is only partly explained by the broadening of the diagnosis, improved detection and more awareness, " he said. " a large proportion of autism, some 50 %, remains unexplained. " one hint comes from data showing that autism prevalence is higher in areas where doctors are better at diagnosing autism in kids with relatively high intellectual ability. the cdc ' s huge multi - year study to explore early development ( seed ), begun in 2008, is exploring various autism risk factors. the very first results should start coming out later this year. but since seed follows kids from the time of their mother ' s pregnancy, it will take time for the study to mature. it ' s known that autism results from a complex interaction between genetic and environmental influences. but it ' s not known which types of autism are most closely linked to which factors. the cdc study - - the autism and developmental disabilities monitoring ( addm ) study - - is based on data from over 337, 000 8 - year - olds in 14 states. that ' s 8. 4 % of all u. s. 8 - year - olds. the study first used health and education records to identify kids with possible autism. then all of the records were analyzed by autism professionals to identify kids who fit the current autism diagnosis. autism rates varied widely across states. autism prevalence was one in 47 kids in utah, but only one in 210 children in alabama. study sites that relied only on health records to identify kids with autism had significantly lower autism rates than sites that had both health and education records. for example, in colorado there was a single county with access to both education and health records. the autism rate there was twice as high as the rate in six colorado counties with health records only. despite the different autism rates across sites, the overall autism prevalence detected is similar to that estimated by other national health surveys. " this method is really the gold standard for tracking autism, " boyle says. " one thing we do know is we don ' t overestimate autism prevalence. " while it ' s important to understand why so many kids have autism, it ' s even more important to do something about it, says rebecca landa, phd, director of the center for autism and related disorders at baltimore ' s kennedy krieger institute. landa led one of the 14 sites in the addm study. " the practical side of this is we have one in 88 children in our country with an autism spectrum disorder, " landa tells webmd. " that has very big


institute. landa led one of the 14 sites in the addm study. " the practical side of this is we have one in 88 children in our country with an autism spectrum disorder, " landa tells webmd. " that has very big implications for how we prepare teachers and daycare providers - - and how to be parents. " landa ' s own research shows that the earlier children with autism get proper education, the better they function - - emotionally, socially, and intellectually. " i wish i could say things have changed a lot, but it is not enough, " landa says. " more and more universities are preparing teachers to work with kids with autism, but many times it is a single lecture or just one course. we need to be building strategies into not just special education but also in the regular education training, because the strategies we used to teach children with autism are helpful for all children. teaching a child does more than show that child how to act : it actually changes the way that child ' s brain develops. " if we are altering children ' s brain, we should be thinking of education as neuro - education, " landa says. " something as serious as altering a child ' s brain development will impact a child ' s whole live : how they interact with others, how they view themselves, how they contribute to society. these things have such huge ramifications not only for each child and each family but for our country. there are warning signs that a child is not developing normally and may have autism. parents should consult the cdc ' s developmental milestones checklist - - and those who become concerned should immediately have their child evaluated by a medical professional. sources : cdc mmwr surveillance summaries, march 30, 2012. news release, cdc. cdc web site. rebecca landa, phd, director, center for autism and related disorders, kennedy krieger institute, baltimore. coleen a. boyle, phd, director of cdc ’ s national center on birth defects and developmental disabilities. marshalyn yeargin - allsopp, md, chief of the developmental disabilities branch. here are the most recent story comments. view all the views expressed here do not necessarily represent those of kget tv 17 - in the spirit of the golden empire the health news section does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. see additional information.


spreading misinformation about hiv could actually increase the spread of the virus itself, said some local hiv advocates. they ' re worried recent statements by state sen. stacey campfield about the origins and transmission of hiv could keep people from taking precautions. " what it will do is keep heterosexuals and other high - risk individuals from testing, " said advocate larry frampton, co - chair of the northeast tennessee regional community planning group. frampton, who is hiv - positive, has been an advocate for more than 20 years and is a certified hiv tester. in recent years, he and other advocates have put much effort into reaching young black heterosexual men, whose hiv infection numbers have spiked. " we already have an uphill battle in that community because of the stigma associated with hiv, " said frampton. he said partnering with churches has helped, " but when you get a state senator who comes out and says, essentially, it ' s impossible to transmit hiv heterosexually, that really puts a big dent in all the work we ' re doing. " it also fuels the stigma, said angela, 49, who ' s been hiv - positive for 19 years but still asked to withhold her last name. " the majority of ( hiv - positive ) women i know are hesitant about revealing their status, " she said. " most of them are afraid of prejudice and fear spilling over on their child. " angela said she was infected through heterosexual activity and has worked to make women aware of their risk. " i ' m afraid this will cause people to either be lax ( with precautions ) or just ignore the possibility they ' re at risk, " she said. heterosexual transmission accounts for more than 20 percent of hiv diagnoses in tennessee through 2009. knox county health department director dr. martha buchanan said heterosexuals are the fastest growing u. s. group for new hiv diagnoses, with blacks at particularly high risk.


it ' s all politics tue october 23, 2012 why are elections on tuesdays? originally published on wed october 24, 2012 12 : 43 pm it ' s tuesday — exactly two weeks out from nov. 6, election day. why is voting day for american federal elections always a tuesday? the answer is a bit obscure and has to do with buggies. let me explain. the story starts all the way back with the founding fathers. " the constitutional convention just met for a very brief time during the summer of 1787, " senate historian don ritchie says. " by the time they got finished they were exhausted and they hadn ' t made up their minds on a lot of things. " they were pooped. so they left the question of when federal elections should be held undecided. without that laid out, states were left to set their own voting dates, which meant several decades of electoral chaos. ritchie describes it as a " crazy quilt of elections " held at all different times, all over the country. finally, in 1845, congress decided to get things under control. ritchie says lawmakers reasoned that monday was out because ( this is where the buggies come in ) people would have to travel to the polls in their buggies on sunday, the sabbath. and in a mostly farming society, wednesday wouldn ' t work because that was often market day. so, tuesday was the day, and that seemed to work great for 19th century voters. " in the 1840s, elections were a big to - do — there was a lot of hoopla, there were parades, " ritchie says. " whole families would come on wagons from the farms ; people would get dressed up for the occasion. " though the america of buggies and markets has long since given way to minivans and supermarkets, tuesday remains the day we vote. " that may have made sense in 1845, but the world has moved on, " rep. steve israel, a new york democrat, says. " democracies have moved on, and so congress should also move on and make it easier for people to vote. " there are, of course, other options for a lot of folks, like absentee and early voting. still, there are voters who can ' t cast ballots unless they can find a way to get to the polls on tuesday. " in 15 states you do not have an opportunity to vote early or by an absentee ballot or by mail, which means you have to vote on tuesday, " says jacob soboroff of why tuesday,


to get to the polls on tuesday. " in 15 states you do not have an opportunity to vote early or by an absentee ballot or by mail, which means you have to vote on tuesday, " says jacob soboroff of why tuesday, who also is a host and producer for huffpost live. " it ' s just ridiculous ; it ' s absurd. there is absolutely no good reason whatsoever to vote on the tuesday after the first monday in november. " soboroff and israel say tuesday voting bars access to democracy and keeps america ' s voter turnout chronically low. they point to census survey data showing that 1 in 4 people says he ' s too busy or his schedule doesn ' t allow him to get to the polls. their solution? move election day to the weekend. israel has been introducing and reintroducing a bill to move voting to the weekend. but moving poll day turns out to be no easy task. the weekend voting bill keeps dying in committee. and earlier this year, when the government accountability office talked to elections officials about how weekend voting would work, they came up with a list of logistical difficulties, from keeping equipment safe overnight to recruiting poll workers to work the weekend. there ' s also, of course, no guarantee that moving election day would change voter turnout. then there ' s the simple fact that americans have gotten used to voting on tuesday. " we ' re a very traditional county, and that became a tradition in a lot of ways, " says ritchie. " that ' s the way people were accustomed to doing it, people could count on it, you could set your calendars on it. " for this election, the date is set. so — as in every presidential election since the 1840s — tuesday is the day to vote. david greene, host : this morning after the debate is a tuesday. and in exactly two weeks, many voters will head to the polls and cast their ballots. npr ' s selena simmons - duffin wondered : why do americans vote on tuesdays? selena simmons - duffin, byline : the answer, turns out, is a little obscure. senate historian don ritchie had to dig through some historical documents so he could explain. don ritchie : in the early 19th century, basically, it was a crazy quilt of elections. simmons - duffin : he says, the constitutional convention didn ' t get to some key details, leaving states to set their own voting dates, which meant several decades of electoral chaos. ritchie : so finally in 1845, congress passed law.


elections. simmons - duffin : he says, the constitutional convention didn ' t get to some key details, leaving states to set their own voting dates, which meant several decades of electoral chaos. ritchie : so finally in 1845, congress passed law... simmons - duffin : if it were monday, they reasoned, people would have to travel in their buggies on sunday, the sabbath. and in a mostly farming society, wednesday was out because that was often market day. tuesday was the day and that seemed to work great. ritchie : in the 1840s, elections were a big to - do. there was a lot of hoopla, there were parades. whole families would come on wagons from the farms, people would get dressed up for the occasion. representative steve israel : well, that may have made sense in 1845 but the world has moved on, democracies have moved on. and so, congress should move on and make it easier for people to vote. simmons - duffin : now that there are no buggies or market days, democratic congressman steve israel, of new york, says tuesday no longer works. it isn ' t exactly a convenient day for a lot of folks. when the census has surveyed people about why they don ' t vote, one - in - four says they ' re too busy, or their schedules don ' t allow them to get to the polls. now many states have other options like early voting. but not all, says jacob soboroff with advocacy group why tuesday. jacob soboroff : in 15 states, you do not have an opportunity to vote early or with an absentee ballot or by mail, which means you have to vote on tuesday. simmons - duffin : soboroff and congressman israel say this bars access to democracy. they say it keeps america ' s voter turnout chronically low. but moving election day from tuesday turns out to be no easy task. ritchie : we ' re a very traditional country and that became a tradition in a lot of ways. simmons - duffin : historian don ritchie says people can set their calendars to it, they can count on it, they ' re used to it. and though congressman israel has been introducing and reintroducing a bill to move voting to the weekend, it keeps dying in committee. israel : i ' m not giving up. i think it ' s just that important. simmons - duffin : it ' s not exactly a very sexy issue. it ' s a little bit technical. israel : you know,


troy is a city which existed over 4. 000 years and known as the center of ancient civilizations. for several years people thought that it was the city mentioned only in the tales and never existed until it was initially based in the 19th century. troy ( truva in turkish ) is located in hisarlik near canakkale province where the remains of this once - great city can be visited. what was left are the remains of the destruction of schliemann, the famous german archaeologist or a treasure hunter as some people call him. today, an foreign team of german and american archaeologists bring the troy of the bronze age back to life under a sponsored project by daimler – benz, and another turkish team is at law wars with russia and germany to get back the stolen trojan treasures. troy appeared in greek and latin literature. homer first mentioned story of troy in iliad and odyssey. later, it became the most popular subject in greek drama. the book of virgil ’ s aeneid contains the best known account of the sack of troy. in addition, there are untrue stories under the names of dictys cretensis and dares phrygius. in the bronze age, troy had a great power because of its strategic location between europe and asia. in the 3rd and 2nd millennia bc troy was a cultural center. after the trojan war, the city was abandoned from 1100 to 700 bc. about 700 bc greek settlers began to occupy the troas region, troy was resettled and named as ilion. alexander the great ruled the area around the 4th century bc. after romans captured troy in 85 bc, it was restored partially by roman general sulla and named as new ilium. through the byzantine rule, troy lost its importance. the ruins of troy were first found by charles mclaren in 1822. the german archaeologist heinrich schliemann excavated troy from 1870 to 1890. his theft of treasure from troy and his damage to the site will be always remembered in turkish archaeological history. wilhelm dorpfeld followed to excavate troy after schliemann. today, a new german team ‘ s still working to rebuild troy ruins by using new advanced technologies since 1988. there are nine levels at troy ; troy i to v relates roughly with early bronze age ( 3000 to 1900 bc ). its inhabitants were known as trojans in this period. troy vi and vii were built in the middle and late bronze age. troy viii to ix belongs to hellenistic and roman ilion ( latin ilium ). troy was destroyed many times and


). its inhabitants were known as trojans in this period. troy vi and vii were built in the middle and late bronze age. troy viii to ix belongs to hellenistic and roman ilion ( latin ilium ). troy was destroyed many times and rebuilt each time. troy is one of the most famous cities in the history, remembering us hector, achilles and achaean greeks, the sake of helen, paris, agamemnon and priam. its story is written in every language, trojan heroes, achilles ’ heel and odyssey became figures in poems. from alexander the great to lord byron, many important figures of the history stood on the site of the great heroes. however, people always wondered whether the trojan war happened or not, or if there was really a wooden horse or not. the tale of troy is told by homer with the iliad and the odyssey. homer was drawing on a vast cycle of stories about trojan war. the iliad features a few weeks in the tenth year of the war. reported by greek sources, troy stood near the dardanelles. there was clearly no dispute about its location in the story that we are all familiar : the dardanelles, the islands of imbros, samothrace and little tenedos, mount ida to the south east, the plain and the river scamander. it was an ancient city an its inhabitants were known as teucrians or dardanians but also as trojans or ilians which got this name from eponymous heroes, tros and his uncle ilus. in other source mentioned that troy and ilius were two separate places but homer insists on using these two names for troy. on the mainland of greece at that time, the most powerful king was agamemnon. his residence was at mycenae. at that time, the inhabitants of greece called themselves as arhaians, danaans, or argiues not greeks or hellenes. agamemnon married clytemnestra, daughter of tyndareus of sparta and sister to helen. helen was the most beautiful woman in the world, she had married with agamemnon ’ s brother menelaos who became king in lakonia. two brothers had a great power in southern greece. on the other hand, in troy laemedon was the king of ilios, the son of ilus who had given his name to troy. laemedon tried to cheat the gods of their rewards. he would not give up the immortal snow – white horses sent by


in troy laemedon was the king of ilios, the son of ilus who had given his name to troy. laemedon tried to cheat the gods of their rewards. he would not give up the immortal snow – white horses sent by herakles ( hercules ). but herakles sailed to the troad ( troy ), attacked, and captured the city. laemedon and his sons were killed except the youngest, podarces, who was released and took a new name, priam, as a young king of troy and the city was restored again. priam ruled over troy successfully for three generations. he had fifty sons and twelve daughters. his eldest son was the great warrior hector. and one of his sons, paris, was the important figure in troy ’ s history. the famous myth tells ; eris - strife - had thrown down a golden apple ‘ for the fairest ’ at the wedding of peleus and thetis, and zeus couldn ’ t decide between his wife hera, athena ( goddess of wisdom ), and aphrodite ( goddess of love ). the goddesses were led to the trojan mount ida where priam ’ s most handsome son paris lived. hera offered him the lordship of all asia ; athena the victory in war and wisdom beyond any other man ; aphrodite the most beautiful woman in the world. as usual, men being men, stories being stories, paris gave the apple to helen. paris went to sparta to give the apple to helen. menelaus, husband of helen, arranged a feast for him. when menelaus left there to visit the king of knossos, helen and paris ran away and sailed to troy. but there is some contradiction in this part, some source says that paris carried of helen by force and plundered elsewhere in the aegean sea before time for troy. when menelaus heard how it happened, he begged his brother agamemnon to take revenge. the king sent envoys to troy to demand helen ’ s restitution but envoys came back with empty hands. then menelaus gathered an army. in the story, great heroes were achilles, odysseus ( ulysses ) and ajax. at aulis, the army seers read the signs that troy would fall in the tenth year of the war. then menelaus army sailed to asia minor and attacked teuthrania in mysia opposite of lesbos, but they had mistaken depending on trojan territory and the army


new york ( ap ) — imagine a store without a cash register and no other accurate ways to quickly tally up daily sales. that was the case for all retail establishments before the 1880s. most store owners were left in the dark about whether they were making a profit or loss — and many suffered since it was easy for sales clerks to steal from the cash drawer. that all changed with the invention of the cash register following the civil war by a little - known saloon owner, setting into motion decades of innovation. here, a look at the history of the cash register and some highlights at ncr, formerly known as the national cash register co., which helped to make the machine ubiquitous at stores across the country starting in the early 1900s : — 1879 : james ritty, a saloon owner in dayton, ohio, patents a machine with a mechanism that ' s inspired from the apparatus that counts the spins of an ocean liner ' s propeller in its engine room. the so - called " incorruptible cashier " was the first mechanical cash register and had metal keys with denominations pressed into them to indicate the amount of the sale. there was a bell to ring up sales. — 1880 - 1883 : ritty ' s mechanical register catches the attention of john h. patterson, a businessman, who purchased several machines for his general store in coalton, ohio. he buys several more for his retail coal business in dayton, ohio. 1884 : patterson bought the rights to ritty ' s invention from jacob h. eckert, who had purchased the rights from ritty. the price : $ 6, 500. he renamed the company the national cash register co. from the national manufacturing co. and started to put the registers into production. that company is now known as ncr, the global technology firm. 1888 - 1895 : eighty - four companies sell cash registers but only three actually survived long - term. patterson, who aggressively bought out his competition and had a flair for sales, sets up an inventions department to create bigger and better thief - proof registers. he opened the first training program for his sales people. 1902 : the cash register offers shopkeepers cumulative totals and can give an audit trail of transactions. that helps businesses collect market research data. 1906 : charles kettering, researcher for the national cash register co., designs the first register powered by an electric motor. 1915 : the cash register, dressed in fancy cast - metal cases, became an essential tool in nearly every retail establishment. the registers were made of different materials including brass, cast -


register co., designs the first register powered by an electric motor. 1915 : the cash register, dressed in fancy cast - metal cases, became an essential tool in nearly every retail establishment. the registers were made of different materials including brass, cast - iron and wood. national cash register ran the largest brass foundry in the world during that period. by 1915, more than 1. 5 million cash registers were sold. 1960s : the retail industry shifts to electronic registers. early 1970s : national cash register introduces the first cash register that ' s part of the store ' s entire computer system. at the same time, national cash register introduces a bar coding scanning system to be used with the machine. 1974 : the national cash register changes its name to ncr corp. it makes the first bar code scanners. 1991 : ncr acquired by at & t 1994 : ncr name changes to at & t gis by the end of 1996. 1995 : at & t gis changes its name back to ncr corp. in anticipation of being spun off to at & t shareholders by january 1997 as an independent, publicly traded company. 1998 : ncr installs first self - checkout system at a ball ' s hen house grocery store in kansas city, missouri. 2003 : self - checkout areas become mainstream at many grocery stores and other discounters. 2012 : ncr launches a new software program that runs on apple ' s ipad that ' s connected to the keyboard at the cash register counter or can be detached and used as a mobile checkout device. source : ncr corp. and museum of american heritage


explanation for claude and medea by zoe weil ( if you ' re interested in purchasing a physical copy of claude and medea, contact martin rowe at firstname. lastname @ example. org claude couldn ' t wait to go to school the next morning. he wondered what ms. rattlebee had in store for the class and looked forward to something strange and exciting taking place in the green room. when he walked into the classroom, ms. rattlebee was writing on the board. her back was to the class, and she was wearing an extra large t - shirt that went down to her knees. a bunch of kids in the class were laughing at a quote that covered the middle of ms. rattlebee ' s back. it read : " my life is my message " - mahatma gandhi ms. rattlebee turned around to address the class, and the laughing students tried very hard to contain themselves, especially when she immediately referred to the quote on her back. " some of you may have noticed mahatma gandhi ' s words on the back of my dress. " ( penelope snorted at the word " dress. " ) can any of you tell me what you think he meant when he said this? " most of the class were doing their best to compose themselves and were in no position to even attempt to answer ms. rattlebee ' s question. medea raised her hand. " i think that he meant that what he did in his life, who he was and how he acted, was more important than what he said. " " yes, medea, that ' s exactly right. mahatma gandhi was a very great man who helped free india from british rule using only non - violent methods. he was very famous and very revered, and one day a reporter came to him and asked, " what is your message to people? " gandhi replied, ' my life is my message. ' " none of us is gandhi, " ms. rattlebee continued, " but his quote is true for everybody. how each of us acts ; how each of us treats others ; how each of us is in the world - that is our message. " today is my last day with you. i ' m sad to be leaving, but i ' ve been told that mr. bryant has recovered quite nicely and will be returning tomorrow. i thought about what i wanted to do during our last class together, and i decided that the most important thing i had to teach you is that your life is your message. so i ' d like you to


quite nicely and will be returning tomorrow. i thought about what i wanted to do during our last class together, and i decided that the most important thing i had to teach you is that your life is your message. so i ' d like you to read the question i ' ve written on the board and quietly write an essay in response. " on the board, written in florid script, was this question : is your life the message you want it to be? " i don ' t expect this assignment to be easy, but i do expect you to write something. so take out a piece of paper and a pencil and get started. you have thirty minutes before i ' ll interrupt you. and don ' t worry. you can be completely honest because no one is going to read what you write except you. " thirty minutes! few of the students had any idea how to answer such a strange question, and most were thinking, " what on earth am i going to do for the next thirty minutes? " once bill rittenhouse heard that no one else would read what he wrote, he started drawing geometric shapes on his piece of paper, while penelope began writing a list of presents she wanted for christmas. hardly any of the students were taking the assignment seriously, but claude could feel his brain start buzzing again. this time his body began to tremble, too. he was suddenly struck by the realization that, in fact, his life was not really the message he wanted it to be. this is what he wrote : i don ' t think my life is really the message i want it to be. i mean, before ms. rattlebee came to worthington, i would ' ve said it was. well, i might not have understood the question really. but after what she ' s taught us, and now that medea and i are talking about doing something to make a difference, i think i know what the question means. and i think i know what gandhi meant because i ' ve heard about him, and he really practiced what he preached. i haven ' t done much of anything for anyone. i mean i ' m nice enough, but i haven ' t ever thought much about other people ( or animals ), and i think if my life was really the message i wanted it to be, i ' d be different. i ' d do more for others. i wouldn ' t think only about myself. i guess becoming a vegetarian is part of making my life the message i want it to be, so that ' s


it to be, i ' d be different. i ' d do more for others. i wouldn ' t think only about myself. i guess becoming a vegetarian is part of making my life the message i want it to be, so that ' s good. i ' m glad i met medea. i hope she thinks her life is the message she wants it to be because she ' s pretty cool. i know this isn ' t supposed to be about medea, but getting to know her makes me feel like my life is more the message i want it to be. that doesn ' t really make sense, but it ' s how i feel. i wonder what everyone else is writing. i wonder what austin thinks about his life. or bill. or penelope. how could penelope really think her life is the message she wants it to be? what could she be writing? i don ' t think i ' m supposed to be writing about the other kids. it really doesn ' t matter what they think about their life, or what they write. what matters is what i think about mine. and what i do with mine. so, what am i going to do? that ' s the big question. too bad ms. rattlebee is leaving. i feel like telling her how much i ' ve liked her classes, but i don ' t want anyone else ( except medea ) to see me talking to her. i don ' t know what else to write. i do want my life to be a better message than it ' s been so far. i think i can make it better. at least i can try. claude finished writing and looked up at the clock. it had been almost thirty minutes. he started to read over what he wrote when ms. rattlebee began talking to the class again. " okay everyone. time to finish up. i ' m going to pass out envelopes. please put your paper in an envelope, seal it, address it to yourself, and hand it back to me. some time, when you least expect it, you ' ll receive it in the mail. when you do, open it up and read what you wrote, and notice what you think about it, and how you feel. pay attention to whether you have made your life more the message you want it to be. " the students did as ms. rattlebee asked, although it was clear that some of them did so reluctantly. penelope was sneering as she shoved her christmas list into an envelope ; austin looked irritated,


the message you want it to be. " the students did as ms. rattlebee asked, although it was clear that some of them did so reluctantly. penelope was sneering as she shoved her christmas list into an envelope ; austin looked irritated, and bill looked bored, but claude stared at his self - addressed envelope and marveled at the changes that had taken place inside him. when he passed it to ms. rattlebee, he looked into her eyes feeling only gratitude and thanks. she smiled at him and, as if she could read his mind, whispered, " you ' re quite welcome, claude. " then she turned to the class. " and now it ' s goodbye. i ' ve written my address and phone number on the board. if you ever want to contact me, please do. i hope that you ' ll think about all the ways you can make your one and only life the message you want it to be. there are a lot of things in the world that still need to be fixed, and who better than you. " and at that, she picked up her giant bag, turned on her small feet, and walked out of the room. claude was filled with sadness. ms. rattlebee was surely the most bizarre person he ' d ever encountered. she was the shortest grown up he ' d ever met, with the highest voice he ' d ever heard, and the silliest clothes he ' d ever seen. but she was also the most unique, original, and interesting teacher he ' d ever had. the four mornings he ' d spent with her were the most important and memorable of all the mornings in all the years he ' d been at school. he wondered for a moment if he would simply turn back into the claude who was so familiar to him - the one who didn ' t have many cares in the world and was definitely not trying to figure out how to save it. but then he thought about what he ' d just written, and he understood it was too late to go back to being that claude. he knew he had to do something that mattered. claude was in a funk for most of the rest of the day. the only thing that lifted his spirits was remembering that he and medea would be getting rooper and walking through the park after school. knowing that he would have her to talk to brightened his spirits. walking through central park with rooper, claude told medea all about brady, the little brown dog he ' d met the day before, and about his conversation with


park after school. knowing that he would have her to talk to brightened his spirits. walking through central park with rooper, claude told medea all about brady, the little brown dog he ' d met the day before, and about his conversation with his dad. " that ' s it, claude! that ' s what we ' ll do. we ' re going to get to the bottom of these dog thefts and stop them! " " what?! are you crazy, medea? it ' s one thing to learn about what ' s happening in the world and try to do something about it, and it ' s another thing to become detectives in our spare time and stop criminals from stealing dogs. i thought you had to stay out of trouble? what makes you think the police won ' t find out who ' s stealing the dogs? " " claude, remember what ms. rattlebee said when she pretended to be the alien, grinwhistle? people let all sorts of horrible things happen to animals. do you think the dognappings are a high priority for the police? " " okay, maybe that ' s true, but what do you think we should do? " " we can watch the dogs who are tied up on the street and find out who ' s taking them, that ' s what. it would be best if we split up, though, so we can watch more dogs, " she continued, thinking out loud, " but then we can ' t communicate with each other. " " i think we have some walkie talkies at home. then we could talk to each other if one of us saw anything happen. and if not, i ' ll get some. i have money saved up. plus i have a credit card if we really need it. " a strange look passed over medea ' s face, but it quickly faded. she couldn ' t imagine having a credit card of her own. " good. then it ' s settled. how about we start saturday so we ' ll have all afternoon. that is, if you ' re free, " medea suddenly seemed shy and uncertain. " sure, i can do it saturday. " " excellent. you bring the walkie talkies, and we ' ll meet at two o ' clock. how about 86th and madison. i don ' t think you should bring rooper. " ( rooper looked up expectantly at the sound of his name, but realized it wasn ' t good news for him and dropped his


from the life of george albert smith in 1919 george albert smith, then a member of the quorum of the twelve apostles, was called as president of the european mission. in a message to the local saints shortly after his arrival, president smith noted the difficult conditions in europe, which was still recovering from the devastations of world war i : “ i realize that we are living in an important period in the world ’ s history. with new, strained conditions confronting the nations, and a spirit of unrest rife almost everywhere, among the children of men, i, therefore, sense the great responsibility assumed in meeting them, and most earnestly desire divine guidance in the discharge of my duties. ” president smith had faith that despite the trying times they faced, the efforts of the members and the missionaries would be rewarded with success : “ assisted by good, capable associates at [ mission ] headquarters, and faithful men and women in the field, i look with pleasant anticipation for a fruitful harvest of honest souls. ” 1 one of president smith ’ s most pressing duties as mission president was to increase the number of missionaries in europe. the church had sent very few missionaries to europe during the war, and now food shortages and other economic problems made european government officials unwilling to grant visas to foreigners. president smith ’ s difficult task was to persuade these officials to allow missionaries into their countries. in a letter to his daughter emily, president smith told of a trip to london for this purpose. “ our american ambassador has been very kind and succeeded in securing an interview for us with sir robert horne, the minister of labour for great britain. when we presented ourselves at his office, we handed our letter from the ambassador to sir robert ’ s secretary, who asked us if our business would hold over as his chief was leaving in a few minutes for scotland to be gone three weeks. i assured him that we would greatly appreciate five minutes of his time now as we did not live in london and our business was urgent. the secretary went in to sir robert and soon returned with the information that he would postpone his trip and meet us at four o ’ clock that day. i had prayed most fervently that morning that our way might be opened and when we were invited to return i felt most grateful to our heavenly father. ” at the appointed hour, president smith and his companions were invited into sir robert horne ’ s private office. “ we tried to tell him what we needed and assured him that great britain needed what we were asking. for an hour and nearly a half


” at the appointed hour, president smith and his companions were invited into sir robert horne ’ s private office. “ we tried to tell him what we needed and assured him that great britain needed what we were asking. for an hour and nearly a half he was a most interested listener to part of the history of the church and our belief, etc. “ when i had finished he again asked what we wanted of him and when we told him we wanted the privilege of recruiting our missionary forces up to two hundred and fifty, the same as before the war, he said it would afford him pleasure to issue instructions to his department to allow that number to land as fast as they should arrive. of course we were much pleased and left him with the assurance that he had lifted quite a burden from our minds. “ i feel sure we made a friend of one of england ’ s most influential men and i would not hesitate to go to him at any time if necessity required. ” 2 james gunn mckay, one of president smith ’ s missionaries who was present at the meeting with sir robert horne, later said : “ look at the wonderful work he accomplished. there were only a few elders there [ in the mission ]. the way seemed to be hedged up, and yet he came imbued with the inspiration of the lord, and was able to knock at the doors of the officials, to gain their confidence ; and eventually we obtained the privileges we wanted, that elders might come to take up their work and fulfil their missions in furthering the cause of god and accomplishing his work, and in that way he secured to us a testimony that god directs that work. ” 3 elder mckay attributed president smith ’ s success to his “ faith and devotion and charity toward all those with whom he associated. ” “ i labored with him, ” he said. “ i counseled with him ; i prayed with him, and i know that his faith and loyalty are as deep as life itself. ” 4 [ see suggestion 1 on page 188. ] teachings of george albert smith the power of faith is evident in the scriptures. we are informed that without faith we cannot please god [ see hebrews 11 : 6 ]. it is the moving cause of all action, and scripture is replete with evidences of the power of faith. it was noah ’ s faith that enabled him to build an ark, and as a result of obedience to the commandments of god he and his household were saved, while those who lacked faith were buried in the great flood


of the power of faith. it was noah ’ s faith that enabled him to build an ark, and as a result of obedience to the commandments of god he and his household were saved, while those who lacked faith were buried in the great flood [ see genesis 6 : 13 – 22 ; 7 : 1 – 24 ]. it was through faith that lot and the members of his family were preserved when fire from heaven consumed the cities of sodom and gomorrah, and destroyed the inhabitants who had not faith [ see genesis 19 : 12 – 25 ]. 5 by faith moses led the children of israel from bondage, passing through the red sea as by dry land, which, the pursuing hosts of the egyptians essaying to do, were drowned. the multitude were fed with bread from heaven. when moses smote the rock in horeb, water gushed forth to slake [ satisfy ] their thirst ; and, passing through the wilderness, they were led to the promised land. [ see exodus 14 : 21 – 31 ; 16 : 14 – 15 ; 17 : 5 – 6. ] 6 when daniel continued to pray openly to the god of israel, contrary to a decree which had been prepared by his enemies purposely to destroy him, he was cast into a den of lions and left there all night. he knew his heavenly father could preserve him and his confidence was unshaken. the next morning the king went early to the pit and found daniel alive. his faith had rendered the wild beasts harmless and earned for him the devotion of the king. [ see daniel 6 : 4 – 28. ] three hebrews, shadrach, meshach, and abednego, who refused to worship a golden image set up by nebuchadnezzar, were cast into a fiery furnace heated seven times hotter than usual. they trusted in the living god and their faith was rewarded by the preservation of their lives. [ see daniel 3 : 8 – 28. ] by faith, the prophet elijah called down fire from heaven to consume his offering, and the king and the people were convinced that the god of israel was god and that baal was not [ see 1 kings 18 : 36 – 40 ]. it was by faith that the brother of jared and his followers retained the language of their fathers during the confusion of tongues at the tower of babel, and were brought to this western hemisphere [ see ether 1 : 33 – 43 ]. … it was a similar faith that enabled lehi to bring his family across the sea


language of their fathers during the confusion of tongues at the tower of babel, and were brought to this western hemisphere [ see ether 1 : 33 – 43 ]. … it was a similar faith that enabled lehi to bring his family across the sea and plant their feet on this land, choice above all other lands. it was faith that enabled the disciples of jesus to endure the persecution that overtook them, and in spite of the opposition of the jews, to establish the gospel which the savior had delivered to them. 7 it was by faith that all the miracles were wrought by the redeemer of the world, and by those who were associated with him. from the beginning of time until now it has been the faithful man who has had power with god. 8 [ see suggestion 2 on pages 188 – 89. ] the power of faith is evident in the lives of righteous saints in this dispensation. in this latter dispensation it was because of his implicit faith in god that the boy prophet [ joseph smith ] went into the woods and knelt down and prayed, and received the first great heavenly manifestation that came to him, by which the personality of the godhead was again made known to mankind. it was by faith that he was able to go to the hill cumorah and receive from the hands of the angel those sacred records that he later translated by the gift and power of god. it was by faith he led his people from kirtland to the land of missouri and back to illinois, and though repeatedly plundered and driven from their homes, the faith that had been planted in their hearts remained with them, and they knew that god was mindful of them. it was by faith that the great city of nauvoo was founded, under the direction of the prophet joseph smith ; and by faith the glorious truths contained in the doctrine and covenants were received by him. it was by faith that brigham young led the people into this western land [ the salt lake valley ] ; and, when he arrived upon the summit of the mountain and looked over the valley, god gave to him a witness that this was the place where israel should be planted. … it was by faith that the people laid the corner stone of this great temple [ the salt lake temple ], in their weakness and in their poverty, believing that god would prepare the way and provide the means whereby the structure might be completed. it was by faith that the mercy of our heavenly father was extended to the people, when, in their distress, they


in their weakness and in their poverty, believing that god would prepare the way and provide the means whereby the structure might be completed. it was by faith that the mercy of our heavenly father was extended to the people, when, in their distress, they saw their crops being consumed by the crickets, with no means of preventing it, and, in the providence of god, their prayers were answered, and they received a witness of it in the coming of the gulls to preserve their harvest and deliver them from starvation. … … it has been by faith that the men who have stood at the head of this work have been inspired, from time to time, to give the instructions that we have needed. it is by faith that we are edified … by those who minister in the name of the lord, and the comforter quickens their understanding, bringing things past to their remembrance and showing them things to come ; thus evidencing the spirit of revelation. 9 it has been by faith that the elders of israel have gone forth, leaving home and loved ones, and enduring the reproach of the world, to bear witness that god lives and that jesus is the christ, and that joseph smith was a prophet of the lord. by faith your sick have been healed, your dead have been raised to life. were the records available of the miracles wrought among this people …, it would be a testimony of the power of god, through faith, unsurpassed in any age of the world. it is this principle, my brethren and sisters, that points us heavenward, that gives us hope in the battle of life. when we become confused, and find ourselves confronted by obstacles we, seemingly, cannot overcome, having faith in the redeemer of the world, we can go to him and know that our prayers will be answered for our good. 10 [ see suggestion 3 on page 189. ] the question has often been asked : is it possible that the boys and girls, the young men and women who have been reared in this generation of the church would be willing to suffer the hardships, privations and trials that their fathers and mothers endured for the gospel ’ s sake? would they leave their homes of comfort to people a new country in the interest of their faith? i say to you that if there has been planted in their hearts a knowledge of the divinity of this work as we know it, if faith has been given them by reason of our keeping the commandments of the lord, if they have been taught to


i say to you that if there has been planted in their hearts a knowledge of the divinity of this work as we know it, if faith has been given them by reason of our keeping the commandments of the lord, if they have been taught to know that jesus is the christ and that joseph smith was a prophet of the lord, then i say unto you, yes! they would do what their fathers and mothers have done, take their place in the ranks of latter - day israel. if it meant privation, if it meant sickness and distress, or even expatriation from home, there are hundreds and thousands of our sons and daughters who, knowing that this is the gospel of christ, would, if need be, seal their testimony with their lives. 11 [ see suggestion 2 on pages 188 – 89. ] the lord will open the way for us to do what he asks if we exercise faith. i remember one day i was impressed to say to a missionary who was going to a certain town where they would not let us hold street meetings : “ now remember, give the lord a chance. you are going to ask a favor. give the lord a chance. ask him to open the way. ” the young man went to that city, went into the office of the mayor, and asked if he could see him. he was going to ask if they might change the rule. when he got there, he found that the mayor was out of town. the young man came out of the office, looked down the hall and saw on a door at the end of the hall, “ chief constable ’ s office. ” he hesitated a moment, and something said to him : “ give the lord a chance. ” he walked into the chief constable ’ s office and told him what he had come for. when he finished the man said : “ well, what street corner would you like? ” he said : “ i don ’ t know this city as well as you do. i would not ask for a corner that would be undesirable, or where we would block the traffic. would you mind going with me to select a corner? ” just think of a missionary asking the chief constable to pick a corner on which to preach the gospel! the constable said : “ surely, i will go with you. ” in fifteen minutes they had one of the best corners in town, with permission to preach the gospel of jesus christ where it had not been preached on the streets since before the war [ world war i ]. …


, i will go with you. ” in fifteen minutes they had one of the best corners in town, with permission to preach the gospel of jesus christ where it had not been preached on the streets since before the war [ world war i ]. … the lord has a way of accomplishing things that we are unable to do, and never asks us to do anything that he does not make the way possible. that is what he told us through nephi. he will not require anything without preparing the way. “ and it came to pass that i, nephi, said unto my father : i will go and do the things which the lord hath commanded, for i know that the lord giveth no commandments unto the children of men, save he shall prepare a way for them that they may accomplish the thing which he commandeth them. ” [ 1 nephi 3 : 7. ] if you have something that the lord asks or expects you to do and you don ’ t know just how to proceed, do your best. move in the direction that you ought to go ; trust the lord, give him a chance, and he will never fail you. 12 what a wonderful thing it is to know that we can, if we will, hold our heavenly father ’ s hand and be guided by him. no other people in the world have the assurance that this group of people has. 13 [ see suggestion 4 on page 189. ] god grants faith as a gift to the righteous. our faith is conditioned upon our righteous lives. we cannot live improperly and have faith as we should, but if we keep the commandments of the lord, we can have faith, and it will grow and increase as our righteousness increases. 14 if there are any of us who lack faith in this work it is because we have not kept the commandments of god. if there are any who do not know that this is the work of our father, it is because they have not done their duty. i know as i know that i live that this is the lord ’ s work, and that knowledge comes as a result of keeping his commandments. 15 we know that faith is a gift of god ; it is the fruitage of righteous living. it does not come to us by our command, but is the result of doing the will of our heavenly father. if we lack faith let us examine ourselves to see if we have been keeping his commandments, and repent without delay if we have not. … may the lord increase our faith,


but is the result of doing the will of our heavenly father. if we lack faith let us examine ourselves to see if we have been keeping his commandments, and repent without delay if we have not. … may the lord increase our faith, and may we live to be worthy of it. 16 suggestions for study and teaching consider these ideas as you study the chapter or as you prepare to teach. for additional help, see pages v – vii. look for evidences of george albert smith ’ s faith in the story on pages 179 – 81. one of president smith ’ s missionaries said that his accomplishments “ secured to us a testimony that god directs that work ” ( page 182 ). how have you been influenced by the faith of others, such as a family member or a close friend? review the examples of faith on pages 182 – 86. what other examples of faith are particularly meaningful to you? how could you use these examples to help someone who is exercising faith but has not yet received the blessings he or she desires? how has your faith given you “ hope in the battle of life ”? how can faith help us overcome fear or other “ obstacles we, seemingly, cannot overcome ”? ( page 186 ). read the story that begins on page 186, and compare it with the story in “ from the life of george albert smith. ” what experiences have you had that are similar to these? what do you think it means to “ give the lord a chance ”? president smith taught that “ faith is a gift of god ” that “ does not come to us by our command ” ( page 188 ). how does this principle influence the way you try to increase your faith and inspire faith in others? what are some specific things we can do to “ retain ” the gift of faith? ( see alma 32 : 35 – 43 ). teaching help : “ to help learners prepare to answer questions, you may want to tell them before something is read or presented that you will be asking for their responses …. for example, you could say, ‘ listen as i read this passage so that you can share what most interests you about it ’ or ‘ as this scripture is read, see if you can understand what the lord is telling us about faith ’ ” ( “ greeting, ” millennial star, july 10, 1919, 440 – 41. in glenn r. stubbs, “ a biography of george albert smith, 1870 to 1951 ” ( phd diss., brigham young university, 1974 ), 142 – 43. james gunn mckay


moedal ( the monopole and exotics detector at the lhc ) is the newest of the experiments that will investigate particle collisions at the large hadron collider. approved by the cern research board in december 2009, the moedal experiment will search for very specific exotic particles. the experiment is relatively small, cheap and quick to install but its physics potential is huge. the moedal detector will consist of layers of plastic attached to the walls and ceiling of the cavern that houses the velo detector of the lhcb experiment. physicists will look for tell - tale collinear ' etch - pits ' created by a stable particle such as a magnetic monopole or a massive stable supersymmetric particle crossing through the plastic. the international moedal collaboration, made up of physicists from canada, cern, the czech republic, germany, italy, romania and the us, is preparing to deploy the moedal detector during the next long shutdown of the lhc, which will start late in 2011. the full detector comprises an array of approximately 400 nuclear track detectors ( ntds ). each ntd consists of a 10 - layer stack of plastic and altogether they have a total surface area of 250 m2. the detectors are deployed at the intersection region at point - 8 on the lhc ring around the vertex locato ( velo ) of the lhcb detector.


this section only applies if a network card is to be configured. if a network card will not be used, there is likely no need to create any configuration files relating to network cards. if that is the case, remove the network symlinks from all run - level directories ( / etc / rc. d / rc *. d ). which interfaces are brought up and down by the network script depends on the files and directories in the / etc / sysconfig / network - devices hierarchy. this directory should contain a sub - directory for each interface to be configured, such as ifconfig. xyz, where “ xyz ” is a network interface name. inside this directory would be files defining the attributes to this interface, such as its ip address ( es ), subnet masks, and so forth. the following command creates a sample ipv4 file for the eth0 device : cd / etc / sysconfig / network - devices & & mkdir - v ifconfig. eth0 & & cat > ifconfig. eth0 / ipv4 < < " eof " onboot = yes service = ipv4 - static ip = 192. 168. 1. 1 gateway = 192. 168. 1. 2 prefix = 24 broadcast = 192. 168. 1. 255 eof the values of these variables must be changed in every file to match the proper setup. if the onboot variable is set to “ yes ” the network script will bring up the network interface card ( nic ) during booting of the system. if set to anything but “ yes ” the nic will be ignored by the network script and not be brought up. the service variable defines the method used for obtaining the ip address. the clfs - bootscripts package has a modular ip assignment format, and creating additional files in the / etc / sysconfig / network - devices / services directory allows other ip assignment methods. this is commonly used for dynamic host configuration protocol ( dhcp ), which is addressed in the blfs book. the gateway variable should contain the default gateway ip address, if one is present. if not, then comment out the variable entirely. the prefix variable needs to contain the number of bits used in the subnet. each octet in an ip address is 8 bits. if the subnet ' s netmask is 255. 255. 255. 0, then it is using the first three oct


needs to contain the number of bits used in the subnet. each octet in an ip address is 8 bits. if the subnet ' s netmask is 255. 255. 255. 0, then it is using the first three octets ( 24 bits ) to specify the network number. if the netmask is 255. 255. 255. 240, it would be using the first 28 bits. prefixes longer than 24 bits are commonly used by dsl and cable - based internet service providers ( isps ). in this example ( prefix = 24 ), the netmask is 255. 255. 255. 0. adjust the prefix variable according to your specific subnet. if the system is going to be connected to the internet, it will need some means of domain name service ( dns ) name resolution to resolve internet domain names to ip addresses, and vice versa. this is best achieved by placing the ip address of the dns server, available from the isp or network administrator, into / etc / resolv. conf. create the file by running the following : cat > / etc / resolv. conf < < " eof " # begin / etc / resolv. conf domain [ your domain name ] nameserver [ ip address of your primary nameserver ] nameserver [ ip address of your secondary nameserver ] # end / etc / resolv. conf eof replace [ ip address of the nameserver ] with the ip address of the dns most appropriate for the setup. there will often be more than one entry ( requirements demand secondary servers for fallback capability ). if you only need or want one dns server, remove the second nameserver line from the file. the ip address may also be a router on the local network.


at this point in time, virus scanners for linux are aimed at detecting and disinfecting data served to windows hosts by a linux file / mailserver. this can be useful to help stop the spread of viruses among local, non - unix machines. due to the lack of viruses for linux, there are presently no scanners ( that i ' m aware of ) to detect viruses within the linux os, or its applications. trojans present a greater threat to the linux os itself than do viruses, and can be detected by regularly verifying the integrity of your binaries, or by using a rootkitdetector. is linux vulnerable to viruses? in a practical sense, no. technically... due to the design of linux, it is difficult for viruses to spread far within a system, as they are confined to infecting the user space of the user who executes them. of course, this is a problem if infected files are launched by root, but as a security conscious individual, you wouldn ' t be running untrusted files as root, would you? it is theoretically possible for a virus launched by a regular user to escalate its privileges using system exploits. however, a virus with this capability would be quite sizable, and difficult to write. as of this date, few viruses have actually been discovered for linux, and the ones that have been discovered aren ' t worth losing sleep over. this will undoubtedly change with time. viruses do exist for linux, but are probably the least significant threat you face.


kids learn gender stereotypes at home when playing with their toddlers, fathers are more assertive while mothers are more compliant, a new study found. these differences could help ingrain gender stereotypes in children early on, the researchers said. psychologists observed 80 sets of parents interacting with their young children in two situations : a 15 - minute play session with toys in the lab, and a 10 - minute snack break where parents fed kids cheese, crackers and raisins. all sessions were videotaped, and scientists later coded the interactions to calculate how often certain types of behaviors occurred. the researchers found that both fathers and mothers acted very similarly during snack time, which the scientists dubbed " caregiving sessions. " however, when parents played with books and toys with their kids, the researchers noted a marked difference between the way that fathers interacted with children and how mothers interacted with kids. " fathers model higher levels of instrumental and assertive behavior, whereas mothers model higher levels of facilitative or cooperative behavior, " wrote the researchers, led by eric w. lindsey of penn state berks university in pennsylvania, in a paper published june 2 in the journal sex roles. for example, fathers issued more imperatives ( such as " put the toy in the bag " ) and polite commands ( " why don ’ t you try pushing that " ) than mothers, while mothers gave more play leads, such as " wanna look at the book? " or " let ’ s see what ’ s in this bag. " " in their responses to children ’ s initiations mothers were more likely to comply than fathers, whereas fathers were more likely to reject or ignore children than mothers, " the researchers wrote. the children in the study were all between 15 and 18 months old. interestingly, in both situations the researchers noted no differences in the ways the children acted based on their gender. the scientists suspect the parent gender differences occurred only during play time, and not in the caregiving sessions, because all parents were more assertive during snack time. " children were more involved in determining the direction of interaction during the play context, whereas parents were more ' in charge ' during the caregiving context, " the psychologists wrote. " thus, it appears that even at a very young age both girls and boys are sensitive to contextual differences in interactional settings and adjust their behavior according to [ the ] nature of the situation. " ultimately, these subtle gender differences between how mothers and fathers act could be imparting important lessons to children about what it means to be


calf muscle stretching excessive tightness of the calf muscles can contribute to many foot problems and some knee problems. the achilles tendon attaches the calf muscle to the back of the heel. as the calf muscle tightens up it limits the movement of the ankle joint. when there is not adequate range of motion at the ankle during walking or exercising the foot joints are forced to move in an abnormal fashion. the foot is forced to flatten and the forces generated into the ball of the foot are extreme in nature. over time, this repeated strain results in a variety of foot problems. the calf muscle has a natural tendency to tighten, as we get older. exercise also causes the muscle to tighten. calf muscle stretching is very useful in the treatment of many foot disorders and for the prevention of foot problems. the typical runners stretch, by leaning into a wall, is helpful. an alternative method of stretching is to stand approximately two feet from a wall. facing the wall, turn your feet inward so you are pigeon toed. lean forward into the wall keeping your heels on the floor and the knees extended. also keep your back straight and do not bend at the hips. hold the stretch for 10 seconds and do the stretch ten times in a row. do the stretching three times each day. always stretch the calf muscles following any form of exercise. if the stretching causes pain it should not be performed. the stretch should be felt in the body of the muscle not in the achilles tendon or the back of the knee. if you are unable to perform the stretch properly consult with a doctor or physical trainer. article provided by podiatrynetwork. com.


chant is written in neumes, which are notes sung on a single syllable. gregorian chant has no meter at all, though it does have a rhythm of groups of 2 or 3 notes. vertical lines separate musical phrases and may sometimes allow a pause for taking a breath, like chant is not in a major key or a minor key, but in modes ( though there are some modes which can sound like a modern scale ). chant is written on a 4 - line staff, instead of 5 lines as music is written on now. marks where do is on the staff. here it is on the third line from the bottom, so if do is on c then the lines would go f - a - c - e. would mean that do is on the top line, so if do is on c the notes on the lines would be d - f - a - c. is a fah clef, and indicates where fah is on the staff. here, do would be on the bottom space. this is just a single note this is the same as a punctum. when one note is written above another note like this, the bottom note is sung first, and then the note above it. when the higher note comes first, it is written like this. three or more notes going upward. three or more notes going upward, but the middle one has a vertical episema : that note is slightly lengthened. three or more notes going downwards. | torculus ( pes flexus ) three notes that go up and then back down. | porrectus ( flexus resupinus ) a high note, a low note, and a high note. the line starts at the first note and goes down to the middle note. four notes, going up and then dropping down. a porrectus with a low note on the end. the opposite of a scandicus flexus. one note up and two notes down. four notes in a row, going downwards. four notes in a row, going up. | epiphonus ( liquescent podatus ) little notes lose some of their fullness because they are sung on a complicated syllable. | cephalicus ( liquescent flexa ) in liquescent neumes that look like this, the top note comes before the bottom note! | pinnosa ( liquescent torculus ) again, the top note comes before the note underneath. the little note always comes last. the little note is highest. this is marked by


this, the top note comes before the bottom note! | pinnosa ( liquescent torculus ) again, the top note comes before the note underneath. the little note always comes last. the little note is highest. this is marked by a jagged line in the middle. the first note is held a little longer than the middle one. these are other ways of showing that a note is held : one is by putting a dot ( punctum - mora ) after the note. it is a little bit like a dotted note in modern music. the second way of showing that a note is held is by having more than one of the same note in a row on the same syllable. this is called a repurcussive neume. a horizontal line ( episema ) above a neume means to hold the note, or slow down, a little like rit. in modern music. a vertical line ( episema ) written under a note means it has a mild emphasis, like an accent mark. there is one accidental that may be used in chant notation, it is the b - flat which does look a lot like the modern sometimes the flat sign can be written at the beginning instead of in front of the note, and then it ' s like a key signature. otherwise, it only lasts for one word. at the end of a line of chant, a little, skinny note ( custos ) is written to show what note is coming up next in the following line. and that is how to read gregorian chant notation! you can write to me at : rick kephart < > | home | | religion | | latin mass | | denton | | prayer requests | | homeschooling | | england | | italy | | florida | | musical | | gregorian chant | | lph resource center |


karl marx. capital volume one the change of value that occurs in the case of money intended to be converted into capital, cannot take place in the money itself, since in its function of means of purchase and of payment, it does no more than realise the price of the commodity it buys or pays for ; and, as hard cash, it is value petrified, never varying. just as little can it originate in the second act of circulation, the re - sale of the commodity, which does no more than transform the article from its bodily form back again into its money - form. the change must, therefore, take place in the commodity bought by the first act, m - c, but not in its value, for equivalents are exchanged, and the commodity is paid for at its full value. we are, therefore, forced to the conclusion that the change originates in the use - value, as such, of the commodity, i. e., in its consumption. in order to be able to extract value from the consumption of a commodity, our friend, moneybags, must be so lucky as to find, within the sphere of circulation, in the market, a commodity, whose use - value possesses the peculiar property of being a source of value, whose actual consumption, therefore, is itself an embodiment of labour, and, consequently, a creation of value. the possessor of money does find on the market such a special commodity in capacity for labour or labour - power. by labour - power or capacity for labour is to be understood the aggregate of those mental and physical capabilities existing in a human being, which he exercises whenever he produces a use - value of any description. but in order that our owner of money may be able to find labour - power offered for sale as a commodity, various conditions must first be fulfilled. the exchange of commodities of itself implies no other relations of dependence than those which, result from its own nature. on this assumption, labour - power can appear upon the market as a commodity, only if, and so far as, its possessor, the individual whose labour - power it is, offers it for sale, or sells it, as a commodity. in order that he may be able to do this, he must have it at his disposal, must be the untrammelled owner of his capacity for labour, i. e., of his person. he and the owner of money meet in the market, and deal with each other as on the basis of equal rights, with this difference alone


be the untrammelled owner of his capacity for labour, i. e., of his person. he and the owner of money meet in the market, and deal with each other as on the basis of equal rights, with this difference alone, that one is buyer, the other seller ; both, therefore, equal in the eyes of the law. the continuance of this relation demands that the owner of the labour - power should sell it only for a definite period, for if he were to sell it rump and stump, once for all, he would be selling himself, converting himself from a free man into a slave, from an owner of a commodity into a commodity. he must constantly look upon his labour - power as his own property, his own commodity, and this he can only do by placing it at the disposal of the buyer temporarily, for a definite period of time. by this means alone can he avoid renouncing his rights of ownership over it. the second essential condition to the owner of money finding labour - power in the market as a commodity is this — that the labourer instead of being in the position to sell commodities in which his labour is incorporated, must be obliged to offer for sale as a commodity that very labour - power, which exists only in his living self. in order that a man may be able to sell commodities other than labour - power, he must of course have the means of production, as raw material, implements, & c. no boots can be made without leather. he requires also the means of subsistence. nobody — not even “ a musician of the future ” — can live upon future products, or upon use - values in an unfinished state ; and ever since the first moment of his appearance on the world ’ s stage, man always has been, and must still be a consumer, both before and while he is producing. in a society where all products assume the form of commodities, these commodities must be sold after they have been produced, it is only after their sale that they can serve in satisfying the requirements of their producer. the time necessary for their sale is superadded to that necessary for their production. for the conversion of his money into capital, therefore, the owner of money must meet in the market with the free labourer, free in the double sense, that as a free man he can dispose of his labour - power as his own commodity, and that on the other hand he has no other commodity for sale, is short of everything necessary for the realisation of


. the particular functions of money which it performs, either as the mere equivalent of commodities, or as means of circulation, or means of payment, as hoard or as universal money, point, according to the extent and relative preponderance of the one function or the other, to very different stages in the process of social production. yet we know by experience that a circulation of commodities relatively primitive, suffices for the production of all these forms. otherwise with capital. the historical conditions of its existence are by no means given with the mere circulation of money and commodities. it can spring into life, only when the owner of the means of production and subsistence meets in the market with the free labourer selling his labour - power. and this one historical condition comprises a world ’ s history. capital, therefore, announces from its first appearance a new epoch in the process of social production. we must now examine more closely this peculiar commodity, labour - power. like all others it has a value. how is that value determined? the value of labour - power is determined, as in the case of every other commodity, by the labour - time necessary for the production, and consequently also the reproduction, of this special article. so far as it has value, it represents no more than a definite quantity of the average labour of society incorporated in it. labour - power exists only as a capacity, or power of the living individual. its production consequently pre - supposes his existence. given the individual, the production of labour - power consists in his reproduction of himself or his maintenance. for his maintenance he requires a given quantity of the means of subsistence. therefore the labour - time requisite for the production of labour - power reduces itself to that necessary for the production of those means of subsistence ; in other words, the value of labour - power is the value of the means of subsistence necessary for the maintenance of the labourer. labour - power, however, becomes a reality only by its exercise ; it sets itself in action only by working. but thereby a definite quantity of human muscle, nerve. brain, & c., is wasted, and these require to be restored. this increased expenditure demands a larger income. if the owner of labour - power works to - day, to - morrow he must again be able to repeat the same process in the same conditions as regards health and strength. his means of subsistence must therefore be sufficient to maintain him in his normal state as a labouring individual. his natural wants, such as food, clothing, fuel,


be able to repeat the same process in the same conditions as regards health and strength. his means of subsistence must therefore be sufficient to maintain him in his normal state as a labouring individual. his natural wants, such as food, clothing, fuel, and housing, vary according to the climatic and other physical conditions of his country. on the other hand, the number and extent of his so - called necessary wants, as also the modes of satisfying them, are themselves the product of historical development, and depend therefore to a great extent on the degree of civilisation of a country, more particularly on the conditions under which, and consequently on the habits and degree of comfort in which, the class of free labourers has been formed. in contradistinction therefore to the case of other commodities, there enters into the determination of the value of labour - power a historical and moral element. nevertheless, in a given country, at a given period, the average quantity of the means of subsistence necessary for the labourer is practically known. the owner of labour - power is mortal. if then his appearance in the market is to be continuous, and the continuous conversion of money into capital assumes this, the seller of labour - power must perpetuate himself, “ in the way that every living individual perpetuates himself, by procreation. ” the labour - power withdrawn from the market by wear and tear and death, must be continually replaced by, at the very least, an equal amount of fresh labour - power. hence the sum of the means of subsistence necessary for the production of labour - power must include the means necessary for the labourer ’ s substitutes, i. e., his children, in order that this race of peculiar commodity - owners may perpetuate its appearance in the market. in order to modify the human organism, so that it may acquire skill and handiness in a given branch of industry, and become labour - power of a special kind, a special education or training is requisite, and this, on its part, costs an equivalent in commodities of a greater or less amount. this amount varies according to the more or less complicated character of the labour - power. the expenses of this education ( excessively small in the case of ordinary labour - power ), enter pro tanto into the total value spent in its production. the value of labour - power resolves itself into the value of a definite quantity of the means of subsistence. it therefore varies with the value of these means or with the quantity of labour requisite for


and developed only in a crippled state. but the value of every commodity is determined by the labour - time requisite to turn it out so as to be of normal quality. it is a very cheap sort of sentimentality which declares this method of determining the value of labour - power, a method prescribed by the very nature of the case, to be a brutal method, and which wails with rossi that, “ to comprehend capacity for labour ( puissance de travail ) at the same time that we make abstraction from the means of subsistence of the labourers during the process of production, is to comprehend a phantom ( etre de raison ). when we speak of labour, or capacity for labour, we speak at the same time of the labourer and his means of subsistence, of labourer and wages. ” when we speak of capacity for labour, we do not speak of labour, any more than when we speak of capacity for digestion, we speak of digestion. the latter process requires something more than a good stomach. when we speak of capacity for labour, we do not abstract from the necessary means of subsistence. on the contrary, their value is expressed in its value. if his capacity for labour remains unsold, the labourer derives no benefit from it, but rather he will feel it to be a cruel nature - imposed necessity that this capacity has cost for its production a definite amount of the means of subsistence and that it will continue to do so for its reproduction. he will then agree with sismondi : “ that capacity for labour... is nothing unless it is sold. ” one consequence of the peculiar nature of labour - power as a commodity is, that its use - value does not, on the conclusion of the contract between the buyer and seller, immediately pass into the hands of the former. its value, like that of every other commodity, is already fixed before it goes into circulation, since a definite quantity of social labour has been spent upon it ; but its use - value consists in the subsequent exercise of its force. the alienation of labour - power and its actual appropriation by the buyer, its employment as a use - value, are separated by an interval of time. but in those cases in which the formal alienation by sale of the use - value of a commodity, is not simultaneous with its actual delivery to the buyer, the money of the latter usually functions as means of payment. in every country in which the capitalist mode of production reigns, it is the custom not to pay


the use - value of a commodity, is not simultaneous with its actual delivery to the buyer, the money of the latter usually functions as means of payment. in every country in which the capitalist mode of production reigns, it is the custom not to pay for labour - power before it has been exercised for the period fixed by the contract, as for example, the end of each week. in all cases, therefore, the use - value of the labour - power is advanced to the capitalist : the labourer allows the buyer to consume it before he receives payment of the price ; he everywhere gives credit to the capitalist. that this credit is no mere fiction, is shown not only by the occasional loss of wages on the bankruptcy of the capitalist, but also by a series of more enduring consequences. nevertheless, whether money serves as a means of purchase or as a means of payment, this makes no alteration in the nature of the exchange of commodities. the price of the labour - power is fixed by the contract, although it is not realised till later, like the rent of a house. the labour - power is sold, although it is only paid for at a later period. it will, therefore, be useful, for a clear comprehension of the relation of the parties, to assume provisionally, that the possessor of labour - power, on the occasion of each sale, immediately receives the price stipulated to be paid for it. we now know how the value paid by the purchaser to the possessor of this peculiar commodity, labour - power, is determined. the use - value which the former gets in exchange, manifests itself only in the actual utilisation, in the consumption of the labour - power. the money - owner buys everything necessary for this purpose, such as raw material, in the market, and pays for it at its full value. the consumption of labour - power is at one and the same time the production of commodities and of surplus - value. the consumption of labour - power is completed, as in the case of every other commodity, outside the limits of the market or of the sphere of circulation. accompanied by mr. moneybags and by the possessor of labour - power, we therefore take leave for a time of this noisy sphere, where everything takes place on the surface and in view of all men, and follow them both into the hidden abode of production, on whose threshold there stares us in the face “ no admittance except on business. ” here we shall see, not only how capital produces, but how capital


in view of all men, and follow them both into the hidden abode of production, on whose threshold there stares us in the face “ no admittance except on business. ” here we shall see, not only how capital produces, but how capital is produced. we shall at last force the secret of profit making. this sphere that we are deserting, within whose boundaries the sale and purchase of labour - power goes on, is in fact a very eden of the innate rights of man. there alone rule freedom, equality, property and bentham. freedom, because both buyer and seller of a commodity, say of labour - power, are constrained only by their own free will. they contract as free agents, and the agreement they come to, is but the form in which they give legal expression to their common will. equality, because each enters into relation with the other, as with a simple owner of commodities, and they exchange equivalent for equivalent. property, because each disposes only of what is his own. and bentham, because each looks only to himself. the only force that brings them together and puts them in relation with each other, is the selfishness, the gain and the private interests of each. each looks to himself only, and no one troubles himself about the rest, and just because they do so, do they all, in accordance with the pre - established harmony of things, or under the auspices of an all - shrewd providence, work together to their mutual advantage, for the common weal and in the interest of all. on leaving this sphere of simple circulation or of exchange of commodities, which furnishes the “ free - trader vulgaris ” with his views and ideas, and with the standard by which he judges a society based on capital and wages, we think we can perceive a change in the physiognomy of our dramatis personae. he, who before was the money - owner, now strides in front as capitalist ; the possessor of labour - power follows as his labourer. the one with an air of importance, smirking, intent on business ; the other, timid and holding back, like one who is bringing his own hide to market and has nothing to expect but — a hiding. 1. “ in the form of money... capital is productive of no profit. ” ( ricardo : “ princ. of pol. econ., ” p. 267. ) 2. in encyclopaedias of classical antiquities we find such nonsense as


of money... capital is productive of no profit. ” ( ricardo : “ princ. of pol. econ., ” p. 267. ) 2. in encyclopaedias of classical antiquities we find such nonsense as this — that in the ancient world capital was fully developed, “ except that the free labourer and a system of credit was wanting. ” mommsen also, in his “ history of rome, ” commits, in this respect, one blunder after another. 3. hence legislation in various countries fixes a maximum for labour - contracts. wherever free labour is the rule, the laws regulate the mode of terminating this contract. in some states, particularly in mexico ( before the american civil war, also in the territories taken from mexico, and also, as a matter of fact, in the danubian provinces till the revolution effected by kusa ), slavery is hidden under the form of peonage. by means of advances, repayable in labour, which are handed down from generation to generation, not only the individual labourer, but his family, become, de facto, the property of other persons and their families. juarez abolished peonage. the so - called emperor maximilian re - established it by a decree, which, in the house of representatives at washington, was aptly denounced as a decree for the re - introduction of slavery into mexico. “ i may make over to another the use, for a limited time, of my particular bodily and mental aptitudes and capabilities ; because in consequence of this restriction, they are impressed with a character of alienation with regard to me as a whole. but by the alienation of all my labour - time and the whole of my work, i should be converting the substance itself, in other words, my general activity and reality, my person, into the property of another. ” ( hegel, “ philosophie des rechts. ” berlin, 1840, p. 104, § 67. ) 4. the capitalist epoch is therefore characterised by this, that labour - power takes in the eyes of the labourer himself the form of a commodity which is his property ; his labour consequently becomes wage - labour. on the other hand, it is only from this moment that the produce of labour universally becomes a commodity. 5. “ the value or worth of a man, is as of all other things his price — that is to say, so much as would be given for the use of his power. ” (


that the produce of labour universally becomes a commodity. 5. “ the value or worth of a man, is as of all other things his price — that is to say, so much as would be given for the use of his power. ” ( th. hobbes : “ leviathan ” in works, ed. molesworth. lond. 1839 - 44, v. iii. p. 76. ) 6. hence the roman villicus, as overlooker of the agricultural slaves, received “ more meagre fare than working slaves, because his work was lighter. ” ( th. mommsen, rom. geschichte, 1856, p. 810. ) 7. compare w. th. thornton : “ over - population and its remedy, ” lond., 1846. 9. “ its ( labour ’ s ) natural price... consists in such a quantity of necessaries and comforts of life, as, from the nature of the climate, and the habits of the country, are necessary to support the labourer, and to enable him to rear such a family as may preserve, in the market, an undiminished supply of labour. ” ( r. torrens : “ an essay on the external corn trade. ” lond. 1815, p. 62. ) the word labour is here wrongly used for labour - power. [ > 10. rossi : “ cours d ’ econ. polit., ” bruxelles, 1842, p. 370. 11. sismondi : “ nouv. princ. etc., ” t. i, p. 112. 12. “ all labour is paid after it has ceased. ” ( “ an inquiry into those principles respecting the nature of demand, ” & c., p. 104. ) le credit commercial a du commencer au moment ou l ’ ouvrier, premier artisan de la production, a pu, au moyen de ses economies, attendre le salaire de son travail jusqu ’ a la fin de la semaine, de la quinzaine, du mois, du trimestre, & c. ” [ “ the system of commercial credit had to start at the moment when the labourer, the prime creator of products, could, thanks to his savings, wait for his wages until the end of the week. ” ] ( ch. ganilh : “ des systemes d ’ econ. polit. ” 2eme


your definition of “ comfort ” may be different from your neighbor ’ s, and understanding some key terms can help make your search for improved heating and air conditioning efficiency and performance less confusing … and more effective. advanced reciprocating compressor – a type of compressor that uses a more efficient process for compressing refrigerant for better cooling efficiency. afue – ( annual fuel utilization efficiency ) tells how much energy is being converted to heat. for example, an afue of 90 means that 90 % of the fuel is being used to warm your home, while the other 10 % escapes as exhaust with the combustion gases. air handler – is a device used to condition and circulate air as part of a heating, ventilating, and air – conditioning ( hvac ) system. an air handler is usually a large unit that resembles a furnace, runs off electric and is usually used residentially with heat pumps. btu – ( britishthermal unit ) used for both heating and cooling, btu is a measure of the heat given off when fuel is combusted. or for cooling, it ’ s a measure of heat extracted from your home. one btu is equal to the heat given off by a wooden kitchen match. capacity – the amount a heating or cooling system takes to heat or cool a given amount of space. for heating, this is usually expressed in btus. for cooling, it is measured in tons ( 12, 000 btu ’ s in a ton of cooling ). carbon monoxide ( co ) – an odorless, colorless and toxic gas. because it is impossible to see, taste or smell the toxic fumes, co can kill you before you are aware it is in your home. at lower levels of exposure, co causes mild effects that are often mistaken for the flu. these symptoms include headaches, dizziness, disorientation, nausea and fatigue. the effects of co exposure can vary greatly from person to person depending on age, overall health and the concentration and length of exposure. condenser coil – the high pressure high temperature refrigerant gas leaves the outdoor compressor and enters the outdoor condensing coil where it is cooled to a liquid state by the condensing unit fan that blows outside air across the condensing coil or by immersion of the condensing coil in cooling water in some designs. the heat produced in these steps is transferred to the outside by a fan which blows outside air across the condensing coil. the liquid refrigerant is then


coil or by immersion of the condensing coil in cooling water in some designs. the heat produced in these steps is transferred to the outside by a fan which blows outside air across the condensing coil. the liquid refrigerant is then able to return to the indoor components for cooling and dehumidifying the building interior. digital thermostat – is an electronic thermostat powered by electric, battery or both. it has digital screen which displays temperature and other information. it ’ s accurate to + / – 0. 1°c. it ensures reliable and efficient temperature regulation and can be either programmable or non – programmable. downflow – a type of furnace that takes cool air in from the top, heats it and blows warm air out of the bottom — common when a furnace is located in a slab home. ecm – ( electronically controlled motor ) is an ultra – high efficient dc driven motor, which is much more efficient than an ac motor. this allows you to circulate and filter the air in your home continuously for about the same cost as operating a standard light bulb. electronic air cleaner ( eac ) – filters out large particles and contaminants from indoor air. it then electronically pulls out tiny particles that have been magnetized, such as viruses and bacteria, drawing them to a collector plate. load estimate – a series of studies performed to determine the heating or cooling requirements of your home. an energy load analysis uses information such as the square footage of your home, window or door areas, insulation quality and local climate to determine the heating and cooling capacity needed by your furnace, heat pump or air conditioner. when referring to heating, this is often known as a heat loss analysis, since a home ’ s heating requirements are determined by the amount of heat lost through the roof, entry ways and walls. when referring to cooling it ’ s considered a heat gain. evaporator coil – part of a split – system air conditioner or heat pump located indoors. the evaporator coil cools and dehumidifies the air by converting liquid refrigerant into a gas, which absorbs the heat from the air. the warmed refrigerant is then carried through a tube to the outdoor unit ( condenser coil ). fan coil – an indoor component of a heat pump system, used in place of a furnace. it provides additional heating through electric elements on cold days when the heat pump cannot provide adequate heating. freon – a trademark used for a variety of


). fan coil – an indoor component of a heat pump system, used in place of a furnace. it provides additional heating through electric elements on cold days when the heat pump cannot provide adequate heating. freon – a trademark used for a variety of nonflammable gaseous or liquid fluorinated hydrocarbons employed primarily as working fluids in refrigeration and air conditioning and as aerosol propellants. hvac – term used for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. hspf – ( heating seasonal performance factor ) is a measure of the heating efficiency of a heat pump. the higher the hspf number, the more efficiently the heat pump heats your home. horizontal flow – a type of furnace, installed on its “ side, ” that draws in air from one side, heats it and sends the warm air out the other side. most often used for installations in attics or crawl spaces. humidifier – a piece of equipment that adds water vapor to heated air as it moves out of the furnace. this adds necessary moisture to protect your furnishings and reduce static electricity. humidity levels should range from 35 – 50 %. matched system – a heating and cooling system comprised of products that have been certified to perform at promised comfort and efficiency levels when used together, and used according to design and engineering specifications. natural gas – this energy fuel is a mixture of naturally occurring combustible gases found underground and is widely used for heating and cooking, as well as for a variety of industrial applications. operating cost – the day – to – day cost of running your home comfort equipment, based on energy use. payback analysis – is the overall measure of the efficiency and value of your home comfort system. by combining your purchase price and ongoing operating costs, a payback analysis determines the number of years required before monthly energy savings offset the purchase price. r410a refrigerant – an environmentally sound refrigerant designed to protect the earth ’ s ozone layer. federal law requires all manufacturers phase out ozone depleting refrigerants within a certain date. it is approved by the us environmental protection agency as a replacement for freon 22 *. seer – ( seasonal energy efficiency ratio ) is a measure of the cooling efficiency of your air conditioner or heat pump. the higher the seer number, the more efficient the system is at converting electricity into cooling power. setback thermostat or programmable thermostat – a thermostat with built – in memory, can be programmed for different temperature


higher the seer number, the more efficient the system is at converting electricity into cooling power. setback thermostat or programmable thermostat – a thermostat with built – in memory, can be programmed for different temperature settings at different times of the day. scroll compressor – a special designed compressor that works in a circular motion, as opposed to up – and – down piston action. it has fewer moving parts and provides smooth, efficient and reliable operation. split system – refers to an air conditioner or heat pump that has components in two locations. usually, one part of the system is located inside ( evaporator coil ) and the other is located outside your home ( condenser coil ). two – stage furnace – is a furnace that can operate on both low and high heat settings. low heat is typically used around 80 % of the time. low stage heat has a lower btu output and runs quieter. upflow – a type of furnace that draws air in from the bottom, heats it and then blows the warmed air out the top into the duct work. this type of furnace is usually installed in a basement or an out – of – the – way closet. ventilator – a ventilator captures heating or cooling energy from stale indoor air and transfers it to fresh incoming air. zoning – a way to increase your home comfort and energy efficiency by controlling when and where heating and cooling occurs in a home. thermostats are used to control operating times of the equipment. dampers are used to direct airflow to certain parts or “ zones ” of the home.