that they wouldn ’ t otherwise do in person. perhaps they ’ ll relax and express themselves more openly, or perhaps they ’ ll be rude and dismissive. hopefully you ’ ll find that the students feel free to express opinions and ask questions they wouldn ’ t in class. any excessive and unconstructive negativity should be addressed immediately. if discussing touchy subjects and students feel hesitant to share an opinion or are in any way uncomfortable – you could recommend to them to sit on a post. type it out and wait ( an hour? a day? ). come back to it, read it again, and see if you want to post, modify, or delete. if you notice that a post receives no replies ( especially if you know it is a quiet student or one that is otherwise sticking his / her neck out a bit ), you may wish to reply yourself after you ’ ve given time to other students first. it might be more effective, however, to recruit a student or two to do so ( just as you might ask a particular student to pair up with another in class on group assignments. ) bradley, megan e. et al. “ ask and you will receive : how question type influences quantity and quality of online discussions. ” british journal of educational technology 39. 5 ( 2008 ) : 888 - 900. web. 7 dec 2008. cheung, wing sum, khe foon hew, and connie siew ling ng. “ toward an understanding of why students contribute in asynchronous online discussions. ” journal of educational computing research 38. 1 ( 2008 ) : 29 - 50. web. 7 dec 2008. dennen, vanessa paz. “ pedagogical lurking : student engagement in non - posting discussion behavior. ” computers in human behavior 24. 4 ( 2008 ) : 1624 - 1633. web. 7 dec 2008. golanics, j. d., and e. m. nussbaum. “ enhancing online collaborative argumentation through question elaboration and goal instructions. ” journal of computer assisted learning 24. 3 ( 2008 ) : 167 - 180. web. 7 dec 2008. hew, khe foon, and wing sum cheung. “ attracting student participation in asynchronous online discussions : a case study of peer facilitation. ” computers & education 51. 3 ( 2008 ) : 1111 - 1124. web. 7 dec 2008. lineweaver, t. t. " onlinediscussion assignments improve


‘ geosystem ’ is a new term that identifies a very old and well established construction technique which involves using and / or interfacing with the ground ( see history ). the methodology and engineering input are what make a geo - component a fully working geosystem. more specifically, ‘ geosystems ’ are defined as composite systems installed and working in the ground which contain three fundamental elements : design input and technical expertise are the engineering factors required to ensure a geosystem is appropriately selected and specified to perform successfully on site : selecting the most suitable geosystem for the site the selection of a geosystem needs to be based on the site conditions and on the requirements and aspirations of the client. the selection of geosystems page deals in more detail with the suitability of geosystems for generic types of site. here are some examples of criteria to take into account when deciding upon the best geosystem for the site : designing a geosystem geo - component suppliers and manufacturers generally offer technical advice and guidance on their products ; some suppliers might even offer in - house design services often covered by some level of indemnity. whether or not such technical / design services would be suitable and sufficient will depend on the size of the site and contractual conditions within the supply chain ( client – contractor - supplier – designer ), specifically in relation to liability and requirements for warranties / guarantees. the help of an independent design professional might be sought to determine if the solutions proposed by manufacturers or suppliers are suitable, in accordance both with relevant design codes or guidance and with the environmental requirements and aspirations of the specific project. some examples of how using geosystems can result in carbon savings are available from the case studies section of this module. resource efficiency is realised through opportunities for using local arisings, including soil excavated from the site, but also through whole life considerations : in general, geosystems lend themselves for deconstruction and recycling at the end of their service life. soil, as used within civil engineering for geosystems, is any type of unconsolidated fill material, either granular or cohesive. excavated arisings, imported recycled or natural aggregates, weathered rock, soft clay sediments are all types of soil fill that can be used in geosystems. engineered geo - components are manufactured elements such as meshes, strips, textiles, boxes, tubes etc. made of steel, polymers, natural fibres, concrete, timber etc. they are used to provide a specific function within the geosystem,


august 2, 1902 - october 25, 1997 picture taken in 1970 at the time of her election as the first woman president of the american association for the advancement of science. mina rees was born on august 2, 1902, in cleveland, ohio, but she grew up and attended public school in new york city, where she was the valedictorian of her class at hunter college high school. she then when on to major in mathematics at hunter college, graduating summa cum laude in 1923, while also holding a part - time teaching job for the mathematics department. after graduation rees taught at the hunter college high school while working on a master ' s degree at columbia university. in an interview for mathematical people, she says that she heard, unofficially, that " the columbia mathematics department was really not interested in having women candidates for ph. d ' s. " so she settled for her m. a. degree in 1925 and accepted a position as an instructor of mathematics at hunter college. she still planned to get her ph. d., however, so with the help of a sabbatical from hunter, she went to the university of chicago in 1929 to study with leonard dickson. she received her ph. d. in 1931 with a thesis on " division algebras associated with an equation whose group has four generators, " published in american journal of mathematics, vol 54 ( jan. 1932 ), 51 - 65 [ abstract ]. ress returned to the faculty at hunter college as an assistant professor and was promoted to associate professor in 1940. during world war ii she took a leave of absence from hunter to work as a technical aide and executive assistant with the applied mathematics panel in the office of scientific research and development. this panel assisted the war effort by bringing together mathematicians from many disciplines to work on problems posed by the military branches. after the war the navy invited rees to become head of the mathematics branch of the office of naval research to support scientific and mathematical research. during 1952 - 1953 she served as the deputy science directory for the onr. in 1953, the council of the american mathematical society adopted a resolution which said : under her guidance, basic research in general, and especially in mathematics, received the most intelligent and wholehearted support. no greater wisdom and foresight could have been displayed and the whole postwar development of mathematical research in the united states owes an immeasurable debt to the pioneer work of the office of naval research and to the alert, vigorous and farsighted policy conducted by miss rees. in 1953 rees returned to hunter college to become


postwar development of mathematical research in the united states owes an immeasurable debt to the pioneer work of the office of naval research and to the alert, vigorous and farsighted policy conducted by miss rees. in 1953 rees returned to hunter college to become dean of the faculty, a position she held until 1961. at that time she was appointed professor and the first dean of graduate studies in the newly established city university of new york. she went on to become provost of the graduate division for 1968 - 1969 and president of the graduate school and university center from 1969 until her retirement in 1972. it was also during this period that she served as the first woman president of the american association for the advancement of science. in 1962 rees received the first award for distinguished service to mathematics from the mathematical association of america. this award was made " for outstanding service to mathematics, other than mathematical research " and for " contributions [ that ] influence significantly the field of mathematics or mathematical education on a national scale. " in 1983 she was awarded the national academy of sciences public welfare medal " in recognition of distinguished contributions in the application of science to the public welfare. " in addition, she had been awarded the kings medal for service in the cause of freedom ( britain ) and the president ' s certificate of merit ( usa ) for her important contributions during world war ii.


this house has been witness of the lives from several people that occupied it, with the years they are part of the walls that we want to share with our guests as another testimony of the exciting history of this city. the first record in the late eighteenth century the house was owned by a french citizen and merchant named jean d ' anglade, married with rosa guerra. there are numerous references in the archives that shows the richness of this family. they owned several houses in the city in addition to the hacienda san jose de cospique. apparently engaged in buying and selling properties we found his name on various documents that show a feverish commercial activity but also slave trade and smuggling. the consul ' s house in january 1824 reached cartagena the british consul mr. edward watts with the purpose of promoting trade relations between uk and this port, after the weakness of the spanish administration. he settled down in two houses on cochera del gobernador street turning to candilejo street. the consul supports the independence process led by bolivar, who visited him during his last stay in the city, offering a miniaturist portrait painted by the italian artist meucci as a gift. this portrait was used in 1831 as ornament during the funeral that the city made in honor of bolivar´s memory. consul watts was an outstanding member of the city ' s aristocracy, proof of it are the numerous references made by english chroniclers and officers in their travel diaries of the years 1820 to 1830 in which they emphasize the friendly and hospitable attitude of mr. watts. he was forced to leave the city in 1833 as it was accused to intervene in the internal affairs of colombia. when he leaved the country his son george burghalt watts assumed as vice consul and took over the house. he married in 1838 with juliana de porras. the next generation in the census of 1851 from the cathedral quarter on page 13 we can read : " family of george b watts that includes among its children a boy named tomas, son, single, age 6, free ". thomas b. watts and porras was born in cartagena in 1845 and according to a deed of 1883 stored in the historical records of the city bought " for himself and his family two tall houses adjacent to the accessory one side ruined stone tile wood... located on cochera del gobernador street... from his mother by an amount of six thousand pesos. " the scenes described in garcia marquez book " love in the time


a fact sheet on the magna carta for philippine internet freedom. the magna carta for philippine internet freedom ( mcpif ) is the first legislation drafted through online crowdsourcing. spurred by the realization that representative democracy cannot always address that needs of the community, the drafters of the mcpif came together to craft legislation for the internet that would reflect the experience and aspirations of filipino netizens. all about mcpif the mcpif has four key principles : 1. rights. civil and political rights enshrined in the constitution should be recognized and promoted in cyberspace. 2. governance. information and communications technology should be harnessed to improve governance and empower citizens. 3. development. information and communications technology is a powerful driver of the national economy. 4. security. the country should prepare for the security challenges of the future without violating constitutional rights of citizens. i. the mcpif strives to preserve, promote, and protect civil and political rights. “ your rights offline are your rights online. ” this, in a nutshell, is the underlying principle behind the magna carta for internet freedom. on freedom of expression. the mcpif seeks to promote and protect in cyberspace the civil and political rights of every citizen enshrined in the constitution. under the mcpif, every netizen ’ s freedom of speech and expression over the internet is protected. thus, netizens are empowered to : 1. use the internet to petition the government for redress of grievances ; 2. publish material on or upload information on the internet ; 3. view any kind of content on the internet without censorship or restriction. the mcpif on libel. there is no internet libel if there is no malice or intent to injure. internet libel must explicitly and positively identify the person who is the subject of the expression. under the mcpif, there is no internet libel in the following instances : 1. protest against the government and public officials. 2. criticism of politicians and candidates. 3. criticisms of ngos, associations, religious groups. 4. criticism of companies for bad service is not libel. 5. guerilla marketing is not libel. 6. criticism via dm or pm though later made public by someone else is not libel. for more details, please see section 8 on the right to freedom of speech and expression on the internet, related to section 33 on internet libel, hate speech, child pornography, and other expression inimical to public interest. on


is not libel. for more details, please see section 8 on the right to freedom of speech and expression on the internet, related to section 33 on internet libel, hate speech, child pornography, and other expression inimical to public interest. on the right to create. 1. copyright protection of any content published over the internet. under mcpif, codes, computer programs, and software applications now also enjoy copyright protection. 2. authors can specify that their content be governed by a copyleft or or a free license. 3. non - attribution or plagiarism of content, regardless of license elected by author, constitutes an infringement of intellectual property rights. on the right to innovate. 1. the right to access or develop new information and communications technologies shall not be denied without due process of law. 2. an inventor / developer of a new ict technology shall not be penalized in case other users misuse or abuse the technologies he has developed. on the right to privacy. 1. no one can access your private information without your knowledge. 2. service providers, telcos, and other companies cannot submit your private information without your knowledge and without a court order, issued after due notice and hearing. 3. no unilateral takedown provision. 4. unauthorized disclosure of any private data transmitted through the internet or public networks is penalized. ii. the mcpif seeks to improve governance, promotes the development of ict, and prepares the country for the security challenges of the future. a. the mcpif will facilitate access to information by citizens. the department of information and communications technology and the official gazette may establish a website for government public information. this will promote citizen engagement and transparency in governance. see the uk ’ s data. gov. uk. b. the mcpif will encourage development of information and communications technology. 1. it mandates the dict and neda to draft a program for investment opportunities in ict technology and infrastructure. 2. those who invest in information and communications technology shall enjoy tax incentives. c. the mcpif will promote national security. 1. the mcpif mandates the country ’ s preparedness for cyberdefense and cybersecurity. 2. the police and the military ’ s capability to detect, prevent, and respond to cyberterrorism, especially on ph gov and private sector critical infrastructure, is strengthened. 3. cyberterrorist attacks on critical infrastructure shall be subject to a penalty one degree higher because of the extent of damage


detect, prevent, and respond to cyberterrorism, especially on ph gov and private sector critical infrastructure, is strengthened. 3. cyberterrorist attacks on critical infrastructure shall be subject to a penalty one degree higher because of the extent of damage it may inflict. d. the mcpif will protect citizens against cybercrimes. 1. the mcpif provides penalties for offenses such as network sabotage, hacking, cracking, phishing, piracy, cybersquatting, fraud, hate speech. 2. the mcpif also provides penalties for prostitution and child prostitution, trafficking in persons, child pornography, child abuse committed via the internet and ict devices. ph needs mcpif : why? 1. ict and the internet are part of our daily lives. philippine critical infrastructure is controlled, maintained, and accessed using ict and internet networks and these must be protected. an estimated 30 million filipinos are internet users, with over 90 % of the population mobile phone subscribers. the country ’ s critical infrastructure — government, utilities, communications, banking and finance, mass media, among others — have facilities that are controlled, maintained, and accessed using ict and internet networks. the rise of cyber attacks against critical infrastructure highlights the need to secure our critical infrastructure from similar attacks. with the mcpif, cyber security becomes an integral part of the country ’ s defense program. 2. government must harness ict and internet technologies to engage citizens effectively and provide services efficiently. best examples of the power of ict and the internet are times of national emergencies. this also works the other way : government is informed of security threats even before these are reported via official government channels. experience shows that ict and the internet translates to better governance and more empowered citizens. through the mcpif, we will have a systematic and more programmed development of ict and the internet in all levels of government. 3. ict and the internet are drivers for philippine economic growth. a 2009 world bank study says that for every ten percentage point increase in high - speed internet connections, there is an increase in economic growth of 1. 3 percentage points. a 2012 report by the department of science and technology – information and communications technology office says that bpo and ito industries ( aka knowledge worker industries ) — all dependent on fast and reliable ict — contributed usd 11b in export revenues, or an estimated 5. 4 % of the ph gdp in 2011. national statistics coordinating board analysts determined that growth of ict - and internet - dependent knowledge worker industries promoted salary scales — ranging from php 10, 000


contributed usd 11b in export revenues, or an estimated 5. 4 % of the ph gdp in 2011. national statistics coordinating board analysts determined that growth of ict - and internet - dependent knowledge worker industries promoted salary scales — ranging from php 10, 000 to php 100, 000 for knowledge workers in 2006. mcpif vs. ra 10175 1. the mcpif ensures that the right to freedom of expression is protected in cyberspace ; ra 10175 does not. ra 10175 constrains speech and expression on the internet. the mcpif upholds freedom of expression by defining the exceptions to libel in step with existing philippine jurisprudence. the dangerous “ takedown ” clause of ra 10175, where the government may have a website or network blocked or restricted without due process of law, does not exist in the mcpif. instead, the mcpif provides for due process of law and specifically prohibits censorship of content without a court order. 2. the mcpif ensures the right to privacy and protects against illegal search and seizure in cyberspace. ra 10175 violates those rights. ra 10175 allows the warrantless real - time collection of traffic data. the mcpif ensures due process by providing strict guidelines for any collection of any data, including the securing of warrants, obligating notification, and limiting seizure to data and excluding physical property. 3. the mcpif ensures that no person accused of a cybercrime will be subject to double jeopardy. ra 10175 allows double jeopardy. ra 10175 allows prosecution of offenses committed against its provisions and offenses committed against the revised penal code and special laws ; never mind that the offenses are from a single act. section 40 of the mcpif protects against double jeopardy. 4. ra 10175 treats the use of ict or the internet as an aggravating circumstance. the mcpif does not. just because the offender used the internet, ra10175 penalizes him one degree higher. under the mcpif, the fair penalty is imposed. 5. the mcpif provides a framework for filipinos to thrive using the internet ; ra 10175 focuses on crimes without promoting constitutionally - guaranteed rights and ignoring the need for filipino ict development. official pdf on scribd :


we set out to make our own decorative paper, using only primary colors and textures. we ’ ll use these papers ( we ended up with about 15 sheets ) in a future collage activity. materials : paper ( i used drawing paper ; it curled a bit while drying, but since this will be cut and glued, i think it ’ s okay, and plus, it ’ s what i had on hand ) ; tempera paint in red, blue, and yellow ; paintbrushes ( one for each color ) ; small container for the paint ; various items to create texture i gathered both large and small bubble wrap ( the small is the inside of that mailing envelope ), some plastic rings from six - packs of soda, a small comb, and small cardboard tubes. be creative! first, cover the paper with paint. we ’ re using one color per paper, no mixing. we want our primaries to stay primaries! be generous with the paint, and not too slow. there needs to be enough paint so that you can make an impression in it, and it can ’ t dry before you get to that step. but be careful not to overload the paper with paint – this will depend on how heavy your paper is. the toddler in the corner has a couple of colors of paint and a sheet of paper, so she could join in the painting. once the paint is on, have some fun making texture. here, n is using a comb. below is the effect i created by stamping into the paint with the end of the cardboard tube. below, the boys are using bubble wrap. it works a little better if you allow the bubble wrap to stay on the paper until the paper is just about dry. see that mailing envelope up above? below is the effect v created with it. v also used the six - pack rings to create texture. he lined three of them one below the other and then we placed another piece of paper over the rings so we could press down on them without getting fingerprints all over the paper. ( helpful! if you don ’ t like your effect the first time, just smooth on more paint and try again! which is what we did with the six - pack rings. ) when we peeled off the top paper and removed the rings, this is what we saw. n left one of his with the brushstrokes as the texture, and we learned that it ’ s hard to see the texture in the yellow. but all in all we have a good supply of papers in primary


an animal nutritionist is responsible for creating and balancing rations to ensure that dietary needs are met for the animals under their supervision. duties an animal nutritionist must take into consideration the varied nutritional needs of different species as they formulate balanced rations. nutritional and caloric requirements may vary greatly based on the animal ’ s condition and level of activity ( such as performance, reproduction, lactation, or overcoming nutritional deficiencies in cases of prior neglect ). animal nutritionists use an assessment of fatness or thinness, known as body condition scoring, to determine what adjustments should be made to an animal ’ s diet. the condition scores generally range from 1 ( extremely thin with no fat reserves ) to 9 ( extremely obese ) in cattle and horses ; the ideal score for these species is a 5. cattle, swine, sheep, dogs, and cats are evaluated on a scale from 1 ( extremely thin ) to 5 ( extremely obese ) ; the ideal score for these species is a 3. generally a nutritionist will palpate the vertebrae, breastbone and ribs to determine the thickness of fat cover in these areas, as well as make a visual assessment of the animal ’ s musculature, when assigning a body condition score. nutritionists may also be involved in research or teaching activities. they may work in conjunction with veterinarians and veterinary technicians, zoo keepers, wildlife rehabilitators, broodmare managers, and other animal professionals. career options animal nutritionists can specialize by working with a specific group of animals such as companion breeds, livestock, or exotics / wildlife. some nutritionists specialize their focus even further, working specifically with only one species such as horses, dairy cattle, dogs, or cats. animal nutritionists can work in a variety of environments such as farms, corporate research and development facilities, pharmaceutical or nutraceutical companies, pet or livestock feed companies, federal government offices, laboratories, zoos, and wildlife rehabilitation facilities. while many animal nutritionists are traditionally employed, some choose to determine their own schedule and seek freelance consulting work. education & training animal nutritionists must take college courses in areas such as biology, chemistry, animal husbandry, animal nutrition, anatomy and physiology, mathematics, animal science, animal behavior, forage and food production, and ration formulation. during the course of their education, animal nutritionists are taught both computerized methods of creating and balancing rations as well as how to accomplish the same results by hand. a bachelor of science degree is usually required for entry level positions


and ration formulation. during the course of their education, animal nutritionists are taught both computerized methods of creating and balancing rations as well as how to accomplish the same results by hand. a bachelor of science degree is usually required for entry level positions in the field of animal nutrition. many college programs offer undergraduate degrees in the field of animal nutrition, but nutritionists may hold degrees in a variety of areas ranging from animal science to biology to biochemistry. masters and ph. d. degrees are generally required for research and teaching positions, especially those at the collegiate level. those working as college professors are usually required to conduct and publish research as they seek to obtain tenure in their department. some corporate employers may require completion of intensive internships or apprenticeships in the field for the potential employee to gain practical experience. some veterinarians attain board certification in the specialty of nutrition through the american college of veterinary nutrition ( acvn ). this intensive program requires a two year residency after the completion of the basic veterinary degree and year of general residency. this residency is conducted under the supervision of a board certified veterinary nutritionist. some veterinary technicians attain certification in nutrition through the academy of veterinary nutrition technicians ( avnt ). to be certified, a licensed tech must have 3 years of work experience in the field, 40 hours of continuing education credits directly related to the study of nutrition, and detailed documentation showing advanced clinical or research experience. salary animal nutritionists generally earn a solid salary, though this can vary widely based on years of experience, level of education, and the specific nature of their work. the bureau of labor and statistics cites an average annual wage for all food scientists of $ 60, 180 in 2011. the bls research data indicate that those specifically employed by the animal food manufacturing industry averaged a salary of $ 70, 060 in 2011. indeed. com cites a similar average salary of $ 55, 000 for animal nutritionists in 2011. the site lists an average salary for animal nutrition sales representatives of about $ 75, 000. another popular site, simplyhired. com, cites an average salary of $ 61, 000 for animal nutritionists in 2011. job outlook animal nutritionist careers are expected to grow more quickly than average according to the bureau of labor and statistics. the rate of growth is expected to be a healthy 16 % from 2008 to 2018. while competition for college faculty positions will continue to be especially keen, there should be ample opportunities for animal nutritionist positions in research, manufacturing, and sales.


zoology glossary index : a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z restriction of habitat distribution in response to increase in number of competing species. increase in average breadth of habitat distribution of species in depauperate biotas, especially on islands, compared with species in more diverse biotas. an area of distinct habitat type. preference for certain habitats. place where an animal or plant normally lives, often characterized by a dominant plant form or physical characteristic ( that is, the stream habitat, the forest habitat ). " a conservation and rehabilitation practice in which birds released into the wild are prvisioned with food while they gradually become independent. " ( source : sibley ) " hind toe. " ( source : sibley ) animal that has just emerged from an egg. heat sensitive pit organ that helps certain snakes locate their warm - blooded prey. in boas and pythons, these border the mouth ( labial pits ) ; in pitvipers, they are between the nostri, the eye, and the moutn ( loreal pits ). having a stem that remains soft and succulent ; not woody. an organism that consumes living plants or their parts. a type of animal in which each individual possesses both male and female reproductive organs. " arrangement of the toes in which the inner front toe is turned backward such that two toes point forward and two backward. " ( source : sibley ) the variety of qualities found in an environment ( habitat patches ) or a population ( genotypic variation ). an organism that utilizes organic materials as a source of energy and nutrients. state of winter dormancy associated with lowered body temperature and metabolism. the structure and arrangement of the tissues of organisms ; the study of these. " relating to the boigeographic region that includes the northern parts of the old and new worlds, and that comprises the nearctic and palearctic regions. " ( source : sibley ) a single individual organism that is selected to represent the standard for a particular taxon and which serves as the standard for the original name and description of the species. " the area that an animal uses in the course of its daily activities. not necessarily defended. " ( source : sibley ) the process by which an organism maintains constant internal conditions in the face of a varying external environment. ability to maintain constant body temperature


the area that an animal uses in the course of its daily activities. not necessarily defended. " ( source : sibley ) the process by which an organism maintains constant internal conditions in the face of a varying external environment. ability to maintain constant body temperature in the face of fluctuating environmental temperature ; warm - blooded. a similarity in traits that reflects descent from a common ancestor and which by inference was also present in that common ancestor. a shared character that is due to common hereditary. " bird whose nest receives eggs laid by brood parasites. the hosts then provide parental care to the unrelated young that hatch from the parasitic egg, often to the detriment of their own young. " ( source : sibley ) fine particles of organic detritis in soil. " a collective term for the bones of the tongue and associated connective tissues, found in the upper throat. " ( source : sibley ) the innermost layer of a snail ' s shell, closest to the snail ' s body. a diploid organism is hemizygous for a particular gene when only one allele for the gene is present. habitat destruction is the process by which natural habitat is damaged or destroyed to such an extent that it no longer is capable of supporting the species and ecological communities that naturally occur there.


endometriosis, a common cause of female infertility, causes the tissue that normally lines the inside of the uterus to spread to the outside. the invading tissue from the endometrium may also attach itself and grow on organs or structures within the woman ’ s pelvis – including the ovaries. this disease is usually not dangerous, but sometimes causes abdominal discomfort or severe pain. it spreads progressively and should be treated as soon as possible. endometriosis is found in 35 percent of women with no other diagnosed infertility problem, according to the american society for reproductive medicine ( asrm ). experts do not know why some women develop endometriosis, and it is not completely understood why it is harder for women with endometriosis to conceive. however, many women with endometriosis do become pregnant after medical treatment. prevalence of endometriosis in the general population is unknown because many women can have the disease without experiencing symptoms. studies estimate that approximately 5 percent of all women undergoing surgery for any gynecologic condition have endometriosis. in women undergoing surgery for pelvic pain, 12 to 32 percent have lesions, and in women having surgery for infertility, 21 to 48 percent have endometriosis. many women with endometriosis have no symptoms, but those who do commonly experience pelvic pain, which becomes more severe during menstrual periods. endometriosis is also characterized by abnormal menstrual bleeding and pain during or after sexual intercourse. infertility is considered a potential symptom of endometriosis, and in some cases the disease is not discovered until a woman is examined and tested for infertility. while having endometriosis does not mean that a woman will always have difficulty conceiving and having children, it may be harder to become pregnant. to confirm an endometriosis diagnosis, a woman will first have a medical history review and pelvic exam, and then undergoes a laparoscopy – a simple outpatient surgery. at the time of laparoscopy, the surgeon will usually be able to resect or destroy the endometriosis using laparoscopic scissors, cautery ( electrical energy that burns the lesions ) or a laser. even if the endometriosis does not cause scarring that blocks the fallopian tubes, removing the endometriosis seems to improve pregnancy rates, possibly by improving the pelvic environment so that


asl university american sign language : " doctor " note : you will see the sign " doctor " done a number of ways. do it however your local ( qualified ) instructor or local deaf friends do it. doctor ( recommended version ) tap the fingertips of the dominant " bent hand " twice on the upturned wrist of the base hand. discussion : where did this sign come from? the " bent hand " evolved from an earlier version that used an " m " handshape. why an " m " handshape? the " m " comes from back in the " old days " when doctors were commonly known as " medics. " over time, the bent hand replaced the " m " since the bent hand is easier to produce than an " m " handshape. quite a few people ( books, instructors, teachers etc. ) do this sign with a " d " handshape. it is not worth arguing about. really. i ' m suggesting you know both versions and do it the way your local teacher does it or the way your local deaf friends do it. doctor ( " d " version ) in this version of doctor, the right " d " hand taps near where a doctor or nurse would take a person ' s pulse. the non - dominant hand ( the left hand if you are right handed ) can be either relaxed ( curled up a bit ) or flat. a student writes : ihi dr. v, i noticed in the sketch of this sign, the left hand is curled, almost closed. yet in the variation of the ' doctor ' ' medic ' ' nurse ' pictures, the left hand is open. does it make a difference if the left hand is open or closed? has the sign evolved to the open hand? please advise. thanks, cathy it is either. really. the " base hand " handshape is immaterial in that sign. most deaf people if we aren ' t thinking about it will do it with a relaxed hand ( somewhat curled ). if you ask us to " show you " the sign... we will get all " proper " and tend to do it with a palm - up flat hand. but when just hanging out amongst ourselves we do it with a relaxed base hand because it takes less effort. doctor of philosophy ( phd ) / doctor of education ( edd ) do not use the sign for " medical doctor " to refer to your college professors unless they are indeed an " md. " there is a difference between the sign for


johannesburg — in an ideal society, every child would have an equal shot at achieving their human potential, regardless of their race, gender, family background or where they were born. the reality in south africa, one of the most unequal societies in the world, is that a white boy born to a two - parent household in suburban johannesburg has a much greater chance of succeeding in life than a black girl born to a single mother in rural kwa - zulu natal. the world bank ’ s six - monthly economic update for south africa, released on 24 july, features findings from a study that compared the inequality of opportunities for south african children with their peers in other middle - income countries and found that south africa is lagging behind on a number of key indicators. the report uses the human opportunity index ( hoi ), which is the coverage rate of a particular basic service adjusted according to how equitably the service is distributed among different population groups, to compare opportunities among children. the authors found that while school attendance for children under 15 and access to telecommunications were nearly universal, provision of water, sanitation, health insurance and completion of primary school on time varied considerably depending on a child ’ s circumstances. speaking at the launch of the report, ambar narayan, a lead economist with the world bank and co - author of the report, explained that location – whether a child lives in a township, urban or rural area – emerged as the most important factor, particularly for opportunities relating to infrastructure. education of the household head was the second most important factor, while gender only appeared to matter in relation to finishing primary school on time. race alone was not a major factor but narayan pointed out that socioeconomic circumstances often correlated with race. the study found that children ’ s access to safe water and improved sanitation were lower and much more influenced by circumstances in south africa … read more at : all africa


in 1893 a group of indigenous aymara bolivian men traveled to the united states so that they could be put on display at the 1893 chicago world ’ s fair columbian exposition, which celebrated the 400th anniversary of columbus ’ s arrival in the americas. while researching their story, nancy egan, a doctoral student in latin american history at the university of california, san diego, delved into the history of indigenous people brought to the united states and europe and put on display in what she calls “ human zoos. ” buffalo bill standing with one of the big draws for his traveling show : sitting bull, circa 1890. ictmn : indigenous people from all over the world were brought to the united states and europe and displayed at fairs and circuses during the 1800s and 1900s. why were these displays so popular? egan : most historians who study these exhibitions agree they were a way of reinforcing or illustrating the racist notions of white supremacy that seemed to be built into the logic of empire and colonialism. most nations took great care to try and mold the people they put on display into images that justified their own colonial power. in some cases this meant trying to create “ savages. ” in other cases, they tried to use these displays of human beings to illustrate how the colonial presence was “ civilizing ” people. these exhibits also played into other forms of popular entertainment. they were a mix of imperial ambition and circus. you studied a group of indigenous aymara bolivians who were brought to new york destined for the chicago fair, but got stranded in new york. what happened? these men were brought to the u. s. to be displayed at the chicago world ’ s fair in 1893, but they never made it to chicago. they attempted to make a living putting on their own musical shows in new york and philadelphia, but everywhere they went they were basically told that they weren ’ t exotic enough. after an unsuccessful tour with a circus through philadelphia, the group was abandoned by their managers and jose santos mamani, the member of the group dubbed the “ giant ” by the press, died shortly after they walked back to new york city. the rest of the group eventually found work in fairs and on coney island, but could only find work making feather headdresses and performing supposed north american native american dances for a new york audience. they struggled to make it back to bolivia, and i ’ ve only been able to trace them as far as panama on their return journey. how was what mamani and his companions went through similar to


american native american dances for a new york audience. they struggled to make it back to bolivia, and i ’ ve only been able to trace them as far as panama on their return journey. how was what mamani and his companions went through similar to the experience of other “ imported ” indigenous people who came to the united states? their story definitely sounds exceptional, but what ’ s really shocking about the history of these “ human zoos ” is that it isn ’ t. one study i read estimated that more than 25, 000 indigenous people were brought to fairs around the world between 1880 and 1930. these people struggled under harsh and changing conditions. many of them had to change their hair, their clothes, their entire appearance to fit the expectations of the organizers and the audiences they were supposed to perform for. some people were the targets of racist violence while they were on display, while others experienced more subtle forms of violence and were used as subjects of scientific study on racial differences during the exhibition. and, like mamani, many people died during these exhibitions. american indians from the united states were often exhibited alongside indigenous people from other continents. was the logic behind seminoles in a staged “ domestic setting ” at the new york world ’ s fair in 1939. exhibiting indigenous peoples from the united states similar to the logic behind exhibiting indigenous peoples from other countries? the u. s. government resisted allowing official exhibits of north american indigenous peoples until after wounded knee in 1890, and viewed shows like buffalo bill ’ s [ wild west show ] as either a semi - threatening glorification of native americans or a crass, unscientific form of entertainment. the u. s. preferred exhibits that showed native americans as passive peoples. for example, in chicago, the organizers worked with the bureau of indian affairs to craft exhibits that would supposedly show how beneficial and “ civilizing ” reservation life and boarding schools were for native americans. after occupying the philippines in 1898, the u. s. created exhibits of filipinos that included a “ civilizing ” school that the people on display had to attend. shows of people from regions the u. s. had not colonized, such as african peoples at the chicago fair, played up rumors of cannibalism and their threatening nature. the logic behind these exhibits in different countries was directly tied to their imperial and colonial ambitions, and they tried to craft shows that would show people who had been, or would be able to be, colonized, and sell lots of tickets. didn ’ t some native american leaders fight against


countries was directly tied to their imperial and colonial ambitions, and they tried to craft shows that would show people who had been, or would be able to be, colonized, and sell lots of tickets. didn ’ t some native american leaders fight against exhibits of indigenous people during the 1800s? one of the most incredible things i found in the archives while researching this work was a series of petitions and letters written from reservations in the u. s. challenging the exhibition of indigenous peoples and cultures at the fair. this is a section from a petition from the creek territories in 1891 that was signed by more than 100 people expressing the group ’ s wish to represent themselves through a native american – directed exhibit at the fair : “ we are almost despairing and it is inevitable that our people trace the cause of that despairing and consequently desperate condition to the very event which with such large expenditures of wealth you are about to celebrate. it is not fitting nor wise that you so celebrate a great event without considering what it meant and still means to a people once great in numbers. … with a native american or indian exhibit in the hands of capable men of our own blood, such as are willing and anxious to undertake it, a most interesting and instructive and surely successful feature will be added. ” another leader, simon pokagon, published his red man ’ s rebuke during the chicago fair and distributed it to the press and the public - at - large outside of the fairgrounds in chicago. at every turn, native american and african american leaders took aim at the racist ideology of the fair, fought these portrayals and argued for the right to self - representation. apaches on their first day at the carlisle indian school ( above ) — and here, four months later, circa 1886. traveling to a different country and sharing time and space with a diverse group of people really changed some of the people who were on exhibit. what did you learn about their experiences? in the security records of the fair in chicago i found all these frustrated notes from security guards who were trying to prevent the people from different exhibits from socializing with one another. apparently people from the different exhibits were hanging out and drinking beer with one another after the fair shut down. in another study, one where historians were actually able to interview indigenous women who had been part of the st. louis world ’ s fair in 1904, those women spoke about the relationships they developed with other exhibited women and how they overcame language barriers to share their experiences. i think these stories captivated me because they show


women who had been part of the st. louis world ’ s fair in 1904, those women spoke about the relationships they developed with other exhibited women and how they overcame language barriers to share their experiences. i think these stories captivated me because they show the importance of looking at the people who were brought to be exhibited as complete human beings and asking : what did they think about what they saw and experienced? what did they feel about the other people they met? it ’ s easier to think about these ‘ human zoos ’ as spaces you look into. thinking about these men and women socializing and struggling makes me wonder what they thought of these spaces and events as they looked out. when did “ importing ” indigenous people to put on display begin to end, and why? because the rationale behind these exhibits was so closely tied to the logics of empire, or the exhibition of empire, many of these exhibits began to disappear when the european empires began to decline, but they also began to change form before then. in a historical study of these events, titled human zoos, several historians propose that these exhibitions began to emphasize showing cultural differences instead of racial ones by the 1920s. however, some forms of these exhibits continued well into the 20th century, and certainly, using the logic of cultural difference to justify political, economic and military domination has not disappeared.


i. the nature of the church – what is it? the church exists in two forms : 1. christ promised to form the church ( matthew 16 : 18 ). 2. the holy spirit “ baptizes ” – places people into the “ body of christ, ” which is the universal church ( 1 corinthians 12 : 12 - 14, 27 ). this function of the holy spirit began at the day of pentecost ( acts 1 : 5 ; 2 : 1 - 4 ; 11 : 15 - 18 ). b. a local church : a group of believers in this age meeting regularly and organized biblically to do god ’ s will. ( examples : romans 16 : 1, 3 - 5, 14 - 16 ). ii. the purpose of the church – what are we supposed to do? introduction : the purpose ( s ) of the local church are derived by looking at new testament commands given to the disciples ( who were the “ foundation stones ” of the church – ephesians 2 : 20 ) and other instructions given to individual churches or church leaders. a. central passage – “ the great commission ” ( matthew 28 : 19, 20 ) – matthew 28 : 19 & 20 ( and the similar “ commissions ” in mark 16 : 15 ; luke 24 : 45 - 47 and acts 1 : 8 ) are central to the church ’ s purpose. they were spoken by christ, the head of the church ( matthew 28 : 18 ). they were spoken to the first leaders of the church ( matthew 28 : 16 ). and these words were spoken at the crucial time just after christ arose and before he ascended. – matthew 28 : 19 & 20 is examined here because it is the most comprehensive of the “ commission ” passages. 1. the command – “ go and make disciples ” a. these two words combine to make a single command that describe what we, the church, are to be doing. ( “ go ” is a participle and some prefer to translate it “ going. ” but its position in the sentence before the command makes it grammatically linked to “ make disciples. ” thus it is probably meant as a double command – “ go and make disciples. ” ). b. “ go ” means that we must take the initiative. evangelism is required to accomplish the task of disciple - making. c. “ make disciples ” means “ make followers, learners. ” this seems to include the entire process of helping a person understand the gospel of salvation through christ and then to help them grow


in god ’ s plan ( rbi ). to “ glorify god ” is the overall purpose. the bible says " whatever you do, do it all for the glory of god. " ( 1 corinthians 10 : 31 niv ). in other words, any effort of a church must serve not to promote itself but god ’ s greatness. however, a local church should seek to glorify god in the following ways : god has provided the way so that a person can go to heaven and know it. christ died to pay for our sin. we can go to heaven if we place our trust in christ ’ s death for us ( john 3 : 16 ). that truth is central to why a church exists. a church must effectively present the gospel in various ministries and train others to do so personally. part of the task includes taking that message around the world through missionaries. but once a person is reached with the gospel, god obviously has more in mind for their life … “ building ” refers to the spiritual process of god bringing the growth and change that we need in our lives. how can a church help to encourage that work of god? worship – we exist not for our benefit, but god ’ s glory. so worship must please god by giving god the credit he deserves for his greatness. god cannot “ grow ” us without an intimate relationship with us. personal and group worship encourages us to develop that relationship with god. instruction – the food we need to grow spiritually is god ’ s word the bible ( i peter 2 : 2 ). that ’ s why bible teaching must be central in a local church. a church must provide biblical truth that each person needs and even more importantly to encourage people to study god ’ s word themselves. fellowship – real spiritual growth requires more than just information. it requires relationships. god has designed that believers need one another to grow. it is through the frustration and diversity of relationships with people that god can best bring us to maturity. so it is essential to have ministries that go beyond a worship service. personal interaction lets us in on the struggles, joys of other christians and gives us an opportunity to support each other. sometimes people in churches assume that ministry is the job of paid professionals – the pastors and staff. it ’ s not. god has called every believer to be involved in ministry. he has given every person certain “ spiritual gifts ” – supernatural abilities to serve / help others in some way. instead of leaders doing most of the ministry, their real role


it ’ s not. god has called every believer to be involved in ministry. he has given every person certain “ spiritual gifts ” – supernatural abilities to serve / help others in some way. instead of leaders doing most of the ministry, their real role is to equip people for ministry ( ephesians 4 : 11, 12 ). ministry is not an issue of mere duty. it ’ s a matter of gratefully using the gifts / abilities god gives us. iii. the ordinances of the church a. common questions about ordinances / sacraments 1. what is an ordinance? an ordinance is a physical ritual prescribed by christ to illustrate a spiritual reality ( sacrament = sacred sign ). 2. how many ordinances should be practiced? some believe there are up to seven. most protestants believe there are only two ( lord ’ s supper and baptism ). why? - only these two are specifically prescribed by christ and clearly practiced by the early church. - only these two symbolize the saving work of christ. 3. what do they have to do with a person ’ s salvation? b. water baptism 1. definition : the use of water to symbolize outwardly the inner spiritual change that took place when we trusted christ as savior. 2. the model : baptism was commanded by christ and practiced by the early church. a. christ commanded the disciples to “ go and make disciples ” by means of “ baptizing ” and “ teaching ” until “ the end of the age ” ( matthew 28 : 19, 20 ). 3. the meaning : baptism symbolizes what happened when we were saved. a. it symbolizes the holy spirit ’ s work of regeneration ( making us spiritually new – titus 3 : 5 ). = “ i am a christian. ” - water ( ritual ) baptism is administered by others outwardly after we ’ re saved ( acts 8 : 3 ). b. it symbolizes our new life of union with and identification with christ ( romans 6 : 3 - 11 ). = “ i intend to live like a christian. ” 4. the method : immersion in water anytime after conversion seems most appropriate. b. new testament examples of baptism are done immediately after a person is saved ( acts 2 : 41 ; 8 : 12, 36 - 38 ; 9 : 18 ; 10 : 47, 48 ; 16 : 14, 15, 33 ; 18 : 8 ). so when a person is saved and realizes the significance of baptism, it would seem to be the right time. c. young children


; 9 : 18 ; 10 : 47, 48 ; 16 : 14, 15, 33 ; 18 : 8 ). so when a person is saved and realizes the significance of baptism, it would seem to be the right time. c. young children who are saved might wisely wait until they understand the significance of baptism. there is no biblical support for baptizing infants with water. c. the lord ’ s supper 1. definition : the regular use of the bread and cup to symbolically commemorate with other believers the saving work of christ on the cross. 2. the model : christ initiated it at the last supper. a. christ gave the final two elements of that passover meal a new significance to be practiced after his death ( luke 22 : 7 - 20 ). b. this ordinance is a command ( “ do this ” – 1 corinthians 11 : 24, 25 ) to be practiced regularly ( “ as often as ” – 1 corinthians 11 : 25, 26 ) throughout this church age ( “ proclaim the lord ’ s death until he comes ” – 1 corinthians 11 : 26 ). 3. the meaning : the lord ’ s supper is a memorial to christ ’ s saving work on the cross. 4. the method : a. the early church ’ s form - the love feast ( a shared meal – 1 corinthians 11 : 20 - 22 ) - the elements ( a shared loaf and cup – 1 corinthians 11 : 23 - 25 ). - done weekly as the church gathered ( “ breaking of bread ” – acts 20 : 7, 11 ). b. the basic function required the lord ’ s supper should be practiced regularly by churches using similar symbols with the identical significance christ gave them. iv. the structure of the church the church is not merely an organization. the universal church, as we have seen, is an “ organism. ” that is, the church is first of all a living spiritual unit – the body of christ. but on a local level, churches must be organized to do god ’ s will. this discussion will survey the various views of church structure and make some biblical observations. a. major views of church structure 1. the hierarchical view – this view holds that the authority in local churches rests in “ bishops ” who oversee several local churches. the bishops then have authority over local ministers who they ordain and appoint, who in turn have authority over the congregation. a. roman catholics, state churches ( church of england, etc


churches rests in “ bishops ” who oversee several local churches. the bishops then have authority over local ministers who they ordain and appoint, who in turn have authority over the congregation. a. roman catholics, state churches ( church of england, etc. ), the episcopal church hold this view. many other denominations also rely to some extent on authority from above and outside of the church. b. proponents use passages such as acts 15 : 13ff ; 1 corinthians 4 : 17 ; 2 corinthians 8 : 23 to support the view. those passages describe how the apostles gave authority to others ( timothy, titus, etc. ). but never was that authority said to be passed on further. 2. the federal view – this view is also called “ elder rule ” because that ’ s where the authority lies. elders receive authority by being elected from the congregation or being appointed by fellow elders. a. presbyterians and reformed groups hold this view ( although they are organized on a denominational level as well ). many independent churches also follow this form to a large degree. 3. the congregational view – this view holds that the congregation holds final authority on all matters. the pastor and other leaders are elected by the congregation to teach and lead but the congregation has authority over them. a. to a greater or lesser degree most protestant churches have some elements of the congregational view. some churches ( independents, baptists and others ) adhere to it very strictly. b. proponents point to the fact that only christ is above the congregation as “ head ” of the church ( ephesians 5 : 23 ). they also point to the priesthood of believers ( hebrews 10 : 19 - 22 ; 1 peter 2 : 5 - 9 ) and references to matters handled by the congregation ( deacons selected – acts 6 : 5 ; discipline – 1 corinthians 5 : 1 - 5, etc. ). b. determining a biblical view of church structure 1. who has authority in local church matters? - none of the above views is the only true biblical view. there is a clear biblical evidence for elements of elder rule and congregational rule. this discussion seeks to understand how both the congregation and the elders were meant to function in terms of authority. a. the apostles had authority in the 1st century. 1 ) they appointed elders ( acts 19 : 23 ). 2 ) they settled doctrinal disputes ( acts 15 ). 3 ) they established churches ( paul ). b. elders had the highest authority after the apostolic age. 1


1st century. 1 ) they appointed elders ( acts 19 : 23 ). 2 ) they settled doctrinal disputes ( acts 15 ). 3 ) they established churches ( paul ). b. elders had the highest authority after the apostolic age. 1 ) paul put elders in charge in churches ( acts 14 : 23 ). 2 ) paul told titus to appoint elders ( titus 1 : 5 ). 3 ) the church is told to obey its spiritual leaders ( hebrews 13 : 17 ). 5 ) “ ruling ” was one role of elders ( 2 timothy 5 : 17 ). c. the local church as a unit had authority. 1 ) they selected deacons ( acts 6 : 3 - 5 ). 2 ) they sent paul and barnabas to help settle a doctrinal dispute ( acts 15 : 2, 3 ) and then confirmed, with the other elders, how the issue should be settled ( 15 : 22 ). 1 ) a biblical view would seem to include elements of elder rule and congregational rule. the apostles had authority over local churches but they never established a system of hierarchical rule. 2 ) the model for church government must come from scripture not from examples of civil government. ( ie. the church is not to be a democracy just because america is. ) the goal of church decision - making is not to determine the will of the majority but to determine the will of god. 3 ) god has designed his spiritual “ organism ” – the church – to be led by spiritually qualified leaders ( see qualifications ). they do indeed direct the church ’ s ministry toward god - given goals. spiritual leaders are initiators. 4 ) the congregation as a whole was gathered to decide on some very significant issues ( see above ) so it seems that a local congregation today would also be involved in weighty matters. 5 ) each church has to decide how much decision - making is done at the leadership level and what is done at the congregational level. some issues are of such a nature that it would be unwise to involve the whole congregation. some issues are of such a nature that it would be unwise not to involve the whole congregation. but godly qualified leadership is key. when spiritual leaders have courage to lead and sensitivity to the needs of the congregation, god is free to produce harmony and effective spiritual ministry. 2. should churches organize above the local church level? - this discussion concerns the issue of whether churches should function together as denominations or as autonomous ( self - governing ) independent churches. a. biblical information and example 1 )


harmony and effective spiritual ministry. 2. should churches organize above the local church level? - this discussion concerns the issue of whether churches should function together as denominations or as autonomous ( self - governing ) independent churches. a. biblical information and example 1 ) the apostles coordinated group efforts to meet the financial needs of the poverty - stricken jerusalem church – ( 1 corinthians 16 : 1 - 4 ; 2 corinthians 8 : 1 - 9 : 15 ). also, paul was supported by several churches, although each church made their own decision about giving ( philippians 4 : 15 ; 1 corinthians 9 : 12 ; 2 corinthians 11 : 9 ; 12 : 13 ). 2 ) when the church at antioch experienced a doctrinal conflict about what was required of gentiles to be saved, the church asked for help from the spiritual leaders at jerusalem. their decision solved the problem ( acts 15 ). 1 ) the early church examples of financial cooperation and mediation of a conflict are good models of how like - minded churches can help each other. 2 ) these examples do not, however, establish a structure of authority. churches were designed by god to have the gifts and leadership they needed to function on their own ( 1 corinthians 1 : 7 ). denominations can certainly function in a biblical way in accomplishing god ’ s purposes, while many believe that independent, autonomous churches are closest to the biblical model, and best able to do the unique ministry god gives them in a local area. 3. should churches have formal membership? a. biblical information and example there is no clear biblical example of church membership so it would be wrong to argue strongly that it is necessary. christians were, however, identified with a particular church ( “ there were added 3, 00 souls ” – acts 2 : 41 ; “ the church in their house ” – romans 16 : 5 ; etc. ; “ the brethren with them ” – romans 16 : 14 ). formal membership seems to be somewhat cultural. in the early church setting there was only one church in an area. believers attending there were a recognized part of it. in our modern proliferation of churches, having official membership rolls helps a church function orderly. members are those who agree on the doctrine, the purpose and the philosophy of the church. and thus they can more likely make wise and unified decisions. for the individual, church membership gives a spiritual identity and definite spiritual accountability. v. the leaders of the church 1. who were they? sometimes they are called “ elders


of the church. and thus they can more likely make wise and unified decisions. for the individual, church membership gives a spiritual identity and definite spiritual accountability. v. the leaders of the church 1. who were they? sometimes they are called “ elders ” ( greek – presbuteros ), a term that emphasizes the qualification of spiritual maturity needed. sometimes they are called “ overseers ” ( greek – episcopos ), a term that emphasizes their function of leading. the terms are used interchangeably of the same men ( acts 20 : 17, 28 ). 2. what are an elder ’ s qualifications? “ above reproach “ – no cause for just criticism “ husband of one wife ” – monogamous fidelity, not divorced “ temperate ” – self - control “ prudent ” – wise decision - maker “ respectable ” – orderly, organized “ hospitable ” – willing to share his home “ able to teach ” – can communicate spiritual truth “ not given to wine ” – not addicted “ not pugnacious but gentle ” – patient, not violent “ uncontentious ” – not insistent on rights, peaceable “ free from the love of money ” – not greedy or “ in it for the money ” “ manages his household well … children under control ” – discipline, peace and order at home “ not a new convert ” – to avoid pride “ good reputation with outsiders ” – has the respect of unbelievers “ not self - willed ” – genuine concern for others interests, not just his own “ not quick tempered ” ( self - explanatory ) “ loves what is good ” – can discern what is spiritually beneficial “ just ” – law - keeping himself and fair with others “ devout ” – avoids sin and is committed to god “ hold fast the faithful word ” – knows doctrinal truth 3. what are an elders duties? b. “ be an example to the flock ” ( 1 peter 5 : 3 ). consciously models and disciples others in the christian life. e. “ rule ” ( 1 timothy 5 : 17 ). this means to direct the church ’ s affairs. 4. how many elders should there be in a church? no number is given. there are, however, clear examples that leadership in the local church is shared by a plurality of elders. it is always elders ( plural ) in antioch ( acts 14 : 23 ), in jerusalem ( acts 15 : 2 ; 20 : 18 ), in ephesus ( acts 20 :


leadership in the local church is shared by a plurality of elders. it is always elders ( plural ) in antioch ( acts 14 : 23 ), in jerusalem ( acts 15 : 2 ; 20 : 18 ), in ephesus ( acts 20 : 17, 28 ), in philippi ( philippians 1 : 1 ), in crete ( titus 1 : 5 ), and in all the churches who received the epistles of james ( james 5 : 14 ). and peter ( 1 peter 5 : 1 ). the human tendency is one - man leadership. the biblical model is leadership shared by elders. each elder will have different gifts and roles and some will be more visible, but the responsibility must be shared ( providing there is more than one man qualified to be an elder ). there is tremendous advantage to shared wisdom and responsibility. 1. who are they? the word “ deacon ” actually means “ servant ” and can be used of any servant ( ephesians 6 : 21 ; 1 corinthians 3 : 5, etc. ). but in acts 6 : 1 - 6 a group of men were officially designated as servers / deacons for a specific physical need in the jerusalem church. later, paul used the word “ deacon ” in the official sense of a church office and described their qualifications ( 1 timothy 3 : 8 - 13 ). so it seems that deacons are formally established as church officers. they are to assure particularly that the physical needs of the church body are met. 2. what are a deacon ’ s qualifications? “ good reputation ” – same as elder “ spiritual ” – men who consistently walk in the spirit ’ s control “ wise ” – same as elder “ dignified ” – same as elder “ not double - tongued ” – honest, not telling conflicting stories “ not addicted to much wine ” – same as elder “ not fond of sordid gain ” – parallel to elder “ holding to the mystery of the faith ” – parallel to elder “ beyond reproach ” – same as elder “ husband of one wife ” – same as elder “ good managers of their children and household – parallel to elder - also, deacon ’ s wives must be “ dignified, not malicious gossips, temperate and faithful in all things ” ( 1 timothy 3 : 11 ). these are probably “ deacon ’ s wives ” and not “ deaconesses ” since their qualifications are found in the middle of the deacon ’ s qualifications. also, phoebe ( romans 16 : 1 ), is called a “ deaconess ”


those of us who opted for flu vaccine earlier this fall are hopefully already protected and it looks like this years vaccine is a good match for the 3 types of flu that are already circulating. the flu vaccine contains 3 different types of flu strains, 2 flu a, and 1 flu b. we are seeing both types of flu right now, as is a great deal of the southern united states as well as the midwest. last week, the cdc reported flu in 49 out of 50 states for those of you who haven ' t been immunized yet, get the vaccine now! call your pediatrician, local pharmacy or health department, as the vaccine is not readily available. if you have been fortunate enough and not have had to visit your pediatrician since the fall ( good healthy kids! ), you may not have had the opportunity to be reminded to get the vaccine. in fact, the last patient of the day yesterday was a 10 year old boy with classic flu symptoms : sudden onset of fever, chills, cough, scratchy throat and body aches. his mother thought that she had been in and had gotten the vaccine but when i looked it was last fall and the time had just escaped her. not uncommon when you have healthy children who only see their pediatrician once a year. even if you have been unlucky enough to already have had the flu, which really knocks you down for at least 5 - 7 days, you should go get the vaccine once you are over the acute illness. believe it or not, you could actually contract one of the other strains of flu that will continue into the flu season. some might say that it can ' t happen, but it does! lastly, if you do get the flu keep your child home from day care or school and all of their other activities. flu is very contagious, and going to school just spreads the virus to others. this is also true for parents, who need to stay home from work with the flu as well. keep washing those hands! we have a long winter ahead.


visions of ordinary today ' s entry was written by jill carattini. please note the views expressed here are those of the author, not necessarily of the biologos foundation. you can read more about what biologos believes here. “ visions of ordinary ” by jill carattini middlemarch is the epic novel by mary anne evans, better known by her male penname george eliot. the work is considered one of the most significant novels of the victorian period and a masterpiece of english fiction. rather than following a grand hero, eliot explores a number of themes in a series of interlocking narratives, telling the stories of ordinary characters intertwined in the intricate details of life and community. eliot ' s focus is the ordinary, and in fact her lament, in the form of 700 pages of detail, is that we not only so often fail to see it, but fail to see that there is really no such thing. there is neither ordinary human pain nor ordinary human living. " if we had a keen vision and feeling of all ordinary human life, " she writes, " it would be like hearing the grass grow and the squirrel ' s heartbeat, and we should die of that roar which lies on the other side of silence. as it is, the quickest of us walk about well wadded with stupidity. " 1 the world eliot saw around her is not unlike our own in its capacity to silence the dissonance of details, the frequency of pain, the roar of life in its most minute and yet extraordinary forms. we silence the wild roar of the ordinary and divert our attention to magnitudes more willing to fit into our control. the largest tasks and decisions are given more credence, the biggest lives and events of history most studied and admired, and the greatest powers and influences feared or revered most. and on the contrary, the ordinary acts we undermine, the most common and chronic angst we manage to mask, and the most simple and monotonous events we silence or stop seeing altogether. but have we judged correctly? artists often work at pulling back the curtain on these places we have wadded out of sight and sound, showing glimpses of life easily missed, pulling off the disguises that hide sad or mortal wounds, drawing our attention to all that is deemed mundane and obscure. their subject is the ordinary, but it is for the sake of the extraordinary, even the holy. nowhere does eliot articulate this more clearly than in her defense of the ordinary scenes depicted in early dutch painting. " do not impose


mundane and obscure. their subject is the ordinary, but it is for the sake of the extraordinary, even the holy. nowhere does eliot articulate this more clearly than in her defense of the ordinary scenes depicted in early dutch painting. " do not impose on us any aesthetic rules which shall banish those old women scrapping carrots with their work - worn hands.... it is so needful we should remember their existence, else we may happen to leave them quite out of our religion and philosophy, and flame lofty theories which only fit a world of extremes. " ( 2 ) for the artist, ordinary life, ordinary hardship, ordinary sorrow is precisely the scene of our need for god, and remarkably the scene of god and miracle. in this sense, the psalmist and prophets and ancient storytellers are indeed all struggling artists, closing the infinite distance between the grandeur of god and an ordinary humanity. what is man that thou art mindful of him? the son of man that thou visitest him? the parables jesus tells are richly artistic, theological pauses upon the ordinary. presented to people who often find themselves beyond the need for stories, whether puffed up with wealth and self - importance, or engorged with religion and knowledge, his stories stop us. he is acutely aware that the religious and the non - religious, the self - assured and the easily distracted often dance around idols of magnitude, diverting their eyes from the ordinary. and yet his very life proclaims the magnitude of the overlooked. the ordinary is precisely the place that god chose to visit — and not as a man of magnitude. whatever your philosophy or worldview, your own attention to the ordinary is worth considering. it is far too easy to miss the world as it really is. while jesus ' s own disciples bickered over the most significant seats in the kingdom, they were put off by a unwanted woman at a well, they overlooked a sick woman reaching out for the fringe of christ ' s robe, and they tried to silence a suffering man making noise in an attempt to get jesus ' s attention — all ordinary scenes which became the place of miracle. even in a religion where the last are proclaimed first, where the servant, the suffering, and the crucified are lifted highest, the story of the widow ' s mite is still easily forgotten, the obscure faces jesus asked the world to remember easily overlooked. but the great commission is equally a commission for the many acts of life we want to see as less great.


highest, the story of the widow ' s mite is still easily forgotten, the obscure faces jesus asked the world to remember easily overlooked. but the great commission is equally a commission for the many acts of life we want to see as less great. and the ordinary is filled with a god who chooses to visit. first published june 27, 2011 as “ visions of the ordinary, ” slice of infinity 2492. used by permission of ravi zacharias international ministries ( rzim ). jill carattini is a native of pentwater, michigan, and resides with her husband tony in atlanta, georgia. widely read in theology, aesthetics, church history, and justice, she has also studied in the middle east in order to better understanding the culture, history, and politics of the region ’ s conflict. 1. george eliot, middlemarch, ( london : penguin, 1994 ), 194. 2. george eliot, adam bede ( london, penguin, 1980 ), 224. jill carattini is managing editor of a slice of infinity, a daily reading considering themes from theology and culture to philosophy and the arts. her early suspicion of christ ' s uniqueness and her compulsion towards thinking theologically led her to pursue a degree in religion from hope college and later a masters of divinity from western theological seminary. she is ordained as a specialized minister in the reformed church of america and has enjoyed living and working in diverse ministry settings, including urban and university campus ministry, as well as a local mission church in a native american community in oklahoma.


when we posed the question ‘ is technology creating lazy architecture ’, we had no idea it would spark such profound responses or such highly intelligent debate, leading us to come to the realisation that cad and bim are only one tool under architects ’ and designers ’ belts. one technological element that is truly hitting its stride in the architecture sector is that of 3d printing. while cad and bim allow architects and designers to draw and create using a computer, 3d printing takes these exact, computer - developed plans and prints them as is. the absolute exactness of this architectural development medium means speed and precision are high on the list of positive elements associated with 3d printing. there is no level of human error involved and exact specifications can be tested in miniature form. it is this lack of the human element, however, that provokes the question : could 3d printing take the artistry out of architecture design? according to yale school of architecture dean rober a. m. stern, the personal, tactile nature of design development is paramount in his works. “ i personally still make little drawings and i like to use sculptors modeling clay, which i was introduced to by louis kahn who used it, ” says stern. “ but it goes back in the architectural terms tradition in art terms in general to the tradition of sculpture. and i like to shape things, and mush them around, and play with shapes. ” while 3d printing is precise and highly efficient, it is still imperfect. small details are often lost in the printing process, with delicate features easily snapped off. in its defense, however, the latter point could also be said for hand - developed modeling. 3d printing can, however, allow architects the liberty of making mistakes without leaving them to face the consequences of a tedious complete model redevelopment. the mistake can be amended through the software program and the model can be quickly reprinted. herein lies the key point upon which many of our readers have agreed ; technology is a tool. just because writers now use computers instead of pen and paper does not mean that literary greatness is gone. the implementation of modern technology into any of our sectors means elements of tasks presented to us are simpler and can be completed more efficiently. this brings with it the downside that when approached by the lazy or mediocre, results can still be achieved even if they are not particularly groundbreaking. like nearly everything in life, it comes down the individual. for motivated and talented architects, technology only aids their artistry. it is when those who are capitalise on the ease created


the real scary truth about black cats have you heard the myth that black cats are unsafe in october, in part because witches may try to adopt them for rituals? we sure have. but guess what? top aspca experts agree that it ’ s just not true. unfortunately, the truth is kinda scary, too : year - round, black cats are the least likely to get adopted in shelters across the u. s. in fact, black animals in general take more time to find homes, says gail buchwald, senior vice president of the adoption center. at the aspca, we love black kitties. ( some of our friendliest cats, like marissa, are black — yet marissa has waited more than nine months to find a family. what ’ s up with that? ) aside from the most important reason to adopt black kitties — that they really need extra help finding homes — here are a few reasons to take home one or two : - their fur won ’ t show on your little black dress. - you can tell your kids you adopted a mini panther. - black cats go with everything. - in most cultures, black cats are a sign of good luck. - you already know black cats are awesome — you have one at home! if you ’ ve got a great black kitty, tell us about him or her in the comments. you just might persuade someone else to give these felines a little extra attention.


would a constitutional amendment clear up postponed voting? the possibility of hurricane sandy delaying some presidential and congressional voting next tuesday is unlikely, but it may take something like a constitutional amendment to make emergency voting laws clear cut and enforceable. the congressional research service looked extensively at election disaster scenarios back in 2004, when it pondered how the federal and state governments would deal with a terrorist attack on or around election day. and while there are laws and precedents about delaying or postponing elections involving the president and congress, the congressional research service ’ s study shows there ’ s also plenty of room for constitutional conflict in the process. among the 27 amendments to the constitution, at least eight amendments deal specifically with voting issues. the issue of emergency election procedures could get some momentum as a possible amendment, if the worse - case scenarios play out in a postponed election. currently, there are widespread power outages in connecticut, maryland, new york, and new jersey, as well as parts of pennsylvania, delaware, and west virginia. as many as 400, 000 people in new york city might be without power on election day, and flood damage has complicated the polling process in new jersey, where military trucks will be used as portable polling places on tuesday. leaders in new york and new jersey have given no indication they will postpone election day. but it isn ’ t clear if state or federal officials have the ultimate power to postpone an election. the process gets sketchy because the constitution gives each state the power to administer an election that includes federal officials. but congress gets to pick the day that election is held. it passed that law in 1845, after an 1840 presidential election controversy, where political parties moved whole populations of voters between states that had different election days. there appears to be a legal precedent for states delaying election races involving congressional seats if a hurricane or natural disaster strikes. the federal case of busbee v. smith, which was affirmed by the u. s. supreme court, found that such elections delayed by natural disasters could be held at a later time. however, presidential races operate by different rules. if a state doesn ’ t have a tentative slate of presidential electors after election day, the federal statute says a special election must be held within the state, at a time to be determined. recent constitution daily stories booze on election day was an american tradition fcc ‘ loophole ’ may force mobile users to pay for political text ads will november be same - sex marriage month? national student election picks obama as next president “ whenever any state has held an election for the


today marks a major milestone in the development of the go programming language. we ' re announcing go version 1, or go 1 for short, which defines a language and a set of core libraries to provide a stable foundation for creating reliable products, projects, and publications. go 1 is the first release of go that is available in supported binary distributions. they are available for linux, freebsd, mac os x and, we are thrilled to announce, windows. the driving motivation for go 1 is stability for its users. people who write go 1 programs can be confident that those programs will continue to compile and run without change, in many environments, on a time scale of years. similarly, authors who write books about go 1 can be sure that their examples and explanations will be helpful to readers today and into the future. forward compatibility is part of stability. code that compiles in go 1 should, with few exceptions, continue to compile and run throughout the lifetime of that version, even as we issue updates and bug fixes such as go version 1. 1, 1. 2, and so on. the go 1 compatibility document explains the compatibility guidelines in more detail. go 1 is a representation of go as it is used today, not a major redesign. in its planning, we focused on cleaning up problems and inconsistencies and improving portability. there had long been many changes to go that we had designed and prototyped but not released because they were backwards - incompatible. go 1 incorporates these changes, which provide significant improvements to the language and libraries but sometimes introduce incompatibilities for old programs. fortunately, the go fix tool can automate much of the work needed to bring programs up to the go 1 standard. go 1 introduces changes to the language ( such as new types for unicode characters and errors ) and the standard library ( such as the new time package and renamings in the strconv package ). also, the package hierarchy has been rearranged to group related items together, such as moving the networking facilities, for instance the rpc package, into subdirectories of net. a complete list of changes is documented in the go 1 release notes. that document is an essential reference for programmers migrating code from earlier versions of go. we also restructured the go tool suite around the new go command, a program for fetching, building, installing and maintaining go code. the go command eliminates the need for makefiles to write go code because it uses the go program source itself to


chimps using tools : archaeology ’ s most fascinating discovery of 2007 a team of researchers led by dr. julio mercader of the university of calgary in alberta undertook excavations in the west african nation, cote d ’ ivoire. they encountered a series of hammer stones, some of them dating back 4, 300 years, that are thought to have been used by chimps to crack open nuts. starch residue from several nuts known to be staples in the chimpanzee diet, but not the human diet, suggests that chimps, rather than humans, manufactured these tools. dr. mercader was the first to coin the term “ chimpanzee archaeology. ” his discoveries have resulted in the opening of a new research niche within archeology bearing the same name. discoveries like these have prompted humans to add the qualifier “ complex ” in front of the word “ tool. ” it is an elegant, yet necessary, way to acknowledge that non - human beings ( in this case, chimps are also capable of manufacturing tools, but that until further notice, it is only us humans who use, say, e - mail. the announcement also showcases how science works : its practitioners are by nature curious creatures. someone somewhere will inevitably come up with new questions that they will investigate to yield further insights into human behavior. in this case, such insight was achieved by researching non - human primate tool making. for this step forward, we owe dr. mercader and his colleagues a debt of gratitude.


conserving areas of bush and forest in cities is essential to the conservation of new zealand ’ s wasp species, according to research from victoria university. with more than 1, 000 native species, wasps are an important part of new zealand ’ s biodiversity says dr rudi schnitzler. “ despite their fearsome reputation, very few wasps are capable of stinging humans ; most tend to paralyse other insects. they play an essential role in the control of insects and are often deliberately used to control pest species such as the apple leaf roller moth in hawke ’ s bay and nelson. ” dr schnitzler ’ s phd focussed on the effect diminishing amounts of native bush in urban areas has on native and introduced wasp species. he found that the greater the proximity of reserves and parks, the greater the number of wasps and the better the health and diversity of the species. his findings are important for the conservation of urban bush and forest areas and have implications for city planners. “ it ’ s important to have many different types of plants in any section of forest or bush. the more variety in terms of species of plants, the more likely you ’ ll find a pool of insects that nature can maintain. ” he says backyard gardeners can play a part in increasing the diversity of flora and fauna of cities, especially in wellington where sections of forest and bush are in close proximity to backyards. dr schnitzler spent more than two years collecting and analysing wasps at 10 sites around the greater wellington region.


we love hearing about any anti - bullying initiatives that are out there, such as the efforts from organizations like beyond bullies and nickelodeon ’ s cybersafety awareness program as a part of their the big help efforts. the latest initiative we want to highlight is sprigeo, created for kids to report bullying incidents that are then dealt with directly by kids ’ schools. the site was created because, as stated on its “ our story ” page, 160, 000 kids skip school every day to avoid the bullying that awaits them. kids should feel safe at school so they can concentrate on learning and social interactions without stress or fear. because of this, sprigeo ’ s vision is to “ restore the safe and secure feeling kids want to have when they go to school each day ” by giving them an outlet to address bullying and report it safely. to fully utilize sprigeo ’ s service, schools sign up and form a partnership with the site. kids can then file reports about bullying incidents, which not only go directly to a school principal or other administrator in a secure email, but they also are stored in an online database. this allows schools to track the incidents, note any action taken towards resolving issues and record any related incidents. schools are also given a support package with different materials including a best practices resource for how to deal with bullying. sprigeo ’ s most important asset is the way it holds schools accountable, while also providing support for them. many bullying incidents in the news report students ’ and parents ’ frustrations with the lack of support or action they received from a school after reporting incidents. sprigeo ’ s intention with the database is to help schools keep better track of bullying incidents, and to more adequately follow up with those incidents. furthermore, a survey released last week revealed that teachers and school administrators aren ’ t adequately prepared to educate students about online safety issues including cyberbullying. and because cyberbullying incidents don ’ t necessarily happen in or during school, it ’ s unclear what schools ’ responsibilities are in these situations. it seems like sprigeo hopes to change this with their resources and database system, and we encourage schools and parents to look into this kind of alternative option if bullying isn ’ t being effectively handled. in what ways is your child ’ s school proactive about dealing with bullying incidents?


during each day of january 2013, i am creating a new video showing you how to use the new c + + builder xe3 compilers for win32, win64 and osx to create multi - platform, database, multi - tier, hd and 3d applications. in this twenty - second video you will learn how to include inline assembly language code using the c + + builder 64 - bit compiler for windows. big thank you ( s ) go out to peter evans and tomohiro takahashi for their help in the research and preparation of the programs used in this inline assembler video. the first inline assembler example is taken from the intel assembler article at http : / / software. intel. com / sites / products / documentation / doclib / stdxe / 2013 / composerxe / compiler / cpp - lin / guid - 5100c4fc - bc2f - 4e36 - 943a - 120cfffb4285. htm. there is also a great article, by sandeep s., about the at & t syntax / gcc inline assembler ( which clang supports ) at http : / / www. ibiblio. org / gferg / ldp / gcc - inline - assembly - howto. html. there are additional links in my december 18, 2012 blog post on c + + builder 64 - bit compiler inline assembler at http : / / blogs. embarcadero. com / davidi / 2012 / 12 / 21 / 42152 ( also includes the source code for the c + + builder version of the intel inline assembler example ). stay tuned to my blog for additional c + + programming videos each day. january 22, 2013 - adding inline assembler to your c + + builder 64 - bit applications watch on youtube : http : / / www. youtube. com / watch? v = 9hhgmzxpjye duration : 4 minutes and 15 seconds watch / download the c + + builder 64 - bit compiler preview video additional details about the 64 - bit c + + builder compiler are available in the preview video. watch the c + + 64 - bit compiler preview video on youtube at http : / / www. youtube. com / watch? v = pwwmpbuor6y. you can also download the mp4 video file at http : / / cc. embarcadero. com / item / 29197. the preview video is 9 minutes long. try


fifty years ago this week, the first of more than 10 million visitors boarded the newly docked uss north carolina in its new home on the wilmington riverfront. thanks to the efforts of jimmy craig and hugh morton, along with 700, 000 school children across north carolina, the battleship was saved from the scrapyard. bringing it home, however, was no easy matter. the move, originally scheduled for october 1, 1961, had to be delayed for a day because of the weather and problems with some of the tug boats. at nearly 729 feet, the north carolina was the longest ship to navigate the river, which was only 500 feet wide at the time. also, the ship drew 30 feet of water, and the channel was only 32 feet deep. after 10 hours of intricate maneuvering with a fleet of tugs pushing and pulling, the huge, 35, 000 ton battlewagon was edged into a slip here at 5 : 37 p. m. thousands of persons lined the wilmington waterfront and had a grandstand view as the ticklish maneuver of edging the ship from the cape fear river into her slip was executed. the bow of the north carolina apparently went aground at one time during the move into the slip. the only other mishap to mar the big ship ' s final voyage came when gunmounts at the very end of her stern crunched into the topside of a floating restaurant, the ark, moored at the end of princess street. this was not the first time the ark had been on the losing end of such an encounter. on prominent display inside the restaurant has been a navy submarine plaque in honor of the fact that the ark some years ago was involved in the only recorded collision between a " man - of - war and a restaurant. " the man - of - war was the navy sub uss crusher. - - the news & observer 10 / 3 / 1961 the uss north carolina ' s service in world war ii included downing 24 planes, fighting in every major offensive in the pacific, and earning 15 battle stars. six times the japanese reporting sinking it. the japanese couldn ' t sink the battleship, but a history book nearly did. in 1971, sandy bunn, a high school junior from rocky mount wrote to the staff of the battleship memorial, asking if the ship had been recovered or if the memorial was a replica. he had read in a library book, the story of submarines by george weller that the uss north carolina had been sunk. weller ' s book was published by random house, inc.


february 20, 2013 | 14 when a 17 - meter asteroid barreled into earth ’ s atmosphere over central russia on february 15, releasing a powerful shock wave that injured more than 1, 000 people, many observers wondered how such a momentous event could arrive unheralded. the fact is, the object that exploded in a fireball over chelyabinsk, releasing hundreds of kilotons of energy, was small potatoes. there may be millions of comparably sized objects in the inner solar system, only a small fraction of which have been discovered. the searches to date have been focused on tracking much larger dino - killers and other potentially catastrophic asteroids and comets — those objects larger than about one kilometer. so the door has been open to unpleasant but ultimately survivable asteroid surprises. several new and forthcoming projects will amass reams of new data about the near - earth asteroid ( nea ) population, but a comprehensive catalogue of chelyabinsk - scale objects remains beyond the technological horizon. the asteroids are too numerous, and too faint, to be systematically tracked. below is a rundown of some of the best tools that researchers currently have for asteroid detection and defense : the catalina sky survey discovers about 600 neas every year from telescope sites in arizona and australia. since the mid - 2000s catalina has been the leading nea - detection project in existence, helping nasa to reach its goal of cataloguing 90 percent of all near - earth asteroids larger than one kilometer in diameter. but its pace of discovery is too slow to make a significant dent in the much larger populations of smaller objects. near - earth asteroids larger than 100 meters likely number in the tens of thousands, whereas nearby asteroids 10 meters and up number in the millions. the first of four planned pan - starrs telescopes in hawaii recently came online and is now the second - leading nea search in existence, in terms of objects detected per year. in 2012, its second full year of operation, pan - starrs discovered 251 near - earth asteroids, according to nasa statistics. it should help discover many asteroids with diameters in the hundreds of meters, but the bulk of smaller objects will remain out of reach. the large synoptic survey telescope, which should come online toward the end of the decade in chile, will be a survey telescope of astonishing capability. the 8. 4 - meter telescope, equipped with a 3 - gigapixel digital camera, will scan the skies every few nights to pick up moving objects or transient events. but even the lsst will have