welcome to the franklin elementary school web page for ms. benson ' s class! we have been working on an ecology project with our scientists, carol thornber and risa goldstein. these are our scientists, carol and risa, in our classroom. the students and risa, carol and ms. benson decided to do an experiment looking at how different pollutants affect the growth of plants. we hypothesized that plants given water would grow better than those given solutions with various " pollutants ", but of course we didn ' t know how plants would react to different pollutants. we picked common substances for our pollutants. we chose to use lima bean seeds, since they are large and grow quickly. we planted seeds in potting soil. we gave the seeds either : water ( control ), sunscreen solution ( sunscreen + water ), soap solution ( liquid soap + water ), or shampoo solution ( shampoo + water ). here we are setting up our experiment seeds were " watered " as necessary to keep the soil moist. there were 18 seeds / treatment. we measured plant size and the number of leaves per plant over several weeks. seeds given either soap or shampoo did not grow at all ( we had maybe 1 germinate from each of these categories and then quickly die ). seeds given either water or sunscreen did germinate and grow. however, those given water grew significantly higher and had significantly more leaves than those given sunscreen. thus, we concluded that soap and shampoo are very bad for bean growth, and that sunscreen is slightly harmful for beans. ( of course, this may vary by the concentration of sunscreen, etc... but we didn ' t get into that!! )


camping offers the serenity of escape — and, if it ' s combined with the exercise of a hiking trip, it benefits both body and mind. the simplicity of camping combined with the beauty of nature can help us readjust and unwind from our hectic lifestyles. whether you ' re in the woods, in the desert, combing the beaches, or climbing mountain trails, you ' ll want to keep a few survival techniques in mind to guarantee a memorable trip. before you leave know the camping environment. different terrain carries different challenges — for example, pitching a tent on sand is very different from setting up camp on land, and if you don ' t have the right equipment, you could find yourself sleeping under the stars on a windswept beach! you ' ll also want to be prepared for any possible hazards — everything from poison ivy to potentially dangerous wildlife. as you plan your trip, contact park rangers or an outdoors expert at your local sporting goods store, go online to research where you ' ll be going, or browse the shelves at the library or local bookstore. a day or so before you leave, check local weather forecasts or contact ranger stations so you don ' t end up in the path of a hurricane, flooding, or other natural disaster. knowing your surroundings will help you find out how you can prepare or whether you want to avoid the area altogether. if you ' ll be hiking to your campsite, practice walking with your fully packed backpack to get an idea of how the pack fits and whether the load is well distributed. this helps prevent blisters and strain. it ' s also a good idea to practice walking in the boots you ' ll be wearing. and remember that saying " take only pictures, leave only footprints "? if you ' re hiking in remote areas with no waste disposal facilities, you ' ll need to carry out your garbage and other unused items. make this easier by packing as lightly as you can. find a water - resistant, easy - to - assemble tent. before you leave, practice putting up your tent in your backyard or living room to make sure it works properly. ( but be careful not to leave any important pieces behind when you finish! ) find the right sleeping bag. you ' ll want to choose the right one for your conditions. temperatures can drop quickly when you ' re camping at higher elevations, so if you ' re headed to higher ground, buy or rent sleeping bags designed to keep you warm in low temperatures. goose down or synthetic ( manmade ) materials can keep


conditions. temperatures can drop quickly when you ' re camping at higher elevations, so if you ' re headed to higher ground, buy or rent sleeping bags designed to keep you warm in low temperatures. goose down or synthetic ( manmade ) materials can keep you toasty in temperatures as low as - 15°f ( - 26°c ). your first - aid kit you ' ll want to be sure you pack these essentials for your trip : medications. if you take medication, such as asthma or allergy medicines, pack enough to last for the trip. if you take a daily medication, take along a couple of extra days ' supply, just in case. insect repellent and sunscreen. for summertime excursions, use sunscreen and an insect repellent that contains 10 % - 30 % deet. although you can buy products that combine sunscreen with an insect repellent, these generally aren ' t a good idea because sunscreen should be applied more frequently than an insect repellent. apply the sunscreen first. you ' ve got your phone with you, so how bad could it be? actually, relying on a cell phone for emergency backup can be downright scary — as many hikers have discovered the hard way. not all wilderness areas have cell phone coverage. so don ' t think of your phone as your only safety device. take along an emergency kit that includes : a flashlight ( with extra batteries ) a gps device bottled water ( in addition to your regular supply ) high - carbohydrate snacks ( such as energy bars ) a whistle ( this can be heard at greater distances than a traditional call for help ) a thermal reflective blanket ( these " space blankets " are light and easy to carry and offer emergency protection against wind and cold ) what to wear shorts might seem like the perfect camp gear when you leave the house, but if the weather shifts from sun to storm clouds, they may leave you with the chills. try to bring a variety of clothing, including practical clothes that dry fast. if you plan to hike, long pants and shirts made of lighter fabrics are a better choice than shorts. they help protect against everything from ticks and mosquitoes to poisonous and thorny plant life ( not to mention sunburn ). speaking of insects, you can now buy clothing that ' s been treated with insect repellents — you ' ll still need to use a rub or spray - on repellent on exposed skin though! layering your clothes, from tank tops to long -


insects, you can now buy clothing that ' s been treated with insect repellents — you ' ll still need to use a rub or spray - on repellent on exposed skin though! layering your clothes, from tank tops to long - sleeved jackets, will allow you to add or remove layers easily depending on the temperature. and don ' t forget to bring extra socks, extra shoes, and waterproof rain gear. a plastic poncho and rain hat pack well and offer good protection when unexpected cloudbursts threaten to rain on your rustic parade. a hat is a camping essential. if you ' re bringing a hat to stay warm, be sure it fits snugly. if you are hoping for it to provide shade during warm - weather adventures, select something lightweight and well ventilated like a straw or mesh weave. and remember to pack something waterproof to keep your head dry in case of rain. although your experiences will vary from campsite to campsite, a few tips always apply. the first rule to remember is not to camp alone. the buddy system isn ' t only fun, it ' s also smart — there ' s someone to help in case of an emergency. make sure the folks back home have your camping itinerary and check in with them at regular, previously arranged intervals. many park areas offer an opportunity to sign in at the beginning of a trail. take advantage of this system ( or tell a ranger at the park ' s ranger station when you ' re setting out ). that way, if conditions get rough, your chances of getting help are better. of course, most campers breeze through their outdoor adventures without a snag. but part of the serenity of camping is knowing someone will know how to find you if you need help. how can you keep your campsite safe? here are some tips from the pros : plan your site. pick a clear spot on a hill or slope to avoid potential flash flooding after a sudden rain. there ' s nothing like the power of water in motion to wash away your love for camping along with your gear. if you ' re in an area that may attract bears or other wildlife, plan your site so your cooking area is well away from your sleeping area ( the u. s. national park service recommends people sleep about 100 yards, or 90 meters, uphill or upwind from where they cook ). don ' t play with fire. make sure open campfires are legal before you start one ( consult a park ranger or


. national park service recommends people sleep about 100 yards, or 90 meters, uphill or upwind from where they cook ). don ' t play with fire. make sure open campfires are legal before you start one ( consult a park ranger or campsite staff member to find out ). once you ' ve determined it ' s ok to have a fire, carefully consider where your fire will burn : 10 feet ( 3 meters ) away from your tent is a good rule of thumb. store food safely. food that ' s not stored properly can attract all kinds of wildlife, including animals that are potentially dangerous, like bears. the national park service recommends hanging food above ground in special bags ; you can also rent special bear - proof containers at some ranger stations. be aware of what ' s going on around you. make a mental note of your surroundings, including who is nearby and what they might be doing. lock your car, even if you think no one is around. be friendly, but not too friendly. be ready for the unexpected. don ' t forget to take along plenty of drinking water, even if you ' re headed to a mountain retreat where the water looks clear, cool, and tempting. no matter how crystal clear stream, river, or lake water looks, it can be contaminated with parasites like giardia that make people seriously ill. sure, packing water may seem heavy, but it ' s one of the essentials of camping. bottles are unwieldy to carry ( and you have to carry the empties back with you ), so many seasoned campers find it easier to take along drinking pouches filled with water. wildlife species native to remote areas also use the waterways, and germs from sick animals can contaminate lakes, streams, or rivers. these can make people sick, too. you can bathe and swim if it ' s not restricted, but bring your own water to drink — and drink plenty of it, to avoid dehydration. there are many edible plants along the trail, but don ' t try harvesting them unless you know what you ' re doing. some berries, leaves, mushrooms, or roots look yummy but they can make you sick. if you want to harvest goodies on your trip, study up by reading books or visiting reputable internet sites before you head out — and then take the pictures with you. national parks and other campsites are alive with wildlife, from birds to bears or chipmunks to snakes. it may be tempting to lure


by reading books or visiting reputable internet sites before you head out — and then take the pictures with you. national parks and other campsites are alive with wildlife, from birds to bears or chipmunks to snakes. it may be tempting to lure the animals into your campsite with food just to get a closer look. but do yourself ( and the animals ) a favor and resist. wild animals need to stay wild. not feeding them helps preserve their survival — as well as your own. it ' s easy to think of animals like horses as domesticated, but any wild animal can bite and even smaller animals can do substantial damage to a campsite. even if you escape the close encounter without losing a finger, the next family to land in the same campsite might not be so lucky. once an animal knows it can be fed at a certain location, it will instinctively return. just as the next person to encounter the animal may not fare as well as you, the same animal may not be as fortunate with other people. attracting animals to campsites puts them at risk for cruel treatment from people who may not be as kind as you. getting lost while camping and hiking is probably the biggest problem most campers face. it ' s a good idea to learn how to use a compass and map to get from place to place — most campers have no idea how to use a compass. to avoid getting lost, stay on well - marked trails and never camp without a friend or family member along for the ride. before you start on your adventure, get maps from the park or forest ranger. if you and your buddy do get lost, follow trail markers to the nearest ranger station and wait for help to arrive. if you can ' t find a ranger station, look for a safe, sheltered place and wait for help to come looking for you ( it will if you ' ve followed procedures such as signing in on trails and leaving information at home on where you ' ll be ). an ordinary sports whistle is a camper ' s best friend when it comes to calling for help. the regular repeat of the clear tone can help guarantee your cries for help will be heard at distances the human voice can ' t travel. if you have a cell phone and can get a signal, try contacting park rangers by phone. if you do have an unexpected problem, no matter how small it seems to you, don ' t hesitate to ask park rangers for help. asking directions or advice can mean the difference between a treasured memory and a nightmare. if


direct - to - consumer ( dtc ) genetic testing refers to genetic tests that are marketed directly to consumers via television, print advertisements, or the internet. this form of testing, which is also known as at - home genetic testing, provides access to a person ’ s genetic information without necessarily involving a doctor or insurance company in the process. [ definition from nlm ' s genetic home reference handbook ] almost two years ago i wrote about 23andme ( 23andme : 23notme, not yet ), a well known dtc company, that offers a genetics scan ( snp - genotyping ) to the public ‘ for research ’, ‘ for education ’ and ‘ for fun ’ : “ formally 23andme denies there is a diagnostic purpose ( in part, surely, because the company doesn ’ t want to antagonize the fda, which strictly regulates diagnostic testing for disease ). however, 23andme does give information on your risk profile for certain diseases, including parkinson ” in another post personalized genetics : too soon, too little? i summarized an editorial by ioannides on the topic. his ( and my ) conclusion was that “ the promise of personalized genetic prediction may be exaggerated and premature ”. the most important issue is that predictive power to individualize risks is relatively weak. ioannidis emphasized that despite the poor evidence, direct to consumer genetic testing has already begun and is here to stay. he proposed several safeguards, including transparent and thorough reporting, unbiased continuous synthesis and grading of the evidence and alerting the public that most genetic tests have not yet been shown to be clinically useful. and now these “ precautionary measures ” actually seem to happen. last week the fda sent 5 dtc - companies, including 23andme a letter saying “ their tests are medical devices that must receive regulatory approval before they can be marketed. ” ( ie. see ny - times article ). alberto gutierrez, who leads diagnostic test regulation at the fda, wrote in the letters : “ premarket review allows for an independent and unbiased assessment of a diagnostic test ’ s ability to generate test results that can reliably be used to support good health care decisions, ” these letters are part of an initiative to better explain the fda ’ s actions by providing information that supports clinical medicine, biomedical innovation, and public health, ” ( may 19 new england journal of medicine commentary, source : see amed - news ) although it doesn ’ t look like the tests will be


the fda ’ s actions by providing information that supports clinical medicine, biomedical innovation, and public health, ” ( may 19 new england journal of medicine commentary, source : see amed - news ) although it doesn ’ t look like the tests will be taken from the market, 23andme does take a quite a rebellious attitude : one of its directors called the fda “ appallingly paternalistic. ” many support this view : “ people have the right to know their own genetic make - up ”, so to say. furthermore as discussed above, 23andme denies that their genetic scans are meant for diagnosis. in my view the latter is largely untrue. at least 23andme suggests that knowing a scan does tell you something about your risks for certain diseases. however, the risks are often not that straightforward. you just can ’ t “ measure ” the risk of a multifactorial disease like diabetes by “ scanning ” a few weakly predisposing genes. often the results are given in relative risk, which is highly confusing. in her ted - talk the 23andme director anne wojcicki said her husband sergey brin ( google ), had a 50 % chance of getting parkinson, but his relative risk ( rr, based on the lrrk2 - mutation, which isn ’ t the most crucial gene for getting parkinson ) varies from 20 % to 80 %, which means that this mutation increases his absolute risk of getting parkinson from 2 - 5 % ( normal chance ) to 4 - 10 % at the most. ( see this post ). furthermore, as reported by venture in nature ( october 8, 2009 ) : for seven diseases, 50 % or less of the predictions of two companies agreed across five individuals ( i. e. for one disease : 23andme : rr 4. 02, and navigenics rr : 1. 25 ). on the other hand * fun * diagnoses could lead to serious concern in, or wrong / unnecessary decisions ( removal of ovaries, changing drug doses ) by patients. there are also concerns with regard to their good - practice standards, as 23andme just flipped a 96 - wells plate of costumer dna ( see genetic future for a balanced post ), which upset a mother noticing that her son didn ’ t have compatible genes. but lets assume that proper precautions will prevent this to happen again. there are also positive aspects : results of a preliminary study showed that people who find out they have high genetic risk for cardiovascular disease are more likely to


son didn ’ t have compatible genes. but lets assume that proper precautions will prevent this to happen again. there are also positive aspects : results of a preliminary study showed that people who find out they have high genetic risk for cardiovascular disease are more likely to change their diet and exercise patterns than are those who learn they have a high risk from family history. ( technology review : genetic testing can change behavior ). furthermore, people buy those tests themselves and, indeed, there genes are their own. however, i agree with dr. gutierrez of the fda saying : “ we really don ’ t have any issues with denying people information. we just want to make sure the information they are given is correct. ” ( ny - times ). the fda is putting the consumers first. however, it will be very difficult to be consistent. what about total body scans in normal healthy people, detecting innocent incidentilomas? or what about the controversial xmrv - tests offered by the whittemore peterson institute ( wpi ) directly to cfs - patients? ( see these posts ) and one step further ( although not in the diagnostic field ) : the ineffective cam / homeopathic products sold over the counter? i wouldn ’ t mind if these tests / products would be held up to the light. consumers should not be misled by the results of unproven or invalid tests, and where needed should be offered the guidance of a healthcare provider. but if tests are valid and risk predictions correct, it is up to the “ consumer ” if he / she wants to purchase such a test. “ what five fda letters mean for the future of dtc genetic testing ” at genomics law report is highly recommendable, but couldn ’ t be accessed while writing the post. [ added : 2010 - 06 - 14 13. 10 ] - problem assessing genomics law report is resolved. - also recommendable : the post “ fda to regulate genetic tests as “ devices ” " at phg foundation. this post highlights that simply trying to classify the complete genomic testing service as “ a device ” is inadequate and will not address the difficult issues at hand. one of the biggest issues is that, while classifying dtc genetics tests as devices is certainly appropriate for assessing their analytical validity and direct safety, it does not and cannot provide an assessment of the service, thus of the predictions and interpretations resulting from the genome scans. although standard medical testing has traditionally been overseen by professional medical bodies, the current genomic risk profiling tests are simply not good enough to


schisandra is a woody vine native to eastern asia. it winds around the trunks of trees, covering the branches. the white flowers produce small red berries that may grow in clusters. traditionally, the berries are harvested in the fall, dried, and then ground to make the powdered medicinal herb. the seeds of the fruit contain lignans, which are believed to be active constituents. schisandra has long been used in the traditional medicines of russia and china for a wide variety of conditions including asthma, coughs, and other respiratory ailments, diarrhea, insomnia, impotence, and kidney problems. hunters and athletes have used schisandra in the belief that it will increase endurance and combat fatigue under physical stress. more recently, schisandra has been studied for potential liver - protective effects. what is schisandra used for today? schisandra has not been proven effective for any condition. research on the herb is limited to studies in animals, as well as human trials that are not up to modern scientific standards. schisandra comes in capsules, tinctures, powder, tablets, and extracts. common dosages are 1. 5 to 6 g daily. safety in pregnant or nursing women, children, or people with severe liver or kidney disease has not been established. - reviewer : ebsco cam review board - review date : 07 / 2012 - - update date : 07 / 25 / 2012 -


caroline anne forell, university of oregon school of law, has published convicts, thieves, domestics, and wives in colonial australia : the rebellious lives of ellen murphy and jane new. here is the abstract. this article examines the lives of two female convicts who rebelled against the law and the australian penal system in the early nineteenth century. it follows ellen murphy and jane new from their first arrests through their experiences with and exits from the penal system. as thieves, convicts, domestics, and wives, ellen and jane interacted repeatedly with the law. both the notorious jane ( who was the subject of a habeas corpus action in in re jane new ), and the more representative ellen, began thieving as young teenagers in the teeming cities of england. the law arrested, tried, and convicted them. next it transported them to van diemen ’ s land ( now, tasmania ). it then unsuccessfully attempted to manage their lives. download the article from ssrn at the link. the law influenced convict women ’ s choices in more overt ways than it did free women although, as this article discusses, many similarities existed between the legal disabilities imposed on both groups and, on occasion, as with jane new, the law doubly disabled convict women because they were assigned to their husbands. nevertheless, ellen and jane ’ s interactions with the law illustrate how convict women were able to make meaningful choices even in the heavily regulated penal systems of governors arthur of van diemen ’ s land and darling of new south wales.


some issues we hope the manuscripts may consider : - how do media literacy ’ s structured, formal and critical practices of reading texts / contexts / cultures map onto new forms of participation and engagement in social media environments? - how does learning about young peoples ’ out - of - school literacy practices with digital media support the development of in - school programs? - why are aspects of mass media and popular culture generally absent from discussion about digital media and learning? - how are new online tools ( including those for remix, screen capture, commenting, and collaborative writing ) shifting the role of media production practices both in and out of the classroom? - is the focus on digital “ tool competence ” contributing to another kind of “ technicist trap? ” - how does scholarship in digital media and learning address issues of representation and cultural difference? - is digital citizenship a new set of life skills or a form of moral education that frames media and technology use in terms of middle - class values and cultural norms? - how do messages about media literacy and about the value of digital media and learning resonate with journalists, policymakers, school leaders, teacher, parents and children and young people themselves? call for papers : special issue for the special issue, the journal will consider articles, essays, and book reviews related to the theme. we encourage submissions from scholars, professionals, and educators at any level and in any discipline. contributors are encouraged to query the editors in a short email describing their papers to determine suitability for publication. contributors are invited to make submissions at any time on the jmle website at http : / / www. jmle. org. final date for all volume 2 issue 2 submissions is june 1, 2010. guidelines for submission are available at : http : / / jmle. org


vitamins can be a mysterious entity you put into your body on a daily basis that rarely has any noticeable effects. it ' s hard to gauge for yourself if it ' s worth the price and effort, so we put all our questions about vitamins to experts to help us differentiate between wasted cash and a helpful supplement. photo by lisa brewster. we ' ve asked a few experts to chime in on the importance of vitamin intake and the best practices for doing so. we have health coach and dietitian krista lennox ma, rd, cdn, nutritionist andy bellatti ms, rd, and department of exercise and sports science at the university of south carolina aiken ' s dr. brian parr. do i need to take a daily multivitamin if i eat healthy? since we haven ' t arrived in a science - fiction - esque future where a pill can supply all the nutrition we need in one swallow we use multivitamins to supplement what we might be missing from our diets. as it turns out, knowing your diet ' s limitations is the best step to figuring out if you need a multivitamin. krista lennox weighs in : for most healthy americans under the age of 50 it is possible to meet necessary nutrient needs through diet alone. consumption of a wide variety of colorful, nutritious food is the best way to maintain health and prevent chronic disease. with that being said, it is important to note that most americans do not meet the recommended amount of nutrients in their diet. through increased intake of fruits and vegetables, low fat dairy products, whole grains, and fortified foods americans can help ensure the quality of their diet so they ' re more likely to meet nutritional needs. dr. parr agrees : probably not, but maybe. if you eat a healthy diet that contains a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low - fat dairy you likely get adequate levels of vitamins and minerals. remember, you are supplementing your diet so you don ' t need a multivitamin / mineral that contains 100 % ( or more ) of the recommended daily allowance for each vitamin or mineral. really, the flintstones vitamin you took as a kid would be sufficient. it may not provide great health benefits, but it also would be unlikely to cause any problems. andy bellati ' s take is similar, but he outlines a more specific regiment instead of a multivitamin approach : not surprisingly, many americans don ' t consume sufficient amounts of the nutrients that are easily lost during the processing of food.


problems. andy bellati ' s take is similar, but he outlines a more specific regiment instead of a multivitamin approach : not surprisingly, many americans don ' t consume sufficient amounts of the nutrients that are easily lost during the processing of food. approximately 3 / 4 of american adults don ' t get enough magnesium in their diet, which is a crucial mineral for blood pressure regulation, among other functions. top sources? spinach, potatoes, nuts, and oats. vitamin d deficiency is rampant. the latest research shows that current recommendations for 600 international units a day are too low. part of the problem is that recommendations are made solely on vitamin d ' s role in bone health, while newer research takes into consideration the multitude of functions vitamin d is necessary for. i urge all my clients to take 2, 000 to 4, 000 international units a day. if it seems like too much, keep in mind that if you get your vitamin d from the sun, the body produces 10, 000 international units and then ceases production. if you avoid certain types of foods, supplements might help fill in the blanks of your diet. andy bellati recommends a few good supplements : i recommend vitamin b12 supplements for people who avoid animal products. in many cases, i recommend probiotic supplements. a healthy gut is very important for overall health, and too many people wreck their gut flora ( aka the friendly critters in our colon that help with immunity and nutrient absorption ) with poor diets, exposure to environmental toxins, and stress. probiotic supplements should ideally be purchased refrigerated and stored that way at home. for individuals who do not normally eat fish or sea vegetables ( two sources of dha and epa omega - 3 fatty acids ), i recommend they supplement with either fish oils or algae oil. a consistent intake of dha and epa omega - 3 fatty acids ( also known as " fish oil ", although sea vegetables also offer them ) is crucial for heart health. photo by matt reinbold. how do i know if i need supplements? none of this information is really useful unless you have a way to figure out if you even need to be taking supplements in the first place. to do so, you ' ll need to take a close look at your diet or get a blood test with your physician to check for deficiency. dr. parr notes that it ' s difficult to self - assess and even though supplements can work to battle deficiency, the purpose stops there. which is to say, there aren ' t added


a blood test with your physician to check for deficiency. dr. parr notes that it ' s difficult to self - assess and even though supplements can work to battle deficiency, the purpose stops there. which is to say, there aren ' t added benefits from taking more than your daily allowance : given the nature of the typical american diet, people really may not be getting enough essential nutrients like vitamins and minerals in their diet. typically not low enough to cause deficiency symptoms, but lower levels than are recommended. in these cases, a supplement would be advised. andy belatti adds that the main goal for people should be to improve the overall diet as opposed to relying on supplements : technically, it ' s smart to supplement if your diet is not high in nutrients. however, when i work with clients who consume minimally nutritious diets, my goal is to include more nutritious foods, rather than go straight for supplements. supplements can only do so much. popping a multivitamin every day is a moot point if your diet is high in unhealthy fats, sodium, and added sugars. photo by erich ferdinand. are there negative effects from taking too many vitamins? it is possible to get too much of a good thing and in the case of vitamins, it ' s important to watch your intake. in this case, it ' s the fat - soluble vitamins because they ' re stored in your liver and fatty tissues and aren ' t needed typically needed on a daily basis. the water - soluble vitamins make a quick exit in your urine if you take too much, but the fat - soluble vitamins hole up as long as they can. dr. parr explains how to keep your intake on the level : toxicity can result from very high doses and is most common with the fat - soluble vitamins a, d, e, k. again, taking a supplement that provides less than 100 % of the rda for each vitamin and mineral is likely safe. krista lennox adds : when it comes to vitamins more is not always better, according to a recent study the nutrients most likely to exceed the tolerable upper intake levels are iron, zinc, vitamin a and niacin. can vitamins improve my athletic performance? we ' ve all heard about pumping in certain types of vitamins and minerals when we ' re working out or trying to prep our bodies for a hearty workout, but does it really work? dr. parr doesn ' t think so : in theory,


ve all heard about pumping in certain types of vitamins and minerals when we ' re working out or trying to prep our bodies for a hearty workout, but does it really work? dr. parr doesn ' t think so : in theory, some vitamins and minerals could improve exercise performance or health, but research into vitamin / mineral supplementation tends to show a lack of positive effect. here are three examples : 1 ) iron is an essential component in oxygen transport in the blood and muscle. iron deficiency can impair exercise performance by lowering oxygen delivery to the muscle, an essential step in producing energy for muscular activity. in iron deficiency cases, an iron supplement can reverse the deficiency and restore exercise performance. but taking an iron supplement when you have normal iron levels would not improve performance. in fact, excess iron intake can cause liver damage. 2 ) i have seen several studies that report that certain vitamin supplements have no effect at reducing the risk of chronic diseases, like heart disease or cancer. in particular, high doses of vitamins a, c, e and the mineral selenium ( all antioxidants ) don ' t appear to lower the risk of chronic diseases and may actually increase the risk of death. 3 ) deficiencies of certain nutrients can have a negative effect on immune function, so eating a balanced diet is essential. that said, there is no support for " boosting " the immune system by taking high doses of vitamins, minerals, or other supplements, despite the claims made by supplement companies. in fact, supplement manufacturers are not required to prove their products have any beneficial effects, so the majority of nutritional supplements have not undergone appropriate testing. for those supplements that have been tested, the results are not consistent with the claims. if this is the case, shouldn ' t taking more of those vitamins improve health? i think that the answer lies in the difference between eating food that contains nutrients and taking high doses of those nutrients. maybe the vitamins themselves cannot make up for an inadequate diet. the whole ( the food people eat ) is more important than the sum of its parts ( the individual nutrients that make up those foods ). photo by lululemon athletica. is there a difference between a supplement and the vitamins i get in food? now we know that vitamin and mineral supplements work best to fill in the gaps of your diet but shouldn ' t be used as a supplement for eating healthy. but is the difference between a supplement and real food really that big of a deal? it turns out it is,


vitamin and mineral supplements work best to fill in the gaps of your diet but shouldn ' t be used as a supplement for eating healthy. but is the difference between a supplement and real food really that big of a deal? it turns out it is, kristi lennox explains : supplements are not intended to replace foods because they cannot provide all of the nutrients and benefits of whole foods. whole foods are complex therefore one food can contain multiple nutrients essential for health. fiber has been shown to reduce the risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes and also help in weight management. whole foods also contain naturally occurring substances which can help protect your health. andy bellati agrees and expands a little : in many cases, yes. when vitamin e is isolated, for example, it does not work as efficiently as it does within its original food matrix. foods high in vitamin e ( mainly nuts and seeds ) contain compounds that interact with vitamin e in such a way that allows it to operate efficiently. as it turns out, vitamins can have a positive effect on your overall health, but it ' s best to use them exclusively as a supplement to a good diet. when you ' re out shopping, don ' t forget to buy whatever is on sale, since they ' re all the same. overdosing on vitamins isn ' t worth much either, so if you ' re going to go the multivitamin route, make sure it ' s not providing too much of any fat - soluble vitamins or alternately, consider supplementing with just the specific mineral and vitamins you need based on your diet.


molecular pathology library the past two decades have seen an ever - accelerating growth in knowledge about molecular pathology of human diseases which received a large boost with the sequencing of the human genome in 2003. molecular diagnostics, molecular targeted therapy and genetic therapy are now routine in many medical centers. the molecular field now impacts every field in medicine, whether clinical research or routine patient care. there is a great need for basic researchers to understand the potential clinical implications of their research whereas private practice clinicians of all types ( general internal medicine and internal medicine specialists, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, surgeons, pediatricians, family practice ), clinical investigators, pathologists and medical laboratory directors and radiologists require a basic understanding of the fundamentals of molecular pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment for their patients. traditional textbooks in molecular biology deal with basic science and are not readily applicable to the medical setting. most medical textbooks that include a mention of molecular pathology in the clinical setting are limited in scope and assume that the reader already has a working knowledge of the basic science of molecular biology. other texts emphasize technology and testing procedures without integrating the clinical perspective. there is an urgent need for a text that fills the gap between basic science books and clinical practice. in the molecular pathology library series the basic science and the technology is integrated with the medical perspective and clinical application. each book in the series is divided according to neoplastic and non - neoplastic diseases for each of the organ systems traditionally associated with medical subspecialties. each book in the series is organized to provide ( 1 ) a succinct background of the essential terminology, concepts and technology of molecular biology, ( 2 ) an overview ofthe broad application of molecular biology principles to disease and ( 3 ) specific application of molecular pathology to the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of neoplastic and non - neoplastic diseases specific to each organ system. these broad section topics will be broken down into succinct chapters, averaging about 15 to 20 pages each, to cover a very specific disease entity. the chapters will be written by established authorities on the specific topic from academic centers around the world. in one book, diverse subjects are included that the reader would have to pursue from multiple sources in order to have a clear understanding of the molecular pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of specific diseases. attempting to hunt for the full information from basic concept to specific applications for a disease from the varied sources is time - consuming and frustrating. by providing this quick and user - friendly reference, understanding and application of


painful and cracked nipples are not a normal part of breastfeeding. nipples become damaged and sore if the baby is not positioned and attached effectively. if feeding is painful and / or if at the end of a breastfeed the nipple seems flattened or pinched then the position that the baby is held in and / or the attachment needs to be adjusted and improved. ineffective positioning and attachment will not only cause painful feeding, but will also result in the baby not taking enough breastmilk, which in turn will result in a baby who is unsettled after feeds. in addition, feeds can take longer and the mother will become at risk of developing engorgement, blocked ducts and mastitis. whilst poor positioning and attachment is the cause of the majority of sore nipples, it is possible that thrush may be the cause, especially if the pain starts after a period of trouble free feeding. a symptom of thrush is pain that continues after the feed has ended. how can sore nipples be prevented? making sure that the baby is attached effectively will mean that the nipple reaches the rear of the mouth close to the soft palate. at this point it is protected from being squashed and rubbed by the tongue during the feed. if the baby is not well attached and the nipple is further forward in the mouth, it will be pinched against the hard palate causing pain in the first instance, and ultimately the skin to break down and a crack to form. treating sore and cracked nipples involves removing the cause by improving the positioning and / or attachment. often this will require help from a health professional or trained volunteer. even very sore nipples can feel comfortable during feeding once the attachment is improved. many creams and sprays are available, however care should be taken – they will not work unless the cause is treated and some can cause allergic reactions in the mother or baby. for a cracked nipple, it is possible that applying a small amount of purified lanolin may assist with healing by a process called moist wound healing. expressing a few drops of breastmilk onto the damaged area after each feed may also help, as breastmilk contains substances which aid healing and counter infection. more information is available on the breastfed babies website.


since the first thanksgiving occurred, reportedly in 1621, historians and pop culture have spread a cornucopia of tall tales, half truths, and straight - up lies. but this thanksgiving, we ' re thankful for the truth. so before you succumb to the delights of turkey day, allow us separate fact from fiction for you. no one knows when the first thanksgiving celebration occurred. for the pilgrims, a thanksgiving was a religious holiday, in which they would thank god for a specific event, such as winning a battle. for the native americans, thanksgiving was part of a daily routine for all the gifts of life. therefore, to refer to the harvest feast of 1621 as the first thanksgiving is categorically false. and this feast actually occurred sometime between sept. 21 and nov. 11, according to historians, and unlike modern traditions, it was three days long. it wasn ’ t until the american revolution in the 1770s that the continental congress suggested a national day of thanksgiving. and in 1817, the state of new york adopted thanksgiving day as an annual custom, and many states soon followed. finally, in 1863 president abraham lincoln appointed a day of thanksgiving as the last thursday in november, which many historians believe was in correlation with the anchoring of the mayflower at cape cod in november 1620. 1 of 5


i have recently discovered that i have been using imprecise names, and probably confused some of you in other parts of the world where different words are used. for example, i learnt from reading this that in america, what are called ‘ yams ’ are really varieties of sweet potato which have a moist texture. in contrast, i have been referring to taro as ‘ yam ’, basically equating anything we call in chinese yu4tou3 with ‘ yam ’. while one could put it down to a combination of my poor plant - recognition skills and half - baked linguistic ability, i ’ m not the only person who equates yu4tou3 and ‘ yam ’ ; so does this bilingual food blog from singapore. and after all, we call steamed yu4tou2gao1 [ mandarin ] / wu tao gou [ cantonese ], ‘ yam cake ’ ( and i made some shredded yam cake ). lily ’ s wai sek hong, a malaysian writing from america helps to unravel the puzzle with this explanation : in malaysia, ‘ woo tau ’ in cantonese is called yam but it is taro here in the states and yam is sweet potato. trying to look for bilingual dictionary definitions can be hugely confusing too. on the chinese - language internet, the most common list of food words provides this translation : yam — shan1yu4 — 山 taro — yu4tou2 — on the other hand, my us - produced dictionary follows the american usage : sweet potato – shan1yu4 — 山 yam — shu3 — how, er, not helpful : ma3ling2shu3 馬 鈴 = potato ; mu4shu3 木 = tapioca ; and to southeast asian chinese, fan1shu3 = sweet potato, following cantonese usage, cf. china, where sweet potatoes are called di4gua1 地 ]. but back to 山 ( shan1yu4 in mandarin ). when pronounced in japanese, it ’ s yamaimo — that very special ingredient needed to make okonomiyaki! yamaimo is usually translated into english as ‘ mountain yam ’. while the colocasia genus comprises only six to eight different types of flowering plants, there are 600 varieties of dioscorea, of which the edible ones are known as yams. the genus ipomoea also has over 500 species, some of which


colocasia genus comprises only six to eight different types of flowering plants, there are 600 varieties of dioscorea, of which the edible ones are known as yams. the genus ipomoea also has over 500 species, some of which we commonly recognise as the morning glory flower, and others in the form of edible tubers, i. e. sweet potatoes. within the dioscorea family, the species of edible tubers we call yams come in a mind - boggling diversity. from the long, cream - coloured, stick - like chinese / japanese mountain yam 山, to huge, dark brown, ugly, knobly lumps. but don ’ t be put off by the external appearance, a yam that looked like a piece of elephant dung on the outside, turned out like this : aren ’ t the variegated colours beautiful? i have no idea what the correct name for this kind of yam is, but here ’ s a photo of the whole tuber from a japanese blog that refers to it as murasaki yamaimo 山, ‘ purple yam ’. unfortunately, to me this was rather bland, taste - wise, and too dry and powdery in texture for my liking ( think of powdery potatoes, the kind used for baked potatoes, as compared to the smooth, waxy kind used for roast potatoes ). previously, i was also wasthe misconception that yams are always purple and anything purple is a yam. after all, yam - flavoured ice cream is always purple isn ’ t it? of course that ’ s just food colouring, but it is based on the perception that yams are purple. it was only when i bought purple sweet potatoes for these two - coloured sweet potato balls and this purple soup, did i realise that yams do not have a monopoly on this rich colour. here ’ s a photo from nakashima farms, a californian - japanese producer of sweet potatoes, showing the four varieties they sell. i was amazed and impressed by the different coloured flesh ( yikes! no wonder the sweet potato i bought didn ’ t look like the one in the recipe book! ). the purple sweet potato shown here is known as the okinawan variety from japan. i ’ m not sure whether the ones i got for the two - coloured sweet potato balls and purple soup were also the okinawan variety, but they were labelled as originating from thailand ( purchased in sheng siong ). right now,


from japan. i ’ m not sure whether the ones i got for the two - coloured sweet potato balls and purple soup were also the okinawan variety, but they were labelled as originating from thailand ( purchased in sheng siong ). right now, my favourite kind is the japanese variety, satsumaimo さつまいも, shown on the extreme left ( or see photo here ). it ’ s purple on the outside but not on the inside ^ _ ^. the pale yellow flesh is sweet and very smooth. in contrast, the typical local sweet potatoes, which are orange both outside and within, i ’ ve found are extremely fibrous, making the texture unpleasant when eating them whole, and necessitating a lot of sieving if you want to use them in recipes like the two - coloured sweet potato balls. satsumaimo from japan can be rather pricey, so an alternative is are the ‘ japanese sweet potatoes ’ grown in vietnam. they are usually very small – just the right size for a snack bento – and are often sold in bags at the supermarket. the other day, i bought a full - sized satsumaimo for the first time, and found it much more satisfying than the tiny vietnamese ones. now that we ’ ve got yam, taro and sweet potato sorted out, what about the difference between roots, tubers, corms and rhizomes? … maybe another time, my head is spinning already : p. if you ’ re dying to pursue this line of inquiry further, do have a look at this page from s. j. kays at the university of georgia on cultivated edible root, tuber, rhizome, bulb and corm crops of the world, which includes a list of the most commonly cultivated root and tuber crops with their names in sixteen different languages ( and botanical name, of course ), photographs and even bibliographies of the latest scientific publications on each variety. from a more culinary perspective, the cook ’ s thesaurus on ‘ sweet potatoes & yams ‘ as well as on ‘ tubers & corms ‘ are a good reference. p. s. maybe you ’ ve guessed already, my favourite rhizome is wasabi ( ^ _ * )!


this composite graphic illustrates the use of the shallow radar instrument on nasa ' s mars reconnaissance orbiter for mapping underground ice - rich layers of the north polar layered terrain on mars. pane " a " is a radargram from the instrument, showing a cross - section of mars ' north polar cap, based on time lags of radio - wave echoes returning from different layers. the penetrating radar reveals icy layered deposits overlying a basal unit in some areas. the vertical dimension in the cross - section is exaggerated one - hundred - fold compared with the horizontal dimension. the vertical scale bar is one kilometer ( 3, 281 feet ). the horizontal scale bar is 100 kilometers ( 62 miles ). pane " b " is an image from the high resolution imaging science experiment camera, also on nasa ' s mars reconnaissance orbiter. it shows the layered deposits and the basal unit in outcrop exposed near the edge of the polar cap. the scale bar is 2 kilometers ( 1. 24 miles ). this is a cutout from an observation taken on taken nov. 28, 2006, at 83. 4 degrees north latitude and 118. 8 degrees east longitude. full - frame versions of the observation are available at http : / / hirise. lpl. arizona. edu / psp _ 001593 _ 2635. pane " c " is a radar - generated map of the surface elevation of the polar region. the white line from a to a ' is the ground track for the radargram in pane " a. " yellow dashed lines show the extent of the basal unit ( upper - left region ) and of the layered deposits. the color - coded reference bar for elevations in panes " c " and " d " shows elevations ranging from yellow at 2. 3 kilometers ( 1. 4 miles ) below the standard reference level for mars to violet at 5. 8 kilometers ( 3. 6 miles ) below that reference. pane " d " is a radar - generated map of the elevation at the base of the layered deposits, showing no basal deflection in the lower - right region ( despite the mass of overlying layers ) and about about 1 kilometer ( 0. 6. mile ) of basal unit deposits in the upper - left region. pane " e " is a radar - generated map of the thickness of the layered deposits, the difference between the surface elevations mapped in " c " and the base elevations mapped in " d. " the total volume of the layered deposits is 821, 000 cubic kilometers ( 197


a radar - generated map of the thickness of the layered deposits, the difference between the surface elevations mapped in " c " and the base elevations mapped in " d. " the total volume of the layered deposits is 821, 000 cubic kilometers ( 197, 000 cubic miles ), about 30 percent that of earth ' s greenland ice sheet. the scale bar of 200 kilometers ( 124 miles ) applies also to panes " c " and " d. " the color - coded reference bar indicates thicknesses ranging from yellow at 2 kilometers ( 1. 24 miles ) to black at zero thickness. the illustration is adapted from a 2009 paper by putzig et al. in the journal icarus. the shallow radar instrument was provided by the italian space agency. its operations are led by the university of rome and its data are analyzed by a joint u. s. - italian science team. nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory, a division of the california institute of technology in pasadena, manages the mars reconnaissance orbiter for the nasa science mission directorate, washington. lockheed martin space systems, denver, is the prime contractor for the project and built the spacecraft. the high resolution imaging science experiment is operated by the university of arizona, tucson, and the instrument was built by ball aerospace & technologies corp., boulder, colo. image credit : nasa / jpl - caltech / university of rome / southwest research institute / university of arizona browse image | medium image | full res image


public libraries and state networking branch origins of the public libraries and state networking branch trace to 1902 when the state library commission was created. commission responsibilities for public library development were assigned to the office of public libraries under the state board of education in 1935, and to the division of library extension from 1947 to 1971. within the division of library development and services, the public libraries branch was formed in 1971 and renamed the public libraries and state networking branch in 1988. the branch provides leadership and technical assistance to improve library service. maryland state library for the blind and physically handicapped 415 park ave. baltimore, md 21201 the maryland state library for the blind and physically handicapped opened in 1968. the library serves eligible blind and physically handicapped residents of maryland. it is the maryland regional library under the national library services for the blind and physically handicapped of the library of congress. the state library network the branch also oversees the state library network through which maryland residents obtain library materials and gain access to information not available in their local library. the network provides interlibrary loan, direct lending of materials, technical assistance to libraries, and staff training. more than 400 maryland libraries participate in the state library network. these include public, university, college and community college libraries. the network is centered at enoch pratt free library in baltimore. the network is aided by several regional resource centers : the state library resource center ( baltimore city ) the eastern shore regional library, inc. ( salisbury ) the southern maryland regional library association ( charlotte hall ), and the western maryland regional library ( hagerstown ). state library resource center enoch pratt free library 400 cathedral st. baltimore, md 21201 in 1971, the central library of the enoch pratt free library system was designated as the state library resource center. the center lends books and other materials to libraries in the state library network from sources within maryland and out of state via the maryland interlibrary loan organization. it also provides information to state government through the government reference service. the center administers sailor, maryland ' s online electronic information network. overseen by the division of library development and services in conjunction with the center, sailor connects marylanders to information resources within the state and worldwide. it also provides access to internet resources. sailor allows users to identify and locate books ; articles in magazines, newspapers, and journals ; answers to specific questions ; or information on a particular topic. it gives information about services of public and private agencies ; and government information, such as proposed legislation, job listings, and census data. sailor is available without charge through all public


ocean education resources the smithsonian institution ' s sant ocean hall! noaa ocean explorer expeditions and a lesson bank noaa education - all things ocean noaa okeanos explorer education materials collection hands - on activities for grades 5 - 12 topics : why do we explore? also sign up for ocean gazing podcasts the national marine sanctuaries media library is a comprehensive database containing a collection of high - quality still images and video footage featuring all 13 national marine sanctuaries and the papahanaumokuakea marine national monument. the database is fully searchable by keyword, category and location, and all the images are tagged with relevant information including resolution and usage rights. mid - atlantic marine educators association ( mamea ) join maryland and other mid - atlantic educators at the annual conference at the national aquarium in baltimore! click title for information about mamea and the conference. ocean literacy standards national standards for ocean education centers for ocean sciences education excellence ( cosee ) - cosee video and audio podcasts. subjects include using the internet for real - time coastal monitoring explorations in the classroom and applying environmental models to teach k - 12 science. tracking bay oyster larvae ; predict oil spill drift, others noaa / national geographic oceans live - lessons with free video clips nasa ocean motion five modules with multiple lessons : navigation, traveling on a rotating sphere, data and information, global ocean warming, energy balance noaa learning objects the noaa ocean exploration program has released graphic - based oceanography learning objects. each learning object includes a video demonstration and interactive activities / puzzles. the included lessons cover diverse topics ranging from plate tectonics to ocean currents to deep sea benthos. ocean sustainability game - the cloud institute for sustainability can you catch enough fish to support your family, with all your neighbors trying to do the same? dolphin quest - seven essential principles for ocean literacy : an activity guide for educators 28 activity - based lessons, one for each grade group for each of the seven olps. this activity guide is the first in a three volume series that will help teachers and informal educators for grades k - 12th embrace the ocean literacy principles ( olp ) and put them into practice. joint oceanographic institution school of rock voyage ; lessons for earth science and ocean science teachers american museum of natural history - milstein hall of science properties of water lessons for grades 3 - 12 amnh ology - the living oceans for middle and upper elementary students amnh ocean resources - readings, web pages, ocean sounds, virtual trips storm center communications satellite imagery ; based in maryland.


of science properties of water lessons for grades 3 - 12 amnh ology - the living oceans for middle and upper elementary students amnh ocean resources - readings, web pages, ocean sounds, virtual trips storm center communications satellite imagery ; based in maryland. stormcenter communications provides a unique blend of media, environmental science and meteorological expertise packaged specifically to meet the expanding role of weather and environmental reporting along with emergency management communications. office of naval research use the focus site for lesson planning, fact - checking, explaining difficult concepts, or linking to other resources. links to educational resources such as lesson plans, animations and activities. dive and discover with dive and discover, your students are at the frontline of scientific inquiry as they join scientists — geologists, chemists and biologists — who are exploring the seafloor and making amazing new deep - sea discoveries. coastal ocean observation laboratory c. o. o. l. is a series of internet - based instructional modules that link middle and high school classrooms with active research investigations at the rutgers rmcs coolroom sea at wood ’ s hole k - 12 lessons sea ' s k - 12 lesson plans have recently been awarded the prestigious studyweb® academic excellence award as, " one of the internet ' s premier sites for educational resources for students and teachers. " sample lesson : how to hide in the ocean vims - the bridge : virginia institute of marine sciences this section links to sites with curriuclum units and large collections of lesson plans and / or classroom activities. eyes on the bay - maryland department of natural resources lessons on do, salinity, habs, real time data physical oceanography data archive - nasa jpl oceans for life - national geographic ; all grade levels ; tied to social studies standards maryland sea grant national sea grant education resources the bridge the bridge ocean sciences education teacher resource center is a comprehensive site for marine education resources that are available on - line. it provides teachers with a convenient source of accurate and useful information on marine science topics. a search engine, site map and an alphabetized list of sites in this database are available. there are various lesson plans and activities for k - 12 classrooms. for more information, please visit http : / / www. vims. edu / bridge /. for other educational resources from sea grant, please visit http : / / www. seagrant. noaa. gov / roe / edu _ resources. html. along the coast - creating a healthy coast lessons mbari module - pelagic predators during this unit, students


sea grant, please visit http : / / www. seagrant. noaa. gov / roe / edu _ resources. html. along the coast - creating a healthy coast lessons mbari module - pelagic predators during this unit, students will use evolving satellite technology to follow open - ocean animals along their migration routes and examine the connections between physical and biological requirements and animal behaviors. mbari module - eyes in the sea during this unit, students will investigate the science, technology and people involved in ocean exploration and the questions behind the research. mbari module - unidentified floating objects this unit is adaptable for all audiences and serves as an introduction to classification. during the unit, students will explore the process of identifying and classifying organisms by working with a variety of items, from hardware to deep - sea organisms. mbari module - iron fertilization during this unit, students will use real - and near - real - time data to explore the significance of oceanic iron fertilization, including the potential positive and negative effects of activating the biological pump. iron fertilization lesson modified for maryland high schools ( oceans, limiting factors, climate change, carbon cycle ) can iron fertilization of the oceans fix global warming? fertilization articles and cartoon to supplement iron fertilization lesson mbari module - coastal processes this activity uses realtime data from the mbari lobo ocean observatory project to introduce students to marine chemistry, environmental science and oceanography. using this multidisciplinary approach, students will investigate their own questions about how agriculture and coastal processes affect estuarine waterways. case study : upwelling case study : elkhorn slough nitrogen study more lessons... mbari - ocean careers sea turtle migration satellite tracking travel to underwater vents in alvin virtual kelp forest visit forces of change – the smithsonian institution ocean planet resources beyond the reef photos of all kinds of plankton the virtual ocean photos of microscopic ocean organisms volvo ocean race lesson plans - middle school noaa ’ s virtual world on noaa ' s island, one can soar through a hurricane on the wing of a research aircraft, rise gently through the atmosphere atop a weather balloon, or search for a hidden underwater cave on a side trip from a noaa submarine. even more web sites


see also the dr. math faq : browse high school sequences, series stars indicate particularly interesting answers or good places to begin browsing. selected answers to common questions : strategies for finding sequences. - adding arithmetic sequences [ 07 / 10 / 1998 ] how do you add the numbers from 1 to 5000 without actually doing it or using a calculator? what if you were adding just the odd numbers? - calculating the fibonacci sequence [ 11 / 28 / 1996 ] is there a formula to calculate the nth fibonacci number? - decimal to fraction conversion [ 06 / 25 / 1998 ] i am trying to find a method ( one that can be programmed on a pc ) to convert the decimal part of a real number to a fraction represented by integers for the numerator and denominator. - describing patterns in sequences [ 04 / 16 / 2002 ] my students are able to identify the number patterns corresponding to number sequences, but are having difficulty explaining them in - doubling grains of wheat [ 10 / 7 / 1996 ] a man asked for 1 grain of wheat for the 1st square on a chess board, 2 grains for the 2nd square... - doubling sequence [ 8 / 24 / 1996 ] on jan 1st it snowed one centimeter ; on jan 2, 2cm ; on jan 3, 4 cm... - fibonacci and incoming bits [ 09 / 08 / 99 ] given a transmitter sending 100 bits of random data over an ideal communication channel, what is the probability that there will be three consecutive 1 ' s at least once in the sequence? - finding a pattern [ 11 / 11 / 2001 ] give the next four numbers in the sequence : 2, 8, 7, 28. - finding a rule for a sequence [ 07 / 24 / 2003 ] what is the next number in this sequence? 1, 3, 11, 67,? - finding sum formula using sequences of differences [ 06 / 28 / 1998 ] finding a formula for the sum of the first n fourth powers using sequences of differences. - finding the pattern in a series of numbers [ 11 / 14 / 1995 ] what is the pattern for 1, 8, 27...? - infinite square root [ 6 / 4 / 1996 ] if y = sqrt ( 2 + sqrt ( 2 + sqrt ( 2 + sqrt ( 2 +..., y = 2,... how can i prove that this is true, using normal properties of roots? - look - and - say sequence


2 + sqrt ( 2 + sqrt ( 2 + sqrt ( 2 +..., y = 2,... how can i prove that this is true, using normal properties of roots? - look - and - say sequence [ 02 / 14 / 2002 ] i can ' t find the next six numbers : 1, 11, 21, 1211, 111221,... - mean proportionals and geometric means [ 01 / 06 / 1999 ] how do you find the mean proportional of two numbers? what about two mean proportionals? n mean proportionals? - next number in a sequence [ 03 / 13 / 2002 ] given any sequence, one can construct an infinite number of n - degree polynomials that satisfy the sequence, hence discern an infinite number of answers. what is the proof for this? - sequence differences [ 06 / 24 / 2003 ] the third and fourth terms of a sequence are 26 and 40. if the second differences are a constant 4, what are the first five terms of the - strategies for tests on sequences [ 7 / 9 / 1996 ] i have a problem answering test questions about number sequences. - sum of n odd numbers [ 7 / 11 / 1996 ] why is the sum of the first n odd numbers the square of n? - the traveling bee [ 09 / 18 / 1998 ] if a bee travels between two trains that are moving at 30 and 20 mi / hr respectively, starting from 50 mi apart, how far does the bee travel? - unsolvable equations [ 11 / 10 / 2001 ] if i have an equation in the form of x ^ n + y ^ n = z, how do i solve for n? - why is zero the limit? [ 02 / 25 / 2002 ] why is zero called the limit of the terms in the sequence the limit of 1 over n, as n approaches infinity, equals zero? - 121, 111211, 311221 puzzle ( look and say sequence ) [ 10 / 23 / 2001 ] 121, 111211, 311221 - what ' s the next number? - 1, 7, 23, 55, 109, 191, _ _ _ [ 10 / 03 / 2002 ] my family is stumped on this number pattern : 1, 7, 23, 55, 109, 191, _ _ _... - 21 ^ 100 - last two digits [ 09 / 04 / 1997 ] what are the last two digits of 21 to the 100th power? - 22 / 7 as an approximation for pi


, 55, 109, 191, _ _ _... - 21 ^ 100 - last two digits [ 09 / 04 / 1997 ] what are the last two digits of 21 to the 100th power? - 22 / 7 as an approximation for pi [ 04 / 01 / 1998 ] approximating pi by simple continued fractions. - activities to find pi [ 10 / 07 / 1998 ] can you suggest any classroom activities to find pi, other than the standard way of measuring the circumferences and diameters of circles? - advanced algebra [ 09 / 23 / 1997 ] my teacher gave us this problem : 1 + 1 / ( 1 + 1 / ( 1 + 1 / ( 1 + 1 / 1 +... ) ) ) - alternating harmonic series [ 11 / 18 / 1997 ] i am trying to find the proof for the sum of the alternating harmonic series. i did find out that it is ln ( 2 ), but please tell me why? - alternating sequence [ 01 / 27 / 1997 ] find a pattern and the next three numbers in the sequence : 0, 8, 27... - ant walking in a squared spiral [ 06 / 02 / 1999 ] an ant walks out a distance of 1 from the origin, down the x - axis. it then turns left and goes up 1 / 2. if it continues turning left and going the half the previous distance, where does the ant end up? - are all infinitely long repeating numbers even? [ 06 / 06 / 2000 ] given an infinitely long repeating series, x = 12341234..., then 10000x = 123412341234... since 9999 is odd and 12340000... is even, can we say that x is even, and therefore all infinitely long repeating series are - arithmetical progression [ 7 / 7 / 1996 ] an arithmetical progression has a common difference of 1 / 1 / 2. the sum of the first n terms is 365 and the sum of the first 2n terms is 1330. calculate the value of n and the first term. - arithmetic and geometric progressions [ 03 / 23 / 1998 ] given a set of conditions, can you find a specific term in an arithmetic or geometric progression? - arithmetico - geometric series and polylogarithms [ 07 / 06 / 2006 ] is there a closed form expression for the sum of the series e ^ ( - x ) + 1 / 9 * e ^ ( - 3x ) + 1 / 25 *


geometric series and polylogarithms [ 07 / 06 / 2006 ] is there a closed form expression for the sum of the series e ^ ( - x ) + 1 / 9 * e ^ ( - 3x ) + 1 / 25 * e ^ ( - 5x ) + 1 / 49 * e ^ ( - 7x ) +...? - arithmetic progression [ 12 / 19 / 1996 ] if ( b + c - a ) / a, ( c + a - b ) / b and ( a + b - c ) / c are in arithmetic progression, show that 1 / a, 1 / b and 1 / c are also in arithmetic progression. - arithmetic sequence conundrum [ 10 / 11 / 2002 ] for some real number t, the first three terms of an arithmetic sequence are 2t, 5t - 1, and 6t + 2. what is the numerical value of the fourth term? - arithmetic sequences as lines [ 09 / 05 / 2003 ] in a sequence like - 40, - 25, - 10, 5,... is there a sure - fire way to find the the general term? - arithmetic series [ 5 / 19 / 1996 ] how do you calculate a series like 2, 4, 6, 8... for say 3 terms starting anywhere in the series not by adding 3 specific terms together, but by using the first term and the number 3? - arithmetic vs. exponential increases [ 05 / 06 / 1999 ] what does ".... the work produced... will increase exponentially rather than arithmetically " mean? - average yearly depreciation [ 06 / 07 / 2002 ] i ' m trying to figure out the average depreciation per year for an automobile, given its price history over several years.


the necessary skills what are the project management skills required? referring back to our hi - tech information distribution example, these skills are not, as we might expect, an in - depth knowledge of systems, computer technology or software. true, a sufficient knowledge of these subjects was certainly required, but an unbalanced knowledge of the project in this respect could actually be a barrier to successful project performance. rather, the skills sets, that is, for the members of the project managing team, relate to the " people " dimension. for example, the project manager or team leader, whatever he or she may be called, should have an ability - handle stress and take responsibility for the success or failure of the project. - lead through formal and informal authority, especially in a corporate matrix environment, winning the support of the project ' s stakeholders for its goals. - organize and coordinate all contributors to the project, especially specialists with superior knowledge, or stakeholders with vested interests. - foster positive problem solving and negotiation without compromising project - understand and deal with conflicts that inevitably arise, and achieve harmony between diverging or opposing technical views, and arrive at timely closure. - assess project status and progress and make mature judgments that focus on the success of the project. what does all this add up to? focused " communication " skills and " people " skills. for many, particularly those who are more comfortable with science and engineering or, for that matter, computer hardware and software, this is " touchy - feely " stuff! they are far more comfortable with the mechanistic aspects of project management, namely the tools and techniques of time and cost control. but this is the new reality. projects are done by people and they must contribute effectively and efficiently. unless they are motivated and encouraged to do so, and stay focused on the project ' s objectives, no amount of " tools and techniques " will save a poor project from getting worse.


researchers discover generic ' white ' odor laurax ( medical xpress ) — researchers working at the weizmann institute of science in israel have discovered that there exists an odor analog of the color white and the sound of white noise. they ' ve been conducting studies on the odor, which they ' ve named laurax and have published a paper in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences describing their results. most people are aware of white noise and the color white – both come about from the blending of many ingredients. white noise is what people hear when multiple tones are played at once. similarly, the color white comes about when multiple wavelengths converge. the research team in israel wanted to know if there is a similar phenomenon with odors so the set up a series of experiments to find out. first, they concocted 86 odorants that represented the known olfactory spectrum in such a way as to make them all equally intense. from those they took small samples and mixed them together to create a variety of odor samples, with amounts of each of the basic odorants varying from 1 to 43. they then presented the samples to a group of 59 volunteers who were asked to rate pairs of the samples as to how close they smelled to one another. in analyzing the results, the researchers found that as the number of odorants in each sample increased, the more difficulty the volunteers had in telling the difference between them. as the number approached 30, they found that most couldn ' t tell the difference at all, even if none of the odorants were the same. in addition, the odor that arose at such levels became distinct itself, which the researchers named, laurax. to learn more about the new generic odor, the team conducted another experiment where they asked volunteers to sniff one of four samples of laurax over a period of three days to familiarize them with it. on the fourth day they were asked to sniff four mixtures and label them as laurax or three other names that had been invented for the experiment. the researchers found that the volunteers were more likely to label a sample as laurax if it had a high number of odorants in it, and as the odorants approached 30, most were inclined to give it that generic label. the researchers also found that most of the volunteers could tell the difference between different mixes of laurax, similar to the way most can distinguish different shades of white. more information : weiss, t. et al., perceptual convergence of multi - component mixtures in olfaction implies an olfactory


difference between different mixes of laurax, similar to the way most can distinguish different shades of white. more information : weiss, t. et al., perceptual convergence of multi - component mixtures in olfaction implies an olfactory white. proceedings of the national academy of sciences, november 19, 2012. doi : 10. 1073 / pnas. 1208110109 in vision, two mixtures, each containing an independent set of many different wavelengths, may produce a common color percept termed " white. " in audition, two mixtures, each containing an independent set of many different frequencies, may produce a common perceptual hum termed " white noise. " visual and auditory whites emerge upon two conditions : when the mixture components span stimulus space, and when they are of equal intensity. we hypothesized that if we apply these same conditions to odorant mixtures, " whiteness " may emerge in olfaction as well. we selected 86 molecules that span olfactory stimulus space and individually diluted them to a point of about equal intensity. we then prepared various odorant mixtures, each containing various numbers of molecular components, and asked human participants to rate the perceptual similarity of such mixture pairs. we found that as we increased the number of nonoverlapping, equal - intensity components in odorant mixtures, the mixtures became more similar to each other, despite not having a single component in common. with components, most mixtures smelled alike. after participants were acquainted with a novel, arbitrarily named mixture of equal - intensity components, they later applied this name more readily to other novel mixtures of equal - intensity components spanning stimulus space, but not to mixtures containing fewer components or to mixtures that did not span stimulus space. we conclude that a common olfactory percept, " olfactory white, " is associated with mixtures of or more equal - intensity components that span stimulus space, implying that olfactory representations are of features of molecules rather than of molecular identity. journal reference : proceedings of the national academy of sciences © 2012 medical xpress - wake up and smell the sweat nov 21, 2007 | not rated yet | 0 - how odors are sensed : a complex system clarified apr 12, 2006 | not rated yet | 0 - human ability good in tracking odors aug 29, 2005 | not rated yet | 0 - study shows people can guess personality via body odor dec 05, 2011 | not rated yet


a complex system clarified apr 12, 2006 | not rated yet | 0 - human ability good in tracking odors aug 29, 2005 | not rated yet | 0 - study shows people can guess personality via body odor dec 05, 2011 | not rated yet | 0 - initial research into ' proust phenomenon ' reveals link between memories and smells jan 30, 2012 | not rated yet | 0 - motion perception revisited : high phi effect challenges established motion perception assumptions apr 23, 2013 | 3 / 5 ( 2 ) | 2 - anything you can do i can do better : neuromolecular foundations of the superiority illusion ( update ) apr 02, 2013 | 4. 5 / 5 ( 11 ) | 5 - the visual system as economist : neural resource allocation in visual adaptation mar 30, 2013 | 5 / 5 ( 2 ) | 9 - separate lives : neuronal and organismal lifespans decoupled mar 27, 2013 | 4. 9 / 5 ( 8 ) | 0 - sizing things up : the evolutionary neurobiology of scale invariance feb 28, 2013 | 4. 8 / 5 ( 10 ) | 14 why is zone 1 in liver more prone to ischemic injury? 10 hours ago hi, is it because around central vein, there is only deoxygenated blood from the vein where as in the periphery there is hepatic artery. also why... how can there be villous adenoma in colon, if there are no villi there may 22, 2013 as title suggest. thanks : smile : how can there be a term called " intestinal metaplasia " of stomach may 21, 2013 hello everyone, ok stomach ' s normal epithelium is simple columnar, now in intestinal type of adenocarcinoma of stomach it undergoes " intestinal... pressure - volume curve : elastic recoil pressure don ' t make sense may 18, 2013 from pressure - volume curve of the lung and chest wall ( attached photo ), i don ' t understand why would the elastic recoil pressure of the lung is... if you became brain - dead, would you want them to pull the plug? may 17, 2013 i ' d want the rest of me to stay alive. sure it ' s a lousy way to live but it beats being all - the - way dead. maybe if i make it 20 years they ' ll... mri bill question may 15, 2013 dear pfers, the hospital gave us a $ 12k bill for one mri


way to live but it beats being all - the - way dead. maybe if i make it 20 years they ' ll... mri bill question may 15, 2013 dear pfers, the hospital gave us a $ 12k bill for one mri ( head with contrast ). the people i talked to at the hospital tell me that they do not... - more from physics forums - medical sciences more news stories a brief visual task can predict iq, according to a new study. this surprisingly simple exercise measures the brain ' s unconscious ability to filter out visual movement. the study shows that individuals whose... psychology & psychiatry 2 hours ago | 4. 8 / 5 ( 4 ) | 0 | nervous about that upcoming job interview? you might want to take steps to reduce your jitters, especially if you are a man. psychology & psychiatry 3 hours ago | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 ( medical xpress ) — research by u of t mississauga psychology professor glenn schellenberg reveals that two key personality traits – openness - to - experience and conscientiousness — predict better than iq... psychology & psychiatry 5 hours ago | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 | parents naturally are concerned for their children ' s safety, particularly when there is news of a child abduction that happens close to home. finding the balance between emotions and the " teachable moment " as parents talk... psychology & psychiatry 5 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 a new report on suicide in ireland shows that suicide cases experienced a significant number ( and intensity ) of life events in the 6 months prior to their death. psychology & psychiatry 5 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 little is known about why asthma develops, how it constricts the airway or why response to treatments varies between patients. now, a team of researchers at weill cornell medical college, columbia university medical center... 47 minutes ago | not rated yet | 0 | scientists at the national institutes of health report they have discovered in mouse studies that a small molecule released in the spinal cord triggers a process that is later experienced in the brain as the sensation of... 22 minutes ago | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 | teams of highly respected alzheimer ' s researchers failed to replicate what appeared to be breakthrough results for the treatment of this brain disease when they were published last year in the journal science. 22 minutes ago | not rated yet | 0 | ( medical xpress ) — the human brain is able to identify


news tagged with ligands related topics : cells, organic molecules in coordination chemistry, a ligand is an ion or molecule ( see also : functional group ) that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex. the bonding between metal and ligand generally involves formal donation of one or more of the ligand ' s electron pairs. the nature of metal - ligand bonding can range from covalent to ionic. furthermore, the metal - ligand bond order can range from one to three. ligands are viewed as lewis bases, although rare cases are known involving lewis acidic " ligands. " metal and metalloids are bound to ligands in virtually all circumstances, although gaseous " naked " metal ions can be generated in high vacuum. ligands in a complex dictate the reactivity of the central atom, including ligand substitution rates, the reactivity of the ligands themselves, and redox. ligand selection is a critical consideration in many practical areas, including bioinorganic and medicinal chemistry, homogeneous catalysis, and environmental chemistry. ligands are classified in many ways : their charge, their size ( bulk ), the identity of the coordinating atom ( s ), and the number of electrons donated to the metal ( denticity or hapticity ). the size of a ligand is indicated by its cone angle. this text uses material from wikipedia and is available under the gnu free documentation license. researchers at usc have found that a class of pharmaceuticals can both prevent and treat alzheimer ' s disease in mice. alzheimer ' s disease & dementia may 21, 2013 | 5 / 5 ( 7 ) | 0 | researchers at emory university have identified a protein that stimulates a pair of " orphan receptors " found in the brain, solving a long - standing biological puzzle and possibly leading to future treatments for neurological... medical research may 21, 2013 | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 |


general guidelines for managing asthma making some lifestyle changes can help you avoid triggers that may cause an asthma attack. - reduce your exposure to allergens that trigger asthma. - pay attention to warning signs when they occur. - treat symptoms early. - ask your doctor about physical activity. - get a yearly flu shot. because there are many types of allergens that may trigger asthma, it is nearly impossible to completely eliminate all allergens from your environment. however, there are many things that you can do to help reduce allergens and minimize your exposure to asthma triggers. the national heart, lung, and blood institute offers these suggestions : take these steps to control dust mites : - wash bedding once a week in hot water. water must be hotter than 130 degrees f ( 60 degrees c ) to kill dust mites. - cover mattresses and pillows in dust - proof ( allergen - impermeable ) zippered covers. - avoid cloth - covered cushions. - if your pillow does not have a dust proof cover, wash your pillow each week in hot water. - reduce indoor humidity below 60 %. dehumidifiers and central air conditioners can help. - if possible, remove carpets from your bedroom. - if stuffed toys are in the house, keep them off your bed. wash stuffed toys weekly in hot water. take these steps if you are allergic to pets : - if possible, keep pets out of your home. - keep pets out of the bedroom and other sleeping areas at all times, and keep the door closed. - keep pets away from fabric - covered furniture, carpets, and stuffed toys. if possible, remove carpet from your home. take these steps to control cockroaches and mice in your home : - do not leave out food. store food in airtight containers. - make sure trash in your home is properly stored in containers with lids that close securely. remove trash daily. - try using poison baits, boric acid, or traps before using pesticide sprays. - do not stay in a room that has recently been sprayed with a pesticide. wait until the odor has cleared before going back to the room. take these steps to control mold : - fix plumbing leaks and other moisture problems. - use a bleach cleaner to wash mold off hard surfaces. let the surface dry completely. take these steps to avoid irritants : - avoid using strong - smelling products, like perfume, paint or talcum. - avoid wood - burning stoves, fireplace


of the symptoms. take all the necessary precautions to prevent asthma attacks, and treat symptoms as early as possible to avoid escalation to a serious attack. consider using an online program to manage your symptoms. these programs can help to improve the control of your asthma and your lungs ' function. organizations like the american lung association and the asthma and allergy foundation of america offer information on web - based asthma management tools and support groups. your doctor may recommend that you limit strenuous physical activity after an asthma attack. in general, asthma should not limit your participation or success in physical activities. consider the following when exercising : - make sure you have good asthma control before exercising. - if exercise triggers your asthma, ask your doctor about using a short - acting beta - agonist about 15 minutes before exercise. - try warming - up for at least 10 minutes before exercise. warm up may include walking or other low - intensity activities. - avoid other triggers such as high pollution levels, pollen season, freshly cut grass, or cold. if cold is a trigger, wear a scarf or mask to warm the air before it hits your lungs. - consider changing the length or intensity of exercise if mild symptoms persist. - with any new activity, gradually increase your intensity. when to contact your doctor stay in contact with your doctor between visits, especially if your symptoms are changing. whether you stay in contact over the phone, through email, or through your doctor ' s website, good communication can help you stay out of the hospital and have better control of your asthma. keep in mind, too, that if you are having a mild to moderate asthma attack and your medicine does not work in the time it is supposed to, call your doctor. if you are having a severe asthma attack, take your asthma medicine and get emergency medical help right away. - reviewer : brian randall, md - review date : 10 / 2012 - - update date : 10 / 11 / 2012 -


after the civil war, congress championed the cause of newly freed african americans by enacting the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendments to the constitution. the thirteenth amendment abolished slavery. the fourteenth amendment provided citizenship and equal protection under the law. the fifteenth amendment guaranteed black men the right to vote. other legislation to enforce these amendments followed. however, between 1873 and 1883 the u. s. supreme court issued a series of decisions that set back federal efforts to protect the civil rights of african americans until 1957, when the first civil rights law since reconstruction was passed. in the south, where ninety percent of african americans lived, state constitutions were amended to legalize disenfranchisement. the ku klux klan resorted to beating, lynching, and burning homes to reinforce white supremacy. black labor was bound to the land as peonage and sharecropping replaced the antebellum plantation system of slavery. in both the north and the south, african americans were segregated by law and by custom in schools, public accommodations, housing, transportation, armed forces, recreational facilities, hospitals, prisons, and cemeteries. in 1896 the supreme court sanctioned legal separation of the races in its ruling in the case of plessy v. ferguson, which stated that separate but equal facilities did not violate the fourteenth amendment. science, history, and popular culture bolstered racial policy by promoting the myth of negro inferiority. by the turn of the twentieth century, african americans found themselves reduced to a color - caste system almost as oppressive and destructive as the chattel slavery they had endured. a new wave of racial violence swept the u. s., erupting in a torrent of lynchings and race riots. the worst of these riots occurred in springfield, illinois, in 1908. read more about prelude » view all items from prelude » founding and early years in response to the springfield riot, a group of black and white activists, jews and gentiles, met in new york city to address the deteriorating status of african americans. among them were veterans of the niagara movement ( a civil rights group ), suffragists, social workers, labor reformers, philanthropists, socialists, anti - imperialists, educators, clergymen, and journalists — some with roots in abolitionism. in the abolitionist tradition, they proposed to fight the new color - caste system with a “ new abolition movement ” — the national association for the advancement of colored people. the naacp pledged “ to promote equality of rights and eradicate caste or race prejudice


. in the abolitionist tradition, they proposed to fight the new color - caste system with a “ new abolition movement ” — the national association for the advancement of colored people. the naacp pledged “ to promote equality of rights and eradicate caste or race prejudice among citizens of the united states ; to advance the interest of colored citizens ; to secure for them impartial suffrage ; and to increase their opportunities for securing justice in the courts, education for their children, employment according to their ability, and complete equality before the law. ” the naacp pursued this mission through a variety of tactics including legal action, lobbying, peaceful protest, and publicity. read more about founding and early years » view all items from founding and early years » the new negro movement world war i created a transformation for african americans from the “ old ” to the “ new. ” thousands moved from the rural south to the industrial urban north, pursuing a new vision of social and economic opportunity. during the war black troops fought abroad “ to keep the world safe for democracy. ” they returned home determined to achieve a fuller participation in american society. the philosophy of the civil rights movement shifted from the “ accommodationist ” approach of booker t. washington to the militant advocacy of w. e. b. du bois. these forces converged to help create the “ new negro movement ” of the 1920s, which promoted a renewed sense of racial pride, cultural self - expression, economic independence, and progressive politics. evoking the “ new negro, ” the naacp lobbied aggressively for the passage of a federal law that would prohibit lynching. the naacp played a crucial role in the flowering of the negro renaissance centered in new york ’ s harlem, the cultural component of the new negro movement. naacp officials w. e. b. du bois, james weldon johnson, walter white, and jessie fauset provided aesthetic guidance, financial support, and literature to this cultural awakening. the naacp ’ s efforts on the international front included sending james weldon johnson to haiti to investigate the occupation of u. s. armed forces there. in the courts the naacp prosecuted cases involving disenfranchisement, segregation ordinances, restrictive covenants, and lack of due process and equal protection in criminal cases. read more about the new negro movement » view all items from the new negro movement » the great depression with the onset of the great depression of the 1930s, the naacp confronted an internal dispute and external criticism over the merits of pursuing an agenda of civil and political equality versus an agenda of economic development and independence.


from the new negro movement » the great depression with the onset of the great depression of the 1930s, the naacp confronted an internal dispute and external criticism over the merits of pursuing an agenda of civil and political equality versus an agenda of economic development and independence. the merits were debated at the amenia conference in 1933. in the political arena, the naacp won the first successful campaign against a supreme court nominee, judge john j. parker, demonstrating the association ’ s growing influence. by 1931, the naacp undertook the defense of the scottsboro boys, nine black youths wrongfully accused of raping two white women, before losing control of the case to the communist - led international labor defense. later, based on the findings of attorneys nathan margold and charles h. houston, the naacp launched a legal campaign against de jure segregation that focused on inequalities in public schools. towards the end of 1932, in response to employment discrimination, the naacp sent roy wilkins, then the assistant naacp secretary, and george schuyler, a journalist and author, undercover to investigate conditions for the 30, 000 black workers in the war department ’ s mississippi river flood control project. in 1939 the naacp created its legal defense and educational fund, inc., to litigate cases and raise money exclusively for the legal program. on the cultural front, the naacp deliberated about the prospect of jesse owens ’ s and other black athletes ’ participation in the 1936 olympics in light of nazi propaganda and urged them not to participate. after the daughters of the american revolution barred marian anderson from singing at constitution hall in 1939, the naacp worked with the franklin d. roosevelt administration to stage a concert for her at the lincoln memorial. read more about the great depression » view all items from the great depression » world war ii and the post war years as the united states entered world war ii, the naacp joined union organizer a. philip randolph in support of a massive march on washington to protest discrimination in the armed forces and defense industries. the march never took place. in the midst of the war, naacp executive secretary walter white toured the european, mediterranean, and pacific theaters of operation to observe and report on the experience of black soldiers. in 1945 the naacp sent walter white and w. e. b. du bois to the united nations conference on international organization to propose the abolition of the colonial system. du bois reinforced the naacp ’ s position in 1947 by submitting to the united nations “ an appeal to the world, ” a petition linking the history of racism in america to the treatment of people of