new resource available for argentine blueberry industry researchers are helping fill in the information gap for the relatively new argentine blueberry industry. with the aim of bringing argentine producers, technicians and managers a practical tool to diagnose blueberry diseases, researchers from universidad nacional de tucuman ( unt ) have developed the spanish - language book “ diseases in blueberry cultivation : a manual for recognition. ” in a conversation with www. freshfruitportal. com, author silvia hongn commented that the book is not intended to make up for a scientific void but to fill in the gap of practical tools identify blueberry diseases. “ the research is a result of practical application. the information from the book is based in that spirit, ” said hongn from the unt department of plant pathology in the college of agriculture and animal husbandry. the book has over 200 photographs, representing the biotic and abiotic disorders studied by the working group in plantations from tucuman, salta, entre rios and buenos aires. “ every disease is described with signs and symptoms, which will be useful to the producer or technician. there is also a description of the fungus because the idea was also to collaborate with those diagnostic laboratories, ” she said. the researcher explained that blueberry diseases present with different characteristics depending on the area of cultivation. “ we had a lot of information on diseases primarily from various u. s. states, but they were more for guidance. you could not apply that information directly to our problem, ” she said. “ the disease impact is different from the information we have from there ( u. s. ). we must bear in mind that development in tucuman is sustained by incorporating new varieties developed in georgia and florida, which in north america were the last areas incorporated into blueberry production. “ we are working with such varieties, patented varieties that have been slowly replacing the varieties we started with in the late 90 ′ s. so we don ’ t have many terms of comparison because the only literature that has some parallels is generated in georgia and florida. “ here diseases have formed that are not described elsewhere in the world where blueberries are cultivated, ” the researcher explained. this occurrence stems, in some cases, from the inability to access information relating to certain diseases and in other cases, correct interpretation is made difficult from using results generated under different production systems. a book with history hongn detailed the book ’ s long history. unt began to study phytosanitary problems during the first tucuman planting and has


cases, correct interpretation is made difficult from using results generated under different production systems. a book with history hongn detailed the book ’ s long history. unt began to study phytosanitary problems during the first tucuman planting and has continued to comprehensively address the development of diseases. “ we got the first blueberry sample in ’ 98 - ’ 99 and at that time, we knew nothing about blueberries or even what the fruit was like. it caught my attention and i paid a lot of attention to the diagnosis and that was received by the producer. so i was invited to run through the first farm in tucuman, ” she said. “ there we began to take the first steps, getting involved with the crop. beginning in 2002, we started to make systematic checks on all farms established in the province and i became enormously involved with the issue because there was so much to be done, ” she added. since then, hongn has been consistently working on the issue and in that time, producers have shown great interest in the progress made. “ thanks to the support of producers, we were able to form a collaborative team and work on the area, ” she said, a fact that added to the personal motivation of the researchers in the field.


- learn what inspired the white house kitchen garden and follow its progress from planting to harvest - see how gardens can help build stronger communities and encourage healthy lifestyles - a fact - filled and thought - provoking book with colorful photographs that bring the story to life in american grown, first lady michelle obama tells the story of what inspired her to plant the white house kitchen garden in the spring of 2009, and then documents the garden ' s progress though the growing season, from designing and planting to tending and harvesting. the author candidly shares her challenges as a novice gardener, as well as her joy at watching lettuce, tomatoes, collards, sweet potatoes and other crops flourish on the south lawn. as the white house kitchen garden grew, so did the national conversation about the way we eat and the impact it has on the health and well - being of our children. throughout the book, the author weaves in stories about gardens all across the country, from a wwii - era victory garden in chicago to urban and school gardens that not only provide nutritious harvests for the gardeners, but also build community, stock food shelves and teach children important lessons about making healthy life choices. the book also includes loads of helpful tips for home gardeners, plus recipes for making the most of the harvest.


posted september 1, 2006 atlanta communications & marketing contact lisa grovenstein johnson part of team designing and building prototypes for better sanitation when given a choice this summer between helping out with designs for environmentally friendly luxury condos less than a mile away from campus and designing and building solar latrines to improve sanitation in bolivia, georgia tech all - american wide receiver calvin johnson chose the latrine project without hesitation. " are you sure? " said kevin caravati, a student project advisor and senior research scientist at the georgia tech research institute ( gtri ). " the other project is right down the street. " johnson ' s response was brief and to the point. " i want to help the less fortunate, " he answered. four billion people globally suffer from chronic waterborne disease, and an estimated 13 million children die annually of diarrhea - conditions linked to a lack of adequate sanitation. in a developing country with extreme conditions like bolivia, poor sanitation poses a serious health risk, contaminating the limited water supply and attracting disease - carrying insects. " you realize how fortunate you are when you see that people around the world don ' t have clean water and sanitation, " johnson said. emory university ' s center for global safe water approached georgia tech ' s school of civil and environmental engineering and gtri to help remove a significant sanitation roadblock faced by developing countries - the design and cost flaws of current united nations latrines. " we wanted help with the project, but it was tough to find students enthusiastic about latrines, " caravati said. " calvin was our first volunteer. he wanted to have a hands - on experience to build a prototype that had the potential to have a huge global impact on people. " johnson immediately began work on designs for an inexpensive dry latrine system that uses the sun ' s rays to safely transform bacteria - laden waste into fertilizer. he was then joined by his project partner brad davis, a building construction student at georgia tech, and the two hammered out a final design with caravati. the goal was to create an improved solar latrine out of the most affordable and available materials. the interior needed to be heated at a minimum of 120 degrees fahrenheit to kill pathogens, and the design and materials had to be as simple and cost effective as possible. " we focused on designing the most inexpensive and durable model, taking into account what materials would be readily available in those nations. this gave calvin and me the ability to think outside of the box and use everyday materials in our


and cost effective as possible. " we focused on designing the most inexpensive and durable model, taking into account what materials would be readily available in those nations. this gave calvin and me the ability to think outside of the box and use everyday materials in our design, " davis said. the team made two prototypes from a hodgepodge of household items, including a bicycle tube to insulate the waste and retain heat, a bleach bottle, plexi - glass, scrap wood and tin foil. the central idea was to ' bake ' the waste with an oven - like design that could reach temperatures of more than 150 degrees fahrenheit while still keeping the inhabited area cool enough for users. johnson, davis and caravati were able to build two very effective prototypes that would cost only $ 78 per unit, compared to $ 120 for existing models used. they were also able to reach sustained temperatures of over 150 degrees while still keeping the inhabited area cool enough for users. with the initial prototypes completed, johnson and the rest of the georgia tech project team plan to travel in january to a remote area of bolivia ' s andes mountains to build several of the new latrines and instruct locals on how to build their own. " i ' m looking forward to making the trip to bolivia after the season, " johnson said.


the high renaissance is well known for its cultural giants. leonardo da vinci, raphael, and above all michelangelo epitomize a period when the human spirit seemed to grow and gain in confidence. there is no more visible proof of this than michelangelo ' s seventeen - foot - tall statue of david, more than twice the height of any major piece of sculpture before it. and italy was not the only country which suddenly seemed to be populated by more - than - life - size men of genius, shakespeare and cervantes among them. this collection is designed to illustrate the musical side of this astonishing period in european history, from england via flanders and spain to rome. music and musicians can bestride their world in one of two ways. they can either write a masterpiece which is in itself colossal ; or they can write so many great works that they slowly change the countryside around them. thomas tallis did both. by writing music of the highest quality in every style of the period for nearly sixty years he influenced everybody who followed him. and he also wrote spem in alium, perhaps not his most influential composition - who could follow it? - but unquestionably the largest single work of the period. conceived for forty independent voice - parts arranged in eight five - part choirs, spem in alium, like michelangelo ' s david, seems to break through what lesser men had come to accept as normal in music and enter a new world. the effect of forty parts coming together in properly argued polyphony is quite staggering. how did tallis do it, without modern aids like computers or even sufficiently large pieces of manuscript paper on which to line up all the voices? there is much about spem in alium which is not known - like why he thought of such a thing in the first place - but the greatest imponderable is how any mind could invent so much detail. nothing comes close to rivalling it. the western wind mass by john taverner is big in a quite different way from spem in alium. throughout the renaissance period there was a vogue for taking popular tunes of the day and dressing them up, a technique which jazz musicians were to emulate in later times. taverner chose the beautiful melody known as ‘ westron wynde ', a love song which encourages the wind and the rain to do their worst so long as the singer and his beloved can be together. in choosing such a profane model for a mass - setting taverner was not in fact doing anything very uncommon ; what was unusual


song which encourages the wind and the rain to do their worst so long as the singer and his beloved can be together. in choosing such a profane model for a mass - setting taverner was not in fact doing anything very uncommon ; what was unusual was quoting the tune thirty - six times. i do not know any set of variations before purcell ' s ‘ grounds ' to go so far ; and, like purcell, taverner has the imagination to make them all interesting. he is quite deliberate about it : nine statements in each of the four movements, each one taking on new ideas and counter - themes. no one can miss the tune itself, since it is quoted twenty - one times in the top part, where it is always perfectly audible. it also comes ten times in the tenor part and five in the bass, though it is never sung by the altos. taverner also helps the listener by making each variation self - contained and running them straight into each other without extra material. this makes the music quite sectional, alternating solo and full passages, but with the melody always present. taverner was sufficiently a giant of his time to start a brief tradition of western wind settings : there are examples by his younger contemporaries christopher tye and john sheppard. if ever there was a giant among renaissance composers, it was josquin. it has become something of a modern cliche to compare his standing with that of beethoven : a composer who could take any form of music and transform it. part of his great influence came from the fact that he travelled throughout europe, the first super - star among composers, a fact which was acknowledged at the time not least because he expected to be paid more than anyone else. he was especially present in rome, from where he undoubtedly shaped the course of italian polyphony in general, and palestrina ' s style in particular. josquin ' s missa pange lingua is perhaps his best - known work and possibly his last mass - setting. in general outline it is not dissimilar from taverner ' s western wind mass : a set of variations on a well - known tune, but in this case the tune is a chant melody from the liturgy for the feast of corpus christi ; and josquin almost never quotes it straight. indeed it is so hidden in the polyphonic texture that one may think of the whole composition as a fantasy on a plainsong, rather than a set of variations. the clearest statement is at the beginning of the third agnus dei, where the melody


it is so hidden in the polyphonic texture that one may think of the whole composition as a fantasy on a plainsong, rather than a set of variations. the clearest statement is at the beginning of the third agnus dei, where the melody finally emerges in recognizable form in the soprano part. giovanni pierluigi da palestrina was by far and away the most celebrated italian composer of the high renaissance and, like josquin, a legend in his lifetime. he was also, unlike any other renaissance composer of any nationality, celebrated from his own time to ours without interruption. i wonder if any other composer in the history of music, apart from wagner, has had so much written about him. and apart from all this he was working in and around the vatican at the same time as michelangelo in his later years, whom he must have known. as a result there is no other composer who is so closely identified with the culture of the italian renaissance period. his missa brevis was probably written for the sistine chapel choir to sing, which would mean that its first performances would have taken place surrounded by michelangelo ' s newly painted frescoes. why the piece is called ‘ brevis ' is something of a mystery, since the music is not especially short and all the usual movements are present. it may be because it is scored for only four voices, though this was quite commonplace. the final, glorious agnus dei increases the number of voices to five by introducing a second soprano part, in canon with the first. unlike his teacher tallis, william byrd didn ' t write any single gigantic work by which he may be remembered. indeed he is best remembered for his many small - scale pieces which, despite their size, revolutionized english composition. like several of the other giants in this collection, byrd turned his hand to every form of music available to him, transforming them as he went : music for keyboard, lute, viol consort, voices with viol consort, sacred vocal writing for both the catholic and protestant churches, and madrigals. to compare him with shakespeare has some force since their lives overlapped, they both worked in london at the same time, and they both had the same characteristic intelligence of mind which penetrated to the heart of the words they were involved with. byrd ' s mass for four voices is one of the three masses he wrote in the 1590s and published, without title pages, in defiance of the protestant ban on catholic artefacts. this is not gigantic music in any sense, but subtle


involved with. byrd ' s mass for four voices is one of the three masses he wrote in the 1590s and published, without title pages, in defiance of the protestant ban on catholic artefacts. this is not gigantic music in any sense, but subtle, intimate writing which in recent times has achieved greater renown than many much weightier musical edifices of the period. the spanish sixteenth century had its own great men and women to celebrate, from st ignatius loyola and st teresa of avila, to el greco, morales and victoria. it will be seen from these names that the accent there in the high renaissance was on the catholic church and spiritual life. tomas luis de victoria was no exception to this. after being ordained priest in rome in 1575 he spent the years from 1587 until his death employed at the court in madrid, initially acting as chaplain to the dowager empress maria, for whose funeral he wrote this requiem in 1603. it comes as no surprise to discover that victoria only wrote sacred music, and not very much of it by some standards, but what he did write is of such intensity that for many people his larger works, and especially the six - voice requiem, are without rival amongst high renaissance masterpieces. the slow, inevitable unfolding of this music, movement by movement, in complete serenity surely has a message for all time. © 2006 peter phillips


sacral and coccygeal vertebrae the sacral and coccygeal vertebras consist, at an early period of life, of nine separate pieces, which are united in the adult so as to form two bones, five entering into the formation of the sacrum, four into that of the coccyx. occasionally, the coccyx consists of five bones. the sacrum is a large, triangular bone, situated at the lower part of the vertebral column, and at the upper and back part of the pelvic cavity, where it is inserted like a wedge between the two innominate bones ; its upper part or base articulating with the last lumbar vertebrae, its apex with the coccyx. the sacrum is curved upon itself, and placed very obliquely, its upper extremity projecting forward, and forming, with the last lumbar vertebra, a very prominent angle, called the promontory or sacro - vertebral angle ; whilst its central part is directed backward, so as to give increased capacity to the pelvic cavity. it presents for examination an anterior and posterior surface, two lateral surfaces, a base, an apex, and a central canal. the anterior surface is concave from above downward, and slightly so from side to side. in the middle are seen four transverse ridges, indicating the original division of the bone into five separate pieces. the portions of bone intervening between the ridges correspond to the bodies of the vertebrae. the body of the first segment is of large size, and in form resembles that of a lumbar vertebra ; the succeeding ones diminish in size from above downward, are flattened from before backward, and curved so as to accommodate themselves to the form of the sacrum, being concave in front, convex behind. at each end of the ridges abovementioned are seen the anterior sacral foramina, analogous to the intervertebral foramina, four in number on each side, somewhat rounded in form, diminishing in size from above downward, and directed outward and forward ; they transmit the anterior branches of the sacral nerves and the lateral sacral arteries. external to these foramina is the lateral mass, consisting at an early period of life of separate segments ; these become blended, in the adult, with the bodies, with each other, and with the posterior transverse processes. each lateral mass is traversed by four broad, shallow grooves, which lodge the anterior sacral


an early period of life of separate segments ; these become blended, in the adult, with the bodies, with each other, and with the posterior transverse processes. each lateral mass is traversed by four broad, shallow grooves, which lodge the anterior sacral nerves as they pass outward, the grooves being separated by prominent ridges of bone, which give attachment to the slips of the pyriformis muscle. if a vertical section is made through the center of the sacrum, the bodies are seen to be united at their circumference by bone, a wide interval being left centrally, which, in the recent state, is filled by intervertebral substance. in some bones this union is more complete between the lower segments than between the upper ones. the posterior surface is convex and much narrower than the anterior. in the middle line are three or four tubercles, which represent the rudimentary spinous processes of the sacral vertebra. of these tubercles, the first is usually prominent, and perfectly distinct from the rest ; the second and third are either separate or united into a tubercular ridge, which diminishes in size from above downward ; the fourth usually, and the fifth always, remaining undeveloped. external to the spinous processes on each side are the laminae, broad and well marked in the first three pieces ; sometimes the fourth, and generally the fifth, are only partially developed and fail to meet in the middle line. these partially developed laminae are prolonged downward as rounded processes, the sacral cornua, and are connected to the cornua of the coccyx. between them the bony wall of the lower end of the sacral canal is imperfect, and is liable to be opened in the sloughing of bed - sores. external to the laminae is a linear series of indistinct tubercles representing the articular processes ; the upper pair are large, well developed, and correspond in shape and direction to the superior articulating processes of a lumbar vertebra ; the second and third are small ; the fourth and fifth ( usually blended together ) are situated on each side of the sacral canal and assist in forming the sacral cornua. external to the articular processes are the four posterior sacral foramina ; they are smaller in size and less regular in form than the anterior, and transmit the posterior branches of the sacral nerves. on the outer side of the posterior sacral foramina is a series of tubercles, the ru


disk. it is bounded behind by the large, triangular orifice of the sacral canal. the orifice is formed behind by the laminae and spinous process of the first sacral vertebra : the superior articular processes project from it on each side ; they are oval, concave, directed backward and inward, like the superior articular processes of a lumbar vertebra ; and in front of each articular process is an inter - vertebral notch, which forms the lower part of the foramen between the last lumbar and first sacral vertebra. lastly, on each side of the large oval articular plate is a broad and flat triangular surface of bone, which extends outward, supports the psoas magnus muscle and lumbo - sacral cord, and is continuous on each side with the iliac fossa. this is called the ala of the sacrum, and gives attachment to a few of the fibers of the iliacus muscle. the posterior part of the ala represents the transverse process of the first sacral segment. the apex, directed downward and slightly forward, presents a small, oval, concave surface for articulation with the coccyx. the spinal canal runs throughout the greater part of the bone ; it is large and triangular in form above, small and flattened, from before backward, below. in this situation its posterior wall is incomplete, from the non - development of the laminae and spinous processes. it lodges the sacral nerves, and is perforated by the anterior and posterior sacral foramina, through which these pass out. structure. - it consists of much loose, spongy tissue within, invested externally by a thin layer of compact tissue. differences in the sacrum of the male and female - the sacrum in the female is shorter and wider than in the male ; the lower half forms a greater angle with the upper, the upper half of the bone being nearly straight, the lower half presenting the greatest amount of curvature. the bone is also directed more obliquely backward, which increases the size of the pelvic cavity ; but the sacro - vertebral angle projects less. in the male the curvature is more evenly distributed over the whole length of the bone, and is altogether greater than in the female. peculiarities of the sacrum - this bone, in some cases, consists of six pieces ; occasionally, the number is reduced to four. sometimes the bodies of the first and second segments are not joined or


and is altogether greater than in the female. peculiarities of the sacrum - this bone, in some cases, consists of six pieces ; occasionally, the number is reduced to four. sometimes the bodies of the first and second segments are not joined or the laminae and spinous processes have not coalesced. occasionally the upper pair of transverse tubercles are not joined to the rest of the bone on one or both sides ; and, lastly, the sacral canal may be open for nearly the lower half of the bone, in consequence of the imperfect development of the laminae and spinous processes. the sacrum, also, varies considerably with respect to its degree of curvature. from the examination of a large number of skeletons it would appear that in one set of cases the anterior surface of this bone was nearly straight, the curvature, which was very slight, affecting only its lower end. in another set of cases the bone was curved throughout its whole length, but especially toward its middle. in a third set the degree of curvature was less marked, and affected especially the lower third of the bone. articulations - with four bones : the last lumbar vertebra, coccyx, and the two innominate bones. attachment of muscles - to eight pairs : in front, the pyriformis and coccygeus, and a portion of the iliacus to the base of the bone ; behind, the gluteus maximus, latissimus dorsi, multifidus spinee, and erector spinse, and some : the extensor coccygis.


click to view large map - to protect a representative cross section of the atoll ' s habitats, including windward and leeward peripheral reefs, the atoll lagoon with its patch reefs, and sea grass beds. - to protect at least some of the cuts or passes in the reef, as these are considered ecologically very important in terms of water flow and exchange, for movement of larvae, for species with feeding migrations, and species such as lobsters which migrate back and forth between the lagoon and deeper water for spawning purposes. - to provide an undisturbed area for recruitment of species to adjacent areas, and to protect nursery and spawning areas such as the spawning banks east of long caye and middle caye. - to provide an area for recreational diving, sport fishing, boating, and appreciation of the marine environment. - to provide a relatively undisturbed area with representative natural ecosystems that can be used for applied research. use and entry - no extractive uses are allowed, with the exception of subsistence fishing by registered residents of the atoll ( under review ), and catch - and - release sport fishing by licensed fishermen. - spear fishing is not permitted by the subsistence fishers. - anchors cannot be deployed in areas where moorings are provided. - divers must register with the reserve manager. - dive boats must obtain a license to operate in the zone.


| | favorite bible stories in simple english | cain and able, first murder © by james dearmore, july, 1999 what a sad story the bible tells us in the fourth chapter of genesis! cain and abel were brothers, the sons of adam and eve. how they should have loved each other! yet we find that cain killed abel. why did he do this? well, cain was a husbandman, that is, a man who tilled the ground ; abel was a shepherd, who kept sheep. one day each offered a sacrifice to god. cain brought the fruit of the ground, and abel brought a perfect lamb. this perfect lamb was a type, or " picture ", of the perfect lamb of god, jesus, who was to come and sacrifice himself to cover the sins of the world, and make it possible for man to again be in fellowship with god. god accepted abel ' s offering, but not cain ' s. why? well, i am quite sure that it was because abel offered his sacrifice according as god had commanded, and had faith in the promised saviour ; but cain simply acknowledged god ' s goodness in giving him the fruits of the earth. cain ' s produce was not according to god ' s command, and was the work of his own hands. while the accepted sacrifice of abel was according to god ' s plan, and pictured the coming redeemer, jesus, to die for our sins. god had no doubt told them, too, that when they came to worship him, they were to bring a lamb or a kid as a sacrifice for their sins ; this abel had done, but cain had not. so cain was angry because god had accepted abel ' s offering and not his ; and now he hated his brother abel. god knew the evil thoughts which cain had towards his brother, and asked him, " why art thou wroth? " ( that means, " why are you so angry? " ) and said, " if thou doest well, shalt thou not be accepted? " but then cain did still more wickedly. when they were out in the field, just the two of them alone, he killed his brother. was it not a cruel deed? they were alone when this murder was committed, yet one eye saw it all. god ' s eye sees everything! god saw it, and said to cain : " where is abel, thy brother? " this true story from the bible teaches us that we cannot sin without god knowing about it! cain then told god a


this is the third annual report from the online gm contamination register, which reviews reported cases of contamination and illegal plantings and releases of gm ( genetically modified ) organisms. the question mark has been used by greenpeace in ge - crop fields around the world to highlight the lack of information concerning genetically modified organisms. executive summary : the gm contamination register was started by genewatch uk and greenpeace international in 2005, to address the failure of international agencies to monitor contamination. in 2007, 39 incidents were added to the register. in addition, changes to the reporting format and the discovery of new cases led to the addition of 1 case for 2003, 2 cases for 2005 and 32 cases for 2006, bringing the total number of incidents recorded in the database to 216. the 28 incidents of contamination reported in 2007 involved food ( 19 ), feed ( 7 ) and seed ( 2 ). the year saw an increase in the number of feed cases reported due to the eu ' s rapid alert system for food and feed now making a clearer distinction between the two. there were 11 cases of illegal release of gmos detected in 2007. four cases involved the illegal sale of gm zebra danio fish. two cases involve the spillage of seed from trucks in japan and brazil ( cotton ). two cases involve gm lines that have been part of field trials in past years now appearing in commercially cultivated field in germany and thailand. the final three cases are soybean growing in romania ( which was legal until it joined the eu in 2007 ), the continued illegal growing of gm maize in mexico and the discovery of gm maize in peru where no commercial planting is allowed. the gm contamination register report 2007 provides detailed accounts of all the 2007 entries, discusses the responses to gm contamination and presents conclusions and recommendations as to how the problem should be addressed. num. pages : 44


concentrating solar power ( csp ) technologies that use mirrors instead of photovoltaic ( pv ) panels are challenging to finance. csp is a newer technology that is just starting to bring down costs through economies of scale and improved efficiencies. but there is a compelling rationale for concentrating technologies. pv doesn ’ t entirely answer the needs of the transmission system, while csp with thermal energy storage ( tes ) can. “ dispatchable csp can discharge from storage to serve high - price peak loads that occur outside the daylight hours, including the late afternoon and early evening, " according to brightsource director of economic and pricing analysis dr. udi helman. the value of this extra peak power makes csp more competitive “ by several dollars per megawatt - hour. ” pv cannot be dialed up or down, whereas by channeling more or less csp output to storage, it can be ramped. once in storage, it can also be released in varying amounts. this is the kind of flexibility conventional generators have which allows utilities, by altering the level of their output, to accommodate the forecast uncertainty and variability of non - dispatchable renewable generation. this provides grid operators with ramping reserves and regulation services. csp plants with tes have the flexibility of conventional thermal plants, according to helman, and “ offer higher ramp rates and ranges than large thermal plants. ” this could not only replace some conventional generation but could “ provide a more flexible generation mix ” that would “ result in greater use of non - dispatchable solar pv and wind. ” finally, helman noted, “ tes allows shifting of the solar resource to periods of reduced solar output, ” and it does so, he said, “ with relatively high efficiency. ” in doing these things, helman explained, it saves money. peak generation has higher value. furthermore, according to helman, “ as more renewables are added, it will change energy market prices. ” first, pv will displace “ older, more expensive gas plants. ” then, “ right after the daylight hours, as other plants - - primarily gas - - are ramped up to compensate for the rapid ramp - down of inflexible solar production, ” he explained, citing simulations by the california independent system operator corporation ( caiso ) that show that stored csp generation can be dispatched. “ the costs of these reserves are currently estimated to be in the range of $ 4 to $ 8 per megawatt - hour in california by 2020


california independent system operator corporation ( caiso ) that show that stored csp generation can be dispatched. “ the costs of these reserves are currently estimated to be in the range of $ 4 to $ 8 per megawatt - hour in california by 2020 or at high penetrations in other systems, ” according to helman, especially where “ gas peakers or other types of storage to support integration ” are built. the implication : a balance between pv and csp will make it possible to use more pv - - and to use more sun. “ some percentage of solar production could be curtailed more frequently as additional non - dispatchable wind and solar generation is added to the grid, ” helman explained, citing an nrel study. “ as [ non - dispatchable ] pv production increases, this becomes more probable. dispatchable csp can be stored rather than produced, and hence allows for integration of more total solar than if only non - dispatchable solar generation is interconnected. ” according to nrel calculations, helman noted, if a future gas price of $ 4. 50 per mmbtu is assumed, a relative fuel savings benefit of csp with tes over pv is about 0. 5 cents per kilowatt - hour. depending on the size and storage capacity of the csp / tes system, the total value is 0. 7 cents to 2. 0 cents per kilowatt - hour. “ nrel ’ s studies show, ” helman explained, “ that at some point, the incremental value of increasing the solar field and adding storage begins to diminish, ” because “ overnight energy prices are low, so selling more energy at lower prices will not increase the csp value. ” the total value of csp with tes has been estimated by nrel modeling and simulations. at 10 percent to 15 percent solar, with gas prices in the range of $ 4. 50 to $ 9. 00 per mmbtu, the estimated value of csp with storage is an additional 1. 6 cents to 4. 0 cents per kilowatt - hour. the nrel research, according to dr. helman, breaks those values into four categories : 1 ) the energy shifting value is ~ 0. 5 cents to 1. 0 cents per kilowatt - hour ; 2 ) the increased capacity factor value is ~ 0. 7 cents to 2. 0 cents per kilowatt - hour ; 3 ) if pv is 6 cents per kilowatt - hour, the value of reduction


per kilowatt - hour ; 2 ) the increased capacity factor value is ~ 0. 7 cents to 2. 0 cents per kilowatt - hour ; 3 ) if pv is 6 cents per kilowatt - hour, the value of reduction in curtailment is estimated at ~ 0. 3 cents per kilowatt - hour ; and 4 ) the reserve and integration value is 0. 1 cents to 0. 7 cents per kilowatt - hour. a real - world approximation of the total value of csp with tes is that the original ppas with sce set brightsource ’ s seven solar power plants ’ obligation at approximately four million megawatt - hours of electricity per year. with the addition of tes at three plants, new agreements set the same level of production, but with one fewer plant. “ from a policy standpoint, a simplistic approach to choosing a generation technology might be based simply on picking the option with the lowest overall levelized cost of electricity ( lcoe ), ” nrel researchers observed, but “ deployment based simply on lowest lcoe ignores the relative benefits of each technology to the grid, how their value to the grid changes as a function of penetration, and how they may actually work together to increase overall usefulness of the solar resource. ” read the first three parts of herman trabish ' s series : tags : brightsource energy, caiso, california, california independent system operator corporation, capacity factor value, concentrating solar power plant, concentrating technologies, conventional generators, conventional thermal plants, csp, curtailed, curtailment, dispatchable, economies of scale, energy market


more than one million fossils and artifacts were unearthed during the construction the diamond valley lake reservoir in hemet. these time - swept relics make their home in the western science center ' s museum complex, creating a bridge between ancient eras and the scientific advances of the future. the campus itself is steeped in advanced design tactics, making it the first museum in california to earn a platinum leed certification from the u. s. green building council. a rooftop covered with 3, 000 solar panels provides more than half of the museum ' s power needs, and a combination of heat - resistant windows and forced - air circulation keeps the interior cool while spending less energy on air conditioning and ice sculpture maintenance. a journey through the ages begins from the moment visitors step from the parking lot and under the life on earth timelime, a 156 - foot corridor of geologic time rings from pre - cambrian to holocene that leads to the museum lobby. inside, they explore permanent and temporary exhibits, including " max, " the largest mastodon skeleton found in the western united states and the discovery lab highlighting the tool contemporary architects use every day. crowds can take a seat in the immersion theater with a 270 - degree screen to watch a pair of short films about the time when giant creatures roamed california and how the region was excavated and preserved.


overview of alcohol abuse americans have a complicated history with alcohol. at the end of the 19th century, politicians, women ' s groups, and churches banded together to convince lawmakers to outlaw alcohol. in 1919, the u. s. congress passed the 18th amendment, making the sale and distribution of alcohol illegal. alcohol consumption declined but did not stop. in 1933, prohibition ended and since then, millions of americans have made alcohol a part of their social life. in the 1960s, e. m. jellinek pioneered the idea that excessive and harmful use of alcohol was a disease. within a decade, public campaigns were launched in the united states to educate people about alcoholism as an illness. alcohol abuse definitions in 1980, the american psychiatric association ' s diagnostic and statistical manual iii refined the definition of alcoholism by differentiating between alcohol abuse and dependence. people continue to use the terms " alcoholism " when they mean any harmful use of alcohol and " problem drinking " when they mean abuse, when in fact alcoholism and abuse have specific clinical definitions. alcoholism, also known as alcohol dependence, is a chronic, progressive, and potentially fatal disease. characteristics of alcoholism include the following : - drinking excessive amounts frequently - inability to curb drinking despite medical, psychological, or social complications - increased tolerance to alcohol - occurrence of withdrawal symptoms when the person stops drinking alcohol abuse is a chronic disease in which the person refuses to give up drinking even though it causes neglect of important family and work obligations. abuse, left untreated, can lead to dependence. characteristics of alcohol abuse include the following : - drinking when it is dangerous ( e. g., while driving ) - frequent, excessive drinking - interpersonal difficulties with family, friends, or coworkers caused by alcohol - legal problems related to drinking incidence & prevalence of alcohol abuse alcohol use typically begins in the late teens and early twenties, although a substantial number of people start drinking even earlier. the national institutes of health ( nih ) reports that the younger the age, the greater the chance the person will abuse or become dependent on alcohol. according to a february 2011 report from the world health organization ( who ), alcohol contributes to approximately 2. 5 million deaths each year worldwide ( nearly 4 percent of all deaths ). about 6 percent of all male deaths and 1 percent of all female deaths are related to harmful effects of alcohol. in young people ages 1529, 320, 000 ( 9 percent ) of all deaths are alcohol related. in january 2013, the cdc issued a sobering report indicating that binge drinkingdefined


in the united states, as many as 10 million females and 1 million males are fighting a life - and - death battle with an eating disorder such as anorexia or bulimia. millions more are struggling with binge - eating disorder. the true number is difficult to know because many people manage to hide their eating problems even from those closest to them. once thought to be restricted to middle - and upper - income families, eating disorders are increasingly found at every social and economic level. eating disorders most commonly start in girls between ages 14 and 17 years but are also seen in adolescent boys and younger children. overall, girls with eating disorders outnumber boys by about 10 to 1. the roots of the problem appear to be complex. outside influences are one contributor to eating disorders ; for example, magazines, movies, and television promote thinness. most young people can deal with the message, but those who develop an eating disorder are more susceptible and cannot keep the media images in perspective. young people are rarely aware of the extent to which images are altered to make models or actresses appear perfect, and they aspire to what they perceive as perfect beauty. however, there are invariably more complex and deep - seated psychological issues and genetic vulnerabilities that influence who is susceptible, including low self - esteem. no age group is immune. eating disorders in children younger than 14 years are described as childhood onset. some women secretly persist in eating disorders from their teens into their 20s, 30s, and beyond. others develop abnormal eating and exercise behaviors in response to stress long after adolescence is over. this type of eating and overconcern with body shape and image is an occupational hazard for those whose jobs or activities rely on appearance, such as fashion models, dancers and other performers, and competitive athletes like gymnasts. types of eating disorders the principal eating disorders are anorexia nervosa, or self - starvation, and bulimia nervosa, or binge eating followed by purging through induced vomiting or laxative abuse to prevent weight gain. another less “ formal ” but common eating disorder is bulimorexia — starvation alternating with gorging and induced purging. whatever the specific behavior and diagnosis, those with eating disorders share a preoccupation with their food, weight, and shape ; have a severely erratic or inadequate food intake ; and can ’ t regulate their eating and related emotions. they often have other symptoms of anxiety, depression, and obsessive - compulsive thoughts and symptoms.


food, weight, and shape ; have a severely erratic or inadequate food intake ; and can ’ t regulate their eating and related emotions. they often have other symptoms of anxiety, depression, and obsessive - compulsive thoughts and symptoms. some develop substance use problems over time. girls who start menstruating earlier than their peers tend to have more problems with body image and a somewhat higher risk of eating disorders. children from families with eating disorders and obsessive - compulsive disorders are also more vulnerable. eating disorder risk factors * family history of eating disorder or obesity affective illness or alcoholism in first - degree relatives ballet, gymnastics, modeling, “ visual sports ” personality traits ( eg, perfectionism ) parental eating behavior and weight physical or sexual abuse history of excessive dieting, frequently skipped meals, compulsive exercise * source : rome es, ammerman s, rosen ds, et al. children and adolescents with eating disorders : the state of the art. pediatrics. 2003 ; 111 : e98 – e108 risks for adolescent athletes high school and college athletes are particularly susceptible to eating disorders. for example, some coaches encourage wrestlers to develop strength by training above their weight limits but competing at a lower weight, just under the limit. wrestlers may be pressured to lose several pounds in the few days before a competition. adolescent athletes are often urged to follow drastic and unbalanced weight - loss regimens ( eg, eating only bananas or oranges for days ). in the past, several college wrestlers died when trying to make a weight class by going without food and water and working out while wearing special clothing to promote sweating. these practices are unsafe. the american college of sports medicine and some states have released guidelines for weight control and monitoring high school and collegiate wrestlers ( www. acsm. org ). coaches should be responsible for encouraging healthful eating and exercise. parents who suspect that their children are subjected to dangerous or abusive practices should stop their children ’ s involvement and bring their concerns to the attention of school or college authorities. common forerunners for eating disorders be on the lookout for diet fads, especially with adolescent girls. some, such as high - protein, very low - carbohydrate regimens, require medical supervision when used in adolescents. they ’ ve been around for decades and resurface periodically under new names. the more extreme diet routines are never intended for long - term adoption. prescription and nonprescription over - the - counter and over - the


it ’ s true - - animals can get bloated too. it ’ s a little different than with people, though, and a lot more dangerous. if your veterinarian says that your dog has bloat, she means that your dog ’ s stomach is full of excess gas, fluid, or foam. bloat can be caused by a number of things. most often dogs and cats get bloat because they swallow excess air. it can also occur when the valve at the bottom of the stomach is blocked and the gas and other material produced by the digestive process can ’ t exit the stomach. bloat happens very rapidly and can be fatal in 30 minutes, when it ’ s severe. if your pet ’ s abdomen is distended and / or you notice nausea, vomiting, attempts to vomit, sudden weakness, or collapse, contact your veterinarian immediately. bloat is a life - threatening condition. often, when the stomach becomes enlarged ( or dilated ), it then twists somewhere between a quarter and a full turn ; the twisting is called volvulus. when an animal has gastric dilation and volvulus ( gdv ), the openings at at the top and the bottom of the stomach twist, blocking all materials from entering or leaving. as the digestive process continues, the stomach will swell more and more. as the stomach gets larger, it can press against blood vessels and decrease circulation. this can eventually lead to death of the tissue in the stomach walls. it can also take up some of the room the diaphragm needs to expand, which makes it hard for the animal to breathe. if left untreated, the circulation and breathing problems caused by gdv and bloat can cause infections, bleeding disorders, heart failure and sudden death. gdv is most often found in larger dogs that have eaten a large or abnormal meal. what to look for the most obvious sign of bloat is a distended, swollen - looking belly, particularly one that appears quickly. some other noticeable symptoms of bloat occur when an animal tries to empty its stomach. particularly with gdv, dogs and cats will try to vomit or belch but aren ’ t able to ; they will retch and seem restless and nauseated. they may also become short of breath as their abdomens become compressed. some animals may act depressed or show signs of pain. in severe cases, the pressure the stomach places on blood vessels can cause irregular blood


retch and seem restless and nauseated. they may also become short of breath as their abdomens become compressed. some animals may act depressed or show signs of pain. in severe cases, the pressure the stomach places on blood vessels can cause irregular blood flow, abnormal heart rhythms, and shock, which can cause animals to collapse and can lead to rapid death. what to do bloat must be treated by a veterinarian immediately. if she suspects your pet has bloat, your veterinarian can stabilize him and treat him for shock by giving him intravenous fluids and monitoring his heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure. she can check for the condition by performing a physical exam and abdominal x rays. she can also check for gas in his stomach by inserting a tube through the esophagus or inserting a needle through the abdomen. if an animal is diagnosed simply with bloat, that is if the stomach hasn ’ t become twisted, sometimes the veterinarian can simply decompress the stomach with the tube or needle and no other treatment is necessary. if an animal has gdv, on the other hand, he will most likely need to be treated surgically. during surgery, a veterinarian can untwist and reposition the stomach so that material can move through it. then she can examine the tissue of the stomach to make sure it wasn ’ t injured or deprived of blood when it swelled. she can also check the spleen, which is attached to the stomach and can be damaged when the stomach twists. often veterinarians will also perform a gastropexy during surgery, which involves attaching the stomach to the abdominal wall so it won ’ t twist again in the future. a dog that has had bloat is at a great risk of gdv in the future if a gastropexy isn ’ t done. because the causes of bloat aren ’ t entirely clear, there is no known way to prevent it absolutely. veterinarians do know that large breed dogs with broad, deep barrel chests are more likely to develop bloat than other animals ; if you have a breed like this, you can watch carefully for bloat. you can also feed your pet small, regularly spaced meals, which are less likely to stretch his stomach. presoak the food in water for 30 minutes before feeding your dog. you can prevent him from drinking large volumes of water at one time, too. limiting exercise after meals can help as well.


angioplasty and stenting are procedures used to treat pad by opening narrowed or blocked arteries, restoring normal blood flow. these procedures are called endovascular ( " inside the blood vessels " ) procedures because they are performed through a small cut in an artery, instead of a large incision as with surgical procedures. during balloon angioplasty, a long, thin tube called a catheter is inserted into an artery ( usually in the groin ) and guided to the blocked artery. once in place, a balloon is inflated, pushing the blockage against the artery wall and restoring blood flow. in some cases, a tiny wire mesh tube called a stent is left in place to prop the artery open. angioplasty and stent placement a. balloon carrying stent is moved into place in blocked artery. b. balloon is inflated, opening artery and expanding stent. c. balloon is removed, leaving stent in place to prop artery open. this section deals with angioplasty and stenting for pad in the legs. to learn about how these procedures are used in women with carotid ( neck ) artery disease to prevent a stroke, see carotid stenting. to learn about procedures to treat kidney artery disease, click here.


an australian study has shown that children who drink both plain and flavoured milk have higher intakes of essential nutrients such as calcium, phosphorous, iodine and magnesium than children who don ' t. a recent study in the lancet has found no association between a mothers vitamin d status during pregnancy and the bone density of her children at age 9 - 10 years. this throws into question the value of vitamin d screening during pregnancy. a recent article in the journal of paediatrics and child health provides an overview of the important role of breast milk bioactive proteins in enhancing nutrition and growth and protecting the breastfed infant from bacterial and viral infections. it also looks at their possible future application in infant formula and other infant products. a study of the prevalence of overweight and obesity in pregnant women in victoria ' s rural goulburn valley region has found that nearly two thirds of them were overweight or obese, much higher than tha found in metropolitan regions. this places rural women at greater risk of pregnancy and birth complications. a study undertaken by newcastle university has found that chronic functional constipation ( cfc ) in children is associated with drinking cows milk. the cause appears unrelated to the type of casein in the milk but rather to some other component. a new zealand study, published in nutrition & dietetics found that independent risk factors for iron deficiency ( id ) in children aged 6 - 23 months were prematurity and low birthweight, increased body mass index ( bmi ), consuming fruit only as a between meal snack and not with meals, not having milk formula, drinking cows milk daily and consuming only homemade foods as first solids.


related entries : taraxacum the root of cichorium intybus, linne. common names : chicory, succory, wild succory. illustration : johnson ' s med. bot., fig. 138. botanical source. — chicory is a perennial plant, having a spindle - shaped, fleshy, whitish, and milky root. the stem is solid, round, furrowed, hispid, very tough, growing 2 or 3 feet high. the radical leaves are spreading, above a span long, numerous, runcinate, toothed, and roughish. the cauline leaves smaller, sessile, less lobed, the uppermost cordate, acuminate, and entire. the flowers are large, 1 or 2 inches in diameter, axillary, in pairs, sessile, placed rather remote on the long, rather naked branches, and of a beautiful bright - blue color. corollas flat and 5 - toothed ; involucre roughish ; anthers and stigma blue ( l. — w. ). history. — chicory is a native of europe, but cultivated in this country, where it grows in grass - fields and along roadsides, bearing large, elegant blue flowers in july and august. the root is quite bitter, and imparts its virtues to water. the young leaves are used as a salad. the plant is extensively cultivated for its root, which is used as a substitute for coffee, or for adulterating it ; it is dried, roasted, and ground. j. l. lassaigne states that an infusion of pure coffee acquires a more or less intense green color, when some drops of a solution of persulphate of iron are added to it ; while an infusion of chicory retains its brownish color, becoming more intense with a greenish tint. mr. horsley proposed bichromate of potassium as a test. it produces no coloration with an infusion of chicory, but gradually changes the weakest infusion of coffee to a deep porter - brown color. when the two infusions are mixed, boil the mixture with the bichromate, add a few grains of sulphate of copper, and again boil. a flocculent precipitate is formed, of a more or less deep sepia - brown color, the intensity of which varies with the quantity of coffee contained. it is sometimes used as an adulterant of dandelion root.


flocculent precipitate is formed, of a more or less deep sepia - brown color, the intensity of which varies with the quantity of coffee contained. it is sometimes used as an adulterant of dandelion root. chemical composition. — besides the usual vegetable constituents, this root consists of more than one - third inulin ( c12h20o10 ), a fine, white, tasteless, and odorless powder, obtained chiefly by expression of the grated roots of various composite plants ( see inula ). a very pure and pleasantly aromatic alcohol may be obtained from chicory root after the inulin has been converted into sugar by means of the mineral acids. a bitter glucosid, having the formula c32h34o19, was obtained in colorless crystals from the flowers by nietzki, in 1876. alcohol and hot water dissolve it freely, while it is not soluble in ether. sugar, pectin, and a bitter principle, not yet isolated, also exist in the root. the leaves yield a bitter body, albuminoids, sugar, and salts. action, medical uses, and dosage. — tonic, diuretic, and laxative. the decoction, used freely, is said to have proved efficient in jaundice, engorgement of the liver, and other chronic visceral diseases, as well as in cutaneous eruptions, gout, hectic fever, etc. an ounce of the root to a pint of water forms a good decoction. it is used as an adulterant of coffee. related species. — cichorium endivia, linne. garden endive, a native of the mediterranean countries, is said, by some french physicians, to be a remedy for jaundice. it is also cultivated and eaten as a salad. king ' s american dispensatory, 1898, was written by harvey wickes felter, m. d., and john uri lloyd, phr. m., ph. d.


develop or perish when j. r. smallwood ’ s liberal government took office, it immediately announced that the central item on its agenda was to develop, diversify, and modernize the economy of newfoundland and labrador. “ we must develop or perish, ” said smallwood in july, 1949. “ we must develop or our people will go in the thousands to other parts of canada. we must create new jobs.... develop, develop, develop — that ’ s been my slogan and that will remain my slogan. ” photographer unknown. reproduced by the permission of the archives and manuscripts division ( j. r. smallwood collection 075, 5. 04. 241 ), queen elizabeth ii library, memorial university, st. john ' s, newfoundland. thus there was to be a break with a past characterized by poverty, uncertainty and backwardness. under the new dispensation, the province was to be brought into the mainstream of the 20th century world, using large amounts of government money. this was to be a programme of forced growth, with the government subsidizing, encouraging and working with private business. smallwood did not have a well - defined plan, already developed and in place, and does not seem to have consulted the reconstruction plan presented in 1944 by the commission of government. impatient for results and impetuous by nature, smallwood threw himself and his inexperienced government into a frenzy of activity. the pace was extraordinary, with decisions being taken on several fronts at the same time. nevertheless, the broad outlines of the government ’ s approach can be described. first, the modernization of the fishing industry, already under way, had to continue. in practice this meant that priority was given to developing the offshore trawler fishery, with the catch being processed in newly - built fish plants, frozen, and marketed mainly in the united states. the shipyard created by the government at marystown in the late 1960s was designed to service the offshore fleet. the traditional inshore, small - boat salt fishery gradually declined into insignificance, and the labrador schooner fishery disappeared. second, the government wanted to diversify the provincial economy by encouraging the establishment of new industries. at first, this programme was associated with the latvian emigre alfred valdmanis, who smallwood hired as director general of economic development in 1950. using the financial surplus left by the commission of government and provincial government loans, and exploiting valdmanis ’ business contacts in germany, the government oversaw the establishment of sixteen new industries on the west


, and doyle obliged by forming labrador linerboard ltd., which began construction of a heavily - subsidized mill at stephenville in 1971. the government understood that if industry was to come to the province, and if its people were to be employed in the sector, then improved educational facilities were vital, as well as roads and air fields. as a result, the government invested heavily in these areas, relying to a considerable extent on federal funds. at the same time, the government encouraged the resettlement of small, isolated communities to that basic services, like education and health, could be more readily provided. reviewing the province ’ s record in 1980, the economic council of canada concluded that the “ new industries ” scheme of the 1950s had been an expensive failure, and with reference to natural resource development, wrote that in many cases, “ — the government largely overlooked the concept of economic rent - the fact that natural resources normally have an intrinsic market value over and above the costs of exploiting them. such rents might have been tapped more carefully for government revenues.... newfoundland is already left with the fact that benefits in mining and forestry, and in hydro - electric generation, have been foregone. ” ( economic council of canada, 7 ). in the rush to attract industry and generate jobs, the government had failed to gather the revenues that it might and should have obtained, in spite of sometimes massive subsidization. much the same applied to large industrial developments such as long harbour and stephenville, where the return on huge government investment seemed to have been limited. by the time smallwood left office in 1972, he could point to some dramatic changes in the economy and society of newfoundland and of labrador. the population had increased by over 40 percent to 522, 000, per capita income by almost 300 percent, and there was no question that the average standard of living had improved significantly. yet per capita income was only 50 percent of the canadian average, and there was still a heavy outflow of people to mainland canada and elsewhere - an average of almost 4, 000 a year by the late 1960s - since for all its efforts and expenditures, the government had not been able to create enough jobs to meet the demands of an expanding, youthful population. the unemployment rate remained stubbornly high, and the provincial government reliant on federal transfer payments. in a real sense, the province was still undeveloped. article by jim hiller with melanie martin. ©2006, newfoundland and labrador heritage web site


the president... may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices.... article ii, section 2, clause 1 the opinion clause arose out of the debates at the constitutional convention regarding whether the american president would exercise executive authority singly or in concert with other officials or privy councilors. a brief review of english custom illuminates the choices made by the framers. formally, parliamentary " ministers " were ministers to the king. in addition, all british citizens were " subjects " of the king, and the king could require any nobleman, judge, or member of parliament to serve in his privy council and provide him with personal or official advice. by the end of the eighteenth century, however, the ministerial offices had assumed such practical and administrative power that it diminished the king ' s responsibility for actions taken by the government. the king was expected to defer increasingly to his ministers ' decisions. the state of the english executive at the time of the framing was this : legally, the king could do no wrong ; politically, the king was responsible for no administrative wrong. at various stages during the convention, the framers rejected proposals to divide or condition executive power. their intent from contemporary records is clear : they wanted " [ e ] nergy in the executive, " as alexander hamilton put it in the federalist no. 70 ; and they wanted to maximize presidential responsibility for executive decisions. some of the framers, including james madison, desired a single executive but supported a council of revision — composed of the president and judges — to exercise the veto power. rufus king explained why the proposal was rejected : " if the unity of the executive was preferred for the sake of responsibility, the policy of it is as applicable to the revisionary [ veto ] as to the executive power. " yet, vesting all executive power in one person was enough of a break with english tradition to cause unease. several delegates supported a constitutional " privy council " or " council of state, " which could not bind the president but would provide him with advice. one argument advanced against a privy council was that the department head most responsible for the matter put to the council might evade his special share of responsibility for the decision. the opinion clause was born of this concern. the original version assumed the president would have a privy council but that he could " require the written opinion of any one or more of the [ relevant ] members [ of the council ]...


decision. the opinion clause was born of this concern. the original version assumed the president would have a privy council but that he could " require the written opinion of any one or more of the [ relevant ] members [ of the council ]... [ and ] every officer abovementioned shall be responsible for his opinion on the affairs relating to his particular department. " but the framers rejected even a weak advisory council. charles pinckney concluded that : " the president shd. be authorized to call for advice or not as he might chuse. give him an able council and it will thwart him ; a weak one and he will shelter himself under their sanction. " later, a committee headed by gouverneur morris was tasked with further consideration of the matter. the committee also rejected the idea. morris explained : " the presidt. by persuading his council to concur in his wrong measures, would acquire their protection for them. " instead, morris proposed language that formed the basis of the current opinion clause, merely authorizing the president " to call for the opinions of the heads of departments, in writing. " to distinguish this proposal even further from that of a collegial council, the clause was later revised to specify that written opinions could be obtained " upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices. " thus modified, the clause does not encourage the president to seek a consensus from all department heads on any matter. as adopted, the opinion clause reinforces the authority and accountability of an executive who is bound by law. the president may demand written reports regarding his principal officers ' performance of their duties ( a typical management prerogative ), but not concerning his personal business. the framers ' rejection of a formal cabinet independent of the president prevents department heads from exercising an independent sphere of influence over policy and denies them a forum in which to enlist others in debates over the president ' s policies. in addition, the opinion clause contains a negative inference reinforced by article ii, section 3, which allows the president to recommend to congress such measures " as he shall judge necessary and expedient. " the two clauses reflect the constitution ' s separation of powers structure by preventing congress from requiring presidential appointees to report directly to congress rather than to the president. as chief justice john marshall noted in marbury v. madison ( 1803 ), " to aid [ the president ] in the performance of these duties, he is authorized to appoint certain officers, who act by his authority and in conformity with


president. as chief justice john marshall noted in marbury v. madison ( 1803 ), " to aid [ the president ] in the performance of these duties, he is authorized to appoint certain officers, who act by his authority and in conformity with his orders. " congress can require reports from the respective departments, but congress cannot interfere with prior presidential review of those reports and presidential control over what is transmitted to congress. as a result of the debates over the opinion clause and a privy council, the constitution nowhere requires a formal cabinet. president george washington found it prudent to organize his principal officers into a cabinet, and it has been part of the executive branch structure ever since. nevertheless, no " prime minister " deflects the political accountability of the president. presidents have used cabinet meetings of selected principal officers but to widely differing extents and for different purposes. secretary of state william h. seward and then professor woodrow wilson advocated use of a parliamentary - style cabinet government. but president abraham lincoln rebuffed seward, and woodrow wilson would have none of it in his administration. several twentieth - century presidents made pledges to use their " cabinets " as deliberative bodies, but eisenhower was one of the few who did so. recent cabinets have grown unwieldy for effective deliberations with up to twenty - five members, including key white house staff in addition to department and agency heads. president ronald reagan formed seven subcabinet councils to review many policy issues, and subsequent presidents have followed that practice. but most recent presidents have met infrequently with their entire cabinets. in an age when the president relies heavily on white house staff for immediate advice and assistance, presidents often use cabinet meetings to make the cabinet members feel more a part of the president ' s inner circle or to increase their loyalty to the administration. a cabinet that has no constitutional blessing may actually make it a more valuable tool than one constrained by constitutional design. there is more flexibility in the president ' s choice of which officers and councilors should be included. moreover, a cabinet that meets at the pleasure of the president will naturally be more mindful to serve his interests rather than their own or those of their departments. thus, the framers increased the likelihood that the president will obtain useful advice from his principal officers by leaving the advice structure entirely to his discretion. - todd gaziano - director, center for legal and judicial studies - center for legal and judicial studies - the heritage foundation


page 3 of 6 louisiana biology professor ann findley trains high school teachers and offers on - site support to build a culture of science at their schools. that was rachelle haroldson ’ s experience. a year after she completed brainu ’ s partner program for high school science teachers, her students were dissecting a sheep brain, exploring how it compared structurally with a human brain. and after her students assembled model neurons from beads and string as they studied neural signaling, she had them investigate questions like : what is a drug? if you take a drug, what does it do to your body? the students learned how alcohol affects decision making in the frontal lobes and how marijuana mimics endogenous cannabinoids. “ when they thought about their brain as a muscle and that they were weakening it [ with drugs ], that seemed to have a profound impact on them, ” haroldson recalls. honing science skills to help students learn science through inquiry, teachers must first understand how scientific inquiry works. but many are simply not up to speed. they may lack research experience or — especially in middle schools — they may be teaching a subject for which they weren ’ t trained, says developmental biologist barbara wakimoto of the university of washington in seattle. scientists, like wakimoto, can play an important role offering the research experience and inquiry - focused approach. k – 12 science education requires a multifaceted strategy that should involve scientists as well as preservice and in - service training, says david asai, hhmi ’ s undergraduate science education program director. “ the community of scientists, in particular, can provide excellent ways for in - service teachers to build more inquiry into their teaching. in - service teachers can be the principal partners with scientists, who can help develop those tools, and they can be a huge resource for future teachers. ” wakimoto and two colleagues run an intensive four - week summer life sciences teaching institute for 20 washington state k – 8 teachers. they focus on upper elementary and middle school teachers because, unlike high school teachers who see their students for one period a day, these teachers “ are with students long enough to get them excited about science, ” wakimoto says. wakimoto and program manager helen buttemer show teachers how to create simple inquiry - based lessons with readily available materials — for example, testing the adhesive powers of slug slime, studying lentil seed germination, or observing fruit fly mating rituals. they train teachers to walk students through a scientific investigation using a tool called


- based lessons with readily available materials — for example, testing the adhesive powers of slug slime, studying lentil seed germination, or observing fruit fly mating rituals. they train teachers to walk students through a scientific investigation using a tool called an inquiry board. the teacher records ideas on an eight - section poster board as the class brainstorms a question, the variables to test, the controls, the experimental setup, and the predicted outcome. after the study is completed, the class tabulates results, looking for patterns, and answers the original question. wakimoto ’ s colleagues follow up by visiting each participating teacher ’ s home school, often bringing equipment to lend. “ when we go back to the classrooms, we find these inquiry boards all over the state, ” she says. high school teachers need the hands - on experience as well. in louisiana, for example, many teachers are certified to teach high school biology or chemistry with just a smattering of college courses in the subject. they “ have a working knowledge of the discipline, but they have no lab skills and no research experience as an undergraduate with respect to how science is really done, ” says ann findley, a biology professor at the university of louisiana at monroe ( ulm ). photo : misty keasler


first trimester screening screening during the first trimester is a combination of ultrasound and two blood tests. these tests can help determine the risk of certain birth defects. alpha - fetoprotein screening is a blood test that measures the level of afp in the mothers ' blood. abnormal levels may indicate certain problems with the fetus. fetal ultrasound is a test used during pregnancy that creates an image of the fetus in the mother ' s uterus, or womb. chorionic villus sampling ( cvs ) this prenatal test involves taking a sample of tissue from the placenta to test for chromosomal abnormalities and certain other genetic problems. amniocentesis is a procedure used to obtain a small sample of the amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus during pregnancy. the fluid is analyzed to help diagnose certain birth defects. fetal blood sampling fetal blood sampling is a procedure to remove a small amount of blood from the fetus during pregnancy. it may be taken to diagnose problems or an infection. fetal movement counting fetal movement counting, often called kick counting, is a way a mother can help monitor the movements of her unborn baby by counting the number of kicks in a certain time period. biophysical profile ( bpp ) a biophysical profile is a test that combines a nonstress test with ultrasound. it ' s usually performed in the last trimester. doppler flow studies doppler flow is a type of ultrasound that measures the flow of blood through a blood vessel. doppler flow studies may be used to assess blood flow in the umbilical blood vein and arteries, fetal brain, and fetal heart. cesarean delivery is the surgical delivery of a baby by an incision through the mother ' s abdomen and uterus. this procedure is performed when it is determined to be a safer method than a vaginal delivery for the mother, baby, or both. during childbirth, the vagina may not stretch enough. if this occurs, your health care provider may perform an episiotomy to help enlarge the opening and deliver the baby. a biophysical profile is a test that ’ s sometimes given during your third trimester of pregnancy. it is typically done if the health of your baby is in question because of the results of another test, because of certain pregnancy symptoms, or if your pregnancy is high risk.


today, all of paraguay is celebrating and rejoicing its 201 - year old independence from spain. the spanish arrived in the 1500 ’ s and stayed for nearly 300 years as it colonized the region, converted natives to christianity and enslaved native indian populations. paraguay gained independence from spain in 1811 but not before becoming the primary site of jesuit missions and settlements. ecuador is home to an estimated 6. 5 million people, the majority of which are catholic. after surviving several financial and political corruption scandals in the ‘ 90s the country continues to try to move away from an informal economy and have a more transparent government. president obama and secretary of state hillary clinton sent the following congratulatory message to the people of paraguay : on behalf of president obama and the people of the united states, i am delighted to send best wishes to all paraguayans as you celebrate the anniversary of your independence this may 15. paraguay and the united states are united by our common democratic values and respect for individual rights and liberties. together, we are working to deepen democratic institutions, strengthen human rights, combat crime, and promote effective, transparent governments and judicial systems. as you celebrate this joyous occasion, know that the united states stands with you as a partner and friend. we look forward to continuing to work closely together as partners for peace and prosperity. tapevyaite ( que disfruten este dia ).


photo : cholera in cuba the cuban government said that the cholera outbreak that erupted in june, killing three and infecting 417, is over, communist party daily granma reported tuesday. “ ten days have passed since the latest confirmed case, whereby the public health ministry says that this outbreak is over, ” the newspaper said of the epidemic that originated in manzanillo, a city of 130, 500 residents located some 900 kilometers ( 560 miles ) east of havana. authorities also said that there were cases “ associated ” with the outbreak in other municipalities in surrounding granma province and in the neighboring provinces of santiago de cuba and guantanamo and even in havana. “ all these later events, characterized as isolated cases, occurred through people who traveled from manzanillo and were identified by an effective system of epidemiological monitoring and treated with timely measures, ” the ministry said. of the 417 registered cholera cases, the majority were adults, the bulletin added, going on to emphasize the “ indispensable... and effective cooperation of the public. ” after learning of the health emergency, the government decided as a precaution to suspend the traditional summer carnivals in manzanillo and bayamo, another city in granma province. in addition, the venezuelan government sent to the island 20 military doctors to provide support. cuban president raul castro spoke out on july 24 to denounce “ propagandistic campaigns ” regarding the cholera cases designed to “ discredit ” the island ’ s health care system and asserted that the outbreak was under control. the most recent cholera epidemic in cuba occurred in 1882 and the latest cases were registered shortly after the downfall of strongman fulgencio batista in 1959, according to official information. despite the fact that it said the outbreak was “ concluded, ” the cuban government is also saying it will maintain its vigilance to avoid “ the recurrence of new cases. ” in addition, the national government is reiterating its call for the public to take preventive measures concerning personal hygiene, water and food. for several weeks, the authorities have been issuing daily preventive messages along the same lines to avoid the spread of the aedes aegypti mosquito, which transmits dengue fever, although there have been no reported cases of that disease.


masonic temple ( old ) as the 19th century was winding to a close, the masonic fraternity in detroit was starting to build a growing membership. there were many masonic branches spread out throughout detroit at the time, and in 1891, they agreed to consolidate their groups into one home, united in solidarity and in base of operations. on aug. 11, 1892, masonic groups bought land on lafayette boulevard and first street, just outside of the heart of downtown, for a little more than $ 50, 000 ( about $ 1. 2 million today, when adjusted for inflation ). to pay for the $ 344, 198 building ( about $ 8. 75 million today ), the individual members were asked to chip in about $ 80 each, the equivalent of $ 1, 800 today. the ashlar, oriental and palestine lodges, the monroe chapter and the damascus commandery gave $ 1, 000 each ( $ 23, 500 today ) ; corinthian gave $ 1, 400 ( $ 33, 000 today ) ; the peninsular chapter and detroit and union responded with $ 1, 500 each ( $ 35, 000 today ) ; zion forked over $ 3, 000 ( $ 70, 000 today ) ; and the monroe council gave $ 500 ( $ 11, 800 today ). the groups then united to form what would become the masonic temple association of detroit, which still exists today. the association was formally formed march 19, 1894. to build their new home, the masons turned to another mason, george d. mason and his firm, mason & rice. the plans and specifications for the building were formally adopted on dec. 3, 1892. excavation began oct. 1, 1894, and the cornerstone was laid jan. 23, 1895. the dedication ceremonies were held with much fanfare and celebrated by thousands of masons and their families on st. john the baptist day, june 24, 1895. the masonic groups moved in over the next several months. among the city leaders active in getting the temple built were future mayor william c. maybury, a past master who served as chairman of the masonic relations committee. just under two years after the new temple opened, maybury would be elected mayor of detroit. the masons ’ new home would tower seven stories over the street, a 140 - foot - tall red brick building. the building quickly became a landmark downtown as one of the city ’ s tallest buildings, at least for a few years. the free press called the temple “ one of the showplaces of the era ” before the automobile


tall red brick building. the building quickly became a landmark downtown as one of the city ’ s tallest buildings, at least for a few years. the free press called the temple “ one of the showplaces of the era ” before the automobile made detroit king, the paper noted in 1935. its auditorium had room for 750 people - 400 on the main floor and 350 in the balcony - but that would soon prove to be not nearly enough space. at the time it was built, the temple ’ s membership numbered only 3, 200. by 1908, the building was crowded to capacity as the rise in detroit ’ s industrial might flooded the organization with new members. concessions had to be made, such as putting restrictions on the use of the dining room and assembly halls. “ we thought the old temple would care for our needs for 50 years, but we outgrew it in 12 years, ” frank fisher, secretary of the masonic temple association, told the christian science monitor in february 1926. the masonic temple association decided to add onto the building, and bought another 50 feet of land along lafayette boulevard from the newland estate and 16 more feet from the benevolent order of elks. architect george d. mason, who had originally designed the building, was brought back on board to explore enlarging the temple. postcards were printed up touting the plan to extend the building east, along lafayette boulevard. but the temple ’ s rolls continued to grow, and the plan was abandoned in 1913 : the association decided even the addition wouldn ’ t be enough room. it was time to look for a new home where the still booming membership could continue to grow. the association settled on a parcel of land north of downtown on second avenue and bagg street ( now known as temple avenue ). the cornerstone of the new temple was laid in 1922, and the building opened four years later. after the masons moved to comfier confines in their new temple, the building housed the cadillac athletic club. but when the club went under in the 1930s, the building fell back into the masonic temple association ’ s hands. the masons were paying more than $ 10, 000 a year ( nearly $ 160, 000 today ) in taxes and maintenance on the empty building. in november 1935, it was announced that the landmark would be leveled. clarence w. videan, the group ’ s president, told the free press at the time that by leveling the building and turning it into a parking lot, the land could make the group money instead of cost


< browse to previous essay | browse to next essay > wawona, pacific lumber and codfishing schooner historylink. org essay 2072 : printer - friendly format the schooner wawona, launched at fairhaven, california in 1897, was the largest three - masted sailing schooner ever built in north america. for 17 years, wawona hauled lumber up and down the pacific coast. in 1914, she was sold to the robinson fisheries company of anacortes, washington, and for the next 30 years was employed in the bering sea codfishing trade. in 1964, a group of concerned citizens from king county, washington, purchased her in an effort to preserve her as a maritime museum. wawona became a national historic site in 1970, the first ship in the nation to be listed on the national register. stricken with water intrusion and a beetle infestation, the wawona was reluctantly deemed too expensive to restore and was demolished in 2009. the age of wood wawona was launched on september 12, 1897, at the h. d. bendixen shipyard in fairhaven, california. wawona was built to haul lumber for the dolbeer & carson lumber company of eureka, california, and originally cost $ 29, 075. for 17 years, she carried sawn lumber, harvested from the primeval forests of northern california and the pacific northwest, up and down the pacific coast. wawona is a yosemite indian name for the northern spotted owl, believed to be the guardian of the forest. at 165 feet in length and with a beam of 36 feet, she was the largest three - masted sailing schooner ever built in north america. she was built as a baldheaded schooner ( no topmasts ), gaff - rigged ( the sail lies in the direction of the ship ' s length ) for easy handling by her crew. her builder, hans bendixen, was a danish shipwright who arrived in san francisco in 1863. his shipyard, established in 1879, eventually built more than 75 schooners ( a schooner is a fore - and - aft rigged sailing vessel ) and four square - rigged ships. from lumber to fish in 1914, wawona was sold to the robinson fisheries company of anacortes, washington, for employment in the bering sea codfishing trade. each spring for the next 30 years, wawona was loaded with salt for preserving fish, coal for cooking and heat, and a six - month supply of provisions and


in the nation to be listed on the national register and a reminder of an industry that shaped the growth and history of the northwest. in 1977 the wawona was designated a seattle landmark. after her listing on the national register, the wawona spent nearly three decades educating visitors and serving as a very visual example of the region ' s history. but even as the schooner ' s role in the historical community grew increasingly prominent, time and the water were taking their inevitable toll. in 2005, water intrusion followed by a beetle infestation highlighted the vessel ' s deteriorating condition. faced with an estimated $ 15 million bill to repair her severe decay, northwest seaport made the difficult decision to demolish the wawona. portions of the ship, including the captain ' s cabin, were salvaged for planned display at the museum of history & industry when that organization relocates to the naval reserve building ( armory ). harriet tracey delong, pacific schooner wawona ( bellevue : documentary book publishers corp., 1985 ) ; eric lacitis, " lake union voyage last for wawona, " the seattle times, march 5, 2009, p. b - 1. note : this essay was updated on march 5, 2009 < browse to previous essay browse to next essay > licensing : this essay is licensed under a creative commons license that encourages reproduction with attribution. credit should be given to both historylink. org and to the author, and sources must be included with any reproduction. click the icon for more info. please note that this creative commons license applies to text only, and not to images. for more information regarding individual photos or images, please contact the source noted in the image credit. major support for historylink. org provided by : the state of washington | patsy bullitt collins | paul g. allen family foundation | museum of history & industry | 4culture ( king county lodging tax revenue ) | city of seattle | city of bellevue | city of tacoma | king county | the peach foundation | microsoft corporation, other public and private sponsors and visitors like you


we ’ ve all felt it... that “ thump - thump ” in our chest during exercise. sometimes, it ’ s a little flutter. other times, it can feel like our heart is going to jump out of our chest. while most know it ’ s important to monitor heart rate during exercise, many don ’ t know why. “ monitoring your heart allows you to measure whether you ’ re working out too much, or not enough, ” says katie varnado, athletic training supervisor with ati sports medicine. “ one needs to hit an intensity level that will provide optimal health benefits, while remaining at a safe level. ” most healthy people should have a target heart rate zone from 50 – 75 % of your maximum heart rate, or within the moderate exercise intensity zone. if you ’ re below this level, you may not be working out enough. on the flip side, if you ’ re above this level, you may be straining yourself. katie offers these steps in calculating your appropriate maximum heart rate : step 1 : subtract your age from 220 to get your average maximum heart rate in beats per minute. ( example : 220 – 42 years old = 178 beats per minute / maximum heart rate ) step 2 : multiply your maximum heart rate by. 5 to determine the bottom 50 % of your target heart rate zone. ( example : 178 x. 5 = 89 beats per minute ) step 3 : multiply your maximum heart rate by. 75 to determine the top 75 % of your target heart rate zone. ( example : 178 x. 75 = 134 beats per minute ) step 4 : once you have calculated your maximum heart rate, use it to monitor the intensity level of your exercise. to measure your heart rate, place your index and middle fingers over your carotid artery on either side of your neck, or radial pulse on your wrist at the base of your palm, and feel your pulse. count your heart beats for 10 seconds, then multiply that number by six. this determines your beats per minute while exercising. for those just beginning an exercise program, varnado recommends aiming for the bottom 50 % of your target heart rate zone for the first few weeks. then, slowly progress to the middle and upper levels over the next six months. varnado reminds everyone that your target heart rate should be used a guideline for finding exercise intensity. anyone beginning an exercise program should always consult with their physician first. for more information on target heart rate and exercise, visit target heart rate and exercise.


ottawa - delays in regulating greenhouse gas emissions mean canada is quickly locking in old - fashioned infrastructure that will fill the air with carbon for decades to come, new research shows. the longer the federal government waits to clamp down on emissions and business continues as usual, the more difficult and costly it becomes to meet environmental targets, the research concludes. the new research comes from the soon - to - be - defunct national round table on the environment and the economy, the federally funded advisory group formed to give advice and research on sustainable development. the harper government is in the process of abolishing the agency. it ' s likely the first time analysts have measured the country ' s shrinking room to manoeuvre as a result of investments made while businesses wait for governments to crack down on emissions. the research also shows that electricity could be the salvation, as long as that sector can attract huge investment. the research will be included in one of the advisory body ' s final reports to be published in a few weeks, but was presented by the round table ' s president, david mclaughlin, at a conference earlier this month. his slide presentation was obtained by the canadian press. " we have said consistently that delay is costly, " mclaughlin said. now, he says, the research shows just how costly. his charts and graphs show that as ottawa waits to implement regulations on emitters, investment in coal, oil, gas, electricity and buildings will be guided by the high - emission standards which have been the norm. the effects could be felt for decades, since the life - span of much infrastructure is about 40 years — compounding the stock of emissions already in the atmosphere. so any infrastructure built after the new regulations eventually come into place will have to be extra - efficient in order to make up for the delays of the past, mclaughlin said. " the more and more of those ( locked - in ) investments that are made, the less and less options they ( governments ) have for actually finding emissions reductions in the economy, " explained alex wood, senior director at sustainable prosperity, the think - tank that hosted the conference where mclaughlin presented his findings. " and with less and less options available, they become more expensive. " the international energy agency has been sounding the alarm about locked - in global emissions for months now. in its november report, the iea warned that on world scale, it will be impossible to meet climate - change targets unless radical changes are undertaken in the next five years. the iea said the world has a difficult task in limiting global warming to


in its november report, the iea warned that on world scale, it will be impossible to meet climate - change targets unless radical changes are undertaken in the next five years. the iea said the world has a difficult task in limiting global warming to two degrees celsius because existing infrastructure already produces 80 per cent of the carbon that would be consistent with such a target. that leaves little room to do anything else. canada faces a similar conundrum, the round table research shows. there is a growing consensus that ottawa ' s regulatory approach is moving too slowly to meet the government ' s 2020 target to reduce emissions to 17 per cent below 2005 levels. last week, the federal environment commissioner ' s audit of the government ' s regulations confirmed that reaching the target would be " unlikely. " so far, ottawa ' s regulations have tackled just one sector out of eight. so the round table research focuses on how canada can meet its 2050 targets instead. canada and other g8 countries have committed to cutting emissions to 65 per cent below 2005 levels by that year. it ' s possible that canada could meet this target, mclaughlin said, but the longer ottawa waits to put a clear price on carbon, the harder and more costly it will be. the lack of clear details on what the federal government will expect has already caused casualties, added wood. two major, emissions - friendly developments have recently collapsed, mainly because ottawa has not put forward enough information about how its carbon regime will function, wood said. investors pulled out of the pioneer carbon - capture and storage project in alberta, despite having $ 779 million in federal and provincial subsidies. ottawa - based iogen cancelled plans for a biofuel plant in manitoba. mclaughlin sees hope in electricity. he says his research shows it will take massive investment — up to $ 16 billion annually — to meet the 2050 target. that money would be in addition to what is already invested in the carbon - producing sectors of canada ' s economy. most of that would have to be in electricity, especially in hydro. his presentation showed that to meet the 2050 target, current investment of $ 12 billion a year in electricity would have to double. but in order to attract that kind of money, mclaughlin said governments need to issue " strong, sustained, properly oriented price signals " that give policy certainty to investors.