimulates biotic and abiotic soil reactions. research indicates that one biochar - type will not serve as a universal supplement to all soils ; therefore, it may be prudent to design a biochar with physico - chemical properties that can ameliorate specific problems. there are only a few reports on designing biochars to ameliorate specific soil issues ; moreover, guidelines for their selection and use are unavailable. the objectives of this study are to describe the need for remediation of physical and chemical characteristics of sandy coastal plain soils and to develop guidelines for the selection and use of designer biochars that can improve soil deficiencies and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4740063431911737, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.875553"} {"text": "in the 1920s, examining photographic plates from the mt. wilson observatory ' s 100 inch telescope, edwin hubble determined the distance to the decisively demonstrating the existence of other galaxies far beyond the milky way. his notations are evident on the historic plate image inset at the lower right, shown in context with ground based and hubble space telescope images of the region made nearly 90 years later. by intercomparing different plates, hubble searched for novae, stars which underwent a sudden increase in brightness. he found several on this plate and marked them with an \" n \". later, discovering that the one near the upper right corner ( marked by lines ) was actually a type of variable star known as he crossed out the \" n \" and wrote \" var! \". thanks to the work of harvard astronomer henrietta leavitt, cepheids, regularly varying pulsating stars, could be used as standard candle identifying such a star allowed hubble to show that andromeda was not a small cluster of stars and gas within our own galaxy, but a large galaxy in its own right at a substantial distance from the milky way. discovery is responsible for establishing our modern concept of a universe filled with galaxies. r. gendler, z. levay and the hubble heritage team", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5282203191787007, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.876832"} {"text": "( editor ' s note : please consult your health care practitioner to ensure that the information given in medical alchemy is appropriate in your individual case. ) summer heat and dryness bring us to the alchemy of fire ; in this case, the sun entered the fire sign of leo on july 23. leo is ruled by the sun and it is definitely one of the hottest times in the northern hemisphere. this is a time when many native people do sacred rituals such as sun dances and long dances to celebrate the sun and purify through the intense heat and sweat. it is also a time for people to gather at sacred sites for their own purification rituals. many individuals, however, are not able to tolerate the sun ' s rays, especially here in the southwest, where the presence of the sun is so strongly felt. some suffer from excessive sweating, and itchy skin, hives, feeling light - headed and dizzy. for those whose system is in balance, the heat should not be a problem. how can we handle this intense heat and allow it to kindle our own creative fires? we need to cleanse the liver, our largest organ, which is ruled by the planet jupiter and the sign sagittarius. to cool down our liver heat, we turn to the green herbs and vegetables that abound in our gardens and markets. liquid chlorophyll, the green matter found in these vegetables and herbs, helps to cleanse the liver as well as being the source of magnesium for the nervous system. bitter green leafy vegetables such as collards, mustard, turnip, and dandelion greens or arugula or kale are important in de - toxifying the liver. the bitter taste cools down the liver whereas hot and spicy foods ( wait until winter ) heat it up further. herbs that clear the liver are golden seal leaf ( not the powder ) whose bitter taste is excellent for the liver and has helped many women who have \" hot flashes \" ( liver heat ). adding horsetail grass or spearmint can help cut the bitter taste and still make the herb effective. ( adding honey or sweeteners is counter productive ). other herbs include oregon grape root and wild yam, which are also strong de - toxifyers for the liver. this is also a good time to strengthen the heart and circulatory system, ruled by leo and the sun. borage is a simple herb, easy to grow in the garden, which is also high in magnesium, nouri", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4819475356698327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.882205"} {"text": "the liver. this is also a good time to strengthen the heart and circulatory system, ruled by leo and the sun. borage is a simple herb, easy to grow in the garden, which is also high in magnesium, nourishing the electrical conductivity system of the heart. with both uranus and jupiter in aquarius this year, there is an overload on the nervous system for which magnesium, manganese, and b - complex vitamins are helpful. positive qualities of leo are courage, strength, and self - esteem. when the leo energy is manifesting negatively, one can be overly egoistic and lack humility. flower remedies can help balance these qualities. the bach remedy vine helps to bring out the true leadership of leo, the wise compassionate ruler or teacher. fes remedies ( from the flower essence society in nevada city, ca ) include sunflower, which helps with self - esteem as well as the balance of ego and spirituality ; dandelion, ( \" tooth of the lion \" ) which helps with tension in the physical body, emotional constriction, and inflexibility ; and borage, which brings out humor and light - heartedness as well as a muted kind of courage. aromas that are cooling might be helpful at this time. some of these include myrrh, which has a slightly cooling effect on the skin. the ancient egyptians actually burned it at noon as part of their sun worshipping ritual. myrrh oil strengthens the pulmonary system and is good for colds and coughs. sage oil works with the digestive system and the liver. it is also good for nervous conditions such as tremors and dizzyness. alchemically, a good time to take remedies are the hours ruled by the sun. on sunday from 3 : 26 am - 6 : 52 am ; monday from 5 : 10 pm - 8 : 36 pm ; tuesday from 6 : 52 am - 10 : 18 am ; wednesday from 8 : 36 pm - 12 am ; thursday from 10 : 18 am - 1 : 44 pm ; friday from 12 : 00 am - 3 : 26am, and saturday from 1 : 44 pm - 5 : 10 pm. here is a letter from one of our readers : my energy is usually good but i do have digestive problems at times with gas, and some times a burning or flushing of my face, especially in the summer. what suggestions do you have based on my chart for aug. 6, 1953, grand junction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48132663488731975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.883105"} {"text": "energy is usually good but i do have digestive problems at times with gas, and some times a burning or flushing of my face, especially in the summer. what suggestions do you have based on my chart for aug. 6, 1953, grand junction, co, at 9 : 46 pm? your horoscope shows a leo sun close to the planet mars with aries rising. this could give you excess fire and you might need to cool your body down with the suggestions mentioned above. you also have your moon in cancer conjoined both uranus and mercury. this implicates a highly sensitive nervous system, and being in the sign cancer, it could manifest in your digestive system. so balancing your nervous system with plenty of exercise, b complex vitamins, magnesium, and manganese is important. don ' t eat when you are emotionally upset and try to eat small amounts at a time. digestive enzymes would also be helpful for you. copyright : marcia starck bio : marcia starck marcia starck is a medicine teacher, medical astrologer, and author. among the books she has written are astrology - key to holistic health, earth mother astrology, the dark goddess - dancing with the shadow, and women ' s medicine ways - cross cultural rites of passage. she has led celebrations and rituals for many years and has the unique ability to gather people in a sacred experience of themselves in harmony with the planets and galaxy. marcia lives in santa fe, new mexico. she can be reached by email at firstname. lastname @ example. org, telephone at 505 - 473 - 1464, or visit her web site.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4546541839963521, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.883701"} {"text": "logging in or signing up nano robots medicine of the future ashokmateti download post to : url : related presentations : share add to flag embed email send to blogs and networks add to channel uploaded from authorpoint lite insert youtube videos in powerpont slides with as desktop copy embed code : embed : flash ipad copy does not support media & animations wordpress embed customize embed url : copy thumbnail : copy the presentation is successfully added in your favorites. views : 1823 category : science & tech.. license : all rights reserved like it ( 3 ) dislike it ( 1 ) added : march 17, 2011 this presentation is public favorites : 1 presentation description no description available. comments posting comment... premium member presentation transcript slide 1 : medicine of the future ch. poojitha roll no : 12080026 priyadarshini college of pharmaceutical sciences nanorobots 1 presented byslide 2 : nanotechnology nanorobots molecular nanotechnology ( mnt ) how nanorobots will work applications conclusion references contents 2slide 3 : what does nanotechnology mean? nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. it is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. 3slide 4 : nanorobots a nanorobot is a tiny machine designed to perform a specific task or tasks repeatedly and with precision at nanoscale dimensions, that is, dimensions of a few nanometer s ( nm ) or less, where 1 nm = 10 - 9 meter they are nanodevices that will be used for the purpose of maintaining and protecting the human body against pathogens. 4slide 5 : molecular nanotechnology ( mnt ) the umbrella science of nanomedicine mnt describes engineered nanosystems ( nanoscale machines ) operating on the molecular scale. mnt is especially associated with the molecular assembler, a machine that can produce a desired structure. mnt is based on the ability to build structures to complex, atomic specifications by means of mechanosynthesis. 5slide 6 : what is a chromallocyte? what is a respirocyte? what are the risks of nanoscience? what are the potential benefits of mnt ( molecular nanotechnology )? what are the potential dangers of molecular nanotechnology? related wise geek articles 6slide 7 : a chromallocyte is a lozenge - shaped mobile nanorobot, consisting of about four trillion atoms. what is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5823296529380336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.890238"} {"text": "fibre optics technology : utilized in endoscopic medicine. fiber optic instruments are introduced into the body cavity through a tiny hole made on the body to either to investigate or treat and ailments. laser technology : laser technology is utilized in cataract surgery and removal gall bladder stones. telemedicine : with these facility doctors in remote areas can benefit from the expertise of the specialist urban centers. sound waves : utilized in investigative and therapeutic ultrasonography. nuclear radiation : utilized in the treatment of cancer and in investigations like x - ray. few potential applicationsconclusion : conclusion all of these current developments in technology directs humans a step closer to nanorobots and simple, operating nanorobots is the near future. nanorobots can theoretically destroy all common diseases of the 2l st century thereby ending much of the pain and suffering. it can also have an alternative, practical uses such as improved mouthwash and cosmetic creams that can expand the commercial market in biomedical engineering. people can envision a future where people can self - diagnose their \u2018 own ailments with the help of nanorobot monitors in their bloodstream. simple everyday illnesses can be cured without ever visiting the physician. 29slide 30 : i would like to thank our respected principal dr. mahalaxmi mohan madam and all the other college faculty members for giving me this opportunity to give the seminar, i would like to thank ashok mateti sir for providing me the useful information about the topic, helping at each and every time constantly, thank you sir for your support and would also like to thank mukunda nageshwar sir for his reluctant support in organizing this seminar and helping me doing my best in all ways. references : references http : / / www. azonano. com / details. asp? articleid = 2035 cristina buzea, ivan pacheco, and kevin robbie ( 2007 ). \" nanomaterials and nanoparticles : sources and toxicity \". biointerphases 2 : mr17. n. taniguchi ( 1974 ). on the basic concept of ' nano - technology. proc. intl. conf. prod. london, part ii british society of precision engineering. eric drexler ( 1991 ). nanosystems : molecular machinery, manufacturing, and computation. mit phd thesis. new york : wiley. isbn 0471575186. fritz allhoff, patrick lin, daniel moore, what is nanotechnology and why does it matter? : from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5886626939334068, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.893492"} {"text": "the electric fuel pump is the heart of every electronic fuel injection system. let ' s review the basics of this critical fuel injection part. usually located inside or near the fuel tank, the fuel pump ' s job is twofold : 1 ) to push fuel from the tank to the injectors, and 2 ) to create sufficient pressure so the injectors will deliver the correct amount of fuel under all operating conditions. the pressure developed by the pump, as well as the volume of fuel it flows, must both meet the vehicle manufacturers ' requirements or engine performance, economy and emissions will suffer. the amount of fuel pressure required for a given application will vary depending on the type of injection system ( l - jetronic, cis, motronic, etc. ), the flow characteristics of the injectors and the engine ' s fuel requirements. for example, certain mercedes models with bosch motronic require 55 to 61 psi ( 3. 8 to 4. 2 bar ) of static pressure measured with the engine off. by comparison, a bmw may require 43 psi ( 3. 0 bar ) on some models or 48 psi ( 3. 3 bar ) on others. the differences may not seem like much, but a few pounds of fuel pressure can have a significant impact on engine performance and emissions. why fuel flow & fuel pressure are so important a fuel pump that doesn ' t meet the oe minimum fuel flow or pressure requirements for your mercedes can cause driveability and emissions problems. a weak fuel pump or one that can ' t generate enough pressure can upset the calibration of your fuel system. this may cause the engine to run lean or starve for fuel under load, causing symptoms such as hard starting ( hot or cold ), poor idle quality, hesitation or stumbling when accelerating and a loss of high - speed power. low fuel pressure can also be a cause of lean misfire at idle and under load, which causes a dramatic increase in hydrocarbon ( hc ) emissions. a car experiencing this kind of problem usually won ' t pass an \" enhanced \" emissions test that measures exhaust emissions under simulated driving conditions on a dynamometer. low fuel pressure and / or lean misfire can also trigger the engine warning lamp on 1996 and newer cars equipped with obd ii ( on - board diagnostics ). so, if the original fuel pump is weak or has failed, it ' s important to make sure your replacement fuel pump meets all mercedes oe fuel performance specifications. bosch pumps do match mercedes oe requirements, but many brands don '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48278122463797807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.905388"} {"text": "is turned off ). mercedes replacement fuel pump precautions selecting the \" right \" replacement fuel pump involves more than looking up the year, make, model and engine size of your mercedes. it also means choosing a pump that meets all mercedes oe performance specifications and fits the same as your original - bosch pumps do, but many other brands don ' t. bosch is, of course, the company that pioneered fuel injection technology. to maximize coverage with the fewest number of part numbers, some major aftermarket companies have taken consolidation to the extreme. they have over - consolidated their fuel pump applications by using only a few fuel pumps for a wide range of car applications. because of the many different performance requirements and pump designs used in today ' s cars, this often causes performance and fit problems. for example, when fuel pumps from three of bosch ' s competitors were compared against the oe specifications for the cars the pumps supposedly fit, some glaring shortcomings were discovered : example # 1 : one pump from competitor a covers 70 oem part numbers, yet has a fuel delivery rate 42 to 50 percent less than the oe specifications. example # 2 : a pump from competitor b also covers 70 oem part numbers, but has a fuel delivery rate 25 percent less than oe specifications. example # 3 : one pump from competitor c covers a whopping 153 oem part numbers but has a fuel delivery rate 30 to 42 percent less than many oe specifications and exceeds oe electric consumption by 33 to 50 percent! example # 4 : some bosch competitors were found to be using fuel pumps that are a different size or type than the original. competitor b uses a 38mm diameter pump for 51mm diameter pump applications. to make it fit, they include a rubber sleeve. to make matters worse, the pump ' s outlet pipe location is off - center, which causes the pump to jut out half an inch more than the oe fuel pump. the same company also substitutes an inner - gear style pump for cars that were originally equipped with a turbine pump, which can cause unwanted pressure fluctuations and noise. example # 5 : another trick some competitors employ is to use the same inlet filter screen on a wide variety of cars. companies a, b and c all use only one filter screen for more than 20 different oem applications. this results in a poor fit on some cars because of variations in the shape of the fuel pot reservoir inside the tank. consequences of one - size - fits - all fuel pumps so what are the consequences of over - consolida", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4689719582903315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.907544"} {"text": "oem applications. this results in a poor fit on some cars because of variations in the shape of the fuel pot reservoir inside the tank. consequences of one - size - fits - all fuel pumps so what are the consequences of over - consolidating pump applications? inadequate fuel delivery is by far the most serious concern. based on test comparisons with oe specifications, many of these aftermarket \" one - size - fits - all \" replacement fuel pumps do not meet oe performance specifications. even though they may fit a particular vehicle application, they may not be capable of meeting the car ' s fuel needs under all driving conditions. the result can be fuel starvation, lean misfire, hesitation, elevated emissions, poor fuel economy and poor driveability. this is especially critical with turbocharged engines that require a rapid increase in fuel flow under boost conditions. a pump that can ' t keep up may allow the mixture to go dangerously lean, resulting in deterioration and loss of power. something else to keep in mind is that fuel also helps cool the pump, so a pump with reduced flow capacity will run hotter and likely experience accelerated wear. long - term durability may suffer as a result. a replacement pump that is a different size and does not fit the same as the original can create installation problems as well. the pump may interfere with other components such as the fuel gauge sending unit, or it may not fit the pump bracket very well, resulting in noise and vibration. bosch pumps, by comparison, look, fit and function exactly like the original. no installation hassles. no adapters. no problems. using a different type of replacement pump can also cause problems. car manufacturers specify certain types of fuel pumps ( roller - cell, inner - gear or turbine ) for a specific reason. the pump is an integral part of the fuel system, so its pressure, flow and electrical characteristics must match the rest of the system. substituting one type of pump for another may create a mismatch that results in driveability, durability or noise problems. trying to use \" one - size - fits - all \" filter inlet screens also means the sock may not fit right. if the filter screen is too large for the reservoir inside the tank, it may break allowing contaminants to enter the pump and fuel system. if the filter is too small, it may create a restriction or not take in enough fuel when cornering or when the tank is low and allow air to enter the pump. this may damage the pump or allow air to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47706768392583815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.908520"} {"text": "the pump and fuel system. if the filter is too small, it may create a restriction or not take in enough fuel when cornering or when the tank is low and allow air to enter the pump. this may damage the pump or allow air to be sucked into the fuel line causing poor hot starting, vapor lock, lack of power or other driveability and performance problems. a poor - quality screen may not keep contaminants out of the pump and may fail to separate water from the fuel allowing water to enter the pump and fuel system. by comparison, bosch fuel pump inlet filters are designed to fit perfectly. a specifically designed, tightly woven filter mesh stops contaminants as small as 60 microns to extend pump life. bosch filters also keep out water to prevent corrosion damage to the pump and other fuel system components. bosch ( new ) vs. reman pumps remanufactured fuel pumps are another concern. their lower price may appeal to some buyers, but what do they get for their money? not much. an analysis of remanufactured fuel pumps from a major aftermarket remanufacturer found that fuel delivery rates did not meet oe specifications. it was also found that carbon brushes and commutators inside the pump motor had not even been replaced! there was even rust on the surface of some pump housings. why take a chance on such a poor quality remanufactured fuel pump with questionable performance and reliability when you can buy a brand new quality - built bosch fuel pump? bosch is the industry leader in fuel injection technology. bosch developed the first fuel injection system with a high - pressure electric fuel pump in 1967 and continues to pioneer innovative designs and technology. bosch currently manufactures more than 250 different fuel pumps that cover more than 95 percent of import and domestic applications and is a leading supplier of fuel pumps to vehicle manufacturers worldwide - alfa romeo, mercedes, bmw, chrysler, ferrari, fiat, ford, general motors, honda, hyundai, isuzu, jaguar, kia, mazda, mercedes - benz, mitsubishi, nissan, opel, peugeot, mercedes, renault, rolls royce, rover, saab, subaru, suzuki, toyota, volkswagen, and volvo. bosch fuel pumps are second to none. state - of - the - art manufacturing and quality - control technology is used to make sure every bosch pump meets or exceeds all oe specifications. bosch offers all three types of fuel pumps ( roller - cell, inner - gear and turbine ) in its pump line, so you can be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4558589068004245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.909516"} {"text": "manufacturing and quality - control technology is used to make sure every bosch pump meets or exceeds all oe specifications. bosch offers all three types of fuel pumps ( roller - cell, inner - gear and turbine ) in its pump line, so you can be sure the pump you get is the correct one for your vehicle application. no one - size - fits - all pumps. no doubts about whether or not the pump meets oe specifications. bosch fuel pumps guarantee optimum performance required by each fuel injection system. features & benefits of bosch fuel pumps benefit # 1 : field proven durability in more than 50 million vehicles worldwide! benefit # 2 : all bosch fuel pumps are 100 % new. no salvaged or remanufactured components. benefit # 3 : superior product quality. state - of - the - art manufacturing technology and quality control ensure that every bosch electric fuel pump produced meets or exceeds all oe requirements. benefit # 4 : unlike some competitive pumps, all bosch fuel pumps perform to oe flow rate specifications to ensure proper driveability and acceleration. benefit # 5 : original equipment design looks, installs and functions exactly like the original. a few important things to remember heed the following repair tips when installing a new fuel pump to avoid fuel system problems in your mercedes : tip # 1 : whether a fuel pump is mounted inside a fuel tank or externally, the inside of the tank should always be inspected and cleaned if rust or debris is found in the pump or filter. replacing a pump without cleaning a dirty tank will doom the new pump to premature failure. tip # 2 : if you ' re replacing an in - tank fuel pump, always disconnect the battery to prevent any unwanted sparks. then drain the tank before removing the tank straps and opening the pump ' s retaining collar. keep all flames and sparks away! tip # 3 : when installing the new fuel pump, always replace the filter screen and use a new o - ring or gasket for the sealing collar. tip # 4 : do not \" test \" a new pump before it has been installed by jumping it. running a pump in a dry condition with no fuel to lubricate it risks damaging it. do not run the pump until fuel has been added to the tank. also, replace any braided or rubber fuel lines that are flaking or cracked with the correct type of efi hose. your mercedes fuel injection parts shopping list here is the list of fuel pump related parts you should consider when performing work on your mercedes ' fuel pump - some of these are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4690841813627136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.910517"} {"text": "does the daycare, work, and school grind make you \u2014 and your child \u2014 lose a little sleep during the week? using weekends and holidays as a chance to catch up on lost sleep not only helps recharge the batteries, but may be an important step in preventing childhood obesity, according to research published in the february 2011 issue of pediatrics. in the study, researchers looked at sleep patterns and body mass index ( bmi ) in a group of over 300 children ( children ranged in age from 4 to 10 ). regardless of weight, children averaged eight hours of sleep per night on a \" school night, \" significantly lower than current recommendations. on the weekends when normal weight children were more likely to sleep longer, obese children were less likely to experience this \" catch - up \" sleep on weekends. what ' s the connection? researchers speculate that getting enough sleep is an important part of how the body regulates metabolism \u2014 including how the body uses calories in food. no matter how young a child is, sleep and adequate rest play an important role in overall health. according to the national sleep foundation, infants may sleep up to 18 hours or more in a 24 - hour period, and toddlers and preschoolers need about 12 to 14 hours of sleep. is your family ' s hectic schedule getting in the way of your child getting enough sleep? as experts involved with this study believe, using weekends as a way to catch up still counts towards total time in dreamland.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.408485442599085, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.912061"} {"text": "spreading, often spiny, evergreen tree, with oval, leathery, shiny, dark green leaves, to 4 inches long. in midsummer, produces small white flowers in flat, corymb - like panicles, followed by round, downy, orange - red fruit. 20 feet tall and wide. young plants need extra phosphorus to encourage good root development. look for a fertilizer that has phosphorus, p, in it ( the second number on the bag. ) apply recommended amount for plant per label directions in the soil at time of planting or at least during the first growing season. how - to : fertilization for established plants established plants can benefit from fertilization. take a visual inventory of your landscape. trees need to be fertilized every few years. shrubs and other plants in the landscape can be fertilized yearly. a soil test can determine existing nutrient levels in the soil. if one or more nutrients is low, a specific instead of an all - purpose fertilizer may be required. fertilizers that are high in n, nitrogen, will promote green leafy growth. excess nitrogen in the soil can cause excessive vegetative growth on plants at the expense of flower bud development. it is best to avoid fertilizing late in the growing season. applications made at that time can force lush, vegetative growth that will not have a chance to harden off before the onset of cold weather. conditions : partial shade partial shade is defined as filtered light found beneath trees with high limbs. partial shade usually offers some protection from direct afternoon sun. conditions : part sun part sun refers to filtered light, with most sun being received during the afternoon hours. shade usually occurs during the morning hours. conditions : sun sun is defined as the continuous, direct, exposure to 6 hours ( or more ) of sunlight per day. conditions : light conditions unless a site is completely exposed, light conditions will change during the day and even during the year. the northern and eastern sides of a house receive the least amount of light, with the northern exposure being the shadiest. the western and southern sides of a house receive the most light and are considered the hottest exposures due to intense afternoon sun. you will notice that sun and shade patterns change during the day. the western side of a house may even be shady due to shadows cast by large trees or a structure from an adjacent property. if you have just bought a new home or just beginning to garden in your older home, take time to map sun and shade throughout", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49678092267943413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.932917"} {"text": "western side of a house may even be shady due to shadows cast by large trees or a structure from an adjacent property. if you have just bought a new home or just beginning to garden in your older home, take time to map sun and shade throughout the day. you will get a more accurate feel for your site ' s true light conditions. conditions : full to partial sun full sunlight is needed for many plants to assume their full potential. many of these plants will do fine with a little less sunlight, although they may not flower as heavily or their foliage as vibrant. areas on the southern and western sides of buildings usually are the sunniest. the only exception is when houses or buildings are so close together, shadows are cast from neighboring properties. full sun usually means 6 or more hours of direct unobstructed sunlight on a sunny day. partial sun receives less than 6 hours of sun, but more than 3 hours. plants able to take full sun in some climates may only be able to tolerate part sun in other climates. know the culture of the plant before you buy and plant it! conditions : light and plant selection for best plant performance, it is desirable to match the correct plant with the available light conditions. right plant, right place! plants which do not receive sufficient light may become pale in color, have fewer leaves and a \" leggy \" stretched - out appearance. also expect plants to grow slower and have fewer blooms when light is less than desirable. it is possible to provide supplemental lighting for indoor plants with lamps. plants can also receive too much light. if a shade loving plant is exposed to direct sun, it may wilt and / or cause leaves to be sunburned or otherwise damaged. conditions : full sun full sun is defined as exposure to more than 6 hours of continuous, direct sun per day. conditions : water conditions when selecting water conditions, take into account the amount of water this particular area of your site receives naturally. if you have an irrigation system, select the default normal. some sites may be naturally wet due to boggy areas by down spots or very dry due to a high sand content. by working with your site ' s natural conditions, you will reduce maintenance. do note that even the most drought tolerant plant must first become established, so be willing to provide about 1 inch of water per week during the first year or two. conditions : regular moisture for outdoor plants water when normal rainfall does not provide the preferred 1 inch of moisture most plants prefer. average water is needed during the growing season, but take care", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47453362373620916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.933893"} {"text": "about 1 inch of water per week during the first year or two. conditions : regular moisture for outdoor plants water when normal rainfall does not provide the preferred 1 inch of moisture most plants prefer. average water is needed during the growing season, but take care not to overwater. the first two years after a plant is installed, regular watering is important. the first year is critical. it is better to water once a week and water deeply, than to water frequently for a few minutes. conditions : normal watering for outdoor plants normal watering means that soil should be kept evenly moist and watered regularly, as conditions require. most plants like 1 inch of water a week during the growing season, but take care not to over water. the first two years after a plant is installed, regular watering is important for establishment. the first year is critical. it is better to water once a week and water deeply, than to water frequently for a few minutes. how - to : reduce watering this plant requires less watering during winter months, so reduce watering from late november through early march. how - to : preparing garden beds use a soil testing kit to determine the acidity or alkalinity of the soil before beginning any garden bed preparation. this will help you determine which plants are best suited for your site. check soil drainage and correct drainage where standing water remains. clear weeds and debris from planting areas and continue to remove weeds as soon as they come up. a week to 10 days before planting, add 2 to 4 inches of aged manure or compost and work into the planting site to improve fertility and increase water retention and drainage. if soil composition is weak, a layer of topsoil should be considered as well. no matter if your soil is sand or clay, it can be improved by adding the same thing : organic matter. the more, the better ; work deep into the soil. prepare beds to an 18 inch deep for perennials. this will seem like a tremendous amount of work now, but will greatly pay off later. besides, this is not something that is easily done later, once plants have been established. how - to : planting shrubs dig a hole twice the size of the root ball and deep enough to plant at the same level the shrub was in the container. if soil is poor, dig hole even wider and fill with a mixture half original soil and half compost or soil carefully remove shrub from container and gently separate roots. position in center of hole, best side facing forward. fill in with original soil or an amended mixture if needed as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41365064254284967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.934820"} {"text": "hole even wider and fill with a mixture half original soil and half compost or soil carefully remove shrub from container and gently separate roots. position in center of hole, best side facing forward. fill in with original soil or an amended mixture if needed as described above. for larger shrubs, build a water well. finish by mulching and watering well. if the plant is balled - and - burlapped, remove fasteners and fold back the top of natural burlap, tucking it down into hole, after you ' ve positioned shrub. make sure that all burlap is buried so that it won ' t wick water away from rootball during hot, dry periods. if synthetic burlap, remove if possible. if not possible, cut away or make slits to allow for roots to develop into the new soil. for larger shrubs, build a water well. finish by mulching and watering well. if shrub is bare - root, look for a discoloration somewhere near the base ; this mark is likely where the soil line was. if soil is too sandy or too clayey, add organic matter. this will help with both drainage and water holding capacity. fill soil, firming just enough to support shrub. finish by mulching and watering well. how - to : pruning flowering hedges careful selection, planting and initial pruning is critical for a uniform formal or informal hedge. the safest time to prune most flowering hedges is immediately after flowering. this way you do not prune away newly forming buds if you wait until later in the year. initially, cut back leaders and laterals by one third to one half on planting. in second season, once flowering is complete, cut back again by about one - third. a hedge can provide privacy and shelter from wind. hedges should be sloped at a gentle angle, wider at the base, to deflect wind and avoid snow damage. stretch a line between two stakes for a level top. cut a template from heavy cardboard for a consistent shape and move it along the hedge as you cut. shears or an electric trimmer should be held parallel to the line of the hedge. how - to : staking trees staking is done differently depending on the size and flexibility of the tree, and the windiness of the planting site. generally only trees that are planted in windy, exposed locations need to be staked. for most trees, a low stake is preferred, to let the tree move naturally. for windy areas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39491370784457436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.935705"} {"text": "of the tree, and the windiness of the planting site. generally only trees that are planted in windy, exposed locations need to be staked. for most trees, a low stake is preferred, to let the tree move naturally. for windy areas or flexible trees, use a high stake. for trees more than 12 feet tall, use two low stakes on opposite sides of the tree or several guy ropes. the ties used need to accommodate growth and not cause bark damage with friction. buckle - and - spacer ties can be found at garden centers, they are expandable and have a protective spacer. ties without spacers should be formed into a figure eight to create padding. latest studies have shown that when staking a tree, provide enough leeway so that the tree can move back and forth in the wind. stronger roots will develop this way. if the tree can not move back and forth, these important roots will not develop and the tree might fall over during a storm, once stakes are removed. when planting a tree, stake at the time of planting if staking is a necessity. how - to : planting a tree dig out an area for the tree that is about 3 or 4 times the diameter of the container or rootball and the same depth as the container or rootball. use a pitchfork or shovel to scarify the sides of the if container - grown, lay the tree on its side and remove the container. loosen the roots around the edges without breaking up the root ball too much. position tree in center of hole so that the best side faces forward. you are ready to begin filling in with soil. if planting a balled and burlaped tree, position it in hole so that the best side faces forward. untie or remove nails from burlap at top of ball and pull burlap back, so it does not stick out of hole when soil is replaced. synthetic burlap should be removed as it will not decompose like natural burlap. larger trees often come in wire baskets. plant as you would a b & b plant, but cut as much of the wire away as possible without actually removing the basket. chances are, you would do more damage to the rootball by removing the basket. simply cut away wires to leave several large openings for roots. fill both holes with soil the same way. never amend with less than half original soil. recent studies show that if your soil is loose enough, you are better off adding little or no soil amendments. create a water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4520691187407519, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.936579"} {"text": "leave several large openings for roots. fill both holes with soil the same way. never amend with less than half original soil. recent studies show that if your soil is loose enough, you are better off adding little or no soil amendments. create a water ring around the outer edge of the hole. not only will this conseve water, but will direct moisture to perimeter roots, encouraging outer growth. once tree is established, water ring may be leveled. studies show that mulched trees grow faster than those unmulched, so add a 3 \" \" layer of pinestraw, compost, or pulverized bark over backfilled area. remove any damaged limbs. how - to : making a hedge hedges can be trained to be informal with only occasional shaping or to have a more formal shape with judicious pruning. shear off the tops 2 to 6 inches several times during the first two seasons. shearing of the tops and sides will promote branching. a common mistake people make is to cut the sides at a 90 degree angle. in this case the top growth shades the bottom resulting in a leggy open canopy. it is best to cut the sides at an angle so that they flare out at the bottom. this will ensure healthy and compact growth all the way down to the bottom of the shrub. fungi : powdery mildew powdery mildew is usually found on plants that do not have enough air circulation or adequate light. problems are worse where nights are cool and days are warm and humid. the powdery white or gray fungus is usually found on the upper surface of leaves or fruit. leaves will often turn yellow or brown, curl up, and drop off. new foliage emerges crinkled and distorted. fruit will be dwarfed and often drops early. prevention and control : plant resistant varieties and space plants properly so they receive adequate light and air circulation. always water from below, keeping water off the foliage. this is paramount for roses. go easy on the nitrogen fertilizer. apply fungicides according to label directions before problem becomes severe and follow directions exactly, not missing any required treatments. sanitation is a must - clean up and remove all leaves, flowers, or debris in the fall and destroy. fungi : leaf spots leaf spots are caused by fungi or bacteria. brown or black spots and patches may be either ragged or circular, with a water soaked or yellow - edged appearance. insects, rain, dirty garden tools, or even people can help its spread. prevention and control : remove infected leaves when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42387328721661616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.937565"} {"text": "or bacteria. brown or black spots and patches may be either ragged or circular, with a water soaked or yellow - edged appearance. insects, rain, dirty garden tools, or even people can help its spread. prevention and control : remove infected leaves when the plant is dry. leaves that collect around the base of the plant should be raked up and disposed of. avoid overhead irrigation if possible ; water should be directed at soil level. for fungal leaf spots, use a recommended fungicide according to label directions. pest : scale insects scales are insects, related to mealy bugs, that can be a problem on a wide variety of plants - indoor and outdoor. young scales crawl until they find a good feeding site. the adult females then lose their legs and remain on a spot protected by its hard shell layer. they appear as bumps, often on the lower sides of leaves. they have piercing mouth parts that suck the sap out of plant tissue. scales can weaken a plant leading to yellow foliage and leaf drop. they also produce a sweet substance called honeydew ( coveted by ants ) which can lead to an unattractive black surface fungal growth called sooty mold. prevention and control : once established they are hard to control. isolate infested plants away from those that are not infested. consult your local garden center professional or cooperative extension office in your county for a legal recommendation regarding their control. encourage natural enemies such as parasitic wasps in the garden. diseases : blight blights are cause by fungi or bacteria that kill plant tissue. symptoms often show up as the rapid spotting or wilting of foliage. there are many different blights, specific to various plants, each requiring a varied method of control. conditions : deer tolerant there are no plants that are 100 % deer resistant, but many that are deer tolerant. there are plants that deer prefer over others. you will find that what deer will or will not eat varies in different parts of the country. a lot of it has to do with how hungry they are. most deer will sample everything at least once, decide if they like it or not and return if favorable. a fence is the good deer barrier. you may go for a really tall one ( 7 to 8 feet ), or try 2 parallel fences, ( 4 to 5 feet apart ). use a wire mesh fence rather than board, since deer are capable of wiggling through a 12 inch space. conditions : rabbit tolerant as cute as they are, rabbits can really damage a vegetable garden. young, tender lettuce plants seem", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4460842487473833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.938495"} {"text": "). use a wire mesh fence rather than board, since deer are capable of wiggling through a 12 inch space. conditions : rabbit tolerant as cute as they are, rabbits can really damage a vegetable garden. young, tender lettuce plants seem to be their favorite. if a free - roaming dog is not a possibility for you, consider installing raised vegetable beds and covering tender shoots with netting. if you have ample room, you can opt to plant enough for you and the bunnies. scents don ' t always repel animals, as they get used to them and are often washed off in the rain. conditions : slope tolerant slope tolerant plants are those that have a fibrous root system and are often plants that prefer good soil drainage. these plants assist in erosion control by stabilizing / holding the soil on slopes intact. glossary : backdrop backdrop is the term used to describe a plant or architectural element that is relatively neutral in appearance, that serves as a background for other plants. backdrop plants are often taller, have dark or medium green leaves, and often of medium texture. however, this is not always the case. for a tropical effect, or to make a space more intimate, use a backdrop with coarse textured foliage. to make a space appear larger, use a small to medium textured leaf plant that is dark green. glossary : bird attracting the term bird attracting applies to any plant that has flowers, fruit, nuts, or structure that attracts birds. most plants on \" \" bird attracting \" \" lists have favorable fruits or flowers that serve as food, but the trunks, limbs and foliage cover that trees and shrubs provide should not be overlooked as they add shelter for raising young and protection from foul weather. conditions : erosion control plants that help to control erosion have fibrous root systems that help to keep soil intact. leaves and the overall form of a plant can prevent erosion by breaking up water droplets before they hit the ground, lessening splashing and runoff. glossary : hedge a hedge is any tree, shrub, perennial, annual or herb that can be clipped and maintained in a formal or informal shape. hedges can provide privacy and define property lines as well as rooms of a garden. glossary : low maintenance low maintenance does not mean no maintenance. it does mean that once a plant is established, very little needs to be done in the way of water, fertilizing, pruning, or treatment in order for the plant to remain healthy and attractive. a well - designed garden, which takes your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4650313435250222, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.939410"} {"text": "that once a plant is established, very little needs to be done in the way of water, fertilizing, pruning, or treatment in order for the plant to remain healthy and attractive. a well - designed garden, which takes your lifestyle into consideration, can greatly reduce maintenance. glossary : mass planting mass is one of the elements of design and relates directly to balance. mass planting is defined as the grouping of three or more of the same type of plants in one area. when massing plants, keep in mind what visual effect they will have. small properties require smaller masses where larger properties can handle larger masses or sweeps of plants. glossary : sandy loam sandy loam refers to a soil that drains well, with excellent air space, and evenly crumbled texture when squeezed in the hand. a good workable garden soil that benefits from added fertilizer and proper watering. dark gray to gray - brown in color. glossary : loam loam is the ideal soil, having the perfect balance between particle size, air space, organic matter and water holding capacity. it forms a nice ball when squeezed in the palm of the hand, but crumbles easily when lightly tapped with a finger. rich color ranges between gray brown to almost black. glossary : evergreen evergreen refers to plants that hold onto their leaves or needles for more than one growing season, shedding them over time. some plants such as live oaks are evergreen, but commonly shed the majority of their older leaves around the end of january. glossary : shrub shrub : is a deciduous or evergreen woody perennial that has multiple branches that form near its base. glossary : tree tree : a woody perennial with a crown of branches that begin atop a single stem or trunk. the exception to this rule is multi - trunk trees, which some may argue are really very large shrubs. glossary : long lasting long lasting : having blossoms that last for an extended period of time. some plants may have the appearance of providing long lasting flowers because they are prolific, repeat bloomers. conditions : site conditions when setting criteria for site conditions, check boxes that apply to your planting area. this will narrow the search for appropriate plants. naturally, you ' ll need to select a usda hardiness zone. selecting a specific soil type and ph are just as important as light and water conditions because they enable a search that will find plants best suited to your site. glossary : ph ph, means the potential of hydrogen, is the measure of alkalinity or acidity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5506651714613283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.940518"} {"text": "soil type and ph are just as important as light and water conditions because they enable a search that will find plants best suited to your site. glossary : ph ph, means the potential of hydrogen, is the measure of alkalinity or acidity. in horticulture, ph refers to the ph of soil. the scale measures from 0, most acid, to 14, most alkaline. seven is neutral. most plants prefer a range between 5. 5 and about 6. 7, an acid range, but there are plenty of other plants that like soil more alkaline, or above 7. a ph of 7 is where the plant can most easily absorb the most nutrients in the soil. some plants prefer more or less of certain nutrients, and therefore do better at a certain ph. glossary : plant characteristics plant characteristics define the plant, enabling a search that finds specific types of plants such as bulbs, trees, shrubs, grass, perennials, etc. glossary : medium shrub a medium shrub is generally between 3 and 6 feet tall. glossary : large shrub a shrub is considered large when it is over 6 feet tall. glossary : small tree a small tree is less than 30 feet tall. glossary : foliage characteristics by searching foliage characteristics, you will have the opportunity to look for foliage with distinguishable features such as variegated leaves, aromatic foliage, or unusual texture, color or shape. this field will be most helpful to you if you are looking for accent plants. if you have no preference, leave this field blank to return a larger selection of plants. glossary : landscape uses by searching landscape uses, you will be able to pinpoint plants that are best suited for particular uses such as trellises, border plantings, or foundations. glossary : tolerant tolerant refers to a plant ' s ability to tolerate exposure to an external condition ( s ). it does not mean that the plant thrives or prefers this situation, but is able to adapt and continue its life cycle. glossary : fertilize fertilize just before new growth begins with a complete fertilizer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5276953170578498, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.941463"} {"text": "following a record - setting decade for catastrophic forest fires, a new era may be on the horizon focusing on sequestering carbon dioxide in trees instead of letting them burn and pollute the atmosphere. mike gaudern of the oregon small woodlands association talked with baker county woodland owners last week. ( baker city herald / ed merriman ) mike gaudern, executive director of the oregon small woodlands association, delivered that message to members of the baker county private woodlands association during a swing through eastern oregon last week. \u201c oregon has been picked as one of three pilot project states in the nation \u201d where cap and trade carbon credit trading will be made available to woodland owners through the chicago climate exchange program, which was formed in 2002 and began trading carbon credits in 2003. \u201c i don \u2019 t care if you believe what al gore and others are saying about carbon emissions causing global warming or not. my interest is making you money, \u201d gaudern said. \u201c we grow trees that suck carbon out of the air, and people want to pay us money for it \u2014 a lot of money. \u201d gaudern said u. s. cities, states and industries are under a voluntary carbon credit cap - and - trade program, with a reduction goal of 6 percent by 2010. however, there \u2019 s a threat of required emission reduction standards if they fail to meet that voluntary goal. under the voluntary cap - and - trade system, polluting companies, municipalities and others have the option of offsetting their net carbon emissions by trading for carbon credits, which can be purchased on the chicago climate exchange from carbon sequesterers, such as the owners of private woodlands. companies that reduce carbon emissions below the target cap earn carbon credits that can also be sold to firms exceeding the emissions cap, gaudern said. \u201c trees are carbon - storing machines, \u201d gaudern said, adding that woodland owners can make money on the amount of carbon currently stored in their trees, and on the amount of tree growth, which translates into additional carbon stored. the carbon trading opportunity provides a source of income that can help small woodland owners pay for logging to reduce overcrowding and create a healthier forest with faster - growing trees. when trees are harvested, the wood continues to have value for retained carbon credits as long as it is used in products ranging from home construction to furniture manufacturing and other products that retain the carbon in the wood. when trees or lumber are burned they lose their carbon credit value, as the carbon is released into the atmosphere, gaudern said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3927880685284368, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.947206"} {"text": "it is used in products ranging from home construction to furniture manufacturing and other products that retain the carbon in the wood. when trees or lumber are burned they lose their carbon credit value, as the carbon is released into the atmosphere, gaudern said. he said this is not the first time a cap and trade system has been used successfully in the united states to reduce emissions. a similar system was used in the 1970s to reduce factory sulfur emissions responsible for acid rain. gaudern said he is stepping down from his position as oswa executive director on nov. 1 to run the new woodland carbons co., which is owned by oswa. he said woodland carbons co. will function as a pool for small woodland owners to sell carbon credits as a group through the chicago climate exchange. \u201c i am staking the next three years of my life that we can make this thing work, \u201d gaudern said. the initial plan for woodland carbons co. is to sell 5, 000 acres of carbon credits through a pool process. gaudern said growers interested in participating will have to be certified by a regional auditor with the chicago climate exchange, who will verify the trees are growing and document growth over the 15 - year contract period covered by carbon credit trading. oswa received funding from the american forest foundation to develop a \u201c working certified tree farm forester \u201d carbon aggregation system in oregon. \u201c if a landowner chooses to join a pool, their commitment is to be a certified tree farm for 15 years, \u201d gaudern said. \u201c the reward is that they would receive a check for carbon they store on their parcel. \u201d in the united states, where the emission reductions are currently voluntary, carbon credit prices have been volatile, ranging from $ 7 a ton in march to the current $ 1. 13 per ton of carbon sequestered, gaudern said. in europe where carbon emissions are mandatory rather than voluntary, gaudern said the carbon credits are trading as high as $ 38 per ton. to be eligible to participate, woodland owners must develop a management plan for their trees and carbon sequestering schedule. the woodlands must also be american tree farm - certified, gaudern said this new approach to carbon credit trading in which woodland owners are only bound to contracts for 15 years is more palatable that past carbon credit proposals that called for lifetime easements on forests, gaudern said. in preparation for the carbon trading era, gaudern said the woodland carbons co., has received funding to complete a forest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39737740111557107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.948231"} {"text": "years is more palatable that past carbon credit proposals that called for lifetime easements on forests, gaudern said. in preparation for the carbon trading era, gaudern said the woodland carbons co., has received funding to complete a forest growth computer model, which will help determine how much carbon oregon woodland owners have on the ground. \u201c we have a revolving fund at 0 percent interest to pay professional consulting foresters to do inventories \u201d for oswa members signing up to sell carbon credits through the woodland carbons co., \u201d gaudern said. details about how the carbon credits will be calculated and paid through the woodland carbons co. include a 20 percent reserve to protect against fire losses and other factors. however, gaudern said at an average price of $ 1. 85 per ton, oregon woodland owners would received approximately $ 2. 05 per acre for growing their trees for 15 years under a carbon credit contract. however, if the united states goes to a mandatory carbon emissions reduction program like europe after the upcoming presidential election, oregon woodland owners could receive closer to $ 65 per acre if carbon credits were to rise to the $ 38 per ton currently found in europe, gaudern said. there are many other types of carbon trading that can be done, including no - till farming and silviculture rangeland practices, gaudern said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3815933972488199, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.948810"} {"text": "women who gave birth naturally are at greater risk of experiencing bowel incontinence, an embarrassing condition. the condition can be found in both sexes and all ages. but while reports from the us reveal that about one in 12 people experience this problem, the ratio in women who have natural births is one in four. the risk is higher for this group of women as they get older and enter menopause as the body goes through hormonal changes. moreover, the advancing age causes the muscles that control bowel movements ( anal sphincter muscles ) to weaken. bowel incontinence ranges from an occasional leakage of stool while passing gas to a complete loss of bowel control. the common causes of bowel incontinence include pelvic floor dysfunction as a result of natural childbirth, which potentially affects the nerves of the muscles in the traumatised area, pelvic fracture and anal sphincter tears, constipation or diarrhoea. a lot of patients who experience this symptom are too embarrassed to seek medical attention, and carry on with this inconvenience that may limit their socialising opportunities. there are two main types of bowel incontinence. the first type is when stool is passed without knowing or unintentionally, caused by dysfunctional internal anal sphincter muscles ( passive incontinence ). the second type is the inability to hold bowel movements ; when there is a sudden urge to go, the person cannot get to the restroom in time. this is caused by dysfunctional external anal sphincter muscles. however, bowel incontinence is generally treatable, according to colorectal surgeons. using exercise therapies aimed at helping restore muscle strength together with dietary modification and medications can be the first simple step in treating bowel incontinence. it should be noted that muscle exercise and behavioural change can only help some patients. it is more important to determine the definite cause of incontinence in order to find the best solution. it requires thorough physical examination and some special investigations including endoscopy, anorectal manometry, endoanal ultrasonography, electromyography, defecography and pudendal nerve terminal motor latency to identify the cause. detailed and systematic examination will allow the doctor to conclude the real cause behind the problem so that effective treatment can be planned. in more severe cases, surgery may be needed, from bigger procedures at the anus to smaller", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4269334022366298, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.951816"} {"text": "latency to identify the cause. detailed and systematic examination will allow the doctor to conclude the real cause behind the problem so that effective treatment can be planned. in more severe cases, surgery may be needed, from bigger procedures at the anus to smaller operations to implant a permanent sacral electrode and stimulator to help the nerve and muscles. the latest innovation to treat bowel incontinence is to stimulate the nerves at the spinal cord using mild electrical stimulation. this treatment is acknowledged as the least traumatising method and the most effective. it also comes with less complications compared to the other surgical alternatives. it works by implanting a small electrode into the sacral nerves that control the sphincter muscles. the electrode is connected to a generator to send mild electrical waves to stimulate the muscles. bowel incontinence might not sound as scary as cancer or heart disease, but it surely causes a great impact on the quality of life and social activities. if you or your loved ones are at risk or are experiencing this problem, it is advised you seek medical help as soon as possible to get early treatment before it gets out of hand. dr art hiranyakas is a colorectal surgeon at bangkok hospital. about the author writer : dr art hiranyakas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.448508537684558, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.952304"} {"text": "saturday 30 october, 6. 15pm until 7. 30pm, upper gulbenkian gallery contemporary fears about climate change have brought historical concerns about global population numbers back onto the agenda. there has been much discussion about the need for lifestyle change, particularly in the western world, to reduce the amount we consume. but a growing number of voices argue that this skirts around an equally important consideration : the need to reduce the absolute number of \u2018 carbon footprints \u2019 left on the planet. with the global population set to reach seven billion in a few years time, some argue we are heading for a crisis, as food supplies and energy sources wane in the face of increasing demand. on the other hand, it is pointed out that similar arguments have been made throughout history \u2013 most notably by thomas malthus \u2013 and have been proven wrong, as development and human ingenuity have solved the problems posed by apparently natural limits. critics object to the way more people are seen as a burden on the planet, rather than a source of creativity. moreover, the world population is growing in the developing world rather than the richer countries, and there is a concern that population reduction arguments might be tainted with racist undertones. the optimum population trust produces calculations to show how reducing population levels will ameliorate the environmental and social crises provoked by growing numbers of people. others argue controlling population has immediate benefits \u2013 to women, who in some parts of the world lack access to modern contraception ; and to families on low incomes struggling to support the children they already have. some family planning organisations have brought the environmental argument together with the arguments for reproductive choice, claiming the number of \u2018 births averted \u2019 through abortion is a boon. but what \u2013 if any - is the link between individuals \u2019 reproductive choices and the state of the natural environment? is it irresponsible for people to have large numbers of children in the knowledge they will consume more resources? is there anything wrong with promoting voluntary strategies for limiting family size? listen to session audio : chairman, optimum population trust editor, spiked ; author, can i recycle my granny and 39 other eco - dilemmas chief executive, british pregnancy advisory service in the years after cairo, population issues essentially fell off the international agenda. now that is beginning to changecatholics for choice, conscience, 2010 the chinese policy of birth control has reduced the number of children with some alarming consequences. state control of reproduction is both wrong and ineffectivethe times, 12 september 2010 we have met the enemy, and in our ever -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4727196781318351, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.956117"} {"text": "for choice, conscience, 2010 the chinese policy of birth control has reduced the number of children with some alarming consequences. state control of reproduction is both wrong and ineffectivethe times, 12 september 2010 we have met the enemy, and in our ever - growing, voracious multitudes, it is us! we have nine billion - - or is it 12? - - things to start talking about, asap. david katz, huffington post, 1 september 2010 politicians of western countries avoid talking about population control, but if we invest in family planning we might just save our planet. mary fitzgerald, new statesman, 31 august 2010 the royal society \u2019 s two - year study of population seems to have already decided that there are \u2018 too many people \u2019. brendan o ' neill, spiked, 19 july 2010 there are too many humans and disease may restore the balance, the actor claimsamy turner, the times, 24 may 2010 brendan o \u2019 neill says that the state \u2019 s cruel and antiquated one - child policy is being propped up by british environmentalists with an agenda \u2014 but the chinese are striking backbrendan o ' neill, spectator, 20 may 2010 since 200 ad, scaremongers have been describing human beings as \u2018 burdensome to the world \u2019. they were wrong then, and they \u2019 re still wrong today. brendan o ' neill, spiked, 20 november 2009 \u2018 can you name a single environmental problem that would not be easier to solve with fewer people, and doesn \u2019 t get harder \u2013 - and ultimately impossible \u2013 - to solve with ever more? \u2019 roger martin, reuters, 17 october 2009 an optimum population trust briefingcarter dillard, optimum population trust, 2 july 2008 the most ominous reality of 21st - century life may be the fall in human birth rates almost everywhere in the worldjeff jacoby, international herald tribune, 23 june 2008 world population growth \u2014 and how to slow it \u2014 continues to be a subject of great controversy. the planet ' s poorest nations have yet to find effective ways to check their population increase \u2014 at least without restricting citizens ' rights and violating such traditions as the custom of having large families as insurance in old age. time, 25 october 1977 the art of criticism : judgement in crisis? \" as ever, the battle of ideas is full of stimulating and lively argument. it ' s fun to be able to clash robustly in a good - humoured atmosphere. \" martin wright, editor in chief, green futures", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4721249924186165, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.957061"} {"text": "| links to our | | req. 1a | | - req. 1c | | - req. 1d | | - req. 2a | | - req. 2b | | - req. 3a | | - req. 3b | | - req. 3c | | - req. 4 | | study guides | | req. 5a | | - req. 5b | | - req. 5f | | - req. 6 | | - req. 7a | | - req. 7b | | - req. 7c | | - req. 7d | | - req. 8 | list and explain the various forms of public / mass transit using rail as the fixed guide path. the most common answer for this requirement is commuter trains and amtrak trains. they often come to mind because they use the same rails as freight services in the united states. but we have many other types of passenger transit which uses rail. the san francisco bay area has many examples, but you can check all around north america, and many other countries for some of these other examples. | light rail ( examples are san jose ' s valley transit authority, the sacramento regional transit ) - light rail trains usually use overhead electric power, electric motors under each coach, and using a rail gauge slightly different from standard trains. they normally operate away from regular train lines, and closer to metropolitan and urban population photo of sacramento rt light rail by peter ehrlich, 2007 | third - rail trains ( examples are san francisco ' s bay area rapid transit, and the washington, d. c. area metro trains ) - each car has power pick - ups below the train body, from an electric third rail, located near the two rails that serve as the fixed guide path. ( montreal, canada, and paris, france have a thrid - rail underground system very similar to bart, and washington d. c. ' s metro, but they use rubber tires and concrete guideways instead of rails and rail wheels. ) | subways ( examples include san franscisco muni, massechusetts bay transit ) - subways are underground people - moving trains, and these days they are often electric motor systems, because it ' s difficult to clear the exhaust from petroleum - fueled motors from the subway tunnels. ( residue from petroleum exhaust also sticks to everything underground. ) underground operation helps these trains run reliably during bad weather the massach", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47247744062909414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.960699"} {"text": "electric motor systems, because it ' s difficult to clear the exhaust from petroleum - fueled motors from the subway tunnels. ( residue from petroleum exhaust also sticks to everything underground. ) underground operation helps these trains run reliably during bad weather the massachusets bat transit authority red line ( shown at right ) is a third - rail powered system. | street cars, or trolley cars ( examples are new orleans streetcars, illinois railway museum trollys ) - many trolley cars used overhead electrical pickups, and rails as a fixed path. photo of irm car 321 by frank hicks, 2007 many of the trolly lines in new orleans were damaged by the floods, but they are being restored, becaue of the rich history they have in this famous city. when cars and trolleys have to share the road in busy metropolitan areas, the fact that the rails can ' t swerve around stopped traffic often cause delays. in many areas, they have been replaced by trolley buses, which use the overhead wires and electric motors, but the buses ride on rubber tires, so the bus can move through traffic more easily. francisco cable cars - unlike the electric or petroleum - based power used in the rest of the modes described on this page, the motive power for these cable cars is not part of the car! how cable cars work : there are large motors, located in power houses, which move cables underground. the gripman uses a device to grab the moving cable under the street to pull the car up and down the hills, and he uses brakes on the car to slow and stop the car. photo of cable car by aude | monorail systems ( schweberbahn, wuppertal, germany ) - there are many monorails in service in amusement parks, but they often use rubber tires instead of rails. there is also a monorail operating in downtown seattle, washington, which also uses rubber tires under the cars. there is a great mass transit monorail system called the schwebebahn, in wuppertal, germany, which is suspended above the wupper river, and they operate a variety of older and newer cars on the 8. 3 - mile line. photo of schwebebahn trains by daniel kapanke there are currently 120 active merit badges that can be earned by boy scouts today, and scouts can find information about all of these on the internet at the merit badge research center ( mbrc ) website, including the railroading merit badge requirements. the mbrc has worksheets for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4736069620388815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.961644"} {"text": "dna clues to queen of sheba tale clues to the origins of the queen of sheba legend are written in the dna of some africans, according to scientists. genetic research suggests ethiopians mixed with egyptian, israeli or syrian populations about 3, 000 years ago. this is the time the queen, mentioned in great religious works, is said to have ruled the kingdom of sheba. the research, published in the american journal of human genetics, also sheds light on human migration out of africa 60, 000 years ago. the queen of sheba - queen mentioned in the bible, the koran and the ethiopian kabra nagast - sheba was a rich kingdom that prospered through trade with jerusalem and the roman empire, and spanned modern day ethiopia and yemen - queen said to have visited jerusalem with gold to give to king solomon - some texts record that she had a son with king solomon according to fossil evidence, human history goes back longer in ethiopia than anywhere else in the world. but little has been known until now about the human genetics of ethiopians. professor chris tyler - smith of the wellcome trust sanger institute in cambridge, uk, a researcher on the study, told bbc news : \" genetics can tell us about historical events. \" by analysing the genetics of ethiopia and several other regions we can see that there was gene flow into ethiopia, probably from the levant, around 3, 000 years ago, and this fits perfectly with the story of the queen of sheba. \" end quote dr sarah tishcoff department of genetics and biology at the university of pennsylvania this paper sheds light on the very interesting recent and ancient population history of a region that played an important role in both recent and ancient human migration events \u201d lead researcher luca pagani of the university of cambridge and the wellcome trust sanger institute added : \" the genetic evidence is in support of the legend of the queen of sheba. \" more than 200 individuals from 10 ethiopian and two neighbouring african populations were analysed in the largest genetic investigation of its kind on ethiopian populations. about a million genetic letters in each genome were studied. previous ethiopian genetic studies have focussed on smaller sections of the human genome and mitochondrial dna, which passes along the maternal line. dr sarah tishcoff of the department of genetics and biology at the university of pennsylvania, said ethiopia would be an important region to study in the future. commenting on the study, she said : \" ethiopia is a very diverse region culturally and linguistically but, until now, we ' ve known little about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4430817036925656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.965409"} {"text": "spencer ochieng is in the business of connecting remote villages in kenya with water. but to do so he relies on an unusual tool. when most people dig down to check the water table below, ochieng digs into his right pocket. \u201c the first thing we check for is availability of a strong mobile phone signal, \u201d says ochieng, general manager of grundfos lifelink, an organization that uses technology to provide safe drinking water to communities throughout the developing world. currently, there are nearly 1 billion people around the world with no access to clean water, and 13 million in kenya alone with no access to a so - called \u201c improved water system \u201d \u2013 ngo - speak for anything that improves on collecting dirty water from rivers, lakes or ponds. the lifelink project was set up to tackle this problem using a solar - powered pump and a pay - per - use water tap, designed specifically for kenya \u2019 s mobile - centered society. the setup is relatively simple. protected water is drawn from sources up to 250m underground by solar powered pumps. this is then held in an elevated storage tank, which is used to supply a tap in a secure, concrete kiosk. to access water, customers must first load money into their m - pesa account \u2014 the ubiquitous mobile money payment and transfer service in kenya used by more than 70 % of the adult population. then, through a simple text message, customers top - up the balance of their personal pre - paid lifelink fob key. once at the tap, customers simply wave their key at a sensor ; money is debited from their account, and out flows 20 litres of pure drinking water. \u201c there \u2019 s a real need to provide drinking water to communities in a sustainable way, \u201d ochieng says. every year thousands of deep wells, pumps, and boreholes are installed across the african continent by development organizations. unfortunately, when funding dries up, so too does the water source. studies have shown that as many as half of these projects are no longer working after two years. pumps break. people stop paying. wiring erodes. parts vanish. ayaz manji, head of water and sanitation at kenya red cross, which helps grundfos identify water - poor communities, says that the problem is all too common in kenya. although organisations typically form local \u2018 water committees \u2019 to collect fees from users for repairs, manji says that corruption and misappropriation is rampant. \u201c people use that money for other needs, or groups become", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4620441698434523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.968816"} {"text": "the problem is all too common in kenya. although organisations typically form local \u2018 water committees \u2019 to collect fees from users for repairs, manji says that corruption and misappropriation is rampant. \u201c people use that money for other needs, or groups become politically inclined and that money disappears, \u201d claims manji. the lifelink system gets around this by collecting the fees people pay for water in a community m - pesa account. it \u2019 s used to fund all repairs and maintenance and reduces the chance of corruption by keeping the money at arm \u2019 s length and all transactions virtual. it \u2019 s a vital part of the system because maintenance is not cheap - grundfos requires communities to save about 215, 000 kenyan shillings ( \u00a31, 500 ) a year for the service. this equates to customers paying roughly 3 - 4 shillings ( around two pence ) per 20 - litre jerry can of water, making it affordable to even the poorest. any amount generated beyond the required savings amount is returned to the community. to date, grundfos has sold 38 lifelink systems across kenya, mostly purchased by development organisations, kenya \u2019 s water board, or through grundfos \u2019 own corporate responsibility programs. many serve hospitals, orphanages, and schools in remote areas. according to the company, 75 % of their systems are now self - sustaining. but the other quarter struggle to generate the necessary income for a mix of reasons. for example, the system has not worked in some northern regions of kenya populated by nomadic herders. these herders tend to migrate with the seasons in search of fertile grazing pastures and water for their livestock, so there is not enough demand all year round. in other areas, people collect seasonal rainfall, meaning that the systems are underused and under - funded parts of the year.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4257897919074904, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.969498"} {"text": "my mother received an email not too long ago about the correct way to eat fruits! i never would have thought twice about it if she \u2019 d not have told me about the email, and although she deleted it before she could send it to me ( good job ma! ), i did a little looking online, and i \u2019 ve found several different sites that pull together the basic concept of what my mom was trying to tell me from the email. i \u2019 m not all great with this whole blogging thing, so hang with me for a bit while i try to get the basic points across! fruits contain approximately 80 % water, so if you do not consume the daily recommended water for your body type, eating fruits will increase your overall water intake. ( i do not recommend that you stop drinking water and use fruits as a substitute, i am simply saying that on the days that you don \u2019 t quite make your water goal for the day, the fruits you have eaten will help make up for it! ) fruits have also been linked to lowering cholesterol, therefore they can help prevent strokes and heart disease! they have natural fiber which can help regulate your digestive track and keep away such things as constipation, diarrhea, abdominal cramping, etc. did you know that your brain is fueled from glucose, which is blood sugar? eating fruits is the most efficient source of glucose which leads to better brain function, including memory! 1. eat fruits on an empty stomach the best time to start eating your fruit portions is in the morning before you eat any of your other breakfast. after that, eat your servings throughout the day, about an hour before you eat your meals. 2. wait before eating other foods ( at least an hour ) the main reason for this is that most ( with an exception of bananas, dates, and dried fruits ) fruits are predigested, and they pass through your stomach quickly. most foods take 1 - 4 hours to digest, while fruits exit an empty stomach in 20 - 30 minutes. 3. do not eat fruits after meals if you eat fruits during or after your meal ( as a dessert ), the fructose will mix with carbohydrates and other foods which are blocking the fruits from passing through to the intestines quickly, causing gas, bloating, and indigestion. also, once the fruit hits your stomach with the remainder of the meal, it will cause the meal to ferment and rot, which can lead to upset", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43770631997444975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.972807"} {"text": "intestines quickly, causing gas, bloating, and indigestion. also, once the fruit hits your stomach with the remainder of the meal, it will cause the meal to ferment and rot, which can lead to upset stomach issues. 4. only drink fresh fruit juices for optimal benefits from fruit juices, avoid drinking juice from a can or juices that have been heated. canned juices contain many other sugars and additives, and cooked fruits lose the beneficial nutrients. eating fresh, whole fruits is always the best way to go, however, if you must drink juice, drink it slowly, so that it can mix with your saliva to start the pre - digestion process. 5. avoid bananas in the morning fruits like bananas and avocados are heavy fruits and should not be eaten until the afternoon. they they their toll on the digestive system early in the mornings after fasting all night. in the afternoon, your digestive system has been working and is at the appropriate digestive cycle to allow for such fruits to be eaten with ease. not only does eating fruits correctly cause stabilized blood sugar which curbs hunger and helps ward off overeating and obesity, but it also requires less energy to be digested, so it \u2019 s a great food to eat before a workout! along with eating other healthy foods, drinking plenty of water, and exercising regularly, eating fruits can help you with your weightless goals as well as maintaining a healthy lifestyle. i \u2019 m glad my mom let me know that there is a correct way to eat fruits, because i never thought about it before this! i \u2019 ve learned so much researching the benefits of eating fruits the correct way, and i hope i \u2019 ve been able to help shed some light on the great health benefits of those 2 - 4 servings per day ( depending on your caloric intake! ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40147645469024795, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.973667"} {"text": "pollinators and pesticides protecting honey bees and wild pollinators : what can you do? solutions to the loss of bees and human productivity are clearly within our reach if we engage our communities and governmental bodies. a little outrage will help. the shift to organic practices is a necessity that is protective of health and the environment, sustainable and cost effective. 1. make your yard or a local park a \" pesticide free zone \" and take steps to encourage pollinators bees are in trouble, and policymakers just aren \u2019 t acting quickly enough to help them. but backyard gardeners, sideline beekeepers and ordinary people all over the country have been stepping up. there are several steps you can take to attract these beneficial insects to your garden and protect them and their habitat. like any other living organism, bees need food, water, and shelter in order to thrive. 2. become a backyard beekeeper for those who may be feeling highly motivated, there is also the option of keeping your very own colony of bees in your backyard. although not all bees live in hives, certain species, notably honeybees, are easily and safely kept in artificial hives for their shelter. this provides a safe haven for the bees while also allowing you the opportunity to harvest the fresh honey! aspiring beekeepers must decide which subspecies of honeybee to acquire and purchase protective equipment. if you are interested in keeping honeybees, the american beekeeping federation recommends that you find a local bee club in your area. most clubs either offer courses in basic beekeeping or can direct you to such courses. these are often given at the beginning of the year, in order to prepare people to start their hives in the spring. be sure to look for those offering organic beekeeping, so that you can be sure that your bees are not being exposed to any harmful substances. 3. go organic choosing organic food is not only good for your health, but it also helps protect honey bees and wild pollinators. in addition to serious health questions linked to actual residues of toxic pesticides on the food we eat, our food buying decisions support or reject hazardous agricultural practices, protection of honey bees and wild pollinators, as well as contributing to healthy working conditions and communities for farmworkers and farm families. 4. urge epa to act! the u. s. environmental protection agency ( epa ) has proposed to register a new insecticide, sulfoxaflor, which the agency has classified as \u201c very highly toxic \u201d to honey bees. despite efforts underway", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37766275375625563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.977354"} {"text": ". urge epa to act! the u. s. environmental protection agency ( epa ) has proposed to register a new insecticide, sulfoxaflor, which the agency has classified as \u201c very highly toxic \u201d to honey bees. despite efforts underway in europe to protect bee populations, and continued warnings from beekeepers, epa is poised to allow another chemical toxic to bees into the environment without proper field studies evaluating long - term effects to bee colonies and with label statements that are impractical and unenforceable. with continuing reports of bee deaths, would sulfoxaflor be yet another bee disaster waiting to happen? take action and tell epa not to repeat past missteps and protect pollinators from sulfoxaflor by providing a public comment to epa ( sample text can be found in our daily news story ) epa \u2019 s decision to deny the petition recognizing that honey bees face \u201c imminent hazard \u201d and requesting the suspension of the pesticide clothianidin, linked to bee die - offs is a blow to beekeepers and over one million citizen petition signatures worldwide. this decision puts beekeepers, rural economies, and our food system at risk. epa believes the bees are alright, but with hives still averaging losses over 30 %, bees are crying out for help. with one in three bites of food reliant on honey bee pollination, it \u2019 s imperative that epa act now! tell epa to suspend the use of the bee - killer clothianidin and protect pollinators. 5. urge congress to act! congress has the authority to exercise oversight over federal agencies like epa. we will continue to pressure epa to take action on clothianidin, but in the meantime join our petition urging congress to step up! 6. beekeepers : join our listserve this discussion based listserve made in collaboration with center for food safety, pesticide action network and beyond pesticides, is designed for information - sharing and coordination on federal reform efforts involving neonicotinoid pesticides and their impacts on pollinators, particularly honeybees. messages are relate to science - based advocacy aimed at congress, epa, usda and other audiences regarding honey bees, other pollinators and ecosystems, and beekeeper livelihoods. please contact our program associate if you have interest in joining the listserve.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4322581120273277, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:36.978188"} {"text": "the coasts of macedonia and thrace. the macedonian harbor at which st. paul landed was neapolis. its direction from samothrace is a little to the north of west. but a southerly breeze would still be a fair wind, though they could not literally \" run before it. \" a run of seven or eight hours, notwithstanding the easterly current, ( f811 ) would bring the vessel under the lea of the island of thasos, and within a few miles of the coast of macedonia. the shore of the mainland in this part is low, but mountains rise to a considerable height behind. ( f812 ) to the westward of the channel which separates it from thasos, the coast recedes and forms a bay, within which, on a promontory with a port on each side, ( f813 ) the ancient neapolis was situated. some difference of opinion has existed concerning the true position of this harbor : ( f814 ) but the traces of paved military roads approaching the promontory we have described, in two directions corresponding with those indicated in the ancient itineraries ; the latin inscriptions which have been found on the spot ; the remains of a great aqueduct on two tiers of roman arches, and of cisterns like those at baiae near the other neapolis on the campanian shore, seem to leave little doubt that the small turkish village of cavallo is \u2018 the naples of macedonia, the \" neapolis \" at which st. paul landed, and the seaport of philippi, \u2014 the \" first city \" ( acts 16 : 12. ) which the traveler reached on entering this \" part of macedonia, \" and a city of no little importance as a roman military \" colony. \" ( f815 ) a ridge of elevated land, which connects the range of pangaeus with the higher mountains in the interior of thrace, is crossed between neapolis and philippi. the whole distance is about ten miles. ( f816 ) the ascent of the ridge is begun immediately from the town, through a defile formed by some precipices almost close upon the sea. when the higher ground is attained, an extensive and magnificent sea - view is opened towards the south. samothrace is seen to the east ; thasos to the south - east ; and, more distant and farther to the right, the towering summit of athos. ( f817 ) when the descent on the opposite side begins and the sea is lost", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40731042102094983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.058630"} {"text": "by the father of alexander, in a place called, from its numerous streams, \" the place of fountains, \" to commemorate the addition of a new province to his kingdom, and to protect the frontier against the thracian mountaineers. for similar reasons the city of philip was gifted by augustus with the privileges of a colonia. it thus became at once a border - garrison of the province of macedonia, and a perpetual memorial of his victory over brutus. ( f826 ) and now a jewish apostle came to the same place, to win a greater victory than that of philippi, and to found a more durable empire than that of augustus. it is a fact of deep significance, that the \" first city \" at which st. paul arrived, ( f827 ) on his entrance into europe, should be that \" colony, \" which was more fit than any other in the empire to be considered the representative of imperial rome. the characteristic of a colonia was, that it was a miniature resemblance of rome. philippi is not the first city of this kind to which we have traced the footsteps of st. paul ; antioch in pisidia ( p. 152 ), and alexandria troas ( p. 242 ), both possessed the same character : but this is the first place where scripture calls our attention to the distinction ; and the events which befell the apostle at philippi were directly connected with the privileges of the place as a roman colony, and with his own privileges as a roman citizen. it will be convenient to consider these two subjects together. a glance at some of the differences which subsisted among individuals and communities in the provincial system will enable us to see very clearly the position of the citizen and of the colony. we have had occasion ( ch. 1. p. 21 ) to speak of the combination of actual provinces and nominally independent states through which the power of the roman emperor was variously diffused ; and again ( ch. 5. p. 129 ), we have described the division of the provinces by augustus into those of the senate, and those of the emperor. descending now to examine the component population of any one province, and to inquire into the political condition of individuals and communities, we find here again a complicated system of rules and exceptions. as regards individuals, the broad distinction we must notice is that between those who were citizens and those who were not citizens. when the greeks spoke of the inhabitants of the world, they divided them into \" greeks \" and \" barbarians, \" (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.476956773819815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.060804"} {"text": "exceptions. as regards individuals, the broad distinction we must notice is that between those who were citizens and those who were not citizens. when the greeks spoke of the inhabitants of the world, they divided them into \" greeks \" and \" barbarians, \" ( f828 ) according as the language in which poets and philosophers had written was native to them or foreign. among the romans the phrase was different. the classes into which they divided mankind consisted of those who were politically \" romans, \" ( f829 ) and those who had no link ( except that of subjection ) with the city of rome. the technical words were gives and peregrini, \u2014 \" citizens \" and \" strangers. \" the inhabitants of italy were \" citizens ; \" the inhabitants of all other parts of the empire ( until caracalla extended to the provinces ( f830 ) the same privileges which julius caesar had granted to the peninsula ) ( f831 ) were naturally and essentially \" strangers. \" italy was the holy land of the kingdom of this world. we may carry the parallel further, in order to illustrate the difference which existed among the citizens themselves. those true - born italians, who were diffused in vast numbers through the provinces, might be called citizens of the dispersion ; while those strangers who, at various times, and for various reasons, had received the gift of citizenship, were in the condition of political proselytes. such were paul and silas, ( f832 ) in their relation to the empire, among their fellow - romans in the colony of philippi. both these classes of citizens, however, were in full possession of the same privileges ; the most important of which were exemption from scourging, and freedom from arrest, except in extreme cases ; and in all cases the right of appeal from the magistrate to the emperor. ( f833 ) the remarks which have been made concerning individuals may be extended, in some degree, to communities in the provinces. the city of rome might be transplanted, as it were, into various parts of the empire, and reproduced as a colonia ; or an alien city might be adopted, under the title of a municipium, ( f834 ) into a close political communion with rome. leaving out of view all cities of the latter kind ( and indeed they were limited entirely to the western provinces ), we will confine ourselves to what was called a colonia. a roman colony was very different from any thing which we usually intend by the term. it was no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4819610602074472, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.061746"} {"text": "of the latter kind ( and indeed they were limited entirely to the western provinces ), we will confine ourselves to what was called a colonia. a roman colony was very different from any thing which we usually intend by the term. it was no mere mercantile factory, such as those which the phoenicians established in spain, ( f835 ) or on those very shores of macedonia with which we are now engaged ; ( f836 ) or such as modern nations have founded in the hudson \u2019 s bay territory or on the coast of india. still less was it like those incoherent aggregates of human beings which we have thrown, without care or system, on distant islands and continents. it did not even go forth, as a young greek republic left its parent state, carrying with it, indeed, the respect of a daughter for a mother, but entering upon a new and independent existence. the roman colonies were primarily intended as military safeguards of the frontiers, and as checks upon insurgent provincials. like the military roads, they were part of the great system of fortification by which the empire was made safe. they served also as convenient possessions for rewarding veterans who had served in the wars, and for establishing freedmen and other italians whom it was desirable to remove to a distance. the colonists went out with all the pride of roman citizens, to represent and re produce the city in the midst of an alien population. they proceeded to their destination like an army with its standards ; ( f837 ) and the limits of the new city were marked out by the plough. their names were still enrolled in one of the roman tribes. every traveler who passed through a colonia saw there the insignia of rome. he heard the latin language, and was amenable, in the strictest sense, to the roman law. the coinage of the city, even if it were in a greek province, had latin inscriptions. ( f838 ) cyprian tells us that in his own episcopal city, which once had been rome \u2019 s greatest enemy, the laws of the 12 tables were inscribed on brazen tablets in the market - place. ( f839 ) though the colonists, in addition to the poll - tax, which they paid as citizens, were compelled to pay a ground - tax ( for the land on which their city stood was provincial land, and therefore tributary, unless it were assimilated to italy by a special exemption ) ; ( f840 ) yet they were entirely free from any intrusion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44519558699298384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.063749"} {"text": "to pay a ground - tax ( for the land on which their city stood was provincial land, and therefore tributary, unless it were assimilated to italy by a special exemption ) ; ( f840 ) yet they were entirely free from any intrusion by the governor of the province. their affairs were regulated by their own magistrates. these officers were named duumviri ; and they took a pride in calling themselves by the roman title of praetors ( strathgoi ). ( f841 ) the primary settlers in the colony were, as we have seen, real italians ; but a state of things seems to have taken place, in many instances, very similar to what happened in the early history of rome itself. a number of the native provincials grew up in the same city with the governing body ; and thus two ( or sometimes three ) co - ordinate communities were formed, which ultimately coalesced into one, like the patricians and plebeians. instances of this state of things might be given from corinth and carthage, and from the colonies of spain and gaul ; and we have no reason to suppose that philippi was different from the rest. whatever the relative proportion of greeks and romans at philippi may have been, the number of jews was small. this is sufficiently accounted for, when we remember that it was a military, and not a mercantile, city. there was no synagogue in philippi, but only one of those buildings called proseuchoe, which were distinguished from the regular places of jewish worship by being of a more slight and temporary structure, and frequently open to the sky. ( f842 ) for the sake of greater quietness, and freedom from interruption, this place of prayer was \" outside the gate ; \" and, in consequence of the ablutions ( f843 ) which were connected with the worship, it was \" by the river - side, \" on the bank of the gaggitas, ( f844 ) the fountains of which gave the name to the city before the time of philip of macedon, ( f845 ) and which, in the great battle of the romans, had been polluted by the footsteps and blood of the contending armies. the congregation, which met here for worship on the sabbath, consisted chiefly, if not entirely, of a few women ; ( acts 16 : 13. ) and these were not all of jewish birth, and not all residents at philippi. lydia, who is mentioned by name, was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4277751434053204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.064794"} {"text": "worship on the sabbath, consisted chiefly, if not entirely, of a few women ; ( acts 16 : 13. ) and these were not all of jewish birth, and not all residents at philippi. lydia, who is mentioned by name, was a proselyte ; ( acts 16 : 14. ) and thyatira, her native place, was a city of the province of asia. ( see revelation 1 : 11. ) the business which brought her to philippi was connected with the dyeing trade, which had flourished from a very early period, as we learn from homer, ( f846 ) in the neighborhood of thyatira, and is permanently commemorated in inscriptions which relate to the \" guild of dyers \" in that city, and incidentally give a singular confirmation of the veracity of st. luke in his casual allusions. ( f847 ) in this unpretending place, and to this congregation of pious women, the gospel was first preached by an apostle within the limits of europe. ( f848 ) st. paul and his companions seem to have arrived in the early part of the week ; for \" some days \" elapsed before \" the sabbath. \" on that day the strangers went and joined the little company of worshippers at their prayer by the river - side. assuming at once the attitude of teachers, they \" sat down, \" ( acts 16 : 13. compare acts 13 : 14, and luke 4 : 20. ) and spoke to the women who were assembled together. the lord, who had summoned his servants from troas to preach the gospel in macedonia, ( acts 16 : 10. ) now vouchsafed to them the signs of his presence, by giving divine energy to the words which they spoke in his name. lydia \" was one of the listeners, \" ( f849 ) and the lord \" opened her heart, that she took heed to the things that were spoken of paul. \" ( f850 ) lydia, being convinced that jesus was the messiah, and having made a profession of her faith, was forthwith baptized. the place of her baptism was doubtless the stream which flowed by the proseucha. the waters of europe were \" sanctified to the mystical washing - away of sin. \" with the baptism of lydia that of her \" household \" was associated. whether we are to understand by this term her children, her slaves, or the work - people engaged in the manual employment connected with her trade, or all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4339750023495131, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.067630"} {"text": "away of sin. \" with the baptism of lydia that of her \" household \" was associated. whether we are to understand by this term her children, her slaves, or the work - people engaged in the manual employment connected with her trade, or all these collectively, cannot easily be decided. ( f851 ) but we may observe that it is the first passage in the life of st. paul where we have an example of that family religion to which he often alludes in his epistles. the \" connections of chloe, \" ( 1corinthians 1 : 11. ) the \" household of stephanas, \" ( 1corinthians 1 : 16, 16 : 15. ) the \" church in the house \" of aquila and priscilla, ( romans 16 : 5. compare philemon 1 : 2. ) are parallel cases, to which we shall come in the course of the narrative. it may also be rightly added, that we have here the first example of that christian hospitality which was so emphatically enjoined, ( hebrews 13 : 2. 1timothy 5 : 10, & c. ) and so lovingly practised, in the apostolic church. the frequent mention of the \" hosts \" who gave shelter to the apostles, ( romans 16 : 23, & c. ) reminds us that they led a life of hardship and poverty, and were the followers of him \" for whom there was no room in the inn. \" the lord had said to his apostles, that, when they entered into a city, they were to seek out \" those who were worthy, \" and with them to abide. the search at philippi was not difficult. lydia voluntarily presented herself to her spiritual benefactors, and said to them, earnestly and humbly, ( f852 ) that, \" since they had regarded her as a believer on the lord, \" her house should be their home. she admitted of no refusal to her request, and \" their peace was on that house. \" ( matthew 10 : 13. ) thus the gospel had obtained a home in europe. it is true that the family with whom the apostles lodged was asiatic rather than european ; and the direct influence of lydia may be supposed to have contributed more to the establishment of the church of thyatira, addressed by st. john, ( revelation 2. ) than to that of philippi, which received the letter of st. paul. but still the doctrine and practice of christianity were established in europe ; and nothing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4592384617978382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.068979"} {"text": "of the church of thyatira, addressed by st. john, ( revelation 2. ) than to that of philippi, which received the letter of st. paul. but still the doctrine and practice of christianity were established in europe ; and nothing could be more calm and tranquil than its first beginnings on the shore of that continent, which it has long overspread. the scenes by the river - side, and in the house of lydia, are beautiful prophecies of the holy influence which women, ( f853 ) elevated by christianity to their true position, and enabled by divine grace to wear \" the ornament of a meek and quiet spirit, \" have now for centuries exerted over domestic happiness and the growth of piety and peace. if we wish to see this in a forcible light, we may contrast the picture which is drawn for us by st. luke \u2014 with another representation of women in the same neighborhood given by the heathen poets, who tell us of the frantic excitement of the edonian matrons, wandering, under the name of religion, with dishevelled hair and violent cries, on the banks of the strymon. ( f854 ) thus far all was peaceful and hopeful in the work of preaching the gospel to macedonia : the congregation met in the house or by the riverside ; souls were converted and instructed ; and a church, consisting both of men and women, ( f855 ) was gradually built up. this continued for \" many days. \" it was difficult to foresee the storm which was to overcast so fair a prospect. a bitter persecution, however, was unexpectedly provoked : and the apostles were brought into collision with heathen superstition in one of its worst forms, and with the rough violence of the colonial authorities. as if to show that the work of divine grace is advanced by difficulties and discouragements, rather than by ease and prosperity, the apostles, who had been supernaturally summoned to a new field of labor, and who were patiently cultivating it with good success, were suddenly called away from it, silenced, and imprisoned. in tracing the life of st. paul we have not as yet seen christianity directly brought into conflict with heathenism. the sorcerer who had obtained influence over sergius paulus in cyprus was a jew, like the apostle himself. ( f856 ) the first impulse of the idolaters of lystra was to worship paul and barnabas ; and it was only after the jews had perverted their minds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4423089243403306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.069919"} {"text": "paulus in cyprus was a jew, like the apostle himself. ( f856 ) the first impulse of the idolaters of lystra was to worship paul and barnabas ; and it was only after the jews had perverted their minds, that they began to persecute them. ( f857 ) but as we travel farther from the east, and especially through countries where the israelites were thinly scattered, we must expect to find pagan creeds in immediate antagonism with the gospel ; and not merely pagan creeds, but the evil powers themselves which give paganism its supremacy over the minds of men. the questions which relate to evil spirits, false - divinities, and demoniacal possession, are far too difficult and extensive to be entered on here. ( f858 ) we are content to express our belief, that in the demoniacs of the new testament allusion is really made to personal spirits who exercised power for evil purposes on the human will. the unregenerate world is represented to us in scripture as a realm of darkness, in which the invisible agents of wickedness are permitted to hold sway under conditions and limitations which we are not able to define. the degrees and modes in which their presence is made visibly apparent may vary widely in different countries and in different ages. ( f859 ) in the time of jesus christ and his apostles, we are justified in saying that their workings in one particular mode were made peculiarly manifest. ( f860 ) as it was in the life of our great master, so it was in that of his immediate followers. the demons recognized jesus as \" the holy one of god ; \" and they recognized his apostles as the \" bondsmen of the most high god, who preach the way of salvation. \" jesus \" cast out demons ; \" and, by virtue of the power which he gave, the apostles were able to do in his name what he did in his own. if in any region of heathendom the evil spirits had pre - eminent sway, it was in the mythological system of greece, which, with all its beautiful imagery and all its ministrations to poetry and art, left man powerless against his passions, and only amused him while it helped him to be unholy. in the lively imagination of the greeks, the whole visible and invisible world was peopled with spiritual powers or demons. the same terms were often used on this subject by pagans and by christians. but in the language of the pagan the demon might", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47336619481787934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.070920"} {"text": ". in the lively imagination of the greeks, the whole visible and invisible world was peopled with spiritual powers or demons. the same terms were often used on this subject by pagans and by christians. but in the language of the pagan the demon might be either a beneficent or a malignant power ; in the language of the christian it always denoted what was evil. ( f861 ) when the athenians said ( acts 17 : 18. ) that st. paul was introducing \" new demons \" among them, they did not necessarily mean that he was in league with evil spirits ; but when st. paul told the corinthians ( 1corinthians 10 : 20. ) that though \" idols \" in themselves were nothing, yet the sacrifices offered to them were, in reality, offered to \" demons, \" he spoke of those false divinities which were the enemies of the true. ( f862 ) again, the language concerning physical changes, especially in the human frame, is very similar in the sacred and profane writers. sometimes it contents itself with stating merely the facts and symptoms of disease ; sometimes it refers the facts and symptoms to invisible personal agency. ( f863 ) one class of phenomena, affecting the mind as well as the body, was more particularly referred to preternatural agency. these were the prophetic conditions of mind, showing themselves in stated oracles or in more irregular manifestations, and accompanied with convulsions and violent excitement, which are described or alluded to by almost all heathen authors. here again we are brought to a subject which is surrounded with difficulties. how far, in such cases, imposture was combined with real possession ; how we may disentangle the one from the other ; how far the supreme will of god made use of these prophetic powers and overruled them to good ends ; such questions inevitably suggest themselves, but we are not concerned to answer them here. it is enough to say that we see no reason to blame the opinion of those writers, who believe that a wicked spiritual agency was really exerted in the prophetic sanctuaries and prophetic personages of the heathen world. the heathens themselves attributed these phenomena to the agency of apollo, ( f864 ) the deity of pythonic spirits ; and such phenomena were of very frequent occurrence, and displayed themselves under many varieties of place and circumstance. sometimes those who were possessed were of the highest condition ; sometimes they went about the streets like insane impost", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5348766642812759, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.071979"} {"text": "compassion for the poor victim of demoniac power. at length he could bear this satanic interruption no longer, and, \" being grieved, he commanded the evil spirit to come out of her. \" it would be profaneness to suppose that the apostle spoke in mere irritation, as it would be ridiculous to imagine that divine help would have been vouchsafed to gratify such a feeling. no doubt there was grief and indignation, but the grief and indignation of an apostle may be the impulses of divine inspiration. he spoke, not in his own name, but in that of jesus christ, and power from above attended his words. the prophecy and command of jesus concerning his apostles were fulfilled : that \" in his name they should cast out demons. \" it was as it, had been at jericho and by the lake of genesareth. the demoniac at philippi was restored \" to her right mind. \" her natural powers resumed their course ; and the gains of her masters were gone. violent rage on the part of these men was the immediate result. they saw that their influence with the people, and with it \" all hope \" of any future profit, was at end. they proceeded therefore to take a summary revenge. laying violent hold of paul and silas ( for timothy and luke were not so evidently concerned in what had happened ), they dragged them into the forum ( acts 16 : 19. ) before the city authorities. the case was brought before the praetors ( so we may venture to call them, since this was the title which colonial duumviri were fond of assuming ; ) ( f869 ) but the complainants must have felt some difficulty in stating their grievance. the slave that had lately been a lucrative possession had suddenly become valueless ; but the law had no remedy for property depreciated by exorcism. the true state of the case was therefore concealed, and an accusation was laid before the praetors in the following form. \" these men are throwing the whole city into confusion ; moreover they are jews ; ( f870 ) and they are attempting to introduce new religious observances, ( f871 ) which we, being roman citizens, cannot legally receive and adopt. \" the accusation was partly true and partly false. it was quite false that paul and silas were disturbing the colony ; for nothing could have been more calm and orderly than their worship and teaching at the house of lydia, or in the proseucha", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.413194126319917, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.074140"} {"text": ". \" the accusation was partly true and partly false. it was quite false that paul and silas were disturbing the colony ; for nothing could have been more calm and orderly than their worship and teaching at the house of lydia, or in the proseucha by the water - side. in the other part of the indictment there was a certain amount of truth. the letter of the roman law, even under the republic, was opposed to the introduction of foreign religions ; and though exceptions were allowed, as in the case of the jews themselves, yet the spirit of the law entirely condemned such changes in worship as were likely to unsettle the minds of the citizens, or to produce any tumultuous uproar ; and the advice given to augustus, which both he and his successors had studiously followed, was, to check religious innovations as promptly as possible, lest in the end they should undermine the monarchy. thus paul and silas had undoubtedly been doing what in some degree exposed them to legal penalties ; and were beginning a change which tended to bring down, and which ultimately did bring down, the whole weight of the roman law on the martyrs of christianity. ( f872 ) the force of another part of the accusation, which was adroitly introduced, namely, that the men were \" jews to begin with, \" will be fully apprehended, if we remember, not only that the jews were generally hated, suspected, and despised, ( f873 ) but that they had lately been driven out of rome in consequence of an uproar, ( f874 ) and that it was incumbent on philippi, as a colony, to copy the indignation of the mother city. thus we can enter into the feelings which caused the mob to rise against paul and silas, ( acts 16 : 22. ) and tempted the praetors to dispense with legal formalities and consign the offenders to immediate punishment. the mere loss of the slave \u2019 s prophetic powers, so far as it was generally known, was enough to cause a violent agitation : for mobs are always more fond of excitement and wonder than of truth and holiness. the philippians had been willing to pay money for the demoniac \u2019 s revelations, and now strangers had come and deprived them of that which gratified their superstitious curiosity. and when they learned, moreover, that these strangers were jews, and were breaking the laws of rome, their discontent became fanatical. it seems that the prae", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4432199318148977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.075058"} {"text": "come and deprived them of that which gratified their superstitious curiosity. and when they learned, moreover, that these strangers were jews, and were breaking the laws of rome, their discontent became fanatical. it seems that the praetors had no time to hesitate, if they would retain their popularity. the rough words were spoken : ( f875 ) go, lictors : strip off their garments : let them be scourged. \" ( f876 ) the order was promptly obeyed, and the heavy blows descended. it is happy for us that few modern countries know, by the example of a similar punishment, what the severity of a roman scourging was. the apostles received \" many stripes ; \" and when they were consigned to prison, bleeding and faint from the rod, the jailer received a strict injunction \" to keep them safe. \" well might st. paul, when at corinth, look back to this day of cruelty, and remind the thessalonians how he and silas had \" suffered before, and were shamefully treated at philippi. \" ( 1thessalonians 2 : 2. ) the jailer fulfilled the directions of the magistrates with rigorous and conscientious cruelty. not content with placing the apostles among such other offenders against the law as were in custody at philippi, he \" thrust them into the inner prison, \" ( acts 16 : 24. ) and then forced their limbs, lacerated as they were, and bleeding from the rod, into a painful and constrained posture, by means of an instrument employed to confine and torture the bodies of the worst malefactors. ( f877 ) though we are ignorant of the exact relation of the outer and inner prisons, ( f878 ) and of the connection of the jailor \u2019 s \" house \" with both, we are not without very good notions of the misery endured in the roman places of captivity. we must picture to ourselves something very different from the austere comfort of an english jail. it is only since that christianity for which the apostles bled has had influence on the hearts of men, that the treatment of felons has been a distinct subject of philanthropic inquiry, and that we have learnt to pray \" for all prisoners and captives. \" the inner prisons of which we read in the ancient world were like that \" dungeon in the court of the prison, \" into which jeremiah was let down with cords, and where \" he sank in the mire.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42530871679849885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.075949"} {"text": "for all prisoners and captives. \" the inner prisons of which we read in the ancient world were like that \" dungeon in the court of the prison, \" into which jeremiah was let down with cords, and where \" he sank in the mire. \" ( f879 ) they were pestilential cells, damp and cold, from which the light was excluded, and where the chains rusted on the limbs of the prisoners. one such place may be seen to this day on the slope of the capitol at rome. ( f880 ) it is known to the readers of cicero and sallust as the place where certain notorious conspirators were executed. the tullianum ( for so it was called ) is a type of the dungeons in the provinces ; and we find the very name applied, in one instance, to a dungeon in the province of macedonia. ( f881 ) what kind of torture was inflicted by the \" stocks, \" in which the arms and legs, and even the necks, of offenders were confined and stretched, we are sufficiently informed by the allusions to the punishment of slaves in the greek and roman writers ; ( f882 ) and to show how far the cruelty of heathen persecution, which may be said to have begun at philippi, was afterwards carried in this peculiar kind of torture, we may refer to the sufferings \" which origen endured under an iron collar, and in the deepest recesses of the prison, when, for many days, he was extended and stretched to the distance of four holes on the rack. \" ( f883 ) a few hours had made a serious change from the quiet scene by the water - side to the interior of a stifling dungeon. but paul and silas had learnt, \" in whatever state they were, therewith to be content. \" ( philippians 4 : 11. ) they were even able to \" rejoice \" that they were \" counted worthy to suffer \" for the name of christ. ( acts 5 : 41. ) and if some thoughts of discouragement came over their minds, not for their own sufferings, but for the cause of their master ; and if it seemed \" a strange thing \" that a work to which they had been beckoned by god should be arrested in its very beginning ; yet they had faith to believe that his arm would be revealed at the appointed time. joseph \u2019 s feet, too, had been \" hurt in the stocks, \" ( f884 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45782147046825566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.076815"} {"text": "being fast bound in misery and iron ; when they cried unto the lord in their trouble, he delivered them out of their distress. for he brought them out of darkness, and out of the shadow of death, and brake their bonds in sunder. oh that men would therefore praise the lord for his goodness, and declare the wonders that he doeth for the children of men : for he hath broken the gates of brass, and smitten the bars of iron in sunder. \" ( psalm 107 : 10 - 16. ) when suddenly, as if in direct answer to the prayer of his servants, an earthquake shook the very foundations of the prison, ( acts 16 : 26. ) the gates were broken, the bars smitten asunder, and the bands of the prisoners loosed. without striving to draw a line between the natural and supernatural in this occurrence, and still less endeavoring to resolve what was evidently miraculous into the results of ordinary causes, we turn again to the thought suggested by that single but expressive phrase of scripture, \" the prisoners were listening. \" ( f887 ) when we reflect on their knowledge of the apostles \u2019 sufferings ( for they were doubtless aware of the manner in which they had been brought in and thrust into the dungeon ), ( f888 ) and on the wonder they must have experienced on hearing sounds of joy from those who were in pain, and on the awe which must have overpowered them when they felt the prison shaken and the chains fall from their limbs ; and when to all this we add the effect produced on their minds by all that happened on the following day, and especially the fact that the jailer himself became a christian ; we can hardly avoid the conclusion that the hearts of many of those unhappy bondsmen were prepared that night to receive the gospel, that the tidings of spiritual liberty came to those whom, but for the captivity of the apostles, it would never have reached, and that the jailer himself was their evangelist and teacher. the effect produced by that night on the jailer \u2019 s own mind has been fully related to us. awakened in a moment by the earthquake, his first thought was of his prisoners : ( acts 16 : 27. ) and in the shock of surprise and alarm, \u2014 \" seeing the doors of the prison open, and supposing that the prisoners were fled, \" \u2014 aware that inevitable death awaited him, ( f889 ) with the stern and desperate resignation of a roman official, he resolved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5209744997932353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.081144"} {"text": "alarm, \u2014 \" seeing the doors of the prison open, and supposing that the prisoners were fled, \" \u2014 aware that inevitable death awaited him, ( f889 ) with the stern and desperate resignation of a roman official, he resolved that suicide was better than disgrace, and \" drew his sword. \" philippi is famous in the annals of suicide. here cassius, unable to survive defeat, covered his face in the empty tent, and ordered his freed - men to strike the blow. ( f890 ) his messenger titinius held it to be \" a roman \u2019 s part \" ( f891 ) to follow the stern example. here brutus bade adieu to his friends, exclaiming, \" certainly we must fly, yet not with the feet, but with the hands ; \" ( f892 ) and many, whose names have never reached us, ended their last struggle for the republic by self - inflicted death. ( f893 ) here, too, another despairing man would have committed the same crime, had not his hand been arrested by an apostle \u2019 s voice. instead of a sudden and hopeless death, the jailer received at the hands of his prisoner the gift both of temporal and spiritual life. the loud exclamation ( acts 16 : 28. ) of st. paul, \" do thyself no harm ; for we are all here, \" gave immediate re - assurance to the terrified jailer. he laid aside his sword, and called for lights, and rushed ( f894 ) to the \" inner prison, \" where paul and silas were confined. but now a new fear of a higher kind took possession of his soul. the recollection of all he had heard before concerning these prisoners and all that he had observed of their demeanor when he brought them into the dungeon, the shuddering thought of the earthquake, the burst of his gratitude towards them as the preservers of his life, and the consciousness that even in the darkness of midnight they had seen his intention of suicide, \u2014 all these mingling and conflicting emotions made him feel that he was in the presence of a higher power. he fell down before them, and brought them out, as men whom he had deeply injured and insulted, to a place of greater freedom and comfort ; ( f895 ) and then he asked them, with earnest anxiety, what he must do to be saved. we see the apostle here self - possessed in the earthquake, as afterwards in the storm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43543198948513234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.082333"} {"text": "to a place of greater freedom and comfort ; ( f895 ) and then he asked them, with earnest anxiety, what he must do to be saved. we see the apostle here self - possessed in the earthquake, as afterwards in the storm at sea, ( acts 27 : 20 - 25. ) able to overawe and control those who were placed over him, and calmly turning the occasion to a spiritual end. it is surely, however, a mistake to imagine that the jailer \u2019 s inquiry had reference merely to temporal and immediate danger. the awakening of his conscience, the presence of the unseen world, the miraculous visitation, the nearness of death, \u2014 coupled perhaps with some confused recollection of the \" way of salvation \" which these strangers were said to have been proclaiming, - were enough to suggest that inquiry which is the most momentous that any human soul can make : \" what must i do to be saved? \" ( f896 ) their answer was that of faithful apostles. they preached \" not themselves, but christ jesus the lord. \" ( 2corinthians 4 : 5. ) \" believe, not in us, but in the lord jesus, and thou shalt be saved ; and not only thou, but the like faith shall bring salvation to all thy house. \" prom this last expression, and from the words which follow, we infer that the members of the jailer \u2019 s family had crowded round him and the apostles. ( f897 ) no time was lost in making known to them \" the word of the lord. \" all thought of bodily comfort and repose was postponed to the work of saving the soul. the meaning of \" faith in jesus \" was explained, and the gospel was preached to the jailer \u2019 s family at midnight, while the prisoners were silent around, and the light was thrown on anxious faces and the dungeon - wall. and now we have an instance of that sympathetic care, that interchange of temporal and spiritual service, which has ever attended the steps of true christianity. as it was in the miracles of our lord and savior, where the soul and the body were regarded together, so has it always been in his church. \" in the same hour of the night \" ( f898 ) the jailer took the apostles to the well or fountain of water which was within or near the precincts of the prison, and there he washed their wounds, and there also he and his household were baptized. he did what he could to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.498346213611628, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.083260"} {"text": "; but he was dependent on the will of the magistrates, and could do nothing without their sanction. when, therefore, the dictors brought the order, he went with them ( f902 ) to announce the intelligence to the prisoners, and joyfully told them to leave their dungeon and \" go in peace. \" but paul, not from any fanatical love of braving the authorities, but calmly looking to the ends of justice and the establishment of christianity, refused to accept his liberty without some public acknowledgment of the wrong he had suffered. he now proclaimed a fact which had hitherto been unknown, \u2014 that he and silas were roman citizens. two roman laws had been violated by the magistrates of the colony in the scourging inflicted the day before. ( f903 ) and this, too, with signal aggravations. they were \" uncondemned. \" there had been no form of trial, without which, in the case of a citizen, even a slighter punishment would have been illegal. and it had been done \" publicly. \" in the face of the colonial population, an outrage had been committed on the majesty of the name in which they boasted, and rome had been insulted in her citizens. \" no, \" said st. paul ; \" they have oppressed the innocent and violated the law. do they seek to satisfy justice by conniving at a secret escape? let them come themselves and take us out of prison. they have publicly treated us as guilty ; let them publicly declare that we are innocent. \" ( f904 ) \" how often, \" says cicero, \" has this exclamation, i am a roman citizen, brought aid and safety even among barbarians in the remotest parts of the earth! \" \u2014 the lictors returned to the praetors, and the praetors were alarmed. they felt that they had committed an act which, if divulged at rome, would place them in the utmost jeopardy. they had good reason to fear even for their authority in the colony ; for the people of philippi, \" being romans, \" might be expected to resent such a violation of the law. they hastened, therefore, immediately to the prisoners, and became the suppliants of those whom they had persecuted. they brought them at once out of the dungeon, and earnestly \" besought them to depart from the city. \" ( f905 ) the whole narrative of st. paul", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.426270457179012, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.086259"} {"text": "became the suppliants of those whom they had persecuted. they brought them at once out of the dungeon, and earnestly \" besought them to depart from the city. \" ( f905 ) the whole narrative of st. paul \u2019 s imprisonment at philippi sets before us in striking colors his clear judgment and presence of mind. he might have escaped by help of the earthquake and under the shelter of the darkness ; but this would have been to depart as a runaway slave. he would not do secretly what he knew he ought to be allowed to do openly. by such a course his own character and that of the gospel would have been disgraced, the jailer would have been cruelly left to destruction, and all religious influence over the other prisoners would have been gone. as regards these prisoners, his influence over them was like the sway he obtained over the crew in the sinking vessel. ( acts 27. ) it was so great, that not one of them attempted to escape. and not only in the prison, but in the whole town of philippi, christianity was placed on a high vantage - ground by the apostle \u2019 s conduct that night. it now appeared that these persecuted jews were themselves sharers in the vaunted roman privilege. those very laws had been violated in their treatment which they themselves had been accused of violating. that no appeal was made against this treatment, might be set down to the generous forbearance of the apostles. their cause was now, for a time at least, under the protection of the law, and they themselves were felt to have a claim on general sympathy and respect. they complied with the request of the magistrates. yet, even in their departure, they were not unmindful of the dignity and self - possession which ought always to be maintained by innocent men in a righteous cause. they did not retire in any hasty or precipitate flight, but proceeded \" from the prison to the house of lydia ; \" ( acts 16 : 40. ) and there they met the christian brethren, who were assembled to hear their farewell words of exhortation ; and so they departed from the city. it was not, however, deemed sufficient that this infant church at philippi should be left alone with the mere remembrance of words of exhortation. two of the apostolic company remained behind : timothy, of whom the philippians \" learned the proof \" that he honestly cared for their state, that ho was truly like - minded with st. paul, \" serving him in the gospel as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42190579692885966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.087246"} {"text": "exercising his professional skill as a surgeon at sea. however this may have been, we see no reason to question the ancient opinion, stated by eusebius and jerome, that st. luke was a native of antioch. such a city was a likely place for the education of a physician. ( f911 ) it is also natural to suppose that he may have met with st. paul there, and been converted at an earlier period of the history of the church. his medical calling, or his zeal for christianity, or both combined ( and the combination has ever been beneficial to the cause of the gospel ), may account for his visits to the north of the archipelago : ( f912 ) or st. paul may himself have directed his movements, as he afterwards directed those of timothy and titus. ( 1timothy 1 : 3 ; 2timothy 4 : 9, 21 ; titus 1 : 5, 3 : 12. ) all these suggestions, though more or less conjectural, are worthy of our thoughts, when we remember the debt of gratitude which the church owes to this evangelist, not only as the historian of the acts of the apostles, but as an example of long - continued devotion to the truth, and of unshaken constancy to that one apostle, who said with sorrow, in his latest trial, that others had forsaken him, and that \" only luke \" was with him. ( f913 ) leaving their first macedonian converts to the care of timothy and luke, aided by the co - operation of godly men and women raised up among the philippians themselves, ( f914 ) paul and silas set forth on their journey. before we follow them to thessalonica, we may pause to take a general survey of the condition and extent of macedonia, in the sense in which the term was understood in the language of the day. it has been well said that the acts of the apostles have made macedonia a kind of holy land ; ( f915 ) and it is satisfactory that the places there visited and revisited by st. paul and his companions are so well known, that we have no difficulty in representing to the mind their position and their relation to the surrounding country. macedonia, in its popular sense, may be described as a region bounded by a great semicircle of mountains, beyond which the streams flow westward to the adriatic, or northward and eastward to the danube and the euxine. ( f916 ) this mountain barrier sends down branches to the sea", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44030626183191124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.089053"} {"text": "as a region bounded by a great semicircle of mountains, beyond which the streams flow westward to the adriatic, or northward and eastward to the danube and the euxine. ( f916 ) this mountain barrier sends down branches to the sea on the eastern or thracian frontier, over against thasos and samothrace ; ( f917 ) and on the south shuts out the plain of thessaly, and rises near the shore to the high summits of pelion, ossa, and the snowy olympus. ( f918 ) the space thus enclosed is intersected by two great rivers. one of these is homer \u2019 s \" wide - flowing axius, \" which directs its course past pella, the ancient metropolis of the macedonian kings, and the birthplace of alexander, to the low levels in the neighborhood of thessalonica, where other rivers ( f919 ) flow near it into the thermaic gulf. the other is the strymon, which brings the produce of the great inland level of serres ( f920 ) by lake cercinus to the sea at amphipolis, and beyond which was philippi, the military outpost that commemorated the successful conquests of alexander \u2019 s father. between the mouths of these two rivers a remarkable tract of country, which is insular rather than continental, ( f921 ) projects into the archipelago, and divides itself into three points, on the farthest of which mount athos rises nearly into the region of perpetual snow. ( f922 ) part of st. paul \u2019 s path between philippi and beroea lay across the neck of this peninsula. the whole of his route was over historical ground. at philippi he was close to the confines of thracian barbarism, and on the spot where the last battle was fought in defense of the republic. at boroea he came near the mountains, beyond which is the region of classical greece, and close to the spot where the battle was fought which reduced macedonia to a province. ( f923 ) if we wish to view macedonia as a province, some modifications must be introduced into the preceding description. it applies, indeed, with sufficient exactness to the country on its first conquest by the romans. ( f924 ) the rivers already alluded to define the four districts into which it was divided. macedonia prima was the region east of the strymon, of which amphipolis was the capital ; ( f925 ) macedonia secunda", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46383910603304723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.091054"} {"text": "( f924 ) the rivers already alluded to define the four districts into which it was divided. macedonia prima was the region east of the strymon, of which amphipolis was the capital ; ( f925 ) macedonia secunda lay between the strymon and the axius, and thessalonica was its metropolis ; and the other two regions were situated to the south towards thessaly, and on the mountains to the west. ( f926 ) this was the division adopted by paulus aemilius after the battle of pydna. but the arrangement was only temporary. the whole of macedonia, along with some adjacent territories, was made one province, ( f927 ) and centralized under the jurisdiction of a proconsul, ( f928 ) who resided at thessalonica. this province included thessaly, ( f929 ) and extended over the mountain - chain which had been the western boundary of ancient macedonia, so as to embrace a seaboard of considerable length on the shore of the adriatic. the political limits, in this part of the empire, are far more easily discriminated than those with which we have been lately occupied ( chap. 8. ). three provinces divided the whole surface which extends from the basin of the danube to cape matapan. all of them are familiar to us in the writings of st. paul. the extent of macedonia has just been defined. its relations with the other provinces were as follows. on the north - west it was contiguous to illyricum, ( f930 ) which was spread down the shore of the adriatic nearly to the same point to which the austrian territory now extends, fringing the mohammedan empire with a christian border. ( f931 ) a hundred miles to the southward, at the acroceraunian promontory, it touched achaia, the boundary of which province ran thence in an irregular line to the bay of thermopylae and the north of euboea, including epirus, and excluding thessaly. ( f932 ) achaia and macedonia were traversed many times by the apostle ; ( f933 ) and he could say, when he was hoping to travel to rome, that he had preached the gospel \" round about unto illyricum. \" ( f934 ) when we allude to rome, and think of the relation of the city to the provinces, we are inevitably reminded of the military roads ; and here, across the breadth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4393055457398266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.092130"} {"text": "the gospel \" round about unto illyricum. \" ( f934 ) when we allude to rome, and think of the relation of the city to the provinces, we are inevitably reminded of the military roads ; and here, across the breadth of macedonia, was one of the greatest roads of the empire. it is evident that, after constantinople was founded, a line of communication between the eastern and western capitals was of the utmost moment ; but the via egnatia was constructed long before that period. strabo, in the reign of augustus, informs us that it was regularly made and marked out by milestones, from dyrrhachium on the adriatic, to cypselus on the hebrus in thrace ; and, even before the close of the republic, we find cicero speaking, in one of his orations, of \" that military way of ours, which connects us with the hellespont. \" certain districts on the european side of the hellespont had been part of the legacy of king attalus, ( f935 ) and the simultaneous possession of macedonia, asia, and bithynia, with the prospect of further conquests in the east, made this line of communication absolutely necessary. when st. paul was on the roman road at troas ( f936 ) or philippi, he was on a road which led to the gates of rome. it was the same pavement which he afterwards trod at appii forum and the three taverns. ( f937 ) the nearest parallel which the world has seen of the imperial roads is the present european railway system. the hellespont and the bosphorus, in the reign of claudius, were what the straits of dover and holyhead are now ; and even the passage from brundusium in italy, to dyrrhachium and apollonia ( f938 ) in macedonia, was only a tempestuous ferry, \u2014 only one of those difficulties of nature which the romans would have overcome if they could, and which the boldest of the romans dared to defy. ( f939 ) from dyrrhachium and apollonia, the via egnatia, strictly so called, extended a distance of five hundred miles, to the hebrus, in thrace. ( f940 ) thessalonica was about half way between these remote points, and philippi was the last ( f941 ) important town in the province of macedonia. our concern is only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46572201191012674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.093096"} {"text": "the hebrus, in thrace. ( f940 ) thessalonica was about half way between these remote points, and philippi was the last ( f941 ) important town in the province of macedonia. our concern is only with that part of the via egnatia which lay between the two last - mentioned cities. the intermediate stages mentioned in the acts of the apostles are amphipolis and apollonia. the distances laid down in the itineraries are as follows : \u2014 philippi to amphipolis, thirty - three miles ; amphipolis to apollonia, thirty miles ; apollonia to thessalonica, thirty - seven miles. these distances are evidently such as might have been traversed each in one day ; and since nothing is said of any delay on the road, but every thing to imply that the journey was rapid, we conclude ( unless, indeed, their recent sufferings made rapid traveling impossible ) that paul and silas rested one night at each of the intermediate places, and thus our notice of their journey is divided into three parts. from philippi to amphipolis, the roman way passed across the plain to the north of mount pangaeus. a traveler, going direct from neapolis to the mouth of the strymon, might make his way through an opening in the mountains ( f942 ) nearer the coast. this is the route by which xerxes brought his army, ( f943 ) and by which modern journeys are usually made. ( f944 ) but philippi was not built in the time of the persian war, and now, under the turks, it is a ruined village. under the roman emperors, the position of this colony determined the direction of the road. the very productiveness of the soil, ( f945 ) and its liability to inundations, ( f946 ) must have caused this road to be carefully constructed. the surface of the plain, which is intersected by multitudes of streams, is covered now with plantations of cotton and fields of indian corn, ( f947 ) and the villages are so numerous, that, when seen from the summits of the neighboring mountains, they appear to form one continued town. ( f948 ) not far from the coast, the strymon spreads out into a lake as large as windermere ; ( f949 ) and between the lower end of this lake and the inner reach of the strymonic gulf, where the mountains leave a narrow opening,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4418869284956849, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.093976"} {"text": ", the strymon spreads out into a lake as large as windermere ; ( f949 ) and between the lower end of this lake and the inner reach of the strymonic gulf, where the mountains leave a narrow opening, amphipolis was situated on a bend of the river. \" the position of amphipolis is one of the most important in greece. it stands in a pass which traverses the mountains bordering the strymonic gulf, and it commands the only easy communication from the coast of that gulf into the great macedonian plains, which extend, for sixty miles, from beyond meleniko to philippi. \" ( f950 ) the ancient name of the place was \" nine ways, \" from the great number of thracian and macedonian roads which met at this point. ( f951 ) the athenians saw the importance of the position, and established a colony there, which they called amphipolis, because the river surrounded it. some of the deepest interest in the history of thucydides, not only as regards military and political movements, ( f952 ) but in reference to the personal experience of the historian himself, ( f953 ) is concentrated on this spot. and again, amphipolis appears in the speeches of demosthenes as a great stake in the later struggle between philip of macedon and the citizens of athens. ( f954 ) it was also the scene of one striking passage in the history of roman conquest : here paulus aemilius, after the battle of pydna, publicly proclaimed that the macedonians should be free ; ( f955 ) and now another paulus was here, whose message to the macedonians was an honest proclamation of a better liberty, without conditions and without reserve. st. paul \u2019 s next stage was to the city of apollonia. after leaving amphipolis, the road passes along the edge of the strymonic gulf, first between cliffs and the sea, and then across a well - wooded maritime plain, whence the peak of athos is seen far across the bay to the left. ( f956 ) we quit the seashore at the narrow gorge of aulon, or arethusa, ( f957 ) and there enter the valley which crosses the neck of the chalcidic peninsula. up to this point we have frequent historical landmarks reminding us of athens. thucydides has just been mentioned in connection with amphipolis and the strymon.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42764229356113725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.094830"} {"text": "there enter the valley which crosses the neck of the chalcidic peninsula. up to this point we have frequent historical landmarks reminding us of athens. thucydides has just been mentioned in connection with amphipolis and the strymon. as we leave the sea, we have before us, on the opposite coast, stagirus, ( f958 ) the birthplace of aristotle ; and in the pass, where the mountains close on the road, is the tomb of euripides. thus the steps of our progress, as we leave the east and begin to draw near to athens, are already among her historians, philosophers, and poets. ( f959 ) apollonia is somewhere in the inland part of the journey, where the via egnatia crosses from the gulf of the strymon to that of thessalonica ; but its exact position has not been ascertained. we will, therefore, merely allude to the scenery through which the traveler moves, in going from sea to sea. the pass of arethusa is beautiful and picturesque. a river flows through it in a sinuous course, and abundant oaks and plane - trees are on the rocks around. ( f960 ) presently this stream is seen to emerge from an inland lake, whose promontories and villages, with the high mountains rising to the south - west, have reminded travelers of switzerland. ( f961 ) as we journey towards the west, we come to a second lake. between the two is the modern post - station of klisali, which may possibly be apollonia, ( f962 ) though it is generally believed to be on the mountain slope to the south of the easternmost lake. the whole region of these two lakes is a long valley, or rather a succession of plains, where the level spaces are richly wooded with forest - trees, and the nearer hills are covered to their summits with olives. ( f963 ) beyond the second lake, the road passes over some rising ground, and presently, after emerging from a narrow glen, we obtain a sight of the sea once more, the eye ranges freely over the plain of the axius, and the city of thessalonica is immediately before us. once arrived in this city, st. paul no longer follows the course of the via egnatia. he may have done so at a later period, when he says that he had preached the gospel \" round about unto illyricum. \" ( f964", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4426285841093097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.095695"} {"text": "this city, st. paul no longer follows the course of the via egnatia. he may have done so at a later period, when he says that he had preached the gospel \" round about unto illyricum. \" ( f964 ) but at present he had reached the point most favorable for the glad proclamation. the direction of the roman road was of course determined by important geographical positions ; and along the whole line from dyrrhachium to the hebrus, no city was so large and influential as thessalonica. the apostolic city at which we are now arrived was known in the earliest periods of its history under various names. under that of therma it is associated with some interesting recollections. it was the resting - place of xerxes on his march ; it is not unmentioned in the peloponnesian war ; and it was a frequent subject of debate in the last independent assemblies of athens. when the macedonian power began to overshadow all the countries where greek was spoken, this city received its new name, and began a new and more distinguished period of its history. a sister of alexander the great was called thessalonica, and her name was given to the city of therma, when rebuilt and embellished by her husband, cassander the son of antipater. ( f965 ) this name, under a form slightly modified, has continued to the present day. the salneck of the early german poets has become the saloniki of the modern levant. its history can be followed as continuously as its name. when macedonia was partitioned into four provincial divisions by paulus aemilius, thessalonica was the capital of that which lay between the axius and the strymon. ( f966 ) when the four regions were united into one roman province, this city was chosen as the metropolis of the whole. its name appears more than once in the annals of the civil wars. it was the scene of the exile of cicero, ( f967 ) and one of the stages of his journey between rome and his province in the east. ( f968 ) antony and octavius were here after the battle of philippi ; and coins are still extant which allude to the \" freedom \" granted by the victorious leaders to the city of the thermaic gulf. strabo, in the first century, speaks of thessalonica as the most populous town in macedonia. lucian, in the second century,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4068543549589245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.096605"} {"text": "to the \" freedom \" granted by the victorious leaders to the city of the thermaic gulf. strabo, in the first century, speaks of thessalonica as the most populous town in macedonia. lucian, in the second century, uses similar language. before the founding of constantinople, it was virtually the capital of greece and illyricum, as well as of macedonia, and shared the trade of the aegean with ephesus and corinth. even after the eastern rome was built and reigned over the levant, we find both pagan and christian writers speaking of thessalonica as the metropolis of macedonia and a place of great magnitude. through the middle ages it never ceased to be important : and it is, at the present day, the second city in european turkey. ( f969 ) the reason of this continued pre - eminence is to be found in its geographical position. situated on the inner bend of the thermaic gulf, \u2014 half way between the adriatic and the hellespont, ( f970 ) \u2014 on the sea - margin of a vast plain watered by several rivers, ( f971 ) \u2014 and at the entrance of the pass ( f972 ) which commands the approach to the other great macedonian level, \u2014 it was evidently destined for a mercantile emporium. its relation with the inland trade of macedonia was as close as that of amphipolis ; and its maritime advantages were perhaps even greater. thus, while amphipolis decayed under the byzantine emperors, thessalonica continued to prosper. ( f973 ) there probably never was a time, from the day when it first received its name, that this city has not had the aspect of a busy commercial town. ( f974 ) we see at once how appropriate a place it was for one of the starting - points of the gospel in europe ; and we can appreciate the force of the expression used by st. paul within a few months of his departure from the thessalonians, ( f975 ) when he says, that \" from them the word of the lord had sounded forth like a trumpet, ( f976 ) not only in macedonia and achaia, but in every place. \" no city, which we have yet had occasion to describe, has had so distinguished a christian history, with the single exception of the syrian antioch ; and the christian glory of the patriarchal city gradually faded before that of the macedonian metropolis. the heroic age of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4484739810252833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.099094"} {"text": "city, which we have yet had occasion to describe, has had so distinguished a christian history, with the single exception of the syrian antioch ; and the christian glory of the patriarchal city gradually faded before that of the macedonian metropolis. the heroic age of thessalonica was the third century. ( f977 ) it was the bulwark of constantinople in the shock of the barbarians ; and it held up the torch of the truth to the successive tribes who overspread the country between the danube and the aegean, \u2014 the goths and the sclaves, the bulgarians of the greek church, and the wallachians, ( f978 ) whose language still seems to connect them with philippi and the roman colonies. thus, in the mediaeval chroniclers, it has deserved the name of \" the orthodox city. \" ( f979 ) the remains of its hippodrome, which is forever associated with the history of theodosius and ambrose, ( f980 ) can yet be traced among the turkish houses. its bishops have sat in great councils. ( f981 ) the writings of its great preacher and scholar eustathius ( f982 ) are still preserved to us. it is true that the christianity of thessalonica, both mediaeval and modern, has been debased by humiliating superstition. the glory of its patron saint, demetrius, has eclipsed that of st. paul, the founder of its church. but the same divine providence, which causes us to be thankful for the past, commands us to be hopeful for the future ; and we may look forward to the time when a new harvest of the \" work of faith, and labor of love, and patience of hope, \" ( 1thessalonians 1 : 3. ) shall spring up from the seeds of divine truth, which were first sown on the shore of the thermaic gulf by the apostle of the gentiles. if thessalonica can boast of a series of christian annals, unbroken since the day of st. paul \u2019 s arrival, its relations with the jewish people have continued for a still longer period. in our own day it contains a multitude of jews ( f983 ) commanding an influential position, many of whom are occupied ( not very differently from st. paul himself ) in the manufacture of cloth. a considerable number of them are refugees from spain, and speak the spanish language. there are materials for tracing similar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4404251393494067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.100043"} {"text": "after death he was to rise again, \u2014 and that the crucified jesus of nazareth was indeed the messiah who was to come. such is the distinct and concise statement in the acts of the apostles ( acts 17 : 3 ) : and the same topics of teaching are implied in the first epistle, where the thessalonians are appealed to as men who had been taught to \" believe that jesus had really died and risen again \" ( 1thessalonians 4 : 14 ), and who had \" turned to serve the true god, and to wait for his son from heaven, whom he raised from the dead, even jesus \" ( 1thessalonians 1 : 10 ). of the mode in which these subjects would be presented to his hearers we can form some idea from what was said at antioch in pisidia. the very aspect of the worshippers was the same ; ( f987 ) proselytes were equally attached to the congregations in pisidia and macedonia, ( f988 ) and the \" devout and honorable women \" in one city found their parallel in the \" chief women \" in the other. ( f989 ) the impression, too, produced by the address, was not very different here from what it had been there. at first it was favorably received, ( f990 ) the interest of novelty having more influence than the seriousness of conviction. even from the first some of the topics must have contained matter for perplexity or cavilling. many would be indisposed to believe the fact of christ \u2019 s resurrection : and many more who, in their exile from jerusalem, were looking intently for the restoration of an earthly kingdom, ( acts 1 : 6. ) must have heard incredulously and unwillingly of the humiliation of messiah. that st. paul did speak of messiah \u2019 s glorious kingdom, the kingdom foretold in the prophetic scriptures themselves, may be gathered by comparing together the acts and the epistles to the thessalonians. the accusation brought against him ( acts 17 : 7 ) was, that he was proclaiming another king, and virtually rebelling against the emperor. and in strict conformity to this the thessalonians are reminded of the exhortations and entreaties he gave them, when among them, that they would \" walk worthily of the god who had called them to his kingdom and glory \" ( 1thessalonians 2 : 12 ), and they are addressed as those who had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46490235644143796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.102051"} {"text": "##treaties he gave them, when among them, that they would \" walk worthily of the god who had called them to his kingdom and glory \" ( 1thessalonians 2 : 12 ), and they are addressed as those who had \" suffered affliction for the sake of that kingdom \" ( 2thessalonians 1 : 5 ). indeed, the royal state of christ \u2019 s second advent was one chief topic which was urgently enforced, and deeply impressed, on the minds of the thessalonian converts. this subject tinges the whole atmosphere through which the aspect of this church is presented to us. it may be said that in each of the primitive churches, which are depicted in the apostolic epistles, there is some peculiar feature which gives it an individual character. in corinth it is the spirit of party, ( 1corinthians 1 : 10, & c. ) in galatia the rapid declension into judaism, ( galatians 1 : 6, & c. ) in philippi it is a steady and self - denying generosity. ( philippians 4 : 10 - 16. ) and if we were asked for the distinguishing characteristic of the first christians of thessalonica, we should point to their overwhelming sense of the nearness of the second advent, accompanied with melancholy thoughts concerning those who might die before it, and with gloomy and unpractical views of the shortness of life and the vanity of the world. each chapter in the first epistle to the thessalonians ends with an allusion to this subject ; and it was evidently the topic of frequent conversations, when the apostle was in macedonia. but st. paul never spoke or wrote of the future as though the present was to be forgotten. when the thessalonians were admonished of christ \u2019 s advent, he told them also of other coming events, full of practical warning to all ages, though to our eyes still they are shrouded in mystery, \u2014 of \" the falling - away, \" and of \" the man of sin. \" ( 2 thessalonians 2. ) \" these awful revelations, \" he said, \" must precede the revelation of the son of god. do you not remember, \" he adds with emphasis in his letter, \" that when i was still with you i often ( f991 ) told you this? you know, therefore, the hinderance why he is not revealed, as he will be in his own season.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.437408611777076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 37, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.103012"} {"text": "with emphasis in his letter, \" that when i was still with you i often ( f991 ) told you this? you know, therefore, the hinderance why he is not revealed, as he will be in his own season. \" he told them, in the words of christ himself, that \" the times and the seasons \" of the coming revelations were known only to god ; ( f992 ) and he warned them, as the first disciples had been warned in judaea, that the great day would come suddenly on men unprepared, \" as the pangs of travail on her whose time is full, \" and \" as a thief in the night ; \" and he showed them, both by precept and example, that though it be true that life is short and the world is vanity, yet god \u2019 s work must be done diligently and to the last. the whole demeanor of st. paul among the thessalonians may be traced, by means of these epistles, with singular minuteness. we see there, not only what success he had on his first entrance among them, ( f993 ) not only how the gospel came \" with power and with full conviction of its truth, \" ( 1thessalonians 1 : 5. ) but also \" what manner of man he was among them for their sakes. \" ( f994 ) we see him proclaiming the truth with unflinching courage, ( f995 ) endeavoring to win no converts by flattering words, ( f996 ) but warning his hearers of all the danger of the sins and pollution to which they were tempted ; ( f997 ) manifestly showing that his work was not intended to gratify any desire of self - advancement, ( 1thessalonians 2 : 5. ) but scrupulously maintaining an honor able and unblamable character. ( f998 ) we see him rebuking and admonishing his converts with all the faithfulness of a father to his children, ( f999 ) and cherishing them with all the affection of a mother for the infant of her bosom. ( f1000 ) we see in this apostle at thessalonica all the devotion of a friend who is ready to devote his life for those whom he loves, ( f1001 ) all the watchfulness of the faithful pastor, to whom \" each one \" of his flock", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41243389929029856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 38, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.103863"} {"text": "in this apostle at thessalonica all the devotion of a friend who is ready to devote his life for those whom he loves, ( f1001 ) all the watchfulness of the faithful pastor, to whom \" each one \" of his flock is the separate object of individual care. ( f1002 ) and from these epistles we obtain further some information concerning what may be called the outward incidents of st. paul \u2019 s residence in this city. he might when there, consistently with the lord \u2019 s institution ( matthew 10 : 10 ; luke 10 : 7 ; see 1timothy 5 : 18. ) and with the practice of the other apostles, ( 1corinthians 9 : 4, & c. ) have been \" burdensome \" to those whom he taught, so as to receive from them the means of his temporal support. but that he might place his disinterestedness above all suspicion, and that he might set an example to those who were too much inclined to live by the labor of others, he declined to avail himself of that which was an undoubted right. he was enabled to maintain this independent position partly by the liberality of his friends at philippi, who once and again, on this first visit to macedonia, sent relief to his necessities ( philippians 4 : 15, 16 ). and the journeys of those pious men who followed the footsteps of the persecuted apostles along the via egnatia by amphip - olis and apollonia, bringing the alms which had been collected at philippi, are among the most touching incidents of the apostolic history. and not less touching is that description which st. paul himself gives us of that other means of support \u2014 \" his own labor night and day, that he might not be burdensome to any of them \" ( 1thessalonians 2 : 9 ). he did not merely \" rob other churches, \" ( 2corinthians 11 : 8. ) that he might do the thessalonians service, but the trade he had learnt when a boy in cilicia ( f1003 ) justified the old jewish maxim ; ( f1004 ) \" he was like a vineyard that is fenced ; \" and he was able to show an example, not only to the \" disorderly busy - bodies \" of thessalonica ( 1thessalonians 4 : 11 ), but to all, in every age of the church, who are apt to neglect their proper business ( 2thessal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4245096184943924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 39, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.104831"} {"text": "not only to the \" disorderly busy - bodies \" of thessalonica ( 1thessalonians 4 : 11 ), but to all, in every age of the church, who are apt to neglect their proper business ( 2thessalonians 3 : 11 ), and ready to eat other men \u2019 s bread for nought ( 2thessalonians 3 : 8 ). late at night, when the sun had long set on the incessant spiritual labors of the day, the apostle might be seen by lamplight laboring at the rough haircloth, ( f1005 ) \" that he might be chargeable to none. \" it was an emphatic enforcement of the \" commands \" ( f1006 ) which he found it necessary to give when he was among them, that they should \" study to be quiet and to work with their own hands \" ( 1thessalonians 4 : 11 ), and the stern principle he laid down, that \" if a man will not work, neither should he eat. \" ( 2thessalonians 3 : 10. ) in these same epistles, st. paul speaks of his work at thessalonica as having been encompassed with afflictions, ( 1thessalonians 1 : 6. ) and of the gospel as having advanced by a painful struggle. ( 1thessalonians 2 : 2. ) what these afflictions and struggles were, we can gather from the slight notices of events which are contained in the acts. the apostle \u2019 s success among the gentiles roused the enmity of his own countrymen. even in the synagogue the proselytes attached themselves to him more readily than the jews. ( f1007 ) but he did not merely obtain an influence over the gentile mind by the indirect means of his disputations on the sabbath in the synagogue, and through the medium of the proselytes ; but on the intermediate days ( f1008 ) he was doubtless in frequent and direct communication with the heathen. we need not be surprised at the results, even if his stay was limited to the period corresponding to three sabbaths. no one can say what effects might follow from three weeks of an apostle \u2019 s teaching. but we are by no means forced to adopt the supposition that the time was limited to three weeks. it is highly probable that st. paul remained at thessalonica for a longer period. ( f1009 ) at other cities, (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4551772188636387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 40, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.105753"} {"text": "we are by no means forced to adopt the supposition that the time was limited to three weeks. it is highly probable that st. paul remained at thessalonica for a longer period. ( f1009 ) at other cities, ( acts 13., 18., 19., & c. ) when he was repelled by the jews, he became the evangelist of the gentiles, and remained till he was compelled to depart. the thessalonian letters throw great light on the rupture which certainly took place with the jews on this occasion, and which is implied in that one word in the acts which speaks of their jealousy ( acts 17 : 5. ) against the gentiles. the whole aspect of the letters shows that the main body of the thessalonian church was not jewish, but gentile. the jews are spoken of as an extraneous body, as the enemies of christianity and of all men, not as the elements out of which the church was composed. ( f1010 ) the ancient jewish scriptures are not once quoted in either of these epistles. ( f1011 ) the converts are addressed as those who had turned, not from hebrew fables and traditions, but from the practices of heathen idolatry. ( 1thessalonians 1 : 9. ) how new and how comforting to them must have been the doctrine of the resurrection from the dead! what a contrast must this revelation of \" life and immortality \" have been to the hopeless lamentations of their own pagan funerals, and to the dismal teaching which we can still read in the sepulchral inscriptions ( f1012 ) of heathen thessalonica, \u2014 such as told the bystander that after death there is no revival, after the grave no meeting of those who have loved each other on earth! how ought the truth taught by the apostle to have comforted the new disciples at the thought of inevitable, though only temporary, separation from their christian brethren! and yet how difficult was the truth to realize, when they saw those brethren sink into lifeless forms, and after they had committed them to the earth which had received all their heathen ancestors! how eagerly can we imagine them to have read the new assurances of comfort which came in the letter from corinth, and which told them \" not to sorrow like other men who have no hope \"! ( 1thessalonians 4 : 13. ) but we are anticipating the events which occurred between the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45484194244728865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 41, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.107711"} {"text": "of comfort which came in the letter from corinth, and which told them \" not to sorrow like other men who have no hope \"! ( 1thessalonians 4 : 13. ) but we are anticipating the events which occurred between the apostle \u2019 s departure from thessalonica and the time when he wrote the letter from corinth. we must return to the persecution that led him to undertake that journey, which brought him from the capitol of macedonia to that of achaia. when the jews saw proselytes and gentiles, and many of the leading women ( acts 17 : 4. see above. ) of the city, convinced by st. paul \u2019 s teaching, they must have felt that his influence was silently undermining theirs. in proportion to his success in spreading christianity, their power of spreading judaism declined. their sensitiveness would be increased in consequence of the peculiar dislike with which they were viewed at this time by the roman power. ( f1013 ) thus they adopted the tactics which had been used with some success before at iconium and lystra, ( f1014 ) and turned against st. paul and his companions those weapons which are the readiest instruments of vulgar bigotry. they excited the mob of thessalonica, gathering together a multitude of those worthless idlers about the markets and landing - places ( f1015 ) which abound in every such city, and are always ready for any evil work. with this multitude they assaulted the house of jason ( perhaps some hellenistic jew, ( f1016 ) whose name had been moulded into gentile form, and possibly one of st. paul \u2019 s relations, who is mentioned in the epistle to the romans ), ( f1017 ) with whom paul and silas seem to have been lodging. their wish was to bring paul and silas out to the demus, or assembly of the people. but they were absent from the house ; and jason and some other christians were dragged before the city magistrates. the accusation vociferously brought against them was to the following effect : \" these christians, who are setting the whole world in confusion, are come hither at last ; and jason has received them into his house ; and they are all acting in the face of the emperor \u2019 s decrees, for they assert that there is another king, whom they call jesus. \" we have seen ( f1018 ) how some of the parts of st. paul \u2019 s teaching at thessalonica may have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43404910391024076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 42, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.108615"} {"text": "face of the emperor \u2019 s decrees, for they assert that there is another king, whom they call jesus. \" we have seen ( f1018 ) how some of the parts of st. paul \u2019 s teaching at thessalonica may have given occasion to the latter phrase in this indictment ; and we obtain a deeper insight into the cause why the whole indictment was brought forward with so much vehemence, and why it was so likely to produce an effect on the magistrates, if we bear in mind the circumstance alluded to in reference to philippi, ( f1019 ) that the jews were under the ban of the roman authorities about this time, for having raised a tumult in the metropolis, at the instigation ( as was alleged ) of one chrestus, or christus ; ( f1020 ) and that they must have been glad, in the provincial cities, to be able to show their loyalty and gratify their malice, by throwing the odium off themselves upon a sect whose very name might be interpreted to imply a rebellion against the emperor. such were the circumstances under which jason and his companions were brought before the politarchs. we use the greek term advisedly ; for it illustrates the political constitution of thessalonica, and its contrast with that of philippi, which has lately been noticed. thessalonica was not a colony, like philippi, troas, or the pisidian antioch, but a free city ( urbs libera ), like the syrian antioch, or like tarsus ( f1021 ) and athens. the privilege of what was technically called \" freedom \" was given to certain cities of the empire for good service in the civil wars, or as a tribute of respect to the old celebrity of the place, or for other reasons of convenient policy. there were few such cities in the western provinces, ( f1022 ) as there were no municipia in the eastern. the free towns were most numerous in those parts of the empire where the greek language had long prevailed ; and we are generally able to trace the reasons why this privilege was bestowed upon them. at athens, it was the fame of its ancient eminence, and the evident policy of paying a compliment to the greeks. at thessalonica it was the part which its inhabitants had prudently taken in the great struggle of augustus and antony against brutus and cassius. ( f1023 ) when the decisive battle had been fought, philippi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44626967938537165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 43, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.109498"} {"text": "the greeks. at thessalonica it was the part which its inhabitants had prudently taken in the great struggle of augustus and antony against brutus and cassius. ( f1023 ) when the decisive battle had been fought, philippi was made a military colony, and thessalonica became free. the privilege of such a city consisted in this, \u2014 that it was entirely self - governed in all its internal affairs, within the territory that might be assigned to it. the governor of the province had no right, under ordinary circumstances, to interfere with these affairs. ( f1024 ) the local magistrates had the power of life and death over the citizens of the place. no stationary garrison of roman soldiers was quartered within its territory. ( f1025 ) no insignia of roman office were displayed in its streets. an instance of the care with which this rule was observed is recorded by tacitus, who tells us, that germanicus, whose progress was usually distinguished by the presence of twelve lictors, declined to enter athens attended with more than one. there is no doubt that the magistracies of such cities would be very careful to show their loyalty to the emperor on all suitable occasions, and to avoid every disorder which might compromise their valued dignity, and cause it to be withdrawn. and on the other hand, the roman state did wisely to rely on the greek love of empty distinction ; and it secured its dominion as effectually in the east by means of these privileged towns, as by the stricter political annexation of the municipia in the west. the form of government in the free cities was very various. ( f1026 ) in some cases the old magistracies and customs were continued without any material modification. in others, a senate, or an assembly, was allowed to exist where none had existed before. here, at thessalonica, we find an assembly of the people ( demus, ( f1027 ) acts 17 : 5 ) and supreme magistrates, who are called politarchs ( acts 17 : 8 ). it becomes an interesting inquiry, whether the existence of this title of the thessalonian magistracy can be traced in any other source of information. this question is immediately answered in the affirmative, by one of those passages of monumental history which we have made it our business to cite as often as possible in the course of this biography. an inscription which is still legible on an archway in thessalonica gives this title to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43329052756755476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 44, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.110523"} {"text": "the affirmative, by one of those passages of monumental history which we have made it our business to cite as often as possible in the course of this biography. an inscription which is still legible on an archway in thessalonica gives this title to the magistrates of the place, informs us of their number, and mentions the very names of some who bore the office not long before the day of st. paul. a long street intersects the city from east to west. ( f1028 ) this is doubtless the very direction which the ancient road took in its course from the adriatic to the hellespont ; for though the houses of ancient cities are destroyed and renewed, the lines of the great thoroughfares are usually unchanged. ( f1029 ) if there were any doubt of the fact at thessalonica, the question is set at rest by two triumphal arches which still, though disfigured by time and injury, and partly concealed by turkish houses, span the breadth of this street, and define a space which must have been one of the public parts of the city in the apostolic age. one of these arches is at the western extremity, near the entrance from rome, and is thought to have been built by the grateful thessalonians to commemorate the victory of augustus and antony. ( f1030 ) the other is farther to the east, and records the triumph of some later emperor ( most probably constantine ) over enemies subdued near the danube or beyond. the second of these arches, with its sculptured camels, ( f1031 ) has altogether an asiatic aspect, and belongs to a period of the empire much later than that of st. paul. the first has the representation of consuls with the toga, and corresponds in appearance with that condition of the arts which marks the passing of the republic into the empire. if erected at that epoch, it was undoubtedly existing when the apostle was in macedonia. the inscription in greek letters, ( f1032 ) which is given on the opposite page, is engraved on this arch of marble, ( f1033 ) and informs us still of the magistracy which the romans recognized and allowed to subsist in the \" free city \" of thessalonica. we learn from this source that the magistrates of the city were called politarchs, ( f1034 ) and that they were seven in number ; and it is perhaps worth observing ( though it is only a curious coincidence ) that three of the names are identical with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42197919183753846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 45, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.111465"} {"text": "source that the magistrates of the city were called politarchs, ( f1034 ) and that they were seven in number ; and it is perhaps worth observing ( though it is only a curious coincidence ) that three of the names are identical with three of st. paul \u2019 s friends in this region, \u2014 sopater of beroea, ( acts 20 : 4. ) grains the macedonian, ( acts 19 : 29. ) and secundus of thessalonica. ( acts 20 : 4. ) inscription from thessalonica it is at least well worth our while to notice, as a mere matter of christian evidence, how accurately st. luke writes concerning the political characteristics of the cities and provinces which he mentions. he takes notice, in the most artless and incidental manner, of minute details which a fraudulent composer would judiciously avoid, and which in the mythical result of mere oral tradition would surely be loose and inexact. cyprus is a \" proconsular \" province. ( f1035 ) philippi is a \" colony. \" ( f1036 ) the magistrates of thessalonica have an unusual title, unmentioned in ancient literature ; but it appears, from a monument of a different kind, that the title is perfectly correct. and the whole aspect of what happened at thessalonica, as compared with the events at philippi, is in perfect harmony with the ascertained difference in the political condition of the two places. there is no mention of the rights and privileges of roman citizenship ; ( compare acts 16 : 21. ) but we are presented with the spectacle of a mixed mob of greeks and jews, who are anxious to show themselves to be \" coesar \u2019 s friends. \" ( f1037 ) no motors, ( f1038 ) with rods and fasces, appear upon the scene, but we hear something distinctly of a demus, ( acts 17 : 5. ) or free assembly of the people. nothing is said of religious ceremonies ( acts 16 : 21. ) which the citizens, \" being romans, \" may not lawfully adopt ; all the anxiety, both of people and magistrates, is turned to the one point of showing their loyalty to the emperor. ( acts 17 : 7. ) and those magistrates by whom the question at issue is ultimately decided are not roman proetors, ( f1039 ) but greek politarchs. ( f1040 ) it is evident that the magistrates were excited and unsett", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39409632716140885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 46, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.112329"} {"text": "7. ) and those magistrates by whom the question at issue is ultimately decided are not roman proetors, ( f1039 ) but greek politarchs. ( f1040 ) it is evident that the magistrates were excited and unsettled ( f1041 ) as well as the multitude. no doubt they were anxious to stand well with the roman government, and not to compromise themselves or the privileges of their city by a wrong decision in this dispute between the christians and the jews. ( f1042 ) the course they adopted was to \" take security \" from jason and his companions. by this expression ( f1043 ) it is most probably meant that a sum of money was deposited with the magistrates, and that the christian community of the place made themselves responsible that no attempt should be made against the supremacy of rome, and that peace should be maintained in thessalonica itself. by these means the disturbance was allayed. but though the magistrates had secured quiet in the city for the present, the position of paul and silas was very precarious. the lower classes were still excited. the jews were in a state of fanatical displeasure. it is evident that the apostles could not appear in public as before, without endangering their own safety, and compromising their fellow - christians who were security for their good behavior. the alternatives before them were, either silence in thessalonica, or departure to some other place. the first was impossible to those who bore the divine commission to preach the gospel everywhere. they could not hesitate to adopt the second course ; and, under the watchful care of \" the brethren, \" they departed the same evening from thessalonica, their steps being turned in the direction of those mountains which are the western boundary of macedonia. we observe that nothing is said of the departure of timothy. if he was at thessalonica at all, he stays there now, as luke had staid at philippi. ( f1044 ) we can trace in all these arrangements a deliberate care and policy for the well - being of the new churches, even in the midst of the sudden movements caused by the outbreak of persecution. it is the same prudent and varied forethought which appears afterwards in the pastoral epistles, where injunctions are given, according to circumstances, \u2014 to \" abide \" while the apostle goes to some other region, ( 1timothy 1 : 3. ) \" hoping that he may come shortly \" again, ( 1timot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4135477432898167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 47, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.114745"} {"text": ", where injunctions are given, according to circumstances, \u2014 to \" abide \" while the apostle goes to some other region, ( 1timothy 1 : 3. ) \" hoping that he may come shortly \" again, ( 1timothy 3 : 14. ) \u2014 to \" set in order the things that are wanting, and ordain elders, \" ( titus 1 : 5. ) \u2014 or \" to use all diligence \" to follow ( f1045 ) and co - operate again in the same work at some new place. passing under the arch of augustus and out of the western gate, the via egnatia crosses the plain and ascends the mountains which have just been mentioned, \u2014 forming a communication over a very rugged country between the hellespont and the adriatic. just where the road strikes the mountains, at the head of a bay of level ground, the city of edessa is situated, described as commanding a glorious view of all the country, that stretches in an almost unbroken surface to thessalonica and the sea. ( f1046 ) this, however, was not the point to which st. paul turned his steps. he traveled, by a less important road, ( f1047 ) to the town of beroea, which was farther to the south. the first part of the journey was undertaken at night, but day must have dawned on the travelers long before they reached their place of destination. if the journey was at all like what it is now, ( f1048 ) it may be simply described as follows. after leaving the gardens which are in the immediate neighborhood of thessalonica, the travelers crossed a wide tract of corn - fields, and came to the shifting bed of the \" wide - flowing axius. \" about this part of the journey, if not before, the day must have broken upon them. between the axius and the haliacmon ( f1049 ) there intervenes another wide extent of the same continuous plain. the banks of this second river are confined by artificial dikes to check its destructive inundations. all the country round is covered with a vast forest, with intervals of cultivated land, and villages concealed among the trees. the road extends for many miles through these woods, and at length reaches the base of the western mountains, where a short ascent leads up to the gate of beroea. beroea, like edessa, is on the eastern slope of the olympian range, and commands an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4407966134866167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 48, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.115985"} {"text": "these woods, and at length reaches the base of the western mountains, where a short ascent leads up to the gate of beroea. beroea, like edessa, is on the eastern slope of the olympian range, and commands an extensive view of the plain which is watered by the haliacmon and axius. it has many natural advantages, and is now considered one of the most agreeable towns in rumili. ( f1050 ) plane - trees spread a grateful shade over its gardens. streams of water are in every street. its ancient name is said to have been derived from the abundance of its waters ; and the name still survives in the modern verria, or kara - verria. ( f1051 ) it is situated on the left of the haliacmon, about five miles from the point where that river breaks through an immense rocky ravine from the mountains to the plain. a few insignificant ruins of the greek and roman periods may yet be noticed. the foundations of an ancient bridge are passed on the ascent to the city - gate ; and parts of the greek fortifications may be seen above the rocky bed of a mountain stream. the traces of repairs in the walls, of roman and byzantine date, ( f1052 ) are links between the early fortunes of beroea and its present condition. it still boasts of eighteen or twenty thousand inhabitants, and is placed in the second rank of the cities of european turkey. ( f1053 ) in the apostolic age beroea was sufficiently populous to contain a colony of jews. ( acts 17 : 10. ) when st. paul arrived, he went, according to his custom, immediately to the synagogue. the jews here were of a \" nobler \" spirit than those of thessalonica. their minds were less narrowed by prejudice, and they were more willing to receive \" the truth in the love of it. \" there was a contrast between two neighboring communities apparently open to the same religious influences, like that between the \" village of the samaritans, \" which refused to receive jesus christ ( luke 9. ), and that other \" city \" in the same country where \" many believed \" because of the word of one who witnessed of him, and \" many more because of his own word \" ( john 4. ). in a spirit very different from the ignoble violence of the thessalonian jews, the beroeans not only listened to the apostle \u2019 s arguments, but they examined the scriptures themselves, to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41851823044590264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 49, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.116913"} {"text": "word \" ( john 4. ). in a spirit very different from the ignoble violence of the thessalonian jews, the beroeans not only listened to the apostle \u2019 s arguments, but they examined the scriptures themselves, to see if those arguments were justified by prophecy. and, feeling the importance of the subject presented to them, they made this scrutiny of their holy books their \" daily \" occupation. this was the surest way to come to a strong conviction of the gospel \u2019 s divine origin. truth sought in this spirit cannot long remain undiscovered. the promise that \" they who seek shall find \" was fulfilled at beroea ; and the apostle \u2019 s visit resulted in the conversion of \" many. \" nor was the blessing confined to the hebrew community. the same lord who \" is rich unto all that call upon him, \" ( romans 10 : 12. ) called many \" not of the jews only, but also of the gentiles. \" ( acts 9 : 24. ) both men and women, ( acts 17 : 12. ) and those of the highest rank, among the greeks, ( f1054 ) were added to the church founded by st. paul in that provincial city of macedonia, which was his temporary shelter from the storm of persecution. the length of st. paul \u2019 s stay in the city is quite uncertain. from the fact that the beroeans were occupied \" daily \" in searching the scriptures ( acts 17 : 11. ) for arguments to establish or confute the apostle \u2019 s doctrine, we conclude that he remained there several days at least. prom his own assertion in his first letter to the thessalonians, ( 1thessalonians 2 : 17. ) that, at the time when he had been recently taken away from them, he was very anxious, and used every effort to revisit them, we cannot doubt that he lingered as long as possible in the neighborhood of thessalonica. ( f1055 ) this desire would account for a residence of some weeks ; and there are other passages ( f1056 ) in the same epistle which might induce us to suppose the time extended even to months. but when we find, on the other hand, that the cause which led him to leave beroea was the hostility of the jews of thessalonica, and when we remember that the two cities were separated only by a distance of sixty miles, ( f1057 ) \u2014 that the events which happened in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5056458069517431, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 50, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.117904"} {"text": "led him to leave beroea was the hostility of the jews of thessalonica, and when we remember that the two cities were separated only by a distance of sixty miles, ( f1057 ) \u2014 that the events which happened in the synagogue of one city would soon be made known in the synagogue of the other, \u2014 and that jewish bigotry was never long in taking active measures to crush its opponents, \u2014 we are led to the conclusion that the apostle was forced to retreat from beroea after no long interval of time. the jews came like hunters upon their prey, as they had done before from iconium to lystra. ( f1058 ) they could not arrest the progress of the gospel ; but they \" stirred up the people \" there, as at thessalonica before. ( f1059 ) they made his friends feel that his continuance in the city was no longer safe. he was withdrawn from beroea and sent to athens, as in the beginning of his ministry ( acts 9 : 30 ) he had been withdrawn from jerusalem and sent to tarsus. and on this occasion, as on that, ( f1060 ) the dearest wishes of his heart were thwarted. the providence of god permitted \" satan \" to hinder him from seeing his dear thessalonian converts, whom \" once and again \" he had desired to revisit. ( f1061 ) the divine counsels were accomplished by means of the antagonism of wicked men ; and the path of the apostle was urged on, in the midst of trial and sorrow, in the direction pointed out in the vision at jerusalem, ( acts 17 : 17 - 21. ) \" far hence unto the gentiles. \" an immediate departure was urged upon the apostle ; and the church of beroea suddenly ( f1062 ) lost its teacher. but silas and timothy remained behind, ( f1063 ) to build it up in its holy faith, to be a comfort and support in its trials and persecutions, and to give it such organization as might be necessary. meanwhile some of the new converts accompanied st. paul on his flight ; ( acts 17 : 14, 15. ) thus adding a new instance to those we have already seen of the love which grows up between those who have taught and those who have learnt the way of the soul \u2019 s salvation. ( f1064 ) without attempting to divine all the circumstances which may have concurred in determining the direction of this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3886872225368062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 51, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.118790"} {"text": "seen of the love which grows up between those who have taught and those who have learnt the way of the soul \u2019 s salvation. ( f1064 ) without attempting to divine all the circumstances which may have concurred in determining the direction of this flight, we can mention some obvious reasons why it was the most natural course. to have returned in the direction of thessalonica was manifestly impossible. to have pushed over the mountains, by the via egnatia, towards illyricum and the western parts of macedonia, would have taken the apostle from those shores of the archipelago to which his energies were primarily to be devoted. mere concealment and inactivity were not to be thought of. thus the christian fugitives turned their steps towards the sea, ( f1065 ) and from some point on the coast where a vessel was found, they embarked for athens. in the ancient tables two roads ( f1066 ) are marked which cross the haliacmon and intersect the plain from beroea, one passing by pydna, ( f1067 ) and the other leaving it to the left, and both coming to the coast at dium near the base of mount olympus. the pierian level ( as this portion of the plain was called ) extends about ten miles in breadth from the woody falls of the mountain to the seashore, forming a narrow passage from macedonia into greece. ( f1068 ) thus dium was \" the great bulwark of macedonia on the south ; \" and it was a roman colony, like that other city which we have described on the eastern frontier. ( f1069 ) no city is more likely than dium to have been the last, as philippi was \" the first, \" through which st. paul passed in his journey through the province. here then, \u2014 where olympus, dark with woods, rises from the plain by the shore, to the broad summit, glittering with snow, which was the throne of the homeric gods, ( f1070 ) \u2014 at the natural termination of macedonia, \u2014 and where the first scene of classical and poetic greece opens on our view, \u2014 we take our leave, for the present, of the apostle of the gentiles. the shepherds from the heights ( f1071 ) above the vale of tempe may have watched the sails of his ship that day, as it moved like a white speck over the outer waters of the thermaic gulf. the sailors, looking back from the deck", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4842425980448638, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 52, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.119660"} {"text": "treatment of epilepsy was generally ineffective in the early 1900 ' s. in the 1920s, it was found that fasting could reduce the number of seizures but it was not clear why. fortunately, anti - seizure medications were developed that helped the majority of people with epilepsy. as a result, dietary treatments lost popularity as a main treatment option for epilepsy. the ketogenic diet is a high fat, low carbohydrate diet.. the classic diet is made up of 3 parts fat and 1 part carbohydrate and protein. there are variations of the diet, like one that uses medium chain triglycerides as a primary source of fat. you and your child ' s doctor and dietitian will make adjustments to your child ' s diet as needed. how it works the diet mimics some effects of fasting on the body. glucose ( sugar ) is the easiest source of energy for the body. most of the glucose comes from carbohydrates that we eat. once the glucose is burned off, the body uses fat as a source of energy. the use of fat creates a by - product called ketones. for reasons not completely understood, the ketones may reduce or eliminate seizures. your body will also use body fat for fuel when you fast but fasting is clearly not a long term option.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47978153045815186, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.120971"} {"text": "one of the bestselling herbal products of the early 1990s was an extract of the bark of french maritime pine. this substance consists of a family of chemicals known scientifically as oligomeric proanthocyanidin complexes ( opcs ) or procyanidolic oligomers ( pcos ). similar ( but not identical ) substances are also found in grape seed. the research record is complicated by the fact that certain identically named proprietary products have consisted at different times of various proportions of these related substances. opcs are marketed for a wide variety of uses. as yet, however, there is no solid evidence that they are effective for any medical condition. opcs aren ' t a single chemical, but a group of closely related compounds. several food sources contain similar chemicals : red wine, cranberries, blueberries, bilberries, tea ( green and black ), black currant, onions, legumes, parsley, and the herb. however, most opc supplements are made from either grape seed or the bark of the maritime pine. these two opc sources lead to products that are not necessarily identical in function, although there do seem to be many similarities. in the discussion of scientific studies below, we indicate the source of the opcs used when it is possible to do so. in some cases, however, identifying the exact product is difficult, as both grape seed and pine bark opcs, or their combination, have at various times been sold under the same name. the best - documented use of opcs is to treat chronic venous insufficiency, a condition closely related to varicose veins. in both of these conditions, blood pools in the legs, causing aching, pain, heaviness, swelling, fatigue, and unsightly visible veins. fairly good preliminary evidence suggests that opcs from pine bark or grape seed can relieve the leg pain and swelling of chronic venous insufficiency. however, no studies have evaluated whether regular use of opcs can make visible varicose veins disappear, or prevent new ones from developing. other small, double - blind trials suggest that opcs may help reduce swelling caused by evidence from one small, double - blind trial suggests that opcs from bilberry and grape seed may reduce the general fluid retention and swelling that can occur in premenstural syndrome ( pms ) one large study found some evidence that use of opcs from pine bark might help prevent the leg blood clots that can develop on a long airplane", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4904814213727179, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.130011"} {"text": "may reduce the general fluid retention and swelling that can occur in premenstural syndrome ( pms ) one large study found some evidence that use of opcs from pine bark might help prevent the leg blood clots that can develop on a long airplane flight. some studies suggest opcs from pine bark, alone or with, may be helpful for for example, in a double - blind, placebo - controlled trial, 124 men ( aged 30 - 50 ) with moderate erectile dysfunction were randomized to take prelox ( a formulation of pine bark extract and arginine ) or placebo for 6 months. the men who took prelox experienced improvement in their condition over placebo. in a double - bind, placebo - controlled study of 61 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ), use of opcs from pine bark ( at a dose of 1 g per kg per day ) appeared to improve some measurements of disease severity. two small, double - blind pilot studies suggest that opcs from pine bark might help reduce opcs are also often recommended for, but an 8 - week, double - blind trial of 49 individuals found no benefit with grape seed extract. on a slightly more positive note, a preliminary trial involving 39 people with seasonal allergies found that those who took opcs at least 5 weeks before the start of the season experienced more symptom relief compared to the control group. and those that took opcs for a longer period of time ( eg, 7 - 8 weeks before the season ) seemed to have better results. according to several studies, opcs might improve blood sugar control in people with diabetes. in addition, a small study found evidence to support the use of pine bark extract for improving the symptoms and healing time of foot ulcers, a common complication in people with diabetes. some evidence suggests that opcs protect and strengthen collagen and elastin. theoretically, this could mean that opcs are helpful for, and they are widely sold for this purpose, but there is as yet no direct evidence that the herbs work. are varicose veins in and around the anus. since opcs are used to treat varicose veins, it is thought that this substance would also be helpful for people who have. a randomized trial involving 84 people with hemorrhoids found that both the oral and topical forms of pycnogenol ( pine bark extract ) eased symptoms, including bleeding. one study suggests that while opcs alone may not reduce", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45633682802509634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.131353"} {"text": ". a randomized trial involving 84 people with hemorrhoids found that both the oral and topical forms of pycnogenol ( pine bark extract ) eased symptoms, including bleeding. one study suggests that while opcs alone may not reduce levels of, some benefits may occur when taken in combination with chromium. opcs are strong antioxidants. defends against fat - soluble oxidants, and neutralizes water - soluble ones, but opcs are active against both types. based on the ( unproven ) belief that offer many health benefits, regular use of opcs has been proposed as a measure to prevent diabetic neuropathy and diabetic retinopathy opcs have been tried as a treatment for impaired night vision ( systemic lupus erythematosus ), 16, 17high blood pressure however, more research needs to be performed to discover whether it actually provides any benefits in these conditions. a double - blind, placebo - controlled study of questionable validity reported that use of opcs from pine bark produced benefits in one study failed to find opcs significantly helpful for another failed to find opcs helpful for reducing the side effects of for breast cancer. a systematic review of 15 trials evaluated the possible effectiveness of opcs from pine bark in treating chronic disorders. while the pooled results did not show the benefits of opcs, 3 trials hinted that the supplement may be useful in people with what is the scientific evidence for oligomeric proanthocyanidins? venous insufficiency ( varicose veins ) there is fairly good preliminary evidence for the use of opcs to treat people with symptoms of a double - blind, placebo - controlled study of 71 subjects found that grape seed opcs, taken at a dose of 100 mg 3 times daily, significantly improved major symptoms, including heaviness, swelling, and leg discomfort. over a period of 1 month, 75 % of the participants treated with opcs improved substantially. this result doesn ' t seem quite so impressive when you note that significant improvement was also seen in 41 % of the placebo group ; nonetheless, opcs still did significantly better than placebo. a 2 - month, double - blind, placebo - controlled trial of 40 people with chronic venous insufficiency found that 100 mg of pine bark opcs 3 times daily significantly reduced edema, pain, and the sensation of leg heaviness. a similar study of 20 individuals also found opcs from pine bark effective.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47783864615854116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.132347"} {"text": "chronic venous insufficiency found that 100 mg of pine bark opcs 3 times daily significantly reduced edema, pain, and the sensation of leg heaviness. a similar study of 20 individuals also found opcs from pine bark effective. a placebo - controlled study ( blinding not stated ) that enrolled 364 people with varicose veins found that treatment with grape seed opcs produced statistically significant improvements as compared to baseline. there was a lesser response in the placebo group, but whether this difference was statistically significant was not stated. in another study, 98 people with chronic venous insufficiency and edema were randomized to receive pycnogenol ( 150 mg / day ), pycnogenol ( 150 mg ) plus elastic stockings, or elastic stockings alone. after 8 weeks, the two groups that included pycenogenol had improvements in their symptoms compared with group using only elastic stockings, and the combination of pycnogenol and stockings was associated with the best results of all. opcs have also been compared against other natural treatments for venous insufficiency. a double - blind study of 50 people with varicose veins of the legs found that doses of 150 mg per day of grape seed opcs were more effective in reducing symptoms and signs than the bioflavonoid similarly, a double - blind study of 39 people found pine bark opcs more effective than the herb edema after surgery or injury often leads to swelling of the arm. a double - blind, placebo - controlled study of 63 post - operative breast cancer patients found that 600 mg of grape seed opcs daily for 6 months reduced edema, pain, and peculiar sensations known as paresthesias. also, in a double - blind, placebo - controlled study of 32 people who had received facial surgery, edema disappeared much faster in the group treated with grape seed opcs. another 10 - day, double - blind, placebo - controlled study enrolling 50 participants found that grape seed opcs improved the rate at which edema disappeared following blood clots after plane flights it is commonly thought, though not proven, that the immobility endured during a long plane flight can lead to the development of potentially dangerous blood clots in the legs known as travelers at high risk are often recommended to take aspirin to \" thin \" their blood prior to flying. one crossover study of 22 smokers found that 100 mg of opcs had an equivalent blood thinning effect as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47938044754178377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.133385"} {"text": "| risk factors encephalitis is swelling of the brain. the swelling may involve the whole brain, or just parts of the brain. encephalitis may just occur in individuals ( sporadic ) or may affect many people in a particular area ( epidemic ). copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. encephalitis is most often caused by a viral infection. in the united states, the most common cause of sporadic encephalitis is the herpes simplex virus ( hsv ). epidemic causes of encephalitis are usually or tick - borne viruses. the most common viruses that cause encephalitis include : not all encephalitis is caused by a virus. some may be due to an overreaction of the immune system. factors that may increase your chance of encephalitis include : - living, working, or playing in an area where mosquito - borne viruses are common not being immunized against diseases such as : - taking immunosuppressive medicines after organ transplant newborns of mothers who have genital herpes simplex are at risk for herpes simplex encephalitis. the symptoms may range from mild to severe. severe symptoms can include permanent neurological damage. encephalitis can also lead to death. milder symptoms include : - weakness, severe fatigue - sensitivity to light - stiff neck and back - muscle aches more severe symptoms may include : - changes in consciousness - personality changes partial or complete - progressive drowsiness - trouble walking - trouble speaking - trouble swallowing the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. tests may include : - blood tests \u2014 to look for signs of infection spinal tap ( lumbar puncture ) \u2014 to test cerebrospinal fluid ( csf ) for signs of infection scans of the head \u2014 to look for abnormal areas of enhancement, hemorrhage, or edema in the brain to look for abnormal electrical activity in the brain biopsy \u2014 removal of a small sample of brain tissue to test for signs of infection treatment is mostly supportive. it may include : - antiviral drugs ( such as intravenous acyclovir for herpes simplex encephalitis ) \u2014 to potentially help shorten the duration of the illness - steroid medicines \u2014 to decrease brain swelling - diuretics such as mannitol \u2014 to decrease elevated intracranial pressure - intubation with hyperventilation \u2014 to decrease", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.482017749774613, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.136738"} {"text": "motorcyclists are faced with an inherent danger just by the fact that they are smaller than other vehicles on the road. a high percentage of motorcycle accidents are caused by failure to yield violations, often a left turn in front of a motorcycle. often the violator \u2019 s excuse is \u201c i didn \u2019 t see him \u201d, or \u201c i made a left turn and it ( the motorcycle ) came out of nowhere \u201d. there has even been legislation to increase the penalties for offenders in motorcycle accidents, for instance, the pickholtz act in louisiana, and there are motorcycle organizations like the motorcycle awareness campaign and american motorcycle association working to increase awareness of riders on our roads and highways. despite these efforts, the right of way violation issue remains a big problem for motorcyclists. according to the hurt study ( the most comprehensive motorcycle safety study to date ), 77 % of two vehicle motorcycle accidents occur in the 10, 11, 12, 1, and 2 o \u2019 clock positions of the motorcycle. the area behind the rider, accounts only for about 3 % of impacts. from this study it is easy to conclude that not only are drivers not seeing motorcyclists, most of the time they aren \u2019 t seeing them when they are approaching from the front. there are things riders can do to increase their frontal visibility, like wearing brightly colored clothing, however, the most effective accessory for frontal visibility may be a device called a motorcycle headlight modulator. a motorcycle headlight modulator is a device that increases and decreases the intensity of a motorcycle headlight fast enough that the headlight appears to flicker, or \u201c modulate \u201d. the modulation of the headlight makes the motorcycle significantly more visible to other drivers \u2013 as much as 200 % more visible. higher visibility means increased rider safety. the motorcycle headlight modulator is now legal in all fifty states and canada. for a short time, states resisted its use because they claimed it could be confused with a police officer light, or be distracting to other drivers, but it has proven to be a viable safety product to help keep motorcyclists visible and safe on the roads and has rapidly become accepted by every state. furthermore, federal motor vehicle safety standard ( fmvs ) 108 supersedes all state laws as long as certain compliance standards are met. to view the dot regulations regarding headlight modulators, click here. motorcycle headlight modulators are all fairly easy to install and all have a programmable daylight sensor ( federal law prohibits using them at night ). headlight mod", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47357183160603916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.139682"} {"text": "lab techniques \u00b7 with robotic equipment, harvard team scans cells faster than researchers can blink their eyes by mark d. uehling january 15, 2008 | whatever its marvels, the human eye has a critical flaw. it ' s connected to a much larger organ, and that gray heap can only see so much so fast. fortunately, steven altschuler, from harvard ' s bauer center for genomics research, and colleagues have speeded up the process, adapting automated microscopy for high - throughput drug screening. the approach relies on \" hypothesis - free molecular cytology that provides multidimensional single - cell phenotypic information yet is simple and inexpensive enough to allow extensive dose - response profiles for many drugs, \" altschuler and colleagues wrote in a paper in science last november. the team tested 100 drug compounds in 16 concentrations in hamster cells, arrayed in 386 - well plates that were digitally photographed and analyzed according to 93 different variables. the result : 600, 000 images and a billion data points occupying 2 terabytes of disk space. this sort of thing may not be possible at a community college but seems feasible at any major campus or company. spending only $ 100, 000, the harvard group used a nikon fluorescence microscope, a cooled camera from hamamatsu, and a plate - transfer crane from hudson. it was all controlled by metamorph software. co - author timothy mitchison, deputy chair of harvard ' s department of systems biology, says the prodigious volume of data was \" equal to the number of measurements we ' d collected in my lab, ever, times 107. \" mitchison could only give the mountain of data to his statisticians, who adapted the kolmogorov - smirnov algorithm to detect patterns in the cellular images. the take - home message is that informatics ( in this case, matlab software, running on a 50 - node linux cluster ) can discern both expected visual patterns for similar drugs and unexpected ways in which ostensibly similar drugs generate different heat map profiles. the technique could help industry categorize new compounds with known mechanisms of action \u2014 or discover altogether new ways that drugs work. \" we can screen 5, 000 wells a day, \" mitchison says, \" which is slow by high - throughput standards but fast by cell biology standards. \" perlman z. e., et al. \" multidimensional drug profiling by automated microscopy. \" science 306, 1194 - 98 ; 2004.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5264588299863342, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.143097"} {"text": "- name : vincent van gogh - occupation : painter - birth date : march 30, 1853 - death date : july 29, 1890 - education : brussels academy - place of birth : zundert, netherlands - place of death : auvers - sur - oise, france - full name : vincent willem van gogh - aka : vincent van gogh - aka : van gogh - nickname : \" christ of the coal mines \" best known for vincent van gogh is considered the greatest dutch painter after rembrandt, although he remained poor and virtually unknown throughout his life. vincent van gogh - full episode ( 44 : 14 ) watch a short video about vincent van gogh and find out why the famous artists life came to a tragic end. work and solitude took its toll on van gogh, and he started to act strangely from paint and turpentine fumes. vincent van gogh cut off his ear and delivered it to a prostitute. while hospitalized, van gogh worked in a studio set up by his brother theo. inspired by a dream, vincent van gogh painted \" the starry night. \" he took his own life one year later at age 37 in auvers sur oise, near paris. a full biography about the most influential 20th century painter, vincent van gogh. think you know about biography? answer questions and see how you rank against other players. play now vincent van gogh was born on march 30, 1853, in groot - zundert, netherlands. van gogh was a post - impressionist painter whose work, notable for its beauty, emotion and color, highly influenced 20th - century art. he struggled with mental illness, and remained poor and virtually unknown throughout his life. van gogh died in france on july 29, 1890, at age 37, from a self - inflicted gunshot wound. \" as for me, i am rather often uneasy in my mind, because i think that my life has not been calm enough ; all those bitter disappointments, adversities, changes keep me from developing fully and naturally in my artistic career. \" \" for my part i know nothing with any certainty, but the sight of the stars makes me dream. \" \" but i always think that the best way to know god is to love many things. \" vincent van gogh was born vincent willem van gogh on march 30, 1853, in groot - zundert, netherlands. his father, theodorus van gogh, was an austere country minister, and his mother, anna cornelia carbentus, was a moody artist whose love of nature", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3764343073227852, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.148866"} {"text": "march 30, 1853, in groot - zundert, netherlands. his father, theodorus van gogh, was an austere country minister, and his mother, anna cornelia carbentus, was a moody artist whose love of nature, drawing and watercolors was transferred to her son. van gogh was born exactly one year after his parents ' first son, also named vincent, was stillborn. at a young age \u2014 his name and birthdate already etched on his dead brother ' s headstone \u2014 van gogh was melancholy. at age 15, van gogh ' s family was struggling financially, and he was forced to leave school and go to work. he got a job at his uncle cornelis \u2019 art dealership, goupil & cie., a firm of art dealers in the hague. by this time, van gogh was fluent in french, german and english, as well as his native dutch. in june of 1873, van gogh was transferred to the groupil gallery in london. there, he fell in love with english culture. he visited art galleries in his spare time, and also became a fan of the writings of charles dickens and george eliot. he also fell in love with his landlady \u2019 s daughter, eugenie loyer. when she rejected his marriage proposal, van gogh suffered a breakdown. he threw away all his books except for the bible, and devoted his life to god. he became angry with people at work, telling customers not to buy the \" worthless art, \" and was eventually fired. van gogh then taught in a methodist boys ' school, and also preached to the congregation. although raised in a religious family, it wasn ' t until this time that he seriously began to consider devoting his life to the church. hoping to become a minister, he prepared to take the entrance exam to the school of theology in amsterdam. after a year of studying diligently, he refused to take the latin exams, calling latin a \" dead language \" of poor people, and was subsequently denied entrance. the same thing happened at the church of belgium : in the winter of 1878, van gogh volunteered to move to an impoverished coal mine in the south of belgium, a place where preachers were usually sent as punishment. he preached and ministered to the sick, and also drew pictures of the miners and their families, who called him \" christ of the coal mines. \" the evangelical committees were not as pleased. they disagreed with van gogh ' s lifestyle, which had begun to take on a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4129300666632435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.149983"} {"text": "joy adamson biography joy adamson was born january 20, 1910, in troppau, austria - hungary. she relocated to kenya, where she married george adamson, a british game warden. she won international renown with her african wildlife books, especially the trilogy describing how the couple raised a lion cub, elsa. in 1961 she founded the elsa wild animal appeal. at age 69 she was murdered by a disgruntled employee. artist and naturalist joy adamson spent much of her life in africa, following her passion for animals. in 1960 book born free, she detailed her adventures with a young lion cub called elsa. this story struck a chord with readers around the world, helping to spur interest in animal conservation in africa. the story of this famous writer actually begins in europe. born friederike victoria gessner, she grew up in troppau, which was part of the austria - hungary empire and is now known as opava, czech republic. adamson enjoyed a life of wealth and privilege as the daughter of a wealthy architect. she studied piano and the arts, among other subjects, in school. adamson married for the first time in 1935, becoming the wife of businessman victor von klarwill. he sent her on a trip to africa on her own. according to some reports, von klarwill wanted her to see if they could move there. adamson, however, soon met another man, botanist peter bally, during her travels. in love with this new land and bally, she decided to stay in africa and divorce her husband. adamson wed bally in 1937, and it was bally who gave her the nickname \" joy \" \u2014 a moniker she used for the rest of her life. at first, adamson painted the plant life of africa. she eventually expanded her artistic endeavors to make portraits of people from indigenous cultures in kenya. after ending her marriage to bally in 1942, she met a game warden named george adamson. he became her third husband, and they spent some of their early years together, traveling around east africa for his job and living in tent camps. in 1956, adamson ' s husband shot a lion in self - defense. he discovered that she had only attacked to protect her three cubs. rescuing the young animals, george brought them home to joy. they gave two away to a zoo, but they kept one that they named elsa. joy developed a close bond with the animal, which she raised. in born free ( 1960 ),", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4147041421757335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.154045"} {"text": ". rescuing the young animals, george brought them home to joy. they gave two away to a zoo, but they kept one that they named elsa. joy developed a close bond with the animal, which she raised. in born free ( 1960 ), she chronicled her relationship with elsa and her efforts to return her to the wild. adamson explained that elsa \" became almost like my child. because i had no children, i have spent all my emotion on her and my other animals. but i cannot make them my own. \" adamson ' s book became an international best seller, and its success put the spotlight on the need to preserve african wildlife. she wrote two more books about elsa and her cubs, living free ( 1961 ) and forever free ( 1962 ). in addition to sharing her experiences and observations through writing, adamson established her own conservation group, the elsa wild animal appeal. in 1966, the film adaptation of born free became an international smash. the film starred bill travers and virginia mckenna as george and joy adamson. by the time of the film ' s release, adamson had turned much of her attention to a young cheetah, which she named pippa. helping pippa learn to be a wild cheetah became the subject of the 1969 book the spotted sphinx. while on the big screen, george and joy were depicted as a happy, loving couple, the pair became estranged over the years, and they stopped living together as early as 1971. according to some stories, they were divided over their conservation work. george preferred to be in the field, while joy did more lecturing and writing. there are also reports that joy adamson had an intense personality and did not get along well with others much of the time. one associate told people that adamson \" was so stubborn and unyielding and people did not live up to her expectations. \" adamson spent the last few years of her life exploring her interest in leopards. she was given a leopard cub in 1976, which she named penny, and she lived in an area where she could observe other leopards in the wild. in addition to her animal studies, adamson took the time to write her own autobiography, 1979 ' s the searching spirit. on the night of january 3, 1980, adamson took her usual evening stroll. she never returned home. only a short distance away, her body was found on the road. it looked like she had been killed in an animal attack at first. a few days later, the authorities determined that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42029291677015396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.154999"} {"text": "effects of immunostimulation on social behavior, chemical communication and genome - wide gene expression in honey bee workers ( apis mellifera ) 1 laboratoire ecologie evolution symbiose, umr cnrs 6556, university of poitiers, 40 avenue du recteur pineau, cedex, f - 86022, poitiers, france 2 department of entomology, center for pollinator research, center for chemical ecology, huck institutes of the life sciences, pennsylvania state university, university park, pa, 16802, usa 3 previous address : department of entomology, north carolina state university, raleigh, nc, 27695, usa bmc genomics 2012, 13 : 558 doi : 10. 1186 / 1471 - 2164 - 13 - 558published : 16 october 2012 social insects, such as honey bees, use molecular, physiological and behavioral responses to combat pathogens and parasites. the honey bee genome contains all of the canonical insect immune response pathways, and several studies have demonstrated that pathogens can activate expression of immune effectors. honey bees also use behavioral responses, termed social immunity, to collectively defend their hives from pathogens and parasites. these responses include hygienic behavior ( where workers remove diseased brood ) and allo - grooming ( where workers remove ectoparasites from nestmates ). we have previously demonstrated that immunostimulation causes changes in the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of workers, which results in altered worker - worker social interactions. thus, cuticular hydrocarbons may enable workers to identify sick nestmates, and adjust their behavior in response. here, we test the specificity of behavioral, chemical and genomic responses to immunostimulation by challenging workers with a panel of different immune stimulants ( saline, sephadex beads and gram - negative bacteria e. coli ). while only bacteria - injected bees elicited altered behavioral responses from healthy nestmates compared to controls, all treatments resulted in significant changes in cuticular hydrocarbon profiles. immunostimulation caused significant changes in expression of hundreds of genes, the majority of which have not been identified as members of the canonical immune response pathways. furthermore, several new candidate genes that may play a role in cuticular hydrocarbon biosynthesis were identified. effects of immune challenge expression of several genes involved in immune response, cuticular hydrocarbon biosynthesis, and the notch signaling pathway were confirmed using quantitative", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5476922706477816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.157568"} {"text": "an infection of the lining of the uterus is called ' endometritis '. this type of infection may happen for around 1 to 3 % of woman after a vaginal birth, and 10 to 30 % of women after a caesarean birth. other factors that can increase the likelihood of a uterine infection occurring can include the waters being broken for more than 24 hours, a long labour, and multiple internal vaginal examinations during the labour, retaining a part of the placenta or membranes in the uterus after the birth and interventions such as forceps or ventouse. women who are anaemic are also at increased risk, because their resistance and immunity are lowered. the signs of a uterine infection can include : - a fever ( above 38o celsius ) and a rapid pulse ( above 100 beats per minute ). - lower abdominal pain, with the uterus being tender to touch, when the belly is felt. - the vaginal blood loss smelling offensive, or looking like it has greenish, yellow pus mixed with it. - possibly heavier bleeding. - possibly a headache, sweats and ' the shakes ' ( known as ' rigors ' ). uterine infections can be caused by hospital acquired bacteria, or bacteria the woman is already carrying ( such as gardnerella ). however, it is often hard to pinpoint the actual bacteria causing the infection, because of the difficulty in taking a laboratory swab test of the inside of the uterus. it is believed that most cases of endometritis are caused by a combination of different bacteria. endometritis can be divided into 2 types : - early onset - within 2 to 3 days of the birth. this is the most common type. or - late onset - from 3 to 5 days, up to 6 weeks after the birth. this may be due to a small section of the placenta being left inside the uterus that slowly breaks down, and eventually causes a uterine infection. this is less common.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43688696173984, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.159474"} {"text": "| simple. classic. traditional. tapa, or ngatu, as it is called in tonga, was used as clothing by the polynesians of long ago. it was used in traditional ceremonies and given as a gift for special occassions including weddings. the process for making such a valuable and useful handicraft is a labor intensive process. it starts with the growing, cultivating and harvesting of the inner bark of the paper mulberry tree ( hiapo ). once cleaned, the strips of inner bark are pounded with a wooden mallet ( ike ) on a long wooden anvil ( tutua ). from there, the strips are glued together using a paste made from tapioca root or arrow root. two or more layers of the cloth are pasted together crosswise to strengthen the material. the blank canvas is a license for creativity for todays interior designers, artists and costume makers. tapa does have unfinished edges and slight imperfections due to the nature of the tree branches. tapa cloth for purchase is approximately 1 1 / 2 ft. wide. available in different lengths. tapa is double layered. tapa has small minor imperfections. tapa may be cut or be made of at least 2 smaller pieces. 8 ft. length ( approx ). - $ 39 10 ft. length ( approx ). - $ 44 back to tongan handicrafts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44631233517333546, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.161070"} {"text": "dr. thomas parham to discuss theory nigrescence, translated as : ' the process of becoming black. ' by bvn staff \u2013 \u201c replace misinformation about mental health and erase prejudice, fear, and blame, thereby reducing stigma and disparities to the african american community. \u201d that \u2019 s the message set for the week - long african american mental health awareness week, february 13 - 18 at uc riverside. african americans in the united states are less likely to receive accurate diagnoses than their caucasian counterparts. schizophrenia, for instance has been shown to be over diagnosed in the african american population. culture biases against mental health professionals and health care professionals in general prevent many african americans from accessing care due to prior experiences wi th historical misdiagnoses, inadequate treatment and a lack of cultural understanding ; only 2 percent of psychiatrists, 2 percent of psychologists and 4 percent of social workers in the uni ted states are african american. it \u2019 s one of the biggest misconceptions people have \u2013 that mental illness can \u2019 t happen to them, says renowned psychologist thomas a. parham, phd. dr. parham, assistant vice chancellor for counseling and health services, at uc irvine joins an impressive slate of professionals putting the issue of mental health disparities among african americans front and center on the riverside campus. for the past 30 plus years, dr. parham has focused his research efforts in the area of psychological nigrescence and has authored numerous articles in the area. writing in the areas of identity development, african psychology, and multicultural counseling remains his primary focus. he is the co - author of a book entitled the psychology of blacks : an african american perspective 2nd ed., and the author of books entitled psychological storms : the african american struggle for identity and counseling african descent people : raising the bar of practitioner competence. \u201c mental health problems and illnesses can affect anyone at any age, and everyone can benefit from improved mental health, \u201d says thomas, who recognizes that the stigma surrounding mental illness is often a huge barrier to understanding, diagnosis and treatment. dr. parham believes that academic excellence is facilitated and strengthened when students have a strong mind, healthy body, enlivened spirit, and clear aspirations, nurtured in a supportive environment. \u201c at uci, we strive to create an academic ambiance which reflects the building blocks to wellness. through instructional and co - curricular experiences, students learn to master the six building blocks to a healthy academic experience, and a brighter future ripe with possibilities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47785073103984393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.166563"} {"text": "at uci, we strive to create an academic ambiance which reflects the building blocks to wellness. through instructional and co - curricular experiences, students learn to master the six building blocks to a healthy academic experience, and a brighter future ripe with possibilities. honoring black history month, dr. parham will present \u201c the challenges of african - centered parenthood : nurturing the next general of young minds and souls. \u201d monday, february 13 \u2013 hub 302 south - 6 : 00 - 8 : 00 p. m. also on tap are mental health notables adisa ajamu ( ah - dee - sah ) ( ah - jah - moo ), executive director of the atunwa collective, a community development think tank located in los angeles and v. diane woods, dr. p. h., m. s. n., rn. dr. woods, founding president and ceo of the african american health institute of san bernardino county. adisa served as the founding program manager ( 2007 - 2011 ) for the substance abuse and mental health services agency ( samhsa ) ( aamft / mfp ) where he was responsible for the design, development and implementation of the minority fellowship program for the american association for marriage and family therapy. in conducting her community - based participatory research with the african american population, dr. woods has been funded by many agencies including the national centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) in atlanta, georgia and the department of health and human services ( dhhs ) in washington, dc. in 2005, dr. woods was designated a health disparities scholar by the national institutes of health ( nih ) national center on minority health and health disparities. currently, dr. woods is the director for the statewide california department of mental health reducing disparities project ( crdp ) african american strategic planning workgroup. the week - long forum will also feature a panel discussion focusing on african american male - female relationships, and how mental health is a critical component in a healthy relationship. ucr professor dr. scott brooks, among others, to present. \u201c the goal of this week is to help heighten awareness of mental health in the african american community and encourage people to put misconceptions and stereotypes to rest, \u201d said dr. carolyn murray, professor of psychology at ucr. murray said mental health awareness week is designed to heed the voice of the african american community and respond to concerns about inappropriate treatments, identify barriers, develop strategies, and explore resources and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44625400235273766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.167493"} {"text": "health and health care are distributed unevenly in this country and minority populations often get less of both. members of minority communities have higher rates of chronic illnesses such as diabetes and hypertension. they have higher rates of many cancers and those cancers often reveal themselves at later stages when they are harder to treat. a black male child born in 2006 will live on average to age 70, but a white male child born the same year will live to 76. a black female child will live to 77, but a white female child will live to 81. there are no simple reasons for these disparities and there are no simple solutions either. this is not just about health care access, but health care access is important. this is not just about income and education, but income and education are important. this is not just about social class, but social class is important. this is not just about a history of prejudice and discrimination, but that history, and its enduring and painful legacy, are important. what is known is that it will take a campaign to address and reverse these disparities \u2014 a campaign that will require combinations of research and management, evidence and commitment, science and activism. in 2001, the department of veterans affairs created the va center for health equity research and promotion with the explicit goal of identifying, explaining, and eliminating disparities in health and health care in veteran populations and others. interventions to reduce disparities in joint replacement, in the management of hypertension, in the treatment of mental illness, and in the care of veterans at the end of their life, reflect cherp \u2019 s efforts to advance equity in the health and health care of our country \u2019 s veterans and to serve as a model for the nation. there are no easy solutions to redressing health disparities, but those goals are advanced by sustained efforts, informed by thought and scholarship, and motivated by commitment and passion. dr. david a. asch works for veterans affairs center for health equity research and promotion.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4793081863072858, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.169359"} {"text": "| this french colonial building was originally the living and working headquarters for the governor general of indochina. after vietnam ' s defeat of the french in 1954, ho chi minh refused to live here, preferring instead the modest cottage on the palace ' s grounds ( from 1954 to 1958 ). in 1958, he moved into the house on stilts. | oblique view of the frontduring ho chi minh ' s leadership, the palace was used, however, for meetings and to house guests ; today it is used for formal and important government meetings. | this bright mustard building, though a french colonial building, bears a resemblance to italianate renaissance and baroque palaces. the second floor ( the piano nobile ) is the important formal floor with a grand stairway leading to the arched portal. quoins, broken pediments, elaborate columns, and aedicules with balustrades are common in architecture of the 16th and 17th century in italy. | view of the side and the formal gateway the house where ho chi minh lived and worked from 1954 to 1958 | this modest cottage is on the grounds with the presidential palace. it is adjacent to the house on stilts that ho chi minh lived in from 1958 to 1969 and to the fishing pond. | click here to go to the vietnam index. click here to return to index of art historical sites. click here to return to index of artists and architects. click here to return to chronological index. click here to see the home page of bluffton university.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.42150175278562485, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.170809"} {"text": "in the kitchen | tools essential tools for a well - stocked kitchen pot holders and oven mitts choose thickly padded, moisture - resistant pads or gloves. extra - long mitts are designed for reaching into the oven or working over a hot grill. the best kind is made of stainless steel with a wire grid. have a ruler handy to accurately measure the diameter of any dough or crust, or the size of a pan. either solid or slotted, basic spatulas made of metal or heat - resistant plastic are ideal for turning foods during cooking. long, thin metal ( or icing ) spatulas are used for icing cakes and other desserts ; many find that offset spatulas ( which are z - shaped when viewed on the side ) offer greater maneuverability. keep a variety of rubber spatulas on hand to suit different tasks. use a large, flexible rubber spatula to scrape out mixtures from bowls. when scraping hot mixtures from saucepans or skillets, use heat - resistant spatulas made of silicone. wooden spoons and spatulas are best for stirring thick mixtures, such as polenta or mashed potatoes \u2014 because they \" clean \" the bottom of a pot with every turn, preventing burning and sticking. keep an assortment of sizes of metal spoons, both solid and slotted, for a variety of purposes. use slotted spoons for removing solid foods from liquids, such as boiling water or hot oil. a candy thermometer ( or deep - fry thermometer ) gauges the temperature of boiled syrups, sauces, candy mixtures, and oil for deep - frying foods. a clip - on thermometer allows you to monitor the temperature of a mixture while stirring constantly. instant - read thermometers are designed to measure the internal temperature of foods or liquids. when the metal stem is inserted into the food, it produces an instant reading. unlike standard meat thermometers, which gauge the temperature gradually while the meat is baking, instant - read thermometers can ' t be put in the oven ; the plastic dial will melt. tip : to make sure that your thermometer is accurate, attach it to the inside of a medium saucepan and fill the pan with cold water. bring the water to a boil and boil for 3 minutes. the thermometer should register 212\u00b0 if it doesn ' t, take the difference into account when reading ingredient temperatures. digital timers with magnets adhere to metal. clip", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4391864687149031, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.176602"} {"text": "cold water. bring the water to a boil and boil for 3 minutes. the thermometer should register 212\u00b0 if it doesn ' t, take the difference into account when reading ingredient temperatures. digital timers with magnets adhere to metal. clip - on timers attach to your apron or clothing, so you can do other tasks while food is cooking. this hinged, v - shaped metal device is used to turn meat or vegetables in a skillet, on the grill, under the broiler, or over a gas flame. it ' s also useful for tossing and serving salads. for most recipes, use a standard whisk \u2014 about 2 to 3 inches wide at the large end. knives and other slicing tools this is a four - sided stainless steel grater. each side is designed for a different purpose \u2014 such as shredding, grating, or slicing. this is a long ( 8 inches or more ) serrated knife used for cutting through crusty bread or delicate items, like tomatoes, using a sawing motion. this sturdy two - pronged fork is used to steady roasts during carving. it has a long, sturdy - but - flexible blade that slices easily through beef roasts, ham, and turkey. this all - purpose knife ( usually with an 8 - inch blade ) chops, slices, and dices large items or large quantities of ingredients. choose large wood cutting boards for efficient cutting without damaging knives or kitchen counters. flexible plastic cutting boards can be bent after chopping, so that ingredients can be easily transferred to bowls or skillets. razor - sharp stainless steel microplane graters are ideal for grating all kinds of citrus rinds, as well as cheese ( especially parmesan ), nutmeg, ginger, and more. it has a 3 - to 4 - inch tapered blade used for peeling fruits and vegetables or cutting slits in meats for stuffing. scissors and poultry shears scissors are intended for general cutting ; sturdy poultry shears are for cutting up chicken and game hens. this is a manually operated slicer with adjustable blades. hard vegetables such as carrots, potatoes, or beets, are run across the blade to obtain even slices, baton shapes, or julienne strips. tip : some chefs and home cooks use a mandoline, a pricey and complex piece of machinery that can make plain, crinkle -, or waffle - cut slices and julienne strips in a range of thicknesses, from paper - thin to chunk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45399392113778364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.177455"} {"text": "chefs and home cooks use a mandoline, a pricey and complex piece of machinery that can make plain, crinkle -, or waffle - cut slices and julienne strips in a range of thicknesses, from paper - thin to chunky. in the bon appetit test kitchen, we prefer the simpler and less expensive v - slicer, which is much easier to use. cardboard cake rounds putting a fragile cake layer or tart on a cardboard round allows for easy transfer from one surface to another. cookie and biscuit cutters the best cutters are made of metal, which results in a clean cut. keep an assortment of shapes and sizes on hand, and be sure to include several sizes of biscuit cutters. placing cakes, pies, and other baked goods on racks allows air to circulate underneath for quick, even cooling. parchment and waxed paper use waxed paper to line cake pans ( it helps remove the cake layer from the pan ) ; parchment paper, which is heatproof, can be used to line baking sheets. pastry bag and tips used for more than just decorating cakes, pies, and other desserts, a pastry bag with a variety of tips is terrific for piping out cookie batter, meringue, and dough into various shapes. purchase both plain and star tips in large, medium, and small sizes. use these for jobs like brushing down pan sides when making sugar syrups, applying egg washes to loaves of bread, and brushing butter over layers of pastry. these small metal or ceramic pellets are used to keep the sides of pie and tart crusts from shrinking during \" blind baking \" ( see \" how - tos \" for more on blind baking. ) tip : if you don ' t have pie weights, dried beans can be used as a substitute. french - style pins without handles offer better control. choose a heavy one for more efficiency. these nonstick silicone baking mats ( used on top of metal baking sheets ) are great for baking cookies. the cookies slide right off. slender skewers are best for testing cakes and other baked goods. fruit and vegetable tools a press is used to \" mince \" garlic cloves by squeezing them through perforated holes with a plunger \u2014 without getting garlic all over a knife, your counter, or your fingers. tip : choose a heavy - duty metal press that comes with a self - cleaning tool ; too lightweight a press will only mash the garlic, not min", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43534772230348295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.178370"} {"text": "a plunger \u2014 without getting garlic all over a knife, your counter, or your fingers. tip : choose a heavy - duty metal press that comes with a self - cleaning tool ; too lightweight a press will only mash the garlic, not mince it. used primarily to scoop out decorative balls of melon, it can also be used to core fruits, such as pears. a swivel - bladed peeler is more maneuverable than other types, following the contours of vegetables and fruits so that just the skins are removed. tip : a vegetable peeler can also be used to create long, thin ribbons of cucumbers, carrots, and zucchini, as well as chocolate curls. the five - pronged zester will remove the colored peel from citrus fruits in long, thin strips, leaving behind the bitter white pith. meat and poultry tools bulb baster ( also known as a turkey baster ) with a plastic, glass, or metal tube and a squeezable end, this is used to baste turkeys and other meats. glass or metal is preferable ; the plastic ones can become warped by the heat of the basting liquid. use food - safe string to tie roasts and chickens. a mallet is used primarily for pounding boneless meat and poultry into thinner pieces. mallets often have two sides, one with a ridged surface that breaks down the meat, thus tenderizing it, and a smooth side for flattening. tip : mallets can also be used to crush candies or spices in resealable plastic bags. for grilling and serving kebabs, metal skewers are preferable to wooden ones because they can take more weight and won ' t burn on the barbecue.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4184388723775596, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.179823"} {"text": "birbal the wise - viiilogic puzzles require you to think. you will have to be logical in your reasoning. emperor akbar once ruled over india. he was a wise and intelligent ruler, and he had in his court the nine gems, his nine advisors, who were each known for a particular skill. one of these gems was birbal, known for his wit and wisdom. the story below is one of the examples of his wit. do you have it in you to find out the answer? emperor akbar was very fond of birbal as were many of the village people. however, this made quite a few of akbar ' s other ministers jealous. one day, they decided to come up with a plan to rid them of the \" great \" birbal. to avoid suspicion from falling on them, they took the help of the emperor ' s barber in this plan. a week later, while akbar was receiving a haircut, the barber lightly mentioned that he knew of someone who could allow akbar to reach and even converse with his ancestors who had passed away, but he also stated the man who would go to the heavens would have to be witty, intelligent and wise. akbar instantly recommended birbal for the task. birbal was told that a fire would be lit around him and the smoke would carry him to heaven ; however, chanting would protect him from burning to his death. birbal instantly knew that this was a plan to get rid of him, but not wishing to anger the emperor, he agreed to perform this task in a month. during this period of time, he asked some laborers to build a tunnel connecting his house to the cemetery, where the \" rites \" would be held. when the day came, birbal escaped his death by going to his house where he stayed for a month growing out his beard. a month later, he went back to akbar ' s palace. when asked about the health of akbar ' s ancestors, birbal replied that they were doing very well but were missing just one thing. what did birbal say they were missing in heaven? answerbirbal stated that there weren ' t any barbers in heaven and said that was the reason for his long beard. since akbar now knew a way to reach them, he asked for his barber to be sent. realizing that he would die in the fire, the emperor ' s barber confessed what he and the ministers did and no one dared to conspire against birbal again. see another brain teaser just like", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4553796618710986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.182224"} {"text": "many studies are looking at the relationship between diet and breast cancer risk. each study is different, but there are some results that are useful to all women. eating a healthy, well - balanced diet that has a lot of fruits and vegetables and is low in fat is good for you. it can also help lower your risk of breast cancer. maintaining a healthy weight also is important to good health, including breast health. but typical western diets usually have much more red meat, candy, desserts, and processed snacks than what ' s recommended for a healthy diet. traditional eastern diets eaten by chinese and other asian women usually are closer to the recommended healthy diet. researchers compared breast cancer risk in postmenopausal chinese women who ate a typical chinese diet to breast cancer risk in postmenopausal chinese women who ate a typical western diet. the results are striking but not surprising. older postmenopausal chinese women who ate a typical western diet had nearly double the risk of breast cancer compared to women who ate a typical chinese diet. the risk increase was highest for hormone - receptor - positive breast cancers. besides the effect of the western diet, the researchers also thought that the obesity that tends to happen after eating a western diet contributed to the increased risk. eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and maintaining a healthy weight are things you can do to improve your overall health and lower your risk of breast cancer. to learn more about nutrition and breast cancer risk, visit the breastcancer. org nutrition section.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4602316078307683, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.184817"} {"text": "- slide 1 of 6 for the new or experienced teacher, it can be difficult to think of activities and ideas for teaching spanish to kindergarten students. however, activities and even crafts can be created out of anything related to the vocabulary. students often learn better and enjoy their learning more if they get to make something that helps bring the learning to life. this is especially true among kindergarteners. - slide 2 of 6 teaching spanish through body parts an example of an activity to use when you are teaching spanish to kindergarten students could be done with el cuerpo body vocabulary. students can play twister using the body vocabulary. this can be modified to be a student - centered activity if you have a student call out the body parts and colors. - slide 3 of 6 using songs in the classroom another activity for teaching spanish to kindergarten students is to bring songs into the classroom. younger children have a difficult time sitting still and songs help them to get rid of this energy. songs are also an invaluable tool to teach pronunciation and intonation. when learning a first language, children often learn to pick up the correct intonation of words by listening to songs and nursery rhymes. it is the same when learning a second language as well. some of the best songs for practicing spanish are sung with color words or the alphabet. for the alphabet, sing the spanish abc ' s to the same tune as you would in english. a great song to teach the color words is de colores. - slide 4 of 6 teaching spanish using food vocabulary for food - themed days, bring in whatever food you are talking about at the time. make spanish vocabulary tactile and they will be unable to forget their food words. one craft involves using different pieces of fruit to make pretend faces. segments of an orange, for example, can be shaped into a nose, a banana for a mouth, and cherries for the eyes. students can get creative and make crazy faces out of fruit while actively using fruit vocabulary words. you could then take photos of their fruit faces and display them on a bulletin board with their vocabulary words written next to them. - slide 5 of 6 using crafts and show and tell time kindergarteners also love to show off their toys. let students bring in toys related to the unit you are working on, and they will have a clear mental image of what they are learning. students also benefit by bringing things from home because it gives them a chance to ask about vocabulary relevant to everyday life. an example of this would be, if a kindergarten student brought her sweater", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4059590244108392, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.189562"} {"text": "they will have a clear mental image of what they are learning. students also benefit by bringing things from home because it gives them a chance to ask about vocabulary relevant to everyday life. an example of this would be, if a kindergarten student brought her sweater in to show her teacher because she did not know the word sequins. learning the word took her no effort because she had something in front of her that was directly tied to the vocabulary word in her mind. it also gave her a word to help her describe all of her favorite princess clothes when she was at home. activities and ideas for teaching spanish to kindergarten students tend to revolve around bringing the language to life. create an art project to show the new vocabulary, track weather and days of the week on a calendar, or make - up hand motions to accompany the vocabulary and the students will be able to learn more quickly and effectively. for example, for a house themed unit, create shoebox houses. to introduce household objects and rooms vocabulary. this activity can also be used to teach fine motor skills. - construction paper each student can create a different room in the house. using construction paper and clay, they can try to shape the different pieces of furniture within the house. they can also color the walls to look like wood and the ground to look like a carpet. let them get creative with it! when everyone is done, have them show each other the different parts of the house using their spanish vocabulary. - slide 6 of 6 - bring in theme - related show and tell objects. for a transportation unit, they can bring in toy cars and airplanes. for a unit on clothing, they can bring in their favorite outfits and costumes to play dress up. in order to use each toy or outfit, they must speak entirely in spanish and use the correlating vocabulary words. - use a calendar to track the weather and days of the week. this activity can be used to reinforce weather vocabulary that they already know, or to gradually introduce new words every week. - during a unit on family, have them bring in pictures of their families and label it using sticky notes with the spanish words for each family member. to extend this activity, you can also have them color a picture of their family members. teaching spanish to kindergarten classes can be a rewarding part of your life. by bringing new activities and ideas into the classroom, you can keep your students engaged and you can teach more effectively. - de colores lyrics and song clip ; http : / / www. songsforteaching.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4776902470758746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.190812"} {"text": "since we often see exponents throughout all math courses, it is important to understand the rules of exponents. we need to understand how to distribute, add, multiply and divide exponents in order to simplify expressions or manipulate equations that have exponents. the rules of exponents, like those involving multiplication of terms, are important to learn and will be used throughout algebra i and ii and calculus. so as you know an exponent is the little number above a base, so if you have like 3 squared, the 2, 3 the second is your exponent. and basically all it ' s telling you is to multiply the base times itself that many times. so 3 to the fourth is just 3 times 3, times 3, times 3. or 3 times 3 is 9 times 3 is 27, times 3 is 81. okay and with exponents come a long a bunch of rules that we ' re going to go through one at time. okay so let ' s start over here, our first rule is that, if our bases are the same we ' re multiplying 2 terms of exponents and our bases are the same we can just add our exponents together. so let ' s say i have 3 squared times 3 to the third. basically i have 2 times 2 here, 2 times 2 times 2 here in that sense where i really have is 5 2 ' s and this i just going to equal 2 to the fifth. the other way of doing that is just adding 2 and 3. similarly if we are dividing okay, if have the same base and have our exponents we then just subtract. and this one actually depends on which number is bigger, so if we have 3 to the fourth over just say 3 there ' s really a imaginary one right here. so only have 3 to the 4 minus 1, this is just going to be 3 to the third okay. if our power in the denominator is larger we ' re just going to be left with a power in the bottom okay. so another example of this we ' d say like 5 squared over 5 to the fourth. we still go 5 to the numerator exponent minus denominator exponent but what we end up with is 5 to the negative second. we ' ll talk about it in a minute but basically what that negative exponent means is it ' s left in the denominator. okay so really the easiest way to look at this is first just look at your expo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5232141352187041, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.198200"} {"text": "to the negative second. we ' ll talk about it in a minute but basically what that negative exponent means is it ' s left in the denominator. okay so really the easiest way to look at this is first just look at your exponent see which one is bigger your numerator or denominator and that ' s going to be where your term ends up being. okay another rule is anything to the zero power is equal to 1, easy enough 4 to the zero 1, 822 to the zero 1, okay anything to the zero of power is just going to be 1. this one is already touches back to what i talked about over with the division one. anything to a negative exponent is basically going to put that in the denominator of a fraction so if we have 4 to the negative third this is just equal to 1 over 4 to the third okay. basically it takes the same term, the same number just moves it down to the denominator. common mistake is people like to think that okay this 3 can come out in front and makes the entire thing negative. no it just moves a term that ' s normally in the top down to the bottom. likewise if we have a negative exponent in the denominator, it ' s just going to move it up to the top okay. so anytime you see negative exponent really all that does is it takes something in the numerator moves it to the denominator, something in the denominator moves it up to the numerator okay. moving on if we have a fraction to a power that power gets distributed into everything okay. so what we really end up doing is taking the m and putting it to both the a and the b ending up with a over m, b over m okay. so alright a to the m, b to the m, so example if we have 2 third squared what we really end up with is 2 squared over 3 squared which is the same thing as 4 over 9. that pen is about dead. alright same idea for multiplication, if we are multiplying inside of parenthesis and we have to a power this power can be distributed in. so say we have 3x to the fifth that 5 can get distributed in to both the 3 and the x giving us 3 to the fifth x to the fifth okay. couple more to go, anytime we have an exponent, a term to an exponent to an exponent we just multiply these out okay. so what we end up with is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5631090323513015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.199103"} {"text": "x giving us 3 to the fifth x to the fifth okay. couple more to go, anytime we have an exponent, a term to an exponent to an exponent we just multiply these out okay. so what we end up with is a to the m to the n just turns up to a to the m times n. example of this say we have 2 cubes to the fourth okay, all we have to do is say 2 to the 3 times 4 which turns into 2 to the twelfth okay. you could just write this out if you wanted to this is really 2 cubed, times 2 cubed, times 2 cubed, times 2 cubed each one has 3 so in essence we have 12 twos but this is a good shortcut to keep in mind. and our last rule that we ' re going to talk about is anything, a fraction to a negative power okay, this is basically just going to be the denominator to this power over the numerator to the power. reason being is we can go back to this statement up here and basically distribute this negative and n, and what would end up with then is a to the negative n over b to the negative n. remembering our rules and negatives from over there a to the negative n is just going to be a to the n in the denominator b to the negative n is just going to be a b to the n in the numerator. so really all we did is distribute this term n and then the negative flips our fraction okay. so a lot of different rules they do take sometime to get used to and remembering how they work but the main thing is remember if you are multiplying your bases you add your exponent if you are taking a power to a power you multiply and anytime you see a negative exponent that is just going to flip where your term is. if it was in the numerator it goes to the denominator, denominator it goes to the numerator and if you have a fraction the negative exponent is just going to flip your fraction altogether. okay so a lot to remember but take sometime play around with them a little bit and i ' m sure you ' ll be fine.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5591493928922827, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.199889"} {"text": "ghazniarticle free pass ghazni, formerly ghazna, city, east - central afghanistan. it lies beside the ghazni river on a high plateau at an elevation of 7, 300 feet ( 2, 225 m ). afghanistan \u2019 s only remaining walled town, it is dominated by a 150 - foot - ( 45 - metre - ) high citadel built in the 13th century. around the nearby village of rowzeh - e sultan, on the old road to kabul ( the nation \u2019 s capital, 80 miles [ 130 km ] northeast ), are the ruins of ancient ghazna, including two 140 - foot ( 43 - metre ) towers and the tomb of mahmud of ghazna ( 971 \u2013 1030 ), the most powerful emir ( or sultan ) of the ghaznavid dynasty. ghazni \u2019 s early history is obscure ; it has probably existed at least since the 7th century. early in the 11th century, under mahmud of ghazna, the town became the capital of the vast empire of the ghaznavids, afghanistan \u2019 s first muslim dynasty. the dynasty lost much of its power later in the same century, and ghazni was sacked in 1150 \u2013 51 by the ghurids. the town was fought over by various peoples before the mongols secured it by 1221. they ruled the area until timur ( tamerlane ), the turkic conqueror, arrived in the 14th century, and his descendants ruled it until 1504, when the indian mughals took ghazni and kabul. in 1747, under ahmad shah durrani, ghazni became part of the new afghan kingdom. it was captured by the british during the first anglo - afghan war ( 1839 \u2013 42 ). ghazni recovered some importance when it became the main town on the kabul - qandahar highway. ghazni is now a chief commercial and industrial centre of afghanistan, dealing in livestock, furs, silk, and agricultural products. pop. ( 2006 est. ) 48, 700. what made you want to look up \" ghazni \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.397555642901839, "token_count": 454, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.202563"} {"text": "robert sanderson mullikenarticle free pass robert sanderson mulliken, ( born june 7, 1896, newburyport, mass., u. s. \u2014 died oct. 31, 1986, arlington, va. ), american chemist and physicist who received the 1966 nobel prize for chemistry for \u201c fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules. \u201d a graduate of the massachusetts institute of technology, mulliken worked, during world war i and for a few years afterward, in government chemical research. he then studied under the physicist robert a. millikan at the university of chicago, receiving his ph. d. in 1921. he taught at new york university ( 1926 \u2013 28 ) and then joined the faculty of the university of chicago ( 1928 \u2013 85 ). mulliken began working on his theory of molecular structure in the 1920s. he theoretically systematized the electron states of molecules in terms of molecular orbitals. departing from the idea that electron orbitals for atoms are static and that atoms combine like building blocks to form molecules, he proposed that, when molecules are formed, the atoms \u2019 original electron configurations are changed into an overall molecular configuration. further extending his theory, he developed ( 1952 ) a quantum - mechanical theory of the behaviour of electron orbitals as different atoms merge to form molecules. during world war ii mulliken worked on the plutonium project, part of the development of the atomic bomb, at the university of chicago. in 1955 he served as scientific attache at the u. s. embassy in london. what made you want to look up \" robert sanderson mulliken \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5472057600485947, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.208029"} {"text": "mris for breast cancer screening \u2014 who needs them? many experts believe that mammograms save lives. since the widespread introduction of mammography to screen for breast cancer in the mid - 1980s, the number of women ages 50 and older getting mammograms has more than doubled. pair that figure with steady drops in breast cancer deaths since the 1990s. but some health care professionals argue that mammograms are not enough for some women at high risk for breast cancer. new studies suggest that mris ( magnetic resonance imaging ) may improve the early detection of cancer in women at high risk. current screening guidelines for women at high risk according to the american cancer society, you are considered at high risk for breast cancer if you answer yes to any of these questions : do you have a first - degree relative ( parent, brother, sister, or child ) with a known brca1 or brca2 gene mutation, but have not had genetic testing done yourself? do you have li - fraumeni syndrome, cowden syndrome, or bannayan - riley - ruvalcaba syndrome, or have one of these syndromes in first - degree relatives? if you ' re a woman at high risk for breast cancer, you should ask your doctor if you should have more frequent screenings, with a variety of tests, starting at a younger age. for women at high risk, some experts recommend monthly breast self - exams starting between ages 18 to 21, clinical breast exams one to two times a year, and yearly mammography starting at about age 30. the american cancer society recommends that women known to be at high risk get an mri along with a mammogram every year, starting at age 30. how mris work instead of the x - rays used in mammography, an mri uses magnets and radio waves connected to a computer to make many detailed pictures of the breast. a woman receives an injection of a contrast dye, called gadolinium - dtpa, to better outline the breast tissue and possible tumors. researchers have found that mris given to women with a high risk of hereditary breast cancer detected tumors that mammography or clinical breast exams had missed. one reason mris may find these tumors is because high - risk women tend to be younger and have denser breasts. this means that the breast has less fat and more fiber - like connective tissue, which can block x - rays during a mammogram. an mri is not affected by dense, fibrous breast tissue", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.469693662745562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.210751"} {"text": "since the early 1990s, israel has restricted palestinian movement in the west bank. prior to the second intifada, the restrictions were primarily intended to prevent palestinians from entering israel and east jerusalem. during the second intifada, israel established dozens of checkpoints and hundreds of physical obstructions inside the west bank, including dirt mounds, concrete blocks, and trenches, and began construction of the separation barrier and its crossing gates. these restrictions are unprecedented in the history of the israeli occupation in terms of the scope, duration, and severity of harm to the daily lives of palestinians living in the west bank. in 2009, israel reduced the number of checkpoints and obstructions in the west bank, but as of february 2012, b ' tselem still counted 98 checkpoints in the west bank, including : 16 military posts in the area of hebron in which israeli settlements have been established ( h - 2 ), which restrict palestinian movement into and out of the area. 41 positions serve as the last checkpoint before entry into israel, although most are located a few kilometers east of the green line or the entrance to jerusalem. four posts restrict access for palestinians to the jordan valley \u2013 tayasir, hamra, ma \u2019 ale efrayim and yitav. the first two are staffed permanently and the army does not allow palestinians to cross in vehicles unless their id cards list them as residents of the jordan valley. the other two were staffed only intermittently during 2011, but israel has thus far refrained from officially announcing that they are open to palestinian movement, hence only a few palestinian vehicles cross at these two points. the security value of these restrictions to israel is unclear since palestinian vehicles are allowed to enter the jordan valley and jericho, on condition that they use alternate routes that are much longer. in addition, according to data from the un office for the coordination of humanitarian affairs ( ocha ), between january and may 2012 there were also 450 unmanned physical barriers \u2013 mounds of dirt, concrete blocks, gates, and road segments closed to palestinian traffic. there are also, in may 2012 some 256 temporary checkpoints erected in the west bank for a few hours at a time, without permanent infrastructure at those locations. in march 2012, 340 such checkpoint were counted. along the route of the separation barrier there are, as of the end of 2011, 60 agricultural gates allowing palestinians very limited access to areas west of the barrier, defined as closed military zones. twelve of the gates are opened daily for a few hours, and the others are opened only during certain agricultural seasons", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45529068633033787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.216407"} {"text": "as of the end of 2011, 60 agricultural gates allowing palestinians very limited access to areas west of the barrier, defined as closed military zones. twelve of the gates are opened daily for a few hours, and the others are opened only during certain agricultural seasons. these restrictions reflect israel \u2019 s approach over the years that freedom of movement is not a right, but a privilege that israel may grant or deny as it sees fit. the restrictions still in place in the west bank impede palestinian access to areas where israel is interested in retaining control, such as east jerusalem, the jordan valley, enclaves west of the separation barrier and settlements in the heart of hebron. these restrictions prevent palestinians from using some of the main roads and highways in the west bank \u2013 including parts of route 60 and route 443. settlers travel freely along these roads, while palestinians are shunted to longer routes using side roads. in the areas where israel still maintains restrictions on palestinian movement, the restrictions create a situation of constant uncertainty for palestinians regarding their ability to carry out everyday activities, such as going to work or school in the nearby town, marketing farm produce, obtaining medical treatment, or visiting relatives. many actions also require complex bureaucratic processes, at the end of which the civil administration often denies the request. in addition, israel continues to prevent palestinians from traveling between the west bank and the gaza strip in almost all cases, and makes it very difficult for west bank palestinians to enter israel or to travel abroad. international human rights law requires israel to respect the right of residents of the occupied territories to move about freely in the occupied territory. this right is recognized in article 13 of the universal declaration of human rights, and in article 12 of the international covenant on civil and political rights. furthermore, international humanitarian law requires israel, in its capacity as the occupier, to ensure the safety and wellbeing of the local residents, and to maintain, to the extent possible, normal living conditions. freedom of movement is also important because it is a prerequisite for the exercise of other rights, which are set forth in the international covenant on economic, social and cultural rights. among these are the right to work ( article 6 ), the right to an adequate standard of living ( article 11 ), the right to health ( article 12 ), the right to education ( article 13 ), and the right to protection of family life ( article 10 ). israel is entitled to protect itself by using various means, including restrictions on palestinian movement, when these are absolutely necessary in order to meet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48675006081349137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.217422"} {"text": "by david j. fruchtman, pe good heating, ventilating, and air - conditioning systems are important features of every modern building. when these systems are carefully integrated into the building design, occupants can enjoy a comfortable environment in aesthetically pleasing architecture. mechanical systems will impact many building elements, including the floor area and layout, ceiling design, roof design, planters, and other site features. floor area and layout most mechanical systems impact floor layouts of a building. some systems require a single large mechanical room for equipment such as air handlers. other systems require multiple closets for equipment such as water source heat pump units. yet others require air shafts to move conditioned air from floor to floor. poor placement of these spaces could adversely affect movement in the space or result in the loss of valuable lease space. wherever possible, equipment rooms should be located adjacent to elevator shafts, electrical equipment rooms, shell and core bathrooms, or other such spaces so that all utility spaces are grouped together. the equipment should be integrated into a location that will work regardless of future tenant needs. mechanical equipment may be noisy. noise and / or vibration could easily be transmitted from the mechanical equipment to adjacent occupied spaces. wherever possible, large mechanical spaces should be located across corridors or alongside storage rooms, lunch rooms, or other spaces that are not regularly occupied and are not noise sensitive. adequate ceiling space is essential for an effective hvac system. inadequate space will dictate the use of expensive rectangular sheet metal ductwork, sheet metal transitions, and offsets. these are expensive to install and sometimes cause system performance problems. round ductwork is less expensive and more efficient than sheet metal ductwork. flexible ductwork, which is frequently used these days, should only be used where there is adequate ceiling space. making a ceiling space too small will eliminate this potentially considerable cost savings. to reduce the loss of rentable floor area, mechanical equipment is often located on the roof of a building. there are many other advantages to this, including easy accessibility for equipment service and maintenance. in addition, the rooftop location is an ideal place for discharging flue gasses and cooling tower plumes. rooftop equipment located above prime top floor residential or office space must be mounted on suitable bases and spring isolated to reduce noise and vibration transmission to the building. to shield the equipment from view, suitable parapets and screens must be employed. planters and other site features some types of mechanical systems are best suited for an on - grade installation. this is common for some small buildings and single", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5006036497379458, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.220656"} {"text": "to the building. to shield the equipment from view, suitable parapets and screens must be employed. planters and other site features some types of mechanical systems are best suited for an on - grade installation. this is common for some small buildings and single - family residences. one advantage of on - grade installations is that the vibrating elements are located on grade and not in or above occupied spaces. another is that equipment is readily accessible for service and access. care must be taken, however, in placing this equipment. many jurisdictions do not allow it to encroach on the required side and rear property line setbacks. walkways and pedestrian paths must be designed to skirt around the equipment. planters and landscaping should conceal the equipment but allow for access for service and maintenance. the goal of any architect should be to create a comfortable and aesthetically pleasing building. this can be achieved by not only understanding building features but also understanding the requirements of the mechanical system and integrating the two together. david j. fruchtman ( email @ example. com ) is a licensed professional engineer in the states of california, nevada, and arizona. he is president of fruchtman and associates, a los angeles - based firm specializing in design, consulting, and forensic engineering services related to hvac, plumbing, and fire protection systems.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49147128510631766, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.221171"} {"text": "choose new test ready omni reading if your standards - based test includes a strong extended written - response and critical - thinking skills component. you ' ll also cover the basics - language arts and vocabulary practice, along with comprehension checks. review, practice, and prepare for success in just two weeks : give timed pretest to identify and address weaknesses complete six lessons, including some theme - based lessons compare timed practice ( post ) test results with pretest to show growth reading passages are of various lengths and genres. four lessons feature a single passage and two lessons feature several thematic passages. all are followed by selected - response and constructed - response questions. comprehension strategies include : finding the main idea author ' s purpose compare and contrast steps in a process, and others lessons include more extensive and demanding writing exercises than other test - prep programs. the teacher guides feature a scoring rubric and scope and sequence. use omni reading for test preparation, to diagnose strengths and weaknesses, or as a teaching tool. ca101 ( r ) e - training and professional development course : test ready series e - training test preparation course components consumable student books ( 40 pages ) six practice lessons divided into reading, comprehension, and language arts / writing performance chart practice test / \" bubble \" answer form test - taking tips teacher guides ( 24 pages ) program guidelines, time allocations, answer key, and reproducibles : optional pretest 2 scoring rubrics scope and sequence chart please note : book 1 and 2 teacher guides include direction lines necessary to administer lessons. - type : paperback ( student / stdy gde ) - category : > home schooling - isbn / upc : 9780760930700 / 0760930708 - publish date : 10 / 1 / 2005 - item no : 43245 - vendor : curriculum associates, inc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4564347792594613, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.222927"} {"text": "this page is part of a range of support being offered to schools and governing bodies in the caerphilly county borough. it covers a number of publications from local, regional and national bodies on equalities and community cohesion issues, in order to help schools in preparing and delivering equalities objectives and actions within their own school environment to improve the educational experience of children and young people, regardless of their identity, circumstances and background. all documents are publically available to share and no copyright infringement is intended. they have been brought together into one place on this website in order that our schools and governing bodies have a central resource easily available to them. the information was previously circulated on cd to all schools in the county borough. model schools strategic equality plan this document is intended to show schools and governing bodies an example of what their own policy could look like. it contains a lot of detail that school may wish to edit or add in local context and is only intended as a guide. schools may for example choose to merge and copy parts of other schemes, such as their current race or disability schemes, which this plan will replace as a comprehensive equality plan and set of objectives. model schools strategic equality plan ( pdf 75kb ) governors wales equalities fact file 03 / 11 this guide was produced jointly by governors wales and the equality and human rights commission ( wales ). schools have obligations under the equality act 2010 as employers, bodies that carry out public functions and as service providers. for foundation, voluntary aided schools, the governing body is the employer whilst in community and voluntary controlled schools, the la is the employer but the governing body is responsible for staffing matters, etc. governors wales equalities fact file ( pdf 146kb ) respect and resilience learning has the potential to be a very powerful tool in promoting integration and mutual respect. this presents invaluable opportunities for positive cohesion messages to be promoted through learning experiences across all age groups and backgrounds. the ' respect and resilience ' document was produced to provide guidance and advice to schools on how they can further develop this highly important area of policy in line with the school effectiveness framework. it is clear that schools which are community focused, and the teachers and staff who work with young people, have a crucial role to play in ensuring that they have a safe and supportive environment in which to question things, but also to understand and foster tolerance and respect for others. respect and resilience ( pdf 1. 5mb ) wlga guidance - equalities and schools this is a set of documents produced", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4983409974402963, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.225758"} {"text": "seriously? yes, and not just on a plane. jake socha, a virginia tech biologist, and his team recently completed a study that sheds some light on how some of these creatures fly. they reported their findings last week at the american physical society division of fluid dynamics meeting. socha and his colleagues used high - speed video cameras to record chrysepolea paradisi, one of five species of asian tree - dwelling snakes, as they launched off a 15m ( 49 ft ) tower! you can see the amazing footage here. this \u201c flying \u201d is an important technique for these snakes. according to live science : when these snakes leap, it ' s not to nosedive ; it ' s to glide from tree to tree, a feat they can accomplish at distances of at least 79 feet ( 24 m ). four cameras recorded the curious snakes as they glided. this allowed the scientists to create and analyze 3 - d reconstructions of the animals ' body positions during flight. the researchers found that the snakes never actually achieved a proper \u201c glide \u201d ( where the forces generated by their bodies exactly counteract gravity ). they didn ' t exactly fall straight to the ground either. instead, socha says, \u201c the snake is pushed upward \u2014 even though it is moving downward \u2014 because the upward component of the aerodynamic force is greater than the snake ' s weight. \u201c hypothetically, this means that if the snake continued on like this, it would eventually be moving upward in the air \u2014 quite an impressive feat for a snake. but our modeling suggests that the effect is only temporary, and eventually the snake hits the ground to end the glide. \u201d in other words, as buzz lightyear would say, the snakes are simply \u201c falling with style. \u201d do the curves of the snake, or body position, mid - air affect this flying - falling? the researchers intend to find out. stay tuned and look out! image : jake socha", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46418352575979205, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.227912"} {"text": "affordable higher education a college degree is practically a necessity these days, not only for the individual student, but for the economic and social health of the country. but the combination of shrinking state budgets and stagnant grant aid has led to an increased reliance on student loans to pay for college. just 12 years ago only one - third of college graduates from four year public colleges needed to borrow money to attain a college degree, and now more than two - thirds of graduates have federal student loan debt. twelve years ago, graduates who borrowed carried around $ 12, 000 of debt on average, and now they carry over $ 23, 000 on average. worse, the percentage of students with $ 25, 000 worth of private student loan debt has increased, from 5 percent in 1996 to 24 percent in 2008. relying on student loans to pay for college can have negative consequences. too much loan debt causes qualified students to opt out of college completely ; it causes current students to work too much and study less, and it causes borrowers who \u2019 ve graduated to opt out of socially valuable careers, and to delay life milestones like buying a home or getting married. students who take up private student loans to defray costs face riskier terms and conditions in repayment. a college degree must remain within reach for families of modest means, and affordable over the long term for the borrowers and parents in repayment. in response, uspirg works to increase student grant aid, make debt levels more manageable, and protect students as consumers from practices that contribute to educational debt. we need robust grant programs on a state and federal level, a simpler system of student aid that actively encourages student and parental participation, and stronger safeguards for student borrowers in repayment. also, we can lower student debt by protecting student consumers. college students pay unjustifiably high amounts for college textbooks each year. and those who rely on credit and debit cards to help offset day to day costs of education, or to access their financial aid disbursements, can get slapped with penalty fees and terms that take advantage of them. - about us - campus chapters - get involved work on important issues, learn valuable skills, get hands - on experience, and make a difference.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41085062267393546, "token_count": 453, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.233101"} {"text": "\u00a9 2005 - 2012 american society of clinical oncology ( asco ). all rights reserved worldwide. what is muir - torre syndrome? muir - torre syndrome is a form of lynch syndrome. cancer begins when normal cells begin to change and grow uncontrollably, forming a mass called a tumor. a tumor can be benign ( noncancerous ) or malignant ( cancerous, meaning it can spread to other parts of the body ). people with muir - torre syndrome have an increased risk of the types of cancer seen in lynch syndrome, including colorectal, endometrial ( uterine ), stomach, ovarian, small bowel ( intestinal ), urinary tract, and hepatobiliary ( liver or bile duct ) cancers. people with muir - torre syndrome are also at risk for developing certain skin changes in adulthood that may form in the sebaceous glands. the sebaceous glands are located just under the skin and produce an oily substance that is a part of sweat called sebum. the typical skin changes found in muir - torre syndrome are sebaceous adenomas, sebaceous epitheliomas, sebaceous carcinomas, and keratocanthomas. most of these skin conditions are associated with noncancerous lumps on the skin, some of which are liquid - containing cysts. basal cell carcinoma, a common type of skin cancer usually related to sun exposure, has also been reported in people with muir - torre syndrome. only the skin carcinomas are cancerous. muir - torre syndrome is also associated with rare cancers of the sebaceous glands. if a cancer of the sebaceous gland is diagnosed, it is recommended that the patient talk with a genetic counselor or geneticist ( a doctor with training in genetic diseases and conditions ) that is familiar with the syndrome as part of their medical care. what causes muir - torre syndrome? muir - torre syndrome is a genetic condition. this means that the cancer risk can be passed from generation to generation in a family. two genes have been linked to muir - torre syndrome, mlh1 and msh2. a mutation ( alteration ) in either of these genes gives a person an increased lifetime risk of developing the types of cancer or noncancerous skin changes listed above. mutations in the mlh1 or msh2 gene also cause lynch syndrome. it is possible that there may be other genes that play a role in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4786152469447237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.241008"} {"text": "an increased lifetime risk of developing the types of cancer or noncancerous skin changes listed above. mutations in the mlh1 or msh2 gene also cause lynch syndrome. it is possible that there may be other genes that play a role in muir - torre syndrome. research is ongoing to learn more about muir - torre syndrome. how is muir - torre syndrome inherited? normally, every cell has two copies of each gene : one inherited from the mother and one inherited from the father. muir - torre syndrome follows an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, in which a mutation needs to happen in only one copy of the gene for the person to have an increased risk of getting that disease. this means that a parent with a gene mutation may pass along a copy of their normal gene or a copy of the gene with the mutation. therefore, a child who has a parent with a mutation has a 50 % chance of inheriting that mutation. a brother, sister, or parent of a person who has a mutation also has a 50 % chance of having the same mutation. how common is muir - torre syndrome? muir - torre syndrome is considered to be rare. how is muir - torre syndrome diagnosed? muir - torre syndrome is diagnosed if a person has one or more of the skin changes and one or more of the internal cancers listed above. a person diagnosed with muir - torre syndrome can have a blood test to see if they have a mutation in the mlh1 or msh2 genes. however, not everyone with muir - torre syndrome will have a detectable mutation in one of these two genes. what are the estimated cancer risks associated with muir - torre syndrome? the cancer risks are considered to be similar to the risks of people who have lynch syndrome. general cancer risks for people with muir - torre syndrome : 11 % to 19 % 2 % to 7 % 4 % to 5 % 1 % to 4 % 1 % to 3 % cancer risks for women with muir - torre syndrome : 20 % to 60 % 9 % to 12 % what are the screening options for muir - torre syndrome? screening recommendations for muir - torre syndrome are similar to those for lynch syndrome. it is important to discuss the following screening options with your doctor, as each individual is different : general screening guidelines - colonoscopy ( the doctor inserts a long, thin, flexible tube into the anus to check for abnormalities within the colon and rectum ) every one to two years, beginning between the ages of 20 to 25 ( or five years younger than the earliest age at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4825665068470608, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.242053"} {"text": "the doctor inserts a long, thin, flexible tube into the anus to check for abnormalities within the colon and rectum ) every one to two years, beginning between the ages of 20 to 25 ( or five years younger than the earliest age at diagnosis in the family, whichever is sooner ) - periodic upper endoscopy ( a thin, lighted, flexible tube with a small video camera is inserted into your mouth and down your esophagus to look for tumors or other abnormalities ) to look for stomach or intestinal cancer may be done, especially if a family member has had one of these cancers - yearly urine cytology to screen for urinary tract cancer - dermatologic ( skin ) screening at least once a year, beginning in early adulthood ( or five to 10 years before the earliest age at which skin problems developed in the family, whichever is sooner ) screening for women, beginning between the ages of 25 to 30 - yearly pelvic examination - pap test - transvaginal ultrasound ( a test where an small ultrasound probe is inserted like a speculum for a pelvic examination in order to obtain better imaging of the uterus ) - endometrial biopsy ( a biopsy of the inner lining of the uterus done as a part of a pelvic examination ) - ca - 125 blood test ( a test to detect a protein found to be elevated in the blood of some women with ovarian cancer ) screening options may change over time as new technologies are developed and more is learned about muir - torre syndrome. it is important to talk with your doctor about appropriate screening tests. learn more about what to expect when having common tests, procedures, and scans. questions to ask the doctor if you are concerned about your risk of cancer, talk with your doctor. consider asking the following questions of your doctor : - what is my risk of developing colorectal cancer? - what is my risk of developing skin cancer? - what is my risk of other types of cancer? - what can i do to reduce my risk of cancer? - what are my options for cancer screening? if you are concerned about your family history and think your family may have muir - torre syndrome, consider asking the following questions : - does my family history increase my risk of colorectal cancer? - does my family history increase my risk of skin cancer or other skin problems? - does my family history increase my risk of other types of cancer? - should i meet with a genetic counselor? - should i consider genetic testing?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4564932041100186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.242991"} {"text": "making decisions is designed to help you identify how you make decisions, how your style of decision making can work or be improved, and how you can weigh the pros and cons of deciding about cancer treatment. after listening to this toolbox program, you will be better prepared to : - identify how you prefer to make decisions about cancer and cancer treatment - find out the benefits of getting a second opinion to help you make decisions - identify how much time you have to make a decision - weigh the pros and cons in making a decision about cancer treatment - understand that you are an individual, not a cancer statistic hear an oncology nurse talk about her observations of the decisions cancer survivors are faced with. taking the lead learn the importance of taking charge of your care and making decisions to enhance your quality of life. survivor stories : types of decision makers listen to jim talk about the beginning of his journey and learn the different types of decision makers. survivor stories : identifying your style hear what decisions jim made and learn how to determine which decision making style you prefer. survivor stories : weighing the pros and cons hear how three women dealing with the same diagnosis determine what treatment is best for them and their lifestyle. survivor stories : complementary therapy listen to bill tell how he gathered information and made an informed decision about complementary therapy. hear a recap of the key principles and resources that will help you make sound decisions regarding your care.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4832319413727218, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.244449"} {"text": "earth day 2012 : protecting the environment for future generations forty - two years ago, the late wisconsin senator gaylord nelson had a vision of a world in which the environment was paramount. his vision led to the establishment of earth day - - april 22 - - a day in which we celebrate our planet and the environment that sustains us. on earth day we recommit ourselves to protecting the air we breathe, the water we drink and the land that nurtures us. our planet has been entrusted to us for future generations, but today too many people suffer the consequences of an environment at risk. we see too many children suffering from asthma, we see too many americans sickened by environmental pollutants and too many people worried about the safety of their drinking water. we have - - and we can - - continue to make progress thanks to strong environmental laws that have helped us reduce air pollution and clean up polluted streams and rivers. the environmental protection agency estimates that the clean air act has prevented 160, 000 premature deaths and 1. 7 million asthma attacks in 2010 alone. since the passage of the clean water act in 1972, more than one billion pounds per year of toxic pollutants have been removed from our nation \u2019 s waterways. as a member of the environment and public works committee, i am committed to protecting the chesapeake bay and to reduce other environmental pollutants that threaten our health and safety. the bottom line is : i will fight any attempt to roll back environmental protection laws. i am also encouraged by the growing realization of americans that a strong environment means a stronger economy and a more secure nation. we need to create sustainable jobs and that means we need to invest in an economy that \u2019 s built on efficiency and sustainability and that will protect our water, air and land. we also must lessen our dependence on an extremely volatile, unpredictable world oil market. developing america \u2019 s abundant renewable energy resources is critical for lowering energy costs and for reducing our reliance on foreign energy supplies. clean energy jobs are a policy tri - fecta : it \u2019 s good for the economy, good for the environment and good for our national security. as we celebrate earth day, we can rise to these challenges, and live up to senator nelson \u2019 s vision for the planet earth. america has an obligation to lead the rest of the world by example, and a strong, sustainable environment is a critical goal for the entire world. we owe our future generations no less.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41563578799852136, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.249522"} {"text": "do you make it a practice to take periodic glances at the speedometer of your toyota whenever you are driving? well you should. knowing whether your vehicle is running too fast or too slow is important, that is if you don ' t want to break any law and get traffic tickets. but do you know that vehicle speed is important not only to you but also to several components of your toyota? in fact, a toyota vehicle may even be equipped with two toyota speed sensors just to measure the vehicle speed! so, how important is speed measurement that every toyota vehicle must be equipped with toyota vehicle speed sensors? well, let ' s just say that many mechanisms on your vehicle would rely on speed measurements for them to function properly. various engine components, for example, would rely on the vehicle ' s speed for their timing and coordination. speed measurement is also very important for modern toyota vehicles equipped with anti - lock brakes. there are two types of sensors that may be installed in a toyota vehicle. the first is the toyota engine speed sensor. the engine speed sensor can be found on the vehicle ' s crankshaft, made up of a toothed metal disk mounted on the crankshaft and a stationary detector that records the rate at which the disk is spinning. the engine speed sensor transmits this record to the engine management computer through electric pulses. in turn, the engine management computer would modify engine functions and initiate diagnostic routines using this data. the second type of speed sensor that may be used on toyota vehicles is the wheel speed sensor. this type of speed sensor can only be found on toyota vehicles equipped with abs brakes. the appearance and working theory of the wheel speed sensor is actually very similar to that of the engine speed sensor, except that it is located near a wheel and is used to record the rotational speed of that wheel. the toyota wheel speed sensor would transmit the data it obtains to the abs computer, which in turn would use the said data to prevent wheel lock - ups. in some vehicle models, the engine management computer would use the same data gathered by the abs computer from the wheel speed sensor, thus eliminating the need for an additional engine speed sensor.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47892925974414524, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.252849"} {"text": "how to connect tubing to an oxygen tank posted on 31st, may 2012 in hospitals, oxygen is supplied from a central oxygen supply facility via an outlet in the wall. a flow meter regulates the oxygen supply. the physician will prescribe oxygen levels to be administered to a patient. elsewhere such as at home, oxygen tanks which contain the gas in its compressed form, are deployed. here ' s how you connect the cannula or tubing to the oxygen tank : 1. the oxygen tank or cylinder will have a plastic cap or plug covering the cylinder valve. these will be of different sizes in accordance with the cylinder size. remove this cap or plug. 2. place the regulator ( which should have a flow meter attached to it ) on the valve. tighten the regulator. 3. open the cylinder valve. 5. attach humidifier to the flow meter. ensure that this is mounted in an upright position. 6. attach the cannula tube to the humidifier. 7. open the valve in the flow meter in accordance with the doctor ' s orders. when the flow meter indicates low levels of oxygen, it ' s time to replace the oxygen tank. as you can see it is not difficult to set up oxgen tank at home just that you have to pay attention to the flow meter at all times.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4176951236356783, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.254113"} {"text": "french painter, sculptor, etcher, engraver, and geometrician, born at soucy, near sens, 1500 ; died at sens before 1593, probably in 1590. cousin began his long art - life in his native town with the study of glass - painting under hympe and grassot. at the same time he was diligently applying himself to this branch of art, wherein he was to become a master, the young man became a great student of mathematics and published a successful book on the subject. he also wrote on geometry in his student days. in 1530 cousin finished the beautiful windows for the sens cathedral, the subject chosen being the \" legend of st. eutropius \". he had also painted the windows of many of the noble chateaux in and around the city. the latest date on any of his sens work, 1530, points to this as the year he went to paris, where he began work as a goldsmith ; but the amount and kind of his productions in the precious metals are alike unknown. in paris cousin continued his eminent career as a glass - painter, and his masterpiece, the windows of the sainte - chapelle in vincennes, are considered the finest examples of glass - painting in all france. he subsequently devoted himself to painting in oil, and is said to be the first frenchman to use the \" new medium \". for this and other reasons cousin has been called \" the founder of the french school \" ; but his work in oil, while graceful, refined, reserved, and even classically severe, is more that of an italian \" eclectic \" than of a \" founder of a national school \". pictures attributed to him, all of much merit, are found in several of the large european collections, but, excepting \" the last judgment \", none is known to be authentic. \" the last judgment \" is fine in composition, noble in conception. and beautiful and harmonious in colour, strongly suggesting correggio. for a long time this masterpiece, which won him the name of the \" french michelangelo \", lay neglected in the sacristy of the church of the minims, vincennes, until it was rescued by a priest and became one of the important works in the louvre. it is also celebrated for being the first french picture to be engraved. in the sixteenth century cousin ' s renown came from his historical and glass - paintings ; today he is best known as an illustrator of books. he made many fine designs for wood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4184896589570433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.259915"} {"text": "it is also celebrated for being the first french picture to be engraved. in the sixteenth century cousin ' s renown came from his historical and glass - paintings ; today he is best known as an illustrator of books. he made many fine designs for woodcuts and often executed them himself. the \" bible \", published in 1596 by le clerc, and the \" metamorphoses \" and \" epistles \" of ovid ( 1566 and 1571 respectively ) contain his most celebrated work as an illustrator. cousin etched and engraved many plates after the manner of mazzuola of parma, to whom the invention of etching has been ascribed ; but he excels all his contemporaries in facility of execution and classical breadth and simplicity of idea and feeling. his etched work approaches in excellence the oil - paintings of the great masters. cousin ' s sculptures are full of strength and dignity. the mausoleum of admiral philippe de chabot is the best piece of french sculpture of the sixteenth century ; the strikingly beautiful tomb of louis de breze ( rouen ) is another celebrated achievement. in addition to his early writings on mathematics, he published, in 1560, a learned treatise on perspective, and, in 1571, an excellent work on portrait - painting. during his life cousin successfully pursued every branch of the fine arts, and enjoyed the favour of, and worked for four kings of france : henry ii, francis ii, charles ix, and henry iii. among his paintings, in addition to the \" last judgment \", mention should be made of the miniatures in the prayer book of henry ii now in the bibliotheque nationale ; among his etchings and engravings, the \" annunciation \" and the \" conversion of st. paul \" ; among his woodcuts, the \" entree de henry ii et catherine de medicis a rouen \" ( 1551 ). more catholic encyclopedia browse encyclopedia by alphabet the catholic encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. this easy - to - search online version was originally printed in fifteen hardcopy volumes. designed to present its readers with the full body of catholic teaching, the encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. in the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43042619736713744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.261119"} {"text": "impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. in the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration. no one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the catholic church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years, decisively affecting its destinies, religious, literary, scientific, social and political, or as an existing power whose influence and activity extend to every part of the globe. in the past century the church has grown both extensively and intensively among english - speaking peoples. their living interests demand that they should have the means of informing themselves about this vast institution, which, whether they are catholics or not, affects their fortunes and their destiny. browse the catholic encyclopedia by topic copyright \u00a9 catholic encyclopedia. robert appleton company new york, ny. volume 1 : 1907 ; volume 2 : 1907 ; volume 3 : 1908 ; volume 4 : 1908 ; volume 5 : 1909 ; volume 6 : 1909 ; volume 7 : 1910 ; volume 8 : 1910 ; volume 9 : 1910 ; volume 10 : 1911 ; volume 11 : - 1911 ; volume 12 : - 1911 ; volume 13 : - 1912 ; volume 14 : 1912 ; volume 15 : 1912 catholic online catholic encyclopedia digital version compiled and copyright \u00a9 catholic online", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.484846840407157, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.261737"} {"text": "revised march 16, 2001 marginal tax rate reductions and the economy : what would be the long - term effects of the bush tax cut? by peter r. orszag ( 1 ) view pdf of this report view html of factsheet view pdf of factsheet if you cannot access the file through the link, right - click on the underlined text, click \" save link as, \" download to your directory, and open the document in adobe acrobat reader. some proponents of the proposed bush tax plan argue that it will significantly raise economic growth rates by cutting marginal tax rates. for example, a recent heritage foundation report argued, \" because of steep personal income tax rates, highly productive entrepreneurs and investors can take home only about 60 cents of every dollar they earn, not including state and local taxes or other federal taxes. this reduces the incentive to be productive. lower tax rates will reduce this ' tax wedge ' and encourage additional work, savings, investment, risk - taking, and entrepreneurship. \" ( 2 ) the logic of this argument is that reducing marginal tax rates increases the incentives to work, to take risks, and to save, all of which can expand the economy. the crucial question, however, is the size of these effects. the most recent academic evidence suggests that marginal tax rate reductions would have only modest effects on future economic activity. tax cuts, furthermore, have an important downside from an economic standpoint : they reduce national saving. dissipating the projected budget surpluses through tax cuts results in lower national saving than if the surpluses were saved ( since funds used for the tax cuts would primarily result in increased consumption, while funds used to pay down debt primarily increase savings ). the fundamental benefit of higher national saving achieved by preserving a substantial portion of the projected budget surpluses is that it will expand economic output in the future. higher national saving leads to higher investment, which means that future workers have more capital with which to work and are more productive as a result. the increased productivity generates a larger economy and higher national income. ( 3 ) in evaluating the impact of tax cuts on the economy, one must include both any potential positive effects from reducing marginal tax rates and the negative effects from reducing national saving. the overall impact of a tax cut on the economy thus is not necessarily positive. as sebastian mallaby, a member of the washington post editorial page staff and a former correspondent for the economist, recently explained in a column in the washington post : \" it ' s quite possible that this loss of savings more than out", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42294176369836745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.290562"} {"text": "not necessarily positive. as sebastian mallaby, a member of the washington post editorial page staff and a former correspondent for the economist, recently explained in a column in the washington post : \" it ' s quite possible that this loss of savings more than outweighs the modest increase in labor that you get from a tax cut, with the result that the total impact on economic output could actually be negative. \" ( 4 ) this analysis raises the possibility that president bush ' s proposed tax rate reductions may produce no significant increase in future gdp and could produce a small decline in future gdp, relative to a course of action of saving the projected surpluses. in other words, preserving the projected surpluses might be, if anything, more beneficial in terms of expanding the economy in the future than the proposed tax reduction. ( 5 ) to determine whether tax cuts would raise or lower national productive capacity, one must look at estimates of the size of these offsetting effects. the evidence on marginal tax rate reductions marginal tax rate reductions could affect a variety of activities important to the economy, including work behavior, saving and investment, and risk - taking. the available evidence, however, generally suggests that any positive effects would be quite modest. the historical evidence, for example, is not consistent with the belief that taxes have a large effect on economic growth. there is no clear link between periods of low taxes and high growth. the strongest period of growth in u. s. history was the 1960s when the top marginal rate was 70 percent or higher. more recently, as discussed below, economic growth in the 1990s was quite strong, despite the 1993 increase of the top marginal tax rate from 31 percent to 39. 6 percent. ( 6 ) more detailed economic research also finds no evidence that countries with lower tax rates or higher levels of government spending experience stronger economic growth. ( 7 ) studies examining the specific effects of marginal tax rates on work, saving, and entrepreneurship similarly tend to find modest effects : - work. a reduction in marginal tax rates may encourage work by allowing workers to retain more of the earnings from their last hour of work. but economic theory suggests that such a reduction also may discourage work, by increasing the after - tax income of workers and therefore potentially inducing them to reduce their work effort ( since they can achieve the same amount of after - tax income with less work effort ). this countervailing force may be one explanation for why studies have generally found only a quite modest effect on work from reducing marginal tax rates. numerous economic studies have found that lower tax rates do little", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.455629559794535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.291778"} {"text": "of after - tax income with less work effort ). this countervailing force may be one explanation for why studies have generally found only a quite modest effect on work from reducing marginal tax rates. numerous economic studies have found that lower tax rates do little to encourage work effort among working - aged males who already are generally working full time but do provide some additional incentives for women to enter the labor force or men to delay partial or full retirement. ( 8 ) as economists joel slemrod and jon bakija of the university of michigan have written, \" nearly all research concludes that male participation and hours worked respond hardly at all to changes in after - tax wages, and therefore to marginal tax rates. there is evidence that female labor - force participation, and male retirement decisions, are somewhat responsive, but those responses do not contribute enough to total labor supply to alter the conclusion that, overall, labor supply is not greatly affected by taxes. \" ( 9 ) - private saving. a reduction in marginal income tax rates may encourage private saving, since interest and dividend income is taxed as income. but again, economic theory raises questions about even the direction of the effect : if you save to achieve a fixed goal for retirement or education, for example, a reduction in tax rates could encourage you to save less, since the rate of return you earn would be higher and thus you could accomplish your goal with a lower saving rate. ( 10 ) the evidence generally suggests only a modest effect, if any, on private saving from reduced marginal tax rates, although a few studies have found larger effects. as economists douglas bernheim of stanford university and karl scholz of the university of wisconsin at madison write, \" although the evidence is mixed, most of the studies that have relied on macroeconomic data conclude that saving is not very responsive to the after - tax rate of return. \" ( 11 ) it is also important to remember that even if the proposed tax cut were to raise private saving modestly, it very likely would reduce overall national saving, since the increase in private saving would be smaller than the decrease in public saving. ( the increase in private saving would be smaller because a substantial share of the resources provided in a tax cut would be consumed rather than saved ; if the resources were used instead to pay down more of the debt, the amount saved would be larger. ( 12 ) ) - entrepreneurship. the theory and evidence on the impact of reducing marginal tax rates on entrepreneurship are similarly unclear. many observers note that the income tax reduces the returns to entrepreneurship. but to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4641368685797959, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.292813"} {"text": "the debt, the amount saved would be larger. ( 12 ) ) - entrepreneurship. the theory and evidence on the impact of reducing marginal tax rates on entrepreneurship are similarly unclear. many observers note that the income tax reduces the returns to entrepreneurship. but to some degree, the income tax system also shares in the risks undertaken by entrepreneurs. for example, an individual starting a new business pays lower taxes if the venture fails, partially mitigating the after - tax loss. such risk - sharing may actually encourage entrepreneurship. ( 13 ) perhaps in part because of such offsetting effects, the evidence on the relationship between the income tax and entrepreneurship is weak. as slemrod and bakija write, \" entrepreneurship is hard to measure and therefore poorly understood, so there is little evidence to contradict the claims that are made about the deleterious effects of the tax system in this area... yet there is also no hard evidence demonstrating that the potential economic benefits in this area are large. \" ( 14 ) rather than examining the effect of marginal tax rates on specific activities, such as work or entrepreneurship, some analysts have focused on the overall relationship between tax rates and income. although some earlier studies found large effects, the most recent studies find only modest effects from tax rate reductions. during his time as an academic, lawrence lindsey now president bush ' s chief economic advisor wrote that the marginal income tax rate reductions in the 1981 reagan tax cuts produced large gains in income. ( 15 ) martin feldstein, another prominent conservative economist who served as chairman of the council of economic advisers under president reagan, has similarly argued that the marginal rate reductions enacted in 1986 generated significant increases in income. ( 16 ) the fundamental point of such analyses is that the individuals whose marginal tax rates were reduced the most were the ones who subsequently experienced the most rapid growth in income, perhaps suggesting that the marginal tax rate reductions caused the rapid income growth for such individuals. if so, the logic would suggest that reducing marginal tax rates would expand the overall economy. the problem with this approach to evaluating the effects of marginal tax rate reductions is that under both the 1981 and 1986 tax legislation, marginal tax rates were reduced the most for the highest income individuals, who were experiencing rapid income growth for other reasons. as austan goolsbee, an economist at the university of chicago, recently wrote : \" if there were non - tax related trends in income inequality, however, driving up the income of the rich relative to other groups over this time period, there will be clear bias upward in the estimates \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4758196757217947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.293784"} {"text": "at the university of chicago, recently wrote : \" if there were non - tax related trends in income inequality, however, driving up the income of the rich relative to other groups over this time period, there will be clear bias upward in the estimates \" that feldstein and lindsey produced. ( 17 ) to address this potential problem, goolsbee examines a wide array of tax changes from decades other than the 1980s. he concludes that estimates from the 1980s were highly unusual : \" the lowest estimates... based on the 1980s data exceed even the highest estimates from data on any previous tax change. \" in other words, the responsiveness of incomes to marginal tax changes appeared to be much higher in the 1980s than during other periods. he adds that in almost all time periods except the 1980s, the responsiveness of incomes to marginal tax changes is \" relatively modest. \" another recent paper by economists jonathan gruber of mit and emmanuel saez of harvard explores the effects of marginal tax rate reductions using a broader array of individual - level data and more sophisticated statistical techniques than earlier papers. ( 18 ) even though gruber and saez focus only on the 1980s, they find only modest effects on \" broad income \" ( which is the closest measure in concept to gross domestic product in their paper ). marginal tax rates and economic performance during the 1990s the history of the 1990s raises further questions about the impact of marginal tax rates on the economy. in 1993, as noted above, the top marginal tax rate increased from 31 percent to 39. 6 percent. when these marginal tax rate increases were passed as part of the 1993 budget agreement, many prominent conservatives predicted an economic disaster would result. for example, then - senator william roth stated that the marginal tax increase would \" flatten the economy. \" ( 19 ) then - representative newt gingrich stated that the \" tax increase will kill jobs and lead to a recession, and the recession will force people off of work and onto unemployment and actually increase the deficit. \" ( 20 ) professor martin feldstein of harvard university wrote of the \" harmful effects of higher marginal tax rates on the economy \" and warned that many higher earners \" are asking themselves whether life wouldn ' t be better if they worked a little less and enjoyed a bit more leisure. \" ( 21 ) history has betrayed these predictions, raising questions about the significance of marginal tax rates on economic performance. instead of a recession, the economy experienced its longest economic expansion in history during the 1990s. real gdp grew by an average of 4 percent per year from 1993", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4687839533073342, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.294801"} {"text": "history has betrayed these predictions, raising questions about the significance of marginal tax rates on economic performance. instead of a recession, the economy experienced its longest economic expansion in history during the 1990s. real gdp grew by an average of 4 percent per year from 1993 through 2000, almost 50 percent faster than the average from 1973 to 1993. since 1995, productivity growth has averaged 3 percent per year, roughly double its average of 1. 4 percent per year between 1973 and 1993. unemployment and poverty rates have declined substantially. furthermore, under the logic of the studies that examined the impact of marginal tax rates during the 1980s, the increase in marginal tax rates during the 1990s should have discouraged work among top earners and therefore caused incomes at the very top of the income distribution to grow less rapidly than incomes for workers lower in the income distribution. ( 22 ) but after - tax income gains were significantly larger in the 1990s among the top five percent of tax filers the only group affected by the increase in marginal tax rates in the early 1990s than among the rest of the population. ( 23 ) as the congressional budget office recently noted, \" the income of households facing the higher rates [ from the 1990 and 1993 increases ] rose much more rapidly over the decade than did overall income. \" ( 24 ) in particular, from 1989 to 1998, the average after - tax income of the top one percent of tax filers rose by a robust 40 percent, increasing by $ 171, 000 per taxpayer over this period, after adjustment for inflation. ( 25 ) for those between the 95th and 99th percentiles of the income spectrum ( that is, those in the top five percent except for the top one percent ), after - tax income climbed a healthy 18 percent. as one moves further down the income spectrum, the average after - tax income gain continues to diminish. the bottom 90 percent of tax filers experienced a relatively modest after - tax income gain of five percent over this nine - year period. to be sure, other forces ( such as technological changes ) may have caused the pre - tax income of high earners to grow more rapidly than lower earners, which could then produce the differences in after - tax income growth. that fact, however, highlights the fundamental flaw in the studies that focus solely on the 1980s. to be sure, some may argue that economic growth would have been even more rapid, and income gains among top earners even more dramatic, were it not for the 1993 marginal tax rate increases. but the evidence in support of such a proposition is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4454668114837164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.296827"} {"text": ". to be sure, some may argue that economic growth would have been even more rapid, and income gains among top earners even more dramatic, were it not for the 1993 marginal tax rate increases. but the evidence in support of such a proposition is weak, and on its face it seems implausible. the upshot is that the experience of the 1990s, which is not reflected in most of the studies mentioned above, provides yet another reason to remain skeptical that marginal tax rates have dramatic effects on the economy. estimating the impact on the economy of the bush marginal tax rate reduction the bush tax plan would reduce the average statutory marginal tax rate ( that is, the average tax rate applying to the last dollar earned in the economy ) by roughly three percentage points relative to the current distribution of tax rates. estimating the impact on the economy of this reduction in marginal tax rates is subject to substantial uncertainty. nonetheless, one reasonable approach applies the results from the gruber and saez study mentioned above. the gruber - saez study is perhaps the most comprehensive and rigorous recent study available. as explained in the appendix, the results from this study are likely biased toward finding large effects on gdp. the analysis in the appendix, based on this study, suggests that a reduction in marginal rates such as president bush has proposed would raise gdp in the long run by slightly less than 0. 4 percentage points. other changes in the bush tax plan would have only minimal effects on gdp in the future, perhaps amounting to about 0. 1 percentage points. the bush tax plan also would reduce national saving relative to the congressional budget office baseline, under which all the surpluses are assumed to be saved. as explained in the appendix, the reduction in national saving caused by the tax cut could reduce gdp in 2012 by between 0. 6 and 0. 9 percentage points. the table below presents the net effect of the bush tax cut on the economy, relative to the baseline assumption of saving the surpluses. as the table shows, the overall effect is likely to be a small reduction in gdp in 2012, because the benefits of the marginal tax rate changes are too small to offset the costs of the fall in national saving. it is worth emphasizing that these estimates are highly uncertain. nonetheless, they raise serious questions about whether a tax cut should be expected to produce a large gain to the economy in the long run. they also suggest that at the margin, scaling back the tax cut and undertaking more national saving would likely be beneficial from the perspective of raising future gdp. percentage point effect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4407713627920903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.298277"} {"text": "cut should be expected to produce a large gain to the economy in the long run. they also suggest that at the margin, scaling back the tax cut and undertaking more national saving would likely be beneficial from the perspective of raising future gdp. percentage point effect on gdp in 2012 positive effect from tax reductions + 0. 4 to + 0. 5 percent minus : negative effect from reduced national saving - 0. 6 to - 0. 9 percent overall effect - 0. 1 to - 0. 5 percent the most recent academic evidence suggests only modest economic gains should be expected from reducing marginal tax rates. indeed, the gains from reduced marginal tax rates are likely to be so modest that future output may well be higher if the funds devoted to president bush ' s proposed tax cut were saved rather than being spent on the tax cut. the results similarly suggest that providing a tax cut but scaling back its size and saving the funds instead may well raise future output more than a larger tax cut would. the promise of substantial long - term economic gains if the tax cut is enacted is likely to prove illusory and should not be used as a basis for granting the proposal a stamp of approval. the bush tax plan would reduce the average statutory marginal tax rate by roughly three percentage points relative to the current distribution of tax rates. ( 26 ) the reason that the bush tax cut reduces marginal tax rates, on average, by only three percentage points despite larger changes for some taxpayers is that at least 30 percent of total income is earned by taxpayers in the 15 percent marginal tax bracket who would face no reduction in marginal tax rates under the bush plan ( in other words, their income is above the threshold for the proposed 10 percent bracket but below the threshold for the 28 percent bracket, and their last dollar earned would therefore continue to be taxed at a 15 percent marginal rate ). ( 27 ) estimating the impact of this reduction in marginal tax rates is subject to substantial uncertainty. nonetheless, one reasonable approach applies the results from the gruber and saez paper. since the gruber - saez study provides more comprehensive analysis than earlier studies, its estimates appear to provide the best available basis for estimating the impact on future gdp of the bush marginal tax rate reductions. despite being the most recent, rigorous study available, the gruber - saez study may well overstate the impact of the bush tax rate reductions on future gdp for three reasons. first, the gruber - saez study examines only the 1980s, a period during which the responses to changes in tax rates appear atypically", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47377795995494487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.299677"} {"text": "( 34 ) the aggregate effect from the second earner deduction is still likely to be quite modest, however. according to data from the institute on taxation and economic policy tax model, married couples represent less than half of all taxpayers and married couples with incomes below $ 614, 000 account for slightly more than half of total income. the effect on the average marginal tax rate is thus muted, especially since the marginal tax reduction applies only to the secondary earner and not the primary earner. furthermore, for some married couples ( those in which the secondary earner earns more than $ 30, 000 ), the second earner deduction will reduce average tax rates, but not marginal tax rates. for these couples, the second earner deduction would provide incentives for less work, rather than more work, since the couple could keep after - tax income constant even while working somewhat less. ( 35 ) one rough estimate of the potential aggregate effect of the second earner deduction, which is again likely to exaggerate the increase in gdp for the reasons discussed in the footnote, suggests that it could raise gdp in 2012 by perhaps 0. 05 to 0. 1 percentage points. ( 36 ) some proponents of the tax cut argue that eliminating the estate tax would significantly affect the economy. both the theory and the evidence in favor of this proposition are weak, however. ( 37 ) a 1998 treasury department paper noted that there was no empirical evidence concerning the effects of the estate tax on work effort and savings among those who leave estates, and that the estate tax may well encourage work among the heirs of estates : large inheritances, for example, appear to accelerate retirement among the recipients. ( 38 ) the rest of president bush ' s proposed tax package the components that do not reduce statutory marginal income tax rates thus seems unlikely to have a significant effect on future gdp. to be conservative, we allow the other components of the tax package to raise future gdp by 0. 05 to 0. 15 percentage points ( most of which would likely come from the second earner deduction ). this suggests the total tax package, with a cost of between $ 2 trillion and $ 2. 5 trillion when the cost of added interest payments on the debt and the cost of addressing the alternative minimum tax are taken into account, ( 39 ) would raise future gdp by perhaps 0. 4 percent to 0. 5 percent. ( it is worth emphasizing that these estimates are, if anything, an overestimate, for the reasons described above. ) the cbo baseline projections", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4688160028976425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.301611"} {"text": ", ( 39 ) would raise future gdp by perhaps 0. 4 percent to 0. 5 percent. ( it is worth emphasizing that these estimates are, if anything, an overestimate, for the reasons described above. ) the cbo baseline projections for future gdp, however, assume that the entire budget surplus will be saved. relative to that baseline, the tax cut will reduce national saving, which will reduce future gdp. the overall effect of the tax cut on the economy therefore depends on the interaction of these two effects : the modest positive effect from reducing marginal tax rates, plus the negative effect from reducing saving ( relative to the cbo baseline ). another recent center paper examines the impact on future gdp of actions that dissipate the projected budget surpluses. ( 40 ) the methodology is described in detail in an appendix to that paper. using the same methodology, the impact of dissipating $ 2 trillion to $ 2. 5 trillion of the projected surpluses can be estimated. assuming that private saving offsets 25 percent of the $ 2 trillion to $ 2. 5 trillion reduction in public saving ( in other words, private saving rises by 25 percent of the reduction in public saving ), the tax cut would reduce the nation ' s capital stock at the end of 2011, relative to the baseline, by between $ 1. 5 trillion and $ 1. 9 trillion. ( 41 ) to translate the reduction in the capital stock into a reduction in gdp, we assume a marginal product of capital of between 7 and 8. 5 percent, which means that an increase in the nation ' s capital stock of $ 100 is assumed to raise gdp by between $ 7 and $ 8. 50. ( a recent paper by martin feldstein and andrew samwick assumes a marginal product of capital of 8. 5 percent, but that estimate may be too high. ( 42 ) in this context, an overestimate of the marginal product of capital would overstate the negative impact of the tax cut. we therefore also adopt a somewhat lower estimate than the one adopted by feldstein and samwick, as assurance that we are not biasing the results against the tax cut. ) the reduction in national saving associated with the tax cut thus reduces gdp in 2012 by $ 100 billion to $ 160 billion, or by roughly 0. 6 to 0. 9 percentage points. the table above presents the net effects of these changes. the estimates suggest a small reduction in gdp, of perhaps 0. 1 to 0. 5 percentage points, in 2012 from the proposed bush", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47149785002874445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.302590"} {"text": "by roughly 0. 6 to 0. 9 percentage points. the table above presents the net effects of these changes. the estimates suggest a small reduction in gdp, of perhaps 0. 1 to 0. 5 percentage points, in 2012 from the proposed bush tax cut ( relative to the cbo baseline ). 1. peter r. orszag is president of sebago associates, inc., an economics consulting firm. he has previously served as special assistant to the president for economic policy, senior economist on the president ' s council of economic advisers, and a member of the economics faculty at the university of california at berkeley. in august 2001, he will join the brookings institution as a senior fellow in economic studies. 2. daniel mitchell, \" reducing tax rates across the board : a cornerstone of pro - growth tax relief, \" heritage foundation report no. 711, january 16, 2001. 3. higher national saving today increases future output if the increase in national saving is absorbed either through higher domestic investment or through future receipts from abroad ( which would occur if the increase in national saving is absorbed through higher net lending to foreigners ). 4. sebastian mallaby, \" goodbye to reagonomics, \" washington post, february 19, 2001, page a33. 5. this analysis focuses only on the expected effects on output in the future. it does not undertake a full social cost - benefit analysis of the proposed tax reductions. 6. the increase in the marginal tax rate was actually larger than this increase in statutory income tax rates, since the 1993 budget deal also applied the medicare payroll tax rate to an unlimited amount of earnings. before 1993, the medicare payroll tax ( 2. 9 percent of earnings ) applied only up to a given level of earnings. 7. see, for example, joel slemrod, \" what do cross - country studies teach about government involvement, prosperity, and economic growth? \" brookings papers on economic activity ( no. 2, 1995 ), pages 373 - 431. 8. the evidence is surveyed in jerry hausman, \" taxes and labor supply, \" handbook of public economics : volume i, 1985. 9. joel slemrod and jon bakija, taxing ourselves : a citizen ' s guide to the great debate over tax reform ( mit press : cambridge, 1996 ), page 106. 10. see discussion in leonard burman, the labyrinth of capital gains tax policy : a guide for the perplexed ( brookings institution press : washington, 1999 ), page 56", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44783627624335615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.303577"} {"text": "reform ( mit press : cambridge, 1996 ), page 106. 10. see discussion in leonard burman, the labyrinth of capital gains tax policy : a guide for the perplexed ( brookings institution press : washington, 1999 ), page 56. 11. b. douglas bernheim and john karl scholz, \" saving, taxes and, \" in joseph cordes, robert ebel, and jane gravelle, eds., the encyclopedia of taxation and tax policy ( urban institute press : washington, 1999 ), page 326. 12. it is also worth noting that a reduction in marginal tax rates reduces the incentive to save within a tax - preferred account. 13. see discussion in joseph stiglitz, economics of the public sector ( w. w. norton and company : new york, 1988 ), pages 553 - 555. the limited deductibility of losses, combined with a progressive income tax system, attenuates the risk - sharing provided by the tax system. stiglitz notes that the overall effect of the tax system on risk - taking is therefore unclear. 14. joel slemrod and jon bakija, taxing ourselves : a citizen ' s guide to the great debate over tax reform, op. cit., page 117. one recent paper does find a significant relationship between marginal tax rates and entrepreneurship. see robert carroll, douglas holtz - eakin, mark rider, and harvey s. rosen, \" entrepreneurs, income taxes, and investment, \" in joel slemrod, ed., does atlas shrug? the economic consequences of taxing the rich ( harvard university press : cambridge, 2000 ). 15. lawrence lindsey, \" individual taxpayer response to tax cuts : 1982 - 1984, with implications for the revenue maximizing tax rate, \" journal of public economics, 33 : 173 - 206. 16. martin feldstein, \" the effect of marginal tax rates on taxable income : a panel study of the 1986 tax reform act, \" journal of political economy, 103 : 551 - 72. 17. austan goolsbee, \" evidence on the high - income laffer curve from six decades of tax reform, \" brookings panel on economic activity, september 1999, page 9. 18. jonathan gruber and emmanuel saez, \" the elasticity of taxable income : evidence and implications, \" nber working paper 7512, january 2000. 19. congressional record, august 6, 1993. 20. atlanta journal - constitution, august 6, 1993. 21", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48005069170386117, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.304533"} {"text": "saez, \" the elasticity of taxable income : evidence and implications, \" nber working paper 7512, january 2000. 19. congressional record, august 6, 1993. 20. atlanta journal - constitution, august 6, 1993. 21. martin feldstein and kathleen feldstein, \" how the rich will botch clinton ' s plan, \" los angeles times, march 21, 1993. 22. an early study by martin feldstein and daniel feenberg suggested that high - income taxpayers reacted to the 1993 marginal tax increases by reducing their work effort and their taxable incomes. in particular, feldstein and feenberg claimed that the reported taxable incomes of very high - income taxpayers fell by 8 percent in 1993. but they failed to take into account the shifting of some income from 1993 into 1992 by high earners who anticipated the tax increase after the 1992 election. correcting for this income shifting significantly affects the results. see martin feldstein and daniel feenberg, \" the effect of increased tax rates on taxable income and economic efficiency : a preliminary analysis of the 1993 tax rate increases, \" in james poterba, ed., tax policy and the economy ( mit press : cambridge, 1996 ). see also the discussion in joel slemrod and jon bakija, taxing ourselves : a citizen ' s guide to the great debate over tax reform, op. cit., pages 127 - 128. 23. isaac shapiro, \" the latest irs data on after - tax income trends, \" center on budget and policy priorities, february 26, 2001. 24. congressional budget office, \" budget options, \" february 2001, page 376. 25. some of this increase was due to capital gains, and capital gains tax rates were reduced during the 1990s. even excluding capital gains, however, the differential in income growth rates between top earners and lower earners during the 1990s was dramatic. ( it should be noted that the recent surge in capital gains income began well before capital gains tax rates were reduced in 1997. as cbo noted in its recent report on the budget and the economy, \" between 1994 and 1998, realizations of capital gains nearly tripled, with most of that increase occurring before the cut in tax rates for them in 1997. \" ) 26. this figure weights each individual ' s marginal tax rate by his or her income. it is derived from \" individual income tax rates and shares, 1997, \" statistics of income, spring 2000, table 1. it assumes that taxpayers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44521294157963476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.305491"} {"text": ". \" ) 26. this figure weights each individual ' s marginal tax rate by his or her income. it is derived from \" individual income tax rates and shares, 1997, \" statistics of income, spring 2000, table 1. it assumes that taxpayers in the 15, 28, and 31 percent marginal income tax brackets face a 15. 3 percent marginal payroll tax rate, and that taxpayers in the 36 and 39. 6 percent marginal income tax brackets face a 2. 9 percent marginal payroll tax rate. it excludes the relatively small effect of the phase - out of itemized deductions ( which applies to married taxpayers with adjusted gross income of more than $ 128, 950 in 2000 ) and of personal exemptions ( which applies to married taxpayers with adjusted gross income of more than $ 193, 400 in 2000 ). this figure assumes that 25 percent of the income currently taxed at a 15 percent marginal income tax rate would instead be taxed at the 10 percent rate proposed as part of the bush plan. this assumption is likely an overestimate, so that the overall marginal tax rate would not fall as much as assumed in this analysis ( and therefore gdp would not rise as much ). 27. note that the three percentage point reduction is predicated on the 1997 distribution of taxpayers. over time, income growth in excess of inflation tends to push taxpayers into higher marginal tax brackets. the reduction produced by the bush tax cut may therefore be somewhat higher under the distribution of taxpayers in 2011. 28. see, for example, the discussion in roger gordon and joel slemrod, \" are ' real ' responses to taxes simply income shifting between corporate and personal tax bases? \" in joel slemrod, ed., does atlas shrug? the economic consequences of taxing the rich ( harvard university press : cambridge, 2000 ). 29. the gruber - saez paper suggests an elasticity of broad income with respect to the net tax factor of 0. 12. that is, gruber and saez suggest that broad income would rise by 0. 12 percent for every one percent reduction in the net tax factor ( which is defined as one minus the tax rate ). the weighted - average marginal tax rate, including payroll taxes, is currently 38 percent ; it would decline to 35 percent under the bush plan. the 0. 6 percent figure is therefore computed as 0. 12 * ( ln ( 1 -. 35 ) - ln ( 1 -. 38 ) ) = 0. 006. note that gruber and saez also find that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47286628599949765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.307702"} {"text": ". the 0. 6 percent figure is therefore computed as 0. 12 * ( ln ( 1 -. 35 ) - ln ( 1 -. 38 ) ) = 0. 006. note that gruber and saez also find that the elasticity is higher for higher - income taxpayers and lower for lower - income taxpayers. applying their income - specific elasticities ( see table 8 of their paper ) to each class of income produces a similar overall result. 30. in 1998, the gruber - saez definition of \" broad income \" would have amounted to slightly more than $ 5. 4 trillion. gdp was $ 8. 66 trillion. broad income thus was 63 percent of gdp. 31. gruber and saez emphasize that their estimate is highly uncertain, and that the \" true \" effect could be zero : their estimate is not statistically significantly different from zero. the estimates here therefore are also uncertain and are effectively not statistically significantly different from zero. 32. a recent paper by eric engen and jonathan skinner suggests the effects of marginal tax rate reductions may be larger than this estimate, albeit still relatively modest. see eric engen and jonathan skinner, \" taxation and economic growth, \" national tax journal, december 1996. their estimates, however, are based on international comparisons and on combining a variety of microeconomic studies. under either of these approaches, the negative effects of reduced national saving may also be larger than estimated below. it is not clear whether the overall effect of reduced marginal tax rates and reduced national saving would be any different under the engen and skinner approach. similarly, some estimates of the effects of tax reductions use dynamic or \" endogenous growth \" models. in such models, both tax reductions and reduced saving would typically generate larger effects than shown here, but it is unclear whether the net effect of a tax reduction and reduced saving would be significantly different. 33. the deduction reduces taxable income by only 10 percent of the second earner ' s income ( up to a maximum income of $ 30, 000, thereby providing a maximum deduction of $ 3, 000 ). for a family in the 15 percent marginal bracket ( most of whom will have one spouse earning less than $ 30, 000 ), the second earner deduction reduces the marginal tax rate for the secondary earner by 1. 5 percentage points. it does not reduce the marginal tax rate for the primary earner. 34. see, for example, nada eissa, \" taxation and labor supply of married women : the tax", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5213835623453397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.309045"} {"text": "rate for the secondary earner by 1. 5 percentage points. it does not reduce the marginal tax rate for the primary earner. 34. see, for example, nada eissa, \" taxation and labor supply of married women : the tax reform act of 1986 as a natural experiment, \" nber working paper 5023, february 1995. eissa finds that labor force participation rates among high - income married women are particularly responsive to marginal tax rates. 35. similarly, for many couples, the proposed increase in the child credit will reduce average tax rates but not marginal rates and therefore could reduce work incentives. the change in the phase - out range of the child credit will reduce marginal tax rates for some families and raise them for others. the net effect from the child credit changes is, if anything, likely to be a reduction in labor supply. 36. eissa finds that the elasticity of labor supply with respect to the after - tax wage rate is between 0. 6 and 1. 0 for very high - income women. if we assume an elasticity of 0. 7 for the entire population of married women ( which is likely to be too high and therefore to exaggerate the effect of the tax reduction ) and also assume that the secondary earner deduction reduces the marginal tax rate for second earners by two percentage points on average and that secondary earners earn an average of $ 30, 000 in nominal dollars in 2012 ( which also may be too high and therefore may overstate the effect on gdp ), the implied increase in gdp in 2012 is roughly $ 20 billion, or 0. 1 percentage points of projected gdp. the assumed elasticity of 0. 7 may be much too high for the married female population as a whole, however. with an elasticity of 0. 35 rather than 0. 7, the predicted increase in gdp is 0. 05 percentage points. 37. see william gale and maria perozek, \" do estate taxes reduce saving, \" forthcoming in william gale, james hines, and joel slemrod, eds., rethinking estate and gift taxation ( brookings institution press : washington, 2001 ). 38. david joulfaian, \" the federal estate and gift tax : description, profile of taxpayers, and economic consequences, \" department of the treasury, ota paper 80, december 1998. 39. for a discussion of the overall cost of the bush tax cut, see robert greenstein, \" cost of the bush tax cut rises, \" center on budget and policy priorities,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43337195206470286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.309994"} {"text": "department of the treasury, ota paper 80, december 1998. 39. for a discussion of the overall cost of the bush tax cut, see robert greenstein, \" cost of the bush tax cut rises, \" center on budget and policy priorities, revised february 13, 2001, and richard kogan and robert greenstein, \" new joint tax committee estimates raise cost of bush tax plan : cost now well over $ 2 trillion, \" center on budget and policy priorities, march 2, 2001. 40. peter orszag, \" the peril of zero debt and the long - term budgetary outlook : some questions regarding chairman greenspan ' s recent testimony, \" center on budget and policy priorities, february 22, 2001. 41. the council of economic advisers ( cea ), in february 1994, argued that the private saving offset would be zero. see council of economic advisers, economic report of the president 1994 ( government printing office ), page 83. the cbo, however, argues that between 20 and 50 percent of increased federal saving is offset by reduced private saving. see cbo, \" description of economic models, \" november 1998. the 25 percent figure reflects a combination of the cea and cbo views. 42. see martin feldstein and andrew samwick, \" allocating payroll tax revenue to personal retirement accounts, \" tax notes, june 19, 2000, p. 1645. we also assume that cbo ' s projected 3. 1 percent real growth rate for 2010 and 2011 continues into 2012. note that it is technically more accurate to examine gross national product, rather than gross domestic product, since some of the differentials in capital are likely to manifest themselves in the stock of net foreign investment rather than the stock of domestic capital. under the assumption that the return on foreign capital is equal to the return on domestic capital, however, this caveat is merely semantic : the benefit to future workers is unaffected.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.454833419003559, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.310935"} {"text": "- the magazine what can be said about a glaze? plenty! we have all been in the position of trying to describe our favorite glaze to another potter or to ourselves. if the actual glaze is not present, the verbal account can leave a lot to the imagination, which can produce an inaccurate image. the glaze description language is an agreed - upon meaning to the many characteristics found in glazes. it uses several key words and phrases to define a glaze. the idea, as with all languages, is that everyone understands what is meant by the standardized terms that classify a glaze. the glaze description language allows the listener or reader to formulate an accurate mental image of how the fired glaze looks and functions. one area of potential error occurs when writing or describing glazes. many potters still refer to a glaze formula by its popular name. for example, we have all called glazes randy \u2019 s red or bob \u2019 s blue. while there is a certain personal and informal quality in referring to glazes in such a manner, it can lead to numerous inaccuracies in exchanging or understanding glaze formulas. just referring to a glaze by its common name does not tell us enough about its characteristics, such as color, texture or light transmission. as an added potential for error, the actual glaze formula for randy \u2019 s red could have changed many times since randy developed the glaze. identifying glazes only by their names is an inaccurate attempt to transfer information and can indicate a potter \u2019 s lack of knowledge about glaze formulas. even potters who know better are still drawn into the easy habit of referring to a glaze only by its name. however, there is another method that can transfer information with greater accuracy. once the vocabulary is known, it makes the task of explaining how a glaze looks much easier, faster and more accurate. we ' re not talking about deciphering sanskrit or egyptian hieroglyphics ; just a few simple categories can add to the enjoyment of making and describing ceramic glazes. keep in mind there are no set rules about the number of terms to use in describing a glaze. however, it is critical that any terms used have some universal understanding among potters. in addition, too many descriptive terms can be overly cumbersome to use in actual practice. many potters choose only those descriptions that accurately focus on their particular glaze. listed are several characteristics that will define a glaze in specific terms. firing temperature :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5783857280768561, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.319788"} {"text": ", too many descriptive terms can be overly cumbersome to use in actual practice. many potters choose only those descriptions that accurately focus on their particular glaze. listed are several characteristics that will define a glaze in specific terms. firing temperature : c / 06, c / 6, c / 9 the firing temperature or pyrometric cone rating is critical in the description of any glaze. the three most common temperature ranges used today in ceramics are c / 06 ( 1830\u00b0f ), c / 6 ( 2232\u00b0f ) and c / 9 ( 2336\u00b0f ). most clay body and glaze formulas have been developed around these temperature ranges. published glaze and clay body formulas also fall within these widely used pyrometer cone and temperatures. preparation : frit or raw oxides frits are manufactured from specific raw oxides, which are calcined or fired in a molten mass, cooled and then ground into a fine powder. frits are frequently used in low -, medium - and some high - temperature glazes, acting as a major flux or glass former. a raw glaze is composed of non - fritted ceramic materials such as feldspars, clays, dolomite, whiting, zinc, talc, magnesium carbonate, and other naturally occurring raw materials. composition : lead, alkaline and alkaline earth the composition of any glaze can determine its surface texture, light transmission, viscosity when molten, and color development when used with stains or metallic coloring oxides. the major ( but not only ) ingredients in glazes fall within three broad categories : lead - based glazes containing lead ; alkaline - based glazes containing feldspars and / or frits ; and alkaline earth - based glazes containing calcium, magnesium, barium, strontium and beryllium. texture : gloss, satin matt, dry matt the fired glaze can develop gloss, satin matt or a dry surface texture. a gloss surface is shiny and smooth to the touch. a satin matt surface is similar to a satin ribbon, with a semi - smooth surface texture, while a dry matt glaze can have a gritty surface. the surface texture of the glaze is not to be confused with its light transmission qualities. light transmission : transparent, semi - opaque, opaque the ability of light to penetrate the glaze layer determines whether the glaze is transparent, semi - opaque or opaque. color : green,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49814169732935637, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.320782"} {"text": "##laze is not to be confused with its light transmission qualities. light transmission : transparent, semi - opaque, opaque the ability of light to penetrate the glaze layer determines whether the glaze is transparent, semi - opaque or opaque. color : green, yellow, red, blue, etc. glazes can be formulated in any color using stains or metallic coloring oxides. color is often one of the major defining characteristics in describing any glaze. special effects : wood, soda, salt, raku, luster glazes can be developed for wood, soda, salt, luster, raku or any number of applications or firing techniques. application : sprayed, dipped, brushed a glaze can be sprayed, dipped or brushed on the ware. the application method can also play a part in the total fired glaze effect. atmosphere : oxidation, neutral, reduction a glaze can be fired in an oxidation atmosphere ( more air than fuel present in combustion ), a neutral atmosphere ( equal amounts of air and fuel ), or a reduction atmosphere ( more fuel than air present in combustion ). the kiln atmosphere can alter any of the above glaze characteristics depending on the particular glaze formula and kiln firing cycle. glaze hardness : soft, hard while not typically a glaze characteristic that is noted, some fired glazes can be described as either hard or soft in their resistance to abrasion or solubility. while it is not necessary ( or, in many instances, required ) to use every glaze description characteristic, an example would be : i am currently firing a c / 9, fritted, alkaline, gloss, transparent, blue, soda - fired, sprayed glaze in a reduction atmosphere, and it has a hard - fired surface. more frequently, a description of this same glaze would be stated as : i am currently firing c / 9 / reduction, gloss, transparent blue, soda - fired glaze. standardization in describing glazes leads to accuracy in talking and writing about glazes, all of which can create a greater understanding of ceramic materials. disseminating accurate glaze information to other potters will also prevent many glaze defects that are caused by the misidentification of glaze characteristics.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5418566986889087, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.321619"} {"text": "creating a better future on the world day to combat desertification, media around the world wrote about the importance of restoring lands and soils. meanwhile delegates met at the rio + 20 global summit on sustainable development during a high level meeting on securing healthy soils and stopping land degradation. here are a few news highlights : live coverage of \u2018 desertification day \u2019 ( 17 june, rtcc ) the # riopavilion is hosting desertification day \u2013 focused on sustainable land management, degradation and real debate on what can be done to prevent thousands of hectares of the earth \u2019 s surface from becoming unusable 1200 while delegates in riocentro arrive bleary eyed after last night \u2019 s talks \u2026 the athlete \u2019 s park across the road is buzzing. this is home to un agencies, international stands, company exhibits and the best coffee in rio \u2013 at the italy pavilion \u2013 a construction from hemp, cardboard and bamboo. 1230 key points from this morning \u2019 s session at the rio pavilion \u2026 - desertification is still seen as a domestic issue. situation now critical. need a global appreciation of danger - 1. 6 billion extra people on planet since first rio summit in 1992 ; food provision is becoming critical - @ unccd boss luc gnacadja calls for strong text on land management at otherwise we face conflict + famine - unff \u2019 s jan mcalpine : soil is the blood in our planet \u2019 s veins. it \u2019 s time we treated it with the respect it deserves - benin \u2019 s minister for environment tells us they need more investment and funding in africa to develop sustainable land strategies read the full daily report just planting trees won \u2019 t stop march of deserts ( 16 june, pacific standard, judith schwartz ) while deserts expand and shrink naturally over geologic time periods, the desertification of today is not \u201c natural. \u201d it \u2019 s driven by human action, such as over - cultivation, deforestation, and poor livestock management. today 1. 5 billion people depend for their food and livelihoods on land that is losing its capacity to sustain vegetation. it \u2019 s been estimated that half of today \u2019 s armed conflicts can be partly attributed to environmental strains associated with dryland degradation. a number of scholars cite desertification as a key factor in the fall of some civilizations : think carthage, mesopotamia, ancient greece and rome. to combat the advance of deserts, most governments and ngos say planting trees is the best way to halt encroaching sands. two field scientists are addressing the problem from very different directions, allan savory and chris rei", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41577594625205433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.326945"} {"text": "ancient greece and rome. to combat the advance of deserts, most governments and ngos say planting trees is the best way to halt encroaching sands. two field scientists are addressing the problem from very different directions, allan savory and chris reij, agree that while trees are part of the answer, but their work eschews planting them. \u201c planting trees cannot reverse desertification in most places because the desertifying land generally has too low a rainfall for full soil cover from tree leaf fall litter, \u201d savory says, \u201c and exposed soil leads to less effective rainfall. \u201d his solution relies not on trees, but on animals. reij admires the work of yacouba sawadogo of burkina faso, featured in the film \u201c the man who stopped the desert. \u201d \u201c yacouba had a lot of land that was degraded. nothing was growing, \u201d reij recounts. \u201c he took a traditional technique, digging basins, or zai pits. he made the pits deeper, to collect more rainwater, and added manure, to nourish plants, and used these to grow crops and trees. he started a 15 - hectare forest this way. \u201d these trees, he notes, weren \u2019 t intentionally planted : \u201c we \u2019 re talking about protecting and managing trees that grow spontaneously on farmers \u2019 fields. a lot of tree planting has not been very successful. the survival rate of trees planted in drylands is only about 20 percent. yet it \u2019 s continued year after year despite not such a good track record. \u201d read the full article 12 - year - old dubai girl wins in un competition ( 18 june, janice ponce de leon, gulfnews ) a 12 - year - old girl from dubai was awarded as one of the four global winners of the united nations convention to combat desertification ( unccd ) in celebration of the world day to combat desertification on sunday. speaking to gulf news from brazil, basu said : \u201c receiving a united nations award is very very special. i think it is very important for children to be responsible for the future and we cannot let someone else take care of it on our behalf. through my essays, i wish to shock people out of their complacency and take action. \u201d basu, the youngest among the 700 delegates from 112 countries who attended the youth blast, the rio + 20 conference for youth, said that the youth group in the conference is \u201c very concerned by the fact that they are not a part of the decision - making process. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.391607478226909, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.327964"} {"text": "among the 700 delegates from 112 countries who attended the youth blast, the rio + 20 conference for youth, said that the youth group in the conference is \u201c very concerned by the fact that they are not a part of the decision - making process. \u201d read the full article \u2018 desertification is nearly as critical as climate change \u2019 ( 18 june, kpm basheer, the hindu ) interview with dr. mansour n ' diaye, chef de cabinet of the united nations convention to combat desertification secretariat what will be the role of the upcoming rio + 20 conference in the fight against desertification? the rio + 20 role will be very crucial as world leaders can take a bold decision of setting a sustainable development goal for \u201c zero net land degradation. \u201d we are pushing for an agreement on zero net land degradation by 2030. setting up of an intergovernmental panel on land and soil will be very helpful in speeding up efforts to check desertification. desertification is nearly as critical as climate change and international initiative on climate change and biodiversity loss should have linkages and synergies with steps against desertification. unfortunately, people are not as aware of the impact of desertification as they are of climate change. the rio + 20 meeting can bring in desertification on the sustainable development agenda. it can also agree to give more legal teeth to the unccd. steps to check desertification and rehabilitating degraded lands are expensive and time - consuming. how can poor countries rise to the challenge? of course, the battle against desertification calls for long - term commitment and investment. there is no alternative. regional, sub - regional and country - level plans are necessary for africa and asia to reclaim deserts and restore them to fertile farmlands. developing countries need to integrate their poverty eradication programmes with strategies to fight desertification. they could also earmark a certain share of their annual budgets for the efforts. the soil and land preservation efforts should be prioritised and mainstreamed. the funds for climate change mitigation and adaptation could be dovetailed to the anti - desertification programme. in africa, several countries have come together to form a 12, 000 sq. km \u201c great green wall \u201d extending from senegal to djibouti with the participation of local communities. people ' s participation is crucial in reclaiming lands. china ' s \u201c great green wall \u201d project is on a massive scale and is now starting to show results. read the full article add a comment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4433242813851173, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.330257"} {"text": "the international energy agency predicts renewables will become the world \u2019 s second - largest source of power generation by 2015 and close in on coal as the primary source by 2035. but according to the 2012 edition of its flagship publication, the world energy outlook, the agency warns this rapid increase is critically dependent on continued subsidies. it says in 2011, these subsidies ( including for biofuels ) amounted to $ 88 billion, but over the period to 2035 need to amount to $ 4. 8 trillion ; over half of this has already been committed to existing projects or is needed to meet 2020 targets. ambitions for nuclear have been scaled back as countries have reviewed policies following the accident at fukushima daiichi, but capacity is still projected to rise, led by china, korea, india and russia. the report, which was launched in london today, also warns the race is on to improve energy efficiency if the world is to limit global warming to 2\u00b0c. fatih birol, iea chief economist and the weo \u2019 s lead author, said : \u201c our analysis shows that in the absence of a concerted policy push, two - thirds of the economically viable potential to improve energy efficiency will remain unrealised through to 2035. \u201c action to improve energy efficiency could delay the complete \u2018 lock - in \u2019 of the allowable emissions of carbon dioxide under a 2oc trajectory \u2013 which is currently set to happen in 2017 \u2013 until 2022, buying time to secure a much - needed global climate agreement. \u201c it would also bring substantial energy security and economic benefits, including cutting fuel bills by 20 % on average. \u201d referring to iea \u2019 s statement that two - thirds of proven fossil fuel reserve cannot be used if the world is to limit global warming to 2\u00b0c, wwf - uk said that is was \u201c crazy \u201d that governments were still backing fossil fuels over renewables. the group said that the uk energy bill needed to mark a decisive away from fossil fuels towards renewable sources of energy. keith allott, head of climate change at wwf - uk, commented : \u201c the iea have delivered yet another sober assessment of our failure to put the world \u2019 s energy systems onto a sustainable path. many governments and businesses are clearly in denial over the threat posed by climate change and need to accept that we have to start leaving fossil fuels in the ground rather than dashing to develop new reserves. it \u2019 s simply crazy to think otherwise. \u201d \u201c given the massive potential highlighted by the iea for energy efficiency, it \u2019 s astou", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4755707147730896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.336041"} {"text": "accept that we have to start leaving fossil fuels in the ground rather than dashing to develop new reserves. it \u2019 s simply crazy to think otherwise. \u201d \u201c given the massive potential highlighted by the iea for energy efficiency, it \u2019 s astounding that ways of promoting it haven \u2019 t been included in the draft uk energy bill. energy efficiency could cut people \u2019 s bills in the uk by \u00a310 billion a year \u2013 we must make sure we benefit from this. \u201d wwf \u2019 s global director of energy policy, dr stephan singer, also backed the call by the iea to cut fossil fuel subsidies and redirect the cash into clean renewables and energy conservation. he said : \u201c it is almost the final nail in the coffin of the global fossil fuel industry \u2019 s credibility to see the iea very prominently highlighting the fact that about two thirds of the presently available fossil fuel reserves have to stay underground if the world is serious about staying below 2 degree global warming. \u201c this science - based but blunt assessment should be heard clearly by all countries. this is not only about stopping all new large fossil fuel developments such as in the arctic ; this is about surrendering existing assets as well, and it is the price to pay to avoid global climate disaster. \u201d today ' s iea report also shows how the global energy map is changing in dramatic fashion and these switches will recast expectations about the role of different countries, regions and fuels in the global energy system over the coming decades. \u201c north america is at the forefront of a sweeping transformation in oil and gas production that will affect all regions of the world, yet the potential also exists for a similarly transformative shift in global energy efficiency, \u201d said iea executive director maria van der hoeven. \u201c this year \u2019 s world energy outlook shows that by 2035, we can achieve energy savings equivalent to nearly a fifth of global demand in 2010. in other words, energy efficiency is just as important as unconstrained energy supply, and increased action on efficiency can serve as a unifying energy policy that brings multiple benefits. \u201d the weo finds that the extraordinary growth in oil and natural gas output in the united states will mean a sea - change in global energy flows. in the new policies scenario, the weo \u2019 s central scenario, the united states becomes a net exporter of natural gas by 2020 and is almost self - sufficient in energy, in net terms, by 2035. north america emerges as a net oil exporter, accelerating the switch in direction of international oil trade,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4874763830750774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.336981"} {"text": "the united states becomes a net exporter of natural gas by 2020 and is almost self - sufficient in energy, in net terms, by 2035. north america emerges as a net oil exporter, accelerating the switch in direction of international oil trade, with almost 90 % of middle eastern oil exports being drawn to asia by 2035. links between regional gas markets will strengthen as liquefied natural gas trade becomes more flexible and contract terms evolve. while regional dynamics change, global energy demand will push ever higher, growing by more than one - third to 2035. china, india and the middle east account for 60 % of the growth ; demand barely rises in the oecd, but there is a pronounced shift towards gas and renewables. fossil fuels will remain dominant in the global energy mix, supported by subsidies that, in 2011, jumped by almost 30 % to $ 523 billion, due mainly to increases in the middle east and north africa. global oil demand grows by 7 mb / d to 2020 and exceeds 99 mb / d in 2035, by which time oil prices reach $ 125 / barrel in real terms ( over $ 215 / barrel in nominal terms ). a surge in unconventional and deepwater oil boosts non - opec supply over the current decade, but the world relies increasingly on opec after 2020. iraq accounts for 45 % of the growth in global oil production to 2035 and becomes the second - largest global oil exporter, overtaking russia. while the regional picture for natural gas varies, the global outlook over the coming decades looks to be bright, as demand increases by 50 % to 5 trillion cubic metres in 2035. nearly half of the increase in production to 2035 is from unconventional gas, with most of this coming from the united states, australia and china. whether demand for coal carries on rising strongly or changes course radically will depend on the strength of policy decisions around lower - emissions energy sources and changes in the price of coal relative to natural gas. in the new policies scenario, global coal demand increases by 21 % and is heavily focused in china and india. water is essential to the production of energy, and the energy sector already accounts for 15 % of the world \u2019 s total water use. its needs are set to grow, making water an increasingly important criterion for assessing the viability of energy projects. in some regions, water constraints are already affecting the reliability of existing operations and they will introduce additional costs. expanding power generation and biofuels output underpin an 85 % increase in the amount consumed ( the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4941521567454267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.338078"} {"text": "radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy before surgery in treating patients with stage ii or stage iii rectal cancer rationale : radiation therapy uses high - energy x - rays to kill tumor cells. drugs used in chemotherapy, such as fluorouracil and leucovorin, work in different ways to stop the growth of tumor cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. giving radiation therapy and chemotherapy before surgery may make the tumor smaller and reduce the amount of normal tissue that needs to be removed. giving chemotherapy after surgery may kill any tumor cells that remain after surgery. it is not yet known whether radiation therapy is more effective with or without chemotherapy when given before surgery for rectal cancer. purpose : this randomized phase iii trial is studying radiation therapy given together with fluorouracil and leucovorin to see how well they work compared to giving radiation therapy alone before surgery in treating patients with stage ii or stage iii rectal cancer. drug : leucovorin calcium procedure : adjuvant therapy procedure : conventional surgery procedure : neoadjuvant therapy radiation : radiation therapy | study design : | | allocation : randomized primary purpose : treatment | official title : | | preoperative radiotherapy with or without concurrent chemotherapy ( 5 - fluorouracil and leucovorin ) in t3 - 4 rectal cancers - randomized trial | - compare the recurrence - free and overall survival of patients with resectable stage ii or iii adenocarcinoma of the rectum treated with neoadjuvant radiotherapy with or without concurrent chemotherapy comprising fluorouracil and leucovorin calcium followed by surgery and adjuvant fluorouracil and leucovorin calcium. outline : this is a randomized, controlled, multicenter study. patients are stratified according to participating center, gender, location of the tumor relative to the anal margin ( 0 - 5 cm vs > 5 cm ), and tumor stage ( t3 vs t4 ). patients are randomized to 1 of 2 treatment arms. neoadjuvant therapy : patients are randomized to 1 of 2 neoadjuvant therapy arms. - arm i : patients receive leucovorin calcium iv and fluorouracil iv over 15 minutes on days 1 - 5. treatment repeats every 28 days for 2 courses in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. patients also undergo concurrent radiotherapy 5 days a week for 5 weeks. - arm ii : patients undergo radiotherapy as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43073478381690855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.340964"} {"text": "to read part one of this three - part series, click here. there are three related categories in the chemical - free construct for eliminating chemical residual : - transitional chemical - free technologies - enabled chemical - free technologies - fully toxic - free, chemical - free technologies. in the end, after the specific cleaning activity, all achieve a common result in that there is no harmful chemical residual in the air or on any surface. what follows is a discussion of the enabled chemical - free technologies. while no means complete, the following technologies should be explored in the quest to adopt a least harmful cleaning model. it is so common that it can be found in toothpaste, for example. titanium dioxide also acts as a powerful photocatalyst, a substance that creates a reaction when it is exposed to light. what is important about this characteristic is that the photocatalyzing abilities of titanium dioxide have been shown to break down a wide variety of organic compounds. this process occurs naturally once applied ; thus, no labor is involved. a surface covered with titanium dioxide will actually clean itself when exposed to ultraviolet light ( uv ) either from an artificial source or sunlight. it is effective on building exteriors, indoor and outdoor glass and many touch point surfaces. it is even showing up as a self - cleaning coating in restrooms, which could revolutionize our process of caring for such areas with reduced budgets. closely aligned to titanium dioxide, photocatalysts are additives that allow surfaces to keep themselves clean by decomposing organic material. uv light decomposes many organic materials in a slow, natural process that is visible in the way a dashboard of a vehicle fades and gets brittle over time. photocatalysts speed up this process and, like other types of catalysts, stimulate a chemical transformation without being consumed or worn out by the reaction. perhaps more importantly, they reduce air pollution by scouring nitrous oxide from the air. photocatalysts also have exciting potential for decorative concreting, but they are still seen as being in the technology - transfer phase of moving from laboratory to commercial reality. antimicrobial products are unique in their ability to create a long - lasting antimicrobial barrier on surfaces that is effective against a wide range of contaminants. some water - based coating products are enhanced by this technology because it inhibits microbial growth. this is achieved by creating an antimicrobial force field on hard surfaces and textiles. the cell wall of a microbe is about as thin as a soap bubble ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5364934032493225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.344478"} {"text": "based coating products are enhanced by this technology because it inhibits microbial growth. this is achieved by creating an antimicrobial force field on hard surfaces and textiles. the cell wall of a microbe is about as thin as a soap bubble ; so, this technology works to tear apart the thin cell wall of microbes like bacteria, mold, fungi and algae. a countertop product called silestone has bacteriostatic protection built into the actual material, meaning that it will inhibit or prevent the growth of bacteria and mold on the surface. while silestone will not prevent food illnesses from improper handling, such as contamination with feces or uncooked meats, it will help to make the countertop areas easier to clean and maintain. nsf international and other organizations have noted the benefits of this antibacterial surface. a diamond pad cleaning system is an effective way to mechanically treat and maintain floors without strong stripping solutions, safety risks or intensive labor. this cleaning system consists of floor pads impregnated with microscopic diamonds that clean and polish a floor mechanically instead of using traditional chemicals. diamond - impregnated pads can be used on most common floor surfaces like terrazzo, ceramic tile, linoleum, vinyl / plastic, natural stone and concrete. diamond pad technology transforms dull, worn floors into clean, glossy and brightly polished floors with no potentially harmful chemistry. check back next month when we will explore the fully toxic - free, chemical - free technologies.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.513351752096007, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.345053"} {"text": "on sunday, the world bank released a study \u2013 turn down the heat : why a 4\u2070c warmer world must be avoided \u2013 that says the world is on a path to increase the average global temperature by 4\u2070c by end of the century \u2013 that is double what scientists say is safe in order to avoid the most catastrophic climate - related events. \u201c the world is barreling down a path to heat up by 4 degrees at the end of the century if the global community fails to act on climate change, triggering a cascade of cataclysmic changes that include extreme heat - waves, declining global food stocks and a sea - level rise affecting hundreds of millions of people, \u201d the world bank described in a press released on sunday. \u201c a 4 degree warmer world can, and must be, avoided \u2013 we need to hold warming below 2 degrees, \u201d world bank group president jim yong kim stated in a press release. \u201c lack of action on climate change threatens to make the world our children inherit a completely different world than we are living in today. climate change is one of the single biggest challenges facing development, and we need to assume the moral responsibility to take action on behalf of future generations, especially the poorest. \u201d sea - level rise is among the many consequences described in the report. according to the study \u2019 s climate projections,. 5 meter to 1 meter sea - level rise is likely by 2100, with higher levels in specific regions. present - day sea - level dynamic topography could put developing countries in the indian subcontinent and southeast and east asia at most risk, areas that already experience above - average sea level rise. while there is no definitive link \u201c between present - day dynamic topography and the future sea - level rise under climate warming, \u201d those regions are experiencing greater coastal and urban migrations, which could make them more vulnerable to future sea - level rise. \u201c highly vulnerable cities are to be found in mozambique, madagascar, mexico, venezuela, india, bangladesh, indonesia, the philippines, and vietnam, \u201d the study found. in addition to sea - level rise, the report found that water scarcity will grow much worse in a 4\u2070c warmer world. \u201c in a world rapidly warming toward 4\u00b0c, the most adverse impacts on water availability are likely to occur in association with growing water demand as the world population increases, \u201d according to the study. \u201c some estimates indicate that a 4\u00b0c warming would significantly exacerbate existing water scarcity in many regions, particularly northern and eastern africa, the middle east,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44946908879380265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.349584"} {"text": "with growing water demand as the world population increases, \u201d according to the study. \u201c some estimates indicate that a 4\u00b0c warming would significantly exacerbate existing water scarcity in many regions, particularly northern and eastern africa, the middle east, and south asia, while additional countries in africa would be newly confronted with water scarcity on a national scale due to population growth. \u201d the bottom line, according to the report, a 4\u2070c warmer world must be avoided at all costs. \u201c a 4\u00b0c world is likely to be one in which communities, cities and countries would experience severe disruptions, damage, and dislocation, with many of these risks spread unequally. it is likely that the poor will suffer most and the global community could become more fractured, and unequal than today. \u201d for security planners, the consequences are also likely to include increased uncertainty about future climate projections that make it more difficult to plan and equip accordingly. \u201c [ a ] 4\u00b0c world is so different from the current one that it comes with high uncertainty and new risks that threaten our ability to anticipate and plan for future adaptation needs, \u201d world bank group president kim acknowledged in the foreword of the report. photo : courtesy of the world bank group.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46346686667713966, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.350086"} {"text": "( cnn ) - - space, it has been said, is big. really big. but big enough for two companies that want to mine near - earth asteroids? a venture announced tuesday in california hopes so. deep space industries says it wants to start sending miniature scout probes, dubbed \" fireflies, \" on one - way missions to near - earth asteroids as soon as 2015. larger probes, \" dragonflies, \" that will bring back 50 - to 100 - pound samples from prospective targets could be on their way by 2016, company ceo david gump told reporters. the goal is to extract metals, water and compounds that can be used to make spacecraft fuel from the chunks of rock that float within about 50 million kilometers ( 31 million miles ) of earth. gump said the ability to produce fuel in space would be a boon for nasa, as the u. s. space agency shifts its focus toward exploring deeper into the solar system. as much as 90 % of the weight of a prospective months - long mars mission could be fuel - - and it costs between $ 5, 000 and $ 10, 000 per pound to put anything into space. \" if nasa can launch just the hardware and tank up in orbit, where the fuel is cheap, that means we could get to the red planet a lot sooner than we currently expect, \" gump said. that could also allow commercial satellite companies to extend the life of hardware that ' s now written off when fuel for maneuvering thrusters runs out. \" if you give it one more month of active work in orbit, it ' s worth about $ 5 ( million ) to $ 8 million to the owner of that satellite, \" gump said. tuesday ' s announcement comes nine months after the unveiling of a similar project by planetary resources, a company led by space tourism pioneers eric anderson and peter diamandis. that group, backed by investors such as filmmaker james cameron and google executives larry page and eric schmidt, says it hopes to get its first unmanned probes into space by the end of 2013. since the retirement of its space shuttles, nasa has hired out supply missions to the international space station to the private rocket company spacex. it completed the first commercial flight in october and is vying for a contract for manned flights into orbit alongside boeing and sierra nevada. deep space industries said it can build its first class of probes largely with off - the - shelf parts and book them on other launch vehicles, such as the french - built ariane rockets or the falcon booster", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39114151521774976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.354202"} {"text": "into orbit alongside boeing and sierra nevada. deep space industries said it can build its first class of probes largely with off - the - shelf parts and book them on other launch vehicles, such as the french - built ariane rockets or the falcon boosters developed by spacex. executives said tuesday they ' re also developing a foundry designed to produce metal parts from nickel, an element abundant in asteroids, and operate in space, and a class of \" harvestor \" craft to extract valuable material from the asteroids. but john mankins, the company ' s chief technology officer, said its plans are based on existing technology, not \" magic. \" \" you don ' t see any space elevators. you don ' t see antigravity. you don ' t see warp drive, \" said mankins, a former nasa scientist. \" there is really nothing the business plan deep space industries is using that cannot be done with the technological research that has already been accomplished in laboratories across the planet. \" nasa landed a probe on the 20 - mile - long asteroid 433 eros in 2000, while japan ' s space agency not only landed its hayabusa spacecraft on the roughly 1, 700 - foot asteroid itokawa in 2007 but also returned it to earth with small samples in 2010. andrew cheng, project scientist for the eros probe near - shoemaker, said the big question facing commercial space ventures remains what it will cost to get their equipment off earth. \" the physics are feasible. the economics is a different story, \" said cheng, who now leads space research at the applied physics laboratory at johns hopkins university. he said he ' s hopeful that ventures such as deep space industries can succeed as more companies venture into space, however. \" if someone identifies a way to do something out there that makes a lot of money, and there ' s a lot of traffic and a bigger market, then the cost will come down, \" he said. \" it ' s a bit of a chicken and egg problem. \" space is a new legal frontier as well. the 1967 outer space treaty provides for \" free access to all areas of celestial bodies \" by any nation, but isn ' t clear about commercial rights, said henry hertzfeld, who researches space policy at george washington university. until that ' s cleared up, that adds risk to any business venture, he said. cheap access to space has been \" the sort - of holy grail \" for decades, \" and we ' re not much closer to that than we were 50 years ago, \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4539311818945765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.355162"} {"text": "myths and facts a note on terminology the term \" deaf \" ( with an uppercase \" d \" ) is used here to emphasize a cultural affiliation : deaf people in the united states and canada who use american sign language as their everyday means of communication, who identify as culturally - deaf, and who consider themselves members of the deaf community. ( members of deaf communities in other countries use their own native sign languages, but for the sake of simplicity, only asl is mentioned here. ) many, although not all, have attended schools for the deaf ; a number have also attended the \" big three \" : ntid at rit, gallaudet, and csun. we use the broad, inclusive term \" deaf \" ( lowercase \" d \" ) to refer to any person who is medically / audiologically deaf, irrespective of communication mode, cultural affiliation, or identity. we also use the term \" hearing \" ( uppercase \" h \" ) to emphasize the cultural aspect of the hearing community. we are using the pronouns \" we \" and \" us \" to refer to the msm productions, ltd. / deaf. com staff and, in a broader sense, members of the deaf communitywhich includes asl - deaf people and hearing people who share our concerns and support and encourage our work. the deaf community is an intermodal alliancethat is, it includes deaf, hard - of - hearing, and hearing people. this is the community we serve. click on any question to read the answer. what is your opinion of cochlear implants? many doctors are calling it a \" revolutionary technology \" that is transforming what had been an isolated group of people, namely the deaf. how do you see the development in implants? those who are in favor of cochlear implants say that implants can make deaf children and adults hear. but deaf advocates say that even with an implant, a deaf person is still deaf. what does that mean? what is your opinion of cochlear implants? many doctors are calling it a \" revolutionary technology \" that is transforming what had been an isolated group of people, namely the deaf. how do you see the development in implants? many of us are extremely skeptical about the claims weve been reading in the media and cochlear - implant ( ci ) promotional literature. we sometimes suspect that the media plays up the advantages of the ci while dismissing the disadvantages. we have no quarrel with deaf teenagers or adults who choose", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5234757053079204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.400092"} {"text": "weve been reading in the media and cochlear - implant ( ci ) promotional literature. we sometimes suspect that the media plays up the advantages of the ci while dismissing the disadvantages. we have no quarrel with deaf teenagers or adults who choose to receive implants. we have profound reservations about the current trend of implanting deaf infants and children. do you feel that the mass media has given the ci controversy fair and balanced coverage? or has it been biased? if so, how? one thing that disturbs us when reading media coverage of cis the staggering quantity of ignorance displayed by some of those who are reporting and commenting on it. even in prestigious newspapers and periodicals, weve found a lot of slanted language utilized by journalists that reveals prejudice : e. g., describing the ci as \" a cure for deafness \" and the sensory experience of the unimplanted child as \" a world of total silence. \" in 1997, a leader of the national association of the deaf patiently endured a two - hour interview for a tv - news special on cis, giving articulate responses to each question as she was videotaped. she was asked boorishly ignorant questions like \" how can you deny hope to deaf children? \" the program, as broadcast, allotted her perhaps 30 seconds of commentary. what she had to say ended up mainly on the cutting - room floor. weve been contacted by a few reporters and asked some good, tough questions. by \" tough, \" we mean that theyre not the sort of questions that lend themselves to quick answers. they cant be answered breezily in the space of a sound bite. reams of paper have been chewed up and tankloads of ink spilled on this topic alreadyand weve scarcely begun. we appreciated the reporters approach, and their open - mindedness, their willingness to ask us how we felt about this issue. however, in most cases, the responses we gave these reporters werent published. in the case of people weekly, an editor ( not the reporter who contacted us ) made the decision to publish a quote from a deaf celebrity instead of anything from us. the deaf life staff didnt qualify as celebrities. no quotes from us were used in the usa today writeup as it was published. thats how the media business goes : you give them lots of detailed responses, but youre lucky if you get a couple of sentences in the published or broadcast version. we wouldnt go so far as to say that the ci lobby controls the media. (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4796456409026772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.401371"} {"text": "how the media business goes : you give them lots of detailed responses, but youre lucky if you get a couple of sentences in the published or broadcast version. we wouldnt go so far as to say that the ci lobby controls the media. ( we sometimes suspect that they do because they have money to burn. the deaf community doesnt. ) but doctors, ci surgeons, clinicians, audiologists, and other members of the medical lobby command a lot of respect in our culture just because theyre members of the medical profession. the public listens to them. they have high visibility. they have prestige. when you have quickie news coverage of this issue, you often see the doctor making some typically authoritative comment like \" we get much better results with implants when the children are young. the earlier its done, the better the outcome. \" cut to a member of the grassroots - deaf community ( usually one without medical credentials ) making a comment like \" we deaf people are not broken, and we dont want to be fixed. \" which one has more media visibility? the media loves parents of kids with implants. they certainly get a sizable chunk of the spotlight. its hard to resist the sight of cute little kids, especially those whose parents insist that theyve given them cis because they love them and want the best for them. and then the videocams focus on little kimmy or jimmy learning to talk : \" mama! dada! \" the public just eats it up. and where are the signing - deaf children of signing parents? theyre not in the spotlight. another thing : in articles about newly - implanted deaf children, you always read what the adults ( the doctors, audiologists, and parents ) have to say about the childs progress, but you rarely read what the deaf child says, how she feels, what she thinks. the adults are making the decisions, articulating their reasons, justifying their actionsand the deaf child remains silent, inarticulate. but when deaf adults ( and the vast majority are deaf children of hearing parents ) speak out against the ci, they are portrayed as dangerous enemies of progress, as extremists, fanatics, and militants. their concerns are frequently downplayed or dismissed. an anti - implant protest rally in canada ( 1995 ) made it into chuck shepards \" news of the weird, \" but not the front pages. can you give me an example of media bias? theres an article by arthur allen posted on the salon. com site", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46525553133699316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.402301"} {"text": "protest rally in canada ( 1995 ) made it into chuck shepards \" news of the weird, \" but not the front pages. can you give me an example of media bias? theres an article by arthur allen posted on the salon. com site in spring 2000, titled \" sound and fury \" and subtitled \" thousands of deaf kids can hear, and speak, thanks to a stunningly effective ear implant. so why is the deaf community in an uproar? \" to quote one of the statements : \" many leaders of the national association of the deaf have gotten implants, and the group is redrafting a position paper to make it more friendly to cochlear implants. \" we were aware that nad was redrafting its old ci position paper, but who were these nad leaders who had received implants? nancy j. bloch, nad executive director, told us, \" i dont know where arthur [ allen ] got the many leaders and more friendly to cochlear implants part, so cannot comment on this. i can tell you that the nad cochlear implant committee is in the process of developing a new position statement for consideration by and approval of the nad board of directors. it is expected that the new position document will be less adversarial than the original, take into consideration the rights of parents to make balanced and informed choices on behalf of their children, and the need for emphasis on visual language development, among other things. \" its safe to say that no nad leaders have received implants. and \" stunningly effective? \" really? what is the impact on deaf culture of the growing number of people who are using these devices? it has created an uproar in the deaf community, to be sure, and a lot of bitter feelings. there has been some public outcry. a number of implanted kids have entered the schools for the deaf. how well has it been working out for them? are they making good progress? deaf children have been known to haze implanted kids mercilessly. parents of implanted kids have been publicly confronted and excoriated by deaf people. there has been name - calling, shouting, and a lot of online flaming. the ci has ideologically split the deaf community, and has shaken up families. this was evidenced in the aronson documentary sound and fury. the artinian family, which has deaf and hearing siblings exposed to deaf culture, and deaf children born to the deaf and hearing siblings, was painfully divided on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4784849598950419, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.403184"} {"text": "and has shaken up families. this was evidenced in the aronson documentary sound and fury. the artinian family, which has deaf and hearing siblings exposed to deaf culture, and deaf children born to the deaf and hearing siblings, was painfully divided on the issue. do deaf people feel insulted by the fact that so many hearing parents are willing to risk putting their children through surgery in order to eliminate deafness? insulted, perhaps, but perhaps a more accurate response is \" disturbed. \" were gravely concerned about the effect that the implants will have on these childrens educational careers, their social lives, their communicative skills, their emotional health, their futures, and their overall well - being. we feel that theres some degree of deception going on, that the parents are not getting the full story before making the commitment. deaf people, quite understandably, feel threatened by the implant in a way that they dont feel threatened by other technological advances such as hearing aids, signaling devices, and the internet. hearing aids, let it be remembered, are completely removable. an implant is a permanent installation. the new implants are used with babies, and the community \" feels that theyre being robbed of their most precious resourcedeaf children. \" ( were paraphrasing a statement we recently read. ) the implant takes away more than it gives. deaf people in this country have been fighting to gain equal respect as citizens, and to have their language, asl, recognized and respected, and to give deaf children a wider choice of options than the traditional pure - oral regimen imposed by virtually all schools for the deaf and deaf - ed programsand just as soon as we get asl out of the closet, get some recognition and respect for it in the academic community and general society, along comes the implant and a new boom in the most rigorous kind of oral / aural approach. some of us dont see this as technological progress, but the worst sort of backlash. its not progress as much as a new twist on retrogression. what bothers you most about implants? we are gravely concerned about implants becoming a \" trend. \" remember when tonsillectomies were the medical trend? if your child got sick and had inflamed tonsils, s / he was trundled off to the hospital for a tonsillectomy. finally, when medical researchers realized that tonsils might play a hitherto unrecognized role in keeping the immune system healthy, and parents realized that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48124619687597575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.404079"} {"text": "s / he was trundled off to the hospital for a tonsillectomy. finally, when medical researchers realized that tonsils might play a hitherto unrecognized role in keeping the immune system healthy, and parents realized that tonsils were better off left alone, the trend died out. one mother of two grown deaf children has compared cochlear implants to silicone breast implants, which the fda assured us were quite safe, and were part of a cosmetic trenduntil word got out that there were might be some very bad consequences. some of us see implants as the latest medical fad for \" curing \" deafness. there is already a backlash of youthful implantees who are, for various reasons, unhappy with their implants and have stopped using them. a few have even had them surgically removed. its too soon to see whether they represent the vanguard of a growing faction of dissidents or a disgruntled minority. what are some of your concerns about children with cis? we are concerned about the well - being of deaf children, and their families, too. were worried about the grueling oral - aural rehabilitation they typically have to undergo, the way that clinicians and doctors frequently tell the parents not to use any signing whatsoever with their children, the banishment of sign language and deaf mentors from their lives, and the possible negative effects of the mainstreaming that will be the norm for a majority of these kids. were worried that at least some of them will be left without any effective language. their parents wont learn to sign, they wont get any real exposure to it in public schools, and theyll be deprived of this tremendous source of enrichment. the implant industry has a ready sucker market in parents of newly - diagnosed deaf babies. theyre in a state of shock. they may be grieving. they desperately want their children to be \" normal, \" to participate fully and to enjoy all the advantages of life in the \" real \" world. choose a world of sound, the propaganda urges them, if you really care about them. and they feature stock photographs of attractive, happy children ( undoubtedly portrayed by hearing models ) in their ads. who could resist such a come - on? theres a growing trend to send newborns straight to the implant clinic after the hearing - screening tests confirm that theyre deaf. we imagine that some parents are persuaded ( or pressured ) to make this decision quickly, \" for the good of the child. \" they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47897372552286327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.405036"} {"text": "growing trend to send newborns straight to the implant clinic after the hearing - screening tests confirm that theyre deaf. we imagine that some parents are persuaded ( or pressured ) to make this decision quickly, \" for the good of the child. \" they wont have to worry about learning to sign or choosing a school for the deaf. wham! the kids \" fixed. \" were worried about the way the cochlear - implant corporations have been promoting implants as a providing a magic key to a deaf childs success in the mainstream, and the misleading advertising surrounding the promotional campaigns, which are, naturally, aimed at the parentsparents who are coping with the shock and grief of their childrens deafness and who desperately want their deaf kids to be \" normal. \" these campaigns use highly selective data to present an incomplete, even deceptive, picture to parents. they tout the \" higher quality of life \" supposedly enjoyed by young implantees, as compared with unimplanted deaf children. the implant industry, as far as we can tell, has no real interest in the total well - being of these children, nor their struggles in the mainstream, nor their futures. they just want to market their product globally. they want their profit margin. on what basis do you say that they have no real interest in the well - being of deaf children? theyve admitted as such themselves. in a washington post article, a top executive of the leading ci corporation said that his company wasnt \" in business to serve the deaf culture \" ( i. e., deaf people ), but to serve hearing parents. no ci surgeons or representatives from the implant industry have, to our knowledge, ever bothered to visit schools for the deaf or mainstream programs to see just how well the consumers of their prostheses are doing in their everyday lives. the implant industry has never sponsored any deaf culture or asl - affirmative events. they do send representatives to deaf expos to staff information booths, disseminating free ci promotional materials. but we never read about grants to schools for the deaf or any community initiative that isnt strictly self - serving. what else bothers you? were worried about the way implants are marketed to parents of newly - diagnosed deaf babies. now, ostensibly, statewide screening programs are supposed to present the options to parents in a fair, unbiased way. but if the cochlear corporation has a better, more aggressive marketing campaign than, say, the national association of the deaf, are they scoring", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47819558959025565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.406161"} {"text": "statewide screening programs are supposed to present the options to parents in a fair, unbiased way. but if the cochlear corporation has a better, more aggressive marketing campaign than, say, the national association of the deaf, are they scoring more hits with the parents? question : do parents of deaf babies really understand the options before they commit to an implant? question : are implants really a more cost - effective measure in the long run than a sign - based education at a school for the deaf? question : do parents whose children get implants have higher expectations for them than parents who dont? question : what long - term effects do the implants have on a deaf child, socially and academically? were concerned about the way the popular media ( womens magazines, for example ) carry glowing, simplistic stories about the \" miracle \" of the implant ( \" the gift of sound! \" ), without discussing the children whose experience with implants has been less than \" miraculous. \" when they tout a certain child making exemplary progress with the implants, are they including full details of the childs communication capabilities before he got the implant? in some cases, they omit this data. some of this success is undoubtedly due to active parental involvement. if deaf kids are from achievement - oriented families that place a lot of importance on reading and writing, they automatically have an advantage over those who dont. a good measure of a childs success in school can be attributed to the early acquisition of literacygetting exposure and plenty of extracurricular practice in reading and writing. we would like to know what effect implants have on these vital skills. many of us in the deaf community are likewise concerned about these things. the high cost of the implant, the fact that there is still no reliable way of predicting how much the implant will benefit a child or what its long - term effect on her life may be, the attitude of some doctors and implant - clinic staffers who prohibit any use of signing in the rehabilitative regimen, parents who refuse to allow their child to get any exposure to asl, the additional burden being placed on deaf children who are forcibly mainstreamedall of these things concern us. and, yes, we have been speaking out about it, but since we lack the political clout of the ci lobby, our response has been scattershot. there is no single unified anti - childhood - implant organization. doesnt the ci cure deafness? doesnt it make a deaf person hear?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4916730181381766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.407264"} {"text": "but since we lack the political clout of the ci lobby, our response has been scattershot. there is no single unified anti - childhood - implant organization. doesnt the ci cure deafness? doesnt it make a deaf person hear? doesnt it enhance the quality of life for deaf children? we are concerned about the way the implant is being promoted as a \" cure for deafness. \" calling the implant a \" cure \" is a fallacy. the implant does not cure deafness. from what we understand ( and we have discussed this at length with people who have chosen implants for themselves ), it is plain wrong to describe an implant as a \" miracle \" or \" cure. \" in most cases, profound sensorineural deafness is not a \" curable \" condition. its permanent. unless theres a middle - ear or bone - conductivity problem that can be reversed or remedied surgically, a deaf person will always be deaf. a ci doesnt magically or bionically undo this. there seems to be widespread misunderstanding about just what an implant can do and what it cannot do. what it does is to enable the user to perceive sounds and distinguish some degree of sound discriminationand there is evidently a wide spectrum of results from user to user, ranging from negligible to the superb. the user has to undergo intensive rehabilitation to learn to perceive these sounds as speech, music, danger sounds, noises, etc. it is not a miracle fix. it doesnt magically restore lost hearing ; it gives the user the functional capacity of some hearing. it doesnt make a deaf person hearing, but more like hard - of - hearing. while some implantees are able to carry on regular voice conversations on the telephone, others cannot. the outcome is quite unpredictable. just what is the quality of sound the implantees perceive? one audiologist was quoted in a sacramento bee article ( 2001 ) as saying that with an implant, 22 electrodes were \" doing the work of 30, 000 hair cells. \" the 22 or 24 electrodes in an implant cant possibly replace the thousands of microscopic hair cells in the cochlea that give richness and depth to sounds as they are perceived in normal hearing. one cochlear - implant usr likens the sounds he heard in his implant as \" environmental noise. \" perceiving \" environmental noise \" is not equivalent to hearing the full spectrum of sounds. isnt it important for deaf people to acquire good speech and listening skills? yes,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.49417094199410316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.408178"} {"text": "likens the sounds he heard in his implant as \" environmental noise. \" perceiving \" environmental noise \" is not equivalent to hearing the full spectrum of sounds. isnt it important for deaf people to acquire good speech and listening skills? yes, these skills are important, but we dont believe that speech and speechreading should be our # 1 educational priorities. many people automatically equate \" good speech \" with intellectual prowess. by this logic, to speak well is to think well. and this is simply not true. there are a number of hearing people who can talk well, but they certainly arent intelligent! we dont believe that the be - all and end - off of deaf education is the acquisition of \" normal \" speech. how many hundreds, even thousands, of hours does a deaf child with an implant spend in speech and auditory therapy? much of this time could be more profitably devoted to getting a real educationimproving literacy skills, for example. the oralists dont want to admit it, but the fact is, deaf children who have a strong foundation in sign language actually do better in acquiring good speech skills. why? because they already have a foundation in language when they start speech practice. compelling the children to practice speech and listening before they have a working knowledge of language only retards their progress. its putting the cart before the horse. arent deaf people who have good speech more successful than those who rely on signing alone? this is one of the most frequently - reiterated claims of the oralists : that oral - deaf people are more successful than signing - deaf people, that they have unlimited educational and employment options and a vast array of social opportunities, whereas deaf people who depend on signing as their everyday mode of communication are restricted educationally and employment - wise and limited socially to a small, isolated group of signers. this is negative propaganda. it doesnt represent the truth. the true picture is far more complex than the oralists would have you believe. sign language doesnt restrict us. it doesnt limit our horizons, it frees us to be ourselves. we dont consider ourselves constrained or limited by our preference for asl. members of the ci lobby want parents to believe that in choosing an implant for their children, theyre giving them a magic key to entry into a world without limitations. this, too, is propaganda. the reality is not quite that neat. how much person - to - person contact have you had with deaf people with implants? we have a few friends", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4932174162898898, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.409108"} {"text": "them a magic key to entry into a world without limitations. this, too, is propaganda. the reality is not quite that neat. how much person - to - person contact have you had with deaf people with implants? we have a few friends with cis, and have had some degree of friendly contact with several other people who do have them, primarily those who have appeared on deaf life covers and those profiled in great deaf americans : the second edition. and people weve \" met \" through the internet, and in person. at an educational conference in north carolina, we met several deaf children with implants, and none of them could communicate with us. and since this was an inclusive conference, the kids could see deaf adults, teens, and children signing fluently to each other. since they hadnt been exposed to signing ( its typically forbidden in strict oral programs, and their parents were not using any signing at home ), they couldnt join in. they were smart enough to realize that they were missing out on something important. at another conference a few years ago, we met a deaf woman who had chosen an implant for herself, and we had a good talk. she told us that she didnt believe that implants were right for deaf children, that it should be a matter of informed choice, that implants didnt make a deaf person hearing. a number of deaf people with implants are fluent signers, and didnt sever their connections to the deaf community after getting one. ( getting flak from deaf anti - implant advocates is another matter entirely. ) choosing an implant is a decision theyve made for themselves because they want to gain access to the enrichment of sound, to be better able to modulate their voices, to hear the voices of their spouses and children, to enjoy music, maybe even use a voice telephone. they still consider themselves deaf. some members of alda ( the association of late - deafened adults ) have gotten them. late - deafened adults are often considered exemplary candidates. virtually all have retained clear speech, have \" hearing \" backgrounds, and maintain strong connections to the hearing community. some have already learned to sign and also participate in deaf - community activism. they represent a fascinating and colorful segment of the deaf - community population. do you consider people with cis part of the deaf community? certainly... if they want to be. we are amply aware that some oral - deaf persons, with or without implants, reject any idea of affiliation with this community. they identify", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5143118548871696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.410052"} {"text": "you consider people with cis part of the deaf community? certainly... if they want to be. we are amply aware that some oral - deaf persons, with or without implants, reject any idea of affiliation with this community. they identify solely with the hearing community. thats fine with us, since it represents their choice. its not likely that our paths will cross. oralists and signers have a number of shared concerns. some of these are : telecommunications ( access to 911 and other emergency services ; the availability of tty payphones ), media ( closed - captioning of local newscasts, open - captioned first run movies in cinemas ), access to public facilities ; and communicative access ( getting sign - language or oral interpreters when theyre needed ). and for most people with cochlear implants ( most of whom, as far as we can tell, have achieved more modest gains than the spectacular ones enjoyed by sigrid cerf! ), these concerns havent been eliminated. you would have to talk to the people with implants to get their views. some are oralists ; some are signers ; some are eclectics. theres a wide spectrum of experiences and a diversity of views. all deserve representation. arent most people with cis happy about their implants? we are quite aware that some implant users love their implants, enjoy what the implants do for them, and would never consider having them removed. some, who have received implants as children, are glad their parents made that decision for them. others arent. a good number of adults with cis ( and who are happy with them ) dont believe that theyre appropriate for children. do you have questions about the effectiveness and safety of implants? many questions. weve been following the biotechnological developments with interest. were aware that the 24 - channel implant is much less obtrusive - looking than the previous models, and small enough to be used in infants. we are simply not convinced that the ci is the ultimate solution to the \" problem \" of being profoundly deaf. as is fairly well known, the installation of a ci destroys whatever residual hearing the implantee might have. during ci surgery, a narrow tube containing the array of electrodes is inserted into the cochlea, like threading a flexible wire into a nautilus shell. this requires cutting into the cochlea and irreversibly destroying some of the tissue. there are a number of deaf people who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4841571672709733, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.411018"} {"text": "electrodes is inserted into the cochlea, like threading a flexible wire into a nautilus shell. this requires cutting into the cochlea and irreversibly destroying some of the tissue. there are a number of deaf people who consider this prospect scary, since the surgery cannot be undone. a number of these people are intrigued by the possibility of a pill that might enable the nerve tissue to regenerate, thereby gaining or regaining he capability to hear, but they are disturbed by the prospect of having to undergo invasive head surgery. the ci still, as far as we can tell, has a totally unpredictable outcome. the fda approved cochlear implants for adults in 1985, and for children over 18 months of age in 1990, and has subsequently lowered the age to infancy. deaf people ( e. g., the nad ) have complained that the fda did not consult them, that their concerns were not taken into account, and that the fda proceeded recklessly, bowing to the interests of a wealthy industry. the long - term effects of the implants are still unknown, and there is some fear that we may have another \" meme \" scenario in the not - too - distant future. sure, they say, the fda insists that cochlear implants are safe. wasnt this exactly what they were saying about silicone breast implants not so long ago? lately, weve learned that some cis manufactured in the u. s. may aggravate or even cause bacterial meningitis, a potentially fatal infection of the lining of the surface of the brain, in children and adults. an associated press report dated july 25, 2002 notes that thirteen implantees in the u. s. have come down with meningitis, including two deaf preschoolers who died. according to this report, seven implantees in other countries have also died from meningitis, and these cases are being investigated by u. s. health authorities. doctors have been asked to report \" any suspicious meningitis cases \" to the fda, to \" aggressively treat ear infections \" in implantees, and make sure children are properly vaccinated against meningitis. so there is a certain degree of medical risk involved with the ci. its not like getting a pair of eyeglasses. its not like having ones tonsils removed. it involves insertion of a foreign object inside the head. well, they can give implantees antibiotics, right? is it worth the risk? if the ci is here to stay, isnt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46821507012324726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.412067"} {"text": "negative stereotypes, are not against technological progress. many of us have fax machines, signaling devices, ttys, computers, the internet, caption - capable tvs, and instant - messaging systems. some of us have wireless pagers. we use and appreciate these devices and programs because they enhance our communicative and working capabilities. they enrich our lives, or simply make them easier. some of us use hearing aids. some of us dont. we are extremely skeptical about the touted \" benefits \" of the ci. we dont see how it can de - isolate or de - marginalize the deaf community. only a wide - scale positive change in public attitudes can do that, and we dont see how cis are accomplishing that. we see it as having more of a negative effect. arent implants a good thing for society? for those who have lost their hearing, implants are undoubtedly \" a good thing for society. \" if we became blind, we would want our eyes replaced or fixed. as sighted persons, weve had all these decades of experience as a sighted person, so we know what vision means, and what wed be losing. those who consciously choose to accept an implant understand that there are no guarantees, acknowledge the risks involved, and accept the possibility that they may not derive significant benefit from it. those who have had previous experience with sound ( late - deafened or progressively - deafened people ) tend to do best. why are some deaf people so bitterly opposed to implants? because they dont consider themselves as patients with broken auditory equipment that needs fixing. they dont see themselves in terms of loss or deficit. they dont see themselves as candidates for head surgery. they see themselves as whole, just as they are. they live full, rich, rewarding lives as deaf people. they consider ci surgery a violently extreme intrusion into their bodies. the message theyre getting from the medical establishment is \" society isnt comfortable with your deafness problem, so lets fix you. \" the proponents of implants want the deaf person to bear the full burden of the responsibility for communication, the burden of conforming to what society sees as \" normal \" and \" acceptable. \" culturally - deaf people believe that deaf people are whole and healthy as they are, and that society should make communication more accessible and more just. they want acceptance and understanding. do you see deaf people in terms of deficit, of disability, as specimens of auditory pathology, or as full - fledged members of a cultural -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.49472836551605226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.414665"} {"text": "they are, and that society should make communication more accessible and more just. they want acceptance and understanding. do you see deaf people in terms of deficit, of disability, as specimens of auditory pathology, or as full - fledged members of a cultural - linguistic minority? the two views are essentially irreconcilable. someone who maintains that deafness needs to be cured will probably not understand the cultural view of asl. entirely aside from that is the expense factor. implants usually cost something like $ 50, 000 a pop, and we dont think that figure even includes the ensuing regimen of auditory and speech therapy. how many of these parents would plunk down that kind of money if it wasnt covered by health insurance? and one of the lines of reasoning used by these advocates is that the implant is, in the long run, cost - effective. its cheaper than the ultimate expense of sending a child to a school for the deaf and having the government put her on the ssi rolls after she graduates. ah... but is it really? all those clinical and rehabilitative and audiological services are expensive, and someones gotta pay for them! culturally - deaf people have moral qualms about helping to pay for someone elses implant, especially when that someone else is a deaf child. they also have qualms about the implant industrys making money off deaf peoples deafness. as far as we know, no deaf people occupy high positions in these corporations or clinics. few, if any, deaf people are directly benefiting from the implant windfall. the implant industry is profiting directly from deaf childrens deafnessand what is it doing to improve the overall quality of deaf peoples lives? to some of us, this is an ethical issue. ask any culturally - deaf person how s / he feels about this, and youre bound to get a vehement answer. why do you object to giving implants to deaf children? we dont feel that cochlear implants are good for born - deaf children. why? it confuses them. it aggravates sensory confusion. instead of being able to focus on language acquisition, theyre being forced to focus on auditory therapy. they should be encouraged to develop a strong foundation in visual language first before embarking on a speech - and - hearing regimen. learning should utilize our strongest senses, not our weakest one. deaf people are primarily visual learners, not auditory learners. our feeling is that you cant force a born -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4552753047442006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.415578"} {"text": "language first before embarking on a speech - and - hearing regimen. learning should utilize our strongest senses, not our weakest one. deaf people are primarily visual learners, not auditory learners. our feeling is that you cant force a born - deaf child to comprehend sounds any more than you can force a blind child to see colors. the sounds theyre getting from the implant are not natural sounds, theyre electronic sounds. even if theyre responding to the sounds of a water faucet or a passing train, how \" natural \" are these sounds? they have to be trained to interpret these electronic sounds as speech, etcetera, dont they? isnt some hearing better than nothing? isnt artificial hearing better than no hearing at all? it depends on the \" nothing, \" doesnt it? if you envision deaf children as existing in a tragically isolated \" world of silence, \" of course youll want to end that isolation through medical intervention. thats the compassionate thing to do. but if you recognize that deaf people already have a language and a community, and that this can be made immediately accessible to deaf children, then you may change your mind : \" oh, maybe its not necessary to compel these children to undergo head surgery to have full and rewarding lives, after all. \" shouldnt all deaf children be able to enjoy the world of sound? yes, we agree that its good to expose deaf children to the world of soundbut not at the expense of their literacy! they should acquire a solid foundation in visual language first and foremost, and then literacy skills ( reading and writing ). arent a number of born - deaf or early - deafened children getting remarkable, even miraculous, results from their implants? its impossible to deny the glowing tones of the testimonials weve read. still, we find these claims difficult to believe, because this is exactly what the audiometrics industry was claiming about hearing aids for deaf kidsthat they would enable children to attain natural or near - natural oral - language acquisition, thereby eliminating the \" deafness problem. \" weve had a couple of generations of deaf children growing up with these \" miraculous \" aids, and we fail to see what \" miraculous \" effect theyve had on the acquisition of speech and literacy. we dont believe that electronic stimulation can be a \" miraculous \" substitute for natural hearing. well, you may note, so the 24 - channel implant enables a wider and more natural range of sounds to be decoded than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5151601645925132, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.416561"} {"text": "acquisition of speech and literacy. we dont believe that electronic stimulation can be a \" miraculous \" substitute for natural hearing. well, you may note, so the 24 - channel implant enables a wider and more natural range of sounds to be decoded than was possible with hearing aids? too bad we cant take loaner models home and sample them before committing ourselves to the purchase! wont the implant prevent illiteracy in deaf children? one thing that wed like to emphasize, and which we feel is getting overlooked in this cochlear - implant slugfest, is the crucial importance of teaching deaf children how to read and write. as you may already know, most everyone agrees that we have a really big illiteracy and substandard - literacy problem in the deaf community. no one agrees about the cause. alumni of oral / aural programs often have the same kind of problems stereotypically linked to those from schools for the deaf. so we dont think that asl is to blame for our illiteracy problem. it is crucially important for deaf kids to learn to read and write competently. the earlier they acquire these skills, and the more highly they develop them, the more academically and socially successful theyll be, and theyll enjoy more rewarding careers and happier personal lives. we have shared this view with teachers, parents, and students alike. in our outreach efforts, weve encouraged deaf teens to practice and improve their literacy skills, and to make reading and writing part of their everyday livesan enjoyable part. all this sounds ridiculously obvious. but we feel that this vitally important issue is getting trampled and buried beneath the stampede of cochlear - implant controversy. proponents of cochlear implants claim that kids with implants are able to receive information aurally, as hearing kids effortlessly do... but are they really getting all the information? arent they missing something? is the implant really the \" miracle fix \" for deaf illiteracy? for decades, hearing aids were touted as the great \" cure \" for our plight. most, if not all, students attending schools and programs for the deaf were required to wear them. it was mandatory, even for the profoundly deaf. and how well have these aids improved deaf peoples literacy skills? not much, if at all. this intensive aural - rehabilitation regimen thats part of the childhood - cochlear - implant packageis this really going to help their literacy? as far as were concerned, the ability", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4997011238875151, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.417457"} {"text": "peoples literacy skills? not much, if at all. this intensive aural - rehabilitation regimen thats part of the childhood - cochlear - implant packageis this really going to help their literacy? as far as were concerned, the ability to read and write is far more important than the ability to speak clearly. ( how many deaf people can attain that degree of polish, and how many thousands of hours of speech therapy does it take? ) without a solid foundation in literacy, how can a person develop good speech and listening skills? this implant brouhaha ( give deaf kids bionic hearing so they can have better speech! ) has distracted us so badly that were in danger of losing sight of the priorities. and this is one thing that worries us : that children with implants are being categorically excluded from the advantages of visual language and visual learning. the implant has unleashed a new assault against asl and sign - based education. this is definitely not a good thing. as far as deaf children are concerned, audiometrics should not be at the top of our priorities. deaf children should learn how to read and write first. they need this far more than they need implants. reading and writing are far more important skills than speaking and listening. in the electronic - highway era, it has become increasingly important to know how to read well and how to communicate well through writing. using a computer keyboard to produce coherent, articulate written communications, or even searching the net, demands a high degree of literacy skill. the need for these skills has only increased, not lessened. among the hearing population, as youre surely aware, the level of literacy in the u. s. has declined precipitously during the past few decades, what with the incursion of television and video. deaf people with substandard literacy skills are already at a disadvantage in the fiercely competitive job market. wed like to see more abe classes for deaf adults, and a greater commitment to literacy in the schools serving deaf students. we dont think mainstreaming has been working out well for many deaf children. theyre just not getting an educationnot adequate, let alone equal. now we have an influx of deaf kids with implants coming into the public schools, the schools for the deaf, and the new oral schools. one deaf superintendent told me ( off the record ) that there were several deaf kids with implants in his school, and all of them had language delays. if the deaf community is losing the war against childhood cis, what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4563954070062669, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.419392"} {"text": "and the new oral schools. one deaf superintendent told me ( off the record ) that there were several deaf kids with implants in his school, and all of them had language delays. if the deaf community is losing the war against childhood cis, what are some of the reasons? the audiological / oral lobby has far more money and commercial clout than the deaf lobby does. compare the annual operating budgets of the alexander graham bell association for the deaf and the nad, and youll see what we mean. ( if the asl advocates are such a ruthlessly powerful and influential faction, as our critics argue, why werent they able to prevent the fda from approving implants for deaf babies? ) imagine what schools and programs serving deaf children, teens, and adults could do with the money thats being spent on childhood cochlear implants $ 50, 000 apiece! federal monies spent by the national institutes of health to study language acquisition in youthful implantees could be more profitably used to improve deaf childrens literacy skills. are cis improving public attitudes towards deaf people? we fail to see how the implant boom is improving public attitudes towards deaf people or asl or the deaf community at all. indeed, we see signs of a backlash. its so ironicat a time when more and more hearing high - school and college students are enrolling in asl classes, and a number of scholars and laypeople are showing increased interest in and appreciation of deaf issues, theres a redoubled movement to close down the schools for the deaf, reroute all deaf children into mainstream public - school programs, and to \" fix the problem \" with implants. when oral / aural and sign - language programs are competing for governmental funding, which one is going to get it? whats the real motivation of those who oppose childhood implants? do deaf people oppose cis because they need to recruit deaf children to keep the signing community viable? opponents of the deaf community like to accuse deaf people of wanting to keep deaf children deaf to maintain a population base for the purpose of perpetuating deaf culture, or more explicitly, of artificially prolonging a dying and ghettoized subculture by recruiting as many deaf children as they can. according to this logic, they oppose the childhood ci because it diminishes the pool of potential recruits. this is an invidious accusation. our motivation is not to artificially prolong a dying and ghettoized subculture, as some of our critics would have it, or to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4639095189962928, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.420570"} {"text": "childhood ci because it diminishes the pool of potential recruits. this is an invidious accusation. our motivation is not to artificially prolong a dying and ghettoized subculture, as some of our critics would have it, or to make sure that we have a sizable pool of young deaf culture recruits to sustain the deaf population, but the well - being of all deaf children and their families. our concern is for the welfare of deaf children. deaf adults, as you may know, have traditionally had an impassioned concern for deaf children. they are our brothers and sisters, in a sense, and who else speaks for them? certainly not hearing parents. only a deaf person can understand what its like to be deaf. and many deaf adults, especially those from oral / aural backgrounds, have personally experienced the pain of exclusion within their own families, missed connections, misconnections, and the terrible frustrations accruing from not being able to communicate or be understood. they understand the failings of oralism that the oralists have refused to acknowledge. this is what they wish to spare other deaf children. this is what theyve been trying to make parents understand. why should any more deaf children go through that ordeal? why should their parents spend enormous quantities of time and money to learn the hard way that theyve been bamboozled? a childs first human need is to communicate. that is the uncontestable first fact of life. before there can be literacy, there must be language, and to have access to language, you must have a means of communication. deaf people in the united states and canada have found that asl affords them an immediate means of communication and a source of enrichment and freedom. a means of liberation, if you will. this is something that neither the medical / audiological lobby nor the implant industry recognize. ( but why should they? when deaf children become asl users instead of consumers of expensive audiometrics, it cuts into their profit margins! ) we believe wholeheartedly that all deaf children have a right to free, full, unimpeded communication, to language, to literacy, and to the best possible education. we know that the reality is far short of the ideal. our task is never done. we dont advocate separatism ( being insular and exclusionary ), but establishing connections between the deaf and hearing communities. we seek to promote better understanding among the factions. ah, yes, factions. there is, after all, an ideological", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4704541621622081, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.421605"} {"text": "we dont advocate separatism ( being insular and exclusionary ), but establishing connections between the deaf and hearing communities. we seek to promote better understanding among the factions. ah, yes, factions. there is, after all, an ideological rift between the signing and oral factions, and we dont think that it will ever be resolved. however, as weve noticed, the division between \" signing \" deaf and \" speaking \" deaf isnt always that absolute. a number of deaf people from oral backgrounds learn to sign, have deaf friends, and participate in deaf - community activities. some deaf people hold multiple memberships in organizations that putatively represent oppositional aims : the nad, alda, bell association, and shhh. however, the attitudes of the medical / audiological sector havent changed much, if at all. they still dont recognize deaf people as a linguistic community ; they have no interest in sign language ; they continue to see deaf people as physically defective, as having hearing disabilities, as needing to be fixed, as consumers of their audiological prostheses. those who oppose them are merely obstructing biomedical progress and, like picketers on the sidewalks of the entryway, can be ignored. lets proceed with business as usual! whats been happening with the ci controversy on deafnotes? our company runs a bulletin - board website called deafnotes, which has a forum on cochlear implants. it has been the most frequently - posted and hotly - debated of all the topics on that site since it was launched in july 1999. hotter than the sign - versus - speech and the mainstreaming debates. the debate quickly began getting acrimonious, with parents who have chosen to give their deaf children implants posting threads like \" cochlear implant success stories, \" and verbally slugging it out with deaf people who feel that implants for deaf children are a form of child abuse. it has been a real headache for the moderators and us. we recall how it started. when a woman who had chosen to give her young deaf son an implant entered the debate, it had an explosive effect. we had to delete a batch of postings because the dialogue had degenerated into crude, juvenile mudslinging, name - calling, and insults. this was in explicit violation of the deafnotes rules of conduct. and that was just the beginning. its not just that these parents think their childrens progress is miraculous and want to tell the world about it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4942522290847367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.422672"} {"text": "and cussed at us. a few of them sent us obscene e - mails. they called us nazis. they accused us of censoring their free speech by suppressing their news about the miraculous progress their implanted kids have been making. in reality, we banned them because of their stubborn refusal to abide by the deafnotes rules. but arent the implant corporations interested in reaching out to your largely deaf readership? apparently not. in late 1997, after publishing a cover story containing an interview with sigrid cerf, we contacted the company that manufactured the implant she uses, and invited them to advertise in deaf life. we received no response. neither did we get a response from the other major ci company, which had been sending us frequent promotional releases and propaganda for years. neither of these corporations evinced the slightest interest in placing an ad in deaf life or a banner - ad in any of our websites. and yet, when we removed posts with promotional links, the implant evangelists cried foul. but dont kids with implants make miraculous progress? thats what the ci lobby and the implant evangelists would like the public to believe. were more apt to read about the \" miracle stories \" of deaf kids with implants because their parents have been actively publicizing and promoting implants, with the aid of the implant industry, which has one of the slickest propaganda campaigns weve ever seen. kids who start signing at an early age ( i. e., native asl users ) are relatively invisible in the mass media, since their parents arent engaging in the public promotion of asl. open up a womens magazine and youre bound to see a glowing testimonial by a happy mother about the joys of having a deaf child with an implant : \" our miracle child. \" but do you ever see an article about the delights of parenting an asl - using child? my proposal : parents of deaf kids should mount their own promotional campaign : \" heres our miracle child! \" we find it morally questionable, the way some of these parents parade their implanted children around to the media, show them off to legislators, have them testify before congress... more funding for cochlear - implant programs, please, and as long as youre at it, you can cut the budgets of those sign - language programs. we certainly dont need them. some of these implant evangelists exercise a form of denial. they claim that their children were born hearing, then", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43373777822540405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.424740"} {"text": "and as long as youre at it, you can cut the budgets of those sign - language programs. we certainly dont need them. some of these implant evangelists exercise a form of denial. they claim that their children were born hearing, then became deaf, so by giving them implants, theyre restoring their childrens original hearing. can they prove their children were born hearing? can they really provide proof? or are they saying these things to justify their agenda? if deaf children can benefit from a ci, why deny them the opportunity? why consign them to a childhood of silence? the issue is not inflicting a \" world of total silence \" on deaf children but providing them with a rich, immediately accessible visual language and social life. deaf kids benefit from a signing environment. they dont need a ci to derive this benefit. arent parents who decide to give their deaf kids implants giving them more communication choices, instead of limiting them to signing alone? many parents who give their kids implants want them to use the oral / aural mode exclusivelyno signing allowed. parents who make the decision to give their children implants often say things like, \" we wanted to give our child a choice. if jimmy wants to learn sign language later and be deaf and switch off the implant, thats fine with us. \" but how is jimmy going to make a choice when he has no daily exposure to asl or deaf mentors? when hes getting exposed only to an auditory / oral approach? when hes enrolled in a program that discourages signing? when his attempts to communicate in sign are rebuffed or ignored? signing does not limit ones communication options. it is the communication option preferred by most deaf people who have been exposed to it. it is the most natural, comfortable, and enjoyable mode of communication for many of us. it is simply untrue that skilled signers ( i. e., those who claim asl as their first language ) become \" lazy, \" that they cannot develop good speech skills. signers typically develop better speech skills than those who use the oral / aural approach exclusively. unfortunately, there are a number of parents who are adamantly opposed to signing, and those who feel that signing is too difficult to learn, and that the ci approach is easier for everyone. they may be far more committed to the ci than to signing. if they feel this way, the child wont get exposure to good signing at home, and if s / hes in a strict", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48264867882372453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.425718"} {"text": "and that the ci approach is easier for everyone. they may be far more committed to the ci than to signing. if they feel this way, the child wont get exposure to good signing at home, and if s / hes in a strict oral program, may not be allowed to use sign at all at school. that puts a psychological burden on the child. are implants a form of child abuse? thats what deaf culturalists claim. whats your view? the extreme culturally - deaf view is that cochlear implants are a form of child abuse, even genocideaccusations that anger parents and, moreover, would be exceptionally difficult to prove in court. we can understand why deaf people feel this way, why they feel that implants represent the latest of several organized attempts to wipe out deaf culture. to understand what seems to be an irrational, even reprehensible, opposition to biotechnological progress, you need to understand something about deaf history, the attitudes of the oralists, and the control they have wielded over the lives and destinies of deaf people. you need to understand alexander graham bells eugenicist views, his obsession with eradicating the \" deaf variety of the human race, \" his friendship with edward miner gallaudet, and the feud that ensued between them, which led to an ideological rift whose legacy was unhappy, even tragic : the turning of the tide of public opinion in favor of oralism and against signing, the upsurge of oral education with its concomitant suppression of signing, the methodical campaign to eradicate sign language, and the pathological view that still holds sway in the medical profession. e. m. gallaudet founded gallaudet university, which remained a bastion of signing, but the influence of the oralists pervaded that institution, too, although not as radically as it pervaded the schools for the deaf. at gallaudet, oralists were treated with deference. where oralism reigned ( and they had an iron grip on virtually all schools for the deaf for close to half - a - century at the least ), signing was proscribed, and the ban was enforced with varying degrees of rigor. you need to understand the terrible punishment meted out to deaf children in these schools for exercising that innate human urge, the need to communicate. and the inauguration of the shameful tradition of \" oral failures, \" and the low expectations that became part of the legacy of education of the deaf.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5035748743122871, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.426689"} {"text": "give them what they needed. where signing was forbidden, they signed in secretin the dormitories, in the lavatories, in the toilets. they signed wherever and whenever they could. they signed at the risk of punishment. one favorite tactic of the oralists was to tie students hands behind their backs, secured to a chair, to prevent them from signing surreptitiously in class. at mealtimes, they were strictly supervised by hearing staffers ( to varying degrees ) to prevent signing among themselves. the suppression of sign did nothing to make the students happier and more well - adjusted. indeed, its common to read firsthand accounts in which deaf people, products of these repressive regimes, look back at their schooldays with anger, frustration, and grief. however, on - campus chapel services were typically conducted in sign, because it was far easier for the students to understand. so the organized churches, some of whose institutions played an important role in the oralist movement, nonetheless helped keep asl alive during what we call the dark age of oralism. students at rigorously oral programs still go through this kind of experience, to some degree. true, they dont punish the kids for signing, but signing is discouraged. where signing is banned, forbidden, or officially ignored, deaf students find ways to sign to each other. do students in oral schools still practice signing? how do they pick it up? what about kids with cis? in oral schools for the deaf, there is usually a clandestine asl subculture. they manage to pick it up, sometimes from signing adults on staff ( since there are at least a few deaf adults employed by oral schools, although rarely in the top echelons, and these supposedly oral - deaf adults sometimes know sign very well ), or theyll learn it from each other. there may be one student or a few who already have a background in signing, and these students will teach the others. the others pick it right up. clarke school for the deaf, the oldest bastion of oral / aural education in the u. s., had a long - standing and rigorous anti - sign policy for students. they were not allowed to use sign language in the classrooms or outside of itthe hallways, the dorms, anywhere within the boundaries of campus. students routinely disregarded this policy, but at their peril. those who were caught signing were disciplined. for the first offense, they received a teachers reprimand. if a reprimand didnt work,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4549131493079921, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.429537"} {"text": "anywhere within the boundaries of campus. students routinely disregarded this policy, but at their peril. those who were caught signing were disciplined. for the first offense, they received a teachers reprimand. if a reprimand didnt work, they were sent to the principals office. if they were caught in the act again, the parents were summoned to the superintendents office. after nearly a century of trying to extirpate signing, the administration finally acknowledged the futility of its policy by decriminalizing it. although deaf kids were still not allowed to sign in class, they were at least allowed to sign freely outside of class without fear of punishment. we dont know what the current policies are at central institute for the deaf or st. josephs institute ( both in st. louis ), but wed wager that they too have their secret signing groups. and in the newly - opened schools for deaf children with implants, we wouldnt be at all surprised if the kids found a way to sign in secret, too. but its more difficult to do that in a day - school environment. its nigh - impossible to do in a mainstream environment where the deaf student may be the only deaf person in the school. traditionally, deaf children learned asl from each other, and learned it quickly. connecting with other deaf signers gave them a basis for communication and community. it undoubtedly saved their sanity, too. it enabled them to make sense of the environment they were in, the relentless bombardment of speech and speechreading they endured and tried to decode. without that connection, how does a deaf child thrive? the research of scholars like goldin - meadow and mylander have shown that deaf children, deprived of exposure to real sign languages, invent their own. we are concerned about the emotional and cognitive well - being of these young implantees in mainstreamed or strict - oral environments. some of them, of course, are receiving exposure to asl. but most, it seems, are not. what are the repercussions to their emotional health? wed like to see an objective, scholarly study on their progress. how is asl going to survive the ci onslaught? asl has survived all previous attempts by oralists to wipe it out, and it will survive the ci too. do kids with cochlear implants identify as deaf or hearing? very young deaf children who feel most comfortable in a sign - affirmative environment quickly develop a definite sense of self - identity as deaf. they dont", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4873331309266954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.431899"} {"text": "will survive the ci too. do kids with cochlear implants identify as deaf or hearing? very young deaf children who feel most comfortable in a sign - affirmative environment quickly develop a definite sense of self - identity as deaf. they dont mind being seen as \" different. \" to them, being deaf is normal. they want to be accepted as they are. what sort of self - identity will these implanted kids have? will they consider themselves deaf or hearing? a question : whats special about being deaf if youre merely seen as a defective hearing person with bionic hearing? whats there to celebrate? we ourselves dont have the answers to these questions. only deaf people who have grown up with cis can answer them. some reject what they see as a \" deaf - culture mentality. \" others consider themselves deaf, and cherish their connection to the deaf community. will the deaf community survive the cochlear implant? wont implants ultimately render it obsolete? as long as there are deaf people, there will be sign language. deny deaf children access to sign, and theyll spontaneously create their own sign systems. put deaf people together, and the creation process is accelerated. prevent from learning it when theyre young, and they will go to it as soon as they have the opportunity. the deaf community has managed to survive all previous attempts, well - meaning and otherwise, to demolish it. we believe that it will survive this latest onslaught. it will survive because it fulfils the innate need of deaf people to seek out and communicate with others like themselves, those who truly understand how it feels and what it means to be deaf. will the implant destroy deaf culture? no, deaf culture will not die out. it will survive, and it will evolve. we already know that many young deaf people who have had oral / aural educations choose to learn sign language and join the community when they reach their teens or college age. if this is so, we anticipate that a large number of implantees will do likewise. no matter how assiduously their parents, clinicians, medical professionals, and the implant industry try to make the deaf community irrelevant and invisible, we believe that many of these deaf kids with implants will ultimately choose to connect with our community. the reason is fairly simple : deaf people like to be with other deaf people, and we have a richly expressive visual - kinetic language ( american sign language in this country and canada ), and the bond of shared perceptions and feelings", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47883870037042403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.432998"} {"text": "connect with our community. the reason is fairly simple : deaf people like to be with other deaf people, and we have a richly expressive visual - kinetic language ( american sign language in this country and canada ), and the bond of shared perceptions and feelings. one of our challenges is to extend a warm welcome to deaf people with implants. we cannot afford to reject any deaf person simply because s / he has a ci. the deaf community, like any other community, contains its share of purists, elitists, and plain snobs. they do not represent all deaf people. we will do our best to accord \" new arrivals \" the warm welcome they deserve. if they want to join the deaf community, were here for them. whats so special about deaf culture? why should it be studied by hearing high - school and college students? why should people with cis care about it? hearing people have been teaching deaf people since deaf - ed began, of course. but we believe that deaf people also have much to teach hearing people about language, cognition, communication, coping, and the wonderful resilience of the human spirit. theyve transformed a devastating disability into a rich socio - linguistic culture. theyve created a vibrant language. theyve established a global community. that is cause for celebration. learning about deaf people enhances our understanding about what communication is about, the many varieties of language and approaches to learning, and also increases our understanding of how language is processed in the brain ( q. v. the ongoing research of klima and bellugi at the salk institute ). we already know how versatile and useful sign language is, and how babies can learn to communicate in sign before they can talk ( q. v. acredolo and goodwyns work on \" baby signs \" ), and how deaf people are developing a corpus of asl literature... theres a lot to be fascinated with. even the controversies are intriguing, for at the core lie the central questions about what it means to be human and to use language. deafness is a disability. arent opponents of cis denying their disability? all human beings have disabilities. what we do with our disabilitieshow we cope, how we respondis a reflection of our qualities as human beings. some of us have physical disabilitiesand some of us have attitudinal disabilities. prejudice, the refusal to accept human different - ness, is an attitudinal disability. some of the comments weve read from implant evangelists", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4730651105105193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.433940"} {"text": ". some of us have physical disabilitiesand some of us have attitudinal disabilities. prejudice, the refusal to accept human different - ness, is an attitudinal disability. some of the comments weve read from implant evangelists and journalists are proof that the cochlear - implant trend has not improved public attitudes towards deaf people. indeed, it has caused a retrogressive backlash. culturally - deaf people have been struggling for centuries to have their languages recognized, and to gain acceptance as they are. the fact is that many disabled people have achieved greatly not despite their disabilities but because of their disabilities. that is a human paradox worth studying. and a good number of deaf people see their deafness not as a curse but as a gift. every day now, were faced with the task of combating a super - slick propaganda campaign mounted by a powerful and wealthy industry and aimed at parents who may be in a state of shock, who desperately want their children to be \" normal, \" but may have scant idea of what \" normal \" encompasses. to us, being deaf is normal, and to be deaf is to be whole. we do not live in a \" silent world. \" we live in the real one, the same world that hearing people live in. our lives are just as busy and full as those of hearing people. we may communicate differentlyusing a visual - kinectic instead of an aural / oral modebut we have hearts, minds, and capabilities like everyone elses. thats what we, as deaf people, want to make the hearing community understand. we dont see ourselves as needing \" bionic ears \" to give us entry into the world. were here, were whole, and we want to be accepted as we are. please take note of that. this site is to be considered \" in progress. \" we solicit input from deaf people who have firsthand experience with implants, negative and positive. we welcome your participation. for parents only | myths & facts | deaf can do all original material used in cochlearwar. com is the property of msm productions, ltd. and is protected by copyright. no material can be excerpted, paraphrased, or published in any form ( whether in print of electronically ) without the express written permission of the owner. \u00a92003 - 2012, msm productions, ltd.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5077774320830889, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.434811"} {"text": "prescriptions for painkillers have reached completely outsized proportions in the nation and in missouri. according to the centers for disease control and prevention, \u201c enough prescription painkillers were prescribed in 2010 to medicate every american adult around - the - clock for a month. \u201d as every anesthesiologist knows, these drugs are potent respiratory depressants, so overdoses \u2013 intentional or not \u2013 can and do lead to death. these deaths have more than quadrupled in missouri during the past 10 years. the latest figures from the missouri department of health & senior services show nearly 900 deaths annually, compared to the low 200 ' s of a decade ago. from a public health standpoint, a 50 percent reduction in these deaths would save 450 lives, nearly six times more than are estimated to be saved by primary enforcement of seat belt laws. missouri \u2019 s rural counties have nearly twice the overdose rate of their urban counterparts. while the missouri society of anesthesiologists believes painkillers are indispensable for the management of pain when properly prescribed and used, much more can be done to reduce the improper prescription and use of these agents. a recent article in the wall street journal also highlights the impact \u201c pill mills \u201d and prescription drug abuse can have on neighboring states. the top recommendation of the cdc to reduce the abuse of painkillers is for every state to have a robust prescription drug monitoring program. these programs electronically track information about who is prescribed what drugs and at what location. state and federal laws already require this information to be provided in the prescription and dispensing processes. missouri is currently the only state in the country that has not passed legislation to enable a functioning monitoring program. \u201c doctor shoppers \u201d \u2013 those who claim to have a condition amenable to treatment by prescription painkillers and who go from one doctor \u2019 s office to the next seeking these drugs \u2013 are numerous in missouri. they are so common that a fellow physician told me that he expects more than half of the patients of any new physician \u2019 s office to be drug - seekers. having researched the signs and symptoms of their alleged conditions online, these drug - seekers tell very convincing stories to the doctor. at present, there is no way for a physician to know if his or her patient already has painkiller prescriptions. a key component to a robust monitoring program is the ability of a doctor to see, in real time, if his patients have painkiller prescriptions from other doctors. in other states, this ability has been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44911190610693497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.437713"} {"text": "published on friday, february 16, 2007 by reuters greenhouse gases hit new high, rise accelerates by alister doyle oslo - greenhouse gases widely blamed for causing global warming have jumped to record highs in the atmosphere, apparently stoked by rising emissions from asian industry, a researcher said on friday. \" levels are at a new high, \" said kim holmen, research director of the norwegian polar institute which oversees the zeppelin measuring station on the arctic archipelago of svalbard about 1, 200 km ( 750 miles ) from the north pole. he told reuters that concentrations of carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas emitted largely by burning fossil fuels in power plants, factories and cars, had risen to 390 parts per million ( ppm ) from 388 a year ago. levels have hit peaks almost every year in recent decades, bolstering theories of warming, and are far above 270 ppm before the industrial revolution of the 18th century. climate scientists say the heat - trapping gas is blanketing the planet. holmen said the increase of 2 ppm from 2006 reflected an accelerating rise in recent years. \" when i was young, scientists were talking about 1 ppm rise \" every year, he said. \" since 2000 it has been a very rapid rate. \" \" the large increases in release rates are definitely in the asian economies, \" led by china, he said. china is opening coal - fired power plants at the rate of almost one a week. carbon dioxide concentrations peak just before the northern hemisphere spring, when plants start soaking up the gas as they grow. southern hemisphere seasons have less effect since there are fewer land masses - - and plants - - south of the equator. the zeppelin station is run in cooperation with stockholm university and is one of the main measuring points along with a station in hawaii. remoteness from industrial centers helps. scientists say the concentration of carbon dioxide, according to the modern records, is at its highest in the atmosphere in at least 650, 000 years. the world ' s top climate scientists said in a report on february 2 they were more than 90 percent certain that human activities, led by burning fossil fuels, were to blame for warming. that was up from 66 percent certainty in a previous report in 2001. the u. n. ' s intergovernmental panel on climate change said that temperature rises were set to accelerate and could gain by between 1. 1 and 6. 4 celsius ( 2. 0 - 11. 5 fahrenheit ) by 2100, bringing more floods, droughts and rising sea", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4917564828813217, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.440749"} {"text": "by bernard verdcourt john hanning speke. during the famous journey of 1858 which resulted in the first european sighting of lake tanganyika by sir richard francis burton ( 1821 - 1890 ), his companion, capt. j. h. speke ( 1827 \u2014 64 ), collected a few shells on its shores. one of the most fascinating problems of east african conchology was thus made known before almost any of the more ordinary molluscs of the area had been described. these found their way back to the british museum where s. d. woodward ( 1821 - 1863 ) remarked on their curious marine appearance. the incredible arguments which were to fill hundreds of articles and several books were soon to begin. was lake tanganyika an inland jurassic sea cut off and isolated with subsequent freshening of the water? e. a. smith, when describing more shells from the lake in 188i, drew attention to the possibility. the subsequent discovery of a jelly - fish in the lake by dr. bohm seemed to clinch the matter. later of course, freshwater jelly \u2014 fish were found in other lakes and rivers, and different theories ( which i touched on in my first presidential address ) came to prevail. woodward \u2019 s early perspicacious placing of the shells in the melaniidae is now known to be correct. later speke made the famous journey accompanied by capt. j. a. grant ( 1827 - 1892 ) during which the first collections of dried plants were brought back from the interior of east africa and one of the sources of the nile found ; that perennial problem which had vexed men since antiquity ( though i suspect some ancient egyptians probably penetrated far south ), was at least partially solved. volumes have been written about burton and speke, two men so different in character that it is difficult to see how they could have tolerated each other for a moment. burton was a romantic arabist who spoke some thirty languages, had translated the arabian nights and more recondite erotica, a strange mixture of fastidious scholar and debauched libertine, but one of the best informed and scholarly of victorian explorers. speke was a more conventional respectable young victorian. about all they had in common was toughness and a remarkable facility for learning languages. those who wish to read more about this fascinating pair will find an excellent account in alan moorehead \u2019 s \u2018 the white nile \u2019. some very revealing remarks made by speke about burton in some of his letters to others are mentioned in an auction catalogue for the sale", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47186169966125346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.444506"} {"text": "to read more about this fascinating pair will find an excellent account in alan moorehead \u2019 s \u2018 the white nile \u2019. some very revealing remarks made by speke about burton in some of his letters to others are mentioned in an auction catalogue for the sale of j. a. grant \u2019 s papers which is well worth reading ( see beneath ). speke and burton were to have wordy battles later in england and even now no one is quite certain that speke \u2019 s death was due to \" accidental discharge of his own gun \", the verdict returned by the coroner \u2019 s jury \u2013 the faint possibility that he committed suicide just before he had agreed to meet and argue with burton on a public platform is perennially suggested and, if true, very sad because speke was right and burton wrong over the fact that lake victoria was a source of the nile. list of molluscs described from material collected by j. h. speke | iridina ( pleiodon ) spekii | | woodward, 1859. | | tanzania, lake tanganyika. | | = pleiodon ( cameronia ) spekii ( woodward, 1859 ). holotype in bm 1818. 104. 22. 168 | | lithoglyphus zonatus | | woodward, 1859. | | tanzania, lake tanganyika. | | = spekia zonata ( woodward, 1859 ). syntypes in bm 1822. 214. 171. 124 ( two specimens, one marked with black dot by connolly? selected as lectotype ). | | melania ( melanella ) nassa | | woodward, 1859. | | tanzania, lake tanganyika. | | = lavigeria nassa ( woodward, 1859 ). syntypes in bm 18126. 96. 36. 199 ( two specimens, one not marked with black dot selected as lectotype ). | | unio burtoni | | woodward, 1859. | | tanzania, lake tanganyika. | | = grandidieria burtoni ( woodward, 1859 ). holotype in bm 18188. 8. 131. 52 ( also figured by sowerby, 1866, conch. icon. 16 unio species 251, pl. 47, fig 251 ). |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4444347028248692, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.445363"} {"text": "unwanted in the west presence of outlaws, indians, catholics delayed statehood for n. m., arizona this year marks the 100th anniversary of statehood for arizona and new mexico, but why did it take until 1912 for them to become states? amidst all the hoopla of centennial celebrations the actual history of statehood deserves a closer look. what it reveals is a pattern of racism and discrimination against native americans, hispanics and catholics. eastern politicians were not sure they wanted to dilute the body politic. for new mexico the long road to statehood included, according to new mexico state historian rick hendricks, \" four constitutions and four referenda, some 15 congressional proposals, two enabling acts, six delegations to washington and 62 years \" from territorial designation to new mexico ' s 47th star on the nation ' s flag. the new york times and harper ' s weekly railed against new mexico joining the union. explorers in the 19th century set the rhetorical pattern. americans sought the southwest ' s mineral wealth of gold, silver, coal and copper, but they weren ' t sure they wanted the outlawry of billy the kid and the infamous lincoln county war. santa fe was an exotic destination, and the rails of the atchison, topeka & santa fe railroad brought tourists west to see indian villages such as the pueblos of laguna, san ildefonso and acoma and then on to the grand canyon of arizona. but statehood? traveling in new mexico after the mexican war of 1846 - 48, the british writer george frederick ruxton complained about \" the hostility of indians and the scarcity of water. \" he described socorro as \" a small, wretched place \" where \" the faces of the women were all stained with the fiery red juice of a plant called alegrita, from the forehead to the chin. this is for the purpose of protecting the skin from the effects of the sun, and preserving them in untanned beauty to be exposed in the fandangos \" or evening dances. military men had a different perspective. e. h. bergmann, colonel of the new mexico volunteers, wrote in 1867 that northern new mexico \" is beyond a doubt the best portion... and needs only an industrious white population to use the advantageous nature so generously afforded here. \" what he meant was the development of minerals, forests and grasslands. david grey, writing in the newspaper chicago inter - ocean on july 4, 1875, after visiting northern new mexico, described men as \" insolent and lazy. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.38937600700846786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.459503"} {"text": "here. \" what he meant was the development of minerals, forests and grasslands. david grey, writing in the newspaper chicago inter - ocean on july 4, 1875, after visiting northern new mexico, described men as \" insolent and lazy. \" he added that \" the catholic priests wield an unbounded influence over these ignorant and half - civilized people, \" though he believed everything would change when \" the railroad, the school - house, ( and ) the steepled church reach the plazas of conejos, ojo caliente, rito and tierra amarilla. \" writing in 1890, the itinerant methodist minister john l. dyer described new mexico as \" the outside or fag - ends of an old latinized nation, that had been ridden over by romish priests, \" yet he added \" the mexicans are a kind, sympathetic people ( who ) will divide anything with even a stranger, especially in the rural parts. \" california joined the union in 1850. nevada joined a decade later with colorado coming into the fold in 1876 and utah in 1890 after disclaiming mormon polygamy. but it was well into the 20th century before congress conferred statehood upon arizona and new mexico. the path was not easy, and it contained twists and turns that could have eliminated the four corners. arizona had been part of new mexico until 1863. seven years later an attempt was made to combine them into one state to be named lincoln, which would have included a part of southwestern colorado. in 1902 there was a proposal to combine both territories and admit them as a single state named montezuma. that failed. racism continued. the chicago tribune wrote that new mexico ' s population was \" not american, but ' greasers, ' persons ignorant of our laws, manners, customs, language and institutions. \" my hero teddy roosevelt visited albuquerque in 1903 and in a pageant in front of the alavarado hotel next to the santa fe railroad tracks, 46 girls represented each state in the union. the girl representing new mexico was not even on the platform. she stood on the steps \" pleading tearfully for admission. \" in 1906 congress passed a joint resolution combining arizona and new mexico into one state to be named arizona with its capital in santa fe. historian charles bennett explains, \" new mexico voters approved this plan, knowing that arizona voters would kill it anyway, which they did. \" finally in 1910 president william howard taft signed an \" enabling act \" for people of the territory to draft a state constitution. here it gets interesting. one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4286239903692051, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.462004"} {"text": "mexico voters approved this plan, knowing that arizona voters would kill it anyway, which they did. \" finally in 1910 president william howard taft signed an \" enabling act \" for people of the territory to draft a state constitution. here it gets interesting. one - third of the delegates to the new mexico constitutional convention were hispanic. they had specific goals and achieved those ends in the state constitution. the 20, 000 - word constitution of 1910 had 130 sections and 22 articles. after decades of racism and pejorative comments about hispanic heritage, the hispanic delegates from northern new mexico insisted on article vii. historian francis levine explains the importance of the state ' s constitution because, \" among its unique features was article vii, section 3, guaranteeing that the right of any citizen to vote, hold office, or sit on a jury would never be restricted or abridged on account of religion, race, language, or color, or the ability to speak, read, or write in english or spanish.... these important safeguards have kept new mexico unique and culturally rich. \" for the first 20 years of statehood all laws were required to be published in spanish and english. spanish is an official language of the state, equal to english. those provisions might seem far - reaching and inclusive, but it was still a man ' s world. the new mexico constitution denied women the right to vote, excluded citizen initiatives, and maintained the old - fashioned election of u. s. senators by the state legislature, not by popular vote. this was the progressive era, but some reforms had yet to come to new mexico. the past also shaped the future. by 1912 the southwest ' s rich archaeological legacy of native american ruins and sites like chaco, bandelier and the gila cliff dwellings in new mexico ; and wupatki, casa grande and montezuma ' s castle in arizona inspired tourism and provided the united states with an indigenous heritage unequaled in europe. their prehistoric past helped propel arizona and new mexico into the union. so happy centennial birthday! it was a long slog to statehood, but thanks for being the 47th and 48th stars on our american flag. andrew gulliford is a professor of history and environmental studies at fort lewis college. he can be reached at firstname. lastname @ example. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.437659137129385, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.471334"} {"text": "what to do with our \" detainees \"? thirty years ago, american prisoners of war were being brutalized in north vietnam, and an outraged american government sought to shame their captors into respecting the geneva conventions. the treatment of americans never came close to being humane. but, as sen. john mccain ( r., ariz. ) has said of his pow ordeal : \u201c i \u2019 m certain we would have been a lot worse off if there had not been the geneva conventions around. \u201d that \u2019 s an important story to remember as americans debate whether the geneva conventions should be upheld in the treatment of prisoners from afghanistan. it reminds us that the issue is not about whether we sympathize with accused terrorists who probably don \u2019 t want our sympathy anyway. it is about protecting a set of rules that protect all people, including american servicemen and women taken captive in war. it is about preserving america \u2019 s right to complain when americans are mistreated overseas. to his credit, secretary of defense donald rumsfeld acknowledged last week that the conventions do apply to all of the prisoners at guantanamo bay, reversing earlier statements to the contrary. what do the conventions tell us about how these prisoners should be treated? the al - qaeda detainees probably are not entitled to formal pow status because they did not fight for a regular army, wear insignia that identified them as soldiers, or respect the rules of war. if so, they could be tried for war crimes or terrorist acts in the president \u2019 s proposed military commissions, as long as the trials respect due process. but the taliban detainees probably should be called pows. they fought for the regular armed forces of afghanistan. rumsfeld has suggested that this rule may not apply to the taliban because they weren \u2019 t internationally recognized as the government of afghanistan. but the geneva conventions don \u2019 t make that distinction. nor has the united states : in the korean war, for example, neither the united states nor the united nations recognized the communist government of china, but u. s. forces treated chinese prisoners as pows. if any of the detainees are pows, the geneva conventions oblige them to give only their name, rank and serial number. but that doesn \u2019 t mean the military can \u2019 t interrogate them about other things, including possible future attacks. and the united states can still prosecute them for war crimes in a military court martial. who determines whether they are pows or \u201c unlawful combatants, \u201d as the defense department has called them? rumsfeld cannot make that call himself", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4383481971586434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.487313"} {"text": "future attacks. and the united states can still prosecute them for war crimes in a military court martial. who determines whether they are pows or \u201c unlawful combatants, \u201d as the defense department has called them? rumsfeld cannot make that call himself. when there is any doubt about a prisoner \u2019 s status, the conventions require that they be considered pows until a \u201c competent tribunal \u201d decides otherwise, and so do u. s. military regulations. the defense department should respect its own rules by convening such tribunals without delay. whatever the prisoners \u2019 legal status, the geneva conventions entitle them to be treated humanely. in many respects, the military has taken this responsibility very seriously, while taking understandable steps to protect itself from dangerous prisoners. the main problem has been the confinement of prisoners in metal cages open to the elements \u2013 conditions americans would surely condemn if american prisoners were subjected to them overseas. for all the debate on this issue, the defense department has essentially acknowledged the conditions are inadequate by pointing out that the shelters are temporary, and promising to build permanent facilities. that effort needs to be accelerated. there is an easy way for the administration to settle the debate. the red cross is now inspecting the facilities in guantanamo and will be making its recommendations privately to the defense department. rumsfeld should release those recommendations, and he should pledge now to follow them. if the administration does that, it will clear up much of the controversy and confusion. it will be showing that nations can bring terrorists to justice without sinking to their level. and it will ensure that the next time american servicemen and women are imprisoned overseas, the geneva conventions will still be there to protect them. tom malinowski is washington advocacy director of human rights watch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4819622548974051, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.491646"} {"text": "the national register of historic places lists many properties significant for women ' s history. we take the opportunity of women ' s history month to highlight just some of the properties that exemplify the contributions of women to american history. new women ' s history properties featured national park units featured historic properties for women ' s history month : elizabeth c. quinlan house photograph courtesy of the minnesota state historic preservation office elizabeth c. quinlan house, minneapolis, minnesota the house was created for elizabeth c. quinlan, who was the co - founder of the young - quinlan company, which, in 1894, was the first woman \u2019 s ready - to - wear shop west of the mississippi river. her highly successful department store, innovative practices and entrepreneurial work led her to become a leader of national recognition in the apparel industry and a pioneering business woman. mt. airy ( grandma moses house ), augusta county, virginia grandma moses was a prominent painter who started creating pictures in the 1930s from her memories as a farm wife both in the virginia shenandoah valley and the new york hoosick valley. moses moved to the shenandoah valley in november of 1887, with her husband thomas solomon moses. mt. airy was the first house she and her husband owned in their married lives - - - they bought it for $ 6, 000 and lived there from january 1901 to september 1902. pennsylvania railroad depot and baggage room photograph courtesy of the dennison railroad depot museum pennsylvania railroad depot and baggage room, tuscarawas county, ohio \" i was able to get only one sandwich for breakfast and the rest of the day i had nothing till we came to dennison, where a miracle happened. with people behind us we can do only one thing, and that is come out victorious. \" the pennsylvania railroad depot and baggage room in dennison, ohio, was famous during world war ii for its canteen, where an estimated 1. 3 million american service men in the armed forces were served food and drinks on their way to training bases and disembarkation for distant fronts overseas. nearly 4, 000 local volunteers, primarily area women, staffed the canteen, and funds were collected to purchase food, coffee, and other supplies. the girl scouts 100 year anniversary : the juliette gordon low historic district consists of three individual properties in savannah, georgia : the wayne - gordon house / juliette gordon low birthplace, the andrew low house, and the carriage house and servants ' quarters for the andrew low house which became commonly known as the first girl scouts headquarters. anna hyatt huntington, georgetown", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37051759193478634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.508377"} {"text": ", georgia : the wayne - gordon house / juliette gordon low birthplace, the andrew low house, and the carriage house and servants ' quarters for the andrew low house which became commonly known as the first girl scouts headquarters. anna hyatt huntington, georgetown county, south carolina for women \u2019 s history month, the national register is showcasing two historic sites associated with the world famous woman sculptress anna hyatt huntington ( march 10, 1876 \u2013 october 4, 1973 ). atalaya, georgetown county, south carolina : atalaya was the winter home of world famous sculptor, anna hyatt huntington, and her philanthropist husband, archer milton huntington. in addition to being anna ' s husband, archer was also the designer of atalaya. brookgreen gardens, georgetown county, south carolina brookgreen gardens is known today as a botanical and sculpture garden. anna hyatt huntington was co - founder of brookgreen gardens and many of her sculptures are on display there. still pond historic district in kent county, maryland located at a crossroads surrounded by family farms, still pond served as a commercial hub and center of community life on maryland ' s upper eastern shore. on may 2, 1908 mary jane howard, annasandra \" annie \" maxwell, and eliza kelley made history as the first women in maryland to vote in an election. listed in the national register of historic places over 100 years later in august, 2009. mary and eliza freeman houses are significant as the last two houses to survive of \" little liberia, \" a settlement of free african americans in bridgeport, connecticut anna hyatt huntington photo taken peter a. juley & son repository : smithsonian institution o ' keeffe, georgia, home and studio : the home and studio of the artist georgia o ' keeffe ( 1887 - 1986 ) in abiquiu, new mexico ( approximately 50 miles northwest of santa fe ), is one of the most important artistic sites in the southwestern united states. mulberry plantation, kershaw county, south carolina : is the most important site associated with the writing of mary boykin chesnut ' s remarkable first hand account of southern society during the civil war. architecture of julia morgan : julia morgan was one of the nation ' s first prominent female architects. among the almost 800 buildings she designed are : hearst san simeon estate, san luis obispo county, california, berkeley women ' s city club, in alameda county, california, grandma prisbrey ' s bottle village, ventura county, california : built between 1956", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4326214275523903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.509495"} {"text": "buildings she designed are : hearst san simeon estate, san luis obispo county, california, berkeley women ' s city club, in alameda county, california, grandma prisbrey ' s bottle village, ventura county, california : built between 1956 and 1965, bottle village is a 1 / 3 - acre unique folk art environment designed and erected by folk artist, tressa south, chesterfield county, virginia : designed by amaza lee meredith ( 1895 - 1984 ), one of the nation ' s few black female architects, the house is a significant landmark of african - american material culture and design. piney point coast guard light station : between 1776 and 1942, 141 women were officially appointed keepers of the light by the united states government. nineteen women served as keepers in the state of maryland on the chesapeake bay. rachel carson home : in silver spring, maryland, is significant as the place in which american biologist, naturalist, writer, and poet, rachel carson, wrote the highly acclaimed 1962 book, silent spring, which made her, more than any other person, the acknowledged advocate of the early ecology movement. cather properties in webster county, nebraska : willa cather captured the spirit of the pioneer era as perhaps no other american author. elizabeth jane colter buildings, coconino county, arizona : the hopi house, hermit ' s rest, the lookout studio and the desert view watchtower are not only the best and least altered, but some of the only remaining works of the master architect and interior designer mary elizabeth jane colter. angelus temple, los angeles county, california : is historically significant as the base of operations for aimee semple mcpherson, a pioneer in the field of radio marietta canty house : in hartford, connecticut, is primarily significant for its association with actress marietta canty ( 1905 - 1986 ), who received critical acclaim for her performances in theater, radio, motion pictures, and television as well as her political and david t. and nan wood honeyman house in multnomah county, oregon : nan wood honeyman ( 1881 - 1970 ) was a progressive local and national leader for the democratic party and of prohibition reform. clara barton national historic site in montgomery county, maryland : resting on a slight knoll in a quiet, shaded yard above the potomac river valley, a large, pale yellow, warehouse - like building stands as a memorial to the complicated personality and persistent character of clara barton, a pioneer in women ' s history. hotel metropolitan in mccracken county, kentucky : the hotel metropolitan,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4021388399765409, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.510675"} {"text": "river valley, a large, pale yellow, warehouse - like building stands as a memorial to the complicated personality and persistent character of clara barton, a pioneer in women ' s history. hotel metropolitan in mccracken county, kentucky : the hotel metropolitan, the first hotel owned and operated by and for african americans in paducah, was constructed for a young black woman in 1909. turkey point lighthouse in cecil county, maryland : authorized by congress in 1831 with the tower and keeper ' s quarters built in 1833, was tended by more women keepers than any other lighthouse on the chesapeake bay. maggie l. walker national historic site in richmond, virginia : commemorates the life and work of an exceptional woman who became very active in the economic, social, and philanthropic life of richmond ' s african american community. loretta ensor, 1923 image courtesy of larry woodworth, ensor farmsite & museum ensor farm : in johnson county, kansas, is known for its historic association with loretta ensor ( 1904 - 1991 ) and her brother, marshall hamilton ensor ( 1899 - 1970 ), two of the most prominent radio amateurs who established one of the most complete amateur radio transmitting stations in america on their property during the early history of frank b. cooper elementary school : in the west delridge neighborhood of west seattle, washington, the frank b. cooper elementary school is historically associated with mrs. thelma fisher dewitty, who holds the distinction of being the first african american to teach within the seattle public school district. lowell national historical park in middlesex county, massachusetts : while there is no single birthplace of industry, lowell ' s planned textile mill city, in scale, technological innovation, and development of an urban working class, marked the beginning of the industrial transformation of america. eudora welty house, jackson, ms home of one of the most influential writers of the 20th century ellamae ellis league house, macon, ga self - designed residence of accomplished georgia architect ellamae ellis league woman ' s athletic club of san francisco, ca established by women in 1915 to improve themselves - - intellectually, physically and artistically eleanor roosevelt national historic site in dutchess county, new york : val - kill cottage, the simple, two - story stone building located within the roosevelt family property at hyde park, was the home of eleanor roosevelt ( 1884 - 1962 ) for the last 17 years of her life. patsy cline house, winchester, va home of 20th - century country music legend patsy cline matinicus rock and whitehead light stations, knox county, maine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3998259365214016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.511750"} {"text": "home of eleanor roosevelt ( 1884 - 1962 ) for the last 17 years of her life. patsy cline house, winchester, va home of 20th - century country music legend patsy cline matinicus rock and whitehead light stations, knox county, maine two lighthouses in maine tended by a 19th - century female keeper, abbie burgess grant west feliciana parish, la gardens designed by martha turnbull, amateur 19th - century landscape designer mary mcleod bethune council house national historic site in washington, dc : was significant as a center for the development of strategies and programs which advanced the interests of african american women and the black community. marjorie kinnan rawlings photo taken by carl van vechten, 1953 rawlings, marjorie kinnan, house and farm yard, cross creek, florida home of the journalist and author marjorie kinnan rawlings. aldrich, nathan c., house and resthaven chapel, catherine regina seabury used this property to benefit the female factory workers of boston. catt, carrie chapam house, briarcliff manor, new york the home of the famous suffragist of the same name between 1919 and 1928, during the time when she played a pivotal role in securing the nineteenth amendment giving women the right to vote in 1920. violet oakley studio, philadelphia, pennsylvania studio of the artist and muralist violet oakley. bonniebrook homestead, taney county, missouri rose o ' neill, artist and creator of the kewpie doll lived and worked on this estate. anna leialoha perry - fiske, 1939 photo courtesy of hawaii state historic preservation office and the anna ranch heritage center anna ranch, kamuela, hawaii find out about anna leialoha perry - fiske who saved her ranch, gave to charity, and won horseman ship contests. fisk, robert and elizabeth, house, helena, montana political, charitable, activist, and mother : elizabeth fisk was a leader in the early days of helena, montana. our itineraries are online guides tours to historic places listed in the national register, national parks and other historic places. each includes detailed maps, tourist information, location information, and color photographs. travel to historic places that tell the fascinating stories of women in various professions including educators, artists, inventors, business leaders, and philanthropists. teaching with historic places this program offers a series of award - winning lesson plans that use places listed in the national register to enliven the study of history, social studies, and geography. twhp has ready - to -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39836174504513144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.513808"} {"text": "and philanthropists. teaching with historic places this program offers a series of award - winning lesson plans that use places listed in the national register to enliven the study of history, social studies, and geography. twhp has ready - to - use lesson plans, available for free downloading, that examine important aspects of women ' s history. \u2022 navesink lighthouse and robbins reef lighthouse : lighting the way through new york bay \u2022 the old mormon fort : birthplace of las vegas, nevada \u2022 adeline hornbek and the homestead act : a colorado success story \u2022 back stairs at brucemore : life as servants in early 20th - century america \u2022 the battle of prairie grove : civilian recollections of the civil war \u2022 birthplace of john f. kennedy : home of the boy who would be president \u2022 chatham plantation : witness to the civil war \u2022 clara barton ' s house : home of the american red cross \u2022 first lady of the world : eleanor roosevelt at val - kill \u2022 from canterbury to little rock : \u2022 the struggle for educational equality for african americans \u2022 floyd bennett field : naval aviation ' s home in brooklyn \u2022 the m ' clintock house : a home to the women ' s rights movement \u2022 the penniman house : a whaling story \u2022 two american entrepreneurs : madam c. j. walker and j. c. penney women ' s history in the parks women ' s history month - national park service wide portal mary mcleod bethune council house national historic site maggie l. walker at maggie l. walker national historic site ( past feature ) clara barton at clara barton national historic site ( past feature ) mary j. colter properties at grand canyon national park ( past feature ) lowell national historical park ( past feature ) johnstown flood national memorial eleanor roosevelt national historic site ( past feature ) rosie the riveter - world war ii home front national historical park sewall - belmont house national historic site whitman mission national historic site women ' s rights national historical park women ' s history month - national park service wide portal women ' s history month : government wide portal eleanor roosevelt : american visionary this dynamic new website celebrates eleanor roosevelt, niece of president theodore roosevelt and the wife of president franklin d. roosevelt, eleanor helped transform the role of first lady and became a champion of domestic social reform, economic justice, and human rights. the website includes virtual tours of historic places associated with the former first lady, and numerous images of fascination museum objects. interpreting women ' s history in the national park service this publication focuses on what women ' s history is, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43676477173718486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.515156"} {"text": ", and human rights. the website includes virtual tours of historic places associated with the former first lady, and numerous images of fascination museum objects. interpreting women ' s history in the national park service this publication focuses on what women ' s history is, the current status of women ' s history in the national parks, new ways for scholars of women ' s history and nps staff to work together, and the role of the national park service in the preservation, commemoration, and interpretation of the history of american women. national park service uniforms : breeches, blouses, and skirts 1918 - 1991 the national park service has, for most of its existence, been a male dominated organization. women ' s role in the service was never clearly defined until the 1960 ' s, at which time a victorian mentality prevailed, treating them as objects to be protected, instead of the ranger status to which they aspired. this on - line book tells the story of those women who fought to achieve their goal of equality with their male counterparts not only as rangers, but as rangers with the right to wear the appropriate attire to perform the job. national women ' s history project the national women ' s history project is a non - profit organization dedicated to recognizing and celebrating the diverse and historic accomplishments of women by providing information and educational material and programs. the goal of the nwhp is to \" make history \" accurate by recognizing and celebrating women ' s contributions through its current and future projects. national collaborative for women ' s history sites ncwhs supports and promotes the preservation and interpretation of sites and locales that bear witness to women ' s participation in american life. the collaborative makes women ' s contributions to history visible so that all women ' s experiences and potential are fully valued. national register information system since its inception in 1966, nearly 80, 000 properties have been listed in the national register. together these files hold information on more than 1. 4 million individual resources - - buildings, sites, districts, structures, and objects - - and therefore provide a link to the country ' s heritage at the national, state, and local levels. search by name, location, agency, or theme to locate national register properties associated with women ' s history. library of congress : built in america ( habs / haer / hals ) the historic american buildings survey ( habs ), historic american engineering record ( haer ) and historic american landscapes survey ( hals ) collections document achievements in architecture, engineering, and design in the united states through a comprehensive range of building types and engineering", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4804847236324101, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.516444"} {"text": "about this lesson this lesson is based on the national register of historic places registration file, \" port hudson battlefield \" ( with photographs ), and other primary sources about the siege. it was made possible by the national park service ' s american battlefield protection program. the lesson written by gregg potts, site manager at the port hudson state commemorative area, and arthur w. bergeron, jr., historian at pamplin park civil war site in petersburg, virginia. twhp is sponsored, in part, by the cultural resources training initiative and parks as classrooms programs of the national park service. this lesson is one in a series that brings the important stories of historic places into the classrooms across the country. where it fits into the curriculum topics : the lesson could be used in units on the civil war. students will strengthen their skills of observation, research, and analysis of primary sources. time period : late 19th century relevant united states history standards for grades 5 - 12 relevant curriculum standards for social studies find your state ' s social studies and history standards for grades pre - k - 12 objectives for students 1 ) to explain how the physical features of the area made port hudson strategically important for both sides. 2 ) to examine the particular characteristics of siege warfare and how it affected soldiers physically and mentally. 3 ) to determine if their own community has withstood monumental crises, and how it responded to such a situation. materials for students the materials listed below either can be used directly on the computer or can be printed out, photocopied, and distributed to students. the maps and images appear twice : in a low - resolution version with associated questions and alone in a larger, high - resolution version. 1 ) two maps showing the mississippi valley and port hudson ; 2 ) four readings about the siege, including several first - hand accounts from soldiers ; 3 ) five historic photographs made during the siege and after the surrender ; 4 ) one illustration of africanamerican troops at port hudson from harper ' s weekly ; visiting the site port hudson state commemorative area is located in east feliciana parish adjacent to the old town site of port hudson, louisiana. the main entrance is located on u. s. highway 61, approximately 15 miles north of baton rouge. port hudson state commemorative area is open from 9 : 00 a. m. to 5 : 00 p. m. year round, except new year ' s, thanksgiving, and christmas. for more information, contact the commemorative area manager, port hudson state commemorative area, 756 west plainsport hudson road, zachary,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4615199494919129, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.519357"} {"text": "- enter a word for the dictionary definition. from the collaborative international dictionary of english v. 0. 48 : wind \\ wind \\ ( w [ i ^ ] nd, in poetry and singing often w [ imac ] nd ; 277 ), n. [ as. wind ; akin to os., ofries., d., & g. wind, ohg. wint, dan. & sw. vind, icel. vindr, goth winds, w. gwynt, l. ventus, skr. v [ = a ] ta ( cf. gr. ' ah ` ths a blast, gale, ' ah ^ nai to breathe hard, to blow, as the wind ) ; originally a p. pr. from the verb seen in skr. v [ = a ] to blow, akin to as. w [ = a ] wan, d. waaijen, g. wehen, ohg. w [ = a ] en, w [ = a ] jen, goth. waian. [ root ] 131. cf. air, ventail, ventilate, window, winnow. ] [ 1913 webster ] 1. air naturally in motion with any degree of velocity ; a current of air. [ 1913 webster ] except wind stands as never it stood, it is an ill wind that turns none to good. - - tusser. [ 1913 webster ] winds were soft, and woods were green. - - longfellow. [ 1913 webster ] 2. air artificially put in motion by any force or action ; as, the wind of a cannon ball ; the wind of a bellows. [ 1913 webster ] 3. breath modulated by the respiratory and vocal organs, or by an instrument. [ 1913 webster ] their instruments were various in their kind, some for the bow, and some for breathing wind. - - dryden. [ 1913 webster ] 4. power of respiration ; breath. [ 1913 webster ] if my wind were but long enough to say my prayers, i would repent. - - shak. [ 1913 webster ] 5. air or gas generated in the stomach or bowels ; flatulence ; as, to be troubled with wind. [ 1913 webster ] 6. air impregnated with an odor or scent. [ 1913 webster ] a pack of dogfish had him in the wind. - - swift. [ 1913 webster ] 7. a direction from which the wind may blow ; a point of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5575063291553923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.525378"} {"text": "6. air impregnated with an odor or scent. [ 1913 webster ] a pack of dogfish had him in the wind. - - swift. [ 1913 webster ] 7. a direction from which the wind may blow ; a point of the compass ; especially, one of the cardinal points, which are often called the four winds. [ 1913 webster ] come from the four winds, o breath, and breathe upon these slain. - - ezek. xxxvii. 9. [ 1913 webster ] note : this sense seems to have had its origin in the east. the hebrews gave to each of the four cardinal points the name of wind. [ 1913 webster ] 8. ( far. ) a disease of sheep, in which the intestines are distended with air, or rather affected with a violent inflammation. it occurs immediately after shearing. [ 1913 webster ] 9. mere breath or talk ; empty effort ; idle words. [ 1913 webster ] nor think thou with wind of airy threats to awe. - - milton. [ 1913 webster ] 10. ( zool. ) the dotterel. [ prov. eng. ] [ 1913 webster ] 11. ( boxing ) the region of the pit of the stomach, where a blow may paralyze the diaphragm and cause temporary loss of breath or other injury ; the mark. [ slang or cant ] [ webster 1913 suppl. ] note : wind is often used adjectively, or as the first part of compound words. [ 1913 webster ] all in the wind. ( naut. ) see under all, n. before the wind. ( naut. ) see under before. between wind and water ( naut. ), in that part of a ship ' s side or bottom which is frequently brought above water by the rolling of the ship, or fluctuation of the water ' s surface. hence, colloquially, ( as an injury to that part of a vessel, in an engagement, is particularly dangerous ) the vulnerable part or point of anything. cardinal winds. see under cardinal, a. down the wind. ( a ) in the direction of, and moving with, the wind ; as, birds fly swiftly down the wind. ( b ) decaying ; declining ; in a state of decay. [ obs. ] \" he went down the wind still. \" - - l ' estrange. in the wind ' s eye ( naut. ), directly toward the point from which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5446819866211123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.528347"} {"text": "early romans had a religious, yet fundamental understanding of medicine. deriving knowledge from the medical treatises and methods of the greeks, the etruscans, the egyptians, the persians and other conquered peoples, the romans came up with one of the best and most sophisticated medical systems of the ancient world. the science of medicine and the human body was evolving. many greek medical ideas were adopted by the romans and greek medicine had a huge influence on roman medicine. the first doctors to appear in rome were greek, captured as prisoners of war. greek doctors would later move to rome because they could make a good living there, or a better one than in the greek cities. the romans also conquered the city of alexandria, with its libraries and its universities. in ancient times, alexandria was an important centre for learning and its great library held countless volumes of information, many of which would have been on medicine. here, doctors were allowed to carry out dissections which led to the discovery of many important medical advances, such as the discovery that the brain sends messages to the body. greek medicine revolved heavily around the theory of the four humours and texts by hippocrates and his followers ( hippocratic writings ), who were all greek. these ideas and writings were also used in roman medicine. roman medicine also encompassed the spiritual beliefs of the greek. ancient roman medicine was a combination of physical techniques using various tools and holistic medicine using rituals and religious belief systems. many believed that diseases were brought on by the disfavor of the gods. they deeply believed that transcendental practices such as superstition, rituals, and a belief in spells would rid them of disease. since many diseases soon or later went away, they believed they had managed to please the gods by performing the correct religious and spiritual acts. religious cures were rare but magical treatment was commonly applied. fennel : it was thought to have calming properties. elecampane : used to help with digestion. sage : although it had little medicinal value, it had great religious value. garlic : beneficial for health, particularly of the heart. fenugreek : used in the treatment of pneumonia. silphium : used for a wide variety of ailments and conditionsnespecially for birth control. willow : used as an antiseptic the practice of reading livers was common in the roman world. after an animal was sacrificed its liver was examined by a priest who would interpret the liver. looking at the liver, the priest would reveal good or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47573161102034434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.553406"} {"text": "willow : used as an antiseptic the practice of reading livers was common in the roman world. after an animal was sacrificed its liver was examined by a priest who would interpret the liver. looking at the liver, the priest would reveal good or bad omens from it. it was thought that the gods responses were communicated through the liver and other internal organs of a sacrificed animal. healing was sought after from religious temples. sacrifices were made to gods in particular asklepios ( see below ) in hopes of receiving healing. hospitals were originally built for the military. under gaius marius, the roman army became the world ' s best trained and disciplined force, and some of this rubbed off onto the medics too. the influence of superstitious quackery lessened and roman medicine took on a more practical approach. it was still a trial and error process, but the medics were more observant and carefully noted down any treatment that worked and this knowledge was passed on and could be successfully utilized by the next doctor. the fifteen - year civil war that directly following the assassination of julius caesar led to significant medical innovations. the war was fought between the best armies of the world and yielded such high levels of injury that the newly emerged emperor, augustus, formed a professional military medical corps. before this, doctors had fairly low status. august, realizing that they were key in an empire and especially an army, gave all physicians that joined his new army medical corps dignified titles, land grants, and special retirement benefits! for the next five hundred years, fueled by the motivations and opportunity for medical advancement supplied by the many battles, and supported by the powers that be, this serious group advanced the study and practice of medicine to a level not seen again until late in the nineteenth century. the first roman medical corps was formed by emperor augustus, and as he gave land grants, dignified titles, and special retirement gifts to the doctors, the profession lost its shoddy aspect and became respectable. it helped too that medical professionals hereafter were required to train at the new army medical school and could not practise unless they passed. this increased the success rates in treatments. ancient roman medicine was, surprisingly, incredibly similar to that of the late nineteenth century. like the modern medical practice, ancient roman medicine was split among different specialties, such as internists, ophthalmologists, and urologists. all surgical tasks were only preformed by appropriate specialists. surgeons used practically the same tools as american doctors did only one hundred years ago", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.430361388793137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.554600"} {"text": "roman medicine was split among different specialties, such as internists, ophthalmologists, and urologists. all surgical tasks were only preformed by appropriate specialists. surgeons used practically the same tools as american doctors did only one hundred years ago. an ancient roman doctoros tool kit ( shown in the four pictures to the right ) would include forceps, scalpels, catheters, and even arrow - extractors. similarly, ancient roman surgeons had a wide range of painkillers and sedatives to help in surgery, including extracts of opium poppies ( morphine ) and of henbane seeds ( scopolamine ). there is little doubt that the many folk remedies used throughout the roman empire were tested in battle by roman physicians on wounded and ailing soldiers, who sifted through and found the treatments and methods with the most useful effects. further, the bureaucracy of rome ensured that the treatments were recorded and taught in the medical school. the romans did not yet really understand how germs related to disease, but they did use many of the techniques that killed germs, techniques that were not reinvented until much later. for example, they boiled their tools before use and would not reuse the same tool on a patient before reboiling. wounds were washed with acetum, which is actually a better antiseptic than joseph lister ' s carbolic acid ( joseph lister rediscovered antiseptics in the 1860 ' s, based on louis pasteuros brand - new germ theory of disease ). in ancient rome, it was common knowledge that arteries and veins carried blood. all surgeons knew how to use tourniquets, arterial clamps, and ligatures to stem blood flow. they also used amputation to prevent deadly gangrene. over the years, roman war doctors also learned how to prevent many battlefield epidemics. they accomplished this by placing forts away from insect infested swamps. they also installed drains and sewers to transport sewage away from the men. similarly, they invented sophisticated permanent hospitals, with specialized rooms for different tasks, and with isolation of some patients from others to reduce the spread of disease. central heating and good ventilation also helped patients. in the case of the roman army, it is clear that it was the wartime doctors that created most of the innovations because they were organized, they were distributed throughout the empire, they were careful about capturing and spreading any new information or technique that worked, and they were highly motivated by the great loss of life suffered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42514191184784633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.555744"} {"text": "it was the wartime doctors that created most of the innovations because they were organized, they were distributed throughout the empire, they were careful about capturing and spreading any new information or technique that worked, and they were highly motivated by the great loss of life suffered by their soldiers during the many battles. roman doctors did not necessarily fare well. many doctors were freed greek slaves, hence the social standing of doctors was quite low. because cure rates were so low, many people were skeptical or even scornful of doctors. their skepticism is easily understood. roman literature contains much which tells us about the reactions of individuals to medicine and doctors. to listen to the roman authors is to hear tales of quackery at all levels of society. some doctors charged excessive prices for the most worthless medicines and drugs, and others in the craft attempt to deal with and treat diseases they obviously do not understand. there were no licensing boards and no formal requirements for entrance to the profession. anyone could call himself a doctor. if his methods were successful, he attracted more patients, if not, he found himself another profession. medical training consisted mostly of apprentice work. men trained as doctors by following around another doctor. rome had two types of physicians : those who served the general public whose reputation wasn ' t as prestigious. many were illiterate, quacks, charlatans, and usually cheated the poor and needy. unethical practices abounded. plutarch grumbled that practitioners used all sorts of questionable methods to gain patients, ranging from escorting the prospective patient home from bars to sharing dirty jokes with him. according to plutarch, \" some medical quacks would do just about anything to acquire clients, from accompanying them to alcohol dens to telling them dirty jokes. still others were not above murdering their patients in cold blood for financial gain, for example, they might be paid and told to just ' put the patient out of his misery '. \" roman medics studied medical texts by hippocrates, who came from the greek island of cos and is generally regarded as the father of medicine. actually, he was only one of a longstanding line of medical practitioners, but his personal popularity ensured that his treatises were saved by his followers while those written by his predecessors, which nobody saved, were lost to the coming ages. archaeological sites have produced many implements used in ancient roman surgery - some dating to 460 bc. this is the timeline hippocrates wrote the oath - a pledge still taken today by doctors to perform to their fullest ability.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3989568961107114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.556809"} {"text": "to the coming ages. archaeological sites have produced many implements used in ancient roman surgery - some dating to 460 bc. this is the timeline hippocrates wrote the oath - a pledge still taken today by doctors to perform to their fullest ability. the hippocratic oath is an oath historically taken by physicians, physician assistants ' and other healthcare professionals swearing to practice medicine ethically and honestly. it is widely believed to have been written by hippocrates, often regarded as the father of western medicine, or by one of his students. the oath is written in ionic greek ( late 5th century bc ), and is usually included in the hippocratic corpus. classical scholar ludwig edelstein proposed that the oath was written by pythagoreans, a theory that has been questioned due to the lack of evidence for a school of pythagorean medicine. of historic and traditional value, the oath is considered a rite of passage for practitioners of medicine in many countries, although nowadays the modernized version of the text varies among them. the hippocratic oath ( orkos ) is one of the most widely known of greek medical texts. it requires a new physician to swear upon a number of healing gods that he will uphold a number of professional ethical standards. besides the writings of hippocrates, other writers wrote on medical topics. there were medical practitioners whose writings were equally revered : galen ( ad 129 - ca. 200 or 216 ) of pergamon was a prominent ancient greek physician, whose theories dominated western medical science for well over a millennium. by the age of 20, he had served for four years in the local temple as a therapeutes ( \" attendant \" or \" associate \" ) of the god asclepius. although galen studied the human body, dissection of human corpses was against roman law, so instead he used pigs, apes, and other animals. galen moved to rome in 162. there he lectured, wrote extensively, and performed public demonstrations of his anatomical knowledge. he soon gained a reputation as an experienced physician, attracting to his practice a large number of clients. among them was the consul flavius boethius, who introduced him to the imperial court, where he became a physician to emperor marcus aurelius. despite being a member of the court, galen reputedly shunned latin, preferring to speak and write in his native greek, a tongue that was actually quite popular in rome. he would go on to treat roman luminaries such as lucius verus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46353165186239526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.557842"} {"text": "being a member of the court, galen reputedly shunned latin, preferring to speak and write in his native greek, a tongue that was actually quite popular in rome. he would go on to treat roman luminaries such as lucius verus, commodus, and septimius severus. however, in 166 galen returned to pergamon again, where he lived until he went back to rome for good in 169. pedanios dioscorides ( 65 a. d. ) pedanius dioscorides ( ca. 40 - ca. 90 ) was an ancient greek physician, pharmacologist and botanist from anazarbus, cilicia, asia minor, who practised in ancient rome during the time of nero. dioscorides is famous for writing a five volume book de materia medica that is a precursor to all modern pharmacopeias, and is one of the most influential herbal books in history. soranus was a greek physician, born at ephesus, who lived during the reigns of trajan and hadrian ( ad 98 - 138 ). according to the suda, he practiced in alexandria and subsequently in rome. he was the chief representative of the school of physicians known as \" methodists. \" his treatise gynaecology is extant ( first published in 1838, later by v. rose, in 1882, with a 6th - century latin translation by muscio, a physician of the same school ). onbasius wrote an encyclopedia of medicine which was in a collection of 70 books around 325 ad scalpels, made of steel or bronze were used to make incisions. scalpels could be made of either steel, bronze, or a combination of the two metals - such as a steel blade and a bronze handle. a military hospital at baden has produced a large collection of medical tools. a stone mural of roman legion depicts a fellow solider helping another remove probably an arrow from his leg with a pair of pinchers. some soldiers were skilled in medical while still serving in the army. the negative realm of roman medicine started in its early history. ancient scalpels had almost the same form and function as their modern counterparts do today. the two long steel scalpels that make up the first and third columns of the accompanying image are examples of the most ordinary type of scalpel from antiquity. these long scalpels could be used to make a variety of incisions, but they seem to be particularly suited to making either deep or long cuts.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4195120154552647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.558784"} {"text": "third columns of the accompanying image are examples of the most ordinary type of scalpel from antiquity. these long scalpels could be used to make a variety of incisions, but they seem to be particularly suited to making either deep or long cuts. the four bronze scalpels which make up columns two and four are generally referred to as \" bellied scalpels. \" this variety of scalpel was another favorite of physicians in antiquity since the shape of its handle allowed more delicate and precise cuts to be made. hooks, long thin metal instruments were used as probes and the maneuvering small pieces of tissue more easily. hooks were another common instrument used regularly by greek and roman doctors. the hooks the ancient doctors used came in two basic varieties : sharp and blunt. both of these types of hooks are still used by modern surgeons ' for many of the same purposes for which the ancient doctors first used them. for instance, blunt hooks were primarily used as probes for dissection and for raising blood vessels. sharp hooks, like those pictured in the accompanying image, were used to hold and lift small pieces of tissue so that they could be extracted and to retract the edges of wounds. bone drills, looking like wine cork screws were used to remove diseased bone tissue from the skull and extract sizable foreign objects such as a weapon from a bone. bone forceps were used to extract small pieces of bone that would be otherwise difficult to remove with fingers. in the case of impaction of the foetal cranium, the head may be opened with a sharp instrument and the pieces of the skull removed with bone forceps. paul aigenita ( vi. xc ) wrote that in a depressed fracture of the skull fractured bone is to be removed in fragments, with the fingers if possible, if not, with a bone forceps. used for levering fractured bones into position and may have been used for levering out teeth. one of the most spectacular, if fearsome looking, roman medical instruments is the vaginal dilator or speculum ( dioptra ). it comprises a priapiscus with 2 ( or sometimes 3 or 4 ) dovetailing valves which are opened and closed by a handle with a screw mechanism, an arrangement that was still to be found in the specula of 18th - century europe. soranus is the first author who makes mention of the speculum specially made for the vagina. graeco - roman writers on gynecology and obstetrics frequently recommend its use in the diagnosis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.441090060638595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.559851"} {"text": "specula of 18th - century europe. soranus is the first author who makes mention of the speculum specially made for the vagina. graeco - roman writers on gynecology and obstetrics frequently recommend its use in the diagnosis and treatment of vaginal and uterine disorders, yet it is one of the rarest surviving medical instruments. specula are large and readily recognizable and should not have suffered the same degree of destruction as thin instruments, such as probes, scalpels and needles. as a source of bronze, however, they may have been more subject to recycling than the smaller instruments. the earliest mention of the rectal speculum is to be found in the treatise on fistula by hippocrates ( iii. 331 ) : \" elaying the patient on his back and examining the ulcerated part of the bowel by means of the rectal speculum... \" catheters, long metal tubes, like those we have today were used to help open up a blocked urinary tract infections. probes or curettes the scope of the cyathiscomele in medical art is evidently, like the flat spathomele, to act occasionally as a sound, but mainly to mix, measure and apply medicaments. some are adapted for use as curettes. the large numbers in which this instrument occurs would itself indicate that it was used for lay as well as medical purposes. greek god of medicine and healing asclepius ( center ) and hermes ( bending ) - also show as mercury ( far left ) hermes was the greek version of the roman god mercury. this goes to hermes trismegistus, alchemy, the emerald tablets of thoth, and the thoth - hermes of the greco - roman - egyptian period in the days of the great library at alexandria. when the roman army conquered greece they adopted many of their medicinal beliefs and ideas. asclepius is the god of medicine and healing in ancient greek religion. asclepius represents the healing aspect of the medical arts ; his daughters are hygieia ( \" hygiene \", the goddess / personification of health, cleanliness, and sanitation ), iaso ( the goddess of recuperation from illness ), aceso ( the goddess of the healing process ). the cult of asclepios had spread across much of greece and numerous temples ( asclepieions ) had been built in his name. these asclepieions ( or asklepieions ) were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4771501853688426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.560768"} {"text": "the goddess of the healing process ). the cult of asclepios had spread across much of greece and numerous temples ( asclepieions ) had been built in his name. these asclepieions ( or asklepieions ) were places of healing. they contained baths, gardens and other facilities designed to improve people ' s health. people who were being treated in the asclepieions would sleep in front of a statue of the greek god in the hope that he would heal them in their sleep. though several accounts have been recovered, detailing the progress in health made by people admitted to the asclepieions, it is unlikely that they were based on fact ; they may simply have been used as propaganda. tiber island in rome was once the location of an ancient temple to aesculapius, the greek god of medicine and healing. accounts say that in 293 bc, there was a great plague in rome. upon consulting the sibyl, the roman senate decided to build a temple to aesculapius, the greek god of healing, and sent a delegation to epidauros to obtain a statue of the deity. they obtained a snake from a temple and put in on board their ship. it immediately curled itself around the ship ' s mast and this was deemed as a good sign by them. upon their return up the tiber river, the snake slithered off the ship and swam onto the island. they believed that this was a sign from aesculapius, a sign which meant that he wanted his temple to be built on that island. alphabetical index of all files crystalinks home page psychic reading with ellie 2012 the alchemy of time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49185300995636844, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.561375"} {"text": "party politics. two - hundred years ago on july fourth, philadelphia threw a big bash to honor the ratification of the constitution ; but the parade planners had more in mind than just bells and whistles and fabulous floats. jeffrey st. john gives us first - person coverage of the parade - - and its political purposes. philadelphia, july 4, 1788 : a single sunrise cannon shot and the peeling of bells at christ church signaled the start of a lavish daylong ` ` procession ' ' through the cobblestone streets of this city to celebrate a dozen years of american independence and last month ' s ratification of the new constitution. the patriotic pageant also signaled the start of a federalist campaign to sweep the first national elections that are mandated by the document. federalist leaders concede that some of the same issues debated during the bitter 10 - month ratification struggle are likely to re - surface in the coming election campaign for control of the new government. skip to next paragraph subscribe today to the monitor the sound of the single cannon salute from the sloop rising sun, moored in the delaware river, had hardly faded away when 10 nearby ships ran up on their masts white pennants with the names, in gold letters, of the states that had ratified the constitution. exhausted mounted - express riders brought the news late last month that, in the north, new hampshire on june 21 had become the necessary ninth state to give the new constitution legal life. from the south came the news that powerful, populous, and all - important virginia on june 25 had by 10 votes become the 10th state to approve the document. ( without virginia ' s approval, gen. george washington, a resident of that state, could not be considered a nominee for president. ) philadelphia ' s federalists decided they would turn their planned july 4th celebration into the most elaborate and expensive public pageant ever - with one eye on luring the seat of the new national government away from new york city, and the other eye on the first federal elections for president, vice president, and the house and senate seats. james wilson, a pennsylvania signer of the declaration and the new constitution, told a capacity crowd gathered on the city green, renamed ` ` union green ' ' for the occasion, that the benefits expected to flow from the constitution would not become a reality unless each person regarded his vote as crucial in the forthcoming first federal elections. ` ` let no one say, ' ' mr. wilson, in his pronounced scots burr, told the sea of upturned faces, ` ` that he is but a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4622994020985547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.565662"} {"text": "unless each person regarded his vote as crucial in the forthcoming first federal elections. ` ` let no one say, ' ' mr. wilson, in his pronounced scots burr, told the sea of upturned faces, ` ` that he is but a single citizen ; and that his ticket will be one in the box. that one ticket may turn an election. ` ` in battle, every soldier should consider the public safety as dependent on his single arm. at an election, every citizen should consider the public happiness as depending on a single vote. ' ' the federalist election themes appear to have been contained in today ' s ` ` procession ' ' of 5, 000 marching participants, extending for a mile - and - a - half through the city which, according to organizers, took three - and - a - half hours to pass by viewers. an estimated 17, 000 spectators, half the population of this port city, lined the narrow city streets, stood at open windows, or watched from rooftops the horse - drawn floats that depicted the last dozen years of american history - from the declaration to the new constitution. the most spectacular float of the procession was the ` ` grand foederal edifice. ' ' drawn by 10 white horses, it stood 36 feet high, consisting of a domed building made of painted papier - m ^ ach ' e and supported by 13 corinthian columns. three remained incomplete to symbolize that new york, north carolina, and rhode island have not yet ratified the constitution.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41372555707429415, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.566393"} {"text": "water has long been the most prized resource in los angeles. indeed, the city \u2019 s history and growth is inextricably linked to the development of infrastructure required to import water from the eastern sierra and other regions. while the los angeles river was the main water source for el pueblo de la reina de los angeles when it was founded in 1781, population growth outstripped the river \u2019 s ability to meet the city \u2019 s increasing thirst. enter william mulholland, the first superintendent of the new municipal water department. under his leadership, the city constructed the los angeles aqueduct, a five - year project completed in 1913 that brought water from the lush owens valley to semi - arid los angeles. much has been written about los angeles \u2019 s century long quest for water. it \u2019 s even been memorialized in roman polanski \u2019 s classic film chinatown \u2013 and yet, there are many stories and perspectives related to this important facet of local history that are not well known but equally deserving of attention. looking to fill that gap and provide a more nuanced perspective on this topic is a new self - guided, downloadable audio tour through owens valley, california called there it is \u2014 take it! produced by kim stringfellow, an artist / educator residing in joshua tree, california, this resource examines \u201c the controversial social, political and environmental history of the los angeles aqueduct. the tour illuminates various impacts this divisive water conveyance infrastructure has created within the owens valley over the last one hundred years of [ the ] aqueduct \u2019 s existence. \u201d the audio tour is currently available for download on the there it is \u2014 take it! web site. while i \u2019 ve listened to some of this fascinating online resource and highly recommend you do the same, i really look forward to experiencing it when i next travel along us route 395. if you \u2019 ll be heading to the mammoth lakes area this winter to enjoy the snow, this tour will provide you with a completely different perspective on the owens valley and the water you use everyday. in the meantime, if you \u2019 re able to travel to independence, ca tomorrow you can participate in a free listening party celebrating the launch of there it is \u2014 take it! hosted by the friends of the eastern california museum, this launch event will feature \u201c a panel discussion concerning past, present and future issues related to the los angeles aqueduct system and ladwp \u2019 s presence within the owens valley. \u201d the panel will include the following individuals, all of whom were interviewed for the audio tour project :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4340205408005834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.569540"} {"text": "parents with autistic first child face one in five risk of sibling developing disorder parents of a child with autism face a risk of almost one in five that their next child will also develop the disorder, say researchers. the risk is higher than previous estimates \u2013 and goes even higher if the second child is a boy. in families where there is more than one older sibling with autism, there is a one in three risk the next child will be affected, according to an international study published online in the journal pediatrics. risk : parents with an autistic child face a greater chance of having a second child with the condition a study has found ( picture posed by models ) the study of 664 children by researchers in the u. s., canada and israel is the largest ever into the risk of recurrence of autism among siblings. previous estimates put the risk at between 3 and 10 per cent that an infant with an older sibling with autism would also develop the disorder, which affects the ability to interact socially and communicate. but the new study found a \u2018 substantially higher \u2019 risk rate of 18. 7 per cent on average. however, the risk rises to over 26 per cent if the second child is male \u2013 because the disorder is mostly found among boys \u2013 and over 32 per cent for infants with more than one older sibling with autism. sally ozonoff, professor of psychiatry and behavioural sciences at the mind institute at the university of california - davis, sacramento, who led the study, said : \u2018 this is the largest study of the siblings of children with autism ever conducted. \u2018 there is no previous study that identified a risk of recurrence that is this high. \u2019 autism, or autistic spectrum disorder ( asd ), including asperger \u2019 s syndrome, is an umbrella term for a range of developmental disorders that have a lifelong effect on someone \u2019 s ability to interact socially and communicate. around one child in every 100 \u2013 80 per cent are male - has autism and genetic factors play a role in its development. researchers in the u. s., canada and israel, included 664 infants whose average age was eight months at the start of the study, and who were tested for autism when they reached three years. a total of 132 infants met the criteria for asd, with 26 per cent of boys compared with nine per cent of girls diagnosed in the study as a whole. the overall rate of autism among all study participants was 18. 7 per cent. in families with one older child with autism, or simplex families", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44878126215897707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.572338"} {"text": "mental illness stigma information \" the civil rights movement of this decade is mental health care quality and equality. \" - - updated february 18, 2005 - - [ local news ( seattle ) ] [ national news ( usa ) ] [ advance directives ] the mission of this page is to provide links to news and information about stigma and discrimination related to mental illness and substance abuse. there is more to the perpetuation of stigma than just our attitudes and misconceptions. mental health care goes mainstream? there are institutional mechanisms that can help or hinder the process of reducing discrimination. just as antidiscrimination laws helped to change behavior and attitudes related to race and sexual identity, similar legal mechanisms can reduce discrimination related to mental illness and substance abuse. this page contains information, links and resources to help us all move towards a society that does not discriminate against those with mental illness or substance abuse disorders. to return to this page in the future, just bookmark it or type mentalhealthstigma. org in your web browser address box. reportedly, the first ever \" therapy in america poll \" has been completed. please see the links below for more information. resources for understanding antidiscrimination efforts. although we have done our best to provide a comprehensive list of links, we cannot guarantee that we have covered it all. if you wish to stay even more current about mental illness antidiscrimination efforts, we recommend using the google news search engine page. type into the search box the words \" mental illness discrimination \" or \" substance abuse discrimination \" or a similar search phrase. you will get a comprehensive list of the most current articles from a large number of publications. resources for understanding stigma and anti - stigma efforts. some well - known antidiscrimination efforts mental health parity in health insurance coverage is one effective way to help change discrimination. see our mental health parity page for comprehensive links to understanding and advocating for mental health parity in health insurance coverage. see the following resources for understanding and advocating for the medicare mental health modernization act of 2003 introduced in march and april of 2003 which is stuck in committee in the u. s. senate and house of representatives. my recommendation is to get \" pushy \" with aarp and other leading organizations about older adult mental health. get aarp and others to advocate for the medicare mental health modernization act of 2003 introduced in march and april of 2003. - older women ' s league. see their mental health advocacy pages at older americans mental health week. as the only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4661923241279411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.587156"} {"text": "mental health. get aarp and others to advocate for the medicare mental health modernization act of 2003 introduced in march and april of 2003. - older women ' s league. see their mental health advocacy pages at older americans mental health week. as the only national grassroots membership organization to focus solely on issues unique to women as they age, the older women ' s league ( owl ) strives to improve the status and quality of life for midlife and older women. owl is a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization that accomplishes its work through research, education, and advocacy activities conducted through a chapter network. now in its 23rd year, owl provides a strong and effective voice for the more than 58 million women age 40 and over in america. - older americans consumer mental health alliance. one of oacmha ' s primary missions is to decrease fear in older persons of mental health stigma by increasing public awareness and knowledge of the special mental health needs and problems of older persons, including alternative solutions and approaches to services and treatments needed by this population group. we have listed a large number of links to articles, reports, organizations, and individuals which should help you keep up to date on the latest information about assisting people to understand that mental illness is not something to be ashamed of, anymore than one should be ashamed of catching the flu or a cold. anti - stigma at its best! although we have done our best to provide a comprehensive list of links, we cannot guarantee that we have covered it all. if you wish to stay even more current about stigma and anti - stigma efforts, we recommend using the google news search engine page. type into the search box the words \" mental health stigma \" or \" mental health anti - stigma \" or a similar search phrase. you will get a comprehensive list of the most current articles from a large number of publications. well - known anti - stigma advocates with past or present mental illness famous people with mental illness many other famous writers, artists, broadcasters and business people who have spoken out to help reduce the stigma of mental illness include lawton chiles, bob boorstin, tom johnson, william styron, art buchwald, elizabeth wurtzel, mike wallace, tracy thompson, and kay jamison. links to stories about them or resources they have provided will be added to this page in the near future. - tipper gore. - terry bradshaw. - ricky williams. - carrie fisher. - george stephanopoulos ( also see, george stephanopolis featured at apf ' s annual conversations event at the 2004", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4690176608892121, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.588295"} {"text": "to this page in the near future. - tipper gore. - terry bradshaw. - ricky williams. - carrie fisher. - george stephanopoulos ( also see, george stephanopolis featured at apf ' s annual conversations event at the 2004 apa annual meeting. - frederick j. frese iii, ph. d. - marian fireman, m. d., james scibilia, m. d., suzanne vogel - scibilia, m. d., and beth baxter, m. d. - miss arizona, laura lawless. - ex - rep. lynn rivers ( d - ann arbor ). along with many other nationally known individuals, ms. rivers is a member of the university of michigan depression center national advisory board. - michelle clark, m. d and raymond reyes, m. d. amercian psychiatric association anti - stigma links american psychological association anti - stigma links the royal college of psychiatrists ( uk ) other resources for understanding stigma and anti - stigma efforts - student bmj ( the international medical students ' journal ) article posted april 2003 - - reducing the stigma of mental illness. - changing minds, the web site for the royal college of psychiatrists ' anti - stigma campaign started in 1998. poster - person, adam ant, signs his photo with \" help kill the stigma, with love, adam ant 2003. \" - every family in the land - - understanding prejudice and discrimination against people with mental illness, the web site for the book that supports the royal college of psychiatrists ' \" changing minds \" anti - stigma campaign started in 1998. - survey finds general public poorly informed about psychiatrists at royal college of psychiatrists web site, dated november 2, 2001. - press release : workshops help young people challenge the stigma of mental illness at royal college of psychiatrists web site, dated april 1, 2003. - the roots of stigma - - subsection of 1999 surgeon general ' s report on mental health. - the center for mental health services - - discrimination & stigma resource center contains links to some of the latest news items related to stigma and to an anti - stigma poster. - the resource center to address discrimination and stigma. the resource center to address discrimination and stigma ( ads center ) helps people design, implement and operate programs that reduce discrimination and stigma associated with mental illnesses. with the most up - to - date research and information, the center helps individuals, organizations and governments counter such discrimination and stigma in the community, in the workplace, and in the media. - elimination of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45038073503098164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.589240"} {"text": "reduce discrimination and stigma associated with mental illnesses. with the most up - to - date research and information, the center helps individuals, organizations and governments counter such discrimination and stigma in the community, in the workplace, and in the media. - elimination of barriers initiative web site. over a three - year period, the ebi will test campaign models and public education materials in eight pilot states : california, florida, massachusetts, north carolina, ohio, pennsylvania, texas, and wisconsin. pending the evaluation, cmhs will distribute evidenced - based public education practices to states and communities nationwide. see also elimination of barriers initiative, a samsha news release. read wisconsin ' s news release regarding their participation in the initiative. - apa : stigma, insurance, and access to treatment and services emerge as top barriers to schizophrenics. - the national mental health awareness campaign is dedicated to reducing the stigma associated with mental illnesses. - carter center mental health programs. mrs. carter continues her advocacy efforts through the carter center ' s mental health program, founded in 1991. the program focuses on mental health policy issues with four strategic goals. - entertainment industries council, inc. ( eic ) web site. the entertainment industries council, inc. ( eic ) is a non - profit organization founded in 1983 by leaders in the entertainment industry to provide information, awareness and understanding of major health and social issues among the entertainment industries and to audiences at large ( click here for the eic page for mental health and suicide ). - indiana consortium for mental health services research. - chicago consortium for stigma research. the chicago consortium for stigma research ( ccsr ) is dedicated towards understanding the phenomenon of stigma, developing and testing models that explain why it occurs, and evaluating strategies that help to diminish its effects. - stigma fact sheets from the national mental health association. - \" like minds, like mine \" web site, an online information and resource center for the project to counter stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness based in new zealand. - the consumer movement with subsection on stigma, a page from online lessons about mental health written by david lukoff, ph. d. - newseek article dated june 16, 2003 - - stop pretending nothing ' s wrong - - it ' s hard for men to admit or even recognize their own depression. how to get help. - pr week magazine article posted september 23, 2002 - - media roundup : mental health : media ' s grasp of mental health is slow to develop. - the oregonian - - article", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4770491035790445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.590597"} {"text": "or even recognize their own depression. how to get help. - pr week magazine article posted september 23, 2002 - - media roundup : mental health : media ' s grasp of mental health is slow to develop. - the oregonian - - article published may 19, 2003 - - steps to ease stigma. - dearshrink. com article posted march 17, 2002 - - what is normal? what is a mental disorder? the december 13, 1999 surgeon general ' s report on mental health ( \" 1999 report \" ), presented a vision for the future of mental health and promoted eight recommendations. however, the 1999 report did not suggest priorities. in dr. sterling ' s opinion, the controlling variable for the success of the seven other goals noted in the 1999 report is recommendation number two - - \" overcome stigma. \" the anti - stigma power of humor. stigma is not just an obstacle for people seeking consultation. among other things, stigma deters funding for research, it facilitates discriminatory attitudes with respect to workplace support, and it provides an underlying mindset that influences insurers to restrict coverage inappropriately. click here to read anti - stigma at its best!, an article written by dr. sterling, posted june 25, 2003. check the web site of stand up for mental health. stand up for mental health is a course that teaches stand - up comedy to people with mental illness. their acts look at the lighter side of taking meds, seeing counselors, getting diagnosed and surviving the mental health system. designed by david granirer, a counselor and a stand - up comic, stand up for mental health aims to reduce public stigma around mental illness and spread a message of hope and empowerment. nami stigma alerts! the most recent nami stigma alerts are available. nami media awards for 2003! \" nami \" is the national alliance for the mentally ill. stigmabusters are dedicated to helping us all realize that mental illness is not something to be demeaned, misrepresented or exploited. stigma alerts also include praise for accurate and respectful representations of mental illness and the mentally ill. if you would like to receive advance, e - mailed alerts from stigmabusters before they are posted on the nami web site, please go to stigma alerts and sign up. it is worth it! the national alliance for the mentally ill has announced its 2003 media awards. the nami 2003 media awards go to a very diverse group of movies, reporters and stories - - from the movie", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42183354377370647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.591551"} {"text": "to stigma alerts and sign up. it is worth it! the national alliance for the mentally ill has announced its 2003 media awards. the nami 2003 media awards go to a very diverse group of movies, reporters and stories - - from the movie the hours to coverage of children ' s issues to reports about national football league players. 2002 nami media coverage. media - related news posted at the national alliance for the mentally ill ( nami ) includes the following : links to other media watcher web sites. human rights in mental health care. - the national alliance for mental illness stigma alerts page contains a list of recent alerts regarding films, television shows, advertising. it also features comments about good faith media representations regarding mental illness. sign up for e - mail alerts. - national stigma clearinghouse news of the week. since 1990 they have been watching the media and issuing alerts. - cinemania is a new site with essays on films and mental health : a cinematic history of 20th century stigma and the criminalization of mental illness. - dr. otto wahl ' s home page. otto wahl, ph. d, clinical psychology, is a nationally - recognized expert on the media and mental illness and has published a book entitled media madness : public images of mental illness. the following are links to some web sites and organizations that have focused on human rights, freedom, recovery, over - medication, and resilience issues. patient rights and patient survivors should always have a voice in the work of bringing about appropriate, scientifically valid and less intrusive mental health and chemical dependency treatment. thank you for stopping by! - the thomas szasz cybercenter for liberty and responsibility. this web site is dedicated to the life and work of thomas s. szasz, m. d. in it you will find information from friends and colleagues sharing similar points of view to those of thomas szasz on diverse topics ranging from psychiatry and law, to drugs and addiction, to psychotherapy and public policy. - mind freedom - \" win human rights in the mental health system \" is mind freedom ' s mission. - successful schizophrenia. successful schizophrenia is a web site dedicated to raising awareness of the constructs which currently and historically exist within the field of mental health. the training procedures in psychiatry, clinical psychology and allied fields brainwash practitioners into sustaining a dysfunctional system while expelling and discrediting those who think for themselves. our site is meant to provide critical information that is suppressed elsewhere, to allow for our visitors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44979424019032765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.592693"} {"text": "procedures in psychiatry, clinical psychology and allied fields brainwash practitioners into sustaining a dysfunctional system while expelling and discrediting those who think for themselves. our site is meant to provide critical information that is suppressed elsewhere, to allow for our visitors to connect with each other, and be reassured that you are not alone! - psychiatric drug facts by peter r. breggin, m. d. dr. breggin has been informing the professions, media and the public about the potential dangers of drugs, electroshock, psychosurgery, involuntary treatment, and the biological theories of psychiatry for over three decades. he is the author of dozens of scientific articles and more than fifteen professional books about psychiatric medication, the fda and drug approval process, the evaluation of clinical trials, and standards of care in psychiatry and related fields. - national association for rights protection and advocacy. narpa is dedicated to promoting those policies and pursuing those strategies that represent the preferred options of people who have been labeled mentally disabled. narpa is committed to advocating the abolishing of all forced treatment laws. narpa believes the recipients of mental health services are capable of and entitled to make their own choices, and they are, above all, equal citizens under the law. to the extent that the recipients and former recipients may need assistance to support or express or achieving their preferences, narpa is committed to promoting rights protection and advocacy which focuses upon both the right to choose and the specific choices of those who request assistance. therefore, narpa ' s fundamental mission is to help empower people who have been labeled mentally disabled so that they may learn to independently exercise their rights. - alternative mental health is a web site guide \" to assist and promote non - harmful, alternative ( non - psychiatric ) methods and practitioners for helping the mentally disturbed. our purpose is to provide education and choice to the public in the matter of alternative mental health practices. our main concern is that the vast majority of people with severe mental symptoms have overlooked physical ailments. so our aim is to educate the public on this matter and recommend the medical problems be addressed as a matter of first priority. that is why we list in our directory doctors and practitioners who concentrate on medical and nutritional treatment of severe mental symptoms. \" - best wishes, ron sterling m. d. ( seattle, washington, usa ) [ age of consent for medical treatment ] [ alcohol awareness month ] [ death penalty ] [ cut drug costs ] [ fundraising news ] [ hmo news ] [ drug policy ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5138862697990103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.593907"} {"text": "in 2006, a new class of medicine for type 2 diabetes was introduced to the u. s. market. called dpp - 4 inhibitors, these drugs work in a way that is different from any previous diabetes treatment. sitagliptin ( brand name januvia ) was the first drug in this class to be approved ; it can be used alone or in combination with other oral diabetes drugs. saxagliptin ( onglyza ), another dpp - 4 inhibitor, received approval in july 2009. at the turn of the 20th century, several different researchers were examining the role of the intestines and the pancreas in diabetes. research soon demonstrated, through experiments with animals and autopsies of people who had died of diabetes complications, that type 1 diabetes was caused by a problem with the pancreas. after extracts of the pancreas were shown to treat diabetes, a research team at the university of toronto ( frederick banting and charles best ) isolated insulin in 1921. further experiments went on to explore the relationship between the pancreas and the intestines. some of these demonstrated that intestinal extracts could lower blood glucose by stimulating the pancreas to produce more insulin. hormones from the intestines with this effect are called incretins. significant research on incretins was not conducted again until the 1960 \u2019 s, when researchers were faced with a puzzle : when people were given the same amount of glucose at different times by vein and by mouth, the amount of insulin produced was much greater when the glucose was given by mouth. the researchers concluded that the gastrointestinal tract was signaling the pancreas to produce insulin. the hunt was on for the exact chemicals involved in this process, and finally a hormone was isolated : gastric inhibitory polypeptide, or gip. a second hormone called glucagon - like polypeptide 1, or glp - 1, was later isolated. glp - 1 was found to have a profound effect on stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. it was also found to be active for a very short time in the blood. this is because it is broken down quickly by an enzyme called dipeptidyl peptidase 4, or dpp - 4. a drug that could inhibit the action of dpp - 4 would extend the insulin - releasing effect of glp - 1. function in the body drugs that inhibit the action of dpp - 4 are intervening in a complex set of reactions that occur when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45753184289772075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.598715"} {"text": "a drug that could inhibit the action of dpp - 4 would extend the insulin - releasing effect of glp - 1. function in the body drugs that inhibit the action of dpp - 4 are intervening in a complex set of reactions that occur when food is eaten. in response to meals, specialized cells in the intestines called l cells secrete glp - 1. l cells are mainly found in the ileum, the last segment of the small intestine, and in the large intestine ( also known as the colon ). glp - 1 appears to be secreted, however, before food from a meal reaches these areas of the intestines. the l cells have receptors for a variety of hormones secreted by the digestive system, which helps them determine the type of nutrients that have been consumed and control the amount of glp - 1 they release. it is thought that hormonal signals from the upper intestine, as well as a chemical released by nerves in response to eating, stimulate the release of glp - 1. glp - 1 has several effects in the body other than stimulating the release of insulin. it also slows stomach emptying, inhibits the release of glucagon ( glucagon is a hormone that signals the liver to release glucose and is usually elevated in people with type 2 diabetes ), and enhances the survival and growth of pancreatic beta cells, which secrete insulin. it has been found in laboratory studies that animals treated with dpp - 4 inhibitors seem to have an increased number of pancreatic beta cells, indicating that these drugs may stimulate beta - cell growth ( most likely through the action of glp - 1 ). this effect has not yet been demonstrated in humans, but if confirmed, it means that dpp - 4 inhibitors could play a significant role in delaying and possibly reversing the progression of type 2 diabetes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41197202636657715, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.599543"} {"text": "before we can start in with some new and interesting medical terms, you need to learn a few fundamentals of how medical terminology is constructed as a language. there are three basic parts to medical terms : a word root ( usually the middle of the word and its central meaning ), a prefix ( comes at the beginning and usually identifies some subdivision or part of the central meaning ), and a suffix ( comes at the end and modifies the central meaning as to what or who is interacting with it or what is happening to it ). an example may make better sense. therm = heat hypothermia ( less heat ), thermometer ( measuring heat ) let \u2019 s look at a real medical term and take it apart. | myo = muscle | | card = heart | | itis = inflammation | don \u2019 t get blown away by that big, intimidating word! we haven \u2019 t introduced word roots yet. i just wanted to demonstrate the major parts of a medical term. let \u2019 s see how prefix and suffix changes can alter the meaning of a term without changing its central meaning by keeping the root the same. | myocarditis | | = muscle layer of heart inflamed | | pericarditis | | = outer layer of heart inflamed | | endocarditis | | = inner layer of heart inflamed | | cardiologist | | = a physician specializing in the heart | | cardiomyopathy | | = damage to heart muscle layer | | cardiomegaly | | = enlargement of the heart | again, we haven \u2019 t introduced heart terms yet. these basics are just to introduce the parts of medical terms and demonstrate how moving the parts around modifies the central meaning without changing the \u201c root \u201d ( cardio ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.539175122154383, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.601278"} {"text": "sistrurus catenatus catenatus \u2022 mating : polygamous \u2022 peak breeding activity : april and may \u2022 gestation period : 2 - 4 months \u2022 young are born : late july through september \u2022 litter size : 3 - 19 ; 8 average \u2022 young : precocial and are on their own after birth \u2022 number of litters per year : 1 \u2022 migration patterns : year - round resident ; young go, on average, less than 0. 6 miles to establish their own territory. \u2022 feeding periods : early morning, late afternoon, or at night \u2022 typical foods : small mammals ( short - tailed shrew, meadow vole, deer and white - footed mice ), small snakes, small frogs, salamanders, toads, and young birds. \u2022 length : 20 - 30 inches \u2022 ohio status : endangered the eastern massasauga is a medium - sized, dark - colored, rattlesnake with 29 to 50 dark dorsal blotches on its gray or brownish gray body. there are three rows of smaller dark spots on each side of the body. the snake can be identified by its short ( two to three feet ), thick body. the head of this snake is thick and triangular, with black stripes. its belly is black and irregularly marked with white or yellowish spots. the pupils of its eyes are elliptical. the triangular head and elliptical eyes are two features used to help identify a venomous snake. the most distinguishable feature of this snake is the stubby rattle on the end of its tail. this feature is associated with all species of venomous snakes, with the exception of the copperhead, which is also native to ohio. habitat and habits throughout much of its range in the eastern united states, massasauga rattlesnakes are found in wet prairies, sedge meadows, and early successional fields. preferred wetland habitats are marshes and fens. they avoid open water and seem to prefer the cover of broad - leafed plants, emergents, and sedges. natural succession of woody vegetation is a leading cause of recent habitat deterioration throughout its range. intensive management to retard woody vegetation growth is necessary to maintain suitable habitat conditions. rattlesnakes hibernate singly or in small groups of two or three. by overwintering in moist soil, massasaugas are able to avoid lethally cold temperatures and reduce the risk of desiccation ( drying out ). reproduction and care of the young massasaugas are ovoviviparous (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39027560650002735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.603874"} {"text": "business research method basic research would basically refer to systematic study which is aimed at fuller knowledge or a deeper understanding of the essential aspects of phenomena as well as of observable facts. this would be done with no precise applications towards any processes or products in mind. at the same time basic research could possibly comprise activities with maybe broad applications in mind. on the other hand, applied research identifies a systematic study undertaken to obtain knowledge or understanding which is necessary in order to establish the possible means by which a known and exact need may be met. the terms fundamental or pure research have also been applied to basic research. it refers to research motivated by a scientist ' s or person ' s curiosity or keen interest in a scientific question. applied research may be thought of as intended to solve practical problems. business research method the series of essay 1 essay one basic research would basically refer to systematic study which is aimed at fuller knowledge or a deeper understanding of the essential aspects of phenomena as well as of observable facts. this would be done with no precise applications towards any processes or products in mind. at the same time basic research could possibly comprise activities with maybe broad applications in mind. on the other hand, applied research identifies a systematic study undertaken to obtain knowledge or understanding which is necessary in order to establish the possible means by which a known and exact need may be met. the terms fundamental or pure research have also been applied to basic research. it refers to research motivated by a scientist ' s or person ' s curiosity or keen interest in a scientific question. applied research may be thought of as intended to solve practical problems. basic research whether in business research or any other field has as its basic goal, to expand one ' s knowledge. basic questions such as, \u201c how can we increase production and save money at the same time \u201d, might be a question for business. if, we increase production, we also increase the cost of payroll by hiring additional production employees. \u201c how can this save money? \u201d curiosity lies at the heart of all business and it is this curiosity, which causes business to constantly ask questions that require research. today modern business uses research techniques and the latest technology to achieve these goals. basic research aims to enhance the understanding of problems that commonly occur across a range of organisations while an applied research is done with the intention of applying results to specific problems in the especially in business. one person has at any given time can defines his or her research goal, as an idea to investigate, and a question to answer. it is the type of question which determines the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5433191294156663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.621842"} {"text": "the intention of applying results to specific problems in the especially in business. one person has at any given time can defines his or her research goal, as an idea to investigate, and a question to answer. it is the type of question which determines the nature of the research. applied research is solutions designed from basic research information, aimed at the solution of business problems within the company. the goal of applied research is change for the better, improvements in business management and practice aimed at improving the human condition. regardless of the type of business, applied research has as its goal in business to improve production, increase sales, control losses, restore efficiency and establish solid financial investment in the future. 2 basic research has understanding as only goal. basic research does only promise a contribution to question, not to anything else, but it can give the most unexpected applications. therefore as researcher, we can draw a borderline between basic and applied research by sorting questions into those with or without knowledge as to be achieved. as any business theory is based upon an idea or mental plan for creating a successful business, investigation into what others are doing and using what is known to discover new and better ways to solve the unknown answers in business is an ongoing process. using innovative technology and modern developmental processes paved the way for industry development in today ' s modern world. as conclusion, historically basic research has led to the application of basic research to improve and develop our modern world of business industries world wide. good concepts of basic or applied research in the context of business policy must be inspiring for the individual in any research group. reference c. c beri ( 2000 ) marketing research. ( 3rd ed. ). new delhi : tata mcgraw hill sekaran, u. ( 2000 ). research methods for business. new york : john wiley & sons, inc. tuckman, b. ( 1999 ). conducting educational research ( 5th ed. ). fort worth, tx : harcourt brace college publishers. 3 essay 2 the research process should be understood as one of ongoing planning, searching, discovery, reflection, synthesis, revision, and learning. according to sekaran. u ( 2001 ), research is a process of thoroughly studying and analyzing the situational factors surrounding a problem in order to seek out solutions to it. therefore research process is a systematic, careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationships and to expand or verify existing knowledge for some specified purpose. in the business world, research process includes the systematic identification, collection, analysis and distribution of information for the purpose of knowledge development and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5224872999052615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.623031"} {"text": "systematic, careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationships and to expand or verify existing knowledge for some specified purpose. in the business world, research process includes the systematic identification, collection, analysis and distribution of information for the purpose of knowledge development and decision making. it can be in the form of marketing research, product research or swot analysis. the reasons and times at which the company or organization might consider performing research varies, but the general purpose of gaining intelligence for decision making remains constant throughout. there are plenty of little steps along the way of research process. each of those steps fits into one of the six major steps of the research process. they are : 1. identifying the problem this step is always the first of the research process. at this point, the problem will have been recognized by at least one level of management, and internal discussions will have taken place. sometimes, further definition of the issue or problem is needed. the most common tools are internal and external secondary research. secondary research intelligence consists of information that was collected for another purpose, but can be useful for other purposes. examples of internal secondary research for a marketing research consist of sales revenues, sales forecasts, customer demographics, purchase patterns, and other information that has been collected about the customer. often referred to as data mining, this information can be critical in diagnosing the problem for further exploration and should be leveraged when available and appropriate. the amount of internal secondary information that can be applied is typically limited. external secondary research is typically far more available. most external secondary information is produced via research conducted for other purposes, financial performance data, expert opinions and analysis, corporate executive interviews, legal proceedings, and competitive intelligence firms. 4 2. research approach once the problem is better defined, researcher can move onto developing the research approach, which will generally be around a defined set of objectives. any clear objectives will lend researcher to better marketing research approach development. developing the approach should consist of honestly assessing the research skills, understanding the environment and its influencing factors, developing an analysis model, and formulating hypotheses. 3. research design and strategy research design and strategy is the most encompassing of all steps in the research process, requiring the greatest amount of thought, time and expertise. since the intelligence eventually gained from the research is so closely related to the selected research design, this is the single most import step in the research process and the step most vulnerable to common marketing research errors. research design and strategy includes secondary information analysis, qualitative research, methodology selection, question measurement", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5568749272461322, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.624195"} {"text": "so closely related to the selected research design, this is the single most import step in the research process and the step most vulnerable to common marketing research errors. research design and strategy includes secondary information analysis, qualitative research, methodology selection, question measurement and scale selection, questionnaire design, sample design & size and determining data analysis to be used. 4. research data collection the research data collection ( often called survey fielding ) is the point at which the finalized survey instrument is used in gathering information among the chosen sample segments. there are a variety of data collection methodologies to consider. any research data collection typically begins with field testing the final questionnaire with a small portion of the sample taken to make sure it is gathering information correctly. then data collection can be fairly automatic throughout the remainder of the research data collection process. when quota groups and / or sample subgroups are being screened for, data collection will require more oversight, maintenance time and cost. regardless of the data collection methodology chosen, the data collection process often takes half of the total time needed to complete a research project. 5. survey data analysis any survey data analysis will depend on how the survey questionnaire was constructed. less complex survey data analysis can be handled with any of a number of office suite 5 tools, while more complex questionnaire data analysis requires dedicated research analysis programs. types of statistical survey data analysis that might be performed are simple frequency distributions, cross tab analysis, multiple regression ( driver analysis ), cluster analysis, factor analysis, perceptual mapping ( multidimensional scaling ), structural equation modeling and data mining. the more complex the needed level of statistical data analysis is, the more time and cost it will take to execute. 6. research reports any critical information and knowledge that comes from the research findings will be limited by how the research reports are presented to decision makers. once research information is collected and analyzed, present it in an organized manner to the decision makers of the business. the data gathered was created to help guide the business decisions, so it needs to be readily accessible and understandable to the decision makers. as conclusion, building a framework process for a research is very important. equally important is to establish links between research type of approach, theoretical framework, and process involve during research and results of a research finding. in addition, the proposed sequence or step in research process helps answer the question, whether the findings answer and justify the rationale or base for conducting the research which benefiting the company and the organization. 6 reference c. c beri ( 2000 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4645893291525073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.625227"} {"text": "in addition, the proposed sequence or step in research process helps answer the question, whether the findings answer and justify the rationale or base for conducting the research which benefiting the company and the organization. 6 reference c. c beri ( 2000 ) marketing research. ( 3rd ed. ). new delhi : tata mcgraw hill hudson, w. & nurius, p. ( 1994 ). controversial issues in social work research. boston, ma : allyn and bacon. sekaran, u. ( 2000 ). research methods for business. new york : john wiley & sons, inc. tuckman, b. ( 1999 ). conducting educational research ( 5th ed. ). fort worth, tx : harcourt brace college publishers. 7 essay 3 literature survey is the documentation of a comprehensive review of the published and unpublished work from secondary sources data in the areas of specific interest to the researcher. for example, the library is a rich storage base for secondary data and researchers used to spend several weeks and sometimes months going through books, journals, newspapers, magazines, conference proceedings, doctoral dissertations, master ' s theses, government publications and financial reports to find information on their research topic. with computerized databases now readily available and accessible the literature search is much speedier and easier. the researcher could start the literature survey even as the information from the unstructured and structured interviews is being gathered. reviewing the literature on the topic area at this time helps the researcher to focus further interviews more meaningfully on certain aspects found to be important is the published studies even if these had not surfaced during the earlier questioning. so the literature survey is important for gathering the secondary data for the research which might be proved very helpful in the research. the literature survey can be conducted for several reasons. the literature survey can be in any area of the business. an in - depth interview is a qualitative research technique that allows person to person discussion. it can lead to increased insight into people ' s thoughts, feelings, and behavior on important issues. this type of interview is often unstructured and therefore permits the interviewer to encourage an informant ( or respondent ) to talk at length about the topic of interest. the in - depth interview uses a flexible interview approach. it aims to ask questions to explain the reasons underlying a problem or practice in a target group. it is the technique to gather ideas and to gather information. actually, both the literature survey and in - depth interview methods are contributing one another in term of developing a theoretical framework. theoretical framework visually tells", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4874392802042577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.626209"} {"text": "underlying a problem or practice in a target group. it is the technique to gather ideas and to gather information. actually, both the literature survey and in - depth interview methods are contributing one another in term of developing a theoretical framework. theoretical framework visually tells the big picture ( research ) of the study identifies literature review categories and directs research objectives. a typical theoretical framework with the help of both literature survey and in - depth interview approach provides a schematic description of relationships between and among independent, dependent, moderator, control, and extraneous variables so that a researcher can easily comprehend the theorized relationships. therefore, a theoretical framework is the conceptual model of how one theorizes or makes logical sense of the 8 relationships among the several factors that have been identified as important to the problem. in depth interview should suffice to develop a theoretical framework but literature survey does completed the flows from the documentation of previous research in the problem by integrating logical beliefs with published research, taking into consideration the boundaries and constraints governing both the situation. the purpose of both in depth interview and literature survey is to ensure that no important variable that has in the past been found repeatedly to have had an impact on the problem is ignored. the variables considered relevant to the study should be clearly identified and labelled. it is possible that some of the critical variables are never brought out in the interviews, because the employees cannot articulate them or are unaware of their impact or because the variables seem so obvious to interviews that they are not specifically stated. if there are variables that are not identified during the interviews, but influence the problem critically then research done without considering them would be an exercise in futility. theoretical framework is the foundation on which the entire research project is based on. as conclusion, the relationship between the literature survey and the in depth interview provides a solid foundation for developing the theoretical framework. it is done through interrelationships among the variables that are deemed to be integral to the dynamics of the situation being investigated. reference creswell, j. w. ( 1998 ). qualitative inquiry and research design : choosing among five traditions. thousand oaks, ca : sage publications hart, c. ( 1998 ). doing a literature review : releasing the social science research imagination. thousand oaks, ca : sage publications hudson, w. & nurius, p. ( 1994 ). controversial issues in social work research. boston, ma : allyn and bacon. reichardt, c. & rallis, s. ( 1994 ). the qualitative - quantitative debate :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.577555385575886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.627265"} {"text": "& nurius, p. ( 1994 ). controversial issues in social work research. boston, ma : allyn and bacon. reichardt, c. & rallis, s. ( 1994 ). the qualitative - quantitative debate : new perspectives. san francisco, ca : jossey - bass publishers. singleton, r. a. & straits, b. c. ( 1999 ). approaches to social research. new york, ny : oxford university press. 9 question 4 basic method and research design issues mainly consist of 1. purpose the research design issues answers these two main questions : a ) how was the data collected or generated? b ) how was the data analyzed? in research, it is vital to know how the data was obtained because the method affects the results. for instance, if the researchers are investigating peoples ' perceptions of the efficiency of public administration in malaysia, they will need to obtain different results if they use a multiple choice questionnaire than through conducting series of interviews. knowing how the data was collected helps the researcher to evaluate the validity and reliability of the results, and the conclusions that can be drawn from it. in other words, it shows how the researchers obtained their results and explain how the result is obtained. often there are different methods that the researcher can use to investigate a research problem. the research methodology should make clear the reasons why the researcher chose a particular method or procedure. the researcher must be able and know that the data was collected or generated in a way that is consistent with accepted practice in the field of study. for example, if the researchers are using a questionnaire for example to investigating peoples ' perceptions the standard of public administration in malaysia, they need to know that it offered the respondents a reasonable range of answers to choose from such as ( a ) excellent, ( b ) very good or ( c ) good, it would obviously not be acceptable as it does not allow respondents to give negative answers. the basic research design must be appropriate to the objectives of the study. if the researcher performs a case study of one respondent in order to investigate users ' perceptions of the efficiency of public administration in malaysia, the method is obviously unsuited to the objectives. therefore the methodology should also discuss the problems that were anticipated and explain the steps taken to prevent them from occurring, and the problems that did occur and the ways their impact was minimized. 2. common problems 10 there are commons problems or issues with a basic research design. they are a ) irrelevant detail b ) unnecessary explanation of basic procedures c )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4957452523928256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.628259"} {"text": "from occurring, and the problems that did occur and the ways their impact was minimized. 2. common problems 10 there are commons problems or issues with a basic research design. they are a ) irrelevant detail b ) unnecessary explanation of basic procedures c ) problem blindness most of the researchers encounter some problems when collecting or generating the data from the context of study. it is advisable to do not ignore significant problems or pretend they did not occur. a study context can be in the form of physical setting, pretest sensitization, treatment conditions and subjects thoughts about the study. some time it can be some issue on how it is handled for example question on how the quality of instrument, question and data matching, independence of observations or person or people responsible of collecting the data. often sometime through recording on how the researchers overcame obstacles can form an interesting part of the methodology. it also means that the researchers can also give a rationale for certain decisions, plus a realistic view of using the methods of research chosen. 3. different types of research design there are different types of basic research designs. a good researcher must be able to choose the suitable research design to achieve the purpose of researching. it shows how the results were achieved through explanation of how data was collected or generated and explanation of how data was analyzed explanation of methodological problems and their solutions or effects the basic research designs consist of : a ) analysis analysis is classes of data are collected and studies conducted to discern patterns and formulate principles that might guide future action b ) case study case study provides the background, development, current conditions and environmental interactions of one or more individuals, groups, communities, businesses or institutions is observed, recorded and analyzed for stages of patterns in relation to internal and external influences. c ) comparison 11 comparison happens when two or more existing situations are studied to determine their similarities and differences. d ) correlation - prediction correlation - prediction is a situation when statistically significant correlation coefficients between and among a number of factors are sought and interpreted. e ) evaluation evaluation is an act of research to determine whether a program or project followed the prescribed procedures and achieved the stated outcomes. f ) design - demonstration design - demonstration is a new system or programs are constructed, tested and evaluated g ) experiment an experiment is conducted when one or more variables are manipulated and the results analyzed. h ) survey - questionnaire survey - questionnaire is a tool to discover behaviors, beliefs and observations of specific groups are identified, reported and interpreted. i ) status status is a representative or selected sample of one or more phenomena", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.568454022364464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.630754"} {"text": "and the results analyzed. h ) survey - questionnaire survey - questionnaire is a tool to discover behaviors, beliefs and observations of specific groups are identified, reported and interpreted. i ) status status is a representative or selected sample of one or more phenomena is examined to determine its special characteristics. j ) theory construction theory construction is an attempt to find or describe principles that explain how things work the way they do. k ) trend analysis trend analysis is a tool to predict or forecasting the future direction of events. 12 4. the authenticity of variables in a well - designed research, the researcher varies at least one independent variable to assess its effects on respondents ' behavior, assigns participants to the experimental conditions in a way that assures their initial equivalence, and controls extraneous variables that may influence the behavior of research. researchers may vary an independent variable through environmental, instructional, or invasive manipulations. to assure that their independent variables are strong enough to produce the hypothesized effects, researcher \u2019 s often pilot test their independent variables and use manipulation checks in the experiment itself. in addition to independent variables manipulated by the researcher, experiments sometimes include subject variables that reflect characteristics of the respondents. the logic of the experimental method requires that the various experimental and control groups be equivalent before the levels of the independent variable are introduced. initial equivalence of the various conditions is accomplished in one of three ways. in between - subjects designs, researchers use simple or matched randomly assignment. in within - subjects or repeated measures designs, all respondents serve in all experimental conditions, thereby ensuring their equivalence. within - subjects designs are more powerful and economical than between - subjects designs, but order effects and carryover effects are sometimes a problem. nothing other than the independent variable may differ systematically among conditions. when something other than the independent variable differs among conditions, confounding occurs, destroys the internal validity of the experiment and making it difficult, if not impossible, to draw conclusions about the effects of the independent variable. good researchers will try to minimize error variance. error variance is produced by unsystematic differences among participants within experimental conditions. although error variance does not undermine the validity of an experiment, it makes detecting effects of the independent variable more difficult. attempts to minimize the error variance in an experiment may lower the study ' s external validity the degree to which the results can be generalized. however, most experiments are designed to test hypotheses about the causes of behavior. if the hypotheses are supported, then they are not the particular results of the study are generalized.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5850462439228197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.631860"} {"text": "the degree to which the results can be generalized. however, most experiments are designed to test hypotheses about the causes of behavior. if the hypotheses are supported, then they are not the particular results of the study are generalized. any good researchers must be able to look for the purpose of each part of the methodology before deciding its usage or function. it can be rationale or reasons for doing 13 something, description or equipment used, purpose, application on how something is used, structure of the research or the order in which information will be given, assumption, and parameters or variables that are measured. a good research must be able to differentiate series of question such as where did subjects come from?, what kinds of samples?, how many of intended subjects actually supplied data?, were in final analysis? and how motivated were subjects?. through this then the researchers are be able to serve the basic issues of research design and the role of statistics in research with clear classification of variables, quantification of variables or scales of measurement and finally the validity of interpretations of research studies. as conclusion, a basic research design is a tool which assists the researcher in defining a research topic, by which describing the method by which the research topic will be explored and analyzing the sources which will be utilized. reference bridget somek and cathy lewin. ( 2006 ) research methods in the social sciences. london : sage publications david s. moore and george p. mccabe. ( 2006 ) introduction to the practice of statistics. new york : w. h. freeman and company gall, m. d., borg, w. r., gall, j. p. ( 2003 ). educational research : an introduction. ( 7th edition ). white plains, new york : longman. gilbert, n. ed. ( 1996 ) researching social life. new york : sage publications john w. creswell. ( 2003 ) research design : qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. london : sage publications miles, m. b. and a. m. huberman ( 1994 ) qualitative data analysis : an expanded sourcebook, new york : sage publications 14", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5343067415815139, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.632738"} {"text": "| uploaded : | | may 1, 2008 | | updated : | | march 29, 2010 | this is a tutorial on a plant that is in bloom beginning this mouth. i figured it would be a good idea to start off this new mouth with a plant from the desert that actually blooms flowers even in the hot desert sun. so having said that, today you will learn \" how to draw a cactus \". this cactus happens to be the state flower of arizona. in 1901 the saguaro \u2019 s blossom was adopted as the official territorial flower, and in 1931, it was confirmed as the state flower. it has a thick, tall flute looking steam that is about 18 to 24 inches in diameter and can reach lengths of up to 40 feet high. not only does this desert cactus get big, it ages well too. the saguaro can age up to 200 years old before it dies out and becomes a shriveled up plant. this type of cactus resembles a long oversized pitch fork. the skin on the cactus is smooth and waxy which is odd because you would think that all cactuses have rough prickly surfaces but obviously that is totally not the case here. the trunk and stems are bold and sturdy, and they have sharp pointy spurs all over. now, i said in the beginning of this description of the saguaro cactus that the plant starts blooming from may - june. the flowers are thick, milky white clusters with yellow centers. the flower although it comes from a cactus, is characterized by having a waxy feel, but it is extremely fragrant in sent. toward the middle of the spring months, the saguaro will pollinate and later in the summer the flowers turn into reddish looking fruits that local arizona birds feast upon. what most people do not know is that this particular cactus happens to be the largest cactus in the usa now that is impressive. this tutorial on the arizona state flower will teach you \" how to draw a cactus \", step by step. since this is an easy tutorial, you will have no problems understanding the easy to follow instructions. for those of you from arizona, this one is for you.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37804545966863407, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.635991"} {"text": "acute bacterial sinusitis, chronic bacterial sinusitis, subacute bacterial sinusitis introduction to sinusitis : that runny nose and cough just won \u2019 t go away \u2026 perhaps your child has a sinus infection. sinusitis is a common problem in children. nevertheless, it is often over - diagnosed in children with green runny noses, and missed in children who really have a sinus infection! what is sinusitis? the sinuses are small empty caverns in the bony skull. they are lined by mucus membranes and connect with the nasal passages. some sinuses are present at birth ; others continue to grow and develop for the first 20 years of life. sinusitis is the name given when the lining of one or more of these sinuses is red, swollen, and tender, the opening is blocked, and the sinus is at least partially filled with fluid ( mucus and / or pus ). technically, every cold is also a case of viral sinusitis. however, when doctors use the term sinusitis they are usually referring to a bacterial infection in the sinuses. acute bacterial sinusitis has been present for less than three or four weeks ; subacute bacterial sinusitis has been present for up to about ten weeks ; and chronic bacterial sinusitis has been present for about ten weeks or more. the three may have different causes and treatments. who gets sinusitis? anyone can get a sinus infection. colds or nasal allergies are usually present first. sinus infections are also more common when there is exposure to cigarette smoke. children who have ear infections, ge reflux, cystic fibrosis, immune problems, deviated nasal septa, or poorly functioning cilia are more likely to develop sinus infections. asthma and sinus infections often go together. in addition, swimming, breathing cold dry air, or attending day care can predispose a child to sinusitis. boys get more sinus infections than girls. what are the symptoms of sinusitis? adults and adolescents with sinusitis will often have headaches or facial tenderness to make the diagnosis clear. these are much less common in younger children. instead, the symptoms are usually similar to a prolonged cold. the common cold usually lasts about seven days. within one to three days of the onset, the nasal secretions usually become thicker and perhaps yellow or green. this is a normal part of the common cold and not a reason for antibiotics. if a child has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4522941409465302, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.642959"} {"text": "common cold usually lasts about seven days. within one to three days of the onset, the nasal secretions usually become thicker and perhaps yellow or green. this is a normal part of the common cold and not a reason for antibiotics. if a child has both a cough and nasal discharge that do not improve within 10 to 14 days, this may be acute bacterial sinusitis. the nasal discharge may be clear or colored. the cough is present during the day, but is often worse during naps or at bedtime. there may be a fever, sore throat from post - nasal drip, or bad breath. about half of the children also have ear infections ( caused by the same bacteria ). occasionally a child with severe acute bacterial sinusitis will have a headache, colored nasal discharge, high fever, and facial tenderness well before the normal 10 days typically used to diagnose sinusitis. in subacute and chronic sinusitis, the symptoms are often minimal, but include the ongoing cough and nasal discharge. is sinusitis contagious? in general, sinus infections are not contagious ( although there have been rare outbreaks associated with swimming together ). the colds that can lead to sinus infections are quite contagious. how long does sinusitis last? sinus infections often last for weeks or months without treatment. how is sinusitis diagnosed? the diagnosis is often made based on the history and physical examination. sometimes x - rays or ct scans are used to support the diagnosis. how is sinusitis treated? acute and subacute bacterial sinusitis is usually best treated with appropriate antibiotics at an appropriate dose for the appropriate amount of time ( usually 14 - 21 days ). the antibiotics are usually continued for at least 7 days after symptoms disappear. if symptoms worsen or do not improve, the antibiotic is usually changed early in the course. saline nose drops may thin the mucus and speed healing. decongestants may help symptoms, but usually do not speed healing. antihistamines may thicken the mucus and slow healing. chronic sinusitis treatment usually lasts three weeks or more. for this reason, it is wise to obtain a culture of the infected material before treatment. sometimes the infection is caused by fungus rather than bacteria. most children with chronic sinusitis ( and to a lesser extent, subacute sinusitis ) either have allergies or an ongoing irritant exposure, such as smoke or fumes. these should be identified and addressed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42905504965922364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.644040"} {"text": "than bacteria. most children with chronic sinusitis ( and to a lesser extent, subacute sinusitis ) either have allergies or an ongoing irritant exposure, such as smoke or fumes. these should be identified and addressed. how can sinusitis be prevented? breastfeeding lowers the risk of sinus infections. preventing sinus infections is possible. it involves the same proven measures outlined for preventing colds and ear infections. in addition, changing swimming habits may be helpful for older children ( avoiding jumping, diving, or swimming underwater \u2013 unless holding the nose or using nose plugs ). immunizations, especially to pneumococcus, haemophilus influenzae ( hib ), measles, and the flu, are particularly important for children prone to sinus infections. finally, identifying and properly addressing allergies and irritants is the key to reducing the frequency, duration, and severity of sinusitis. related a - to - z information : allergies ( allergic rhinitis ), asthma, common cold, cough, cystic fibrosis, ear infection, food allergies, gastroesophageal reflux, haemophilus influenzae ( h flu, hib ), hiv, influenza ( flu ), measles, nosebleeds ( epistaxis ), otitis media with effusion ( ome ), wheezing last reviewed : march 30, 2010", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43009832388270813, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.644574"} {"text": "dr mark nelson foot & ankle specialist proper footwear can reduce foot problems from ancient egyptian times down through the centuries, footwear has been designed to meet mankind \u2019 s real and perceived needs \u2014 protection, support, comfort, sturdiness, and stylishness. when a child begins to walk, shoes generally are not necessary, allowing an infant to go barefooted in doors, or to wear only a pair of socks, helps the foot grow normally and develop its muscles and strength, as well as the grasping ability of toes. women inflict more punishment on their feet in part from improper footwear that can bring about unnecessary foot problems. some of the problems result from high - heeled shoes ( generally defined as pumps with heels of more than two inches ). doctors of podiatric medicine believe such heels are medically unsound, and attribute postural and even safety problems to their use. the best shoes for men are good quality oxford styles, shoes ordinarily associated with wing - tip or cap toe designs. also suitable are slip - ons, dressy loafers, and low dress boots. | shoe fitting tips from the apma | | have your feet measured while you \u2019 re standing. | | always try on both shoes, and walk around the store. | | always buy for the larger foot ; feet are seldom precisely the same | don \u2019 t buy shoes that need a \u201c break - in \u201d period ; shoes should be | don \u2019 t rely on the size of your last pair of shoes. your feet do get larger, and lasts ( shoemakers \u2019 sizing molds ) also vary. | | shop for shoes later in the day ; feet tend to swell during the day, and it \u2019 s best to be fitted while they are in that state. | | be sure that shoes fit well \u2014 front, back, and sides \u2014 to distribute weight. it sounds elementary, but be sure the widest part of your foot corresponds to the widest part of the shoe. | | select a shoe with a leather upper, stiff heel counter, appropriate cushioning, and flexibility at the ball of the foot. | | buy shoes that don \u2019 t pinch your toes, either at the tips, or across the toe box. | | try on shoes while you \u2019 re wearing the same type of socks or stockings you expect to wear with the shoes. | | if you wear prescription orthotics \u2014 biomechanical inserts prescribed by a podiatric physician \u2014 you should take them along to shoe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40169326670193006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.650316"} {"text": "indigenous australia for dummies what is the dreaming? how many different indigenous tribes and languages once existed in australia? what is the purpose of a corroboree? what effect do the events of the past have on indigenous peoples today? indigenous australia for dummies answers these questions and countless others about the oldest race on earth. it explores indigenous life in australia before 1770, the impact of white settlement, the ongoing struggle by aboriginal and torres strait islander peoples to secure their human rights and equal treatment under the law, and much more. celebrating the contributions of indigenous people to contemporary australian culture, the book explores indigenous art, music, dance, literature, film, sport, and spirituality. it discusses the concept of modern indigenous identity and examines the ongoing challenges facing indigenous communities today, from health and housing to employment and education, land rights, and self - determination. - explores significant political momentssuch as paul keating ' s redfern speech and kevin rudd ' s apology, and more - profiles celebrated people and organisations in a variety of fields, from cathy freeman to albert namatjira to the bangarra dance theatre and the national aboriginal radio service - challenges common stereotypes about indigenous people and discusses current debates, such as a land rights and inequalities in health and education this book will enlighten readers of all backgrounds about the history, struggles and triumphs of the diverse, proud, and fascinating peoples that make up australia ' s indigenous communities. with a foreword by former pm malcolm fraser, indigenous australia for dummies is a must - read account of australia ' s first people. ' indigenous australia for dummies is an important contribution to the broad debate and to a better understanding of our past history. hopefully it will influence future events. ' former prime minister malcolm fraser", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4672551053158892, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T06:21:37.652221"}