a plane with someone who looked middle eastern. i proposed a question : what if a white person did not want to ride in your carpool for fear of getting robbed? " well that ' s racist? " he said. and your thoughts aren ' t? in a way it ' s silly if you think about it. no one in their right mind would assume a well - dressed african american male who pulls up to a dc metro ( subway ) station at 7 am to drive people to the district would attack or rob them. but many people look at the thousands of people from middle eastern countries that way everyday on airplanes, even as they travel with their small children and elderly parents. they are law - abiding citizens who want to safely land in their destination just as much as you do. just because there are extremists in the muslim community who want to harm others exists, we can ' t assume every person who has olive skin or wears certain religious attire are out to take down the plane. i ' m sure george zimmerman never considered himself to be a racist just as my friend doesn ' t. i don ' t know zimmerman personally so i can ' t possibly know what he harbors in his heart, but the reality is that we let images we see in the media dictate how we view others. you see faces of black males ' mug shots on the nightly news, so when one walks toward you on the street you clutch your purse a little tighter just in case he tries to snatch it. you see images of latino men standing in front of home depots looking for work or read stories about them getting pulled over without a license, so you assume that all hispanics are illegal, day laborers. you hear about another terrorist threat from a muslim extremist group, so when a middle eastern man sits next to you on the plane, for a split second you wonder if he ' s wearing a bomb. you see images of black teens participating in flash mobs, so you follow a group of black females who walk in your store just in case someone slips an item in their bag. zimmerman took one look at trayvon and assumed the worst about him : he was on drugs and up to no good ( recorded on the 911 tape ). his paranoia came after a string of burglaries — in a span of 15 months — that were committed all by young black males, according to his neighbor and supporter frank taafee. all along, zimmerman ' s friends and family have contended that this shooting was not


don ' t know if you knew this but there are other places that have sweet onions too that are indigenous to their area. texas has their 1015 super sweet ( planted on oct. 15 ) and washington has what ' s called walla walla ' s. i think hawaii has a particular sweet onion too. that ' s not a post iid expect from someone who likes to chide people for not reading posts before posting. expanding on what i wrote two posts before yours ( where i commented on both 1015is and maui onions ), none of the sweet onions we have in the us today are indigenous. it all started in 1898 when bermuda onions were first planted in texas. ironically, the seeds were from the canary islands not bermuda. by the 1920 ' s they were growing so many onions in texas, the demand for seed brought in new, inexperienced seed growers who drove the canary island seed quality down. per - acre yields in texas became so low that growers began looking at other varieties e the most important of which was the grano from spain. because of low yields, there have been few, if any, bermuda onions grown commercially in the us since the late 1940 ' s despite what you might see advertised at your grocery store. one of the most important super sweet onions is the granex, an f1 hybrid that was developed in texas from the excel yellow bermuda and the texas early grano 951. this onion has a host of names including vidalia, maui, noonday, etc. the grano 1015y ( a. k. a texas 1015 ) is not a hybrid e rather an improved grano 951 that was developed for resistance to pink root e not sweetness per se e while maintaining early maturity. attempts to further improve the 1015y have resulted in later maturity which is highly undesirable from a commercial growing perspective. the walla walla onion, on the other hand was developed from seed brought from corsica off the coast of italy. interestingly, bermuda onions are also of italian origin.


in any large city just a handful of bars give the police far more trouble than all the rest put together. the same is true of many other types of establishments, such as schools, convenience stores, and parking lots. in each case, just a few produce far more crime, disorder, and calls for police assistance than the rest of the group combined. this phenomenon — called “ risky facilities ” — has important implications for many problem - oriented policing projects. in particular, it can help police focus their energies where they are needed most and can help in selecting appropriate preventive measures. this guide serves as an introduction to risky facilities and shows how the concept can aid problem - oriented policing efforts by providing answers to the following key questions. we open with a definition of facilities and provide some examples. we then discuss risky facilities and explain how this concept is related to other crime concentration theories. facilities are places with specific public or private functions, such as stores, bars, restaurants, mobile home parks, bus stops, apartment buildings, public swimming pools, atm locations, libraries, hospitals, schools, parking lots, railway stations, marinas, and shopping malls. facilities vary greatly in the crimes they experience. medical facilities, for example, are likely to have different types and levels of crime than do police booking facilities. in addition, there is likely to be a great variation within any broad category of facility. for example, although both are medical facilities, dental offices are likely to have different levels and types of crime than are emergency rooms. because such distinctions are critical to the success of risky facility analyses, it is important to begin by carefully defining the type of facility that is to be examined ; only then proceed to an examination of the type and frequency of crime that the particular type of facility experiences. one important principle of crime prevention holds that crime is highly concentrated among particular people, places, and things ; as this principle suggests, focusing resources on these concentrations is likely to yield the greatest preventive benefits. this principle has spawned a number of related concepts that are routinely used by police in problem - solving projects, including : risky facilities is another recently described theory of crime concentration that holds great promise for problem - oriented policing. 1 the theory postulates that only a small proportion of any specific type of facility will account for the majority of crime and disorder problems experienced or produced by the group of facilities as a whole. as a rule of thumb, about 20 percent of the total group will account for 80 percent of the problems. this is known as the 80 / 20 rule : in


of crime and disorder problems experienced or produced by the group of facilities as a whole. as a rule of thumb, about 20 percent of the total group will account for 80 percent of the problems. this is known as the 80 / 20 rule : in theory, 20 percent of any particular group of things is responsible for 80 percent of outcomes involving those things. 2 the 80 / 20 rule is not peculiar to crime and disorder ; rather, it is almost a universal law. for example, a small portion of the earth ’ s surface holds the majority of life on the planet ; a small proportion of earthquakes cause most earthquake damage ; a small number of people hold most of the earth ’ s wealth ; a small proportion of police officers produce the most arrests ; and so forth. in practice, of course, the proportion is seldom exactly 80 / 20 ; however, it is always true that some small percentage of a group produces a large percentage of any particular result involving that group. later in the guide we will show you how to determine whether the 80 / 20 rule holds true for any particular group of facilities. the 80 / 20 rule can be a useful initial assumption : when confronting a problem, start by assuming that most of the problem is created by a few individuals, places, or events. although this first approximation is not always correct, it is probably correct more often than assuming that the problem is spread evenly across individuals, places, or events. careful analysis can then test whether this starting assumption is correct. the first paper to discuss the concept of risky facilities identified nearly 40 studies of specific types of facilities that included data about variations in the risks of crime, disorder, or misconduct. 3 these studies covered a wide range of facilities and many different types of crime and deviance, including robbery, theft, assault, and simple disorder. all the studies showed wide variations in risk in the facilities studied and in many there was clear evidence of high concentrations of risk consistent with the definition of risky facilities. † there follow a few examples. † not every study provided clear evidence that a small proportion of the facilities accounted for a large proportion of the crime, disorder, or misconduct. rather, some reported differences between facilities in crime numbers or rates ; for example, matthews, pease & pease ( 2001 ) [ pdf ] reported that “ 4 percent of banks had robbery rates four to six times that of other banks. ” although consistent with the concept of risky facilities, these figures do not satisfy a key component of the definition : they do not demonstrate that a small number of high


that “ 4 percent of banks had robbery rates four to six times that of other banks. ” although consistent with the concept of risky facilities, these figures do not satisfy a key component of the definition : they do not demonstrate that a small number of high - risk banks accounted for a large part of the robbery problem. however, this does not mean that risks for the facilities studied were not highly skewed. rather, it only means that the data did not allow the distribution of risk to be examined. although the studies in this list are just a few of those that have produced evidence of risky facilities, such results make it clear that this form of crime concentration is quite widespread. low cost motel : the risk of crime varies a great deal among facilities of the same type. photo credit : john eck when analysts plot the number of crimes at each facility under investigation, they almost always create a graph with a reclining - j shape. this can be seen in the example in figure 1, based on the work of crime analysts in chula vista, california. in that study, all parks over two acres in chula vista were ranked from the most crime ( on left ) to the least. the heights of the bars show the number of crimes in each park. as can be seen, three parks had far more crime than any of the rest and most parks had very little crime. risky facilities can show up as hot spots on a city ’ s crime map. indeed, specific hospitals, schools, and train stations are often well - known examples. but simply treating these facilities as hot spots misses an important analytical opportunity : comparing the risky facilities with other like facilities. such a comparison can reveal important differences between facilities that can account for the differences in risk, thereby providing important pointers to preventive action. in addition, risky facilities are sometimes treated as examples of repeat victimization. however, this can create confusion when it is not the facilities that are being victimized, but rather the people who are using them. thus, a tavern that repeatedly requests police assistance in dealing with fights is not itself being repeatedly victimized, unless it routinely suffers damage in the course of these fights or if members of staff are regularly assaulted. even those participating in the fights may not be repeat victims, as different patrons might be involved each time. indeed, no one need be victimized at all, as would be the case if the calls were about drugs, prostitution, or stolen property sales. calling the tavern a repeat victim can be more than just confusing, however, because


involved each time. indeed, no one need be victimized at all, as would be the case if the calls were about drugs, prostitution, or stolen property sales. calling the tavern a repeat victim can be more than just confusing, however, because it might also divert attention from the role mismanagement or poor design plays in causing the fights. by keeping the concepts of repeat victimization and risky facilities separate, it may be possible to determine whether or not repeat victimization is the cause of a risky facility and thereby to design responses accordingly. the concept of risky facilities can be helpful in two types of policing projects. first, the concept can be useful in crime prevention projects that focus on a particular class of facilities, such as low rent apartment complexes or downtown parking lots. in the scanning stage, the objective is to list the facilities involved along with the corresponding number of problem incidents in order to see which facilities experience the most and which the fewest problems. this might immediately suggest some contributing factors. for example, a study of car break - ins and thefts in downtown parking facilities in charlotte, north carolina revealed that the number of offenses in each parking lot was not merely a function of size. 14 rather, it was discovered that some smaller facilities experienced a large numbers of thefts because of some fairly obvious security deficiencies. this finding was explored in more depth in the analysis stage by computing theft rates for each facility based on its number of parking spaces. the analysis found that the risk of theft was far greater in surface lots than in parking garages, a fact that had not been known previously. subsequent analysis compared security features between the multilevel and surface lots and then within the members of each category in an effort to determine which aspects of security ( e. g., attendants, lighting, security guards ) explained the variation. this analysis guided the selection of measures that were to have been introduced at the response stage ; and had these been implemented as planned ( which was not the case ), the assessment stage would have examined, not merely whether theft rates declined overall, but whether those at the previously riskiest facilities had declined most. obviously, this type of analysis can be conducted within any group of facilities. second, risky facilities analysis can be helpful to crime prevention efforts that focus on a particular troublesome facility. in this sort of analysis, the scanning stage consists of comparing the problems at a particular facility with those at similar nearby facilities. for example, in a project that won the herman goldstein award for excellence in problem - oriented policing in 2003,


rate | adapted from : clarke and martin ( 1975 ). once a satisfactory measure of the problematic events for a defined group of facilities has been obtained, the following six - step procedure can be used to determine whether the 80 / 20 rule applies. † reproduced with permission from clarke and eck ( 2003 ) in order to analyze crime concentrations, it is first necessary to define the type of facility to be examined ; only then is it possible to create a list of facilities that meets that the definition. ideally, all places that fit the definition and that are in the area of study will be on the list once and only once. in addition, facilities that do not fit the definition will not be on the list. the further the list departs from this ideal, the more likely it is that the results will be misleading. identifying all facilities of a particular type in any given area can be troublesome : not only can it sometimes be difficult to develop an appropriate working definition of the type of facility at issue, but problems can also arise in regard to the data management practices of relevant public and private agencies. here is an example of creating a list of facilities that illustrates these points. a research team at the university of cincinnati, ohio wanted to determine why a few bars had numerous violent incidents, whereas most of the others had none or only a very few. to do this, they needed a definition of “ bar ” and a list of facilities that met this definition. researchers defined “ bar ” as a place that met four conditions : ( 1 ) it had to be open to the general public, rather than restricted to members or rented out to private parties ; ( 2 ) it had to serve alcohol for onsite consumption ; ( 3 ) some patrons had to come to the place for the primary purpose of consuming alcohol ; and ( 4 ) there had to be a designated physical area within the place that served as a drinking area. locations that did not meet all four conditions were excluded from the study. to obtain a list of locations meeting this definition, researchers began by consulting records from the ohio division of liquor control. these records showed that 633 places within the city limits were licensed to serve hard liquor. based upon their personal knowledge, researchers were able to exclude a number of locations from consideration, reducing the list to 391 possible bars. to isolate the real bars, researchers then compared the remaining locations to the most recent bar guide in a local weekly tabloid that catered to young adults, which contained both a brief written description of the locations and numerous commercial advertisements.


391 possible bars. to isolate the real bars, researchers then compared the remaining locations to the most recent bar guide in a local weekly tabloid that catered to young adults, which contained both a brief written description of the locations and numerous commercial advertisements. the tabloid information revealed that at least 198 of the 391 places fit the definition used. the tabloid list was incomplete, however, as there were an unknown number of city bars that were not reviewed by the tabloid staff. a check of the online yellow pages verified several more bars. private fraternal organizations were eliminated from consideration because they were not open to the general public. for most of the remaining places, researchers phoned or visited the sites, examining the physical locations and interviewing owners and employees. onsite visits revealed several restaurants had areas that looked like bars, but these were eventually eliminated from consideration when it became clear from interviews that they were more decorative than functional or that they were used for other purposes ( e. g., to hold carryout orders for customer pickup or to provide overflow seating where customers could eat ). ultimately, researchers identified 264 facilities that fit the definition of bar. these then became the subjects of the study. table 1 : the distribution of 121 assaults in 30 pubs | no. of assaults | | % of assaults | | cumulative % assaults | | cumulative % pubs | | george & dragon | | 6 | | 5. 0 | | 76. 9 | | 23. 3 | | hare & hounds | | 1 | | 0. 8 | | 96. 7 | | 46. 7 | | rose & crown | | 0 | | 0 | | 100 | | 63. 3 | | dog and fox | | 0 | | 0 | | 100 | | 76. 7 | because there is no single reason why facilities vary in risk, it is important to determine which reasons are in operation in each particular case. the most important sources of variation in risk follow. table 2 : reported shopliftings by store, danvers, mass. october 2003 to september 2004 | store | | shopliftings | | percent of shopliftings | | cumulative % of shopliftings | | cumulative % of stores | | shopliftings per 1000 sq. ft. | | 7 stores with 2 incidents | | 14 | | 4. 7 | | 90. 6 | | 30. 8 | | 0. 08 | | 28 stores with 1 incident | | 28 | | 9. 4 | | 100. 0 | | 66. 7 | | 0. 06


| | 4. 7 | | 90. 6 | | 30. 8 | | 0. 08 | | 28 stores with 1 incident | | 28 | | 9. 4 | | 100. 0 | | 66. 7 | | 0. 06 | | 26 stores with 0 incidents | | 0 | | 0. 0 | | 100. 0 | | 100. 0 | | 0. 00 | | total stores = 78 | | 298 | | 100. 0 | | 100. 0 | | 100. 0 | | 0. 15 | unfortunately, it is not always easy to obtain the data needed to correct for the size of the facilities under study. for example, a study of downtown parking lot thefts in charlotte, north carolina was impeded when the city was unable to provide data about the number of spaces in each lot. 16 as a result, police officers had to visit each lot and count the spaces by hand. † see clarke, ronald ( 1999 ) [ pdf ]. hot products. police research series. paper 112. london : home office. † see mike scott, the problem of robbery at automated teller machines, problem specific guide no. 8 ( washington, d. c. : office of community oriented policing services, u. s. department of justice, 2001 ). a sign outside a bar – how managers regulate patron conduct can have a big influence on crime risk. credit : john eck in every large city, a few low - cost rental apartment buildings make extraordinary demands on police time. these “ risky facilities ” are often owned by slumlords — unscrupulous landlords who purchase properties in poor neighborhoods and who make a minimum investment in management and maintenance. building services deteriorate, respectable tenants move out, and their place is taken by less respectable ones — drug dealers, pimps, and prostitutes — who can afford to pay the rent but who cannot pass the background checks made by more responsible managements. in the course of a problem - oriented policing project in santa barbara, california, officers kim frylsie and mike apsland analyzed arrests made at 14 rental apartment buildings owned by a slumlord, before and after he had purchased them. the table clearly shows a large increase in the number of people arrested at the properties in the years after he acquired them. there was also some evidence that the increased crime and disorder in these properties spilled over to infect other nearby apartment buildings — a finding that supports the widespread belief that slumlords contribute to neighborhood blight. | property |


after he acquired them. there was also some evidence that the increased crime and disorder in these properties spilled over to infect other nearby apartment buildings — a finding that supports the widespread belief that slumlords contribute to neighborhood blight. | property | | year aquired | | no. of units | | average pre - owning | | yearly arrests post - owning | source : clarke, ronald and gisela bichler - robertson ( 1998 ). “ place managers, slumlords and crime in low rent apartment buildings ”. security journal, 11 : 11 - 19. table 3 : responses to risky facilities | size | | facility is large and attracts many users, some of whom become victims. | | if the number of crimes per user is very small compared to most other facilities, then one option is to do nothing. alternatively, identify those most likely to become victims and the circumstances associated with their victimization, then focus on these individuals and circumstances. | | hot products | | facility contains a large number of things that are particularly vulnerable to theft or vandalism. | | remove hot products. provide additional protection to hot products. | | location | | facility may be located in close proximity to offenders. | | hire additional security. tailor management practices to the peculiarities of the area. | | repeat victims | | facility contains a few victims who are involved in a large proportion of crimes. | | provide victims with the information or inducements they need to make behavioral changes that will reduce their likelihood of victimization. provide information or protection to victims so that they are not victimized again. | | crime attractor | | facility attracts many offenders or a few high rate offenders. | | remove offenders through enforcement and incapacitation or rehabilitation. deny access to repeat offenders. | | poor design | | physical layout makes offending easy, rewarding or inducing risk. | | change the physical layout in conformity with principles of crime prevention through environmental design ( cpted ) †. | | poor management | | management practices or processes enable or encourage offending. | | change management procedures, paying particular attention to practices that influence repeat victimization. | † for additional information on cpted principles see response guide # 6. there is no single reason that explains why some facilities have far more crime than other facilities of the same type. rather, the full explanation usually involves a combination of the seven factors discussed above ; remember though, that the relative contribution of each will vary from case to case. in many problem - oriented


facilities have far more crime than other facilities of the same type. rather, the full explanation usually involves a combination of the seven factors discussed above ; remember though, that the relative contribution of each will vary from case to case. in many problem - oriented projects it might not be possible to explain completely the variations in risk between facilities, because such analysis is usually only possible after detailed research that can take weeks or months to complete. however, it is usually possible to get some idea of how each of the seven factors contributes to the problem by comparing high and low crime facilities. we previously explained how to do this when we discussed the various ways of testing the influence of location, hot products, repeat victimization and crime attractors. in some cases, quantitative data such as facility size will be readily available. in others, it might be necessary to survey the facilities to discover the relevant information. for example, in the project mentioned above that focused on thefts from cars in charlotte ’ s downtown parking facilities, police surveyed the lots to gather information about hours of operation, attendants, fencing, lighting, and other security measures. this provided many ideas for reducing crime in the riskiest facilities. in another charlotte study, a police survey found that the theft of household appliances from construction sites was much lower when builders delayed installation until the homes were ready for occupancy. 19 direct observation and discussions with managers and police familiar with the facilities ( see box 4 ) can yield valuable insights into the reasons for variations in risk between facilities. in addition, interviews with apprehended offenders can reveal how they evaluate the difficulties, rewards, and risks of preying upon the facilities in the sample. † similarly, interviews with victims — particularly repeat victims — can be revealing. † see scott decker, using offender interviews to inform police problem solving, problem solving tools series no. 3 ( washington, d. c. : office of community oriented policing services, 2005 ). in newark, new jersey, a project funded by the u. s. department of justice office of community oriented policing services ( the cops office ) focused on drug dealing in low cost private rental apartment complexes. 20 during the scanning stage, 22 possible sites for intervention ( out of a total of 506 private apartment complexes ) were identified through an analysis of police data and interviews with officers in the newark police department ’ s safer cities task force and special investigations unit. subsequent interviews with district commanders revealed a special problem with four apartment complexes located close to entry and exit ramps for interstate 78, which provided out - of -


and interviews with officers in the newark police department ’ s safer cities task force and special investigations unit. subsequent interviews with district commanders revealed a special problem with four apartment complexes located close to entry and exit ramps for interstate 78, which provided out - of - town buyers with easy access to drug markets. the buyers could briefly enter the city, purchase drugs at the complexes, drive around in a loop and quickly exit again. authorities implemented a traffic management plan that disrupted the loop by creating one - way streets and dead - ends. the traffic plan was reinforced with additional enforcement at the four sites and will eventually dovetail with a long - term project by the state to rebuild the ramps to route traffic away from residential areas. your ability to understand the reasons for the variations in risk will be greatly assisted where there is an existing problem - oriented policing guide that deals with the facilities that are the focus of your own project. although it will not tell you which factors are important in your sample, it will provide more specific suggestions than are provided by the general discussion above. as of june, 2006, ten guides focused on problems within specific types of facilities. † † new guides are constantly being added ; a list of those in preparation is available at www. popcenter. org. although there are many ways to reduce risk ( see table 3 ), it is important to focus on those that are most likely to succeed. for example, it is usually impossible to do anything about the size and location of specific facilities. similarly, changing a facility ’ s physical design can be difficult or costly and would only be justified in an extreme case. on the other hand, it may be easier to change business practices that facilitate or encourage crime and disorder ; this, however, cannot be done without the full cooperation of those who own or manage the facilities, as they are usually the ones who must implement and pay for the measures. before moving on to a discussion of the various ways of convincing facility managers to make the changes necessary to reduce crime or disorder, it is important to understand some of the reasons why they might not have done these things on their own. the reasons can include the following. although it always best to assume that managers and owners want to reduce crime and disorder in their facilities and that they will be open to working with the police and others to implement the necessary changes, the list above suggests that they will sometimes resist implementing remedial measures. consequently, it will sometimes be necessary to exert a certain amount of coercion, either directly or indirectly. there are several


police and others to implement the necessary changes, the list above suggests that they will sometimes resist implementing remedial measures. consequently, it will sometimes be necessary to exert a certain amount of coercion, either directly or indirectly. there are several ways that this can be done. † † see clarke, ronald ( 1999 ) [ pdf ]. hot products. police research series. paper 112. london : home office. ( accessible at www. popcenter. org ) demolition of a former bar and drug dealing hot spot : removing a very risky facility can be the best way to reduce crime credit : john eck table 4 : calls for police service oakland airport motel | year | | calls for service | | * through march 2003 | in practice, a combination of approaches — both a carrot and a stick — might be the most effective strategy. because business owners can be politically powerful, it may be far easier to reduce crime if management is induced to cooperate without engaging in a political battle. in this regard, it is important to recall the guiding principle of this guide, the 80 - 20 rule : most of the problem is likely to be the result of a few facilities. so it might be that enlisting the support of the majority of facility owners and managers — whose contributions to the problem are minor — to change the behavior of the few — whose contributions to the problem are major — can aid police in winning the political struggle. this can also reduce costs by focusing resources where they are needed most, which can aid in tailoring responses to particular settings, thereby increasing the chances that interventions will be effective. kock ( 1999 ). national association of convenience stores ( 1991 ). sherman, schmidt, and velke ( 1992 ). lindstrom ( 1997 ). bowers et al. ( 1998 ). hirschfield and bowers ( 1998 ). newton ( 2004 ) ; loukaitou - sideris and eck ( in press ). chula vista police department ( 2004 ). madensen et al. ( 2005 ). eck ( 2002 ). chula vista police department ( 2004 ). bowers, k., a. hirschfield and s. johnson ( 1998 ). “ victimization revisited : a case study of non - residential repeat burglary in merseyside. ” british journal of criminology 38 ( 3 ) : 429 - 452. chula vista police department. chief ’ s community advisory committee ( 2004 ). the chula vista motel project. chula vista, calif


. decker, s. ( 2005 ) using offender interviews to inform police problem solving, problem - oriented guides for police series, problem solving tools series no. 3 washington, d. c. : u. s. department of justice, office of community oriented policing services. [ full text ] eck, j. e. ( 2002 ). “ preventing crime at places. ” in l. w. sherman, d. farrington, b. welsh and d. l. mackenzie ( eds. ), evidence - based crime prevention. new york : routledge. - - - - ( 2003 ). “ police problems : the complexity of problem theory, research and evaluation. ” in j. knutsson ( ed. ), problem - oriented policing : from innovation to mainstream, crime prevention studies, vol. 15. monsey, n. y. : criminal justice press. [ full text ] eck, j., r. v. clarke and r. guerette ( 2007 ). “ risky facilities : crime concentration in homogeneous sets of facilities. ” crime prevention studies, vol. 21. monsey, n. y. : criminal justice press. [ full text ] felson, m., r. berends, b. richardson and a. veno ( 1997 ). “ reducing pub hopping and related crime. ” in r. homel ( ed. ), policing for prevention : reducing crime, public intoxication and injury, crime prevention studies, vol. 7. monsey, n. y. : criminal justice press. [ full text ] hirschfield, a., and k. bowers ( 1998 ). “ monitoring, measuring and mapping community safety. ” in a. marlow and j. pitts ( eds. ), planning safer communities. lyne regis : russell house publishing. homel, r., m. hauritz, g. mcilwain, r. wortley and r. carvolth ( 1997 ). “ preventing drunkenness and violence around nightclubs in a tourist resort. ” in r. v. clarke ( ed. ), situational crime prevention : successful case studies ( 2nd ed. ). guilderland, n. y. : harrow and heston. kock, r. ( 1999 ). 80 - 20 principle : the secret to success by achieving more with less. new york : doubleday. la vigne, n. ( 1994 ). “ gasoline drive - offs : designing a less convenient environment. ”


r. ( 1999 ). 80 - 20 principle : the secret to success by achieving more with less. new york : doubleday. la vigne, n. ( 1994 ). “ gasoline drive - offs : designing a less convenient environment. ” in r. v. clarke ( ed. ), crime prevention studies, vol. 2. monsey, n. y. : criminal justice press. [ full text ] lindstrom, p. ( 1997 ). “ patterns of school crime : a replication and empirical extension. ” british journal of criminology 37 ( 1 ) : 121 - 130. loukaitou - sideris, a., and j. e. eck ( in press ). “ crime prevention and active living. ” american journal of health promotion. madensen, t., m. skubak, d. morgan and j. e. eck ( 2005 ). open - air drug dealing in cincinnati, ohio : executive summary and final recommendations. cincinnati, ohio : university of cincinnati, division of criminal justice. available at www. uc. edu / criminaljustice / projectreports / final _ recommendations. pdf ) matthews, r., c. pease and k. pease ( 2001 ). “ repeat bank robbery : theme and variations. ” in g. farrell and k. pease ( eds. ), repeat victimization. crime prevention studies, vol. 12. monsey, n. y. : criminal justice press. [ full text ] national association of convenience stores ( 1991 ). convenience store security report and recommendations. alexandria, va. : national association of convenience stores. newton, a. ( 2004 ). crime and disorder on busses : toward an evidence base for effective crime prevention. phd dissertation, university of liverpool. oakland police department ( 2003 ). “ the oakland airport motel project. ” submission for the herman goldstein award for excellence in problem - oriented policing. [ full text ] perrone, s. ( 2000 ). crimes against small business in australia : a preliminary analysis. trends & issues in crime and criminal justice, no. 184. canberra : australian institute for criminology. [ full text ] scott, m. ( 2001 ). the problem of robbery at automated teller machines. problem - oriented guides for police series, problem specific guide no. 8. washington, d. c. : u. s. department of justice, office of community oriented policing services. [ full text ] scott, m., and h. goldstein (


- oriented guides for police series, problem specific guide no. 8. washington, d. c. : u. s. department of justice, office of community oriented policing services. [ full text ] scott, m., and h. goldstein ( 2005 ). shifting and sharing responsibility for public safety problems. problem - oriented guides for police, response guide series no. 3 washington, d. c. : u. s. department of justice, office of community oriented policing services. [ full text ] sherman, l., j. schmidt and r. velke ( 1992 ). high crime taverns : a recap project in problem - oriented policing. washington, d. c. : crime control institute. smith, d., m. gregson and j. morgan ( 2003 ). between the lines : an evaluation of the secured park award scheme. home office research study, no. 266. london : home office research, development and statistics directorate. [ full text ] stedman, j. ( 2005 ). “ alcohol issues in city parks. ” unpublished presentation to the chula vista city council. chula vista, ca : chula vista police department ( november ). weisel, d. ( 2005 ) analyzing repeat victimization. problem - oriented guides for police, problem solving tools series no. 4. washington, d. c. : u. s. department of justice, office of community oriented policing services. [ full text ] zanin, n., j. shane and r. v. clarke ( 2004 ). “ reducing drug dealing in private apartment complexes in newark, new jersey. ” a final report to the u. s. department of justice, office of community oriented policing services, on the field applications of the problem - oriented guides for police project. washington, d. c. : office of community oriented policing services, u. s. department of justice. [ full text ] you may order free bound copies in any of three ways : phone : 800 - 421 - 6770 or 202 - 307 - 1480 allow several days for delivery. send an e - mail with a link to this guide. error sending email. please review your enteries below.


q. what ' s wrong with hot dogs? a. nitrite additives in hotdogs form carcinogens. petition to ban three different studies have come out in the past year, finding that the consumption of hot dogs can be a risk factor for childhood cancer. peters et al. studied the relationship between the intake of certain foods and the risk of leukemia in children from birth to age 10 in los angeles county 1980 and 1987. the study found that children eating more than 12 hot dogs per month have nine times the normal risk of developing childhood leukemia. a strong risk for childhood leukemia also existed for those children whose fathers ' intake of hot dogs was 12 or more per month. researchers sarusua and savitz studied childhood cancer cases in denver and found that children born to mothers who consumed hot dogs one or more times during pregnancy has approximately double the risk of developing brain tumors. children who ate hot dogs one or more times per week were also at higher risk of brain cancer. bunin et al, also found that maternal consumption of hot dogs during pregnancy was associated with an excess risk of childhood q. how could hot dogs cause cancer? a. hot dogs contain nitrites which are used as preservatives, primarily to combat botulism. during the cooking process, nitrites combine with amines naturally present in meat to form carcinogenic n - nitroso compounds. that nitrites can combine with amines in the human stomach to form n - nitroso compounds. these compounds are known carcinogens and have been associated with cancer of the oral cavity, urinary bladder, esophagus, stomach and q. some vegetables contain nitrites, do they cause cancer too? a. it is true that nitrites are commonly found in many green vegetables, especially spinach, celery and green lettuce. however, the consumption of vegetables appears to be effective in reducing the risk of cancer. how is this possible? the explanation lies in the formation of n - nitroso compounds from nitrites and amines. nitrite containing vegetables also have vitamin c and d, which serve to inhibit the formation of n - nitroso compounds. consequently, vegetables are quite and serve to reduce your cancer risk. q. do other food products contain nitrites? a. yes, all cured meats contain nitrites. these include bacon and fish. q. are all hot dogs a risk for childhood cancer? a. no. not all hot dogs


q. do other food products contain nitrites? a. yes, all cured meats contain nitrites. these include bacon and fish. q. are all hot dogs a risk for childhood cancer? a. no. not all hot dogs on the market contain nitrites. because of modern refrigeration methods, nitrites are now used more for the red color they produce ( which is associated with freshness ) than for preservation. nitrite - free hot dogs, while they taste the same as nitrite hot dogs, have a brownish color that has limited their popularity among consumers. when cooked, nitrite - free hot dogs are perfectly safe and healthy. here are four things that you can do : - do not buy hot dogs containing nitrite. it is especially important that children and potential parents do not consume 12 or more of these - request that your supermarket have nitrite - free hot - contact your local school board and find out whether children are being served nitrite hot dogs in the cafeteria, - write the fda and express your concern that nitrite - hot dogs are not labeled for their cancer risk to children. you can dogs, docket # : 95p 0112 / cp1. cancer prevention coalition of public health, m / c 922 university of illinois at chicago 2121 west taylor street chicago, il 60612 tel : ( 312 ) 996 - 2297, fax : ( 312 ) 413 - 9898 1, peters j, et al " processed meats and risk of childhood leukemia ( california, usa ) " cancer causes & control 5 : 195 - 202, 1994. 2 sarasua s, savitz d. " cured and broiled meat consumption in relation to childhood cancer : denver, colorado ( united states ), " cancer causes & control 5 : 141 - 8, 1994. 3 bunin gr, et al. " maternal diet and risk of astrocytic glioma in children : a report from the children ' s cancer group ( united states and canada ), " cancer causes & control 5 : 177 - 87, 1994. 4. lijinsky w, epstein, s. " nitrosamines as environmental carcinogens, " nature 225 ( 5227 ) : 2112, 1970.


pppl scientists propose a solution to a critical barrier to producing fusion posted april 23, 2012 ; 05 : 00 p. m. physicists from the u. s. department of energy ' s princeton plasma physics laboratory ( pppl ) have discovered a possible solution to a mystery that has long baffled researchers working to harness fusion. if confirmed by experiment, the finding could help scientists eliminate a major impediment to the development of fusion as a clean and abundant source of energy for producing electric power. an in - depth analysis by pppl scientists zeroed in on tiny, bubble - like islands that appear in the hot, charged gases — or plasmas — during experiments. these minute islands collect impurities that cool the plasma. and these islands, the scientists report in the april 20 issue of the journal physical review letters, are at the root of a longstanding problem known as the " density limit " that can prevent fusion reactors from operating at maximum efficiency. fusion occurs when plasmas become hot and dense enough for the atomic nuclei contained within the hot gas to combine and release energy. but when the plasmas in experimental reactors called tokamaks reach the mysterious density limit, they can spiral apart into a flash of light. " the big mystery is why adding more heating power to the plasma doesn ' t get you to higher density, " said david gates, a principal research physicist at pppl and co - author of the proposed solution with luis delgado - aparicio, a postdoctoral fellow at pppl and a visiting scientist at the massachusetts institute of technology ' s plasma science fusion center. " this is critical because density is the key parameter in reaching fusion and people have been puzzling about this for more than 30 years. " a discovery by princeton plasma physics laboratory physicists luis delgado - aparicio ( left ) and david gates could help scientists eliminate a major impediment to the development of fusion as a clean and abundant source of energy for producing electric power. listen to a podcast with the scientists discussing their discovery. ( photo by elle starkman ) the scientists hit upon their theory in what gates called " a 10 - minute ' aha! ' moment. " working out equations on a whiteboard in gates ' office, the physicists focused on the islands and the impurities that drive away energy. the impurities stem from particles that the plasma kicks up from the tokamak wall. " when you hit this magical density limit, the islands grow and coalesce and the plasma ends up in a disruption, " said delgado - ap


energy. the impurities stem from particles that the plasma kicks up from the tokamak wall. " when you hit this magical density limit, the islands grow and coalesce and the plasma ends up in a disruption, " said delgado - aparicio. these islands actually inflict double damage, the scientists said. besides cooling the plasma, the islands act as shields that block out added power. the balance tips when more power escapes from the islands than researchers can pump into the plasma through a process called ohmic heating — the same process that heats a toaster when electricity passes through it. when the islands grow large enough, the electric current that helps to heat and confine the plasma collapses, allowing the plasma to fly apart. gates and delgado - aparicio now hope to test their theory with experiments on a tokamak called alcator c - mod at mit, and on the diii - d tokamak at general atomics in san diego. among other things, they intend to see if injecting power directly into the islands will lead to higher density. if so, that could help future tokamaks reach the extreme density and 100 - million - degree temperatures that fusion requires. the scientists ' theory represents a fresh approach to the density limit, which also is known as the " greenwald limit " after mit physicist martin greenwald, who has derived an equation that describes it. greenwald has another potential explanation for the source of the limit. he thinks it may occur when turbulence creates fluctuations that cool the edge of the plasma and squeeze too much current into too little space in the core of the plasma, causing the current to become unstable and crash. " there is a fair amount of evidence for this, " greenwald said. however, he added, " we don ' t have a nice story with a beginning and end and we should always be open to new ideas. " gates and delgado - aparicio pieced together their model from a variety of clues that have developed in recent decades. gates first heard of the density limit while working as a postdoctoral fellow at the culham centre for fusion energy in abingdon, england, in 1993. the limit had previously been named for culham scientist jan hugill, who described it to gates in detail. separately, papers on plasma islands were beginning to surface in scientific circles. french physicist paul - henri rebut described radiation - driven islands in a mid - 1980s conference paper, but not in a periodical. german physicist wolfgang suttrop speculated a decade later that


papers on plasma islands were beginning to surface in scientific circles. french physicist paul - henri rebut described radiation - driven islands in a mid - 1980s conference paper, but not in a periodical. german physicist wolfgang suttrop speculated a decade later that the islands were associated with the density limit. " the paper he wrote was actually the trigger for our idea, but he didn ' t relate the islands directly to the greenwald limit, " said gates, who had worked with suttrop on a tokamak experiment at the max planck institute for plasma physics in garching, germany, in 1996 before joining pppl the following year. in early 2011, the topic of plasma islands had mostly receded from gates ' mind. but a talk by delgado - aparicio about the possibility of such islands erupting in the plasmas contained within the alcator c - mod tokamak reignited his interest. delgado - aparicio spoke of corkscrew - shaped phenomena called snakes that had first been observed by pppl scientists in the 1980s and initially reported by german physicist arthur weller. intrigued by the talk, gates urged delgado - aparicio to read the papers on islands by rebut and suttrop. an email from delgado - aparicio landed in gates ' inbox some eight months later. in it was a paper that described the behavior of snakes in a way that fit nicely with the c - mod data. " i said, ' wow! he ' s made a lot of progress, ' " gates remembered. " i said, ' you should come down and talk about this. ' " what most excited gates was an equation for the growth of islands that hinted at the density limit by modifying a formula that british physicist paul harding rutherford had derived back in the 1980s. " i thought, ' if wolfgang ( suttrop ) was right about the islands, this equation should be telling us the greenwald limit, " gates said. " so when luis arrived i pulled him into my office. " then a curious thing happened. " it turns out that we didn ' t even need the entire equation, " gates said. " it was much simpler than that. " by focusing solely on the density of the electrons in a plasma and the heat radiating from the islands, the researchers devised a formula for when the heat loss would surpass the electron density. that in turn pinpointed a possible mechanism behind the greenwald limit. delgado - aparicio became so absorbed in the scientists ' new ideas that


the islands, the researchers devised a formula for when the heat loss would surpass the electron density. that in turn pinpointed a possible mechanism behind the greenwald limit. delgado - aparicio became so absorbed in the scientists ' new ideas that he missed several turnoffs while driving back to cambridge, mass., that night. " it ' s intriguing to try to explain mother nature, " he said. " when you understand a theory you can try to find a way to beat it. by that i mean find a way to work at densities higher than the limit. " conquering the limit could provide essential improvements for future tokamaks that will need to produce self - sustaining fusion reactions, or " burning plasmas, " to generate electric power. such machines include proposed successors to iter, a $ 20 billion experimental reactor that is being built in cadarache, france, by the european union, the united states and five other countries. why hadn ' t researchers pieced together a similar theory of the density - limit puzzle before? the answer, said gates, lies in how ideas percolate through the scientific community. " the radiation - driven islands idea never got a lot of press, " he said. " people thought of them as curiosities. the way we disseminate information is through publications, and this idea had a weak initial push. " pppl, in plainsboro, n. j., is devoted both to creating new knowledge about the physics of plasmas — ultra - hot, charged gases — and to developing practical solutions for the creation of fusion energy. through the process of fusion, which is constantly occurring in the sun and other stars, energy is created when the nuclei of two lightweight atoms, such as those of hydrogen, combine in plasma at very high temperatures. when this happens, a burst of energy is released, which can be used to generate electricity. pppl is managed by princeton university for the u. s. department of energy ' s office of science.


prlog ( press release ) - apr. 10, 2012 - many are not aware that on the day titanic collided with an iceberg in the north atlantic, the ship had received no less than six wireless transmissions describing the extent of the dangerous ice fields and bergs, but that not all of these messages made it to the bridge and that the captain therefore had an incorrect mental picture which did not match the reality on the ocean in front of him. author david warner mathisen, a professional analyst and former us army infantry officer, observes that this type of failure to “ connect the dots ” is well known in the army, and that military concepts such as “ situational awareness ” and clausewitz ’ s phrase “ the fog of war ” are valuable tools for extracting lessons from the disaster that we can apply today. he points out that in many situations, the information that is needed to enable accurate analysis of the situation is actually available, but overlooked or not placed into the proper framework or context, so that the dots are not connected, something that happens so often that we can conclude that gaining true situational awareness is actually exceedingly difficult, even though it might at first appear to be simple. he then goes on to argue that the data we may be overlooking from a civilizational perspective may be creating a dangerous “ false picture ” that creates potentially serious danger, which should encourage greater efforts to “ connect the dots ” using tools that can facilitate better analysis. while many various theories of greater or lesser merit have been put forward to explain the 1912 titanic disaster, including some recent analysis that the position of the earth in relation to both the moon and the sun may have played a role, ultimately the sinking and the tragic loss of life were the result of a lack of situational awareness – not just prior to the collision but in the fatal aftermath as well. # # # david warner mathisen is a professional analyst and former us army officer, and the author of the book " the mathisen corollary " and of the recently - released essay " titanic and the fall of civilizations. "


cambridge – public - opinion polls show that citizens in many democracies are unhappy with their leaders. this is particularly true in great britain, where a number of members of parliament have used their housing allowances to enhance their income, sometimes legally and sometimes not. some analysts predict that only half of britain ’ s mps will be returned in next year ’ s election. but, whatever the failures of particular british legislators, the issues go further than merely allowing voters to “ throw the rascals out. ” there is also a question of how successful leadership is taught and learned in a democracy. a successful democracy requires leadership to be widespread throughout government and civil society. citizens who express concern about leadership need to learn not only how to judge it, but how to practice it themselves. many observers say that leadership is an art rather than a science. good leadership is situational. in my book the powers to lead, i call this skill “ contextual intelligence. ” the ability to mobilize a group effectively is certainly an art rather than a predictive science, and varies with situations, but that does not mean that it cannot be profitably studied and learned. music and painting are based in part on innate skills, but also on training and practice. and artists can benefit not merely from studio courses, but also from art appreciation lessons that introduce them to the full repertoires and pallets of past masters. learning leadership occurs in a variety of ways. learning from experience is the most common and most powerful. it produces the tacit knowledge that is crucial in a crisis. but experience and intuition can be supplemented by analytics, which is the purpose of my book. as mark twain once observed, a cat that sits on a hot stove will not sit on a hot stove again, but it won ’ t sit on a cold one, either. consequently, learning to analyze situations and contexts is an important leadership skill. the united states army categorizes leadership learning under three words : “ be, know, do. ” “ be ” refers to the shaping of character and values, and it comes partly from training and partly from experience. “ know ” refers to analysis and skills, which can be trained. “ do ” refers to action and requires both training and fieldwork. most important, however, is experience and the emphasis on learning from mistakes and a continuous process that results from what the military calls “ after - action reviews. ” learning can also occur in the classroom, whether through case studies, historical and analytic approaches, or experiential teaching that


and the emphasis on learning from mistakes and a continuous process that results from what the military calls “ after - action reviews. ” learning can also occur in the classroom, whether through case studies, historical and analytic approaches, or experiential teaching that simulates situations that train students to increase self - awareness, distinguish their roles from their selves, and use their selves as a barometer for understanding a larger group. similarly, students can learn from the results of scientific studies, limited though they may be, and by studying the range of behaviors and contexts that historical episodes can illuminate. in practice, of course, few people occupy top positions in groups or organizations. most people “ lead from the middle. ” effective leadership from the middle often requires attracting and persuading those above, below, and beside you. indeed, leaders in the middle frequently find themselves in a policy vacuum, with few clear directives from the top. a passive follower keeps his head down, shuns risk, and avoids criticism. an opportunist uses the slack to feather his own nest rather than help the leader or the public. bureaucratic entrepreneurs, on the other hand, take advantage of such opportunities to adjust and promote policies. the key moral question is whether, and at what point, their entrepreneurial activity exceed the bounds of policies set from the top. since they lack the legitimate authority of elected or high - level appointed officials, bureaucratic entrepreneurs must remain cognizant of the need to balance initiative with loyalty. leaders should encourage such entrepreneurship among their followers as a means of increasing their effectiveness. after all, the key to successful leadership is to surround oneself with good people, empower them by delegating authority, and then claim credit for their accomplishments. to make this formula work, however, requires a good deal of soft power. without the soft power that produces attraction and loyalty to the leader ’ s goals, entrepreneurs run off in all directions and dissipate a group ’ s energies. with soft power, however, the energy of empowered followers strengthens leaders. leadership is broadly distributed throughout healthy democracies, and all citizens need to learn more about what makes good and bad leaders. potential leaders, in turn, can learn more about the sources and limits of the soft - power skills of emotional iq, vision, and communication, as well as hard - power political and organizational skills. they must also better understand the nature of the contextual intelligence they will need to educate their hunches and sustain strategies of smart power. most


as millions across india thronged durga puja marquees on the penultimate day of the festival wednesday, so did the jaintias, an indigenous tribe of meghalaya comprising christians, continuing a 400 - year - old unique tradition. worshipping goddess durga with the same fervour and devotion but with a different set of rituals, hundreds of jaintias, both christians and believers of an indigenous faith, thronged the ancient temple at nartiang, about 65 km east of shillong. the pnar people, as jaintias are known, were also joined by tourists. the tradition goes back over 400 years. perched on a hill top, overlooking the myntang stream, the durga bari at nartiang in the jaintia hills district was built by the jaintia kings in the 16th - 17th centuries. " twenty - two generations of jaintia kings worshipped durga and jayanteswari, the ancestral deity of the jaintia kings, " said the young temple priest, molay desmukh. desmukh, 20, took charge of the durga temple five years ago after the demise of his father gopendra desmukh. interestingly, desmukh priests were brought to nartiang by the jaintia kings from bengal, not maharashtra as the surname may suggest. the dilapidated centuries - old temple structure was demolished recently, and a new one was built with minimal change in design and material in its place. durga and jayanteswari are placed on the same place and worshipped together. both the idols are made of astadhatu ( eight precious metals ), and each is about six to eight inches tall. " the rituals and religious functions during the durga puja are performed as per the hindu way, " the priest said. the ceremony begins with ablution of both the idols, which are then draped in colourful new attires and ornaments before the rituals. on the fourth day of the five - day festival, animal sacrifice is carried out. " however, during the royal jainitia rule there used to be a scary practice of human sacrifice, " the priest said, pointing to a small square hole. he has been told by his father that " the severed head used to be rolled through the hole connected to a secret tunnel that falls into the adjacent river myntang ". it ' s believed that the practice was stopped by the british, after the sacrifice of a british subject. " instead, now water gourds are sacrificed, along with animals and birds such as goats, chicken


the adjacent river myntang ". it ' s believed that the practice was stopped by the british, after the sacrifice of a british subject. " instead, now water gourds are sacrificed, along with animals and birds such as goats, chicken and pigeons, " desmukh said. a human mask is placed on the gourds, as a symbolic act of human sacrifice. apart from this unique tradition, there is another indigenous feature that marks durga puja at nartiang - - the durga idol is permanent and is not sent for immersion after the last day of worship. however, the priest installs a young banana plant beside the durga idol, which is taken out after the completion of the worship and immersed in the nearby river myntang. the entire expenditure of the durga puja is borne by the dolloi ( traditional village chief, who is non - christian ) of nartiang. even though the majority of the tribal population in the state of meghalaya has embraced christianity, a sizeable section of the community has retained its indigenous culture, religion and customs. " nartiang was the summer capital of the jaintia kingdom, which was set up at jaintiapur, now in sylhet district of bangladesh, " said historian j. b. bhattacharjee. " the palace, though in ruins, still stands there as a testimony to the jaintia heritage, " he said. the jaintia kings spent the summer in the hills to escape the unbearable heat in the plains and return to jaintiapur after durga puja. the royal tradition continued till the british annexed the jaintia territories in 1835, thereby ending jaintia reign in the plains.


lama ole nydahl the six liberating actions are a motivational teaching for direct use in one ' s life. as is generally known, buddhism has a very practical aim and its view is exceedingly clear. no one gets enlightened from only hearing teachings. lasting results come from real experiences and the changes they bring about. because this is so important, buddha gave much practical advice, which should never be seen as commandments but as help from a friend. being neither a creator nor a judging god, he wants no followers nor students who are a flock of sheep. instead he wants colleagues - mature people sharing his enlightenment and the massive responsibility it entails are his real goal. for those who mainly think of themselves, his advice is contained in the noble eightfold path. starting with a useful lifestyle, it culminates in proper concentration. whoever has reached the level of compassion and insight, and wishes to be useful to others, finds the six paramitas or six liberating actions more useful. ' ita ' means ' gone ' and ' param ' means ' beyond '. the paramitas develop love which takes one beyond the personal. it is the view which sets one free, the deep insight that seer, things seen, and the act of seeing are interdependent and one, that subject, object and action cannot be separated. the paramitas liberate not because bad pictures in the mirror of one ' s mind are replaced with good ones, but because the confident states the latter produce allow one to go behind the good and the bad and recognize the mirror itself ; shining, perfect and more fantastic than anything that it may reflect. the actions are liberating because they bring a recognition of the ultimate nature of mind. if one only fills the mind with good impressions, that would of course bring future happiness, but it would not go beyond the conditioned. with the view of the oneness of subject, object and action, whatever is undertaken for the benefit of others will bring the doer timeless benefit. the first liberating action : generosity. generosity opens up every situation. the world is full of spontaneous richness, but no matter how good the music is, there is no party if no one dances. if no one shares anything of themselves, nothing meaningful will happen. that is why generosity is so important. at buddha ' s time, people were much less complicated than today. they also did not have amazing machines working for them. at that time, generosity was a question of


of themselves, nothing meaningful will happen. that is why generosity is so important. at buddha ' s time, people were much less complicated than today. they also did not have amazing machines working for them. at that time, generosity was a question of helping others survive, of assuring that they had enough to eat. this meant the act was often focused on material things. today, in the free and non - overpopulated part of the world, this is not the case ; one usually dies from too much fat around the heart. due to a lack of clear thinking, people develop inner problems as the outer ones diminish, and start to feel lonely and insecure. instead of worrying about necessities, they develop complicated inner lives and many have never tasted the joy of their physical freedom. thus in the western world and parts of asia, where material things are abundant - generosity refers mostly to the emotional. it means sharing one ' s power, joy and love with others, from the beyond - personal levels from where there is no falling down. if one meditates well and taps into the unconditioned states of mind, there is no end to the good that one may pass on to others. sharing one ' s ultimate certainty is the finest gift of all - giving beings one ' s warmth - and though one cannot take one ' s car or fame past the grave, not everything is lost at death. the qualities developed during former lives are easily re - gained in later ones and there is no richness that is passed more directly from one existence to another than joyful energy. squeezing the juice out of life pays, and a few more mantras or prostrations, some more love for one ' s partner than usual, not only bring power here and now, but speed up enlightenment. as already mentioned, the finest and only lasting richness one may bring beings is an insight into their unconditioned nature. but how to do that? how does one show others their innate perfection? the best mirror is buddha ' s teachings and this is why no activity is more beneficial than the making of meditation centers. the practical wisdom they disseminate acquaints many with the clear light of their consciousness and the seeds thus planted will grow over all future lives until enlightenment. though many socially minded people claim that such teachings are a luxury and that first one should give people something to eat, this is not true. there is ample space for both. when the mind functions well, the stomach will digest the food better


enlightenment. though many socially minded people claim that such teachings are a luxury and that first one should give people something to eat, this is not true. there is ample space for both. when the mind functions well, the stomach will digest the food better and maybe then one can understand the reasons for having less children. in any case, the body will disappear while the mind continues on. the second paramita : a life that is aware, meaningful and useful to others. as terms like morality and ethics are employed by governing classes to control those below, many prefer not to use them. people are consciously intimidated by this, and often think, " if the state doesn ' t get you in this life, the church will get you afterwards. " even when only advice is given, as in the case of the buddha, and the full development of beings is the only goal, one has to choose words which instruct clearly, without employing fear. the best definition of the second liberating action is probably living meaningfully and for the benefit of others. so what does this mean? how can one encompass the countless actions, words and thoughts during just one single day? buddha, seeing everything from the state of timeless wisdom, had a few unique ideas. because people have ten fingers for counting and then remembering, he gave ten pieces of advice concerning what is useful and what is not. encompassing body, speech and mind, they become meaningful also to independent people when one recognizes that buddha is not a boss, but a friend wishing one happiness. he wants everybody to share the blissful clear light of mind ; the knower of past, present and future. understanding that everybody is a buddha who has not realized it yet, and recognizing the outer world to be a pure land, all experience becomes the expression of highest wisdom simply because it can happen. how else could the buddha act? he never teaches by dogma or from above but shares his wisdom with beings whom he knows to be his equals in essence. due to the good karma of those surrounding him, buddha tought for a full 45 years and died with a smile. he taught many extraordinary students. the questions they asked him were on the level of socrates, aristotle and plato ; the best minds of an amazing generation came to test him with the complete range of their philosophical tools and found not only convincing words, but buddha ' s power was so skillful that it changed them in lasting ways. beyond perfecting their logical abilities, he influenced their whole mind. introducing them to the timeless experiencer behind


range of their philosophical tools and found not only convincing words, but buddha ' s power was so skillful that it changed them in lasting ways. beyond perfecting their logical abilities, he influenced their whole mind. introducing them to the timeless experiencer behind the experiences, there was no space left for doubt. on the levels of body, speech and mind, it is not difficult to understand what is useful to avoid. when people have problems with the police, usually they have caused some trouble with their body. killing, stealing, or harming others sexually are the main points here. when they are lonely, usually they say things which disturb others. they usually lie with the intent to harm others, spread gossip, split friends or confuse people. if somebody is unhappy, one will develop a tendency to dislike others, feel envy and permit states of confusion to drag on. the opposite are ten positive actions of body, speech and mind which only bring happiness. they make one powerful and useful to others. here the buddha advises using one ' s body as a tool to protect beings, to give them love and whatever else they need. whoever has success with others now, has developed that potential during earlier lives, so the quicker one starts, the better. one ' s speech may touch many more beings with the means of communication today. kind words previously spoken, create pleasant experiences now and strengthen good karma. if people listen, speak kindly and receive clear information, then again, in this life they will see benefit in telling the truth whenever possible, avoid telling lies to harm others, show people how things work in the world, and bring them calm. and finally, what to do with one ' s mind? good wishes, joy in the good that others do and clear thinking is the way to go. these qualities brought us the mental happiness we enjoy today and making a habit of them insures happiness until enlightenment. the mind is most important of all. thoughts today become words tomorrow and actions the day after. every moment here and now is important. if one watches the mind, nothing can stop one ' s progress. the third paramita : how not to lose future happiness through anger. when one is accumulating spiritual richness through generosity and directing it with the right understanding, the third quality needed on one ' s way is patience ; not to lose the good energy at work for others and oneself. how may one lose it? through anger. anger is the only luxury mind cannot afford. good impressions gathered over lifetimes - mind ' s capital and the


' s way is patience ; not to lose the good energy at work for others and oneself. how may one lose it? through anger. anger is the only luxury mind cannot afford. good impressions gathered over lifetimes - mind ' s capital and the only source of lasting happiness - may be burnt in no time through fits of hot or cold rage. buddha said that avoiding anger is the most difficult and most beautiful robe one can wear, and he gave many means to obtain that goal. one which is very useful today is experiencing a situation as a series of separate events to which one reacts without any evaluation. this " salami tactic " or " strobe light - view " is very effective when reacting to a physical danger. also other methods like feeling empathy with whomever creates bad karma, knowing it will return to them, and being aware of the impermanent and conditioned nature of every experience, and imagining how deluded people must be to cause such trouble are beneficial approaches. reacting to whatever appears without anger will set free the timeless wisdom of body, speech, and mind and one ' s reactions will be right. on the highest level of practice called the diamond way, one lets unwanted emotions float on a carpet of mantras, letting them fall away without causing any bad habits. one may also let the thief " come to an empty house " by simply being aware of the feeling while doing nothing unusual. when it has visited a few times without receiving any energy, it will come less frequently and then stay away. whoever can be aware as anger appears, plays around and then disappears, will discover a radiant state of mind, showing all things clearly like a mirror. in any case, it is wise to avoid anger as well as one can. and when it bites, to let it go quickly. the decision to stop anger and remove it whenever it appears is the support for the " inner " or bodhisattva vow. force is useful to protect and teach, but the feeling of anger is always difficult and causes most of the suffering in the world today. the buddhist protectors removing harm, or tilopa and marpa polishing off their students in record time fall under the category of forceful action. probably no teacher could survive without having to resort to it. meditation centers need this view for a balanced policy for their visitors. if people appear drunk, on drugs, unwashed or behave badly, one should make them leave quickly. they disturb others, plus the next day they will not remember what they have learned. the function of a


for a balanced policy for their visitors. if people appear drunk, on drugs, unwashed or behave badly, one should make them leave quickly. they disturb others, plus the next day they will not remember what they have learned. the function of a buddhist center, and especially of the karma kagyu lineage, is to offer a spiritual way to those who are too critical and independent for anything else ; there are enough churches and places for people searching for help. not everybody brings the necessary conditions for entering the buddhist practice, however. to practice the diamond way one needs a foundation of being at least behaved, able to not take things personally and to think of others. the fourth paramita : joyful energy insuring our growth. next follows joyful energy. without that, life has no " zap " and one will get older but not wiser. it is a point where one should be conscious and keep feeding body, speech and mind the impressions which give an appetite for further conquest and joy. as most have a strong tendency towards inertia and the status quo, one should make sure to stay alive from the inside out, which actually happens best through the pure view of the diamond way. knowing that all beings are buddhas just waiting to be shown their richness and that all existence is the free play of enlightened space : what would be more inspiring than making all that come true? there is an immense joy inherent in constant growth, in never allowing anything to become stale or used. real development lies beyond the comfort zone and it pays well to demand little from others and much from oneself. the fifth paramita : meditation which makes life meaningful. the former four points should be evident to everybody. whoever wants to give life power and meaning has to invoke others. this happens best through generosity with body, speech and mind. one needs to direct the energy thus arising through skillful thoughts, words and actions and then to avoid the anger which destroys all good seeds one may have planted. also energy gives that extra push which opens new dimensions. but why meditation? because one cannot willfully keep the states so joyfully reached at times. unwanted emotions often lurk in dark corners of beings ' consciousness and may bring them to do, say or experience things they would rather have avoided. here, the pacifying meditation of calming and holding the mind gives the necessary distance to choose taking roles in life ' s comedies and avoiding it ' s tragedies. the sixth paramita : wisdom - recognizing the true nature of


activemq via c # using apache. nms part 1 java message service ( jms ) is the de facto standard for asynchronous messaging between loosely coupled, distributed applications. per the specification, it provides a common way for java application to create, send, receive and read messages. this is great for enterprises or organizations whose architecture depends upon a single platform ( java ), but the reality is that most organizations have hi - bred architectures consisting of java and. net ( and others ). oftentimes these systems need to communicate using common messaging schematics : activemq and apache. nms satisfy this integration requirement. the jms specification outlines the requirements for system communication between java messaging middleware and the clients that use them. products that implement the jms specification do so by developing a provider that supports the set of jms interfaces and messaging semantics. examples of jms providers include open source offerings such as activemq, hornetq and glassfish and proprietary offerings such as sonicmq and websphere mq. the specification simply makes it easier for third parties to develop providers. all messaging in jms is peer - 2 - peer ; clients are either jms or non jms applications that send and receive messages via a provider. jms applications are pure java based applications whereas non jms use jms styled apis such as activemq. nms which uses openwire, a cross language wire protocol that allows native access to the activemq provider. jms messaging schematics are defined into two separate domains : queue based and topic based applications. queue based or more formally, point - to - point ( ptp ) clients rely on “ senders ” sending messages to specific queues and “ receivers ” registering as listeners to the queue. in scenarios where more a queue has more than one listener, the messages are delivered in a round - robin fashion between each listener ; only one copy of the message is delivered. think of this as something like a phone call between you and another person. topic based application follow the publish / subscribe metaphor in which ( in most cases ) a single publisher client publishes a message to a topic and all subscribers to that topic receive a copy. this type of messaging metaphor is often referred to as broadcast messaging because a single client sends messages to all client subscribers. this is some analogous to a tv station broadcasting a television show to you and any other people who wish to “ subscribe ” to a specific channel. jms api basics the jms standard defines a


a single client sends messages to all client subscribers. this is some analogous to a tv station broadcasting a television show to you and any other people who wish to “ subscribe ” to a specific channel. jms api basics the jms standard defines a series of interfaces that client applications and providers use to send messages and receive messages. from a client perspective, this makes learning the various jms implementations relatively easy, since once you learn one you can apply what you learned to another implementation relatively easily and nms is no exception. the core components of jms are as follows : connectionfactory, connection, destination, session, messageproducer, and messageconsumer. the following diagram illustrates communication and creational aspects of each object : nms supplies similar interfaces to the. net world which allows for clients to send messages to and from the activemq jms via openwire. a quick rundown of the nms interfaces are as follows : note that the apache. nms namespace contains several more interfaces and classes, but these are the essential interfaces that map to the jms specification. the following diagram illustrates the signature that each interface provides : the interfaces above are all part of the apache. nms 1. 30 api available for download here. in order to use nms in your. net code you also need to down load the apache. nms. activemq client as well and to test your code, you will need to download and install the activemq broker, which is written in java so it requires the jre to be installed as well. the following table provides links to each download : for my examples i will be using the latest release of apache. nms and apache. nms. activemq as of this writing time. you should simple pick the latest version that is stable. the same applies for activemq and the jdk / jre … note that you only need the java runtime environment ( jre ) to host install activemq. install the jdk if you want to take advantage of some the tools that it offers for working with jms providers. to start activemq, install the jre ( if you do not already have it installed – most people do already ) and unzip the activemq release into a directory … in directory will do. open a command prompt and navigate to the folder with the activemq release and locate the “ bin ” folder, then type ‘ activemq ”. you should see something like the following : download and


into a directory … in directory will do. open a command prompt and navigate to the folder with the activemq release and locate the “ bin ” folder, then type ‘ activemq ”. you should see something like the following : download and install the apache. nms and apache. nms. activemq libraries from the links defined in the table above. unzip them into a directory on your hard drive, so that you can reference them from visual studio. open visual studio 2008 / 2010 and create a new windows project of type “ class library ” : and once the project is created, using the “ add reference ” dialog, browse to the directory where you unzipped the apache. nms files defined above and a reference to the apache. nms. dll. do the same for the apache. nms. activemq download. note that each download contains builds for several different. net versions ; i chose the “ net - 3. 5 ” version of each dll since i am using vs 2008 and targeting the 3. 5 version of. net. for my examples you will also need to install the latest and greatest version nunit from www. nunit. org. after you have installed nunit, add a reference to the nunit. framework. dll. note that any unit testing framework should work. add three classes to the project : - a test harness class ( apachenmsactivemqtests. cs ) - a publisher class ( topicpublisher. cs ) - a subscriber class ( topicsubscriber. cs ). your solution explorer should look something like the following : the test harness will be used to demonstrate the use of the two other classes. the topicpublisher class represents a container for a message producer and the topicsubcriber represents a container for a message consumer. the publisher, topicpublisher is a simple container / wrapper class that allows a client to easily send messages to a topic. remember from my previous discussion about topics that topics allow for broadcast messaging scenarios : a single publisher sends a message to one or more subscribers and that all subscribers will receive a copy of the message. message producers typically have a lifetime equal to the amount of time it takes to send a message, however for performance reasons you can extend the life out to the length of the application ’ s lifetime. like the topicpublisher above, the topicsubscriber class is container / wrapper class that allows clients


takes to send a message, however for performance reasons you can extend the life out to the length of the application ’ s lifetime. like the topicpublisher above, the topicsubscriber class is container / wrapper class that allows clients to “ listen in ” or “ subscribe ” to a topic. the topicsubscriber class is typically has a lifetime that is the equal to the lifetime of the application. the reason is pretty obvious : a publisher always knows when it will publish, but a subscriber never knows when the publisher will send the message. what the subscriber does is create a permanent “ listener ” to the topic, when a publisher sends a message to the topic, the subscriber will receive and process the message. the following unit test shows the classes above used in conjunction with the apache. nms and apache. nms. activemq api ’ s to send and receive messages to activemq which is java based, from the. net world! here is quick rundown of the apachnmsactivemqtests class : - declare variables for the required nms objects and the topicsubscriber - declare variables for the broker uri, the topic to subscribe / publish to, and the client and consumer ids - create a connectionfactory object, create and start a connection, and then create a session to work with. - create and start the topicsubscriber which will be a listener / subscriber to the “ testtopic ” topic. also, to receive messages you must register an event handler or lambda expression with the messagereceiveddelegate delegate. in this example i in - lined a lambda expression for simplicity. - on the test the method, create a temporary publisher and send a message to the topic. - tear down and dispose of the subscriber and session. - tear down and dispose of the connection. after you run the unit test you should see something like the following message : note that activemq must be up and running for the example to work.


nearly everybody with more than the minimum amount of computer knowledge will have used the built in windows task manager, and know what an important tool it can sometimes be. whenever a program crashes, hangs, consumes too many resources or just shouldn ’ t be there, often the quickest and easiest way to solve the problem is using task manager to forcefully close the program. the problem with task manager is it ’ s such a vital troubleshooting component, malware often targets it and tries to block use of the task manager so the malicious process cannot be terminated. some more sophisticated malware can even block third party task management software such as process explorer from running. if you ’ re stuck and the default task manager has been blocked or you can ’ t run a third party task manager tool then things can become quite tricky. there is however, a rather interesting solution to get around this problem, which is to use a task manager tool built to run in a microsoft excel spreadsheet. most people would expect a utility like this to be an executable. exe file, but this one is actually a standard office 97 – 2003 worksheet. xls file with some built in trickery. taskmanager. xls is a small ( 41kb ) and simple task manager that has been created using the visual basic for applications ( vba ) programming language component built into excel and other office applications. while it doesn ’ t show you things like running services, performance graphs or network activity, it can list the currently running processes, and terminate, suspend or resume any of them, which is the most important part when dealing with malware. for this to run you have to make sure macro ’ s are enabled in excel because their usage is disabled by default to protect against potential macro viruses. if macro ’ s are disabled for instance in excel 2003, and you don ’ t get asked if you want to enable them for the current sheet, go to tools - > options - > security - > macro security, and set the level to medium which will always ask to run a macro in future. there are only 2 buttons and a blank window in taskmanager. xls to start with. the list processes button will populate the window with a list of all running and active processes on your computer, and the execute commands button will perform one of the three tasks available of terminate, suspend or resume a process. these are used by entering t, s or r into column a of the worksheet, then pressing the button. the


your computer, and the execute commands button will perform one of the three tasks available of terminate, suspend or resume a process. these are used by entering t, s or r into column a of the worksheet, then pressing the button. the screenshot below shows that the maliciousprocess. exe is to be suspended and ransomware. exe terminated when the execute commands button is pressed. clicking the button will do just that, then press the list processes button again to update the list. do note that like a traditional task manager tool, taskmanager. xls is unable to terminate protected processes. for example, nothing will happen if you try to terminate the client server runtime process ( csrss. exe ) from taskmanager. xls. taskmanager. xls is very useful but unfortunately it does have problems working in other office suites. in libre office v4 clicking the list processes button will prompt a runtime error, and softmaker office free version doesn ’ t support vba. the free version of kingsoft office doesn ’ t support vba either so won ’ t run although the professional version does support it and might work. even the free excel viewer provided by microsoft doesn ’ t work, so it appears that sadly the taskmanager. xls tool is only compatible with the real microsoft excel.


below you will find several recent observations about the relationship between reading and science process skills. significant improvement in both science and reading scores occurred when the regular basal reading program was replaced with reading in science that correlated with the science curriculum ( romance and vitale, 2001 ). teachers should help students recognize the important role that prior knowledge plays and teach them to use that knowledge when learning science through reading ( barton and jordan, 2001 ). most students arrive at the science teacher ' s classroom knowing how to read, but few understand how to use reading for learning science content ( santa, havens, and harrison, 1996 ). the same skills that make good scientists also make good readers : engaging prior knowledge, forming hypotheses, establishing plans, evaluating understanding, determining the relative importance of information, describing patterns, comparing and contrasting, making inferences, drawing conclusions, generalizing, evaluating sources, and so on ( armbruster, 1993 ). the skills in science are remarkably similar to those used in other subjects, especially reading. when students are doing science, following scientific procedures, and thinking as scientists, they are developing skills that are necessary for effective reading and understanding ( padilla, muth and lund padilla, 1991 ). students engaging in hands - on activities are forced to confront currently held cognitive frameworks with new ideas, and, thus actively reconstruct meaning form experience ( shymansky, 1989 ). because hands - on activities encourage students to generate their own questions whose answers are found by subsequent reading of their science textbook or other science materials, such activities can provide students with both a meaningful purpose for reading ( ulerick, 1989 ) and context - valid cognitive frames of reference from which to construct meaning from text ( nelson - herber, 1986 ). reading and activity - oriented sciences emphasize the same intellectual skills and are both concerned with thinking processes. when a teacher helps students develop science process skills, reading processes are simultaneously being developed ( mechling & oliver, 1983 and simon & zimmerman, 1980 ). research indicates that a strong experienced - based science program, one in which students directly manipulate materials, can facilitate the development of language arts skills ( wellman, 1978 ). science process skills have reading counterparts. for example, when a teacher is working on " describing " in science, students are learning to isolate important characteristics, enumerate characteristics, use appropriate terminology, and use synonyms which are important reading skills ( carter & simpson, 1978 ). when students have used the process skills of observing, identifying, and classify


science, students are learning to isolate important characteristics, enumerate characteristics, use appropriate terminology, and use synonyms which are important reading skills ( carter & simpson, 1978 ). when students have used the process skills of observing, identifying, and classifying, they are better able to discriminate between vowels and consonants and to learn the sounds represented by letters, letter blends, and syllables ( murray & pikul ski, 1978 ). science instruction provides an alternative teaching strategy that motivates students who may have reading difficulties ( wellman, 1978 ). children ' s involvement with process skills enables them to recognize more easily the contextual and structural clues in attacking new words and better equips them to interpret data in a paragraph. science process skills are essential to logical thinking, as well as to forming the basic skills for learning to read ( barufaldi & swift, 1977 ). guszak defines reading readiness as a skill - complex. of the three areas within the skill - complex, two can be directly enhanced by science process skills : ( 1 ) physical factors ( health, auditory, visual, speech, and motor ) ; and ( 2 ) understanding factors ( concepts, processes ). when students see, hear, and talk about science experiences, their understanding, perception, and comprehension of concepts and processes may improve ( barufaldi & swift, 1977 and bethel, 1974 ). the hands - on manipulative experiences science provides are the key to the relationship between process skills in both science and reading ( lucas & burlando, 1975 ). science activities provide opportunities for manipulating large quantities of multi - sensory materials which promote perceptual skills, i. e., tactile, kinesthetic, auditory, and visual ( neuman, 1969 ). these skills then contribute to the development of the concepts, vocabulary, and oral language skills ( listening and speaking ) necessary for learning to read ( wellman, 1978 ). studies viewed cumulatively suggest that science instruction at the intermediate and upper elementary grades does improve the attainment of reading skills. the findings reveal that students have derived benefits in the areas of vocabulary enrichment, increased verbal fluency, enhanced ability to think logically, and improved concept formation and communication skills ( campbell, 1972 ; kraft, 1961 ; olson, 1971 ; quinn & kessler, 1976 ).


defining dry eyes : doctors agree that dry eyes involve water loss in the tear film ’ s aqueous layer physicians look for a series of symptoms for dry eyes, not an exact cause or condition, says bio - logic aqua research founder sharon kleyne. grants pass, or ( prweb ) april 09, 2012 in a recent interview, mrs. kleyne discussed the latest attempts to define “ dry eyes, ” “ dry eye syndrome ” and “ dry eye disease. ” according to mrs. kleyne, the only agreement is that dry eyes involve a loss of water in the tear film ’ s “ aqueous layer, ” due either to excessive evaporation or to poor tear production. the causes and symptoms of dry eyes are so complex and variable that doctors have not agreed on a precise clinical definition of the syndrome. dry eyes are the most frequently cited reason for visiting an eye doctor and so common that ophthalmologists find it difficult to draw a precise line between normal eyes and abnormal eyes with dry eye disease. ( mathers, 2005 ). that was the conclusion of eye health advocate sharon kleyne, host of the sharon kleyne hour power of water syndicated radio show and founder of bio - logic aqua research. the three - layered tear film covering the eye ’ s exposed portions is 99 % water and extremely complex. the overlying “ lipid layer ” helps prevent water evaporation from the middle “ aqueous ( water ) layer, ” while the lower “ mucin layer ” adheres the tear film to the eye. dry eyes are experienced by nearly everyone, says mrs. kleyne. tear film dehydration ( water loss ) begins at the moment of birth, when you first open your eyes, and eyes require constant hydration throughout life. because we are all unique, no two individuals are affected in exactly the same way by eye dehydration. doctors agree that maintaining a healthy, fully hydrated tear film is becoming an increasing challenge for everyone. according to ula jurkunas, md, corneal stem cell researcher at harvard university, “ to function well, the cornea ( clear part of the eye ) must be well hydrated by the tear film. hydration is also essential to successful corneal stem cell transplants ” ( jurkunas, 2011 ). sharon kleyne notes that, no physiologic variable correlates exactly with dry eye symptoms, although most measurable variables correlate to some degree. instead