aquariids in early may, and the orionids in late october. halley is classified as a periodic or short - period comet ; one with an orbit lasting 200 years or less. this contrasts it with long - period comets, whose orbits last for thousands of years. however, periodic comets have an average inclination to the ecliptic of only ten degrees, and an orbital period of just 6. 5 years, so halley ' s orbit is somewhat atypical. most short - period comets ( those with orbital periods shorter than 20 years and inclinations of 20 – 30 degrees or less ) are called jupiter family comets. those like halley, with orbital periods of between 20 and 200 years and inclinations extending from zero to more than 90 degrees, are called halley - type comets. to date, only 54 halley - type comets have been observed, compared with nearly 400 identified jupiter family comets. the orbits of the halley - type comets suggest that they were originally long - period comets whose orbits were perturbed by the gravity of the giant planets and directed into the inner solar system. if halley was once a long - period comet, it is likely to have originated in the oort cloud, a sphere of cometary bodies that has an inner edge of 20, 000 – 50, 000 au. conversely the jupiter family comets are believed to originate in the kuiper belt, a flat disc of icy debris between 30 au ( neptune ' s orbit ) and 50 au from the sun ( in the scattered disc ). however, another point of origin for the halley - type comets has been proposed. in 2008 a new trans - neptunian object with a retrograde orbit similar to halley ' s was discovered. nicknamed drac, its orbit takes it from just outside that of uranus to twice the distance of pluto. it may be a member of a new population of small solar system bodies that serves as the source of halley - type comets. halley ' s comet has probably been in its current orbit for 16, 000 to 200, 000 years, although it is not possible to numerically integrate its orbit for more than a few tens of apparitions, and close approaches before 837 can only be verified from recorded observations. the non - gravitational effects can be crucial ; as halley approaches the sun, it expels jets of sublimating gas from its surface, which knock it very slightly off its orbital path. these orbital changes can cause deviations in its perihelion


gravitational effects can be crucial ; as halley approaches the sun, it expels jets of sublimating gas from its surface, which knock it very slightly off its orbital path. these orbital changes can cause deviations in its perihelion of up to four days. in 1989, boris chirikov and vitaly vecheslavov performed an analysis of 46 apparitions of halley ' s comet taken from historical records and computer simulations. these studies showed that its dynamics were chaotic and unpredictable on long timescales. halley ' s projected lifetime could be as long as 10 million years. more recent work suggests that halley will evaporate, or split in two, within the next few tens of thousands of years, or will be ejected from the solar system within a few hundred thousand years. observations by hughes suggest that halley ' s nucleus has been reduced in mass by 80 – 90 % over the last 2000 – 3000 revolutions. the giotto and vega missions gave planetary scientists their first view of halley ' s surface and structure. like all comets, as halley nears the sun, its volatile compounds ( those with low boiling points, such as water, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and other ices ) begin to sublime from the surface of its nucleus. this causes the comet to develop a coma, or atmosphere, up to 100, 000 km across. evaporation of this dirty ice releases dust particles, which travel with the gas away from the nucleus. gas molecules in the coma absorb solar light and then re - radiate it at different wavelengths, a phenomenon known as fluorescence, whereas dust particles scatter the solar light. both processes are responsible for making the coma visible. as a fraction of the gas molecules in the coma are ionized by the solar ultraviolet radiation, pressure from the solar wind, a stream of charged particles emitted by the sun, pulls the coma ' s ions out into a long tail, which may extend more than 100 million kilometers into space. changes in the flow of the solar wind can cause disconnection events, in which the tail completely breaks off from the nucleus. despite the vast size of its coma, halley ' s nucleus is relatively small ; barely 15 kilometers long, 8 kilometers wide and perhaps 8 kilometers thick. [ b ] its shape vaguely resembles that of an unshelled peanut. its mass is relatively low ; roughly 2. 2 × 1014 kg, and its average density is about 0. 6 g / cm3, indicating that it is made


. [ b ] its shape vaguely resembles that of an unshelled peanut. its mass is relatively low ; roughly 2. 2 × 1014 kg, and its average density is about 0. 6 g / cm3, indicating that it is made of large number of small pieces, held together very loosely, forming a structure known as a rubble pile. ground - based observations of coma brightness suggested that halley ' s rotation period was about 7. 4 days. however, images taken by the various spacecraft, along with observations of the jets and shell, suggested a period of 52 hours. given the irregular shape of the nucleus, halley ' s rotation is likely to be complex. although only 25 % of halley ' s surface was imaged in detail during the flyby missions, they revealed an extremely varied topography, with hills, mountains, ridges, depressions, and at least one crater. halley is the most active of all the periodic comets, with others, such as comet encke and comet holmes, displaying activity one or two orders of magnitude weaker. its day side ( the side facing the sun ) is far more active than the night side. spacecraft observations showed that the gases ejected from the nucleus were 80 percent water vapor, 17 percent carbon monoxide and 3 to 4 percent carbon dioxide, with traces of hydrocarbons although more recent sources give a value of 10 percent for carbon monoxide and also include traces of methane and ammonia. the dust particles were found to be primarily a mixture of carbon - hydrogen - oxygen - nitrogen ( chon ) compounds common in the outer solar system, and silicates, such as are found in terrestrial rocks. the dust particles decreased in size down to the limits of detection ( ~ 0. 001 µm ). the ratio of deuterium to hydrogen in the water released by halley was initially thought to be similar to that found in earth ' s ocean water, suggesting that halley - type comets may have delivered water to earth in the distant past. however, subsequent observations showed halley ' s deuterium ratio to be far higher than that in found in the earth ' s oceans, making such comets unlikely sources for earth ' s water. giotto provided the first evidence in support of fred whipple ' s " dirty snowball " hypothesis for comet construction ; whipple postulated that comets are icy objects warmed by the sun as they approach the inner solar system, causing ices on their surfaces to sublimate ( change directly from a solid to a gas ), and jets


" hypothesis for comet construction ; whipple postulated that comets are icy objects warmed by the sun as they approach the inner solar system, causing ices on their surfaces to sublimate ( change directly from a solid to a gas ), and jets of volatile material to burst outward, creating the coma. giotto showed that this model was broadly correct, though with modifications. halley ' s albedo, for instance, is about 4 percent, meaning that it reflects only 4 percent of the sunlight hitting it ; about what one would expect for coal. thus, despite appearing brilliant white to observers on earth, halley ' s comet is in fact pitch black. the surface temperature of evaporating " dirty ice " ranges from 170 k ( −103 °c ) at higher albedo to 220 k ( −53 °c ) at low albedo ; however vega 1 found halley ' s surface temperature to be in the realm of 300 – 400 k ( 30 to 130 °c ). this suggested only ten percent of halley ' s surface was active, and that large portions of it were coated in a layer of dark dust, which retained heat. together, these observations suggested that halley was in fact predominantly composed of non - volatile materials, and thus more closely resembled a " snowy dirtball " than a " dirty snowball ". halley ' s calculations enabled the comet ' s earlier appearances to be found in the historical record. the comet may have been recorded in china as early as 467 bc, but this is uncertain. the first certain observation dates from 240 bc, and subsequent appearances were recorded by chinese, babylonian, persian, and other mesopotamian texts. the following table sets out the astronomical designations for every apparition of halley ' s comet from the earliest on record in 240 bc. for example, " ( 1p / 1982 u1, 1986 iii, 1982i " indicates that for the perihelion in 1986, halley ' s comet was the first period comet known ( designated 1p ) and this apparition was the first seen in " half - month " u ( the first half of november ) in 1982 ( giving 1p / 1982 u1 ) ; it was the third comet past perihelion in 1986 ( 1986 iii ) ; and it was the ninth comet spotted in 1982 ( provisional designation 1982i ). the perihelion dates of each apparition are shown. the perihelion dates farther from the present are approximate, mainly because of uncertainties in the modeling


it was the ninth comet spotted in 1982 ( provisional designation 1982i ). the perihelion dates of each apparition are shown. the perihelion dates farther from the present are approximate, mainly because of uncertainties in the modeling of non - gravitational effects. perihelion dates 1607 and later are in the gregorian calendar, while perihelion dates of 1531 and earlier are in the julian calendar. the first certain appearance of halley ' s comet in the historical record is a description from 240 bc, in the chinese chronicle records of the grand historian or shiji, which describes a comet that appeared in the east and moved north. the only surviving record of the 164 bc apparition is found on two fragmentary babylonian tablets, now owned by the british museum. the apparition of 87 bc was recorded in babylonian tablets which state that the comet was seen " day beyond day " for a month. this appearance may be recalled in the representation of tigranes the great, an armenian king who is depicted on coins with a crown that features, according to v. g. gurzadyan and r. vardanyan, " a star with a curved tail [ that ] may represent the passage of halley ' s comet in 87 bc. " gurzadyan and vardanyan argue that " tigranes could have seen halley ' s comet when it passed closest to the sun on aug. 6 in 87 bc " as the comet would have been a " most recordable event " ; for ancient armenians it could have heralded the new era of the brilliant king of kings. the apparition of 12 bc was recorded in the book of han by chinese astronomers of the han dynasty who tracked it from august through october. it passed within 0. 16 au of the earth. halley ' s appearance in 12 bc, only a few years distant from the conventionally assigned date of the birth of jesus christ, has led some theologians and astronomers to suggest that it might explain the biblical story of the star of bethlehem. however, there are other explanations for the phenomenon, such as planetary conjunctions, and there are also records of other comets that appeared closer to the date of jesus ' birth. if, as has been suggested, the reference in the talmud to " a star which appears once in seventy years that makes the captains of the ships err " ( see above ) refers to halley ' s comet, it may be a reference to the 66 ad appearance, because this passage is


in the talmud to " a star which appears once in seventy years that makes the captains of the ships err " ( see above ) refers to halley ' s comet, it may be a reference to the 66 ad appearance, because this passage is attributed to the rabbi yehoshua ben hananiah. this apparition was the only one to occur during ben hananiah ' s lifetime. the 141 ad apparition was recorded in chinese chronicles. the 374 ad and 607 approaches each came within 0. 09 au of the earth. the 684 ad apparition was recorded in europe in one of the sources used by the compiler of the 1493 nuremberg chronicles. chinese records also report it as the " broom star ". in 837, halley ' s comet may have passed as close as 0. 03 au ( 3. 2 million miles ; 5. 1 million kilometers ) from earth, by far its closest approach. its tail may have stretched 60 degrees across the sky. it was recorded by astronomers in china, japan, germany and the islamic world. in 912, halley ' s comet is recorded in the annals of ulster, which state " a dark and rainy year. a comet appeared. " in 1066, the comet was seen in england and thought to be an omen : later that year harold ii of england died at the battle of hastings ; it was a bad omen for harold, but a good omen for the man who defeated him, william the conqueror. the comet is represented on the bayeux tapestry as a fiery star, and the surviving accounts describe it as appearing to be four times the size of venus and shining with a light equal to a quarter of that of the moon. halley came within 0. 10 au of the earth at that time. this appearance of the comet is also noted in the anglo - saxon chronicle. eilmer of malmesbury may have seen halley previously in 989, as he wrote of it in 1066 : " you ' ve come, have you?... you ' ve come, you source of tears to many mothers, you evil. i hate you! it is long since i saw you ; but as i see you now you are much more terrible, for i see you brandishing the downfall of my country. i hate you! " the irish annals of the four masters recorded the comet as " a star [ that ] appeared on the seventh of the calends of may, on tuesday after little easter, than


see you brandishing the downfall of my country. i hate you! " the irish annals of the four masters recorded the comet as " a star [ that ] appeared on the seventh of the calends of may, on tuesday after little easter, than whose light the brilliance or light of the moon was not greater ; and it was visible to all in this manner till the end of four nights afterwards. " chaco native americans in new mexico may have recorded the 1066 apparition in their petroglyphs. the 1145 apparition was recorded by the monk eadwine. the 1986 apparition exhibited a fan tail similar to eadwine ' s drawing. some claim that genghis khan was inspired to turn his conquests toward europe by the 1222 apparition. the 1301 apparition may have been seen by the artist giotto di bondone, who represented the star of bethlehem as a fire - colored comet in the nativity section of his arena chapel cycle, completed in 1305. no record survives of the 1376 apparition. in 1456, the ottoman empire invaded the balkans, culminating in the siege of belgrade in july of that year and in a papal bull, pope calixtus iii ordered special prayers be said. in 1470 the humanist scholar bartolomeo platina wrote in his lives of the popes that, a hairy and fiery star having then made its appearance for several days, the mathematicians declared that there would follow grievous pestilence, dearth and some great calamity. calixtus, to avert the wrath of god, ordered supplications that if evils were impending for the human race he would turn all upon the turks, the enemies of the christian name. he likewise ordered, to move god by continual entreaty, that notice should be given by the bells to call the faithful at midday to aid by their prayers those engaged in battle with the turk. platina ' s account is not mentioned in official records. in the 18th century, a frenchman further embellished the story, in anger at the church, by claiming that the pope had " excommunicated " halley ' s comet, though this story was most likely his own invention. halley ' s periodic returns have been subject to scientific investigation since the 16th century. the three apparitions from 1531 to 1682 were noted by edmond halley, enabling him to predict its 1759 return. streams of vapour observed during the comet


halley ' s periodic returns have been subject to scientific investigation since the 16th century. the three apparitions from 1531 to 1682 were noted by edmond halley, enabling him to predict its 1759 return. streams of vapour observed during the comet ' s 1835 apparition prompted astronomer friedrich wilhelm bessel to propose that the jet forces of evaporating material could be great enough to significantly alter a comet ' s orbit. the 1910 approach, which came into view around 20 april, was notable for several reasons : it was the first approach of which photographs exist, and the first for which spectroscopic data were obtained. furthermore, the comet made a relatively close approach of 0. 15au, making it a spectacular sight. indeed, on 18 may, the earth actually passed through the tail of the comet. one of the substances discovered in the tail by spectroscopic analysis was the toxic gas cyanogen, which led astronomer camille flammarion to claim that, when earth passed through the tail, the gas " would impregnate the atmosphere and possibly snuff out all life on the planet. " his pronouncement led to panicked buying of gas masks and quack " anti - comet pills " and " anti - comet umbrellas " by the public. in reality, as other astronomers were quick to point out, the gas is so diffuse that the world suffered no ill effects from the passage through the tail. i came in with halley ' s comet in 1835. it is coming again next year, and i expect to go out with it. it will be the greatest disappointment of my life if i don ' t go out with halley ' s comet. the almighty has said, no doubt : ' now here are these two unaccountable freaks ; they came in together, they must go out together. ' halley ' s 1910 apparition is distinct from the great daylight comet of 1910, which surpassed halley in brilliance and was actually visible in broad daylight for a short period, approximately four months before halley made its appearance. halley ' s 1986 apparition was the least favorable on record. the comet and the earth were on opposite sides of the sun in february 1986, creating the worst viewing circumstances for earth observers for the last 2, 000 years. additionally, with increased light pollution from urbanization, many people never saw the comet at all. further, the comet appeared brightest when it was almost invisible from the northern hemisphere in march and april. halley ' s approach was


2, 000 years. additionally, with increased light pollution from urbanization, many people never saw the comet at all. further, the comet appeared brightest when it was almost invisible from the northern hemisphere in march and april. halley ' s approach was first detected by astronomers david jewitt and g. edward danielson on 16 october 1982 using the 5. 1 m hale telescope at mount palomar and a ccd camera. the first person to visually observe the comet on its 1986 return was amateur astronomer stephen james o ' meara on 24 january 1985. o ' meara used a home - built 24 - inch telescope on top of mauna kea to detect the magnitude 19. 6 comet. stephen edberg ( then serving as the coordinator for amateur observations at nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory ) and charles morris were the first to observe halley ' s comet with the naked eye in its 1986 apparition. the development of space travel allowed scientists the opportunity to study the comet at close quarters, and several probes were launched to do so. the soviet vega 1 started returning images of halley on 4 march 1986, and the first ever of its nucleus, and made its flyby on 6 march, followed by vega 2 making its flyby on 9 march. on 14 march, the giotto space probe, launched by the european space agency, made the closest pass of the comet ' s nucleus. there were also two japanese probes, suisei and sakigake. the probes were unofficially known as the halley armada. based on data retrieved by astron, the largest ultraviolet space telescope of the time, during its halley ' s comet observations in december 1985, a group of soviet scientists developed a model of the comet ' s coma. the comet was also observed from space by the international cometary explorer. originally international sun - earth explorer 3, the probe was renamed and freed from its l1 lagrangian point location in earth ' s orbit to intercept comets 21p / giacobini - zinner and halley. two space shuttle missions — the ill - fated sts - 51 - l ( ended by the challenger disaster ) and sts - 61 - e — were scheduled to observe halley ' s comet from low earth orbit. sts 61 - e was a challenger mission scheduled for march 1986, carrying the astro - 1 platform to study the comet. the mission was canceled, and astro - 1 would not fly until late 1990 on sts - 35. on 12 february 1991, at a distance of 14


was a challenger mission scheduled for march 1986, carrying the astro - 1 platform to study the comet. the mission was canceled, and astro - 1 would not fly until late 1990 on sts - 35. on 12 february 1991, at a distance of 14. 4 au from the sun, halley underwent an outburst that lasted for several months, releasing a cloud of dust 300, 000 km across. halley was most recently observed in 2003 by three of the very large telescopes at paranal, chile, when halley ' s magnitude was 28. 2. the telescopes observed halley, at the faintest and furthest any comet has ever been imaged, in order to verify a method for finding very faint trans - neptunian objects. astronomers are now able to observe the comet at any point in its orbit. the next predicted perihelion of halley ' s comet is 28 july 2061, when it is expected to be better positioned for observation than during the 1985 – 1986 apparition, as it will be on the same side of the sun as earth. it is expected to have an apparent magnitude of −0. 3, compared with only + 2. 1 for the 1986 apparition. on 9 september 2060, halley will pass within 0. 98 au of jupiter, and then on 20 august 2061, pass within 0. 0543 au ( 8. 1 million kilometers ) of venus. in 2134, halley is expected to pass within 0. 09 au ( 13. 6 million kilometers ) of the earth. its apparent magnitude is expected to be −2. 0. | periodic comets ( by number ) | ( periodic comet navigator ) | list of periodic comets |


grenada, including the islands of carriacou and petit or petite martinique [ about 20 miles away ], is one of the small, and most southerly, of independent nations scattered among the leeward and windward islands of the eastern caribbean. part of a chain of islands that start north from mainland south america to the atlantic coast of florida, grenada is the closest to venezuela, about 90 miles north off its coast. location : 12 degrees 00 ' n, 61 degrees 40 ' w, 21 miles long ( 35 km ), 12 miles wide ( 20 km ). the main island grenada, of volcanic origin, is about twice the size of washington, dc. grenada, carriacou and petite martinique is populated by approximately ninety thousand people. the total land area of the three islands is only one hundred thirty square miles much of the land non - habitable because of the mountainous terrain. the inhabitants include descendants of french, english and scottish settlers. the inhabitants also include descendants of africans who were brought to the island as slaves and east indians brought to the island as indentured servants. the majority of the population is of african and mixed descent. below is a close - up map of carriacou, petite martinique and the many other islands of grenada. because grenadian maps on the internet are copyrighted, map images are not available at this site. below are descriptions and urls for selected grenada map sites. - one comprehensive topographical map of grenada, carriacou and petite martinique is to be found at the university of texas at austin. - university of texas the extension to look for is / americas / grenada. gif /. - a listing of conventional maps on this site at mining company - maps and colonial history, especially of fort george - check out jim rudin ' s aerial photograph of st. george ' s. - inquire at pennymead for antique maps - commercial map site and another commercial map site and another the travellers ' guide tour map of grenada - the services of commercial websites have not been evaluated. - a street map of st. george ' s is a challenge to find on the internet. the best thing is to get a map when you visit. start with the tourist board. even these maps are general, tourist - oriented and somewhat dated. there is no street map of the second largest city in grenada called grenville or la baye. a map of grenville, it is hoped, will be forthcoming. - many grenadian maps are on the internet. suggestion : search on


by robert abel, jr., md in nutrition as a society, we are starving our children. yet this newest generation to the planet is so obese that children are developing type 2 diabetes in unprecedented numbers at younger and younger ages. the fast, tasty, easy processed foods that bedeck our glittering food emporia are mostly empty calories that fatten our children while robbing their brains, nervous systems, eyes, and very spirits of the nourishment they need to flourish. and yet, in our fat - phobic obsession to be thin and have slender children, we have labeled all fats as the enemy. we need to be far more selective before we banish one - third of all naturally occurring nourishment. some fats are so important, they are said to be “ essential, ” or essential fatty acids ( efas ). one of these essential fatty acids is dha, or docosahexaenoic acid. healthy mothers, healthier babies dha is usually associated with the central nervous system, and taking dha is especially important in the growth of the brain and in learning. the most active period for the development of the central nervous system is while the baby is still growing inside the mother. during the first trimester of pregnancy, especially in the first five weeks, the nervous system and the eyes of the fetus begin to develop. obviously, this is a very critical time and deficiency of fatty acids during this period can cause a range of very serious problems. then again, during the last trimester of pregnancy, the brain doubles in size. the fetus is undergoing the “ finishing touches ” and growing a lot bigger. approximately 80 percent of the growth of the fetus during the final trimester centers on building the brain. during the last critical months, the mother ’ s body transfers to the fetus the nutrient materials that become the foundation of the baby ’ s brain and nervous system. the transfer of dha to the baby causes the mother ’ s dha level to decrease. this is the only time in the human lifecycle that the body doesn ’ t retain all of the dha taken in from the diet. numerous studies show that the levels of efas in the diet and therefore in the milk of many american mothers is below the recommended amount to support fetal and infant requirements — to say nothing of their own. mother ’ s milk and baby ’ s brain in the u. s., more infants are given formula than in many other countries. great care


american mothers is below the recommended amount to support fetal and infant requirements — to say nothing of their own. mother ’ s milk and baby ’ s brain in the u. s., more infants are given formula than in many other countries. great care has been taken to ensure that formulas contain the optimal amounts of vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats for the infant. still, formula is not, as yet, identical to mother ’ s milk, and attempting to ascertain the differences has been the focus of many studies. the differences appear when one compares the long - term achievement, behavior, or performance on iq tests of individuals who were breast - fed as infants to those who were formula - fed. in one analysis, children who were breast - fed scored on average three to five points higher on iq tests than children who were formula - fed. measurements of vision and the progression of growth, orientation, motor skills, and learning during infancy indicate that even though formula - fed babies grow bigger and more quickly than breast - fed babies, their developmental progression is slowed. studies show that formula - fed babies at ages two to three years old complete an eye chart ( with pictures of animals instead of letters ) one line higher ( larger pictures equal poorer vision ), on average, than breast - fed babies at the same age. clinical studies show that if dha and ara ( arachadonic acid, an omega - 6 fat ) are added to standard formulas, the babies ’ visual development returns to normal, as compared with the vision of the breast - fed infants. learning and behavior fatty acids also have a close relationship with cognitive function, motor and sensory skills, and emotional health. adhd affects an estimated 5 percent of the juvenile population. of this number, more boys than girls are effected. the disorder is generally characterized by inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity, although the severity of the symptoms varies among individuals. adhd is less often seen in infants who were breast - fed or given supplements of dha. researchers have determined that there is an abnormality in fat metabolism in boys with adhd ; these youngsters have low blood levels of dha and epa. dha and mood sufficient levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain help bring mood into balance. dha is necessary to facilitate the flow of serotonin across the synaptic junction. plus, higher levels of dha and ara in the fluid that nourishes and


disease. if you have a history of elevated blood pressure, increased cholesterol, heart disease, or diabetes in your family, or if you experience chronic physical or emotional stress, you should strongly consider dha supplementation. important as we age there are indications that low levels of dha contribute to the increased risk of senile dementia, a category of conditions that includes alzheimer ’ s disease. studies show that dha taken daily can improve symptoms of both cerebrovascular dementia, caused by insufficient blood flow to the brain, and true alzheimer ’ s disease. alzheimer ’ s patients have less dha in their blood cells ; instead, there are high blood levels of dha breakdown products, including epa and inflammatory components. in alzheimer ’ s patients, the “ good ” fat is being destroyed — leaving behind inflammatory breakdown products — and it is not resupplied in the body. thus, the dha level decreases. sight for sore eyes age - related macular degeneration ( amd ) is the leading cause of blindness in the u. s. among people age 65 or older. it develops after a lifetime of damage to the delicate center of the retina called the macula. people with severe macular degeneration lose the ability to drive, read, and even recognize faces. the cycle of rebuilding rods and cones in the retina can be derailed by a number of factors, including overexposure to uv light, decreased blood supply to the eyes, poor digestion, and inadequate nutritional intake. we can take precautions to prevent and manage macular degeneration. in addition to dha consumption, researchers indicate that vitamins a, c, d, and e, lutein, lycopene, cysteine, and the amino acid taurine, along with the minerals zinc, magnesium, and selenium, all support the health of the retina. a group of conditions targeting the optic nerve, glaucoma affects between 2 and 4 percent of american adults. glaucoma is often called the thief of sight because most people have no apparent symptoms at first. the most common form is primary open - angle glaucoma, which is characterized by the fluctuation of pressure within the eye, loss of peripheral vision, and changes in the optic nerve. african americans, hispanics, and the elderly of all races have higher rates of open - angle glaucoma. important nutrients for preventing glaucoma include multivitamins and omega - 3 fatty acids —


and changes in the optic nerve. african americans, hispanics, and the elderly of all races have higher rates of open - angle glaucoma. important nutrients for preventing glaucoma include multivitamins and omega - 3 fatty acids — especially dha. some of the latest eye drops for glaucoma therapy are derivates of omega - 3 fatty acids. they work to treat glaucoma by increasing the outflow of fluid. dha and wellness for life genetic factors control much of our development and our innate intelligence. our tendency to develop certain diseases may be built into our genes, but these diseases will develop only under certain circumstances. diet is the cornerstone of the broader foundation of health, and nutrition plays a crucial role in maximizing our genetic potential. the gradual depletion of dha in our modern diet is becoming obvious through the growing incidence of many diseases. dha is not a magic bullet, but it ’ s a necessary component of every cell in our bodies. it ’ s crucial in all aspects of our health, and nowhere is it more important than in infant nutrition. if we agree that a larger, optimally functioning brain is something worth having — and i think that most of us would agree — then we ’ ll need to start adding more dha - rich foods and supplements to our diets. | printable version | | e - mail a friend |


focusing on diabetes in the older adult population in the u. s., there are nearly 26 million people living with diabetes and more seniors have diabetes than any other age group – 10. 9 million, or 26. 9 percent, of all people age 65 and older. “ currently, one in four americans over the age of 60 is living with diabetes and there is a great need for further education among older adults, ” says dr. vanessa jones briscoe, chair of the older adult subcommittee and board member for the american diabetes association. in 2012 the american diabetes association launched its senior signature series. the series looks to expand education and outreach efforts to seniors across the country. the series includes half - day educational events for individuals age 50 years and older to learn more about diabetes, numerous resources, helpful materials and health screenings. its goal is to educate older adults about how they can reduce their risk of diabetes and its complications. because of its great success in 2012, the series will be back in 2013, and will include even more dates and locations across the country. “ through continuing our senior signature series, the american diabetes association will provide the tips and resources needed to help seniors address the challenge of preventing type 2 diabetes and keeping diabetes treatment from impairing their lifestyle, or slowing them down, ” briscoe says. “ the educational resources in the series are important not only for those older adults living with diabetes, but for their family members or caregivers as well. ” one way to reduce your risk of developing diabetes, or to better manage it, is physical activity. benefits include : * improving your a1c, a test that measures your average blood glucose ( sugar ) control, blood pressure and cholesterol * having more energy * burning calories to help you lose or maintain your weight * keeping your joint flexible * improving your balance to prevent falls * lowering your risk for heart disease and stroke almost all older adults who develop diabetes have type 2 diabetes, and older adults with diabetes often have high blood pressure, high cholesterol, infections that heal slowly and they are at risk for heart attack, stroke and kidney failure. seniors with diabetes are also more likely to have memory problems and depression. awareness and education is critical in helping seniors to lead healthier lives. for more information, or to download the “ living healthy with diabetes ” guide for adults 55 and up, visit diabetes. org.


monthly word / la palabra del mes | july / august 2004 ~ spanish that works review from front page... / bweh - noh ( good, nice ) forms of “ bueno ” bueno is an adjective, so it is used to describe a noun. spanish adjectives must agree with the gender and number of the noun they describe, so bueno can take various forms. often you will use bueno and its related forms after es and son to talk about how things really are. el libro es bueno. - the book is good. la clase es buena. - the class is good. los telefonos son buenos. - the telephones are good. las computadoras son buenas. - the computers are good. you can also use bueno and its forms after esta and estan to talk about how things look, taste, or seem to you. los tacos estan buenos. - the tacos taste good. la nina esta buena. - the girl is good looking. el trabajo esta bueno. - the job is seeming good to me. more uses of “ bueno ” unlike english, spanish descriptive adjectives usually follow the noun they describe. so, instead of a “ big house, ” you have a “ house big ” ( casa similarly, you can use bueno and its related forms after a noun. for example : tengo una clase buena. - i have one class good = i have one good class. es un nino bueno. - he ’ s a boy nice = he ’ s a nice boy. however, bueno is a bit special, because forms of it can often be seen in front of the noun, especially when used in a greeting or social expression. for example : buenos dias - good morning, good day buenas noches - good night que pase un buen dia - have a nice day ¡ buen viaje! - have a nice trip ( bon voyage ) buena suerte – good luck! buen trabajo – good job buen provecho – enjoy your meal ( bon appetit ) note : when bueno comes before a masculine singular noun such as dia ( day ), viaje / bee - ah - hay ( trip ), or trabajo ( job ), you drop the final – o. remember, don ’ t confuse buen ( short form of the adjective bueno, which means good ) with bien ( adver


bee - ah - hay ( trip ), or trabajo ( job ), you drop the final – o. remember, don ’ t confuse buen ( short form of the adjective bueno, which means good ) with bien ( adverb meaning “ well ” ). bueno can sometimes translate into english as “ well, ” but bien does not translate into english as “ good. ” english speakers often confuse “ good ” and “ well ” anyway, so this can be a more expressions with “ bueno ” in mexico, ¿ bueno? is said as a question to answer the phone. ( most latin american countries use ¿ alo? to answer the phone. ) bueno is often used as a filler or pause word : bueno, pues... esta bien. - well, then... okay. sometimes spanish speakers will use bueno to mean “ all right, ” or “ okay, ” when they are in agreement with something. ¿ quiere ir al cine? - do you * want to go to the movies? bueno. - all right. * capital letter used on “ you ” to indicate the polite, professional form of sometimes speakers will use buena idea / bweh - nah ee - they - ah ( or just buena ) to show that they like an idea. ¡ vamos a la playa! - let ’ s go to the beach! ¡ buena! - good idea! you can also use bueno to exclaim that something is good : ¡ que bueno! - how nice! great! the opposite of bueno ( good ) is malo / mah - loh ( bad ). related forms are mala, malos, malas, and the masculine short form mal. ( note : there is also an adverb mal, which means “ badly ” and a noun mal which means “ evil ” or “ very good ” is muy bueno. the word mejor / may - hohrr means “ better ” or the word buenisimo / bweh - nee - see - moh ( and related forms ) means “ super good. ” a couple of common expressions are : 1 ) hacer algo de buena gana / theh bweh - nah gah - nah literal translation : to do something of good desire english equivalent : to do something willingly estar de buen humor / theh bwehn oo - mohrr literal translation : to be of good humor


back to home page or contents or south american mythology or article index inca divine origins the origins of the incas are no doubt a mixture of mythical and folk legend. these legends appear to be accumulated in three versions. the monarchs established and expanded the civilization on an organized genius and technology which was comparable to the roman. their imposed social hierarchy embraced the principle of divine kingship, and the prestige of their authority was associated with the cult of the sun which they propagated. at the pinnacle of the hierarchy were the rulers who were worshipped as children of the sun. the mythical origins of this dynasty have been discovered in the rituals of the cult of huanacauri, such as the marriage of a reigning monarch to a sister. the first version of the creation of the inca empire embodies a cliff having three small caves, or a building with three exits, from which came four brothers and four sisters, founders of the first dynasty, from the middle orifice. their names vary according to the different versions. the non - royal inca clans emerged from the other orifices. gradually the appearance and dress of the brothers and sisters differed according to the customs of the people they ruled. the concept of human ancestors emerging from rocks and caves is a common belief among the peoples of south america. common in the central andean area are stories of cultural heroes and tribal founders who were brothers often engaging in fratricidal strife. it is uncertain whether some inca legends were adapted from prior folklore or fabricated by the incas themselves. in the second version the sun - god when seeing the first humans living in primitive barbarity felt pity on them. he sent to earth on the island in the lake of titicaca his two children manco capac and mama ocllo, brother and sister, to teach the people how to live civilize. they were to journey northwards over the altiplano carrying with them a long golden rod until they came to a place where the rod could be buried entirely in the earth. they found this location when reaching the valley of cuzco. their first stop was at huanacauri, and then proceeded to cuzco. there the golden rod was completely submerged into the ground. they easily won over the natives teaching the art of civilization and establishing the religion of the sun cult. it is suspected that this version of the inca creation is possibly linked to the flood story since prior to the flood people were barbaric. after destroying this barbarian way of life, following the flood the creator sun - god sent


of the sun cult. it is suspected that this version of the inca creation is possibly linked to the flood story since prior to the flood people were barbaric. after destroying this barbarian way of life, following the flood the creator sun - god sent down culture heroes or founders who taught the new race how to be civilized. this version of the creation myth suppresses the memories of any important pre - inca culture and paints a picture of benevolent inca founders bringing civilization and culture to the people, which have currently became embodied in the folklore and legends of the inca people of the highland. according to the third version, the establishment of the inca divine kingship originated through a cunning deception of an early inca king. this person dressed in a in a shinning cloak of gold or beads and paraded himself before his ignorant subjects who were so impressed that they began worshiping him as the offspring and representative of the sun - god. several chronicles mention this incidence with varying names. a. g. h. lake titicaca. < http : / / www. crystalinks. com / laketiticaca. html >. osborne, harold. south american mythology. " library of the world ' s myths and legends. " new york. peter bedrick books. 1968, 1985. pp. 34 - 37.


posted on mar 08, 2011 | comments 0 the u. s department of defense has teamed up with the department of energy for a great green idea, which will develop energy storage. it may sound odd for many but the u. s military is already involved in many environmental initiatives. nowadays these two departments have shown a real green signal that they are ready to be involved in new energy storage projects. of course the new projects will need to be funded. according to the secretary of the navy raymond mabus, these projects can be developed only with a funding of $ 50 million. the idea came out after it was said that the u. s. military was unable to pioneer the alternative power sources on their missions around the globe. the reason was one – they couldn ’ t find batteries with enough storage capacity, as well as adequate solar - power storage. the u. s. mission in afghanistan, pakistan and other places can use the green power alternative only if there is a better battery. for instance, some foot patrols of the 3rd battalion in afghanistan were already using roll - up solar panels on their missions, but they had to ditch 700 pounds of batteries. the waste was unavoidable, simply because the soldiers don ’ t have enough storage capacity, not to mention that the waste can be dangerous for people in there. the idea for creating new energy storage projects isn ’ t new, but this time the two departments are going to launch two projects in this matter. the first project is about creating new hybrid modules for energy storage. the project will try to improve and create better batteries as it uses only light weighted materials. the batteries will be capable to store huge amounts of energy. the batteries will be very important for the u. s. military, for they will be able to store the energy for use without any waste. the second project that will be funded by the two departments is going to be a project that will develop energy storage only in military power grids. it is a well known fact that u. s. has military bases all over the world. the military needs for energy storage have been growing. therefore, the second project will aim to boost the energy reliability, as well as finding an adequate prevention of an eventual energy supply disruption. the energy projects will be launched with a certain goal : the expectations are that by 2020 the energy consumption of half of the u. s. bases will be reduced to zero. using renewable energy sources in all of the u. s. bases is also one of the goals of the green military projects. filed


" i also had the idea that some day the institute might render useful service to this country by carrying out research in the history of indian science. " - homi bhabha, 1962. at the archives of the tata institute of fundamental research ( tifr ), every attempt is being made to pursue, in spirit, this particular aspect of the founder ' s vision. the tifr archives is therefore, not only a repository of institutional records but also the storehouse of resources for reconstructing the historical setting within which one of india ' s premier science institutions was founded. the holdings of the tifr archives include manuscript collections, photographs, oral histories and print and audiovisual material, and a small collection of scientific instruments that were built at the institute. researchers will find here a wealth of resources for the history of science in india. the tifr archives was set up with an initial corpus grant from the sir dorabji tata trust. today the tifr archives is fully supported by the tata education trust. the tifr archives has preserved and documented the history of the institute. the archives also serves an academic function and provides support to the emerging discipline of history of science. the archives has been consulted by national and international scholars. the idea of a separate archives for tifr was proposed in 1995 - 96 during the institute ' s golden jubilee celebrations. the collection process began in 2002 which has grown over the years.


problems with word definitions word definitions became a national issue a few years ago when bill clinton tried to use some tricky definitions to avoid revealing his relationship with monica lewinski. he claimed he " did not have sexual relations with that woman " but it turns out he clearly did have a sexual relationship with that woman. he tried to play games with the definition of " sexual relations " and it just got him into deeper trouble. by the same token, responsible thinkers should be careful about using definitions improperly. what determines the real meaning of a word? people argue a lot about the meanings of words. how can these arguments be resolved? what is the ultimate authority when it comes to word meaning? normally we think of dictionaries. but there are a lot of different dictionaries with slightly differing definitions, and there is no reason to say that the person who wrote a particular dictionary definition is necessarily correct. so how do dictionary writers determine what the meaning of a word is? the answer is that they determine it from common usage - people using the words in the course of what they say and what they write. usage changes over time and is likely to vary somewhat from place to place and person to person. so it turns out that the ultimate authority for a word might not be some linguistics professor who writes for the oxford english dictionary, but some punk rocker who uses the word in a certain way that catches on with the public so it becomes common usage. the point is that it usually doesn ' t make sense to say a word really means this or that particular thing. fine points of word meanings are almost always going to be slippery. this is even true for something as simple an obvious as a " chair ". an obvious attribute of a chair is that it is something to sit on, and it usually has a back to lean against. however a sofa or a loveseat aren ' t called chairs, presumably because they are wide enough for more than one person. stools and hassocks are not called chairs because they don ' t have backs. but some bars stools have backs, but are still called stools instead of chairs. that ' s probably because they were modifications of stools that didn ' t have backs rather than modifications of chairs that were shorter, so the name " stool " continued to be used. the " chair " lift at a ski resort is likely to have something more similar to a bench than a chair. a beanbag chair is not at all like a stereotypical chair. when we look at the actual usage of the word


be used. the " chair " lift at a ski resort is likely to have something more similar to a bench than a chair. a beanbag chair is not at all like a stereotypical chair. when we look at the actual usage of the word " chair ", we find that there is no simple underlying meaning that is totally consistent, but we all have heard the word used often enough that we are familiar with most of the oddities of when it does and does not apply. the fact that words don ' t have fundamental underlying meanings creates problems for language translation. it may be that in some other language, the word with the meaning closest to chair includes sofas, and it another language it might exclude sofas but include chairs without backs that we would call stools. translators will try to pick the closest word that fits the context, but when we read the translation, we may still misunderstand what the original author intended. there are some contexts where word meanings actually are relatively precise. science is one example. scientists go to great pains to define terms to avoid any ambiguity. scientific quantities are often defined in terms of objective measurements that minimize the chance for differences in interpretation by the people doing the measuring. this precision in defining terms is probably one of the key reasons science has been so successful over the years. another area where terms are carefully defined is law. words used in laws and contracts have to be carefully defined because the system will fail if people don ' t know exactly what is required. definition issues that mask substantive issues for most purposes, though, we have to be careful about getting hung up on definitions. when people think that a definition is something worth arguing about, we should be alert for a problem. at one time i was curious about the definition of the word " disease ". people seemed to take great pains to point out that " alcoholism " was a " disease ". i wondered, what difference does it make? the controversy didn ' t seem to be about the nature of alcoholism so much as whether alcoholism was included in the definition of " disease ". a person could easily define the word " disease " to include or exclude it - alcoholism was still the same thing. eventually it dawned on me that the debate was really about how we should treat alcoholics : in the past we might have ridiculed or jailed them, but if we can persuade people to think of alcoholism as a disease, putting them in hospitals or treatment programs seems more appropriate. there was actually an issue of substance at the root of the question of the definition


might have ridiculed or jailed them, but if we can persuade people to think of alcoholism as a disease, putting them in hospitals or treatment programs seems more appropriate. there was actually an issue of substance at the root of the question of the definition of disease. for responsible thinking purposes, it seems much better to address the issue of substance directly. the real issues should be the effectiveness, and the cost, and the humane considerations of each approach. we don ' t learn anything from debating the semantics of the word " disease ". another example is the definition of the word religion. one issue that will always result in a heated debate among people who consider themselves " secular humanists " is the question of whether secular humanism is a religion. there isn ' t too much dispute about the actual nature of secular humanism - it tries to promote the betterment of humanity without belief in god or the supernatural. is that a religion? must religions always involve a belief in the supernatural? most of them do but the word religion could be defined in such a way as to either include or exclude secular humanism. but it seems to me that the debate isn ' t really about what the word " religion " means. it is actually about the public relations consequences of calling it a religion. some secular humanists want to dissociate themselves from the features they dislike in other religions, while others want to benefit from some of the positive associations the public typically has with religion. there really is an issue of substance here that tends to get clouded because the debate seems to be about semantics. in addition to cases like the above where imprecise meanings can cloud the real issue, there are many situations where an argument is invalid because the meaning of a word changes within the argument. this is sometimes called equivocation. some people might say that when a man shows a sexual interest in a woman he is treating her as a " sex object " and therefore, since she is a " object " to him, he doesn ' t think of her as a person. this isn ' t a valid argument because the word " object " in " sex object " doesn ' t deny humanity as it would if we were talking about an inanimate " object ". the term " sex object " was used in psychology to refer to whoever a person was sexually attracted to, which was fine if it was their spouse, but bad if it was their mother or father. many people might not notice the flaw in this argument because it is easy enough to think of cases where men


refer to whoever a person was sexually attracted to, which was fine if it was their spouse, but bad if it was their mother or father. many people might not notice the flaw in this argument because it is easy enough to think of cases where men do show disrespect towards women they pursue for sex. another argument involving equivocation might have go like this : a dictator has weapons of mass destruction. weapons of mass destruction can destroy entire cities. therefore the dictator has weapons that can destroy entire cities. the problem is that " weapons of mass destruction " effectively has three meanings corresponding to the type of weapons : nuclear, biological, and chemical. of these, only nuclear is has a realistic capability to destroy a city. if the only " weapons of mass destruction " the dictator has is chemical ( which, in the case of iraq, seemed the most likely ), then he really doesn ' t have the power to destroy cities. here is another argument that is faulty because of equivocation : thomas jefferson was a christian. christians believe christ rose from the dead. therefore thomas jefferson believed christ rose from the dead. as it turns out, jefferson did not believe this. he was not a christian in the ordinary sense. he regarded jesus as a great philosopher and considered himself a christian because he believed in most of the teachings of christ ; but he did not actually believe in the miracles attributed to christ or the resurrection. distorting definitions to promote an agenda sometimes people with a political or philosophical agenda like to define a word in a way different from common usage in order to advance a cause they favor. they justify this by using the root meaning of the word or some historical meaning. here are a couple of examples : i have heard it argued that something that is " supernatural " must be non - natural, and since any phenomenon that actually exists is natural, nothing supernatural can possibly be true. therefore, it might be reasoned, ghosts cannot exist. in reality, when people think of the supernatural, they think of certain things that have traditionally been called supernatural, such as ghosts, esp, and magic. they may or may not think these things cannot actually occur. there would not be much point in having the word supernatural if it inherently meant things that can ' t occur. we might as well just use the word " impossible ". but even if we did use the word that way, it wouldn ' t imply ghosts couldn ' t exist - it just would imply that ghosts, if they existed, were " natural ". another claim of this


just use the word " impossible ". but even if we did use the word that way, it wouldn ' t imply ghosts couldn ' t exist - it just would imply that ghosts, if they existed, were " natural ". another claim of this sort is the claim that everyone is " selfish " because, even if you spend a lot of your time helping other people, you only do it because you like to, so you are really doing it for selfish reasons. once again, this is not how people ordinarily use the word - people who helps others because they like to are normally thought of as unselfish. as in the " supernatural " example, the new definition makes the word essentially meaningless. after establishing the idea that everyone is selfish, the argument may go on to imply that this has implications for economic policies. however it can have no implications, because the selfishness involved is automatic by definition rather than being an observed characteristic of human psychology, and so it really tells us nothing about how people will behave given actual economic conditions. formal definitions are definitions made artificially for a specific situation or within a specific context. for example, a person analyzing poetry might define a " double " as a pair of lines beginning with the same letter of the alphabet. within the context of the person ' s analysis, that is what " double " should be taken to mean, even though that is not an ordinary meaning from usage. this sort of definition can be useful for a variety of situations and so is a legitimate thing to do. however this also can be abused. i have heard of the word " poison " being given a formal definition of " any substance that does not naturally occur in the body ". therefore any drug such as aspirin which people may take is categorized as " poison ". we have to remember that, while it is valid to redefine a word this way, once it is redefined the old definition, in this case something that could kill you if you eat it, is no longer relevant. this definition was promoted by people who think we should only ingest " natural " substances, and so they quite clearly wanted to create the link between unnatural substances and deadly ones, but redefining a word is not a valid way to show such a link exists. if we want to be responsible thinkers, we should put a low priority on debating purely about definitions, since the ultimate source of word meanings, common usage, isn ' t static or consistent. we should look carefully at arguments about definitions to see if an issue


matagorda peninsula. matagorda peninsula is a narrow strip of land separating the gulf of mexico from east matagorda and matagorda bays. it is located at 28°35 ' north, 96° 01 ' west. the peninsula is fifty - one miles long and is crossed at midpoint by the colorado river. brown cedar cut, at the northeast end of the peninsula, connects east matagorda bay with the gulf. cavallo pass, at its south end, provides access to matagorda bay. early reference is made to the peninsula as isla de culebra, or snake island. karankawa indians probably inhabited the area in the summers and moved to the mainland for the winter. with cessation of the indian threat, the peninsula opened for settlement. a small german colony of about twelve houses, midway between the caney creek connection and decros point, was destroyed in the storm of 1854, rebuilt, and destroyed again in 1875. for many years the barrier - island peninsula played an important role in coastal defense. during the civil war, capt. e. s. ( ned ) rugeley lost twenty - two men in a blizzard during an attack on yankee gunboats landing on matagorda peninsula. battles on the peninsula occurred on december 29, 1863, and january 21 – 25, 1864. samuel a. maverick moved to decros point on the peninsula in 1844 and received 400 cattle there the following year. cattle drives by the huebner family in 1919 began a tradition that continued for fifty - five years. in the early 1920s and 1930s, before the colorado river filled in the area between matagorda and matagorda peninsula, the peninsula was long and narrow and ran parallel to the mainland. cattle made the almost two - week trip up the peninsula to sargent. the area was known as the " cherry " after the name of an early inhabitant. later herds were brought directly through matagorda, and hay was scattered on the bridge to keep animals from seeing the water. drives helped local workers survive the great depression, and as late as 1975 500 to 600 cattle made spring and fall drives. on july 30, 1941, the united states army declared its eminent domain over the area and established a bombing and machine - gun range there. it returned the " cherry " to the huebner family on december 28, 1945. in 1990 matagorda peninsula was actually two islands with a ship channel separating them, and was largely uninhabited. douglas b. comstock and terry lynn galloway, assessment of the archeological


" cherry " to the huebner family on december 28, 1945. in 1990 matagorda peninsula was actually two islands with a ship channel separating them, and was largely uninhabited. douglas b. comstock and terry lynn galloway, assessment of the archeological and historical resources of the area around the mouth of the colorado river, texas ( texas archeological survey, research report 19 [ austin : university of texas, 1973 ] ). lorraine bruce jeter, matagorda : early history ( baltimore : gateway, 1974 ). john columbus marr, history of matagorda county ( m. a. thesis, university of texas, 1928 ). junann j. stieghorst, bay city and matagorda county ( austin : pemberton press, 1965 ). rockette l. woolridge, " here comes the herd to matagorda, " texas historian, january 1975. the following, adapted from the chicago manual of style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article. art leatherwood and diana j. kleiner, " matagorda peninsula, " handbook of texas online ( http : / / www. tshaonline. org / handbook / online / articles / rrm03 ), accessed may 21, 2013. published by the texas state historical association.


- creating a generation of readers - art showcase - three photography - filled days - gardens of an artist - no empty stages here - another ‘ world ’ s best ’ - world ’ s only intercontinental marathon - remembering ataturk - a photographer ’ s life - an encyclopedia of literature - heart of the world : bursa - ali aydın ’ s adana - dreams come true - festivity in turkish gardens - cultural adventure in odessa - the middle east ’ s up - and - coming airport - a painter who breaks the mold - garden of the hejaz : taif seventy - four years ago we saw mustafa kemal ataturk, the architect of the modern turkey. it ’ s been 74 years since we saw him off on his fınal journey. the architect of turkey ’ s war of liberation and the republic that followed, mustafa kemal ataturk summed up his true legacy and mission before departing this world on november 10, 1938, when he said, “ my poor body will of course return to dust one day, but the republic of turkey will endure forever. ” and every november 10th we should remember once again not the death but the achievements of ataturk, our common founder who introduced the concept of the republic in this land. every year on november 10th, more than ataturk ’ s death, we must speak of, and strive to understand, his achievements and values that made this country a nation, and do our best to pass the torch to furure generations.


don ’ t you just love the massive advancements made in the realm of technology? the mobile lorm glove is one of them, where they will help the deaf and blind communicate with other people via mobile technology. why is it called the lorm glove? well, it relies on “ lorm, ” a tactile signing language which is used by people who have sight and hearing impairments. at the bottom side of the glove lies pressure sensors which will translate “ lorm ” into visual or audible forms of communication, such as text messages or speech for example – over a mobile phone. catch a video of the mobile lorm glove in action after the jump. the glove itself will also allow its wearer to receive text messages thanks to tactile feedback patterns. a bunch of vibration motors have also been thrown into the mix on the back which will translate messages into vibrations, and hence, you might “ read ” a book in an entirely new way by “ feeling ” your way through a whole audiobook. the mobile lorm glove is the brainchild of tom bieling, ulrike gollner and gesche joost, and it is still in its early stages, with the next phase targeting direct speech input and output. follow : gadgetsmedicallorm glove


melanoma is cancer that arises from the pigment - producing cells in the uppermost layer of the skin. these cells are called melanocytes. melanoma that originates in the skin is called cutaneous melanoma. it also may occur in the eye, a condition called ocular melanoma or intraocular melanoma. in rare cases, melanoma may begin in the digestive tract called meninges, lymph nodes or other parts of the body where there are melanocytes. ultraviolet radiation, which is present in sunlight and in tanning beds, probably sets off many cases of melanoma by causing genetic damage in melanocytes. children and adolescents are especially sensitive to the effects of ultraviolet light. melanoma is a potentially life - threatening cancer because it can travel from the skin to other parts of the body. with early diagnosis, however, survival rates are encouraging. the goal is to recgonize melanoma early. often, the first signs of melanoma are changes in a mole or the appearance of a new colored spot on the skin. when melanoma spreads, cancer cells are found in the lymphatic system. if the disease spreads to other parts of the body, it ' s called metastatic melanoma. the chance of developing melanoma increases with age, but it affects people of all ages and is one of the most common cancers in young adults. often, the first sign of melanoma is a change in the size, shape, color or feel of an existing mole. most melanomas have a black or blue - black area. melanoma also may appear as a new, black, abnormal or " ugly - looking " mole. rarely, melanoma is not pigmented and is more difficult to diagnose. it may appear as a non - healing ulcer or a new scar - like lump in the skin. the warning signs are sometimes referred to as abcde : if your doctor suspects that a spot on the skin is melanoma, you will need a biopsy, which is the only way to make a definite diagnosis. in this procedure, your doctor tries to remove all of the suspicious - looking growth. if the growth is too large to be removed entirely, your doctor may remove a sample of the tissue. a biopsy usually can be done in the doctor ' s office using a local anesthetic. a pathologist then examines the tissue under a microscope to check for cancer cells. often,


entirely, your doctor may remove a sample of the tissue. a biopsy usually can be done in the doctor ' s office using a local anesthetic. a pathologist then examines the tissue under a microscope to check for cancer cells. often, the pathologist can easily tell whether these cells represent melanoma or a non - cancerous mole. sometimes, however, the distinction can be tricky, and special stains or further diagnostic tests must be performed to make the diagnosis. distinguishing between cancerous and non - cancerous tumors can make all the difference for a patient, as the treatment and outcomes can be very different. a pathologist can identify many other characteristics of the melanoma to determine how likely the cancer can be successfully treated. if you ' ve had a biopsy at another medical center, we will ask an experienced pathologist at ucsf to review them as well. surgery to remove melanoma is the standard initial treatment. it is necessary to remove not only the tumor but also some normal tissue around it, called the margin, to reduce the chance that any cancer remains. the width and depth of surrounding skin to be removed depends on the thickness of the melanoma and how deeply it has invaded the skin. when the melanoma is very thin, the biopsy may remove all the cancerous tissue and no additional surgery may be necessary. for thick melanomas, it may be necessary to take out a larger margin of tissue. deeper melanomas have a higher chance of spreading to the lymph nodes. for these cases, a sentinel lymph node biopsy may be performed to determine if the cancer has spread. surgery alone may not effectively control melanoma that has spread to other parts of the body. your doctor may use other methods of treatment, such as chemotherapy, biological therapy or immunotherapy, radiation therapy or a combination of these methods. reviewed by health care specialists at ucsf medical center.


get answers to your heart disease prevention questions. an in - depth report on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of unhealthy cholesterol levels. hypercholesterolemia ; ldl ; hdl ; triglycerides lipids are the building blocks of the fats and fatty substances found in animals and plants. they are microscopic layered spheres of oil, which, in animals, are composed mainly of cholesterol, triglycerides, proteins ( called lipoproteins ), and phospholipids ( molecules made up of phosphoric acid, fatty acids, and nitrogen ). lipids do not dissolve in water and are stored in the body to serve as sources of energy. cholesterol is present in all animal cells and in animal - based foods ( not in plants ). in spite of its bad press, cholesterol is an essential nutrient necessary for many functions, including : regardless of these benefits, when cholesterol levels rise in the blood, they can have dangerous consequences, depending on the type of cholesterol. although the body acquires some cholesterol through diet, about two - thirds is manufactured in the liver, its production stimulated by saturated fat. saturated fats are found in animal products, meat, and dairy products. triglycerides are composed of fatty acid molecules. they are the basic chemicals contained in fats in both animals and plants. lipoproteins are protein spheres that transport cholesterol, triglyceride, or other lipid molecules through the bloodstream. most of the information about the effects of cholesterol and triglyceride actually concerns lipoproteins. lipoproteins are categorized into five types according to size and density. they can be further defined by whether they carry cholesterol or triglycerides. cholesterol - carrying lipoproteins. these are the lipoproteins commonly referred to as cholesterol. low density lipoproteins ( ldl ), the " bad " cholesterol. the main villain in the cholesterol story is low - density lipoprotein ( ldl ). the lowest incidence of heart disease is usually found among people with the lowest ldl levels. lowering ldl is the primary goal of cholesterol drug and lifestyle therapy. low - density lipoprotein ( ldl ) transports about 75 % of the blood ' s cholesterol to the body ' s cells. it is


levels. lowering ldl is the primary goal of cholesterol drug and lifestyle therapy. low - density lipoprotein ( ldl ) transports about 75 % of the blood ' s cholesterol to the body ' s cells. it is normally harmless. however, if it is exposed to a process called oxidation, ldl can penetrate and interact dangerously with the walls of the artery, producing a harmful inflammatory response. oxidation is a natural process in the body that occurs from chemical combinations with unstable molecules. these molecules are known as oxygen - free radicals or oxidants. in response to oxidized ldl, the body releases various immune factors aimed at protecting the damaged arterial walls. unfortunately, in excessive quantities they cause inflammation and promote further injury to the areas they target. high density lipoproteins ( hdl ), the " good " cholesterol. high density lipoprotein ( hdl ) appears to benefit the body in two ways : hdl helps keep arteries open and reduces the risk for heart attack. high levels of hdl ( above 60 mg / dl ) may be nearly as protective for the heart as low levels of ldl. hdl levels below 40 mg / dl are associated with an increased risk of heart disease. triglycerides. triglycerides interact with hdl cholesterol in such a way that hdl levels fall as triglyceride levels rise. high triglycerides may pose other dangers, regardless of cholesterol levels. for example, they may be associated with blood clots that form and block the arteries. high triglyceride levels are also associated with the inflammatory response - - the harmful effect of an overactive immune system that can cause considerable damage to cells and tissues, including the arteries. total cholesterol count includes measurements of ldl, hdl, and triglycerides. the following chart summarizes all lipid goals fpr adults. cholesterol goals for adults total cholesterol goals less than 200 mg / dl is desirable. between 200 and 239 is borderline. over 240 is high. 70 mg / dl is considered an important goal for very high - risk patients ( recent heart attack ; current active or unstable cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease ; or two multiple risk factors as defined above. ) below 100 mg / dl is optimal for everyone. it should be the goal for high - risk people, including those with existing heart disease, diabetes, or two or more risk factors for heart disease ; 70


two multiple risk factors as defined above. ) below 100 mg / dl is optimal for everyone. it should be the goal for high - risk people, including those with existing heart disease, diabetes, or two or more risk factors for heart disease ; 70 mg / dl is an optimal goal for these individuals. 130 mg / dl or below for people with two or more risk factors ; 100 mg / dl is an optimal goal. 160 mg / dl or below for people at less risk ( one or zero risk factors ) ; 130 mg / dl is an optimal goal. anything above 160mg / dl is high, with levels above 190 being very high. ldl levels over 190 require medication even with no other cardiac risk factors present. levels above 40 mg / dl are desirable ; levels above 60 mg / dl are optimal. below 150 mg / dl is normal. 150 - 199 is borderline high. 200 - 499 is high. over 500 is very high. * risk factors for heart disease include a family history of early heart problems before age 55 for men ( before age 65 for women ), smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, being older ( over 45 for men and 55 for women ), and having hdl levels below 35 mg / dl. people with two or more of these risk factors may have a 10 - year risk of heart attack that exceeds 20 %, and may therefore need to aim for ldl levels of 100 mg / dl or below. cholesterol goals for children. in 2007, the american heart association established general ldl goals for children. ldl goals are 190 mg / dl or less for children with no additional heart disease risk factors and 160 mg / dl or less for children with additional risk factors ( such as family history of high cholesterol, heart disease, and diabetes ). aha ; acc ; national heart, lung, and blood institute, smith sc jr, allen j, blair sn, et al. aha / acc guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease : 2006 update endorsed by the national heart, lung, and blood institute. j am coll cardiol. 2006 may 16 ; 47 ( 10 ) : 2130 - 9. armitage j. the safety of statins in clinical practice. lancet. 2007 nov 24 ; 370 ( 9601 ) : 1781 - 90. barter p, gotto am, larosa jc, maroni j, szarek m, grundy sm, et


2008 nov 9. jolliffe cj, janssen i. distribution of lipoproteins by age and gender in adolescents. circulation. 2006 sep 5 ; 114 ( 10 ) : 1056 - 62. epub 2006 aug 28. kodama s, tanaka s, saito k, shu m, sone y, onitake f, et al. effect of aerobic exercise training on serum levels of high - density lipoprotein cholesterol : a meta - analysis. arch intern med. 2007 may 28 ; 167 ( 10 ) : 999 - 1008. mccrindle bw, urbina em, dennison ba, jacobson ms, steinberger j, rocchini ap, et al. drug therapy of high - risk lipid abnormalities in children and adolescents. a scientific statement from the american heart association atherosclerosis, hypertension, and obesity in youth committee, council of cardiovascular disease in the young, with the council on cardiovascular nursing. circulation. 2007 mar 21 ; [ epub ahead of print ] park mk. dyslipidemia and other cardiovascular risk factors. in : pediatric cardiology for practitioners, 5th ed. mosby ; 2008 : chap 33. ridker pm, danielson e, fonseca fa, genest j, gotto am jr, kastelein jj, et al. rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated c - reactive protein. n engl j med. 2008 nov 20 ; 359 ( 21 ) : 2195 - 207. epub 2008 nov 9. thavendiranathan p, bagai a, brookhart ma, choudhry nk. primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases with statin therapy : a meta - analysis of randomized controlled trials. arch intern med. 2006 nov 27 ; 166 ( 21 ) : 2307 - 13. us preventive services task force. screening for lipid disorders in children : us preventive services task force recommendation statement. pediatrics. 2007 jul ; 120 ( 1 ) : e215 - 9. © 2011 university of maryland medical center ( ummc ). all rights reserved. ummc is a member of the university of maryland medical system, 22 s. greene street, baltimore, md 21201. tdd : 1 - 800 - 735 - 2258 or 1. 866. 408. 6885


london, england - - the tourist ’ s taste for swordfish is wiping out the species and damaging the marine environment, reveals a new report released today. swordfish is a quintessential mediterranean dish and one that thousands of britons will tuck into as they holiday in the region over the coming weeks, but as the new report, “ illegal driftnetting in the mediterranean ” reveals illegal driftnets, which have a devastating on the mediterranean ’ s marine wildlife, are being used to catch swordfish. up to one - quarter of mediterranean swordfish are caught using illegal driftnets, which were banned from global use in the early 1990s. known as ‘ walls of death ’ because of their devastating impact on non - target marine species such as whales, dolphins, turtles, sharks and seabirds, these nets can be tens of miles long and continue to be used by an estimated 600 vessels from italy, france, morocco and turkey. in italy, an estimated 100 illegal driftnet vessels operate, some having received up to €70, 000 of eu taxpayers ’ money to convert their vessels to legal fishing methods. in 2006, 250 miles of illegal nets were confiscated by the authorities. striped dolphins, common dolphins, sperm whales, sharks, sea turtles and seabirds are amongst the species accidentally killed after becoming entangled in these nets. france ’ s illegal driftnet fleet, known as ‘ thonaille ’, which targets swordfish and tuna, has been observed fishing within the internationally protected pelagos sanctuary, and is responsible for the deaths of hundreds of striped and risso ’ s dolphins, sperm whales, and pilot whales. the main known cause of decline of sperm whales in the mediterranean is accidental capture in swordfish driftnets. the moroccan driftnet fleet of around 170 boats, the second largest producers of swordfish in the mediterranean, is estimated to accidentally catch up to 19, 000 dolphins and over 100, 000 sharks every year. “ mediterranean swordfish are overfished, undersized and often caught by illegal driftnets, says steve trent, ejf executive director. “ it is outrageous that two developed countries – france and italy – allow their fishing fleets to continue using these highly destructive nets, flouting eu law and ingoring international agreements to which they are party. at a time when global fish stocks are under increasing pressure, governments must take a stand against these pirate fishers – failure to do so will lead to catastrophic declines of some of our most important marine species and undermine the existence of the marine environment upon which so much


there is new evidence in the search for the loch ness monster. a fossil of a giant " sea monster " has been discovered on an arctic island. this doesn ' t explain how it might have gotten to scotland, but it does show that such creatures did once exist. in bbc news, paul rincon quotes paleontologist angela milner as saying, " one hundred and fifty million years ago, svalbard [ the island on which the fossils were discovered ] was not so near the north pole, there was no ice cap and the climate was much warmer than it is today. " it appears to be a fossil of a plesiosaur, which were a group of extinct reptiles that lived in oceans during the age of the dinosaurs. ricon quotes researcher richard forrest as saying, " even in classic fossil exposures such as you have in dorset [ in england ], there are cliffs eroding over many years and every so often something pops up. but we haven ' t had 40 plesiosaurs from dorset in 200 years. " he quotes norwegian explorer jorn hurum as saying, " a large pliosaur was big enough to pick up a small car in its jaws and bite it in half. " so if nessie is still around, we wouldn ' t want to meet her! but you do want to meet some of our wonderful dreamland guests, and that ' s just what our subscribers get to do : they get to chat! we hold these chats regularly, so don ' t miss out on the next one : subscribe today! note : this news story, previously published on our old site, will have any links removed.


the portable chaucer in the fourteenth century geoffrey chaucer, who served three kings as a customs official and special envoy, virtually invented english poetry. he did so by wedding the language of common speech to metrical verse, creating a medium that could accommodate tales of courtly romance, bawdy fabliaux, astute psychological portraiture, dramatic monologues, moral allegories, and its author ’ s astonishing learning in fields from philosophy to medicine and astrology. chaucer ’ s accomplishment is unequalled by any poet before shakespeare and — in the canterbury tales and troilus and cressida — ranks with that of the great english novelists. both the canterbury tales and troilus and cressida are presented complete in this anthology, in fresh modern translations by theodore morrison that convey both the gravity and gaiety of the middle english originals. the portable chaucer also contains selections from the book of duchess, the house of fame, the bird ' s parliament, and the legend of good women, together with short poems. morrison ' s introduction is vital for its insights into chaucer as man and artist, and as a product of the middle ages whose shrewdness, humor, and compassion have a wonderfully contemporary ring. suggested readings and other aids the canterbury tales troilus and cressida selections and short poems “ the most successful translations of chaucer ’ s poetry that i have ever seen. ” — chicago tribune


- prayer and worship - beliefs and teachings - issues and action - catholic giving - about usccb david ’ s victories. 1a after this, david defeated the philistines and subdued them ; and he took gath and its towns away from the philistines. 2he also defeated moab, and the moabites became david ’ s subjects, paying tribute. 3david then defeated hadadezer, king of zobah, toward hamath, who was on his way to set up his victory stele at the river euphrates. 4david captured from him one thousand chariots, seven thousand horsemen, and twenty thousand foot soldiers. david hamstrung all the chariot horses, but left one hundred for his chariots. b 5the arameans of damascus came to help hadadezer, king of zobah, but david also defeated twenty - two thousand of their men in aram. 6then david set up garrisons in the damascus region of aram, and the arameans became david ’ s subjects, paying tribute. thus the lord made david victorious in all his campaigns. 7david took the golden shields that were carried by hadadezer ’ s attendants and brought them to jerusalem. 8david likewise took away from tibhath and cun, cities of hadadezer, large quantities of bronze ; solomon later used it to make the bronze sea and the pillars and the vessels of bronze. c 9when tou, king of hamath, heard that david had defeated the entire army of hadadezer, king of zobah, 10he sent his son hadoram to wish king david well and to congratulate him on having waged a victorious war against hadadezer ; for hadadezer had been at war with tou. he also brought gold, silver and bronze articles of every sort. d 11these also king david consecrated to the lord along with all the silver and gold that he had taken from the nations : from edom, moab, the ammonites, the philistines, and amalek. 12abishai, the son of zeruiah, also defeated eighteen thousand edomites in the valley of salt. e 13he set up garrisons in edom, and all the edomites became david ’ s subjects. thus the lord brought david victory in all his undertakings. david ’ s officials. 14f david was king over all israel ; he dispensed justice and right to all


##m, and all the edomites became david ’ s subjects. thus the lord brought david victory in all his undertakings. david ’ s officials. 14f david was king over all israel ; he dispensed justice and right to all his people. 15joab, son of zeruiah, was in command of the army ; jehoshaphat, son of ahilud, was chancellor ; g 16zadok, son of ahitub, and ahimelech, son of abiathar, were priests ; * shavsha was scribe ; h 17benaiah, son of jehoiada, was in command of the cherethites and the pelethites ; and david ’ s sons were the chief assistants to the king. * i * [ 18 : 16 ] zadok … and ahimelech, son of abiathar, were priests : emendation — the masoretic text here reads “ abimelech, ” not “ ahimelech ” ; but 2 sm 8 : 17, the chronicler ’ s source, has “ ahimelech. ” see note there. * [ 18 : 17 ] chief assistants to the king : according to 2 sm 8 : 18, the chronicler ’ s source here, david ’ s sons were priests. the chronicler ’ s modification reflects his conviction that only aaron ’ s descendants could be priests. by accepting this message, you will be leaving the website of the united states conference of catholic bishops. this link is provided solely for the user ' s convenience. by providing this link, the united states conference of catholic bishops assumes no responsibility for, nor does it necessarily endorse, the website, its content, or


art smith, orphan train rider ( in his own words ) at age 71, i was shocked to discover that in december 1922, my eleven companions and i were not just an isolated 12 orphans - - wending our way westward by train to find a home. we were part of the greatest children ' s migration known in the history of the world, possibly numbering as many as 350, 000. based largely on this migration, scores of school children in 38 states this year have put together history day projects and are eagerly contesting for honors. it all began with charles loring brace, a young methodist minister and social worker in new york city. brace, a young graduate of new york ' s union theological seminary, appalled at the sight of 10, 000 ragged and homeless boys and girls earning their living on the streets of the city in any way possible, good or evil, determined to do what he could to salvage their lives. after studying remedial methods in europe and th u. s., brace persuaded some new york business men to finance the children ' s aid society, which still flourishes at 105 east 22nd street, new york city, 10010. deciding there were far too many children to care for all of them in new york city, brace devised what he called his " placing - out " plan to send these children where he was certain they would be needed and cared for - - to the ver increasing number of western farms. thus, in 1854, brace ' s plan was activated, and very soon was eagerly copied by many child - care organizations in cities, as far west as chicago. for the majority of the children it turned out to be a successful way to find loving parents and a fine new life. however, reports of children who endured the pain of being parted from siblings, or had other negative experiences, in later years contributed to the rise of a growing opposition to brace ' s plan. this, and the negative effects of the depression which caused many farmers to lose their farms, brought the program to an end in 1930. for the past nine years i have sought reasons why i did not read about all of this in school. though dutifully chronicalled by able writers and the press, the details never seemed to become widely known or to be considered for school history books. one authority suggested that history is generally written and recorded about adults, and not about children. it remained for a researcher, mary ellen johnson, to discover some of these children - - as adults, prompting her to establish the orphan train heritage


our hospital offers a variety of anesthesia services for your pet. the term anesthesia indicates the use of medication to block sensation, typically resulting in unconsciousness. anesthesia is induced using a variety of medications, both injectable and inhaled. it is used for procedures that require an unconscious animal, such as surgery, certain imaging studies ( e. g., x - rays, mri, ct scans ) or medical procedures ( e. g., endoscopy ). pets undergoing anesthesia are typically pre - medicated with an injectable drug. this pre - medication helps the pet relax so that full anesthesia can be induced more smoothly and safely. next, the pet receives intravenous medication to cause loss of consciousness. a tube is then placed into the pet ' s upper airway, and gas anesthesia keeps the pet comfortably anesthetized during the course of the procedure. while a patient is under anesthesia, he or she will be monitored in much the same way as a human undergoing anesthesia would be. this monitoring includes listening to your pet ' s heart and lungs, visually assessing your pet ' s reflexes, and using equipment to monitor your pet ' s blood pressure, level of blood oxygen, and temperature. your pet will also likely be monitored using an ecg machine. trained technicians act alongside veterinarians to ensure that your pet ' s procedure goes smoothly. there are several forms of gas anesthesia available. a newer gas, called sevoflurane, allows very precise control of a pet ' s anesthesia level. since it leaves the bloodstream very quickly, pets often experience a very quick recovery. ask your veterinarian if our hospital currently offers sevoflurane gas anesthesia and if it may be right for your pet.


gardeners ' dirt : plant ranunculus bulbs now for spring color - unverified comments thank you for your submission. error report or correction why plant bulbs? • simple to grow • easy to care for • inexpensive to buy • lengthy bloom period why plant ranunculus? • brilliant colors • many blooms per bulb • long - lasting cut flowers • widely available • frost and drought tolerant most folks think that work in the garden winds down when summer ends and cool weather arrives. but for the avid gardener, fall flashes a green light for pruning, trimming, mulching and planting new selections. fall is also the time to add winter annuals, such as pansies, snapdragons, petunias, cyclamen and calendulas. it is still not too late to put these out. in addition, southern gardeners begin the annual tradition of planting cool - weather bulbs that will bloom in the spring. add a new bulb to your collection one especially brilliant and colorful spring blooming bulb to include this year is the ranunculus. its rose - like bloom has multi - layers of pastel, papery - textured petals. the psychedelic blooms are so perfect, they almost seem unreal. colors range from pink, rose, salmon, white, yellow and orange. although spring - blooming bulbs can be planted from late september through december, october is the optimal time in texas. planting now will ensure healthy root growth by spring, as well as provide a suitable chilling period. some of the most commonly planted bulbs are daffodils, crocus and narcissi. ranunculus will offer something new to your spring bloomers. ranunculus asiaticus ( persian buttercup ) is a frost - hardy, cool - season perennial that thrives in usda zones 8 and above. because they make long - lasting cut flowers, they are often found in florist shops, but they can be successfully grown in the home garden. jerry parsons, of texas a & m, considers them one of the best blooming flowers for the money invested. like most cool - weather bulbs, they are planted in the fall in southern areas and begin blooming around march. is it a rhizome or tuber? bulbs have always been popular with gardeners. they were a wise choice for those who migrated from far - away lands. bulbs store well for long periods of time and carry the nutrients needed inside the swollen mass. although this mass is commonly referred to as a bulb


always been popular with gardeners. they were a wise choice for those who migrated from far - away lands. bulbs store well for long periods of time and carry the nutrients needed inside the swollen mass. although this mass is commonly referred to as a bulb, the correct terms for horticulturists are corm, tuber or rhizome. ranunculi sprout from a rhizome that looks like a claw or a bunch of bananas. the banana - like growth should face downward when planted. choose size and location for best results as with most bulbs, size predicts the number and size of flowers. jumbos, which are more expensive, can produce up to 35 flowers, as compared to 15 or so from a medium - sized bulb. for an individual accent, plant the large size, but use smaller ones for mass plantings. plant in a well - drained spot that gets at least eight hours of sun. if poor drainage is a problem, add two or three inches of organic material, such as peat moss or ground bark. some manufacturers recommend an all - purpose fertilizer, but it is not necessary because nutrients are already stored in the rhizome. if you want to fertilize, the best time is when the flower bud appears. chill some bulbs, but not others to chill or not to chill is always a question for ensuring successful bulb growth. tulips and dutch hyacinths are two examples that must be chilled for at least a month before planting. chilling isn ' t necessary for ranunculus, as they will get natural chilling while in the ground. plant carefully for seasonal return the depth of planting any type of bulb is generally two to three times the diameter for larger bulbs and three to four times the diameter of smaller bulbs. if planted too deeply, they may have trouble pushing through, and if too shallow, they can suffer stress from insufficient moisture. many will naturalize and return year after year. you might want to place a marker to note the location so you will not inadvertently dig them up during their dormancy. if you ' d like to get additional ideas for fall planting, come visit the victoria educational gardens located at the airport. these demonstration gardens are free to the public and open daily. the gardeners ' dirt is written by members of the victoria county master gardener association, an educational outreach of texas agrilife extension - victoria county. mail your questions in care of the advocate, p. o. box 1518, victoria,


charles watson - wentworth, who twice served as prime minister — from 13 july 1765 to 30 july 1766 and from 27 march to 1 july 1782 — was born on 13 may 1730 ( old style ), the fifth son and eighth child in a family of ten. he was the only son to survive childhood. he was brought up at the family home of wentworth woodhouse near rotherham, yorkshire. by 1739 he was heir to the vast estates when the second of his older brothers died. another surviving brother had died in 1734. charles was given the courtesy title of lord higham. he was educated briefly ( 1738 ) at westminster school but was withdrawn because of illness. later he attended cambridge university. in 1745 he became a colonel in a regiment of volunteers formed by his father to fight off the threat of an invasion by bonnie prince charlie. he was stationed at pontefract but decided to join the duke of cumberland in carlisle, riding alone in winter across the moors to the duke ' s camp. this marked the start of a lifelong friendship between the two men. in 1746 the 15 - year old, now lord malton since his father ' s elevation to the marquisate, was sent off on a short tour of europe in an attempt to distract him from joining the army as a career. from 1748 - 50 he undertook the grand tour proper, returning to england on the death of his father. the new marquis of rockingham celebrated his coming of age in great style on 13 may 1751 and took his seat in the house of lords. he also became a lord of the bedchamber to george ii. rockingham married the 16 - year old mary bright on 26 february 1752. the couple were extremely close : it seems to have been a love - match rather than an arranged marriage. they had no children and on rockingham ' s death in 1782 the estates went to his nephew, the fourth earl fitzwilliam. wentworth woodhouse near rotherham. it has the longest frontage of any stately home in the country in 1753 the whig club in york renamed itself the " rockingham club " : from then on the marquis virtually controlled political life in yorkshire. in 1760 he was made a knight of the garter ; in 1762 he became a victim of the massacre of the pelhamite innocents, losing all his county appointments. the following year he became a governor of charterhouse, winning more votes than george grenville. after the resignation of grenville, the duke of cumberland accepted the king ' s commission to head a new ministry and