6, 000 women in the gambia organized into the try women ’ s oyster harvesting producer association, creating a sustainable co - management plan for the local oyster fishery to prevent overharvesting and exploitation. oysters and fish are an important, low - cost source of protein for the population, but current production levels have led to environmental degradation and to changes in land use over the last 30 years. the government is working with groups like try to promote less - destructive methods and to expand credit facilities to low - income producers to stimulate investment in more - sustainable production. in kibera, nairobi, the largest slum in kenya, more than 1, 000 women farmers are growing “ vertical ” gardens in sacks full of dirt poked with holes, feeding their families and communities. these sacks have the potential to feed thousands of city dwellers while also providing a sustainable and easy - to - maintain source of income for urban farmers. with more than 60 percent of africa ’ s population projected to live in urban areas by 2050, such methods may be crucial to creating future food security. currently, some 33 percent of africans live in cities, and 14 million more migrate to urban areas each year. worldwide, some 800 million people engage in urban agriculture, producing 15 – 20 percent of all food. pastoralists in south africa and kenya are preserving indigenous varieties of livestock that are adapted to the heat and drought of local conditions — traits that will be crucial as climate extremes on the continent worsen. africa has the world ’ s largest area of permanent pasture and the largest number of pastoralists, with 15 – 25 million people dependent on livestock. the food, agriculture and natural resources policy analysis network ( fanrpan ) is using interactive community plays to engage women farmers, community leaders, and policymakers in an open dialogue about gender equity, food security, land tenure, and access to resources. women in sub - saharan africa make up at least 75 percent of agricultural workers and provide 60 – 80 percent of the labor to produce food for household consumption and sale, so it is crucial that they have opportunities to express their needs in local governance and decision - making. this entertaining and amicable forum makes it easier for them to speak openly. uganda ’ s developing innovations in school cultivation ( disc ) program is integrating indigenous vegetable gardens, nutrition information, and food preparation into school curriculums to teach children how to grow local crop varieties that will help combat food shortages and revitalize the country ’ s culinary traditions. an estimated 33 percent of african children currently face hunger and malnutrition,


, and food preparation into school curriculums to teach children how to grow local crop varieties that will help combat food shortages and revitalize the country ’ s culinary traditions. an estimated 33 percent of african children currently face hunger and malnutrition, which could affect some 42 million children by 2025. school nutrition programs that don ’ t simply feed children, but also inspire and teach them to become the farmers of the future, are a huge step toward improving food security. the state of the world 2011 report is accompanied by other informational materials including briefing documents, summaries, an innovations database, videos, and podcasts, all of which are available at www. nourishingtheplanet. org. the project ’ s findings are being disseminated to a wide range of agricultural stakeholders, including government ministries, agricultural policymakers, farmer and community networks, and the increasingly influential non - governmental environmental and development communities. in conducting this research, worldwatch ’ s nourishing the planet project received unprecedented access to major international research institutions, including those in the consultative group on international agricultural research ( cgiar ) system. the team also interacted extensively with farmers and farmers ’ unions as well as with the banking and investment communities. the worldwatch institute and the nourishing the planet project are gratefully supported by the bill and melinda gates foundation and additional foundations, governments, and institutions including the rockefeller and surdna foundations, the united nations foundation, the goldman environmental prize, the shared earth foundation, the wallace global fund, the winslow foundation, and many more.


herpes simplex virus from natural wellbeing herpes simplex virus herpes simplex virus facts herpes simplex virus is the infection which has been on earth for quite sometime now. the infection is defined in encarta dictionary as viral skin condition marked by some clusters of small watery blister. the disease is categorized in two, which is type one or the hsv - 1 and the type two or hsv - 2. the disease could affect the lips, mouth, and the genitals. simple virus in the mouth is also known as mouth or oral herpes, while simple virus in the genitals is known as genital herpes. the infection is normally spread through contact and sexual intercourse with the person who ' s infected by the condition. lots of people happens to carry this condition without the idea of having this contagious virus. it can damage a person ' s immune system. kissing with the person that has oral herpes could be dangerous as it can simple spread through contact and salivary glands. the sign of infection varies in the person. some may have the symptom earlier than the others. some signs of the infections may include blisters and cold sores. the disease has life cycle of twenty one days. it disappears afterwards but leaves the person with virus. barrier protection processes are the most dependable way to prevent transmission of herpes simplex virus, through they can just decrease the risk than totally eliminate it. on the other hand, there are several drugs over the counter that claims to give complete relief as well as total eradication of the disease. before you start with any treatment, make sure that you have diagnosis through skin clinic and look for the physician ' s advice. pharmaceutical companies often come out with different drugs, few of them claims that they can totally cute the ailment. once you learn that you have herpes simplex virus, get rid from young kids and prevent kissing them as they can easily get infection. their immune system isn ' t capable yet of fighting scourge. herpes simplex actually is the most usual virus found in human, it causes infections in the skin as well as in the mucous membrane. however, it is also the cause of more viral infection in some other parts of human body. virus infection from herpes can cause serious extensive disease in the immune suppressed person ( cancer and hiv patients, for instance ). like other members of herpes virus family, herpes simplex virus remains in the body for life. simplex virus


ca. 5 may 1642 – ca. 1710 john archdale, colonial governor and proprietary shareholder of carolina, was born in england, the son of thomas and mary nevill archdale and the grandson of richard archdale, a london merchant. archdale ' s first connection with america came through the marriage of his sister mary to ferdinando gorges the younger, one of the heirs to the proprietorship of maine. claim to the proprietary was contested by the massachusetts government, which annexed maine in 1652 and governed the province until the restoration of charles ii, when gorges moved to make good his claim. gorges ordered charles ii proclaimed in the province, commissioned civil officers in opposition to the massachusetts ones, and appealed to the privy council for confirmation of his proprietary rights. when, in 1664, gorges received confirmation of his title to maine, he sent archdale to make good his claim against massachusetts and to settle the government of maine on a sure foundation under authority of his charter. archdale ' s visit, however, coincided with the visit of the crown ' s commissioners for the reduction of new netherlands and for the investigation of the new england governments. the crown commissioners disallowed both the massachusetts and the gorges claims to the civil government of maine and established a government directly responsible to the crown. archdale returned to england in 1665 ; in 1677, gorges sold to massachusetts his proprietary title to the soil of maine. in december 1673, archdale married ann dobson cary, a widow whose son by her previous marriage, thomas cary, was subsequently deputy governor of north carolina. the archdales had by this marriage one son, thomas, and a daughter, mary. archdale ' s conversion to quakerism occurred some time after 1674. in 1678 he bought the berkeley of stratton share in the proprietary of carolina, though he subsequently made over the title to his infant son, thomas. in 1682 archdale made plans to visit carolina on behalf of the proprietors in order to collect quitrents and to help quiet the disturbances in the colony. he arrived in the fall of 1683 and remained for about three years, during which period he acted intermittently as governor of north carolina. in july 1694, thomas smith, governor of the southern part of carolina, requested that the proprietors send out a new governor with full powers to deal with the unrest and dissension among the colonists. the proprietors commissioned archdale governor of both halves of carolina, and he made a tour of the english colonies on his way to


the proprietors send out a new governor with full powers to deal with the unrest and dissension among the colonists. the proprietors commissioned archdale governor of both halves of carolina, and he made a tour of the english colonies on his way to assume the government of the proprietary. he landed in maine early in 1695 and traveled south, visiting every colony en route to charleston, which he reached in august 1695. once in charleston he set about " to allay the heates " of the people, to moderate the differences between dissenters and churchmen, and to choose a council and call an assembly. at this time he appointed as deputy governor of south carolina joseph blake, who was to carry out in that province many of archdale ' s plans for the colony ; his deputy governor for north carolina was thomas harvey, who was also sympathetic to archdale ' s program of reforms and who carried on his program there. archdale tried to deal fairly with huguenot settlers in the face of hostility from the english - speaking settlers in south carolina. during archdale ' s tenure as governor, the south carolina assembly passed a number of important acts, since known as archdale ' s laws. a poor law, a comprehensive slave law, and in recognition of archdale ' s quaker principles, a law exempting conscientious objectors from military duty were enacted. in both carolinas compromises were reached over quitrents and land sales. archdale is credited by some with introducing to the carolinas seed - rice from madagascar. he oversaw the construction of improved public roads and ( in south carolina ) military fortifications, and he showed great tact in his dealings with the spanish governor of st. augustine. in return for his outstanding services to the two provinces, archdale received votes of thanks from both the north and south carolina assemblies. in 1696 archdale ' s son, thomas, sold the berkeley of stratton share in the proprietary of carolina to joseph blake, and archdale returned to england. in 1698, archdale was elected to the house of commons as member for wycombe. however, when archdale offered to affirm rather than swear the oath required of members, the house refused to seat him. a by - election was held, and his brother thomas was elected to fill the vacant seat. archdale purchased the sir william berkeley share of carolina in 1705 and for three years took an active part as a member of the proprietary board. on 22 oct. 1708 he sold his proprietary share to his son -


was elected to fill the vacant seat. archdale purchased the sir william berkeley share of carolina in 1705 and for three years took an active part as a member of the proprietary board. on 22 oct. 1708 he sold his proprietary share to his son - in - law and daughter, john and mary danson, and died " a year or two " afterward, according to contemporary testimony by maurice ashley, a fellow proprietor of carolina. archdale wrote a short article, undated but probably after 1702, entitled " weighty considerations, " and presented it to the house of commons for its consideration. in 1707 he published a short tract entitled a new description of that fertile and pleasant province of carolina with a brief account of its discovery and settling and the government thereof to this time, with several remarkable passages of divine providence during my time. archdale mss ( manuscript division, library of congress, washington, d. c. ). samuel a. ashe, ed., biographical history of north carolina, vol. 1 ( 1905 ). henry g. hood, jr., the public career of john archdale ( 1642 – 1717 ) ( 1976 ). william l. saunders, ed., colonial records of north carolina, vols. 1, 2, 4, 5 ( 1886 – 1887 ). worldcat ( searches numerous library catalogs ) garraty, john a., and mark c. carnes. 1999. american national biography. new york : oxford university press. johnson, allen w. 1929. dictionary of american biography. 3, brearly - chandler. london : h. milford. jones, rufus m. 2007. the quakers in the american colonies. gardners books. monroe, haskell. 1962. religious toleration and politics in early north carolina. north carolina historical review. 39 ( july ) : 267 - 283. raimo, john. 1980. biographical directory of american colonial and revolutionary governors, 1607 - 1789. westport, ct : meckler books. salley, a. s. 1911. narratives of early carolina, 1650 - 1708. new york : c. scribner ' s sons. http : / / www. archive. org / details / narrearlycarolina00sallrich. sirmans, marion eugene. 1966. colonial south carolina. a political history. 1663 - 1763. chapel hill : univ. of north carolina p. commission to appoint john archdale as governor of north carolina and south carolina, carolina. lords proprietors, august 31


eugene. 1966. colonial south carolina. a political history. 1663 - 1763. chapel hill : univ. of north carolina p. commission to appoint john archdale as governor of north carolina and south carolina, carolina. lords proprietors, august 31, 1694, volume 01, pages 389 - 390 university of north carolina at chapel hill. 2008. colonial and state records of north carolina. [ chapel hill, n. c. ] : university library, unc - chapel hill : http : / / docsouth. unc. edu / csr / index. html / document / csr01 - 0200 instructions to john archdale concerning the government of carolina, carolina. lords proprietors. october 17, 1694 volume 01, pages 391 - 392, university of north carolina at chapel hill. 2008. colonial and state records of north carolina. [ chapel hill, n. c. ] : university library, unc - chapel hill : http : / / docsouth. unc. edu / csr / index. html / document / csr01 - 0201 " historic bath :. " n. c. historic sites, n. c. office of archives & history : http : / / www. nchistoricsites. org / bath / caryreb. htm ( accessed january 29, 2013 ). william p. cumming, the southeast in early maps, third edition. chapel hill : university of north carolina press, 1998. map 27. ; philip d. burden, the mapping of north america : a list of printed maps 1511 - 1670. herts, england : raleigh publications, 1996. map 155. http : / / dc. lib. unc. edu / u? / ncmaps, 1109 archdale ' s address, 1695. image courtesy of the new york public library. from popular history of the united states, from the first discovery of the western hemisphere by the northmen to the end of the civil war. ( new york : scribner, c1876 - 1881 ) bryant, william cullen ( 1794 - 1878 ), author. available from http : / / digitalgallery. nypl. org / nypldigital / dgkeysearchdetail. cfm? trg = 1 & strucid = 701091 & imageid = 808280 & word = archdale % 2c % 20john % 2c % 201642 %


stronger car brakes, special toilets and even plus sized wheelchairs : the rising cost of america ' s expanding waistline the nation ' s rising rate of obesity has been well - chronicled, but now businesses, governments and individuals are coming to grips with the costs of those extra pounds. u. s. hospitals are ripping out wall - mounted toilets and replacing them with floor models to better support obese patients. the federal transit administration wants buses to be tested for the impact of heavier riders on steering and braking. cars are burning nearly a billion gallons of gasoline more a year than if passengers weighed what they did in 1960. the additional medical spending due to obesity is double previous estimates and exceeds even those of smoking, a new study shows. many of those costs have dollar signs in front of them, such as the higher health insurance premiums everyone pays to cover those extra medical costs. other changes are coming into the overall scenery as wider seats are used in public places like sports stadiums and bus stops. the startling economic costs of obesity, often borne by the non - obese, could become the epidemic ' s second - hand smoke. only when scientists discovered that nonsmokers were developing lung cancer and other diseases from breathing smoke - filled air did policymakers get serious about fighting the habit, in particular by establishing nonsmoking zones. the costs that smoking added to medicaid also spurred action.


social worker » search for more jobs social workers are concerned with well being and development of individuals and communities, human rights, and social justice. they empower people to develop and use the skills and resources needed to deal with personal and social problems. social workers may work with individuals directly or plan and / or carry out programs that benefit individuals, groups and communities. they work in a range of settings, including private practice, in the not - for - profit sector and public service and therefore have a wide range of typical tasks. tasks may include : - provide counselling to individuals in crisis which includes the assessment of needs and planning interventions - guide small groups of people with common issues ( eg unemployed, single parents, migrants ) to develop skills, share experiences and support each other - provide the necessary support to empower community groups - facilitate engagement between clients and appropriate community services and programs – providing letters of referral and reports where necessary - research community problems, needs and solutions which may lead to reports, policy development, and program development - evaluate social programs and policies - lobby to change policies and procedures that affect the social welfare of people in the pursuit of social justice for all members of the community - manage and train staff - develop and maintain professional networks and attend professional meetings some social workers work in generalist roles while others choose to specialise in areas such as disability services, family and child welfare services, youth services, juvenile and family law support, health services, and mental health services. social work requires a commitment to social justice together with a level of emotional maturity ; strong interpersonal skills with the ability to work objectively in crisis situations. social workers need to be able to collaborate effectively with others as well as to work independently. strong organisational skills together with analytical and problem solving skills are necessary for this work.


three must - have conversations about online child safety ( bpt ) - academic performance expectations, attendance at school functions, and balancing extra - curricular activities with time for homework - parents and children have a lot to talk about at the beginning of the school year. few conversations, however, will be as important - or as fraught with tension - as discussing how children should, and should not, behave online. while many kids look forward to reuniting with school friends from last year, they ' ll be meeting new people, too. many of those interactions will take place, in part, in the digital world, bringing online child safety front - of - mind for parents as back - to - school season arrives. to help protect your child while he or she is online, start the school year with three important conversations : how to behave when connecting online the anonymity of the internet makes meeting strangers seem appealing and safe. but kids should use at least the same level of caution when meeting someone new online as they would in the real world. explain to kids why they should never initiate or accept online contact from someone they haven ' t first met in person ; given all the information we tend to give away in our online profiles, it ' s like walking up to a stranger on the street and inviting him or her into your home. employ tools like safetyweb to help keep kids safe online. the tool helps parents monitor online activity, and includes an active blog / forum that allows parents and pros to discuss the latest child - rearing challenges of the digital age. review the privacy settings on your child ' s social media accounts so that your son or daughter understands what ' s visible to friends, and what is visible to everyone else ( preferably, nothing ). create the social media accounts with your child so that you know what sites she uses and who her online friends are. establish designated times when children are allowed online for social media use and times when they can use the internet for schoolwork. never allow children to use the internet behind closed doors. yes, they ' ll probably say everyone else does it and that you ' re ruining their lives, but keeping internet - enabled devices in a common area can help make it easier for you to protect your child. how to behave when interacting online as a parent, you have two concerns for your child ' s online life : first, that he or she experiences no harm from online interactions. second, that he or she causes no harm to others. the digital world makes communication fast and easy,


as a parent, you have two concerns for your child ' s online life : first, that he or she experiences no harm from online interactions. second, that he or she causes no harm to others. the digital world makes communication fast and easy, yet its drawbacks are many : it ' s highly conducive to impulsive behavior, it ' s difficult to accurately convey tone and intention, and it ' s nearly impossible to erase something once it ' s posted online. children need to understand the limitations of this form of communication, and that missteps online can have a long - term impact in the real world. the anonymity of the internet has made it easier for people to be mean to each other, and given rise to a whole new type of bullying : cyberbullying. a study by isafe. org found that 58 percent of fourth - through eighth - graders have had mean or hurtful things said to them online, and ( even more disturbingly ) 53 percent admitted to having said something mean or hurtful to another person online. help your child understand the type of behavior that constitutes cyberbullying so that she can both avoid cyberbullies and avoid engaging in acts of cyberbullying. in addition to monitoring your child ' s online behavior, encourage him to have a robust social life in the real world - the environment in which we really learn how to behave with others. how to behave when interacting in person while you ' re teaching about appropriate online behavior, it ' s important to reinforce lessons about being a good person in face - to - face interactions. bullying has been around as long as people have ; teach children how to recognize instances of in - person bullying, and help them learn techniques for coping with bullies. being a good citizen of the digital world starts with being a good person in the real world. reinforce with kids the importance of good behavior both online and in person, and - most importantly - lead by example.


by dr ananya mandal, md there are multiple causes of liver disease. while some are infective, some are genetic or autoimmune and some metabolic. this makes diagnosis difficult and often there are a battery of tests that need to be performed in order to correctly diagnose the underlying cause for the disease. patients who develop signs of liver disease even nonspecific ones like weakness, fatigue and nausea need to seek medical advice if their symptoms are not otherwise explained. fever, jaundice, pain over the right upper part of the liver should prompt medical attention. history and physical examination diagnosis of liver disease is based on initial history and physical examination. history of previous illness, drug or alcohol intake, family history of liver disease needs to be evaluated in detail. history of contaminated blood transfusion, unprotected sexual intercourse or sharing contaminated needles can raise suspicion of a chronic infective liver disease with viruses like hepatitis b or c. on physical examination all parts of the body including lungs, heart, skin, brain, nervous system and abdomen can provide clues to the cause and extent of liver diseases. there are certain blood tests that may provide confirmatory findings. tests for diagnosis of liver disease ( 1, 2, 3 ) there are three main types of test that are performed in liver disease diagnosis : laboratory tests, radiological studies and biopsies : - - blood – initial tests for liver disease include complete blood examination. the blood parameters that the tests use are : - - serum enzymes – ast ( aspartate amionotransferase ) and alt ( alanine aminotransferase ) are liver enzymes that are raised when there is liver injury or inflammation. liver enzymes may be raised in both alcoholic and non - alcoholic fatty liver diseases. - ggt ( gamma glutamyl transferase ) and alkaline phophatase are also enzymes that are released from bile ducts and are raised in liver diseases. - blood levels of bilirubin rise in liver disease. estimation of both conjugated and unconjugated forms of this bile in blood is indicative of different liver diseases. - blood levels of protein and albumin are indicative of healthy functioning of the liver. in liver disease there is derangement of these levels. routine blood tests like complete blood count may also be helpful in liver disease estimation. total blood counts of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets may be reduced in advanced liver disease where there is suppression of bone marrow that is the seat of production of


blood tests like complete blood count may also be helpful in liver disease estimation. total blood counts of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets may be reduced in advanced liver disease where there is suppression of bone marrow that is the seat of production of these cells. routine estimation of blood clotting mechanisms and ability are also indicated. in chronic liver disease the impaired protein formation leads to decline in levels of clotting factors and raises the risk of bleeding tendencies and easy bruising. in such patients there clotting functions are impaired. liver disease may also be accompanied with pancreas inflammation. pancreatic lipase thus needs to be assessed to rule out such inflammation. liver disease may also be associated with disturbed kidney function. this can be assessed by looking at blood urea, creatinine, electrolytes and bun. in patients who have developed hepatic encephalopathy there is raised blood levels of ammonia that can be detected on blood examination. certain autoantibodies are detected in blood of patients with autoimmune hepatitis. blood virological examinations are advised in viral hepatitis. viral load of blood is often done to detect and monitor treatment of viral hepatitis like hepatitis b and c. - ascitic fluid – ascitis is accumulation of fluid in the abdomen. this fluid may sometimes be aspirated and examined under microscope. in liver cancers the examination may reveal cancerous cells. imaging and radiographical studies are used to detect and confirm liver diseases. these include – - ultrasonogram or usg of the abdomen – this uses sound waves to detect liver pathology. this is useful, inexpensive and a noninvasive method to diagnose several conditions. it is most commonly used to detect gall bladder stones and other pathologies. an usg with doppler can also look at the blood flow in the portal venous system and diagnose obstructions and portal hypertension. - ct scan – computed axial tomographical image or scan can be used to look at deeper tissues within the liver in detail to diagnose several liver disease conditions. - mri or magnetic resonance imaging is a clearer imaging study to look at the damaged liver tissues for clues regarding pathology. - ercp ( endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ) – in this procedure a long thin tube, called an endoscope, that has a camera at its tip is guided into the gastrointestinal tract to look at the bile and pancreatic ducts. any pathology in


nasa appears to have resolved problems with a new urine recycling system on the international space station, bolstering hopes it will be able to expand the research outpost ' s crew next year, officials at the space agency said on tuesday. reusing wastewater is essential for doubling the size of the crew living aboard the station from three members to six, especially since the space shuttles, which produce water as a by - product of their electrical systems, are to be retired in two years. the device, part of a $ 250 million new life - support system aboard the station, shut down during three previous attempts to purify urine. nasa wants the visiting shuttle endeavour crew to bring home processed samples for analysis before declaring the water purification system suitable for use. two rounds of modifications to stabilise the device ' s centrifuge appear to have worked, flight director brian smith said on tuesday. it completed a full five - hour run on monday and was nearing completion of a second full run early on tuesday. engineers planned to keep the device operating all day in hopes of producing enough processed urine before endeavour ' s departure on friday. the device was ferried into orbit and installed in the station ' s destiny laboratory after the shuttle arrived on 16 november. the shuttle ' s stay at the station was extended a day to wait for the samples. " we ' re going to try to keep it going all day and have the crew just reload the ( urine ) tank as it gets low, " smith said. also tuesday, nasa tested the station ' s newly repaired solar wing rotary joint, which was cleaned and restored during four spacewalks by endeavour astronauts. the joint had been contaminated by metal filings, prompting nasa to lock it in place to prevent damage. immobilising the wing, however, prevented panels from tracking the sun for full power. while the crews slept, engineers on the ground watched as the joint automatically pivoted to track the sun for the first time in a year. " there ' s months worth of testing left to go before we can really determine what impact all four ( spacewalks ) had on that joint, " smith said. endeavour is due back at the kennedy space center in florida on sunday after 16 days in orbit. nasa plans eight more flights to the station, a $ 100 billion project of 16 nations, before the shuttles are retired in 2010. if you would like to reuse any content from new scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. new scientist


station, a $ 100 billion project of 16 nations, before the shuttles are retired in 2010. if you would like to reuse any content from new scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. new scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to. have your say only subscribers may leave comments on this article. please log in. only personal subscribers may leave comments on this article tue nov 25 23 : 37 : 32 gmt 2008 by andos so, the stabilising and vibration dampening rubber stand that the water recycler was originally attached to actually amplified vibrations and made the centrifuge unstable? damn. it ' s good that they got it working. i wonder why the original design worked out so counter - actively? i guess with these things you just have to get them up there and try them out to find out what works best. quote of the week wed nov 26 02 : 01 : 59 gmt 2008 by dann abc news ( australia ) covered this story recently. i quote : " a spokesman said their number one priority was to get a sample of recycled water back to earth for testing. " ' number one ' priority indeed... : - ) all comments should respect the new scientist house rules. if you think a particular comment breaks these rules then please use the " report " link in that comment to report it to us. if you are having a technical problem posting a comment, please contact technical support.


swaddled in a cloud of dust and gas, a baby solar system 450 light years away offers one of the best peeks yet at what our sun may have looked like in its infancy. the star is surrounded by enough raw material to build at least seven jupiter - sized planets. but it was unclear from previous studies whether the disc of debris swirling around developing star l1527 irs was moving in the necessary way to spawn planets. john tobin of the national radio astronomy observatory in charlottesville, virginia, and colleagues found that the disc ' s motion mirrors the way planets orbit stars, hinting that it has all the right moves for planet formation ( nature, doi. org / jxm ). - new scientist - not just a website! - subscribe to new scientist and get : - new scientist magazine delivered every week - unlimited online access to articles from over 500 back issues - subscribe now and save if you would like to reuse any content from new scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. new scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to. have your say only subscribers may leave comments on this article. please log in. only personal subscribers may leave comments on this article


air pressure and resistance name : loretta h. is there a relationship between air pressure and air resistance? recently, i had said that the air resistance acting on a falling object is actually the air pressure that is acting on the object. this did not sound right. air pressure that is acting on an object is i know a constant value per square area. however, what i was trying to say was that since air resistance is actually a force that is acting on the falling object and it is acting on every area of the object, and since we know that pressure = force divided by area, therefore, air resistance is somehow related to the pressure of air acting on that object. please do enlighten me on this. thanks. air resistance is due to the force exerted on the air by the falling object to push the air aside to let the object proceed through the air. by newton ' s third law ( for every force there is an equal and opposite reaction ) the air pushes on the object with an equal and opposite force. the air comes together behind the object, of course, but the resulting pressure there is less that the pressure in front of the object. the difference in these pressures ( times an area, as you mention ) is the cause of the air resistance. since, for a stationary object, the air pressure is equal on all sides of the object, it exerts no net force on the object. if the air pressure is increased, the net force on a stationary object is still zero. the net force on a moving object will increase due to the fact that the air is denser and the object has to push more air aside. the detailed calculation of air resistance is complicated, but the basic idea, as stated here, is simple. best, dick plano hi, loretta!!! i can only understand this problem by considering that the bigger the pressure, the more resistance there will be against the movement of a body. and that because there will be more air to be crossed. the behavior of the limit layer surely will show us that at the front the pressure will be greater than behind, where greater turbulence should be expected. if there were no movement the only force acting on the body is that due to pressure differences, vertical, from the bottom to the top. this force is independent from the value of pressure. if the body moves across the air, there will be a greater pressure ahead and vacuum at the tail ( depending upon how big is the speed ). if a body falls, the resistance will be increasingly bigger,


is independent from the value of pressure. if the body moves across the air, there will be a greater pressure ahead and vacuum at the tail ( depending upon how big is the speed ). if a body falls, the resistance will be increasingly bigger, till it reaches a value where there will be no more acceleration, or be, constant speed. on the other extreme, without air, there always will be acceleration, what means increasing velocity. when comets reach the earth atmosphere - as you know - the friction is so high that the tempe - ture increases and oxygen starts a chemical reaction and burns the comet. in a planet where the gravity is bigger than at the earth, there will be more gases present, and the friction will be you are ok in this as long as you are careful about what you mean by air pressure. the pressure that acts to oppose an object moving through air is not the ambient air pressure. that pressure exerts the same force on all sides of the object, so the net force from it is zero. when an object moves through the air, its motion causes the air pressure in front to increase while the pressure behind decreases, and this pressure difference produces a net force on the object. if the object suddenly stops moving, it will take a while for the higher pressure air in front to leak around to the back, and while this is happening, the object will still feel a net force from the pressure difference. so it is the pressure that causes the force. but drag is more complicated than this because there are other things that happen as the object moves. the air and the object are heated, there is turbulence, jets make a condensation trail, etc. all of these things must be " paid for " out of the momentum ( and energy ) of the moving object, and any time momentum changes, there is by definition a force of some kind. there is a relation between air pressure and air resistance, but air resistance and air pressure are not the same thing. if air pressure were zero, air resistance would also be zero. still non - zero air pressure does not mean any air resistance is being felt. air pressure is from all directions. air pressure can be different on different parts of an object, but in most cases it is quite large all around. air pressure is due to molecules crashing into the object from all air resistance is due to the motion of an object through the air. the object pushes the air molecules out of the way. the molecules push back. because the air molecules in front get


. air pressure is due to molecules crashing into the object from all air resistance is due to the motion of an object through the air. the object pushes the air molecules out of the way. the molecules push back. because the air molecules in front get squeezed together more tightly, pressure in front is greater. air molecules in back get a little spread out, so air pressure in back is less. the net effect is a force opposite the direction of motion. just as important to air resistance is the shape of the moving object. a narrow, pointed object pushes the molecules aside quite easily. a flat front must push the molecules harder to get them to the side. it is like hammering a sharp nail versus a dull peg into a piece of wood. for an arrow, the air molecules in front do not get so tightly squeezed together as for the dull peg. air pressure may be viewed as part of why air resistance exists, but it is not air resistance itself. dr. ken mellendorf illinois central college air pressure does act on all ( exposed ) surfaces of an object. the presence of air pressure does not depend on the state of motion of an object, or even the presence of an object. it is a property of the air alone. wind resistance can only be talked about in terms of the resistance to motion of an object in the air. the presence of a body to be acted on and the motion of the air around it creates an increase in the air pressure in front of the object compared to the air pressure behind the object. this difference in air pressure results in a new force resisting the motion of the object, which we call wind resistance. click here to return to the physics archives update : june 2012


females and males in the range of 5 to 10mm. slim and pale - coloured. often found together with a silken nest, the ' sac '. identification of the relevant species is possible only on the basis of microscopic characters. cheiracanthium species are common in many parts of the world, including europe. the species most likely to be responsible for a bite include : c. punctorium ( europe ) ; c. mildei ( europe and n. america ) ; c. inclusum ( north, central and south america ) ; c. lawrencei ( south africa ) ; and c. japonicum ( japan ). imported species are frequently associated with grapes. some species of the genus bite readily if their movements are restricted. typically, the bite is sharp and painful, with pain, immediate and radiating, lasting for 30 - 45 mins, plus erythema and swelling. a wheal may develop, producing a necrotic area which can take 8 weeks to heal. cheiracanthium lawrencei is said to be capable of causing cutaneous necrosis. pain or numbness at the site of the bite may be followed by sweating and nausea lasting for up to 24 hours. after 48 hours, necrotic scar tissue may develop around the site of the bite ( newlands et al., 1980 ).


tue august 21, 2012 deaths tell the story of life in old hong kong originally published on wed august 22, 2012 9 : 01 am below a noisy flyover alongside hong kong ' s happy valley racecourse, there ' s a little - noticed green oasis stretching up the hillside, punctuated by imposing victorian chest tombs, granite obelisks and delicate angels. this is hong kong cemetery, the last resting place of the early settlers who colonized the island, starting in the 1840s. for my mother, patricia lim, the cemetery is a repository of the island ' s early untold early history. " i was fascinated by the way hong kong had grown up, and nobody knew anything about it, " she says. " all hong kong history is here. and hong kong people never realized. and almost nobody ever visited it. " she decided to remedy that by spending the past decade penning her love letter to the graveyard. this is my mother ' s third book about hong kong, and her most ambitious yet. by the time she finished, her initial idea for a simple pamphlet about the cemetery had grown into a 600 - page book, forgotten souls : a social history of the hong kong cemetery, which retells the story of hong kong through the lives of those buried in happy valley. portrait of life on ' a barren rock ' nowadays, these overgrown memorials are pretty much all that remain of those lives. these were not the elite — the colonial governors and administrators — but the ordinary people who built hong kong and gave their lives to do so : the merchants and missionaries, the opium traders and auctioneers, the prostitutes and pirates. " their stories were not told before i wrote my book, " my mother says. " it ' s a social history. it ' s a history of the ordinary people. " the earliest graves belong to those who died during the first opium war ( 1839 - 1842 ), which ended with hong kong ' s ceding to the british. the very first memorial is a handsome pillar topped with an urn belonging to british lt. benjamin fox, who died in 1841 after a cannonball shattered his leg as he was trying to capture high land north of guangzhou — which lies across the modern - day border between hong kong and mainland china — during a skirmish in the first opium war. despite the loss of lives on their part, the british were not impressed with their new acquisition. british foreign secretary lord palmerston described the island of hong kong as " a barren rock with nary a house upon it, " and concluded


opium war. despite the loss of lives on their part, the british were not impressed with their new acquisition. british foreign secretary lord palmerston described the island of hong kong as " a barren rock with nary a house upon it, " and concluded, incorrectly as we now know, " it will never be a mart for trade. " the lives of the early settlers were precarious, often ending prematurely and brutally. one police constable, ernest goucher, died in 1915 after a tiger mauled him. others met their end in similarly gruesome fashion : being shot by pirates, hijacked by bandits and poisoned by bread laced with arsenic. more numerous still were the victims of disease, particularly cholera and dysentery, though even sunstroke was a killer in those days. the average life expectancy of a colonial policeman in the late 19th century was just 31 years. dodgy characters, model missionaries untimely deaths have become a stock - in - trade for my mother, who mapped the cemetery ' s 8, 000 graves, recording their epitaphs and tracing their stories through contemporaneous newspaper accounts, letters home and diaries. it ' s not the familiar story of today ' s city of verve, entrepreneurialism and shiny skyscrapers. it ' s a tale of a rough - and - tumble place that — as one inhabitant, richard collinson, described it in 1844 — " has been built almost in a day, " much of it by dodgy characters. men like charles markwick, described by my mother as " a swashbuckler, who owned riverboats, had a tavern, had a shop, was an auctioneer and a smuggler. he was so rich he ate off beautifully embossed silver plates. " he was strangled in his bed in 1857, and his murderer was hanged, after the british threatened to bombard the village sheltering him. but many settlers led model lives, such as henrietta shuck from kilmarnock, va., the first western woman to set foot in hong kong. the american missionary arrived there, newly married at age 17. she died a decade later in 1844, as her epitaph sums up, " in the prime of life, in the midst of her labors and in the meridian of her usefulness. " shuck died of exhaustion, my mother says. and no wonder : she gave birth to five children, managed a household of 37 people and taught in the newly established school. she also concerned herself with


and in the meridian of her usefulness. " shuck died of exhaustion, my mother says. and no wonder : she gave birth to five children, managed a household of 37 people and taught in the newly established school. she also concerned herself with the well - being of others, and described the condition of the wives of western soldiers in hong kong as being " worse than that of the slaves in virginia. " life was so hard back then, my mother calculated, that female missionaries, on average, died after only four years in hong kong. ' not a sexy subject ' my mother ' s fascination with the graveyard isn ' t shared by my father, lim poh chye. " as a chinese, this is not my kind of thing, " he says of the cemetery, which he ' s always viewed with a superstitious sense of dread. he reacted " with horror " when my mother decided to write about the cemetery, promptly trying to dissuade her. " it ' s not a sexy subject, " he says, describing his view of graveyards as grounded in chinese tradition. " i always go to cemeteries, but we always go there at festival times like ching ming [ a holiday during which chinese remember and honor their ancestors, also known as tomb sweeping day ] to pay respect. you don ' t come here as a sort of recreation, to look at the graves and admire, learn the history. it ' s all dead and gone. " nevertheless, one grave illustrates how potent legacies can be, even in death. the resting place of yeung ku - wan is marked by a pillar, lopped off halfway up to show he died suddenly in his prime, in 1901. unusually, there ' s no inscription. my mother attributes this to the fact that he had been plotting to overthrow china ' s last imperial dynasty, the qing, when he was murdered. " he was a revolutionary who supported sun yat - sen, and he might have become the leader of the revolutionaries and the father of the republic of china, " she says. " but the empress ' agents came to hong kong and shot him on his doorstep in gage street. " yeung ' s gravesite was left unmarked to avoid straining ties between hong kong ' s colonial rulers and the chinese. " the british were secretly in favor of revolutionaries, so they allowed him to be buried here, but they didn ' t want to upset china, so they refused to have an inscription, " my mother says. " the british always liked to play


. " the british were secretly in favor of revolutionaries, so they allowed him to be buried here, but they didn ' t want to upset china, so they refused to have an inscription, " my mother says. " the british always liked to play things two ways. " this omission was remedied late last year, when the hong kong government erected a plaque by the grave to mark yeung ' s life and death. a reversal of the usual order my mother ' s passion for the graveyard almost left her there — permanently. last year, on an extremely hot day, she was conducting a tour of the cemetery, when she suddenly felt unwell. so she lay down to recover, on the grave of richardson barry loxley leslie. as she puts it : " i borrowed his grave, and i ' m sure he doesn ' t mind. " she later discovered that she had suffered something known as " broken heart syndrome, " similar to a minor heart attack, while on the grave. " it ' s lucky you didn ' t die of that heart attack, " i tell her. " it would have been an awful epitaph for your book, wouldn ' t it? " " it might have sold a few copies, " she responds, laughing. close to the gates of the cemetery, we meet two groups of local students from ng siu mui secondary school touring the graveyard. " it ' s very important, " says their teacher, y. n. tam, to " teach them something about hong kong history. " it ' s the first time my mother has seen schoolchildren here, learning about hong kong ' s history from the ground up. she ' s delighted. her book opens with the words : " death and life is a reversal of the usual order. " and through her writing, she has breathed life back into the stones, retelling hong kong ' s history, and along the way bringing life back to the graveyard. david greene, host : our summer series dead stop is going overseas. ( soundbite of theme music ) greene : this morning we visit hong kong ' s oldest cemetery. it ' s a place that ' s been one british woman ' s obsession for the past decade. she ' s someone very close to npr ' s beijing correspondent, louisa lim. so louisa went to hong kong to tell the story of the cemetery and its obsessive chronicler, her mother. louisa lim, byline : i ' m sitting directly underneath an extremely noisy flyover.


' s beijing correspondent, louisa lim. so louisa went to hong kong to tell the story of the cemetery and its obsessive chronicler, her mother. louisa lim, byline : i ' m sitting directly underneath an extremely noisy flyover. cars are whizzing by overhead. and amid the hustle and bustle that is modern - day hong kong, there is, surprisingly, an enormous cemetery. this cemetery has actually played a really important role in the life of my family, because my mother, patricia lim, has spent the past 10 years documenting the cemetery and writing a book about it. why did you actually start that? patricia lim : i was fascinated by the way hong kong had grown up and nobody knew anything about it. all hong kong history is here. and almost nobody ever visited it. lim : well, let ' s go and visit now. lim : yes, let ' s. ( soundbite of footsteps ) lim : amid the chirping cicadas and leafy greenery, there are imposing pillars, granite obelisks, delicate angels. it ' s a 20 - minute walk across the graveyard, which is the last resting place of the first british settlers arriving in hong kong in the 1840s. nowadays, these memorials are pretty much all that remain of their lives, for that reason my mother ' s book is called " forgotten souls. " these were not the elite, but the ordinary people who built hong kong : the merchants and missionaries, the prostitutes and pirates, the opium traders and auctioneers. lim : this is the grave of the first western woman to set foot in hong kong. she ' s an american missionary, who came to china, aged 17, newly married. lim : her name is henrietta shuck. lim : she died having just given birth to her fifth baby. she died, poor girl, of exhaustion ; having looked after a household of 37 people, having taught in the school, both the girls and the boys, having given birth, she laid down and died. lim : her grave stone is really sad. and one thing that i found really extraordinary was the way that they died. you know, mauled by tigers, shot by pirates... lim :... strangled by servants, and most people had rather short life expectancy here. the poor man died when bandits... lim : untimely deaths are a stock - in - trade for my mother, who mapped all 8, 000 graves. she then traced the stories of the inhabitants


had rather short life expectancy here. the poor man died when bandits... lim : untimely deaths are a stock - in - trade for my mother, who mapped all 8, 000 graves. she then traced the stories of the inhabitants through newspaper accounts, letters and diaries. through these, she retells the story of hong kong : a rough - and - tumble place built on a barren rock, almost unrecognizable from today ' s city of shiny skyscrapers. but her fascination with the graveyard isn ' t shared by my father, lim poh chye. i ask him if he now counts himself as a graveyard fan. lim poh chye : no, not really. lim : well, when mum said she was going to write a book about the graveyard, what was your reaction? chye : well, my reaction was one of horror. and i dissuade her, but as you can see, without any success. as a chinese, this is not my kind of thing. lim : why not? chye : well, we go to cemetery, but we always go there at festivals time. you know, chingming, to pay respects. you don ' t come here as a sort of recreation or something like that, or look at the grave and admire - learn the history. it ' s all dead and gone. lim : but is it? one grave illustrates just how potent legacies can be, even in death. the resting place of yeung kew - wan is marked by a pillar, lopped off half way up to show he died suddenly in his prime in 1901. unusually, there ' s no inscription. this was because he ' d been trying to overthrow the qing dynasty and his gravesite risked causing a diplomatic incident between hong kong ' s colonial rulers and the chinese. lim : he was a revolutionary who supported sun yat - sen. and he might have become the leader of the revolutionaries and the father of the republic of china. but the empress ' s agents came to hong kong and shot him on his doorstep in gage street. lim : so why didn ' t they put an inscription on it? lim : the british were secretly in favor of the revolutionaries, so they allowed him to be buried here, but they didn ' t want to upset china. so, they refused to have an inscription. the british always liked to play things two ways. lim : my mother ' s passion for the graveyard almost left her there permanently. last year, on


, but they didn ' t want to upset china. so, they refused to have an inscription. the british always liked to play things two ways. lim : my mother ' s passion for the graveyard almost left her there permanently. last year, on an extremely hot day, she conducted a tour of the cemetery. chye : and she walked up this rather steep place. after a while, suddenly realized, she really couldn ' t continue, whereupon she promptly lay flat on that grave. lim : so she laid down on the grave... chye : yes, on that grave lim :... of richard st. barry loxley leslie. chye : exactly. exactly. lim : i borrowed his grave and i ' m sure he doesn ' t mind. lim : and then what happened after she laid down? chye : after 10 minutes, she recovered somewhat. then we adjourned for lunch. and after lunch, she promptly suffered the after effects of the heart attack. lim : so you actually had a heart attack lying on that gravestone? chye : she did. lim : well, a very minor one. lim : it ' s lucky you didn ' t die of that heart attack. it would have been an awful epitaph for your book, wouldn ' t it? lim : as we get ready to leave, we run into two groups of local students touring the graveyard. it ' s the first time my mother has seen schoolchildren here, learning about hong kong ' s history from the ground up. she ' s delighted. her book opens with the words : death and life is a reversal of the usual order. and through her writing, she ' s breathed life back into the stones, retelling hong kong ' s history and, along the way, bringing life back to the graveyard. louisa lim, npr news, hong kong ( soundbite of music ) greene : louisa took a great photo of her mom at that cemetery. you can check it out as well as lots of other photos from summer series, dead stop. it ' s all at our web site, npr. org. this is morning edition from npr news. i ' m david greene. steve inskeep, host : and i ' m steve inskeep. ( soundbite of music ) transcript provided by npr, copyright national public radio.


the nobel prize in physics 1959 emilio segrc, owen chamberlain born : 10 july 1920, birmingham, united kingdom died : 28 february 2006, london, united kingdom affiliation at the time of the award : university of california, berkeley, ca, usa prize motivation : " for their discovery of the antiproton " field : particle physics owen chamberlain was born in san francisco on july 10, 1920. his father was w. edward chamberlain, a prominent radiologist with an interest in physics. his mother ' s maiden name was genevieve lucinda owen. he obtained his bachelor ' s degree at dartmouth college in 1941. he entered graduate school in physics at the university of california, but his studies were interrupted by the involvement of the united states in world war ii. in early 1942 he joined the manhattan project, the u. s. government organization for the construction of the atomic bomb. within the manhattan project he worked under professor emilio segre, both in berkeley, california, and in los alamos, new mexico, investigating nuclear cross sections for intermediate - energy neutrons and the spontaneous fission of heavy elements. in 1946 he resumed graduate work at the university of chicago where, under the inspired guidance of the late professor enrico fermi, he worked toward his doctorate. he completed experimental work on the diffraction of slow neutrons in liquids in 1948 and his doctor ' s degree was awarded in 1949 by the university of chicago. in 1948 he accepted a teaching position at the university of california in berkeley. his research work includes extensive studies of proton - proton scattering, undertaken with professor segre and dr. clyde wiegand, and an important series of experiments on polarization effects in proton scattering, culminating in the triple - scattering experiments with professor segre, dr. wiegand, dr. thomas ypsilantis, and dr. robert d. tripp. in 1955 he participated with dr. wiegand, professor segre, and dr. ypsilantis in the discovery of the antiproton. for the next few years he and his colleagues studied the interactions of antiprotons with hydrogen, deuterium and other elements, and used antiprotons to produce antineutrons. in 1960 he, together with professors carson jeffries and gilbert shapiro, pioneered the development and use of polarized proton targets to study the spin dependence of a wide variety of high energy processes, including the scattering of pi - mesons and protons on polarized protons, the determination of the parity of hyperons, and


development and use of polarized proton targets to study the spin dependence of a wide variety of high energy processes, including the scattering of pi - mesons and protons on polarized protons, the determination of the parity of hyperons, and a test of time reversal symmetry in electron - proton scattering. these and other similar experiments were his main activity for the next 20 years. in the late ' 70s and early ' 80s he briefly participated in the study of the interactions of energetic light nuclei with nuclear targets at the berkeley bevalac accelerator. in the final years before retiring from active service he worked with dr. david nygren on the development and construction of the time - projection - chamber that was subsequently used with great success to study high - energy positron - electron interactions at the stanford linear accelerator center. he is a fellow of the american physical society and a member of the national academy of sciences. he was awarded a guggenheim fellowship in 1957 for the purpose of doing studies in the physics of antinucleons at the university of rome. he was appointed professor of physics at the university of california, berkeley, in 1958, and served as loeb lecturer at harvard university in 1959. in 1943 he married beatrice babette copper ( dec. 1988 ). they had three daughters and one son. subsequent marriages to june steingart greenfield ( dec. 1991 ) and currently to senta pugh gaiser. from nobel lectures, physics 1942 - 1962, elsevier publishing company, amsterdam, 1964 this autobiography / biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series les prix nobel. it was later edited and republished in nobel lectures. to cite this document, always state the source as shown above. owen chamberlain died on february 28, 2006. copyright © the nobel foundation 1959 mla style : " owen chamberlain - biography ". nobelprize. org. 21 may 2013 http : / / www. nobelprize. org / nobel _ prizes / physics / laureates / 1959 / chamberlain. html


museum of london archaeology / ap archaeologists from the museum of london archaeology recently excavated the site of the 16th - century curtain theatre, where shakespeare staged some of his plays. archaeologists from the museum of london archaeology recently excavated the site of the 16th - century curtain theatre, where shakespeare staged some of his plays. museum of london archaeology / ap archaeologists have discovered the remains of the bard ' s old stomping grounds — ruins of a famous 16th - century theater, buried below the streets of modern london. known in its heyday as the curtain theatre, it ' s often been eclipsed by its more famous younger sibling, the globe. but the curtain is a big deal in its own right. some of shakespeare ' s most famous works premiered there — romeo and juliet and henry v, just to name a couple. npr ' s rachel martin talked to the archaeologist who dug up the theater, chris thomas of the museum of london. on what remains " we ' ve only seen parts of it so far, but what remains are the foundations — the brick walls of the curtain theatre — the floors inside the galleries and the yard. the yard is the bit in the middle where people used to stand. " on how they knew it was the curtain " we ' ve looked at the rose theatre — we ' ve dug parts of that up before — and we ' ve dug a little bit of the globe up before. and we ' ve dug a little bit of shakespeare ' s first theater, which was rather unimaginatively titled the theatre. so we know what sort of form these things have, and we know what shape they have.... what we ' ve got here [ with the curtain ] is the best surviving example of any of shakespeare ' s theaters in london. the others are all quite badly disturbed by later buildings, but this one seems to be more or less intact. " on the curtain ' s lifespan " we think it [ was ] built in 1577, so that ' s a year after the first theater. and the last mention of it is in 1628, but it ' s just possible that it continued all the way up to 1642. and we know all the theaters would have been shut then, because the puritans in power in england didn ' t like theaters, and didn ' t like people having a lot of fun, so they closed them all down. " on shakespeare ' s audience at the curtain some of william shakespeare ' s most famous plays, like romeo and juliet, had their debut at the curtain theatre. "


' t like people having a lot of fun, so they closed them all down. " on shakespeare ' s audience at the curtain some of william shakespeare ' s most famous plays, like romeo and juliet, had their debut at the curtain theatre. " it ' s probably not something for the elite. i think we ' ve probably got to imagine that the productions were a bit more rowdy and the audience probably participated quite a lot more than they do in modern theatrical productions. " on the location of shakespeare ' s theaters " well, to start with, the theatre and the curtain theatre were in shoreditch, which is immediately north of the city of london. so you can imagine that the theaters are in suburban areas that are just outside the jurisdiction of the city, so they can get away with quite a lot more. and then once the rose and the globe and the other theaters get built, they all get built on the south side of the river, again outside the city. so once the theatre closes, the curtain is on its own up in shoreditch and all the rest are down in southwark on the south side of the river. " on unexpected discoveries " one of the nicest things is, buried in the floor, was a ceramic pot, just buried in the floor as a mouse trap. and i think those are the little things that are quite nice and give you a bit more of a feel for the people or the place. " on the future of the excavation " now we have to move on, in that we just located it, found it and covered it up for the time being. now, if a new development gets permission to be built, then we ' ll be uncovering most of it, and we ' ll be putting it on display so that people can come and visit it, and that ' s when it will get really exciting. "


the site has been dated by collecting charcoal from the remains of two hearths that were uncovered during excavation. the hearths appeared as buried concentrations of burnt animal bone, charcoal, and small stone flakes in dark patches of sediment. using radiocarbon techniques, the charcoal turned out to date to at least 12, 000 years ago. the artifacts found within and near the hearths can be associated with these dates. they include some of the fluted points and bifaces collected at the site. the bones are highly fragmented but appear to represent caribou or a similar - sized ungulate. nearly 5, 000 articles have been collected from the site, including thousands of animal bone fragments, charcoal, bifacial stone tools, microblades, bladelets, and pieces of debitage. most important were six fragments of fluted points, a style of spearpoint commonly produced during the late ice age in other areas of north america. fluted points are specialized spearpoints that were likely hafted to the tip of spear shafts rather than arrows. they were created through careful shaping of a large piece of stone into a long, symmetrical form with a pointed tip and a concave base. to prepare the artifact for hafting to a shaft, long narrow " channel " flakes were removed from the base to create a " flute " down the midline of each face of the point. several dozen channel flakes have been found among the serpentine hot springs artifacts.


drawing 2 : andersonville prison as it appeared in august 1864. drawn by thomas o ' dea, former prisoner. a picture worth a thousand words i never drew a picture before in my life. were i an artist, i could have completed it in a short time. i commenced this work in the winter of 1879 and finished it in 1885 devoting to it my leisure moments for over 5 years....... in executing the work, i had no picture, map, plan or scale to guide or instruct me, but i relied upon and drew the whole subject from memory. to the casual observer, such a thing may be looked upon as absurd and impossible, that it is impossible after such a length of time for " memory " to retain such a perfect list and one of details as here portrayed and that i must have had assistance from some other source to be able to present such a vast combination of characters and situations in so perfect manner. ah my friends, had you been there and experienced the sufferings that, in common with the thousands of other unfortunates who " were there, " you too, like myself, would have the whole panorama photographed in your memory to remain there to your dying day.... questions for drawing 2 1. based on the portion of o ' dea ' s drawing shown above, how would you describe the prison and its surrounding area? 2. do the artist ' s words help you understand the impact andersonville prison had on its occupants? if so, how? 3. why might he have drawn this image? why did it take him so long to complete? 4. find the prisoners who are on their way to the stockade from the railroad. how might prisoners in this situation have felt? how do you think they might have felt after they entered the prison? * the image on the screen has a resolution of 72 dots per inch ( dpi ), and therefore will print poorly. you can obtain a high resolution version of drawing 2, but be aware that it will take about 50 seconds to load with a 28. 8k modem.


the buildings range in type from a small, one - story office building, to three and four - story rowhouses, large detached houses, churches, small apartment buildings, monumental apartments and institutional buildings. they generally date from c. 1875 - to the 1920s, and their styles, including italianate, queen anne, richardsonian romanesque, and the many styles of the beaux arts, clearly reflect the eclectic character of american architecture. the street was developed primarily with rowhouses, most of which were individually designed and built. large detached houses are also found in this district, one of the best - preserved and visually interesting late - 19th - early 20th - century streetscapes in dc. some of the earliest houses stand on the northwest corner of 16th and t streets. the two italianate structures at 1900 and 1902 16th street date from 1878. more common are the brick rowhouses with projecting bays and fanciful rooflines. an early example dating from 1875 stands at 1904 16th street. this two - story house is two bays wide with a steep pitched gable. one of the finest examples of the italian bracketed style still standing is the 1878 huntley house at 1601 16th street. perhaps the finest of the queen anne houses are those in the row at 1837 - 41 16th street. built in 1890, these houses incorporate the irregularity of massing, variety of color and texture, and the round turrets of the style. a number of richardsonian romanesque houses still stand such as the sherman house at 1401 16th street which was built in 1888 by charles and samuel edmonston. the three - story hampton p. denman house at 1623 16th street was designed by fuller and wheeler in 1886. the outstanding example of this style is 1628 16th street designed in 1890 by harvey page. a house which reflects the varied sources of eclecticism is the flemish revival house at 1720 16th street, which was built in 1892. an excellent example of federal revival stands at 1610 r street. it was designed in 1910 by jules h. desibour. institutional uses also began to spread up 16th street at about the same time the beaux arts classicism that was influenced by the 1893 colombian exposition began to sweep the country. the carnegie institution at 1530 p street, designed in 1908 by carrere and hastings, and the jewish community center at 1529 16th street, designed by b. stanley simmons in 1920, are excellent examples of neo - classical design. late gothic revival can be seen in the church of the holy city at 1611 16th street designed in 1895 by r. langford warren and built


liechtenstein - background | year | | prime minister | | party composition | | 1945 | | alexander frick | | fbp, vu | | 1962 | | gerard batliner | | fbp, vu | | 1970 | | alfred hilbe | | vu, fbp | | 1974 | | walter kieber | | fbp, vu | | 1978 | | hans brunhart | | vu, fbp | | 1993 | | markus buchel | | fbp, vu | | 1993 | | mario frick | | vu, fbp ( vu alone from 1997 ) | | 2009 | | klaus tschutscher | | vu, fbp | note : the first party indicates prime minister ' s affiliation. fbp : progressive citizens ' party ( fortschrittliche burgerpartei ) vu : the fatherland union ( vaterlandische union ) liechtenstein ' s history at a glance liechtenstein has been an independent state since 1719, except while under french domination briefly in the early 19th century. it abolished its army in 1868 and has managed to stay neutral and undamaged in all european wars since then. in 1919 switzerland assumed responsibility for liechtenstein ’ s diplomatic representation, replacing austria. liechtenstein became a party to the statute of the international court of justice in 1950, and in 1973 it joined the organization for security and co - operation in europe. five years later, the principality was admitted to the council of europe. liechtenstein became a member of the un in september 1990 and in the following year it became a full member of the european free trade association ( efta ). two parties have dominated the political scene in liechtenstein : the progressive citizens ’ party of liechtenstein ( fbp ) and the patriotic union ( vu ). the two ruled continously in coalitional government from 1938 to 1997. fbp dominated government during the four decades prior to 1970 when it was defeated by vu at a general election to the landtag. four years later fbp regained its majority. in the parliamentary elections of 1978, vu won eight of the 15 seats, although with a minority of the votes cast, while the remaining seats were taken by the fbp, a distribution that remained equal after the following elections in 1982. following a referendum in july 1984, women were granted the right to vote on a national basis. however, women were still not permitted to vote on communal affairs in three of liechtenstein ’ s 11 communes until april 1986, when they were finally accorded full


following a referendum in july 1984, women were granted the right to vote on a national basis. however, women were still not permitted to vote on communal affairs in three of liechtenstein ’ s 11 communes until april 1986, when they were finally accorded full voting rights. an amendment to the constitution, declaring equality between men and women, took effect in 1992. in august 1984 prince franz josef transferred executive power to his son, prince hans - adam, although he remained titular head of state until his death in november 1989 when he was succeeded by hans - adam ii. in february 1986 women voted for the first time in a national election. the composition of the landtag however remained unchanged. in january 1989 the parliament was dissolved by prince hans - adam, following a dispute between vu and fbp regarding the construction of a new museum to accommodate the royal art collection. at the subsequent general election, which took place in march 1989, the number of seats in the landtag was increased from 15 to 25 ; vu retained its majority, securing 13 seats, while fbp took the remaining 12 seats. politics in the new era liechtenstein is a parliamentary monarchy. according to the constitution, the government is a collegial body and consists of the head of government and four governmental councillors. the head of government and ministers are appointed by the prince, following the proposals of the parliament. executive power is exercised by the government though strong powers are still concentrated with the prince. liechtenstein has a multi - party system dominated by the conservative progressive citizens ' party and the conservative fatherland union / patriotic union. at the general election of february 1993, vu lost its majority, taking only 11 of the landtag ’ s 25 seats. fbp again returned 12 representatives, and two seats were won by an environmentalist party, the free list ( fl ). lengthy negotiations resulted in the formation of a new coalition between fbp and vu. however, following a unanimous vote in the landtag expressing ‘ no confidence ’ in markus buchel ’ s ( fbp ) leadership, he was dismissed from his post. at the following election the month after, vu regained its parliamentary majority, winning 13 seats, while fbp took 11 seats and fl secured one seat. vu became the dominant party in a new coalition with fbp, with mario frick of vu as head of government. vu, however, lost its majority in the next elections of 2001. vu administration ’ s popularity had been adversely affected by an unresolved dispute with prince hans - adam over his


##p, with mario frick of vu as head of government. vu, however, lost its majority in the next elections of 2001. vu administration ’ s popularity had been adversely affected by an unresolved dispute with prince hans - adam over his demands for constitutional changes, notably with regard to appointments in the judiciary ( the prince advocated that judges be nominated by the reigning monarch rather than by parliamentary deputies ) ; the prince claimed that these amendments would benefit the people, whilst vu regarded them as an attempt to extend the royal prerogative. a new government comprising solely fbp, under the leadership of otmar hasler, took office on 5 april. in march 2003, liechtenstein ' s people overwhelmingly voted to give its prince more powers, including the right to dismiss governments and approve judicial nominees. prince hans adam ii had threatened to leave the country if his demands for more authority were not met. before the vote, he had already possessed more power than any other european monarch. prince hans - adam dismissed the findings of a commission established by the council of europe, which stated that the constitutional amendments would constitute a retrograde step for democracy and could lead to the isolation of liechtenstein in europe. in august 2003 he announced that he would give up the day - to - day ruling of the country in one year ' s time. in august 2004, his son, prince alois, became regent of liechtenstein, while hans adam ii remained the official head of state. at the general election held in march 2005 fbp failed to retain an absolute majority, winning 12 of the 25 seats. vu won 10 seats while fl increased its representation from one seat to three. in april fbp and vu formed a coalition government, which comprised three representatives of fbp, including hasler, who was once again appointed prime minister. blacklisted in 2000 as a center for money laundering, liechtenstein toughened its laws and made major efforts to clean up its financial practices. in 2002, the country was removed from the organization of economic cooperation and development ( oecd ) blacklist.


go green with a st. patrick ’ s day garden on march 17, try this traditional planting activity with your family in ireland, st. patrick ' s day is the traditional day to plant peas and potatoes. the timing works for most climates in the united states, so why not celebrate st. patrick ' s day with a really “ green ” activity : planting a garden! depending on where you live, you may find your garden bed is still covered with snow or the soil too frozen to work. or your home may not have a backyard. luckily, peas and potatoes can be planted in containers, and you can enjoy the harvest on a deck, balcony, or sunny windowsill. then you can decorate it with a shamrock plant marker. what you need : - good quality potting soil - large flower pot with saucer ( note : make sure the pot has drainage holes in the bottom and is at least 15 inches in diameter at the top. ) - pea seeds and seed potatoes ( note : don ' t plant potatoes from the supermarket. they may be sprayed with chemicals and won ' t grow well. you can buy them at a local gardening store. ) - thin branches to use as support for vines what you do : 1. fill your container two - thirds full with potting soil. 2. press your pea seeds or seed potatoes into the dirt. cover with an inch or two of soil. 3. stick long, thin branches upright in the soil. as the vines grow, they will wrap themselves around the branches. 4. put containers in a sunny indoor spot or outdoors in full or partial sunlight. if frost is forecast, bring containers indoors. 5. water every two to three days, keeping moist. be careful not to over - water. 6. for potato plants : as your potato plant grows, add more soil around the base of the plant, making a little hill. in fact, this is called hilling. hilling should be done every time your plant grows about four inches. continue to water the plant regularly as leaves and then flowers grow. when the leaves of the potato plants begin to turn yellow and die, stop watering. after two or three weeks, baby potatoes will be ready to harvest, or you can wait another four to six weeks to harvest larger potatoes. 7. for pea plants : peas are ready to pick when the pods are full and heavy. use scissors to cut the pods from the plant. pulling them off by hand can result in pulling the entire plant up and damaging the roots. - in areas of


. for pea plants : peas are ready to pick when the pods are full and heavy. use scissors to cut the pods from the plant. pulling them off by hand can result in pulling the entire plant up and damaging the roots. - in areas of the united states that are too warm in march to plant cool - weather peas and potatoes, you can plant sweet potatoes, beans, and leafy greens such as spinach or swiss chard. - some gardeners sprout seed potatoes before planting, so they begin growing more quickly — a practice known as chitting. put your seed potatoes on a shallow dish or tray, or in an open egg carton. keep them in a warm place with a lot of sunlight or under a fluorescent light. when the potatoes have one - inch sprouts, they are ready to plant. - when watering the pea plants, be careful not to get water on the leaves of the plant. water can cause mildew to grow on the leaves. make a festive shamrock plant marker to decorate your containers and to remind you what you have planted. what you need : - popsicle stick, chopstick, or pencil - green paper, or white paper and a green marker or crayon - tape or glue - black permanent marker what you do : 1. trace and cut three small hearts from paper. if your paper is white, color your hearts green. 2. tape or glue the three hearts together to form a shamrock. 3. write “ peas ” or “ potatoes ” on your shamrock, depending on the container it will go into. 4. tape or glue your shamrock to your stick or pencil. 5. put the marker into the soil of the container. did you know? in just a few easy steps, you can turn your backyard, balcony or patch of grass into a habitat for wildlife. create a wildlife garden! elizabeth scholl is a new jersey - based writer of children ' s books and magazine articles, with a background in elementary education. specializing in nature and environmental topics, her books include organic gardening for kids, grasshopper, praying mantis and animals attack : wolves. when she isn ' t writing, elizabeth enjoys working in her garden, bicycling and and exploring nature in her neighborhood. get outdoors with your family


for immediate release march 9, 2006 mayor bloomberg, health commissioner frieden and schools chancellor klein announce a 36 % decrease in smoking among high school students since 2001 new data shows increase in cigarette tax correlates with significant decrease in underage smokers decrease shows 29, 000 fewer high schools students ' lighting up ' since 2001 ; since 1997, teenage smoking has declined by more than 50 % mayor michael r. bloomberg, joined by health commissioner dr. thomas r. frieden and schools chancellor joel i. klein, today announced significant declines in smoking among high school students in new york city public schools. the findings - a result of a joint survey conducted by the city ' s department of health and mental hygiene ( dohmh ) and the department of education ( doe ) - show smoking among high school teenagers has declined 36 % ( from 18 % to 11 % ) since 2001 and 52 % ( from 23 % to 11 % ) since 1997. the decrease in teenage smokers correlates with a decline in adult smokers and is attributed to both an increase in the cigarette sales tax, health education and awareness programs and the smoke free air act. the mayor announced the new findings at the high school for art and design in manhattan. " nine out of ten of our high school students are now non - smokers, " said mayor bloomberg. " that ' s terrific progress. teenagers are making better decisions and the decline in the smoking rates proves that our efforts to curb smoking and educate them about their health choices are working. today, teens are recognizing the true cost of cigarettes. they ' re finally getting the message : smoking is dangerous and has real health consequences, not only for them but for those around them. as a result, new york city teens will live longer and healthier lives. " while education programs have been successful in delivering anti - tobacco messages, increases in cigarette sales taxes have made the largest contribution to the declining number of smokers - in both teenagers and adults. since the introduction of increased cigarette taxes in july 2002, the number of adult smokers has also declined - by 200, 000 from 2002 to 2004. " high school students often think many of their peers smoke, but the fact is nine out of 10 don ' t, " said commissioner frieden. " nearly 80 % of adult smokers started smoking as adolescents, and roughly one - third of them will be killed by tobacco unless they quit. " " while we ' ve made excellent progress, " continued commissioner frieden, " an estimated 30, 000 public high school students in


smokers started smoking as adolescents, and roughly one - third of them will be killed by tobacco unless they quit. " " while we ' ve made excellent progress, " continued commissioner frieden, " an estimated 30, 000 public high school students in new york city still smoke and nearly two - thirds of them have tried unsuccessfully to quit. the health of new yorkers is our top priority and increasing the cost of cigarettes, making schools and workplaces smoke - free and helping smokers with their battle to quit are key ways to accomplish that. " " from better nutrition to avoiding tobacco, our education programs are geared to help our students develop early and lifelong habits for healthy living, " said chancellor klein. " we are making school breakfasts and lunches more nutritious and more appealing to students and reemphasizing physical education, fitness and health. all of our curricula, including the life skills curriculum in elementary and middle grades, counsel against smoking, as do our anti - drug instructional and guidance programs. and we have smoking cessation programs for high school students who have already begun smoking. it ' s a priority for us to continue to maintain and improve the health and well - being of all our students. " no smoking policies are enforced in and around schools and anti - smoking instruction, intervention and prevention programs often include school and district - wide participation in national smoking prevention and awareness programs such as the great american smoke - out and national " kick butts day " coming up in april. since 2003, doe - in partnership with dohmh - has delivered a health - related fitness program focusing on helping all young people to be cooperative, healthy, active, motivated, positive students ( c. h. a. m. p. s. ) during childhood and adolescence, and healthy, well - educated, contributing members of society in adulthood. the combination of a renewed focus on physical activity and healthier eating has helped schools to support students and families in achieving this vision. key findings of the report parents, schools, business owners and others can seek opportunities to limit youth access to tobacco and reinforce prevention messages. health care providers can help their patients to quit smoking. the youth risk behavior survey ( yrbs ) is part of a national survey conducted locally by the city ' s department of health and mental hygiene ( dohmh ) and the department of education ( doe ) in public high schools every two years. this report is available online. for more information on tobacco cessation and how to get help to quit smoking,


by lp hastings by michael goldstein by r. scott moxley by gustavo arellano by gustavo arellano by matt coker by nick schou by bethania palma markus photo by mark savageevery morning for the past several months, the pre - dawn silence of eastside costa mesa has been broken by the squawking of dozens of excited crows. angry residents have done everything to scare the birds away, but to no avail. last week, city officials unveiled a lethal weapon in what promises to be a long - term war of attrition against the noisy birds : police officers armed with pellet guns. so far, the costa mesa police department ' s animal - control division has shot about one dozen specimens of corvus brachyrhynchos, better known as the common north american crow. but there ' s no reason to believe the campaign will solve the city ' s growing crow problem. or that it should try. " people have been taking potshots at crows for a couple of hundred years, " explained biologist kevin mcgowan, curator of birds and mammals at cornell university. make that white people : according to mcgowan, unlike native americans — whose traditions hold that crows are fire - givers or spiritual messengers — white settlers brought to north america the europeans ' disdain for crows. " there were no vultures in northern europe, so crows always had that kind of negative connotation, " mcgowan said. " besides, they are big and black. it ' s easy to see why they were viewed as symbols of death. we simply carried that psychological baggage over here with us. " it ' s possible crows have developed psychological baggage of their own, of course. in rural america, crows have long been considered a threat to agriculture and therefore have usually been shot on sight by farmers. mcgowan believes that this centuries - long war to eradicate crows in the countryside drove the bulk of north america ' s crow population into urban areas. and not just america : " other species of crows around the world are moving into urban areas, " mcgowan said. " people think there ' s been a tremendous explosion in the population of crows, but this isn ' t the case. it ' s a worldwide phenomenon of crows becoming urbanized. " two other important factors help explain why so many crows have chosen to live in urban areas in the past several decades. one is owls — or rather, the lack thereof. in the nest, crows are vulnerable to everything from squirrels to ra


" that ' s thor! " he exclaimed. according to racano, the best way to get rid of bothersome crows is to buy a fake owl. " you should buy a plastic owl and place several crow feathers in a prominent position, like on a rooftop or a fence, and this will scare the crows away, " he suggested. but mcgowan is skeptical. " those owl things work for about a day, " he said. " crows know that if it doesn ' t move, it ' s not real. crows aren ' t stupid. " on the matter of crow iqs, racano agrees with mcgowan. he says he first realized that crows were intelligent when spike began attacking racano ' s bedside alarm clock. to dissuade spike, racano bought a squirt gun and loaded it for crow. " one day, spike used his beak to peck the big hand off the alarm clock, then the little hand, then the number panel and finally the backing. he was trying to dismantle the entire clock, " racano says. " so i pointed the gun at him. spike immediately tried to put the number panel back on the clock. i yelled, ' no! ' and pointed the gun at him again. " find everything you ' re looking for in your city find the best happy hour deals in your city get today ' s exclusive deals at savings of anywhere from 50 - 90 % check out the hottest list of places and things to do around your city


oecd home › environment directorate › latest documents environmental issues, waste paper recommends that member countries, taking into account the objectives defined in the preamble of this document : intensify their efforts by various means, including through strengthening institutions and financial arrangements. recommends that member countries practice integrated pollution prevention and control, taking into account the effects of activities and substances on the environment as a whole and the whole commercial and environmental life cycles of substances. recommends that member countries make : i ) a greater and more consistent use of economic instruments as a complement or a substitute to other policy instruments such as regulations, taking into account national socio - economic conditions. decides that, for wastes not to be subjected to recovery operations, member countries shall consistent with environmentally sound and efficient management practices insofar as possible dispose in their own territory the wastes produced therein. decides that member countries shall co - operatively investigate high production volume ( hpv ) chemicals in order to identify those which are potentially hazardous to the environment and / or to the health of the general public or workers. decides that member countries in which testing of chemicals for purposes of assessment related to the protection of health and the environment is being carried out pursuant to principles of good laboratory practice that are consistent with the oecd principles of good laboratory practice. recommends that, in applying the polluter - pays principle in connection with accidents involving hazardous substances, member countries take into account the " guiding principles relating to accidental pollution " set out in the appendix which is an integral part of this recommendation. recommends that member countries review their existing institutional arrangements, comprising administrative, legal and economic systems, in the field of water resources with the view to improving the integrated management of their water resource policies. recommends that member countries take action to facilitate, as appropriate, opportunities for the public to comment prior to decisions being made by public authorities concerning siting and licensing of hazardous installations and the development of community emergency preparedness plans.


it has been known since ancient times that smoke has a calming effect on bees. guard bees and bees that are injured during a hive inspection release pheromones to send signals to the other bees to warn them of danger, but the smoke masks these chemicals, disrupting the colony ' s defensive response. the smoke has another effect on the bees too - it causes a feeding response. this is because if the bees think there is a fire they will plan to leave the hive and they want to stock up on food first. when a bee eats honey its abdomen swells which makes it difficult for it to sting. you should puff a little smoke around the entrance to the hive about 5 - 10 minutes before you open it. this starts the fire drill and they will hopefully be full of honey and unable to sting when you open the hive. once inside the hive - you should smoke a little on the tops of the frames as you inspect the colony. this traditional smoker is a stainless steel container with bellows attached in which you light a small fire. you can burn a variety of materials such as dried leaves, cardboard or tightly packed dry grass but it is important that the smoke is cold and does not burn the bees. this smoker has a diameter of 10cm and has a protection frame. 10 in stock


thanksgiving is among the most misunderstood of the holidays. in knowing documented truths, we are able to see beauty among the traditions that have grown their own appendages and heads. on all accounts, the first thanksgiving happened in plymouth plantation, or near about... a three - day celebration that included feasting, cultural exchange, gambling, and story - telling. compare what you ’ ve learned to the most reliable information i ’ ve collected over the years : served up to elementary kids as a feast of knowledge. “ pilgrim ” means “ seeker of religious freedom ” and america wasn ’ t their first choice for utopia. in the winter of 1607 a band of people, literate farmers, refused to be intimidated by the king of england, james i. since they knew the bible, they saw the abusive powers of the church and e decided to separate from the church of england. they called themselves separatists, and faced criminal prosecution if king james, found out. since he had forbidden any other churches to form or to worship british soil, these separatists fled to holland ( leyden ) and set up a colony of just themselves where they could worship god in freedom. there were hardships : they were in a sea port city of leyden had only jobs for the business owners or traders. they were simple farmers. their children – who before were only influenced by the english society, were greatly seduced by the dutch freedoms and language, and in their parents ’ eyes, fell vulnerable to the “ things of the world, above the things of heaven ”. they soon decided to travel to distant america ( remember, still a british colony ) and farm there, in a secure, safe and utopic society to belong only to them. the mayflower wasn ’ t the only ship – but the other one leaked. in 1620 the first group of the separatists left leyden for london to sail off ( hopefully ) for the new world in america. they chartered two boats : the grand speedwell and a smaller mayflower to hold 120 passengers. the speedwell, however was a little to “ heavily masted ” as early journals say, and it had to be abandoned because it had a leak. they took the smaller mayflower, and took 102 passengers, setting sail on september 16, 1620. halfway on the journey, the mayflower herself began to leak, and the leaders made a decision to sail toward america rather than turn around. while on board, the leaders of the separatists began to draft a constitution of sorts,