losing all his county appointments. the following year he became a governor of charterhouse, winning more votes than george grenville. after the resignation of grenville, the duke of cumberland accepted the king ' s commission to head a new ministry and appointed rockingham as first lord of the treasury in july 1765. rockingham was honest, able and a good man with many years of political experience in yorkshire and house of lords, but he had never held high office. he encountered problems in putting together a cabinet because ( 1 ) pitt refused to join him, and so pitt ' s followers ( the pittites ) refused to join the ministry, too ; and ( 2 ) rockingham refused to consider bute and grenville and / or their followers as members of his ministry. consequently, he had fewer men from whom to choose. rockingham, who took on the job of pm from a sense of duty, was not really interested in holding power. he was far more contented at his family home of wentworth woodhouse in yorkshire, or at horse - races where he conducted much of his political business. he suspected bute ' s influence on george iii and felt he did not really have royal support. this worsened in october 1765 when cumberland died at the age of 44. george iii looked on rockingham as a ' caretaker ' pm thereafter. the high tory groups saw rockingham ' s ministry potentially as the start of another whig oligarchy. in this period, party identity seems to have been re - introduced. whereas tories, who supported the principles of " crown, church and constitution ", believed that the monarch should be able to exercise the royal prerogative freely, the whigs supported parliamentary supremacy, the bill of rights and religious toleration. they wanted to limit royal power and introduce economy in government. there was a great deal of factional opposition to rockingham ' s ministry, although he had some successes and has been much under - rated. so far as the problems in the american colonies were concerned, rockingham inherited the stamp act crisis caused by the taxation policies of grenville ' s ministry. there had been riots in many colonies, starting in august 1765 although the act was not due to become law until november. in october 1765 the stamp act congress enforced a non - importation policy and stopped the colonists from buying british goods. it soon became clear that english merchants, bankers, business men and manufacturers were losing money. rockingham repealed the stamp act in march 1766 but was forced to pass the declaratory


non - importation policy and stopped the colonists from buying british goods. it soon became clear that english merchants, bankers, business men and manufacturers were losing money. rockingham repealed the stamp act in march 1766 but was forced to pass the declaratory act at the same time, to ensure repeal. the act said : ' the british parliament had, hath and of right ought to have full power and authority to make laws to bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever '. rockinghamites differentiated between having and exercising a right. because of his conciliatory approach, the riots stopped in america, but many politicians - particularly grenville, bute, and bedford - opposed rockingham making concessions to the ' rebellious ' colonies. american affairs occupied most of rockingham ' s first ministry, particularly by attempts to create a new system of legislation for america that ultimately failed to go through the commons. rockingham spent most of the rest of his life in parliamentary opposition. he supported the colonies against parliament, maintaining that the colonists were demanding their constitutional rights against a ' revolutionary ' parliament. in 1769 it was the rockinghamites and yorkshire that led the petitioning movement demanding the dissolution of parliament after the middlesex election fiasco. the rockinghamites also formed the core of the yorkshire association established by christopher wyvill in 1779 to demand a reform of parliament and were at the forefront of demands for religious toleration and increased civil liberties for catholics. as the owner of vast estates in ireland, rockingham showed himself to be exemplary. he granted long leases to catholics and kept a watchful eye on his estate steward. in times of hardship he remitted and / or reduced rents and was always accessible to his tenants. he ordered improvements to be made to his tenants ' houses and to the infrastructure there. he made substantial payments to the wicklow volunteers, a militia that was established to defend that part of ireland against any french attack during the american war of independence. as lord lieutenant of yorkshire he was responsible for the maintenance of law and order and played a direct part in the defence of hull and the east coast against american privateers, particularly john paul jones. he made large charitable payments for the relief of poverty in times of distress and successfully terminated the activities of a coining and clipping gang in halifax. rockingham enjoyed being at home at wentworth woodhouse. he was a caring employer who took an interest in the affairs of his tenants, servants and estates. his presence helped the local economy greatly : for example, he spent over £85


in halifax. rockingham enjoyed being at home at wentworth woodhouse. he was a caring employer who took an interest in the affairs of his tenants, servants and estates. his presence helped the local economy greatly : for example, he spent over £85, 000 on building the stables at wentworth which kept substantial numbers of men employed for many years. there were almost a hundred house servants at wentworth besides all those who worked on the farmland. the village of wentworth owed its existence to the ' great house '. in march 1782, on the resignation of lord north, the king had no choice but to appoint rockingham as prime minister for the second time. rockingham still led the largest group in parliament and had a policy of conciliation prepared. he had stated as early as 1779 that the colonists should be given their independence, and his first act as pm was to acknowledge the existence of a new country. the ministry lasted only fourteen weeks : the marquis died on 1 july 1782 and was buried in his parents ' tomb in the north chancel of york minster. albemarle, gt. memoirs of the marquess of rockingham and his contemporaries. 2 vols. london, 1852. hoffman, r. j. s. the marquis. a study of lord rockingham, 1730 - 1782. new york : fordham university press, 1973. last modified 6 august 2003


well, you ' re about ready to edit and you realize that you have footage shot at different frame rates in the mix. now what? well don ' t panic ; we ' re going to show you how to successfully convert from one frame rate to another using footage interpretation and pitch shifting. and just like a sharp new outfit, all your footage will match and come together, to help your project look its very best. video is nothing more than a series of still images played back in succession, giving the appearance of motion. each of these images is called a frame and the rate at which they are played is referred to as the frame rate. in a perfect world all footage would be the same rate and we wouldn ' t need to know about such things, but then, we know better right? in reality, we might find ourselves with footage from a multi - camera shoot where the cameras were inadvertently left to capture at different frame rates. or, we may have just gotten a foreign distribution deal for our independent film and need to convert it to the european pal standard of 25 frames per second. let ' s see how this works. begin by opening your editing software. we ' ll be showing you the process using adobe ' s premiere pro cs5 but most common editing programs should have similar functions. import the files whose frame rates you wish to change. this first piece of footage is a video - only clip with no audio attached. double - click to open it in the " source window " and play it to get a sense of its motion. notice its properties that appear to the right of the preview window. among other things this tells us that its frame rate is 23. 976 frames per second. this was shot on a 24p dslr camera and will be part of a television commercial, therefore it needs to be converted to the ntsc broadcast standard of 29. 97 frames per second. right - click on the clip in the project window, go to modify and click interpret footage. the interpret footage dialogue window appears. the first section, entitled frame rate, will allow us to either keep the existing rate or change it. in the text box at the right of assume this frame rate enter 29. 97. while the " pixel aspect ratio " and " field order " can be adjusted we want them to pull this data from the file itself and so we ' ll keep their default settings. click " ok " and notice again the clip ' s properties to the right of the preview window. we see now that the frame rate has changed to 29


them to pull this data from the file itself and so we ' ll keep their default settings. click " ok " and notice again the clip ' s properties to the right of the preview window. we see now that the frame rate has changed to 29. 97. as a result in this side - by - side comparison we can see that the higher frame rate looks a bit smoother than the lower one. now all this works fine if you ' re working with video footage that has no audio component. but what happens when you ' re working with linked audio? this is our completed television commercial at its original frame rate of 23. 976. as before, change the clip ' s frame rate to 29. 97 then place it in the timeline. let ' s listen again. while the audio portion remains synchronized with the video, it ' s pitch has become significantly distorted. to correct this, go to the " effects window " and open the " audio effects " folder. since ours is a stereo file, we ' ll open the " stereo " folder. scroll down and find the " pitchshifter " effect. click and drag it onto the clip ' s audio track. now with the clip selected, open the effect controls window. go down to the " pitchshifter " effect and twirl it open to reveal its properties. " bypass " allows you to toggle the effect on and off while previewing in order to monitor your progress. opening " custom setup " reveals a pair of dials for adjusting " pitch and fine tuning " and a checkbox labeled " formant preserve. " twirling open " individual parameters " allows you to make the same adjustments using sliders. we ' ll be using the " custom setup. " to adjust the pitch of your audio track, go down to the bottom of the " effect controls " window and click the " toggle looping audio playback " button. it looks like an arrow folded back on itself. click the " play only the audio for this clip " button next to it. this will loop the audio while making adjustments, allowing you to hear the changes you are making. this is a cpu intensive process and depending on your system you may experience the audio dropping out as you adjust the parameters. if this happens click the " play only the audio for this clip " button to stop looping, pause a moment then try it again. shifting the " pitch " dial to the left will lower the pitch. get it close, then use the " fine tune " dial


tuberculosis is an infection of the lungs that is caused by bacteria mycobacterium tuberculosis. when a person with tuberculosis speaks, coughs or sneezes, he or she expels small droplets into the air. droplets dry out quick, but bacteria remain airborne for days. when they are inhaled by a healthy individual, bacteria reach the lungs and develop a small infection that rarely gives any symptoms. bacteria can remain dormant for months or even years without doing any obvious harm. however, when they find a favourable environment, they become reactivated and invade the lungs. the infection can also spread via blood from the lungs to other parts of body such as urinary tract, intestines, bones, skin, lymph nodes and sexual organs. typical symptoms of tuberculosis include persistent cough, sputum production with blood, fever, night sweats, fatigue, tiredness, lack of appetite and weight loss. treatment of tuberculosis includes a combination of 3 different kinds of antibiotics given over eight to nine months. a weakened immune system increases the risk of getting tuberculosis. people with different health conditions especially hiv and aids are more likely to contract this infectious disease. if you have a compromised immune system, then you should regularly take a dietary supplement that boosts your immune system. natures aid immune support + with beta - glucans is a popular brand on the market that contains elderberry, ester - c and beta - glucans in its formulation. this supplement promotes a healthy immune system and improves your body ’ s resistance against bacteria and viruses. you should take one tablet per day with food or cold drink.


a data format defines the linguistic, syntactic, and semantic constraints of the handwritten information to be recognized by the recognition engine ; it could be described as the expected type of input. your handwriting context ' s data format may be textual, and could be recognized with the help of a lexicon, or it could be more specific, such as a date or time, in which case it could be defined in the form of a regular expression. myscript builder offers language - specific data formats to assist in the recognition. a series of strokes following the trajectory of the user ' s handwriting, entered using a pen or pointing device through pen interfaces such as a pda touch screen, tabletpc touch screen, smartphone touch screen, digital pen, graphics tablet, interactive whiteboard, and so on. isolated characters : handwriting style in which characters are separated individually, in boxes for example. hand printed writing : handwriting style in which characters are not necessarily separated physically ( e. g in boxes ) but with which each character must be fully formed ( including any diacritical marks such as accents ) before starting the next. a distinct pen lift must occur between the two characters. cursive handwriting : handwriting style, also called " joined - up " or " running writing " or " natural writing ", in which letters may or may not be joined as you write. a method for recognizing hand written text. data input can be offline ( image from a scanner ) but is most commonly online from a pen or pointing device. the text is analyzed to identify characters or digits and this analysis is then translated into a character code system such as ascii. icr is often used as a synonym for handwriting recognition. a lexicon is a vocabulary list : it does contain words, typically, but it may also contain groups of words such as proper names, brand names, trademarks and other lexical expressions ( which may include separators ) that only make sense when they are kept together. a digital pen or pointing device is an input peripheral that is able to capture digital ink, be that the user ' s handwriting, drawings, scribbles or other handwritten material. an expression defined using operators that specifies what characters to expect in an input unit and in which order. these are used to define certain lexical units that you wish to recognize, such as dates, prices, etc. resource files are files used by the recognition engine to assist it in the recognition process, for example, the files that identify handwriting styles are resources, as are files


now we ' re actually going to take a look at using the interactive installer. for this part of the course we ' re going to do a demonstration on an installation from the oracle solaris 11 live cd. this was the same one that we looked at earlier when i showed you the quick tour of solaris 11. so let ' s go ahead and take a look at how to install from the live cd. alright. we ' re here in solaris 11 in the oracle virtual box version of it. and what we ' re going to do is go ahead and install oracle from this live cd. so the first thing we want to do is go ahead and double click on the icon here and one thing you should know some of the things that we ' ll talk about take a little bit of time. so i may occasionally stop the recording process when i know that a step is going to take several minutes and we won ' t skip any parts but it ' ll be a little bit time condensed for you so we don ' t bore you to death by watching a blank screen or watching the system do not much of anything for a little while. so the first thing we see is the installer screen and this is very easy to do. we see a welcome message and it ' s going to tell us to look at the release notes. we ' re going to click next. now it tells us what kind of drive we have and i have a virtual drive installed on the machine and it ' s a 16 gig drive and that ' s the kind of the minimum that solaris 11 asks for when it creates a virtual machine. i ' m going to go ahead and do a simple install, we ' re just going to use the entire disk. it tells us that the recommended size is 7 gig and the minimum is 5 gig and that ' s important to know for your hardware requirements. during a later presentation we ' ll look at partitioning the disk and you can do it during the installation or you can do it later on if you leave unpartitioned space available for you. now you can look and see what kind of partition types we can use, unused, extended and so forth. but we ' re going to go ahead and use the whole disk at this point. let ' s click next, at any time you can quit the installer by pressing the quit button or get help, obviously. so here we will set the time and i ' m just going to pick a region arbitrarily. i ' m going


s click next, at any time you can quit the installer by pressing the quit button or get help, obviously. so here we will set the time and i ' m just going to pick a region arbitrarily. i ' m going to pick new york, i ' ll pick eastern time and we ' ll leave the clock where it ' s at. i ' m going to click next and here ' s where we give it username information and login name information. so i ' m just going to put my own information in here and i ' m going to call it bobby and then it gives you the opportunity to put your password in and you always want to use a complex password by the way in any system you use or administer. and we can change the computer name if we want. i ' m going to change it to vtc for the time being and we ' re going to click next. and now we have some settings that we can review and the settings that we can review are the disk size and partition, the software we ' re going to install obviously, the time zone, the default language, language support and the user confirmation. now one thing you ' ll notice here is that it creates the user account as i specified and it automatically sets the root password to the same as the user account and this is not necessarily a good thing for an initial install. so as you soon as you get this installed you want to change this. it sets the host name as vtc. now the solaris live cd it ' s actual username and password that it uses for the username, it ' s jack and the password is jack. for the root account for the live cd it ' s root and solaris all lowercase. now as soon as you change this, that changes the root password obviously for an install on the hard drive. so let ' s go ahead and click install and this is where it could get a little boring. this is where you can actually go get a cup of coffee and so forth and, and do some other things. so what we may do is go ahead and pause this and actually bring it, bring you back to it when we, it starts doing some things that are of interest. so this can take some time to install the software to let it go ahead and copy files and so forth. so it ' s going to do a few things here and nothing of real consequence that you interact with. you ' ve pretty much done most of the interaction you ' re going to


the software to let it go ahead and copy files and so forth. so it ' s going to do a few things here and nothing of real consequence that you interact with. you ' ve pretty much done most of the interaction you ' re going to do. this is a very simple install process, it ' s very easy to use. it doesn ' t require a lot, you actually do a lot of your configuration after the system is installed. now we ' ve come to the conclusion of the solaris 11 installer process. now we did time lapse through some of the boring stuff where the system was copying files and so forth. but there was nothing where the user really needed to interact with the system. when you install it on your own for the first time you ' ll kind of see that it ' s pretty much a good place to go get a cup of coffee or do something. the total installation can sometimes last up to an hour. now that we ' ve come to the last screen here for the interactive installer it tells us that the installation is complete and we can look at the installation log for more information. let ' s just click that really quick and kind of look at what it contains. some of this may not make sense right now but there ' s a lot of information on doing things like performing disk maintenance, doing partitioning and so forth, installing device drivers, setting up configuration parameters and so forth. so if you have any issues during this installation you can always look here in the install log. let ' s go ahead and close this and right now the next step really is to reboot the system and when we reboot we should come into a fully installed solaris 11 system, still in virtual box but installed on the virtual hard drive. so at this point we ' ll go ahead and do that and then in the later session we ' ll do a text install. | course : | | oracle solaris 11 system administration - exam 1z0 - 821 | | duration : | | 8 hrs / 92 lessons | vista / xp / 2000, os x, linux quicktime 7, flash 8 terms & conditions of use by subscribing to this service, you are consenting to be bound by and are becoming a party to this agreement, the terms and conditions of which shall prevail in governing your rights of use. by clicking the " become a member " button, the individual or entity licensing the product ( " you " ) is consenting to be bound by and is becoming


, the terms and conditions of which shall prevail in governing your rights of use. by clicking the " become a member " button, the individual or entity licensing the product ( " you " ) is consenting to be bound by and is becoming a party to this agreement. if licensee does not agree to all of the terms of this agreement, the button indicating " become a member " must not be selected, and licensee must not install or use the software. " vtc " refers to virtual training company, " you " refers to the user or subscriber. " software " refers to the vtc training content and software. 2. license : vtc hereby grants to you a worldwide, non - royalty bearing, non - exclusive license to use the software according to the provisions contained herein and subject to payment of the applicable subscription fees. 3. restrictions : you may not do any of the following : save the software to your hard disk or other storage medium ; permit others to use the software except as specified by addendum ; modify, reverse engineer, decompile, or disassemble the software ; make derivative works based on the software ; publish or otherwise disseminate the software. vtc, inc., vtc online university, and the virtual training company site is owned and operated by vtc, inc. as a corporation of all materials on this site are the property of vtc unless otherwise specified. no material from these pages may be copied, reproduced, republished, downloaded, uploaded, posted, transmitted, or distributed in any way. modification of the materials or use of the materials for any other purpose is a violation of u. s. copyright law and other proprietary rights. for purposes of this agreement, the use of any such material on any other web site or networked computer environment is prohibited. 4. fees : the rights granted under this agreement are effective only upon payment of the subscription fees, which are strictly non - refundable other than as expressly provided herein. the term " monthly subscription " is defined as any 30 day period. the term " yearly subscription " is defined as one 365 day period. a yearly subscription ends on the same numerical date as it began ( example july 28, 2004 to july 28, 2005 ). the vtc online university is access to every vtc training tutorial in our library. you pay a flat fee for access to these titles. you are billed according to your renewal selection below, and can renew monthly, yearly, or in any


. the vtc online university is access to every vtc training tutorial in our library. you pay a flat fee for access to these titles. you are billed according to your renewal selection below, and can renew monthly, yearly, or in any other increment offered. if you choose to be billed monthly, you will be billed every 30 days for the subscription until you request the subscription be cancelled. our terms of service state that you must cancel a monthly subscription at least two business days before your renewal date. these two days give us enough time to ensure that you will not be charged again. 5. limited warranty : vtc warrants that the software, if operated as directed, will substantially achieve the functionality described. vtc does not warrant, however, that your use of the software will be uninterrupted or that the operation of the software will be error - free or secure. in addition, the security mechanisms implemented by the software have inherent limitations, and you must determine that the software sufficiently meets your requirements. vtc also warrants that the media containing the software, if provided by vtc, is free from defects in material from the date you acquired the software. vtc ' s sole liability for any breach of this warranty shall be, in vtc ' s sole discretion : ( i ) to replace your defective media or software ; or ( ii ) to advise you how to achieve substantially the same functionality with the software as described ; or ( iii ) if the above remedies are impracticable, to refund the subscription fee you paid for the software. only if you inform vtc of your problem with the software during the applicable subscription period will vtc be obligated to honor this warranty. vtc will use reasonable commercial efforts to repair, replace, advise, or refund pursuant to the foregoing warranty within thirty ( 30 ) days of being so notified. if any modifications are made to the software by you during the warranty period ; if the medium is subjected to accident, abuse, or improper use ; or if you violate the terms of this agreement, then this warranty shall immediately terminate. this warranty shall not apply if the software is used on or in conjunction with hardware or software other than the unmodified version of hardware and software with which the software was designed to be used as described. this is a limited warranty, and it is the only warranty made by vtc or its suppliers. vtc makes no other warranties, express or


. this limitation of liability shall not apply to liability for death or personal injury resulting from vtc ' s negligence to the extent applicable law prohibits such limitation. some jurisdictions do not allow the exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages, so this exclusion and limitation may not apply to you. 9. links to other materials : linked sites found at the vtc site are not under the control of vtc, and we are not responsible for the content of any linked site or any link contained in a linked site. vtc may change links based solely on our discretion, and we reserve the right to terminate any link or linking program at any time. vtc does not, by linking to sites, endorse companies or products to which it links and reserves the right to note as such on its web pages. if you decide to access any of the third party sites linked to this site, you do this entirely at your own risk. forums, and chat are not always screened by vtc, and we are not responsible for the content of any public or open forum content at the site. vtc may change these public forums based solely on our discretion, and we reserve the right to terminate any forum at any time. vtc does not, by allowing these forums, endorse companies or products which may be mentioned in these forums, and reserves the right to note as such on its web pages. if you decide to access any of the public forums in this site, or linked to this site, you do this entirely at your own risk. 9. governing law & dispute resolution : this agreement is governed by virginia law. all disputes between you and vtc shall be finally resolved through arbitration in winchester, virginia. this site is controlled by vtc from its offices within the united states of america. vtc makes no representation that materials in the site are appropriate or available for use in other locations, and access to them from territories where their content is illegal is prohibited. those who choose to access this site from other locations do so on their own initiative and are responsible for compliance with applicable local laws. you may not use or export the materials in violation of u. s. export laws and regulations. any claim relating to the materials shall be governed by the internal substantive laws of the commonwealth of virginia, usa. vtc may revise these terms at any time by updating this posting. you should visit this page from time to time to review the then - current terms because they are binding on you. certain provisions of these terms may


by barbara floria, pure matters think you ' re safe from allergic reactions inside when pollen counts are high outside? you won ' t be if your allergies are triggered by indoor allergens. most households harbor many allergens that cause sneezing, coughing, itching and wheezing in people sensitive to them. an allergy is a reaction by the body ' s immune system to a foreign substance, says the cleveland clinic. although most people don ' t react to normally harmless substances such as dust mites, animal dander and mold, in certain people the immune system treats these substances as invaders. dust and dust mites dust is a major indoor allergen because it contains many microscopic materials and substances that cause sensitivity in some people. dust can contain tiny fibers from fabric, animal dander, bacteria, mold spores, bits of food and plants, as well as dust mites, the cleveland clinic says. dust mites are tiny organisms that live in dust and in fibers found in the home that aren ' t often washed. you typically find dust mites in bed linens, mattresses, carpeting and fabric - covered furniture, such as sofas. dust mites excrete waste products that cause an allergic reaction in many people. the american academy of allergy, asthma and immunology ( aaaai ) offers these suggestions to control dust : - use a hepa ( high efficiency particulate air ) filter vacuum cleaner and change the filter often. - scrub walls and woodwork and remove carpeting, which tends to harbor dust mites, pet dander and mold. - cover mattresses, box springs and pillows - - even hypoallergenic ones - - with dust - proof, zippered covers. - wash sheets and blankets once a week in hot water and try to decrease bedroom clutter, such as throw pillows and stuffed animals. - hang vertical window blinds instead of fabrics and draperies, at least in the bedroom, and dust hard surfaces with a damp cloth. molds are microscopic fungi that release spores into the air. indoor mold can be found wherever it ' s damp : the bathroom, basement, windowsills and around plumbing. mold and mildew float through the air, then land and grow in moist areas.


surrounded by computers, gadgets and video game consoles, dozens of girls gathered in groups to demonstrate their grasp of today ’ s technology. there was excitement and a buzz of productivity at microsoft ’ s digigirlz high tech camp as the high schoolers collaborated with one another and proudly displayed the video games they designed. for some washington - area youngsters, summer is not just about hanging out at the local pool or watching the latest hollywood blockbuster. instead, it ’ s an opportunity to explore less familiar career paths through camps focused on science and technology. more of these camps are making girls their target audience, as research shows girls tend to stray away from technology - related activities by the time they are teenagers. the number of women earning undergraduate degrees in computer science has plunged nearly 50 percent since 1985, according to the national center for women and information technology. in 1985, women represented 37 percent of computer science undergraduate degree recipients. by 2008, women represented a mere 18 percent of computer and information sciences undergraduate degree recipients, representing a significant drop in degrees awarded. a 2007 report by the same group revealed that women held more than half of professional positions in the overall u. s. work force but fewer than 22 percent of software engineering jobs. tweens in technology similar to the digigirlz high tech camp held in washington last month, digital media academy holds technology camps across the country, including a three - week stint this month at george washington university for students ages 8 to 17 who are interested in learning more about opportunities in technology. margaret lim, director of dma ’ s youth programs, has witnessed a decline in interest among girls in technology as they mature. many girls see it as a male - dominated industry, she said. “ it ’ s interesting that at younger ages, around 7 and 8, more girls are involved. … developmentally they haven ’ t started asking, ‘ who ’ s doing what? ’ and instead they ’ re just naturally curious, ” ms. lim said. “ that ’ s why i think it ’ s important to encourage teachers and parents to get these girls engaged early on, because of the stigma attached to programming being a boys ’ thing. but if [ girls ] get hooked early on, they grow in confidence and can bypass the social stigma that technology ’ s supposed to be a certain way, ” she said. at dma ’ s “ adventures in filmmaking ” camp last week, mikayla sherman, a 12 - year - old girl from woodbridge, va., teamed with amanda honeycutt, a


to be a certain way, ” she said. at dma ’ s “ adventures in filmmaking ” camp last week, mikayla sherman, a 12 - year - old girl from woodbridge, va., teamed with amanda honeycutt, a 13 - year - old from burke, to produce a digital video called “ mixed - up match - ups. ” “ my dad wanted me to do a different camp, and i really like movies, so i thought it would be cool to see how they make them, ” mikayla said. “ i really like the acting and the editing. ” “ i really like being able to make my own movie. it takes a long time, but it ’ s probably worth it, ” said amanda, whose father works for the washington times. she will be helping to produce videos this fall in a studio at st. leo the great catholic school in fairfax. “ i wanted to get a head start, ” she said. “ i figured if i liked it i could maybe do it as a career. ” in a nearby dma class, “ adventures in 2 - d and 3 - d game creation, ” 13 - year - old harris rothman of friendship heights was creating a video game called “ killer miller ” — in a room full of boys. view entire story by douglas holtz - eakin the young drop coverage to avoid higher premiums independent voices from the twt communities a collection of communities writers columns on benghazi consummate traveler todd defeo explores the unique stories that make destinations worth going to. looking at pop culture, politics and social issues. benghazi : the anatomy of a scandal vietnam memorial adds four names cinco de mayo on the mall nra kicks off annual convention california wildfires wreak havoc


festival of fritters change the hanukkah celebration ' s fried element to a sweet dessert with spanish roots happy holidays : hanukkah begins at sundown on dec. 8 this year ; greet it with a big plate of freshly fried bimuelos. ( bill hogan / chicago tribune ) bimuelos ( bim - way - los ) are dough fritters drizzled with a sweet syrup or dusted with powdered sugar. these sephardic treats can provide a welcome alternative to latkes, the potato pancakes most identified with hanukkah in north america, or sufganiyot, the jelly doughnuts so popular in israel. " i love latkes, but one day is enough for them. hanukkah is an eight - day holiday, " says chef laura frankel, author of " jewish cooking for all seasons. " bimuelos are lighter, she said, and serving them allows celebrants to shift the fried - food element of the meal from main course to dessert. originating in spain, bimuelos became the " pre - eminent sephardic hanukkah treat " and were often eaten daily during the holiday, according to gil marks ' " encyclopedia of jewish food. " bimuelos spread through the mediterranean world when the jews were expelled from spain in 1492. it was then, marks said, that many began to replace the sugar used as a topping in spain with sweetened syrups common to the middle east. " bimuelo " is the word for fritter in ladino, a judeo - spanish language that could be considered the sephardic version of yiddish. the fritters are bunuelo in spanish, loukoumas in greek and awamee in arabic. tori avey, of los angeles, a food writer and blogger at the shiksa in the kitchen, ( theshiksa. com ), remembers well her first bite. " i thought they tasted a lot like beignets, " says avey, referring to the famed fried dough balls of new orleans. " it was crispy and warm and doughnutlike and drizzled with syrup. " the fritters had an " exotic perfume, " she recalled, because her mother - in - law used rose or orange water syrup to sweeten them. while avey will plate the syrup - coated fritters to serve guests, she admits with a laugh that when it '


exotic perfume, " she recalled, because her mother - in - law used rose or orange water syrup to sweeten them. while avey will plate the syrup - coated fritters to serve guests, she admits with a laugh that when it ' s just family, everyone gathers around the frying pan. the sizzling fritters can turn into all kinds of shapes in the hot oil, she said, noting that when her husband was little, he would see all sorts of things in the shapes as his mother did the frying. after frying, bimuelos are drizzled with syrup. honey is the traditional choice. choose a honey by the quality, frankel said, not because of a cute bear - shaped bottle. " go for a raw honey ; it has better flavor, " she said. avey often follows her mother - in - law ' s examples and uses rose or orange water. there are other options. avey might flavor her sugar syrup with vanilla or coconut flavoring. " you could serve it with agave, " she added, " or even go with a good maple syrup. you can ' t mess them up. " " people frying at home always seems scary to me, ' ' admits chef laura frankel, author of " jewish cooking for all seasons. " it can be done, though, safely and relatively easily. here are some of frankel ' s tips for pain - free bimuelo frying. 1. choose the right pan. " go deeper than a saute pan, ' ' frankel said. one of those deep skillets used for fried chicken or a heavy - bottomed saucepan could work. 2. have your bimuelos ready and fully risen before heating the oil. 3. choose the right oil. frankel uses a mild extra - virgin olive oil heated to 350 degrees, no higher because olive oil has a low smoking point. olive oil has a more authentic flavor, she says, though cold - pressed canola or grapeseed oil may be substituted, frankel said. 4. use a candy / deep - fry thermometer to check oil temperature. remember the oil temperature will drop when the fritters are added. fritters with sweet syrup prep : 15 minutes


american burying beetle conservation centre to survey existing populations and reintroduce captive - bred american burying beetles into their former range in the usa american burying beetles, nicrophorus americanus, just about 3 cm long, are master scavengers, cleaning the environment as they bury dead small mammals and various insects for future consumption. american burying beetles were once plentiful in 35 states and south eastern parts of canada. quite suddenly in the 1920 ’ s sharp declines were noticed in the range of this large colourful silphid species. its decline may be due to several factors. fragmentation of habitat has increased accessibility for other carrion consumers such as fox, raccoon, small mammals, and some raptors. thus, the american burying beetle often finds less and less to bury and then eat. another reasons is the increased lighting in developed areas. this diminishes the abundance of night use insects and curbs another food source for the beetles. also, certain genetic changes may alter reproduction on some level. by 1989 the beetle could be found in only one state, rhode island, on an island known as block island. they were listed as endangered by the federal government during the same year. since 1989 small populations have been found in five other states, oklahoma, south dakota, kansas, nebraska and arkansas. successful breeding colonies can be found in roger williams park zoo, ohio state university and the saint louis zoo. reintroduction has been tried in ohio, and nantucket ( massachusetts ). further surveying is going on in missouri in hopes of finding a wild colony and research on the beetles continues in hopes of finding answers to questions about its swift disappearance and if reintroduction will be successful. the saint louis zoo ' s invertebrate department acts as the center of conservation of the american burying beetle. surveys are carried out throughout the state of missouri every summer to try to find wild populations of the american burying beetles. the center is working with government agencies to determine the status of the american burying beetles to determine if they are extant from the state and if it will be possible to work with the nature conservancy on a site they own to try a reintroduction within the next two years. waza conservation project 05002 is operated by the saint louis zoo in cooperation with the missouri department of conservation, the nature conservancy, department of natural resources, and the united states of fish and wildlife. > a vista general proyecto


mold and moisture dynamics last updated : 06 - 15 - 2010 within this page moisture in buildings is a major contributor to mold growth, unhealthy buildings, and poor indoor air quality. wetting of building walls and rainwater leaks are major causes of water infiltration, but so is excessive indoor moisture generation. preventive and remedial measures include rainwater tight detail design ; prevention of uncontrolled air movement ; reduction of indoor air moisture content ; reduction of water vapor diffusion into walls and roofs ; selection of building materials with appropriate water transmission characteristics ; and proper field workmanship quality control. a successful method for deterring rainwater intrusion into walls is the rain screen approach, which incorporates cladding, air cavity, drainage plane, and airtight support wall to offer multiple moisture - shedding pathways. fig. 1 : rain screen the concept of the rain screen principle is to separate the plane in a wall where the rainwater is shed and where the air infiltration is stopped. in terms of construction, this means that there is an outer plane which sheds rainwater but lets air freely circulate, and an inner plane which is relatively airtight. in terms of pressures, there is no pressure differential across the outer pane and there is a significant pressure differential across the inner plane. because there is no pressure difference across the outer plane, there is no driving force to move water indoors ; because there is no water present at the inner plane, no water will penetrate the inner plane despite the presence of the driving force of the pressure difference. molds are part of the natural environment and are present everywhere. they are usually not a problem indoors. the medical community appears to be divided regarding the threat of mold, but seems to agree that some people with allergies are sensitive to mold and that in sensitive individuals mold can lead to respiratory diseases. ¹, ² the issue with mold then is not to prevent any mold growth, or to eliminate any existing mold growth, but to control it within acceptable limits. to grow, or to establish itself, mold requires at least four elements : mold spores, organic matter ( like wood, paper, and drywall ), moisture, and warmth. note that the mere presence of humid air does not necessarily promote mold growth, except where air with a relative humidity ( rh ) level at or above 80 % is in contact with a surface. carried by air currents, mold spores can reach all surfaces and cavities of buildings. if these surfaces and / or cavities are warm, and contain


humidity ( rh ) level at or above 80 % is in contact with a surface. carried by air currents, mold spores can reach all surfaces and cavities of buildings. if these surfaces and / or cavities are warm, and contain the right nutrients and amounts of moisture, the mold spores will grow and gradually destroy the things they grow on. to control mold growth, designers should focus on controlling moisture indoors and on the temperatures of all surfaces, including interstitial surfaces within walls. in addition to mold, other organisms such as bacteria, mites, cockroaches, and insects that are known to infest buildings also depend on moisture. and finally, excessive high moisture content of thermal insulations reduces effective insulation rates by as much as 50 %. for all these reasons, moisture control must be a primary consideration in both the design of new buildings and in the renovation of existing structures. the remainder of this resource page will focus on the sources of excessive moisture and some strategies to prevent water infiltration into buildings. b. moisture dynamics concepts and definitions psychrometrics : the study of air - water mixtures is called psychrometric. the relationship between air temperature, moisture content, and humidity has been codified in a diagram called the psychrometric chart that is indispensable for understanding condensation. among other things, it indicates the dew point temperature of any air - water vapor mixture. water vapor permeance and permeability : permeability is a material property ; permeance is a product property. for board materials, usually permeability is given ; for thin membranes, it is customary to provide their permeance. - permeance : the rate of water vapor transmission through unit area of a flat product induced by unit vapor pressure between its two surfaces. in inch / pound units, permeance is given in the unit " perm, " where one perm equals a transmission rate of 1 grain of water per hour for each square foot of area per inch of mercury ( gr / hft²in. hg ). ( 1 grain is 1 / 700 of a pound. ) in metric / si units, permeance is given in nanograms of water per second per second for each square meter of area per pascal of vapor pressure ( ng / som2opa ). one perm equals a flow rate of 57 ng / sm²pa. - permeability : the time rate of water vapor transmission through unit area of


each square meter of area per pascal of vapor pressure ( ng / som2opa ). one perm equals a flow rate of 57 ng / sm²pa. - permeability : the time rate of water vapor transmission through unit area of a material of unit thickness induced by unit vapor pressure difference between its two surfaces. in inch / pond units, permeability is given as " perm, " where one perm equals a transmission rate of 1 grain of water per hour for each square foot of area per inch of mercury ( gr / hftin. hg ). permeability is also sometimes given as perm per inch. in metric / si units, permeability is given in nanograms of water per second for each square meter of area per thickness in meters per pascal of vapor pressure ( ng / smpa ). vapor and air retarders : these materials inhibit the uncontrolled flow of air and water vapor through the building envelope : - vapor retarders : a membrane or paint film having a water vapor transmission rate of less than one perm, used to reduce the rate and volume of water vapor diffusion through ceilings, walls, or floors. membranes are generally thin flexible materials, such as polyethylene, while coatings are typically of asphaltic, resinous, or polymeric composition and applied by trowels or brushes ( for more product information, see product suppliers and manufacturers section below ). - air retarder : a membrane having a water vapor permeance of no less than 5 perm restricting the flow of air to l / s and used to reduce air infiltration and exfiltration through a building assembly, yet allowing water vapor to easily diffuse though it. a common type of air retarder is composed of fiber - reinforced polyolefin. all joints and seams in air retarders must be sealed to create an effective air retarder. astm international specifies that a material must have a perm rating of 5. 0 or higher to qualify as an air retarder. see also wbdg air barrier systems in buildings. so that it is possible to seal an air retarder correctly, the wall needs to be detailed carefully and with the sequence of installation in mind. - air / vapor retarders : a membrane meeting the water vapor resistance rating of a vapor retarder combined with the air infiltration characteristics of an air retarder, used to restrict both the rate and volume of air and of water vapor through ceilings


/ vapor retarders : a membrane meeting the water vapor resistance rating of a vapor retarder combined with the air infiltration characteristics of an air retarder, used to restrict both the rate and volume of air and of water vapor through ceilings, walls, and floor elements. air / vapor retarders may be constructed from polyethylene, extruded polystyrene, foil - covered foams, and exterior sheathings. all joints, air / vapor retarders seams, and penetrations, including at windows, doors, electrical outlets, plumbing stacks, and vents must be effectively sealed. detailing and installation requirements for air / vapor retarders are the same as for air retarders. fig. 2 : installation of combined air and water retarder ( courtesy of commonwealth of massachusetts ) left : the same material can be both an air and vapor retarder. and right : the photo shows a system that uses a peel - and - stick material as both the vapor retarder and air retarder. the material is installed over the gypsum sheathing but on the warm - in - winter side of two inches of extruded polyethylene insulation. moisture movement : moisture can move through and into building components in three major ways : by rainwater impingement or leakage, movement of moisture laden air, and by diffusion. - rainwater impingement and leakage : even though rain is infrequent in some parts of the u. s., rainwater leaks and impingement are potentially the greatest contributors to water in building elements. unless a roof or wall is seriously deteriorated, rainwater has the tendency to enter at discrete locations, which can more easily be identified and stopped. further, as a rule rains are followed by dry weather, allowing the wall or roof to dry out. - movement of moist air ( mass transport ) : because of air pressure differences, air moves into and out of building walls due to wind action, stack effect, or due to the action of mechanical ventilation. mass transport of water through air movement is potentially the second most important mechanism for moisture intrusion into building walls and roofs. however, the air pressure difference and the air and moisture movement into or out of the building envelope can change drastically depending on wind direction and speed, level in the building, and operation of the mechanical system. - vapor diffusion : differences in water vapor pressures between inside and outside of the building envelope cause water vapor to move by diffusion through the building envelope and


change drastically depending on wind direction and speed, level in the building, and operation of the mechanical system. - vapor diffusion : differences in water vapor pressures between inside and outside of the building envelope cause water vapor to move by diffusion through the building envelope and through building materials. water vapor will be driven from high vapor pressure areas to lower pressure ; in winter from the inside toward the exterior ; in air - conditioned buildings in warm climates toward the interior. diffusion of moisture through envelope materials is generally a slow process, and in terms of the amount of moisture transfer, it is potentially far less serious than mass transport. diffusion can be fairly steady over long periods, possibly on a seasonal basis, and reversals, which would dry out the cavities, are less frequent. because of this, diffusion can still lead to significant amounts of water transport and accumulation within building envelopes and their constituent materials over long periods with attendant significant potential to cause deterioration. - although rainwater and mass transport of moisture through air movement are likely to be many times greater than diffusion, it does not necessarily follow that damage from rainwater and air movement is also that many times greater. - rain is intermittent and allows drying out between rainfalls. - the moisture transported by moist air is significant, but not all the moisture is deposited within the construction ; some passes harmlessly through the building envelope. - air movement is often dependent on wind direction. when the direction changes, so does the direction of the air movement, wetting becomes drying. - both rainwater leaks and air leaks generally occurs at discrete locations ( e. g., cracks, joints ) and do not affect the wall or roof over their entire surface. - diffusion is a slow process but changes direction infrequently. moisture can move by diffusion into wall cavities over a period of several months without reversal, slowly saturating materials and causing deterioration. c. sources of excessive moisture in buildings and their reduction excessive moisture in buildings can result from a number of causes : - rainwater leaks through roofs and walls - leakage of moist air - diffusion of moisture through walls, roofs, and floors - groundwater intrusion into basements and crawl spaces through walls and floors - leaking or burst water pipes - indoor moisture sources and - construction moisture. rainwater leaks : the control of rainwater leaks has been the subject of good building practices for as long as human habitations have been built. even infrequent but serious leaks during heavy storms can lead to mold infestation, are annoying, and can cause serious damage


of rainwater leaks has been the subject of good building practices for as long as human habitations have been built. even infrequent but serious leaks during heavy storms can lead to mold infestation, are annoying, and can cause serious damage to buildings and their contents. less severe but more frequent leaks and slow but persistent leaks can cause equally serious damage. leakage of moist air : warm and moist indoor air condenses on cold surfaces and interstitial planes inside constructions. this moisture can be stored harmlessly within construction materials or can cause mold growth and deterioration. excessive moisture content in wood can cause mold growth and dry rot on wood, rust on unprotected steel, and loss of insulating value in thermal insulations. duffusion of moisture through walls, roofs, and floors : diffusion, as a result of differing vapor pressures across walls or roofs moves moisture through building materials. materials with low permeancies allow little vapor transmission ; materials with high permeancies allow more moisture transmission. convention calls materials with a permeance of 1 perm ( in si units, 57 nanogramsof water per second for each square meter of area ) " vapor retarders. " note that the diffusion is dependent on vapor pressure resulting from differences in temperature and relative humidity of the air on the two sides of the wall or of individual materials. groundwater intrusion : intrusion of groundwater into basements and crawl spaces is common. this can result from a high water table or from rainwater runoff soaking into the ground at the basement / crawl space walls. because most basements and crawl spaces are connected through cracks, pipe chases, and stairways to the rest of the building, moist air from wet basements and crawl spaces will find their way into occupied and other spaces above. leaking or burst water pipes : the prevention and repair of burst or leaking pipes is the responsibility of plumbers. except for old steel and iron pipes and frozen pipes, there should be little concern for this issue. however, in some geographic areas, recently installed copper pipes have been found to develop small pinhole penetrations leading to slow but constant leaks. in general, correctly installed pipes made of quality materials should not be a problem for many years after installation. indoor moisture sources : human occupancy : breathing, perspiration, cooking, bathing, and clothing washing can add significant amounts of moisture to buildings. kitchens and bathrooms should be independently vented and washers need to be vented outdoors. open sumps, aquariums, indoor swimming


breathing, perspiration, cooking, bathing, and clothing washing can add significant amounts of moisture to buildings. kitchens and bathrooms should be independently vented and washers need to be vented outdoors. open sumps, aquariums, indoor swimming pools, and hot tubs, as well as excessive indoor plants can increase indoor humidity beyond the recommended 30 to 50 percent. moisture sources should, where possible, be covered by tight lids when not in use. construction moisture : wet construction materials, such as in - situ cast concrete and lumber stored unprotected outdoors prior to installation can increase indoor humidity significantly during the first one to two years of occupancy. the traditional way of preventing moisture problems in walls and roofs was the installation of what then was called vapor barriers, now more accurately referred to as vapor retarders. there are a few commonly quoted, prescriptive rules of thumb for locating vapor retarders in walls and roofs, some of which are listed below. while these rules still may be useful as first cut approximations, the designer must consider the entire array of good practices, needs to conduct a job specific analysis, and must understand local climatic conditions and building practices. - rainwater leaks and wetting of permeable wall exteriors are recognized as the major moisture transport mechanisms into walls. therefore, shedding of rainwater, roof overhangs, and appropriate water repellant finishes should be considered to reduce moisture infiltration into wall constructions. - rainwater leaks are most common at the joints between components, notably between walls and windows and doors, at sills, and at roof / wall intersections. specify appropriate sealants to prevent water infiltration. - some new materials have not withstood the test of time nor have reliable test methods. therefore, designers specifying innovative materials must carefully review available data regarding performance, compatibility, and installation requirements. - building walls can be classified as " face sealed " or as " drained " walls. face sealed walls have only one single defense against rainwater. an example is face sealed exterior insulation and finish systems ( eifs ) aka synthetic stucco. unless perfectly or near perfectly installed, face sealed walls will fail and so adequate provision for field quality control in the specifications is mandatory. drained walls have a secondary barrier to water penetration and provide a means to drain water that may have penetrated the first water barrier. an example would be masonry veneer walls that include a drain cavity. - to prevent water accumulation in basements and crawl spaces : seal the below - grade walls ;


penetration and provide a means to drain water that may have penetrated the first water barrier. an example would be masonry veneer walls that include a drain cavity. - to prevent water accumulation in basements and crawl spaces : seal the below - grade walls ; install a vapor retarder and a capillary break on the floor of the crawl space or below the basement floor slab ; install drains and sumps ; drain downspouts and rainwater runoff away from the building ; and slope the grade away from the foundation. see also wbdg achieving sustainable site design through low impact development practices. - movement of moisture - laden air into wall and roof cavities is the second most prominent moisture transport mechanism. accordingly, select construction details that prevent moist air from infiltrating. in cold climates during the winter, this means prevent indoor air from exfiltrating through the wall ; in warm climates, prevent moist outside air from infiltrating. pressurization and depressurization of the indoor space can assist in this effort. however, in high - rise buildings, stack effect may negate pressure gradients resulting from mechanical ventilation. see also wbdg air barrier systems in buildings. - in cold climates, locate the vapor diffusion retarder on the warm side of the exterior insulation. some building scientists suggest including an interior vapor retarder only in cold climate areas with 8, 000 heating degree - days or above, but no long - term empirical data exists to justify this practice at this time. - in cooling - dominated climates, install a vapor retarder on the exterior of the insulation. in mixed zones — climates with both significant heating and cooling requirements — omit a vapor diffusion retarder in favor of more attention to air leakage control. in warm and humid climates, consider installing a vapor impermeable finish on the exterior. - as a rule, it is better to omit a vapor retarder than to install one where it is not required. never install vinyl wallpaper on the interior of exterior walls in warm climates. - eliminate the possibility for water vapor to condense within a building assembly. this can be achieved a number of ways : - seal building assemblies and / or install an air retarding membrane to reduce air leakage into wall / ceiling cavities. pay particular attention to penetrations between conditioned and unconditioned spaces as a result of plumbing stacks, wiring, ductwork, electrical outlets, etc. - incorporate vapor retarding membranes that inhibit the diffusion of


wall / ceiling cavities. pay particular attention to penetrations between conditioned and unconditioned spaces as a result of plumbing stacks, wiring, ductwork, electrical outlets, etc. - incorporate vapor retarding membranes that inhibit the diffusion of warm, humid air into the building wall cavities ; - reduce open water sources and protect building materials from the elements prior to installation ; and - coordinate the performance of the building ' s heating and cooling system so as to control the indoor air humidity and the pressure of the indoor air relative to the pressure of the exterior. ideally, maintain the indoor relative humidity between 30 % and 50 %. see also wbdg high - performance hvac. - provide clear specifications that include appropriate and effective field quality control and inspection provisions, which are as important as proper design and material selection. clarify whether a vapor diffusion retarder, an air retarding membrane, an air retarder construction approach, or some combination of these strategies will be used in the building. include requirements for environmental conditions when sealers and caulks can be applied. e. methods of construction following are some issues to consider and strategies to implement during construction to prevent moisture infiltration : left : proper installation is as important as a good design in preventing water infiltration. and right : thermal bridges through building envelopes can cause condensation and cold interior surfaces. one solution is to install insulation both on the floor and ceiling of the concrete slab for a few feet. - make sure all vapor retarders and air - retarding systems are installed continuously. these systems are only as effective as their weakest point. make sure all joints and penetrations are sealed. see also wbdg air barrier systems in buildings. - when using coatings with low perm ratings, specify the sealing of all cracks at joints and penetrations to prevent air leakage. the airtight drywall approach ( ada ) and simple caulk and seal ( simplecs ) ( pronounced " simplex " ) are two approaches that rely on coated materials with effective air sealing instead of polyethylene wrapping. - pay careful attention to potential thermal bridges through building envelopes that can cause cold interior surfaces and condensation. elements such as continuous cantilevered beams or balcony slabs and exposed soffits can create moisture problems. - in retrofits, installing a separate vapor diffusion retarder is usually cost - prohibitive. " vapor retarder " paints are an effective option in this case. most paint experts agree that


exposed soffits can create moisture problems. - in retrofits, installing a separate vapor diffusion retarder is usually cost - prohibitive. " vapor retarder " paints are an effective option in this case. most paint experts agree that, for this purpose, glossy paints work better than flat paints ; acrylic paints are generally better than latex paints ; and the more coats applied, the better. f. analysis and design tools always conduct a job specific moisture analysis. the only exception would be for a building that is identical or very similar to an existing successful building in the same general location, has the same occupancy, and is constructed of the same materials. the analysis can be a simple manual or graphic method, or, preferably, a computer - based model. as a rule, analysis methods apply to " typical " wall sections. it must be recognized that thermal breaks, corners, window surround details, and other anomalies can be the critical elements and analysis results must therefore be used with care. manual method — dew point method, glaser, and kieper diagrams : all manual methods are based on steady - state analysis. that is, the analysis is made for specific conditions, which that designer selects. it is recommended that the analysis be made for more than one set of assumed conditions ; specifically, for both summer and winter conditions. manual methods are primarily useful for comparing similar wall designs or walls incorporating different wall materials. computer - based methods are based on dynamic analysis using weather data for specific locations. most use hourly weather data. the most commonly used methods are moist, developed by the national institute of standards and technology ( nist ), and wufi ornl / ibp, developed jointly by oak ridge national laboratory and the fraunhofer institute for building physics. the advantage of these programs is that they model the moisture and thermal conditions of a selected design over a period, usually over a one - to two - year cycle, using typical weather data. the more advanced models include such refinements as the effect of water impingement on walls, and air and water leakage. however, in many instances the designer has little or no data to develop rational input data. for this reason, less sophisticated models serve the practitioner almost as well as the most sophisticated ones. all structures should be concerned with moisture control. special attention must be given to facilities which have a propensity to generate high interior humidity, such as indoor swimming pools, commercial kitchens and laundries, hot tub


well as the most sophisticated ones. all structures should be concerned with moisture control. special attention must be given to facilities which have a propensity to generate high interior humidity, such as indoor swimming pools, commercial kitchens and laundries, hot tubs, gymnasiums, tennis courts with har - tru® or similar surfaces, and all air - conditioned buildings in warm and humid climates. relevant codes and standards - ashrae handbook — fundamentals by american society of heating, refrigeration, and air - conditioning engineers, ( revised every 4 years ). products and systems building envelope design guide : below grade systems, foundation walls, floor slabs, plazas, tunnels, vaults, wall systems, exterior insulation and finish system ( eifs ), masonry wall systems, panelized metal wall systems, thin stone wall systems federal green construction guide for specifiers : - 01 67 00 ( 01611 ) environmental product requirements - 01 74 13 ( 01740 ) progress cleaning - 01 78 23 ( 01830 ) operation & maintenance data - 05 05 00 ( 05050 ) common work results for metals - 06 05 73 ( 06070 ) wood treatment - 06 10 00 ( 06100 ) rough carpentry - 06 16 00 ( 06100 ) sheathing - 06 20 00 ( 06200 ) finish carpentry - 06 60 00 ( 06600 ) plastic fabrications - 06 90 00 ( 06700 ) alternative agricultural products - 07 92 00 ( 07900 ) joint sealants - 08 14 00 ( 08210 ) wood doors - 08 50 00 ( 08500 ) windows - 09 29 00 ( 09250 ) gypsum board - 09 30 00 ( 09300 ) tiling - 09 51 00 ( 09510 ) acoustical ceilings - 09 65 00 ( 09650 ) resilient flooring - 09 65 16. 13 ( 09654 ) linoleum flooring - 09 68 00 ( 09680 ) carpeting - 09 72 00 ( 09720 ) wall coverings - 09 90 00 ( 09900 ) painting & coating - 11 13 00 ( 11160 ) loading dock equipment - 11 30 00 ( 11450 ) residential equipment - 11 28 00 ( 11680 ) office equipment - 12 10 00 ( 12100 ) artwork - 12 48 13 ( 12482 ) entrance floor mats and frames - 12 59 00 ( 12700 ) systems furniture - 23 70 00 ( 15700 ) central hvac equipment - american industrial hygiene association — a professional association


( 12100 ) artwork - 12 48 13 ( 12482 ) entrance floor mats and frames - 12 59 00 ( 12700 ) systems furniture - 23 70 00 ( 15700 ) central hvac equipment - american industrial hygiene association — a professional association that has a series of articles on mold, as well as a list of accredited laboratories for mold testing. - american lung association — a voluntary health organization that, among other things, provides easy to understand information on health aspects of mold and air quality topics. - astm international — publishes reference material on specifying retarding materials. - north american insulation manufacturers association ( naima ) — a trade association for manufacturers of fiberglass, rock wool, and slag wool insulation. - information on air and vapor retarding products can be found under construction specification institute or first source division 7 : thermal protection, sections 07260 ( vapor retarders ) and 07272 ( air infiltration retarders ) - manufacturers of air and vapor retarders are often insulation manufacturers. they are represented by insulation trade and professional associations such as cellulose insulation manufacturers association ( cima ) and north american insulation manufacturers association ( naima ). - energy efficient building association ' s ( eeba ) builder ' s guides ( for four climate areas ) by joe lstiburek. eeba, 1997. — guidebooks on moisture control, energy efficiency and ventilation for new home design. - guidelines on assessment and remediation of fungi in indoor environments by new york city department of health & mental hygiene, bureau of environmental & occupational disease epidemiology. — a comprehensive set of guidelines for how to approach the investigation and cleanup of mold in buildings. other states have established specific guidelines regarding mold remediation. check with local state health departments. - moisture analysis and condensation control in building envelopes by h. r. trechsel, editor. american society of testing materials ( astm ), 2001. manual series ; mnl40, isbn 0 - 8031 - 2089 - 3. available from astm. - moisture control handbook : principles and practices for residential and small commercial buildings by j. lstiburek and j. carmody. new york, ny : van nostrand reinhold co., 1993. - moisture control in buildings by h. r. trechsel, editor. american society of testing materials ( astm ), 1994. manual series mnl18, isbn 0 - 8031 - 2051 - 6. available from as


1993. - moisture control in buildings by h. r. trechsel, editor. american society of testing materials ( astm ), 1994. manual series mnl18, isbn 0 - 8031 - 2051 - 6. available from astm. - standard and reference guide for professional mold remediation, s520 by institute of inspection, cleaning and restoration certification ( iicrc ). vancouver, wa : iicrc, dec. 2003. — a procedural standard and reference guide for the remediation of mold damaged structures and contents. - standard and reference guide for professional water damage restoration, s500 by institute of inspection, cleaning and restoration certification ( iicrc ). vancouver, wa : iicrc, 1999. — one of the basic guides for dealing with extensive moisture damage. - technical note x485h : condensation — causes and control by american plywood association. - vapor barriers or vapor diffusion retarders by u. s. department of energy, energy efficiency and renewable energy network ( eren ). sept. 2005. - water in buildings : an architect ' s guide to moisture and mold by william b. rose. new york, ny : john wiley & sons, inc., april 2005. isbn : 0 - 471 - 46850 - 9. publications — mold and health concerns - a brief guide to mold in the workplace, shib 03 - 10 - 10 by u. s. department of labor, occupational safety and health administration ( osha ). - mold — got mold? frequently asked questions about mold by h. ammann. olympia, wa : washington state department of health. — extensive review of mold types and their health effects. - mold in homes by minnesota department of health, indoor air unit. st. paul, mn : 2001. — good source of health information for consumers who want to know what to do about mold and moisture problems. - mold resources by u. s. environmental protection agency. washington, d. c. — provides a summary of the key issues and extensive links to health - related groups and indoor air quality topics. ¹harriet a. burge, h. jenny su, and john spengler, " moisture, organisms, and health effects, " manual on moisture control in buildings, heinz trechsel, ed. astm manual mnl 18, american society for testing and materials, philadelphia, 1994, pp. 84 - 90. ²steve m. hays, " health issues : toxicity, o


the snakes prey on native wildlife such as the endangered key largo wood rat and the endangered wood stork. the largest prey, friar told cnn, was a 76 - pound deer that was found in the stomach of a 16 - foot python a few months ago. earlier this year, researchers at virginia tech university, davidson college and the u. s. geological survey reported that populations of rabbits and foxes have disappeared and numbers of raccoons, opossums and bobcats have dropped as much as 99 %. last january, the u. s. fish and wildlife service instituted a ban on the importation of burmese pythons - - along with three other species of exotic snake - - and their eggs. the python challenge has laid out four specific areas where the snakes can be harvested, and the park is off - limits to the general public. " the park is very restricted on what it can do as far as animal captures and removal, " friar said. the python problem has spread to other wildlife management areas in the state besides the everglades. " we ' re supportive of the state exploring various measures in order to reduce the populations outside the park, " friar said. in the end, she said, " it will also reduce the population of the snakes that get into the park. " according to the rules of the contest, reducing the population means killing the snakes. " we want to make sure this is done in a humane way, " segelson said. the competition ' s website lists several ways to kill a python " in a humane manner that results in immediate loss of consciousness and destruction of the brain. " it suggests shooting the snake in the head with a firearm or decapitating it with a machete.


as people return to outdoor activities this spring, caution should be taken in areas of the country that are home to loxosceles reclusa, also called the brown recluse spider. a new study from st. jude children ’ s research hospital found that when patients present with acute anemia, but the cause is elusive, a brown recluse spider bite should be part of the differential diagnosis, at least in parts of the nation where the spider is regularly found. in a recent issue of the journal of pediatrics, st. jude hematologists reported on six previously healthy adolescents hospitalized for treatment of acute, symptomatic anemia. the illnesses were linked to red blood cell destruction known as hemolytic anemia that was eventually traced to brown recluse spider bites. all six patients fully recovered, but four needed blood transfusions and three spent time in the intensive care unit. only three of the six patients recalled recent spider bites, and jenny mcdade, d. o., an assistant member in the st. jude hematology department, said the other wounds were only found after head - to - toe skin checks. mcdade, the study ’ s lead author, said one bite was hidden by a bra strap and initially went unnoticed. “ the bite is often painless, and it is frequently missed, ” she said, which is one reason st. jude investigators decided to review hospital records to gauge the scope of the problem. although most people bitten by brown recluse spiders do not seek medical attention, the researchers noted that the spiders ’ venom triggers a widespread reaction in about 30 percent of children. although the exact mechanism is not completely understood, the most common systemic reaction is hemolytic anemia. less commonly, kidney failure and clotting problems develop. children seem to be more likely than adults to develop systemic complications, especially anemia. in rare cases, the researchers reported the bite has been linked to multi - organ failure and death. several times a year, st. jude hematologists are consulted regarding patients who develop sudden, unexplained hemolytic anemia. this study focused on patients hospitalized for severe anemia who required hematology consultation during a one - year period at a general children ’ s hospital near the st. jude campus in memphis, tenn. determining the cause of acute anemia is important to ensure the appropriate treatment, mcdade said. for example, steroids may be used to treat some types of anemia, but


the largest component, 714 people, of the social network studied by fowler and christakis, on dec. 8, 2009. infected individuals are colored red, friends of infected individuals are colored yellow, and circle size is proportional to the number of friends infected. a movie tracks the spread of the flu from sept. 1 through dec. 31, 2009. credit : nicholas christakis your friends are probably more popular than you are. and this “ friendship paradox ” may help predict the spread of infectious disease. nicholas christakis, professor of medicine, medical sociology and sociology at harvard university, and james fowler, professor of medical genetics and political science at the university of california, san diego, used the paradox to study the 2009 flu epidemic among 744 students. the findings, the researchers say, point to a novel method for early detection of contagious outbreaks. analyzing a social network and monitoring the health of its central members is an ideal way to predict an outbreak. but such detailed information simply doesn ’ t exist for most social groups, and producing it is time - consuming and expensive. the “ friendship paradox, ” first described in 1991, potentially offers an easy way around this. simply put, the paradox states that, statistically, the friends of any given individual are likely more popular than the individual herself. take a random group of people, ask each of them to name one friend, and on average the named friends will rank higher in the social web than the ones who named them. if this is hard to fathom, imagine a large cocktail party with a host holding court in the center while, at the fringes, a few loners lean against the walls staring at their drinks. randomly ask the party - goers to each name a friend, and the results will undoubtedly weigh heavily in the direction of the well - connected host. few people will name a recluse. and just as they come across gossip, trends and good ideas sooner, the people at the center of a social network are exposed to diseases earlier than those at the margins. as the 2009 influenza season approached, christakis and fowler decided to put these basic features of a social network to work, contacting 319 harvard undergraduates who in turn named a total of 425 friends. monitoring the two groups both through self - reporting and data from harvard university health services, the researchers found that, on average, the friends group manifested the flu roughly two weeks prior to the random group using one method of detection, and a full 46 days prior to the epidemic peak


through self - reporting and data from harvard university health services, the researchers found that, on average, the friends group manifested the flu roughly two weeks prior to the random group using one method of detection, and a full 46 days prior to the epidemic peak using another method. “ we think this may have significant implications for public health, ” said christakis. “ public health officials often track epidemics by following random samples of people or monitoring people after they get sick. but that approach only provides a snapshot of what ’ s currently happening. by simply asking members of the random group to name friends, and then tracking and comparing both groups, we can predict epidemics before they strike the population at large. this would allow an earlier, more vigorous, and more effective response. ” “ if you want a crystal ball for finding out which parts of the country are going to get the flu first, then this may be the most effective method we have now, ” said fowler. “ currently used methods are based on statistics that lag the real world – or, at best, are contemporaneous with it. we show a way you can get ahead of an epidemic of flu, or potentially anything else that spreads in networks. ” indeed, the authors note that the same method could be used very widely – to anticipate epidemics of behaviors like drug use or even the diffusion of ideas or fashions. john glasser, a mathematical epidemiologist at the centers for disease control in atlanta, ga, who was not involved in this research, said : “ christakis ’ and fowler ’ s provocative study should cause infectious disease epidemiologists and public health practitioners alike to consider the social contexts within which pathogens are transmitted. this study may be unique in demonstrating that social position affects one ’ s risk of acquiring disease. consequently, epidemiologists and social scientists are modeling networks to evaluate novel disease surveillance and infection control strategies. ”


m. 12 april 1781 facts and events margareth cross fite, known as " peggy ", was born at oxford, new jersey, april 12, 1761. she lived to an unusual age, being nearly one hundred and four years old at her death on nov. 1, 1864. the newspaper account of her death, headed " death of a remarkable woman " gives the highlights of her life. after the death of her husband, peggy fite, applies for her husband ’ s revolutionary war pension. she fills out her paper work, sends in the affidavits that she is an honorable, respectful woman and that she has not remarried. they grant her half of her husband ’ s pension at $ 26. 66. peggy doesn ’ t think that ’ s quite fair and that isn ’ t what the law allows. she hires herself a lawyer and the fight begins, page after page after page. there is an affidavit from their greenwich church in pennsylvania dated 1787 that states that peggy and leonard fite were “ christians ” written in both english and german, signed by the parish minister ( p 24 ). there is a bounty land claim ( p 16 ). there are many, many pages of affidavits from family and friends of peggy stating she is an honorable woman and deserves her husband ’ s full pension. there is another page from her son, moses fite, who states he is in possession of the family bible and it states their birth dates, marriage date, leonard ’ s death date, and that he is their son. ( p 31. ) there is a statement from christina fite lamberson, sister to leonard fite. there is another one from john fite, brother of leonard fite. peggy finally gets her $ 43. 33 pension reinstated and lives to be 104 years old. she is still living on april 14, 1855 when she made application for the bounty land due on account of the service of her husband, warrant no 26400 for one hundred sixty acres under the act of march 3, 1855. at that time she was 94 years old. she died on the 12th of april, 1761, and was, consequently, one hundred and three years old on the 12th of april last. her husband, leonard fite was a soldier in the revolutionary war, and fought through that struggle as a private. mr. and mrs. fite emigrated to tennessee from north carolina, and settled here when this place was known as nash ' s lick. in those days mrs. fite of ten assisted


revolutionary war, and fought through that struggle as a private. mr. and mrs. fite emigrated to tennessee from north carolina, and settled here when this place was known as nash ' s lick. in those days mrs. fite of ten assisted in moulding bullets while her husband and others belonging to the " settlement " were defending themselves against the attacks of the indians. mrs. fite has lived with her third child, jacob fite, in wilson county, for a number of years, her husband having died many years since, in smith county. on the twelfth of april, 1861, a large number of her descendants met at the house of jacob fite and celebrated the one hundredth anniversary of her birthday. at that time she had eleven children living — her oldest ( a son ) being eighty years old, and her youngest ( a daughter ) fifty - nine ; seventy - six grandchildren, three hundred and five great - grand - children, seventy - one great - great - grandchildren, and two great - great - great - grandchildren ; in all, four hundred and fifty - four living descendants. at the time of her death her grandchildren of the fifth generation had increased to twenty - one. mrs. fite was a remarkable woman, and actively participated in the exciting struggles incident to the early settlement of this state. she retained a vivid recollection of the revolutionary struggles, as well as those which resulted in the establishment of the white settlements in tennessee. her memory was clear, and her health good almost to the hour of her death. indeed, it may be truthfully said that she lived until ' the delicate machine ' was entirely worn out, and ' the wheels of weary life at last stood still. ' " at the celebration of her one hundredth birthday the tables were run the length of the dining room, out across the porch and down on the lawn under the trees. " granny fite " was seated at the head of the table in the dining - room, and her descendants were placed according to descent, the small children being seated at the far end of the table under the trees. soon after this reunion margareth fell and broke her hip ; but in spite of this accident, she lived nearly four years longer. at the time of her death she had been a member of the methodist episcopal church fifty years ; she lies buried near lebanon, in wilson county, tennessee, in the burying ground of her son jacob fite, in whose home she died.


sea ice in the arctic and antarctic sea ice is frozen seawater. it can be several meters thick and it moves over time. although the salts in the seawater do not freeze, pockets of concentrated salty water become trapped in the sea ice when it first forms. the pockets of salty water can work their way out of the sea ice over a few years. during the summer months much of the sea ice melts and during the winter months it forms again. some sea ice stays around all year long. the arctic ocean has a large amount of sea ice floating at its surface, especially in winter. sea ice is very important for the people and animals that live in the arctic region. animals like polar bears live on the sea ice and find their food in the surrounding and underlying ocean. marine life exists under the arctic sea ice too. over the past few decades, more and more of the sea ice has been melting in the summer as earth ’ s climate warms. scientists predict that within the next 40 years with continued global warming, there will be no sea ice in the arctic in the summer months. ice thickness has also been decreasing. in the south polar region, there is evidence that sea ice is important for the breeding cycle of certain penguin species. emperor penguins breed on sea ice. one of the most northerly colonies of emperor penguins, the one where the documentary “ march of the penguins ” was filmed, has declined over the past few decades, probably because of warming temperatures, which cause the sea ice to melt and break apart earlier in the spring, before the chicks are ready to fledge. melting sea ice might have some benefit to adelie penguins. adelie penguins build nests made of pebbles on land. in search of food, they travel over sea ice that is attached to the shore, called fast ice, to get to the ocean, and then bring seafood back to their hungry chicks on land. with less sea ice, the journey to the ocean to find food becomes shorter. however, adelie penguins are adapted to the cold conditions. the benefit of a shorter trip to the ocean is overshadowed by the harm of warmer temperatures. in the northern part of the antarctic peninsula, the warmest part of earth ’ s coldest continent, the adelie penguin colony is declining rapidly. in this area, sea ice used to be common, but now is absent, even in winter. the penguin nests made of rocks on the antarctic peninsula have been abandoned. the warming climate has restricted the adelie penguins to colder areas further south


this image shows a subsurface explorer on the surface of mars ( this is an artist ' s rendition ). such subsurface explorers would help us look for water and organic material below the surface of mars. a " robotic mole " like this one would also test to see what minerals make up the martian interior. one of the proposals does involve a subsurface explorer that would dive through the martian polar ice caps. click on image for full size courtesy of nasa / jpl news story originally written on june 18, 2001 43 scout missions were proposed to nasa. 10 were selected. these 10 are competing to see which missions will be included as future scout missions to mars. may the best robots, gliders, rovers, orbiters or landers win! the 10 proposals that made it this far will receive 6 months of funding to do further investigation for their proposed mission. the scout missions that are sent to mars in the coming years ( the first being launched in 2007 ) will join the martian fleet including the 2001 mars odyssey, twin rovers which will land on mars in 2003, a science orbiter, a mobile laboratory and a return sample mission. the 10 proposals are really different! one mission would involve three gliders that would investigate the walls of valles marineris. another would place 24 weather stations across the surface of mars. still another would have a probe that could dive down through the martian polar ice caps! shop windows to the universe science store! our online store on science education, classroom activities in the earth scientist specimens, and educational games you might also be interested in : the mars odyssey was launched april 7, 2001, from florida. after a six - month, 285 million - mile journey, the odyssey arrived at mars on october 24, 2001. the odyssey is in its aerobraking phase right now.... more it was another exciting and frustrating year for the space science program. it seemed that every step forward led to one backwards. either way, nasa led the way to a great century of discovery. unfortunately,... more the space shuttle discovery lifted off from kennedy space center on october 29th at 2 : 19 p. m. est. the weather was great as discovery took 8 1 / 2 minutes to reach orbit. this was the united states ' 123rd... more a moon was discovered orbiting the asteroid, eugenia. this is only the second time in history that a satellite has been seen circling an asteroid. a special mirror allowed scientists to find the moon... more will russia ever put the


in 1989 a space weather storm caused an electrical blackout in canada. the black area on this map shows where people lost their electrical power for many hours. click on image for full size image courtesy of m. a. shea, geophysics directorate, phillips laboratory. power blackout caused by space weather storm in 1989 a space weather storm caused an electrical blackout over a large area. six million people in eastern canada lost electrical power for 9 hours or longer. in march 1989 a large space weather storm struck earth. the storm generated strong electrical currents in our atmosphere. some of that electricity caused currents to flow in wires in our electrical power system. that extra surge of electricity damaged some kinds of equipment. a major transformer was destroyed. that caused the whole electrical system to " go down ". lots of people lost power for many hours. the blackout in canada cost a lot of money and was dangerous. scientists are trying to learn how to predict big space weather storms better. that could help prevent blackouts like the one in canada. shop windows to the universe science store! our online store includes fun classroom activities for you and your students. issues of nesta ' s quarterly journal, the earth scientist are also full of classroom activities on different topics in earth and space science! you might also be interested in : space weather causes electricity to flow in our atmosphere. sometimes that electricity lights up the sky by causing the aurora ( the southern and northern lights ). electric currents in the atmosphere can... more our electrical power system supplies our homes and businesses with electricity. space weather storms can mess up the power system, leaving us without electricity. a transformer is a piece of equipment... more space weather " storms " can cause problems on earth. they can even mess up our systems that make electricity and that deliver electricity to peoples ' houses. sometimes really big space weather storms can... more in 1989 a space weather storm caused an electrical blackout over a large area. six million people in eastern canada lost electrical power for 9 hours or longer. the blackout of the hydroquebec power grid... more sometimes a whole electric power system shuts down. this can happen after a strong space weather storm. it is hard to get the whole system running again after it has been shut down all the way. the main... more there is a giant magnetic " bubble " in space around the sun. that " bubble " is called the heliosphere. in a sense, we earthlings live within the outer atmosphere of our sun. the solar.


web addiction : synopsis, symptoms, statistics, research and treatment hi, my name is jeff and i ’ m an addict. a web addict. several surveys and related research is leading to more and more psychologists being trained to identify and treat what has become known as internet addiction or web abuse. it has even been suggested that web abuse be added to the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders within the american journal of psychiatry. internet addiction has been labeled as a compulsive disorder with cyber sex and cyber porn addiction being the most common forms. like most addictions these have an impact on an individual ’ s social and personal life. the disorder has been further sub - catergorised into addiction to online gaming, compulsive surfing and ebay addiction. however, it has been noted that these only become a problem when they interfere with normal living and cause severe stress on family, friends, loved ones and work performance. internet addiction appears to be having real effects on people. one blogger has pointed out how websites have been ironically set up to provide information for sufferers, as well as info for attorneys and psychologists. according to netaddiction. com : " internet addicts struggle to control their behaviors, and experience despair over their constant failure to do so. their loss of self - esteem grows, fueling the need to escape even further into their addictive behaviors. a sense of powerlessness pervades the lives of addicts " according to the daily telegraph web - addicts suffer from 4 symptoms : - forgetting to eat and sleep - needing more advanced technology or more hours online as ‘ resistance ’ to the pleasure given by their current system develops - when deprived of their computer, genuine withdrawal symptoms are experienced ; and, - in common with other addictions, victims begin to have more arguments, suffer from fatigue, experience a decline in work performance, and begin to feel isolated from society - andy bloxham, daily telegraph, june 20, 2008 related symptoms may be cravings ( for better software, faster machines etc. ), withdrawal ( which may cause irritability, tremors and anxiety ), a loss of sense of time, and negative social repercussions ( such as neglecting real - life relationships ). some patients even report suffering nervous breakdowns when they can ’ t go online. although research into internet addiction is sketchy ( and usually concerns a group of white americans ) a few countries have conducted in - depth surveys. below is a summary of the more recent findings. - british psychiatrists have