when is earth day? we ’ ve been celebrating it on april 22 in the united states since 1970, and the un designated april 22 “ international mother earth day ” in 2009. the holiday ( sometimes stretched into a week - long earth week ) is celebrated in more than 175 countries every year. but really, we hope that one holiday isn ’ t necessary to raise awareness of our responsibility to the earth. be mindful of little things you can do every day to be kind to the environment. here are some reminders and craft ideas to help you celebrate earth day. your reward is knowing that our planet will be around for our kids ’ kids, too. earth day offers a great opportunity for families to take care of the earth together. " kids and adults are out of touch with nature, " says cherie ingraham, founder of the chuckie goodnight foundation for the environment in brewster, ny, a non - profit organization dedicated to providing environmental education for children and preserving green space. ingraham recommends that families try to make every day earth day, and to recycle everything they can, even if it requires some imaginative thinking : " think about the things you can do every day in your life to make a difference. " with that goal in mind, ingraham has some entertaining activities and crafts to get you and your family thinking green this earth day, including a recycling station, a container garden, recycled picture frames and more. as a parent, how can you grow an appreciation and awareness of nature in your children? we have 14 ideas for everyday activities and conversations you can share with your little ones to start them thinking - - and acting - - greener than ever.


the manned research submersible alvin. september 8 - october 1, 2001 the deep east expedition completed its field season on october 1. scientists explored three regions of the atlantic ocean, from maine to georgia, including the submarine canyons of georges bank and bear seamount off the new england coast ; hudson submarine canyon, an ancient extension of the hudson river valley that extends more than 400 nautical mi seaward from the new york - new jersey harbor ; and blake ridge off the georgia coast. even though these areas are very close to home, until now, little was known about the living and nonliving resources there. using the manned submersible alvin, scientists ventured to the bottom of the atlantic, collected video footage, measured the biological, geological, and chemical features of these areas, and collected biological and geological samples for further analysis. during the expedition, scientists examined deep - water corals and methane hydrates, and discovered previously unknown deep - sea resources and processes. background information about the expedition are found on the left side of this page. daily updates are included below. detailed daily logs of the expedition ' s activities are found on the right. read a summary of some of the preliminary findings from this fascinating expedition. on dec 12, npr marketplace ran a special feature on the deep east expedition. you can listen to it here ( click on realaudio link, then advance to 22 : 05 ). updates & logs leg 3 blake ridge click images or links below for detailed mission logs. the deep east expedition spanned 1, 000 mi, from georges bank to the blake ridge off the u. s. eastern seaboard. of the planned 15 dives, 11 descended to depths reaching 3, 000 meters - - more than a mile and a half below the ocean surface. the expedition ' s accomplishments included the collection of eggs and sperm packets from two deep - water species of anemone and coral. analysis of these samples will provide the first picture of invertebrate reproduction in deep - sea habitats. the preliminary results of geological studies showed an elevated methane signal throughout the hudson canyon region, indicating that active methane vents occur in the area. pending further analysis of samples collected at blake ridge, scientists expect to find several new species of sea creatures, including shrimps, worms, and clams. some of these organisms may harbor new symbiotic relationships that could change our fundamental understanding of the global web of life. winds are sustained at 37 kts with higher gusts and the seas are mess8 feet and continuing to build. weather predictions take


of these organisms may harbor new symbiotic relationships that could change our fundamental understanding of the global web of life. winds are sustained at 37 kts with higher gusts and the seas are mess8 feet and continuing to build. weather predictions take the winds to 50 kts, and the captain says that the seas will probably reach 20 feet. the final alvin dive of the deep east voyage of discovery has been cancelled. the underwater transponders that have navigated alvin again and again to the site of our deep sea finds have been retrieved. dr. carolyn ruppel continues to gather the multibeam points to further expand our knowledge of the bathymetry at blake ridge. samples are being packed up and the atlantis has begun the task of getting her ready for the tours that will be part of noaas ocean exploration day in charleston. makes dive 3712 on area e on the blake ridge, the weather report reads " developing gale, 33 n 70w moving ne 30 kts. forecast area of n winds 25 - 35 kt, seas 10 - 18 ft. within area s of 34nw of 75w associated with the gale center south of the area. " although is approximately 60 nautical miles east - southeast the affected area, there is already an air of anticipation about whether tomorrows dive will be affected by seas kicked up by the developing system. students from around the country have been participating in the deep east web forum over the past four days. this online conversation concluded today with a very successful audio deep east web chat with students from as far away as washington and as close as south carolina posing questions live via a satellite phone to scientists on board the atlantis it is an overcast day and the seas are calm. as alvin makes dive 3, 711 the blake ridge, dr. joan bernhard and graduate student katie knick are experiencing the deep sea in a way that few of us ever will. dr. carolyn ruppel continues her work using the multibeam system to " fill in " details of blake ridge bathymetry with 120 measurements that are sent back to the ship with each ping of the multibeam instrument. and dr. joan bernhard discovers yet another new find on the blake ridge. is making its second dive on the blake ridge. dr. barun sen gupta and dr. paul aharon are in the submersible with pilot dudley foster as they explore for evidence of gas hydrates. dr. joan bernhard reported during the morning science meeting that microscopic examinations of sediment cores late last night revealed that, in fact, bacterial


paul aharon are in the submersible with pilot dudley foster as they explore for evidence of gas hydrates. dr. joan bernhard reported during the morning science meeting that microscopic examinations of sediment cores late last night revealed that, in fact, bacterial mats of beggiatoa were collected yesterday, the first chemoautotrophic ( feeding on methane ) bacteria to be collected at this site. alvin returns to us after a full day of diving and delivers incredible video tapes of gas hydrates, mussels that are larger than the ones collected yesterday, and live clams - - yet another historic day of exploration on the deep seafloor of the blake ridge. made its first dive on the blake ridge to a depth of 2, 155 meters, almost a mile and a half under the surface of the ocean. today will be a memorable one in deep sea research as it goes down in history as being the first day that live samples were brought up from the deep ocean floor at blake ridge using the alvin. " amazing, just amazing, " says dr. cindy van dover. these are by far the biggest mussels i have ever arrived at the first station at approximately 1230 today. transponders were released to aid the alvin underwater navigation for tomorrows dive. an expendable bathythermograph ( xbt ) was deployed to measure temperature of the water column with depth. a multibeam survey is underway to create a plot of the bathymetry of the area. seas are calm and scientists and crew are busy preparing for the first dive on blake ridge scheduled to take place at 0800 tomorrow. the r / v atlantis continues on her way to the blake ridge. we are currently 47 miles due east of cape hatteras, north carolina. we have slowed in speed due to the presence of the gulf stream, which we are now crossing as it makes an eastward bend off the coast of north carolina. at the present speed of 11. 1 kts, our estimated time of arrival on station is 1200 ( noon ) tomorrow. the seas are calm, despite the fact that the tropical depression has now been upgraded to tropical storm humberto. predictions continue to take it from its current northern track to a more northeastern track over the next 12 hours. leg 2 hudson canyon we have packed up our gear and are ready for departure. much planning and organization went into our coming together for this leg of the deep east expedition, so in one sense, the trip was a culmination of the dreams and efforts of many people


we have packed up our gear and are ready for departure. much planning and organization went into our coming together for this leg of the deep east expedition, so in one sense, the trip was a culmination of the dreams and efforts of many people. in another way, the data we have collected, ideas we have exchanged, things we have learned, and questions we have raised make this a new beginning. we will leave the research vessel ( r / v ) atlantis with a tremendous sense of accomplishment, as well as new reasons and increased motivation to further explore the deep ocean and the dynamic ecosystems that characterize the hudson canyon. everyone woke to the excitement of having two alvin dives today. the first dive would carry a teacher, and the second, a graduate student. as teacher holly donovan approached her dive time, she was very nervous, but anxious to see the wonders of the sea. while waiting for the second dive, graduate student grant law sat in the computer lab playing the guitar. as both dives came aboard, anxious scientists gathered around to hear the stories, collect their samples, and reminisce about the past week. september 19 today, alvin dove to the northern edge of the hudson canyon. this region is located on the outer edge of the continental shelf, near the head of the canyon. during this dive, scientists fred grassle and ken able were able to identify 21 species of fish. one of the most striking sights was a variety of predators ( squid, hake, and crab ) feeding feverishly on thousands of lantern fish near the bottom of the canyon at a depth of about 200 m. the day started at 2 : 30 am, when the first box core was lowered into the ocean then departed at 8 : 30 on its way to the plume site. as alvin returned, a rumor spread that a large animal had been captured. as alvin into its " garage, " many scientists and others gathered around to see the sight - - a huge anemone. then the box cores, niskin bottles, and alvin push cores were all unloaded. the evening came to an end with three box cores over the side at 8 : 30 and 11 pm, and finally at 1 : 30 am on sept. 19. mud was flying everywhere. after our early morning attempt to launch the ctd rosette, which had been postponed due to weather conditions, we continued watching the wind speed and the size of the swells to determine whether our scheduled first dive with alvin would indeed occur. the initial launch time of 8 am was


launch the ctd rosette, which had been postponed due to weather conditions, we continued watching the wind speed and the size of the swells to determine whether our scheduled first dive with alvin would indeed occur. the initial launch time of 8 am was postponed until 9 : 30, at which time the launch was successfully completed descended to the 106 - mi dumpsite. box cores, water samples, and core samples were taken to study the evolution of the ecology and geology of the site since the last sampling in 1996. after dinner, the ctd rosette was successfully launched and retrieved. its water samples will be tested later for methane. excitement was in the air as moving day approached. scientists scurried around moving on board, while crew members busily loaded and tied down all the equipment needed for the trip. as the r / v atlantis pulled away from the dock, most of the scientists ' paused to take one last look at land before heading out to sea. now they were ready to get to work. leg 1 georges bank canyons september 15 the first leg of deep east came to a close today, as we returned to dock in woods hole at 9 : 15 am. the weather is getting rougher, and all those aboard are relieved that leg 2 of deep east will disembark from woods hole instead of from staten island, ny, as planned. originally, the scientists participating in leg 2 were to board a transfer boat on staten island and come out to sea to meet the atlantis. when the two boats rendez - voused, leg 1 scientists would board the staten island transfer boat. when it became clear that the port of new york would be closed, however, woods hole became the exchange point. at long last, the wind and waves subsided enough to allow alvin to dive safely into hydrographer canyon. the benthic substrate of this canyon was considerably different from that of oceanographer canyon. instead of a rocky substrate, this canyon was steep and muddy. no corals were found in hydrographer canyon, but a rich community of fish and invertebrates was observed. the science team wrapped up this leg of deep east with an alvin ritual - - sending decorated styrofoam cups down on the submersible. the crushing hydrostatic pressure shrinks them into tiny miniatures. after four days at sea and only one dive day, the crew and science party once again woke to rough seas and high winds. some members of the science party kept busy editing digital video footage and still photos, while others caught up on missed sleep.


after four days at sea and only one dive day, the crew and science party once again woke to rough seas and high winds. some members of the science party kept busy editing digital video footage and still photos, while others caught up on missed sleep. the r / v atlantis ' seabeam multibeam sonar system was pressed into service to map the depths of bear and physalia seamounts. the atlantis crew set a course for hydrographer canyon, with high hopes for low winds and calm seas for friday ' s planned alvin weather conditions at sea have forced the cancellation of the dive at bear seamount. the swells from hurricane erin, approximately 150 mi southeast of the r / v atlantis, can be felt aboard ship, and the captain has ordered all hands to remain inside until further notice. work continues aboard the ship, while the crew and science staff monitor news updates from the u. s. mainland. the r / v atlantis left woods hole at 12 noon and headed to oceanographer canyon, the first dive site. shortly after departure, we encountered the whoi vessel r / v oceanus to port. once south of the nantucket shoals, the crew and science staff participated in safety demonstrations and received advice on " getting their sea legs. " an evening meeting for the science staff will discuss the next days dive, and the status of hurricane erin. we ' ll also get to see slides of deep - sea coral species, courtesy of dr. barbara hecker. prior to the cruise, preparations for the deep east expedition took place on the dock at woods hole oceanographic institution ( whoi ) in woods hole, ma. science equipment, food, and other supplies lined the dock as the crew, scientists, educators, and whoi staff made a final inspection of the vessel and completed last - minute tasks. a deep east professional development institute was provided for educators on cape cod, which included a tour of the r / v atlantis. as the excitement and anticipation began to build, a new element was added to the mix - - hurricane erin, whose path will be closely monitored as departure time approaches. sign up for the ocean explorer e - mail update list.


from ohio history central during the early 1760s, neolin, a spiritual leader of the delaware indians, gained favor among many native societies in the ohio country. dismayed by the indians ' reliance on english and french manufactured goods, neolin called for the natives to adopt more traditional indian practices. rather than using the musket to hunt and fight, neolin encouraged his followers to use the traditional bow and arrow instead. he also demanded that his followers forsake alcohol. by turning their backs on their native customs, he said, keesh - she - la - mil - lang - up, the master of life, would not allow them to enter heaven. indians must return to their traditional ways if they hoped to receive the master of life ' s blessing and to succeed against the english settlers traveling into the ohio country at the end of the french and indian war. many scholars believe that neolin ' s message greatly influenced pontiac, a leader of the ottawa indians. pontiac agreed with neolin that native tribes needed to end their reliance on europeans and unite together against english settlers. but he refused to give up muskets. pontiac believed that there was little hope for the indians if they returned to more traditional means of fighting. in february 1765, neolin urged his fellow native americans to end an uprising that later came to be called pontiac ' s rebellion. according to neolin, the master of life had ordered the indians to lay down their arms. in the early 1800s, tenskwatawa, the shawnee prophet, spread a message similar to neolin ' s across the ohio country once again. - barrett, carole, harvey markowitz, and r. kent rasmussen, eds. american indian biographies. pasadena, ca : salem press, 2005. - hurt, r. douglas. the ohio frontier : crucible of the old northwest, 1720 - 1830. bloomington, in : indiana university press, 1996.


alan paton never won a nobel prize for cry, the beloved country, his landmark 1948 novel about a zulu minister who learns that his son has murdered the son of a white man. but his book may have had a greater impact on the struggle for racial justice in south africa than any by nadine gordimer, who did win. and it has had a strong readership in the u. s. for six decades, bolstered by two movie versions and its selection for oprah ’ s book club in 2003. why was cry, the beloved country so important? here ’ s an answer from doris lessing, the novelist and 2007 nobel laureate in literature, who was born in southern rhodesia ( now zimbabwe ) and wrote another book critical of south africa, the grass is singing, that appeared soon after paton ’ s : “ what you have to remember is that the whole of southern africa was seen as a very happy, fun place full of satisfied blacks …. cry, the beloved country destroyed that vision. then along came the grass is singing, which helped to break it down even more. ” doris lessing as quoted by emily parker in “ provocateur ” in the weekend interview with doris lessing, the wall street journal, march 15 - 16, 2008. read a biography of paton at © 2008 janice harayda. all rights reserved.


a romanticized view of a popular color honored by the american library association green. by laura vaccaro seeger. neal porter / roaring brook press, $ 16. 99. ages 2 – 5. by janice harayda a half century ago, dr. seuss helped children learn about colors with his rhyming trochees : “ one fish / two fish / red fish / blue fish. ” laura vaccaro seeger takes a similar approach in her celebration of every environmentalist ’ s favorite color, which begins : “ forest green / sea green / lime green / pea green. ” this 32 - word book introduces different kinds of green by pairing thumping rhymes with boldly painted pictures and cutouts that, like windows, show a different view depending on whether you ’ re looking in or out ( or, in this case, at the first page on which they appear or the next ) : a cutout that defines a pea on one page turns into the eye of a tiger on the next. green has no rhymes like “ bile green / sickly green / vile green / prickly green, ” and its romanticized green - is - good subtext borders on an environmental cliche. but vaccaro seeger is a fine painter who can make impasto acrylics rest as lightly on the page as a firefly. you just wonder how may 2 - year - olds will come away with the idea that zebras have green stripes after seeing such a creature in the illustration for the final line of the quatrain : “ jungle green / khaki green / fern green / wacky green. ” best line / picture : the picture of the “ wacky green ” zebra is great even if drags the concept of the book sideways and the joke will sail over the heads of 3 - year - olds who have no idea what a zebra is. worst line / picture : all of the lines in the book begin with lower - case letters except for “ jungle green / khaki green … ” which begins, senselessly, with a capital j. and as others have noted, the one of the cutouts of fireflies on the “ glow green ” spread doesn ’ t line up perfectly with what it ’ s supposed to reveal. published : march 2012 furthermore : update : the american library association named green a 2013 caldecott honor book on jan. 30, 2013. green has emerged as a favorite for the caldecott medal ( which will be awarded jan. 28, 2013 ) in the mock


carbs get a bad rap because so many americans are eating the bad ones — refined carbohydrates in white bread, candy, cookies, sugary cereals, and all sorts of other junk food and drinks. in fact, research has shown that 95 percent of the grains we eat are refined. eating too many foods with these adulterated ingredients won ’ t just make you fat ; it ’ ll also raise your risk of heart disease and diabetes. and raise your levels of blood fats called triglycerides, putting you on the fast track for a heart attack or stroke. the good news is working the healthiest grains into your diet can help prevent or reverse these health problems. healthy, whole - grain foods are made from cereal grains that include the whole kernel. research shows they can protect you from ticker trouble, diabetes, colon cancer, and possibly asthma and alzheimer ’ s disease. photo : catherine sears this one is pretty easy, as long as you don ’ t let food marketers trick you. it can be readily found in bread and pasta products, but make sure the label says “ 100 percent whole wheat. ” terms like “ multigrain ” and “ wheat ” don ’ t cut it. as when you ’ re shopping for any whole - grain product, look at the ingredients and make sure the whole grain is at or near the top of the list. each serving should contain at least 2 or 3 grams of fiber. healthy recipe : summer wheat berry salad photo : ( cc ) cheeseslave / flickr oats are particularly rich in avenanthramide, an antioxidant that protects the heart. when you ’ re shopping for this whole grain, whether you see the word “ whole ” or not doesn ’ t matter, the way it does with wheat products. oats in the ingredients list means the product is made from whole oats. but if you are buying something like instant oatmeal, avoid those that contain high - fructose corn syrup. a study this year found that ingredient was a source of mercury contamination in oatmeal. we suggest sticking to the good old - fashioned unsweetened kind and mixing in a little fruit or honey. for all practical purposes, bulgur is considered a whole grain, even though up to 5 percent of its bran may be removed during processing. it ’ s so good for you, though, we ’ re putting it on the list. the grain, which is used to make tabbouleh salad, is a


even though up to 5 percent of its bran may be removed during processing. it ’ s so good for you, though, we ’ re putting it on the list. the grain, which is used to make tabbouleh salad, is a great source of iron and magnesium. the fiber and protein powerhouse ( a cup contains nearly 75 percent of the dietary fiber you need for the day, and 25 percent of the protein you should get ) can be used in salads or tossed in soups. it ’ s ready in minutes. healthy recipe : tabbouleh with fruit photo : ( cc ) rooey202 / flickr when you choose white rice over brown, around 75 percent of rice ’ s nutrients — including nearly all the antioxidants, magnesium, phosphorus, and b vitamins contained in the healthy bran and germ — are left on the milling - room floor. always opt for brown rice, and that includes brown aromatic varieties like basmati and jasmine. get even more exotic with red and black rice, both of which are considered whole grains and are high in antioxidants. though technically a grass, wild rice is also considered a whole grain and is rich in b vitamins, such as niacin and folate. what ' s for dinner? grilled salmon with brown rice. photo : getty images eating a half - cup of whole barley regularly during a 5 - week period cut participants ’ cholesterol levels by nearly 10 percent when compared to other participants who went without barley in a usda study. add raisins or dried apricots to quick - cooking barley, and serve it as a side dish. just make sure it ’ s whole - grain barley, not “ pearled, ” which means the bran and germ have been removed. learn more : brew your own beer according to nutritional research from the nonprofit organic center, rye has more nutrients per 100 - calorie serving than any other whole grain. it has four times more fiber than standard whole wheat and provides you with nearly 50 percent of your daily recommended amount of iron. the problem is, most rye and pumpernickel ( made primarily from rye ) bread in this country is made with refined flours. be persistent ; look for “ whole rye ” topping the ingredients list to get the healthy benefits. photo : ( cc ) kristen taylor / flickr this common pancake whole grain is one of the whole grains many people living with celiac disease can tolerate ( others include quinoa, amara


” topping the ingredients list to get the healthy benefits. photo : ( cc ) kristen taylor / flickr this common pancake whole grain is one of the whole grains many people living with celiac disease can tolerate ( others include quinoa, amaranth, and sorghum ). and it ’ s one of the best grain - based sources of magnesium, a wonder mineral that does everything from ease pms symptoms to improve nerve functioning, and manganese, which boosts brain power. and thank goodness for that, because who doesn ’ t enjoy a good buckwheat pancake from time to time! learn more : buckwheat as a summer cover crop photo : ( cc ) linda simon / flickr most of the couscous you see is a form of pasta, usually made from refined wheat flour. so when you ’ re eying the items in the aisle for the healthiest couscous pick, look for the whole - wheat kind, often most easily found in natural - food stores. skipping the refined version and going with the whole - grain type will gain you 5 additional grams of fiber. try this : orange couscous salad photo : ( cc ) timothy tsui yes, corn can be healthy for you when it ’ s whole! a good source of b vitamins, magnesium, and phosphorus, whole corn is also thought to increase healthy gut flora, which can ward off diabetes, heart disease, and chronic inflammation. yellow corn is also high in antioxidants. the easiest way to eat whole corn? popcorn! just skip the microwavable kinds that use harmful chemicals in the bags ’ nonstick lining. instead, buy organic popcorn kernels and make microwave popcorn in an ordinary paper bag, or do it the old - fashioned way on the stovetop. organic is important, as about 40 percent of the corn grown in the united states is genetically modified ( gm ) to withstand higher doses of pesticides. some studies are starting to link gm foods to allergies and other health problems. learn more : how to grow organic sweet corn photo : rob cardillo though it ’ s technically a seed and not a grain, this ancient south american power food is packed with more protein than any other grain, and each uncooked cup of the stuff ( about three servings ) has 522 milligrams of omega - 3 fatty acids. your family will likely enjoy its light, nutty flavor for a change of pace at the dinner table. creative quinoa recipe : lime bi


the main risk is that when you post, you are aware of the present context and can ' t link it to the future - - because the future doesn ' t exist yet. but computers can. computer software can link a person ' s identity, the image of their face or name to every concept ( website, blogpost tag, other people, ideas they express, actions they take, etc ) they are seen with past or present. facial recognition software can link all the pictures of a person to each other, and to the concepts they are linked to. computers are great at search, and great at storing links between information. computers can make concept webs that link ideas, faces, names. here ' s one example of a man who realized the story of his life could be drawn with pure data he wasn ' t trying to tell his story with. even if you are careful to never post your picture with your name, if one of your friends does once, the pictures can be linked with the names. so, in summary, the risk is that you ' re telling a story that you can ' t see as you tell it. you ' re creating connections that allow agencies access to information that you or your child may not want them to have in the future. the fine print about the sites ' " privacy " policy also changes over time. even so, most sites maintain the right to share your data with agencies that your ( future ) child may not consent to. this makes the risks hard to see, because we can ' t see the links between the data. but your child ' s future employers, partners, friends, and coworkers may have access to them.


select the links below for specific information on parthia and its rulers. there was a district named partukka or partakka which was known to the assyrians as early as the seventh century b. c., and it may have formed a part of media. media was conquered by cyrus ( kurush ) the great, founder of the achaemenid empire. the achaemenids ruled iran from 550 b. c. to 330 b. c. and their authority extended from the danube river to the indus river at its zenith. under the achaemenids, there was a satrapy named parthava, probably gained by conquest between 546 and 539 b. c. during cyrus the great ' s campaign south and east of the caspian sea. ( debevoise, political history, 4 ) at that time the satrapy included hyrcania, which lay between the elburz mountains and the caspian sea. parthava revolted in 521 b. c., but was subdued and probably remained united with hyrcania at the death of darius. later it was apparently separated from hyrcania and then joined with chorasmia. in the army of xerxes, there was a contingent of parthians under the command of a certain artabazus son of pharnaces, probably the satrap of parthia. among the parthians killed in xerxes ' greek campaign was a cavalry leader named arsaces. ( aeschylus, persae, 4 ) the last ruler of the achaemenid line was darius iii condomannus who was defeated by alexander the great. the parthians fought on the side of the achaemenids against alexander at arbela and darius ' satrap of parthia, phrataphernes, surrendered to alexander in hyrcania. ( arrian, anabasis, iii ) after defeat by alexander, amminapses, a parthian from egypt, was made alexander ' s satrap of parthia, which had been joined with hyrcania. in 318 b. c. pithon, satrap of media, seized parthia and installed his brother eudamus. but other satraps became alarmed and united under peucestas of persis to drive pithon back to media. ( justin xiii, 4. 23 ) after 316 b. c. the province was apparently joined to bactria under the command of


satraps became alarmed and united under peucestas of persis to drive pithon back to media. ( justin xiii, 4. 23 ) after 316 b. c. the province was apparently joined to bactria under the command of stasanor. but after nearly a century of macedonian greek rule by alexander and his seleucid successors, the nearly continuous war with egypt weakened the seleucids to the point that diodotus of bactria revolted and declared himself king circa 253 b. c. ( justin xli, 4. 5 ) the origins of the parthian people are clouded. strabo ( xi, 515 ) says the first arsaces was a scythian man with the semi - nomadic parni tribe, a part of the dahi, nomads who lived along the ochus ( tejend or lower oxus ) river, who invaded and conquered parthia. strabo also mentions those who claim arsaces was a bactrian who escaped from diodotus after a failed revolt. justin ( xli, 1 ) agrees arsaces was a scythian. frye ' s analysis is that we can believe the parni origins, but it was more likely a migration than an invasion that brought them, and arsaces, to parthia. ( history, p. 207 ) these people would not be known as parthians until they moved southward into the persian province of parthava sometime before 250 b. c. achaemenian and early greek references to " parthians " refer to earlier inhabitants of parthava, not the arsacid parthians. ( debevoise, political history, 2 ; w. m. montgomery, early empires ). the parthians took encouragement from diodotus ' success and in 247 b. c. rose against andragoras, satrap of parthia for antichus ii theos ( 261 - 247 b. c. ). this date is fixed by a double - dated tablet discovered by george smith ( assyrian discoveries, london, 1875 ). the revolt was led by the brothers arsaces and tiridates. arsaces became king and his name the honorific used by all subsequent parthian kings. during the second century b. c., the parthians were able to extend their rule to bactria, babylonia, susiana, and media, and under mithradates ii ( c


used by all subsequent parthian kings. during the second century b. c., the parthians were able to extend their rule to bactria, babylonia, susiana, and media, and under mithradates ii ( c. 123 - 88 b. c. ), parthian conquests stretched from armenia to india. after the victories of mithradates ii, the parthians began to claim descent from both the greeks and the achaemenids. they spoke a language similar to that of the achaemenids, used the pahlavi script, and established an administrative system based on achaemenid precedents. the most confused period of parthian history is from the late years in the reign of mithradates ii ( ended c. 88 b. c. ) to the establishment of the sole rule of orodes ii c. 57 b. c. while mithradates ii was still in power, we have coins from gotarzes i ( c. 95 - 90 b. c. ), orodes i ( c. 90 - 80 b. c. ). and during the period immediately following the reign of mithradates ii, we see overlapping coinages of orodes i ( c. 90 - 80 b. c. ), an unknown king ( i ) c. 80 b. c., another unknown king ( ii ) ( c. 80 - 70 b. c. ), sinatruces ( c. 77 - 70 b. c. ), and darius of media atropatene ( c. 70 b. c. ). phraates iii appears to have consolidated control in the years around and following 70 b. c., and orodes ii took firm control c. 57 b. c. see the expanded discussion of this very confused period at the page on the dark age in parthian history. in 53 b. c. crassus and over 40, 000 roman troops were annihilated by the parthian forces of orodes ii and the peoples from the mediterranean to the indus understood the strength of parthia. but by 40 b. c. even rome had to acknowledge a parthia whose forces, under the joint command of pacorus i and q. labienus, a roman, had struck directly into the heart of the roman east and captured the provinces of asia, pamphylia, cilicia, and syria ; even as far south as petra, parthia ' s word was law. for two years


, a roman, had struck directly into the heart of the roman east and captured the provinces of asia, pamphylia, cilicia, and syria ; even as far south as petra, parthia ' s word was law. for two years this vast area, so vital to roman interests, was under parthian occupation. possession of the carian and perhaps the ionian coast by foreigners struck close to home as many romans were native to that part of the world or did business there. the occupiers were no sooner pushed out by ventidius than another roman army under anthony was defeated and barely escaped annihilation at parthian hands. [ debevoise, 208 ] the tug of war with rome on the western border of parthia continued almost without cease while parthia had to constantly see to other threats from the north and east. the western border between rome ' s dominions and parthia gradually stabilized on the banks of the euphrates, but war was always a threat and though major campaigns by the romans were seen in a. d. 116, 161, 195, 217 and 232, parthia was never conquered. the parthian landed nobility gained power and influence due to their their military power and increasing rights over the land and its peasants. as these grew, they were sufficient to allow the nobles to resist then defy the king, refusing to pay levies and failing to answer the call to arms that had been parthia ' s source of power. concurrently, the royal arsacids fell to internal disagreements over succession which often ended in murder and a continued slide in their power. the resulting disorganization and fragmentation of the empire made way for successful roman incursions into parthian territories where rich commercial centers and royal treasuries were plundered, and territories lost to invaders. petty kings rose to fill the power void ; this power redistribution culminated in a direct attempts to overthrow the monarchy. in a. d. 224, ardashir, parthian governor in the achaemenid home province of persis ( fars ), overthrew artabanus iv and established the sasanid dynasty. the last parthian king, vologases vi, issued his last dated coin in a. d. 228. the sasanians would rule iran until the islamic conquest in a. d. 641. the sasanians were ardent zoroastrians in conflict with their armenian subjects who originally were zoroastrians but subsequently embraced christianity. the years of sasani


tubbataha reef national marine park " designated by unesco as world heritage site, one of three in the philippines ( the other being the puerto princesa subterranean river national park and banaue rice terraces " it is home to nearly 400 species of fish and bird species, enough reason to declare tubbataha as a national marine park through proclamation no. 306 on august 11, 1998 this makes commercial fishing or the collecting of corals illegal within 33, 2000 hectares of its reefs and surrounding areas. in 1994, the united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization ( unesco ) designated tubbataha as world heritage site, one of three in the philippines ( the others being the puerto princesa subterranean river national park and banaue rice terraces ). tubbataha reef is located in the middle of the central sulu sea, 98 nautical miles southeast of puerto princesa city. it is composed of two large shallow reef platforms enclosing a sandy lagoon. on the seaward portions of the reef platform are steep, often perpendicular reef walls extending to 50 feet. most of the park area is submereged, with only a few permanent emergent sandy islands. the two atolls are named the north and south reefs or islets. the former is a large, oblong - shaped continous reef platform about 4 - 5 km wide and compeletely encloses a sandy lagoon. the reef is shallow and emergent in some places at extreme low tide. the south reef likewise is a small triangular - sahped reef about 1 - 2 km wide. like the north reef it consists of a shallow platform enclosing a sandy lagoon. on the souther tip of this reef is a 2 - 3 ha. coral line - sand island, the south islet where the lighthouse stands. this islet is a rookery site for birds and turtles. there are no permanent inhabitants except during fishing seasons, when fisherment from other parts of the philippines establish temporary shelters in the area. activities include traditional hook and line, commercial trawling for tuna, spear fishing, offshore long lines and aquarium fish collection. despite its remote location from puerto princesa city and an overnight voyage by ship, tubbataha has become a popular site for seasoned sport divers. underwater visibility can often exceed 30 - meter seascape with underwater caves and leges teem with marine life. tubbataha ' s trademark among the world divers is its coral walls with extensive colonies of fish. unfortunately, tubbataha ' s pristine and unspoiled nature also


table of contents in this chapter, we won ' t focus on producing music yet, but rather on understanding the way that computers and pd handle data. we will be working with practical listening examples as often as possible to avoid unnecessarily abstract and dry technical explanations. however, the precise way in which computers produce sound will not be explained until chapter 3. you should build the sample patches yourself in pd. this first - hand experience will help solidify the concepts presented. starting in chapter 3, larger patches can be found at www. kreidler - net. de / pd / patches / patches. zip. once you have started pd, the main pd window appears on the monitor. open a new programming window by clicking the file menu and then new. a new window opens. add an object box under put object, or with the keypad, using the listed key command : ctrl - 1 ( this is for windows ; other platforms may have different key commands ).... you should see a blue box attached to the mouse cursor... then click somewhere on the blank white surface in the new window to decouple the mouse from the object box. type this into the box : " osc ~ 440 ". to accept what you have typed into the box, click anywhere outside the box on the white surface : ( the sign " ~ " means " tilde " ; you ' ll need to use this often in pd. ) you now see a rectangular box with little black rectangles in the top and bottom corners. the upper rectangles are called " inlets ", the bottom rectangle is an " outlet ". if you place the cursor onto the outlet rectangle, it changes to a circle ( which resembles an open socket for a cable ). now click on the rectangle and move the mouse while keeping the mouse button pressed. this draws a line that can be thought of as a cable. but because you haven ' t created an object to which you can attach this cable yet, the cable vanishes when you release the mouse button. make another object just as you did the previous one and call it " dac ~ ". position it below the " osc ~ " object by clicking it once so that it turns blue and moving the mouse with the mouse button held. then start a cable from the outlet on " osc ~ " and connect it to the left inlet on " dac ~ ". the cursor changes into a circle when it


it turns blue and moving the mouse with the mouse button held. then start a cable from the outlet on " osc ~ " and connect it to the left inlet on " dac ~ ". the cursor changes into a circle when it is over the inlet. release the mouse button. the " cable " now connects " osc ~ 440 " to " dac ~ ". you should hear a tone. if not, verify in the pd main window that there is a check next to " compute audio " ( in linux : check if the field is red ). if not, check the box with a mouse click : ( the " compute audio " function allows you to program in pd without generating sound. this can save the computer much unnecessary processing power — though this is probably a non - issue with most computers these days. ) we hear a tone. to be specific, it is a4 ( a ' in the german system ), also called the a440, the standard concert tuning pitch that has a frequency of 440 hertz ( the meanings of " frequency " and " hertz " will be explained later ). now connect the outlet from " osc ~ 440 " with the right inlet of " dac ~ " as well. you should hear sound from both of the computer ' s speakers. now create a number box ( put number or with key command ctrl - 3 ) and attach its outlet to the inlet on the object named " osc ~ ". then you need to change into what is called " execute mode " ( edit edit mode, or with key command ctrl - e ; the cursor turns into an arrow ). click on the number box, hold the mouse button, and move the mouse up and down : this changes the numbers and the pitch. the value should be at least 100 ; this range can be more finely adjusted by holding shift while clicking and moving the mouse as described above. another way to enter values into the number box is to click on the number box, enter a value on the keyboard, and press enter. now change back to the other mode, the " edit mode " ( edit edit mode, or key command ctrl - e ). move the cursor, which should have changed back to a hand, over the connection between " osc ~ " and " dac ~ ". the cursor becomes an x. click on it, which will turn the cable blue. then go to edit cut or simply press backspace. this terminates the


, over the connection between " osc ~ " and " dac ~ ". the cursor becomes an x. click on it, which will turn the cable blue. then go to edit cut or simply press backspace. this terminates the connection. cut the other connection to " dac ~ " as well. now create a new object where the cables used to be : " * ~ 0 " and connect it to the other objects as shown : let ' s make some more room : enlarge the window by clicking on its lower right corner, holding the mouse button, and pulling it down and to the right. then click on the lower right part of the white background near the " dac ~ " object, hold the mouse button, and draw a rectangle that includes the " dac ~ " and the " * ~ " objects. this is how you select a part of a patch. ( you can also delete boxes this way. after selecting a portion of the patch, go to edit cut or simply press backspace. ) when you release the mouse button, both objects appear in blue. click on one of these selected objects, hold the mouse button, and pull them down to free up more space. to deselect these objects, just click anywhere on the white background. then create two " message " boxes ( put message or ctrl - 2 ) as below and enter " 0 " in one and " 1 " in the other. change back to execute mode ( edit edit mode or ctrl - e ) and click on the two message boxes in turn : clicking 1 turns the sound on, clicking 0 turns it off. the previous example covers most of the elements in pd. let ' s take a closer look at them – we used three different kinds of boxes : object, message, and number. object boxes are rectangular, message boxes have an indentation on the right side, and number boxes have a flat upper right corner. all of these boxes have inlets and outlets. the inlets are always on top, the outlets on bottom. you can always connect an outlet to an inlet ( in this order ). there is an edit mode and an execute mode. edit mode is for programming and execute mode is for running the program. you can tell which mode you ' re in by looking at the cursor : let ' s take a closer look : there are two kinds of " cables ", thick and thin. a thin cable connects the number box to the " osc ~ " object


which mode you ' re in by looking at the cursor : let ' s take a closer look : there are two kinds of " cables ", thick and thin. a thin cable connects the number box to the " osc ~ " object and a thick cable runs out of the " osc ~ " object. thick cables transmit signals, while thin cables transmit only control data. with " compute audio " in the pd main window, we determine whether the signals should be sent by marking or removing the checkmark. moreover, all objects that produce signals or that work with signals as an input ( input = that which goes into an inlet ; output = that which comes out of an outlet ), have a tilde ( " ~ " ) after their name ; other objects don ' t have this! these two levels are called the " control level " ( where only control data flows, also called the " message domain " ) and the " signal level " ( where signals flow, also called the " signal domain " ). the first object you created was " osc ~ 440 ", which is an " oscillator ", and you heard a sine tone at 440 hertz ( the meaning of " hertz " will be explained later ). then you made a number box and entered new values there, which caused the frequency of the tone you heard to change. that is the basic structure in pd : an object has a name ( if it produces signals, a tilde follows the name ), then there is a space, and then one or several arguments follow ( in this case, the initial ' argument ' was " 440 " ). with most objects, the arguments can be replaced with new values that are connected to the inputs ( unlike with the " osc ~ " object here, the changed value usually goes into the far right inlet ). if new values are entered this way, the argument written in the object box is ignored ( in this example, 300 instead of 440 ). we can enter information in number boxes or message boxes. message boxes also allow letters, which are called symbols. all of this information is referred to as atoms. an atom appears in a message box or in a number box ( for more on atoms, see 2. 1. 5 ). another important term : the program that you write is called a patch. a patch first appears as a blank white background on which you write a program. this white background is also called a canvas. there are two modes : edit mode and execute mode


. another important term : the program that you write is called a patch. a patch first appears as a blank white background on which you write a program. this white background is also called a canvas. there are two modes : edit mode and execute mode ( you switch between them with ctrl - e or under edit edit mode ). you program all the parts of a patch in edit mode and start all operations and sounds in execute mode. within a patch, there is the control level and the signal level ( control objects do not have a tilde after their names and are connected with thin cables ; signal objects have a tilde at the end and are connected with thick cables ). the signal level is only active if " compute audio " has been activated in the pd main window. the elements of a patch are objects, messages, and numbers. an object often has one or several arguments ( a. k. a. " creation arguments " ), which can be changed using an input. a message is a fixed value in execute mode and is stored with the patch. when a message box is clicked, its contents are sent to all objects connected to its outlet. in contrast, number boxes can be altered in execute mode and their values are not saved. a few additional things that can make your work in pd easier : if you click on the white surface ( " canvas " ) with the right mouse button and open the help menu, a list with all pd objects appears. if you right - click on an object, a pull - down menu opens where you can select the help file for that object for a detailed explanation. you will soon find it quite helpful to duplicate parts of patches. to do this, select an area so that the selected boxes appear in blue ( as described under 2. 1. 1 in the context of making more space ) and go to edit duplicate or ctrl - d. this duplicates the selected area and the copy appears as a selected area that you can move ( click on a selected box, hold, move to desired location with the mouse, release ). it is much faster and more comfortable to work if you use " keyboard shortcuts ". many functions that you can select in the pull - down menus are also available as keyboard shortcuts. these key commands appear next to the function in the pull - down menu. programming can get complicated fast. to help remind you of the meaning of a certain patch, it is recommended that you add comments to your patch. comments can be added under put comment


key commands appear next to the function in the pull - down menu. programming can get complicated fast. to help remind you of the meaning of a certain patch, it is recommended that you add comments to your patch. comments can be added under put comment ( or with ctrl - 5 ). here you can write whatever you like to explain your patch. if you ' ve understood everything thus far, then you understand the essential fundamentals of pd ' s user interface. now we can get into the structure of programming itself. a message for an object has two parts : a method designation ( selector ) and zero, one, or several values ( arguments ). for example, if the message is " 5 ", then the actual message is " float 5 " and is comprised of the atoms " float " and " 5 ". the message " bang " is comprised only of the selector " bang " and contains no arguments. the message " 1 2 3 4 5 " is actually the message " list 1 2 3 4 5 ". there are three kinds of atoms : a number ( programming language = " float " ) with a 32 - bit value, a symbol, which is a string of letters, or a pointer, which is a kind of address ( this will be covered in chapter 5. 2. 3 ). the message " float 5 " is composed of the two type designations symbol and float. the type symbol has a value of " float " ( a string ) and the type float has a value of " 5 ". the selector is always a symbol. since objects can react differently to different messages, the selector first makes a more precise preliminary determination.


tracing back to circa 1805, mt. diablo finds the origins of its name from a group of spanish military troops who chased and cornered escaped members of a tribe of chupcan mission indians. late that evening, as the spanish soldiers lie in wait, the chupcan people disappeared with no trace, right from under the noses of the spanish. confounded by the unnerving, supernatural vanishing, the spaniards dubbed the spot " monte del diablo " or " thicket of the devil ". they were actually referring to a thicket of brush in which the chupcan were hiding. but, subsequently, english speaking arrivals to the area misunderstood the name as mountain of the devil. hence today the mountain is called " mt. diablo. " the name seems appropriate enough. for cyclists, hikers and outdoor enthusiasts alike, diablo is 3849 feet of climbing. through sometimes desert - like conditions, past low growing desert vegetation and red clay type soils 3849 long, vertical, feet. diablo challenges even the strongest cyclists with nearly 15 miles of climbing. the last 1000 feet of which guarantee an out - of - the - saddle effort. the road to the top corkscrews around the mountain with maddening switch backs ramping up the 3849 vertical feet to the summit. looking back over where you ' ve been, you see miles of twisty, vining, road far down below and trailing off, for what seems an infinite distance. every circuit of diablo offers a new vantage point from which you survey the vast valleys surrounding the mountain. this is the reward for suffering enough to climb all 46, 188 vertical inches of diablo, a view that is said to encompass 60 % of california. or perhaps, your final reward is to then turn around and rocket down all 3849 vertical, white - knuckling feet, at speeds limited only by your ability to stay on the road. but, this particular day we chose to descend only a few thousand feet turning off to extend our ride through the loosely charted, and rarely explored, morgan territory. disappearing down into the valley that sits in the shadow of diablo, briefly passing into and out of civilization, you quickly find yourself zipping through savannah - like grasslands that evoke visions of african desert landscapes. the low rolling hills give way to steeply sauntering cracked roads that carve a single lane through the chaparral of morgan territory. following along that meandering single track you climb roughly 3100 feet along the valley floor without any evidence of a gain in elevation beyond the lactic


sauntering cracked roads that carve a single lane through the chaparral of morgan territory. following along that meandering single track you climb roughly 3100 feet along the valley floor without any evidence of a gain in elevation beyond the lactic acid burning in your quads. along the way there are signs that tell you how far off the beaten path you are. cattle lazily sun themselves in the late afternoon heat while rickety single - lane bridges carry you past aged and corroded " no trespassing " signs emblazoned with the words " no trespassing, no shooting. " looking off the broken pavement upon which your labors are spent, you see a panorama of mostly undisturbed native plant species. morgan territory is so remote that a wildflower thought to be extinct for seventy years, resurfaced in the midst of the preserve right where no one had looked for it for the better part of a century. as you spin out of morgan territory past the last rolling foothills you realize that it is this untapped and unruffled beauty that makes morgan such a hidden gem. what better way to observe that natural phenomenon then on the back of a bike... a form of transportation ecological sound and environmentally undamaging. at the end of the day, after roughly seventy - five miles and close to 7000 feet of climbing you ' ll crawl back to your start point in a state of euphoria knowing that you ' ve seen so much beauty and left nothing behind but a few drops of swiftly evaporating perspiration.


most people know philadelphia as the birth place of liberty — the place where concepts like freedom of speech and democracy were perfected. but jay worrall of arch street friends meeting house in old city, points out that philadelphia is also the birth place of religious freedom. “ william penn and the quakers of pennsylvania were the only colony where multiple religions were tolerated, where it was an official act of law that anyone could come and establish any church of any kind in philadelphia. and that was not true in any other colony or, for that matter, in any other country in the world. and so, the whole notion of religious freedom and separation of church and state began in philadelphia from its very founding. ” visitors to the meeting house at fourth and arch streets will walk through historic halls and even sit on some, well, historic seats. “ some of these benches are almost three hundred years old and the cushions have the original stuffing. they were all done in 1811, and the stuffing is horse hair. and so, we have new covers put on them, but we still have the same horse hair cushions. ” besides some more - or - less ancient seat cushions, those taking a tour of the meeting house will learn about william penn, quakerism and the how the meeting house, which is made of mostly salvaged materials, embodies quaker beliefs. just a short walk from arch street friends is christ church, where many of the founding fathers worshipped — including george washington. christ church historian neil ronk says, the building transports visitors back to colonial times. “ you don ’ t have to hit people over the head with, “ this is the colonial era. ” the building was built in that era. its main features architecturally are from this era. and in a sense just walking through the building gives you that aesthetic sense. ” ronk says sites like christ church are living institutions. they provide a unique look into the past, present and future of the founding fathers ’ vision. “ the visitors want to be reassured in the essential decency of the history and of the nation that was founded. and that, i think, is the greatest : the proof positive of both the founding of the nation and our essential decency. ” other historic sacred places in philadelphia include : the cathedral basilica of saints peter and paul. the mother church of the archdiocese of philadelphia, the cathedral features many works of art and impressive architecture. benjamin franklin parkway & 18th street, philadelphia, pa 19103 mother bethel ame church. founded in 1794, it is the first black denomination


| abstract | | this outstanding book is a leading text for symbolic or formal logic courses. all techniques and concepts are presented with clear, comprehensive explanations and numerous, carefully constructed examples. its flexible organization ( all chapters are complete and self - contained ) allows instructors the freedom to cover the topics they want in the order they choose. | | keywords | | logic, symbolic and mathematical predicate ( logic | | buy the book | | $ 26. 00 used $ 50. 00 new $ 58. 35 direct from amazon amazon page | | call number | | bc135. b435 2003 | | through your library | | configure | similar books and articles geraldine brady ( 2000 ). from peirce to skolem : a neglected chapter in the history of logic. north - holland / elsevier science bv. j. l. bell ( 1977 ). a course in mathematical logic. sole distributors for the u. s. a. and canada american elsevier pub. co.. d. s. clarke ( 1973 ). deductive logic. carbondale, southern illinois university press. graeme forbes ( 1994 ). modern logic : a text in elementary symbolic logic. oxford university press. rene cori ( 2000 ). mathematical logic : a course with exercises. oxford university press. sorry, there are not enough data points to plot this chart. added to index2009 - 01 - 28 total downloads1 ( # 274, 652 of 549, 065 ) recent downloads ( 6 months ) 1 ( # 63, 185 of 549, 065 ) how can i increase my downloads?


shutter speed is one of the three pillars of photography, the other two being iso and aperture. shutter speed is where the other side of the magic happens – it is responsible for creating dramatic effects by either freezing action or blurring motion. in this article, i will try to explain everything i know about shutter speed in very simple language. 1 ) what is a camera shutter? before reading this article, i highly recommend reading about what a dslr is and what it consists of. simply put, a camera shutter is a curtain in front of the camera sensor that stays closed until the camera fires. when the camera fires, the shutter opens and fully exposes the camera sensor to the light that passes through the lens aperture. after the sensor is done collecting the light, the shutter closes immediately, stopping the light from hitting the sensor. the button that fires the camera is also called “ shutter ” or “ shutter button ”, because it triggers the shutter to open and close. 2 ) what is shutter speed? shutter speed, also known as “ exposure time ”, stands for the length of time a camera shutter is open to expose light into the camera sensor. if the shutter speed is fast, it can help to freeze action completely, as seen in the above photo of the dolphin. if the shutter speed is slow, it can create an effect called “ motion blur ”, where moving objects appear blurred along the direction of the motion. this effect is used quite a bit in advertisements of cars and motorbikes, where a sense of speed and motion is communicated to the viewer by intentionally blurring the moving wheels. slow shutter speeds are also used to photograph lightnings or other objects at night or in dim environments with a tripod. landscape photographers intentionally use slow shutter speeds to create a sense of motion on rivers and waterfalls, while keeping everything else in focus. motion can also be frozen to an extent with a camera flash, even at low shutter speeds. take a look at this example : it was getting dark and even after increasing the sensor sensitivity to iso 800, the camera still needed at least 1 / 250th of a second to properly expose this bird. if i had shot the bird at that speed, the bird would have turned out to be blurry, since it moved faster than 1 / 250th of a second. i used an external flash and fired the camera at 1 / 250th of a second and as you can see, it helped me to freeze motion, despite having a low shutter speed for a bird in flight. all of the above is


a second. i used an external flash and fired the camera at 1 / 250th of a second and as you can see, it helped me to freeze motion, despite having a low shutter speed for a bird in flight. all of the above is achieved by simply controlling the shutter speed. in summary, high shutter speeds freeze action, while low shutter speeds create an effect of motion. 3 ) how shutter speed is measured shutter speeds are typically measured in fractions of a second, when they are under a second. for example 1 / 4 means a quarter of a second, while 1 / 250 means one two - hundred - and - fiftieth of a second or four milliseconds. most modern dslrs can handle shutter speeds of up to 1 / 4000th of a second, while some can handle much higher speeds of 1 / 8000th of a second and faster. the longest shutter speed on most dslrs is typically 30 seconds ( without using external remote triggers ). 4 ) fast, slow and long shutter speeds fast shutter speed is typically whatever it takes to freeze action. for me, it is typically above 1 / 500th of a second for general photography and above 1 / 1000th of a second for bird photography. slow shutter speed is considered to be the slowest shutter speed that you can handle without introducing camera shake. some of the newer nikon lenses such as the nikon 70 - 200mm vr ii have special “ vibration reduction ” technologies within the lens that can handle shutter speeds of up to 1 / 10th of a second ( depending on photographer ’ s technique ), hand - held! how about long shutter speed? long shutter speeds are typically above 1 second, when you have to use a tripod to get acceptably sharp images ( for low - light / night photography or to capture movement ). 5 ) how to set shutter speed most cameras handle shutter speeds automatically through in - camera metering. when the camera is set to “ auto ” mode, both shutter speed and aperture are automatically selected by the camera. when you shoot in “ aperture priority ” mode, you set the lens aperture, while the camera automatically sets the shutter speed. there are two ways to manually set the shutter speed : a ) by setting the camera to “ shutter priority ” mode, where you set the shutter speed and the camera automatically selects the aperture. b ) by setting the camera to “ manual ” mode, where you set both shutter speed and aperture manually. i recommend letting the camera select the correct shutter speed for you.


, where you set the shutter speed and the camera automatically selects the aperture. b ) by setting the camera to “ manual ” mode, where you set both shutter speed and aperture manually. i recommend letting the camera select the correct shutter speed for you. i personally shoot in “ aperture priority ” mode 99 % of the time and i let my camera calculate the shutter speed for me. 6 ) how to find shutter speed do you know how to find out what your camera shutter speed is set to? it is typically very easy to find the shutter speed. on nikon dslrs that have a top panel, the shutter speed is typically located on the top left corner : if you look through the viewfinder, it should also be the number on the bottom left side of the screen. on most dslrs, you will not see the shutter speed as a fraction of a second – it will typically be a regular number. when the shutter speed is slower than or equals to one second, you will see something like 1 ″ or 5 ″ ( the ” sign indicates a full second ). if you still can ’ t find the shutter speed, set your camera to “ aperture priority ” mode, then look into the viewfinder and point at a really dark area. remember the numbers in the display, then switch to a very bright area and see what number changes. the number that changes is your shutter speed.


as saturn ' s rings orbit the planet, a section is typically in the planet ' s shadow, experiencing a brief night lasting from 6 to 14 hours. however, once approximately every 15 years, night falls over the entire visible ring system for about four days. this happens during saturn ' s equinox, when the sun is directly over saturn ' s equator. at this time, the rings, which also orbit directly over the planet ' s equator, appear edge - on to the sun. during equinox, light from the sun hits the ring particles at very low angles, accenting their topography and giving us a three - dimensional view of the rings. " the equinox is a very special geometry, where the sun is turned off as far as the rings themselves are concerned, and all energy comes from saturn, " said dr. michael flasar of nasa ' s goddard space flight center in greenbelt, md. during saturn ' s latest equinox august 11, the rings reached a temperature of 382 degrees below zero fahrenheit, the coldest yet observed, as seen by the composite infrared spectrometer ( cirs ) instrument on board the cassini spacecraft in orbit around saturn. cirs was developed at nasa goddard, and flasar is the principal investigator for the instrument. " the whole point of the cirs observations of saturn ' s rings, other than producing some cool pictures, is to learn something about the physical properties of the ring particles : their spin rates, how sluggish they are in storing and radiating heat ( a diagnostic of size and composition ), and their vertical distribution in the ring ' plane ', " said flasar. although the rings are wide, they are only about 30 feet thick. they are made of particles that are mostly water - ice. scientists continue to debate the rings ' origin and age. some think they could be remnants of a shattered moon or captured comets, while others think they could have formed along with saturn from the primordial disk of gas and dust that gave birth to our solar system. " at first glance, saturn ' s rings look broad and bland, but then we got close - up images from the voyager flybys, and our reaction was : oh, my gosh, there ' s structure everywhere - what ' s going on? " said dr. linda spilker, of nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory ( jpl ), pasadena, calif. researchers have discovered that while most of the ring particles are as small


' s structure everywhere - what ' s going on? " said dr. linda spilker, of nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory ( jpl ), pasadena, calif. researchers have discovered that while most of the ring particles are as small as dust and pebbles, there are a few chunks as big as mountains, and even some small moons several miles across embedded in the rings. instead of orderly orbiting around saturn, the particles clump together and drift apart, and the rings ripple and warp under the gravitational influence of saturn ' s swarm of more than 60 moons. " the closer we look at the rings, the more complex they get, " says spilker, deputy project scientist for the cassini mission and a co - investigator on cirs. she is leading the instrument team ' s investigation of the rings. " because saturn ' s rings are so extended, going out to more than twice saturn ' s radius ( from the cloud tops ), the furthest rings get less heat from saturn than the innermost rings, so the ring temperatures at equinox tend to fall off with distance from saturn ' s center, " said flasar. however, the cirs team discovered that the a - ring - the outermost of the wide, bright rings - did not cool off as much as expected during the equinox. this might give clues about its structure and evolution. " one possibility is that the gravitational influence of moons outside the a - ring is stirring up waves in it, " said spilker. " these waves could be much higher than the typical thickness of the rings. since the waves rise above the ring plane, material in the waves would still be exposed to sunlight during the equinox, which would warm up the a - ring more than expected. " " but we have to carefully test this idea with computer models to see if it produces the temperatures we observed with cirs, " adds spilker. " that ' s the challenge with cirs. it ' s not like seeing a close - up picture of mars, which can tell you something about its geology right away. we have to look at the cirs data from different times and sun angles to see how the ring temperatures are changing, then make computer models to test our theories on what those temperatures say about the rings. " the effort to understand the rings could help us understand our origin. " our solar system formed from a dusty disk, so by understanding the dynamics in a disk like saturn ' s rings, we can gain insight into


those temperatures say about the rings. " the effort to understand the rings could help us understand our origin. " our solar system formed from a dusty disk, so by understanding the dynamics in a disk like saturn ' s rings, we can gain insight into how earth and the other planets in our solar system were made, " said spilker. the equators of both earth and saturn are tilted compared to their orbit around the sun. this tilt makes the sun appear to rise higher and lower in the sky throughout the year as earth progresses in its orbit, causing the seasons to change. likewise, saturn ' s tilt makes the sun appear higher and lower in the sky as saturn moves in its orbit, which takes about 29. 5 years to complete. saturn experiences two equinoxes per orbit, just as earth does, when the planet ' s equator lines up edge - on to its orbital plane, causing the sun to appear directly over the equator. for a viewer on saturn, the sun would seem to move from south to north around the time of the august 11 equinox. technically, the equinox is the instant when the sun appears directly over the equator, but saturn ' s situation gives the rings an extended twilight. saturn is about 10 times farther from the sun than earth. since saturn is farther from the sun ' s gravitational pull, it moves relatively slowly in its orbit compared to earth, which makes it take longer for the sun to noticeably appear higher or lower in the sky. also, even as far away as saturn, the sun is large enough to appear as a disk, not a point, according to spilker. so, before the august 11 equinox, a viewer embedded in saturn ' s rings would have seen sunlight fade as the top edge of the solar disk appeared to touch the rings first. this would be followed by darkness around the equinox as the solar disk slowly crossed the ring plane. full sunlight would have returned when the sun ' s bottom edge rose above the ring plane, about four days from when the sunlight first began to fade. source : jpl / nasa ( news : web ) explore further : nasa launching experiment to examine the beginnings of the universe


new study finds mrsa on the rise in hospital outpatientsnovember 24th, 2009 in medicine & health / diseases, conditions, syndromes the community - associated strain of the deadly superbug mrsa - - an infection - causing bacteria resistant to most common antibiotics - - poses a far greater health threat than previously known and is making its way into hospitals, according to a study in the december issue of emerging infectious diseases. the new threat is easily picked up in fitness centers, schools, and other public places and has increased the overall burden of mrsa within hospitals, the report found. the study, which analyzed data from more than 300 microbiology labs serving hospitals all over the united states, found a seven - fold increase in the proportion of " community - associated " strains of methicillin - resistant staphylococcus aureus, or mrsa, in outpatient hospital units between 1999 and 2006. according to study authors, this increase threatens patient safety because doctors and patients often move back and forth between inpatient and outpatient units of a hospital. " this emerging epidemic of community - associated mrsa strains appears to add to the already high mrsa burden in hospitals, " said ramanan laxminarayan, principal investigator for extending the cure, a project that examines policy solutions to the growing problem of antibiotic resistance based at the washington, d. c. think - tank, resources for the future. extending the cure is supported by the robert wood johnson foundation ' s pioneer portfolio, which funds innovative ideas that may lead to breakthroughs in the future of health and health care. over the length of the study, researchers found that the proportion of mrsa increased more than 90 percent among outpatients with staph and now accounts for more than 50 percent of all staphylococcus aureus infections. the findings suggest that this was due almost entirely to an increase in community - associated strains, which jumped from 3. 6 percent of all mrsa infections to 28. 2 percent — a seven - fold jump from 1999 to 2006. similar increases in inpatients suggest that these strains are spreading rapidly into hospitals as well. mrsa kills an estimated 20, 000 people in the united states each year. the superbug, which is resistant to most common antibiotics, can attack wounds and trigger potentially lethal blood stream infections. community - associated strains, while generally less virulent and susceptible to more antibiotics, can still cause significant morbidity and mortality. " mrsa has generally been a significant problem only in hospitals,


attack wounds and trigger potentially lethal blood stream infections. community - associated strains, while generally less virulent and susceptible to more antibiotics, can still cause significant morbidity and mortality. " mrsa has generally been a significant problem only in hospitals, " said eili klein, the report ' s lead author and researcher at resources for the future. " but the findings from this study suggest that there is a significant reservoir in the community as well. " this community reservoir leads to a dangerous spread of community - associated strains from outpatient units into hospitals, according to klein. to curtail this spread, hospitals will need to step up infection control procedures, including those practiced in outpatient units. this study and others suggest that the most effective way of containing mrsa and other superbugs is by employing surveillance and infection control on a regional basis. " the movement of community - associated strains into the hospital also points to the urgent need for rapid tests that can identify the strain of mrsa, " klein said. some mrsa strains, particularly those coming into the outpatient departments, are vulnerable to a wider range of cheap antibiotics. with a rapid test, a hospital doctor could prescribe a cheaper, but still effective drug to combat an infection — a strategy that might reduce health care costs and help preserve the nation ' s supply of antibiotics, according to authors. source : burness communications " new study finds mrsa on the rise in hospital outpatients. " november 24th, 2009. http : / / phys. org / news178264346. html


ion strings make brilliant beams aug 15, 2001 physicists have long struggled to combat heating in the ion beams used in high - energy experiments. laser cooling can be used to reduce collisions between the ions, which create heat and reduce the energy of the beam. now ulrich schramm and colleagues at the university of munich have created the first ' crystalline ' ion beam, which is virtually free from collisions. " the crystalline beam is the ultimate state for an ion beam in terms of brilliance and stability ", schramm told physicsweb. " it represents a different phase and has its own properties " ( t schatz et al 2001 nature 412 717 ). collisions in high - energy ion beams reduce the beam intensity and can be remedied by extra focusing devices or the use of low - density beams. however, physicists predicted 20 years ago that in a sufficiently cool beam, the ions would not collide because their coulomb repulsion would outweigh their kinetic energy. such ' crystallization ' has been achieved before in ion traps - in which the ions are stationary - but it is more difficult in a circulating beam because of the motion of the ions and interactions between the beam and the storage ring. these problems affect both large storage rings - such as the relativistic heavy ion collider at brookhaven - and smaller ones. schramm and co - workers injected magnesium ions into their 0. 36 - metre circumference storage ring, pallas - the paul laser cooling acceleration system. the beam was laser - cooled and its fluorescence monitored. the team found that, at a certain laser wavelength, the diameter of the beam fell and the fluorescence peaked sharply. this pinpoints the transition to the crystalline state, during which the range of ion velocities drops by 75 %. the fluorescence measurements showed that the ring contained around 18 000 ions, and the temperature of the beam fell from 30 to 0. 4 kelvin as the crystalline state emerged. in this new phase, the ions reach a speed of 2800 metres per second - corresponding to a beam energy of 1 electron volt - and resemble a one - dimensional thread. the beam can perform over 3000 revolutions of their storage ring without further cooling according to schramm, the technique could be used for a wide range of experiments. " crystalline ion beams could aid inertial confinement fusion - which mimics stellar nuclear reactions - while precise experiments with relativistic beams could test special relativity ", he says. about the author katie


lutherans are members of a protestant tradition flowing from the life and thought of martin luther, the sixteenth - century german monk turned theologian, pastor, and family patriarch. lutherans became a major religious group in the great plains of north america in the latter half of the nineteenth century, and as the twenty - first century began, they continued to color the society and culture of various locales in the plains and their borderlands. theologically, lutherans have identified themselves as evangelical in that luther in his break with roman catholicism stressed the gospels and the evangel of justification by faith in the gracious work of god in jesus christ. an individual ' s ultimate standing before god, in other words, is not gained by moral works or by keeping god ' s law ; rather, it is by sola gratia ( grace alone ) and sola fides ( faith alone ). sola scriptura ( scripture alone ) has also been a key affirmation of lutherans, indicating that the canonical books of the bible, not any church office, institution, or theological tradition, are the ultimate norm for christian life and thought. nevertheless, confessionalism has always been a strong component in lutheran identity. next to the ecumenical creeds of the early church, the two most important confessional documents for lutherans have been the augsburg confession ( 1530 ) and luther ' s small catechism ( 1529 ). these and other documents were gathered in 1580 into the book of concord, a collection that remains formally important for lutheran theology. lutheran immigrants to the great plains brought with them not only a strong theological tradition but also conceptions of church order and elements of an ethos that shaped the social and cultural institutions they constructed. in the german and scandinavian states from which the vast majority of great plains lutherans came in the nineteenth century, lutheranism was formally established. in the plains of north america, however, legal nonestablishment, together with the vastness of the region, reinforced the primacy of the local congregation in lutheran life. at the local level, lutheran leadership is still formally embodied in the pastorate and also in elected lay officials. the office of bishop has become widespread among lutheran groups, but as a useful administrative office rather than one representing apostolic succession. above this local level, lutherans organized regional synods based largely on differences in ethnicity. only in the latter half of the twentieth century, as ethnicity has softened, has the plethora of lutheran synodical bodies represented in the great plains begun to significantly diminish through


lutherans organized regional synods based largely on differences in ethnicity. only in the latter half of the twentieth century, as ethnicity has softened, has the plethora of lutheran synodical bodies represented in the great plains begun to significantly diminish through mergers. since 1988 the vast majority of plains lutherans are affiliated with either the evangelical lutheran church of america ( elca ) or the lutheran church, missouri synod ( lcms ), the former theologically and socially more pluralist than the latter. an important aspect of a lutheran ethos in the north american plains has been pietism, a diffuse revitalization movement of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that was later reinforced by similar revitalization movements in the nineteenth century. this pietist stream reinforced among many lutherans a stress on personalizing belief. it also stressed the embodiment of such commitment through " godly " practices and the avoidance of " worldly " practices. also worth noting in a lutheran ethos are the patriarchal family, enacted by luther himself and carried on symbolically through the present by the local pastor and his family, and lutheran corporate worship, which has consistently stressed the proclamation of the word, the importance of the sacraments of baptism and the lord ' s supper, and the role of music, particularly chorales, in engaging the participation of the entire community. the arrival of lutherans in the plains began with major migrations of germans and, to a lesser extent, scandinavians to the central and upper portions of the mississippi river basin in the 1840s and 1850s. the political and economic upheavals of an industrializing and liberalizing europe were factors that prompted emigration, but economic opportunity, particularly land, was the most pervasive pull. by the time the american civil war began in 1861, wisconsin, minnesota, missouri, and a section of texas had received thousands of these lutheran emigrants. the englishspeaking descendants of colonial - era lutherans, primarily concentrated in pennsylvania, and the more recent german - speaking lutherans centered in ohio held relatively little appeal for these newly arriving lutherans. instead, the emigrants formed new synods, most notably the missouri synod ( 1847 ), but also hauge ' s synod ( norwegian, 1846 ), the texas synod ( german, 1851 ), the norwegian synod ( 1853 ), and the augustana synod ( swedish, 1860 ). the founding of augustana college in sioux falls ( now south dakota ) in 1860 foreshadowed what this planting of lutheranism in the eastern borderlands of the


norwegian synod ( 1853 ), and the augustana synod ( swedish, 1860 ). the founding of augustana college in sioux falls ( now south dakota ) in 1860 foreshadowed what this planting of lutheranism in the eastern borderlands of the u. s. great plains would bring once the civil war ended. lutherans secured their initial planting in the plains proper with two phases of settlement after 1865. the earlier phase was in the northern plains between roughly 1865 and 1900. the regional shape and depth of this migration is suggested by the establishment of lutheran institutions of higher education. by 1900, in addition to augustana college, the following had been founded : bethany college ( augustana synod ) and saint john ' s college ( missouri synod ) in kansas ; dana college ( united danish ), midland college ( general synod ), and concordia teachers college ( missouri synod ) in nebraska ; and texas lutheran college ( texas synod ). the second phase was the spilling over of this migration into the canadian prairie provinces between 1890 and 1914. the lutheran population swelled enough so that in 1915 the general council of lutherans organized the saskatoon theological seminary, saskatchewan. lutheran communities in the great plains have received their finest literary depiction to date in the novels of ole rolvaag, who lived and worked on a farm in south dakota for three years in the late 1890s before attending augustana college. prior to world war i, lutherans in the great plains were comparatively isolated geographically and insulated culturally. whether in block corners, kansas, dalesburg, south dakota, or some other german or scandinavian enclave in the plains, community life for observant lutherans was centered around church and school. the pastor and, in the most conservative communities, the lutheran schoolteacher provided the theological, social, and cultural leadership locally that was integral to sustaining ethnic as well as religious identity until well into the twentieth century. the church building, and sometimes a separate school building, provided a material center for community life, which was expressed formally in corporate worship, in congregational and school events such as picnics and mission festivals, and, by the turn of the nineteenth and into the twentieth century, women ' s groups and youth groups as well. home missions by various lutheran synods, while similar in most respects to those undertaken by various anglophone protestant denominations, were limited to organizing congregations among the sending group ' s ethnic compatriots rather than seeking to evangelize outside the ethnic group. the twentieth century ' s world wars and economic depression were major catalysts for undermining isolation and


denominations, were limited to organizing congregations among the sending group ' s ethnic compatriots rather than seeking to evangelize outside the ethnic group. the twentieth century ' s world wars and economic depression were major catalysts for undermining isolation and insulation. lutheran ethnicity has not disappeared, however ; it has merely softened its tone and expanded and blurred its borders. radio storyteller garrison keillor ' s norwegian lutherans, while fictional and nostalgic, are evocative of a persistent ethos as much lutheran as it is ethnic, and lake wobegon is a place almost as much plains as it is prairie. as of 1990 the political units of the great plains with the largest percentages of the population expressing a lutheran a. liation are north dakota ( 36 percent ), south dakota ( 30 percent ), and nebraska ( 16 percent ). such proportions suggest that, whatever changes may come to plains lutherans as a collective religious tradition and community, they will remain a significant element in the region. see also literary traditions : rolvaag, o. e. douglas firth anderson northwestern college, orange city, iowa coburn, carol k. life at four corners : religion, gender, and education in a german - lutheran community, 1868. 1945. lawrence : university press of kansas, 1992. gjerde, jon. the minds of the west : ethnocultural evolution in the rural middle west, 1830 - 1917. chapel hill : university of north carolina press, 1997. nelson, e. clifford, ed. the lutherans in north america. philadelphia : fortress press, 1975.


notes to being and becoming in modern physics 1. as translated in wheelwright ( 1960 ). the quote by parmenides in what follows is also from this volume. 2. many recent papers on these issues are collected in oaklander and smith ( 1994 ). gale ( 1967 ) has some good older papers and a useful bibliography. 3. there are many excellent non - technical introductions to the special theory. two fine books that are currently available are mermin ( 1968 ) and born ( 1962 ). a more demanding introduction mathematically is taylor and wheeler ( 1963 ). an excellent philosophical discussion is chapter iv of friedman ( 1983 ). all the concepts needed for the present discussion are outlined briefly in the opening paragraphs of section 4 of shimony ( 1993 ), but there is no substitute for working through in detail at least one presentation of the special theory at whatever level of mathematical sophistication one is equipped to handle. 4. while most popular presentations of special relativity explicitly employ only these two assumptions, friedman ( 1983 ) points out that another assumption of a more technical nature, the flatness of minkowski spacetime, is needed in order to derive all the characteristic results of the theory. we will ignore this refinement here. one should note, however, that the two assumptions explicitly made are assumptions concerning invariance — the invariance of the speed of light and the laws of physics. that certain other quantities classically thought to be invariant turn out not to be so in special relativity has sometimes obscured the fact that there is a fundamental invariant special relativisic four - dimensional quantity called the spacetime interval that will enter our considerations in due course. 5. hans reichenbach indicated the same view in 1925. see grunbaum ( 1973, p. 318 ). 6. whether this suggested distinction overlaps or is independent of the distinction between tensed and tenseless uses of ‘ is ’ invoked above in the section on newtonian spacetime is an open question. questions about the viability of this distinction are connected to deep questions in ontology and philosophy of language on which carnap, quine, and sellars differed. see the discussion in jay rosenberg ' s entry in this encyclopedia, wilfrid sellars. 7. minkowski spacetime is a time orientable manifold. if one chooses one of the two lobes of the light cone at a point o to be, say, future, that choice can be extended smoothly throughout the whole of the spacetime. we say nothing as to how this choice is


orientable manifold. if one chooses one of the two lobes of the light cone at a point o to be, say, future, that choice can be extended smoothly throughout the whole of the spacetime. we say nothing as to how this choice is to be made in this entry, but we assume that it has been, somehow, made. 8. the three are free to choose o as the origin of each of their coordinate systems and to assign it spatial coordinate ( 0, 0, 0 ) and temporal coordinate 0. but what position and time values are assigned by each of them to other spacetime points now follows rigorously from the rules, the lorentz transformations, of special relativity. 9. it is the fact the rietdijk - putnam - penrose argument for the fixity of the future does not rely on features of natural laws or causation that leads me to call the thesis chronogeometric fatalism rather than chronogeometric determinism. determinist and fatalist arguments have the same conclusion, that the future is somehow fixed and not within our control, but the former do so from causal or nomological considerations while the later do not. 10. briefly, rxy iff ( y < x or y < < x ). clifton and hogarth ( 1995 ) point out the relation betwen x and each point in ( but not on ) its past light cone also satisfies all the criteria of adequacy specified in the text. 11. this result is implicit in the proofs offered by stein and by clifton and hogarth. it is made explicitly in callender ( 2000 ). 12. following winnie ( 1977 ), i suggest calling this set alex ( e0, e1 ), since it is an open subset in the alexandrov topology. richard arthur, as far as i know, was the first philosopher to use these sets to account for temporal becoming. see arthur ( 2006 ) and savitt ( 2005 ).


- for a gallery of examples for invulnerability, see here. brit ( image comic universe ) punching a metal robot without being scraped or cut. defy all forms of physical injury - impenetrable skin / impervious skin the user is immune or highly resistant to all forms of conventional external physical damage, unable to feel physical pain, is immune to bleeding or loss of limb. death due to old age ( as opposed to preemptive death ) is seemingly the only cause of death to the user. - atomicity : to never be physically divided. - bulletproof durability : a form of invulnerability that only applies to gunfire. - density manipulation : increase one ' s density to make it much harder and more difficult to be harmed. - elasticity : users body simply absorbs attacks. - enhanced regeneration : heal rapidly from any wound - immutability : the ability to be impervious to all forms of external physical change. - impact absorption : absorb mechanical and physical impacts. - intangibility : becoming intangible to allow all offensive attacks to phase through. - mobile invulnerability : a form of invulnerability that only works if the holder of the power is in motion - reactive invulnerability : a form of invulnerability that only works if the user is in danger. - selective invulnerability : a form of invulnerability that only works on a certain attack, similar to evolution. - supernaturally dense tissue : users body - tissue is supernaturally dense making them incredibly hardy. - temporary invincibility : a form of invulnerability that only works for a limited period of time. - absolute defense - reflective immutability - self - molecular manipulation - may be vulnerable to certain conditions, substances or simply have a place that is vulnerable to damage. - may become immobile. - doesn ' t mean immortality unless otherwise bestowed. - may require learning defenses to particular dangers. - may be vulnerable to telepathic abilities


- high school - number & quantity - statistics & probability - language arts - social studies - art & music - world languages - your life draw, construct, and describe geometrical figures and describe the relationships between them. 7. g. 1solve problems involving scale drawi... more solve problems involving scale drawings of geometric figures, including computing actual lengths and areas from a scale drawing and reproducing a scale drawing at a different scale. 7. g. 2draw ( freehand, with ruler and protr... more draw ( freehand, with ruler and protractor, and with technology ) geometric shapes with given conditions. focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides, noticing when the conditions determine a unique triangle, more than one triangle, or no triangle. 7. g. 3describe the two - dimensional figures... more describe the two - dimensional figures that result from slicing three - dimensional figures, as in plane sections of right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids. solve real - life and mathematical problems involving angle measure, area, surface area, and volume. 7. g. 4know the formulas for the area and c... more know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems ; give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle. 7. g. 5use facts about supplementary, compl... more use facts about supplementary, complementary, vertical, and adjacent angles in a multi - step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure. 7. g. 6solve real - world and mathematical pr... more solve real - world and mathematical problems involving area, volume and surface area of two - and three - dimensional objects composed of triangles, quadrilaterals, polygons, cubes, and right prisms. major cluster will be a majority of the assessment, supporting clusters will be assessed through their success at supporting the major clusters and additional clusters will be assessed as well. the assessments will strongly focus where the standards strongly focus. now creating a new plan you ' ll be able to add text, files and other info to meet your student ' s needs. you ' ll be redirected to your new page in just a second. moving games. just a moment...