the rule that, when a stream which is a boundary, from any cause, suddenly abandons its old channel and creates a new one, or suddenly washes from one of its banks a considerable body of land and deposits it on the opposite bank, the boundary does not change with changed course of the stream, but remains as it was before. this sudden and rapid change is termed in law an avulsion, and differs from an accretion in that the one is violent and visible, while the other is gradual, and perceptible only after a lapse of time. '... " although our washington cases dealing with this question have been concerned only with privately - owned property, rather than county boundaries as created by statute, this common law rule has been consistently applied by other courts in cases involving shifting river courses forming boundaries between counties. see, for example, blair v. u. s. ( okla. ), 32 f. ( 2d ) 130 ; witt v. willis, ( ky. ), 85 s. w. 223 ; fitzsimmons v. cassity ( la. ), 172 so. 824 ; randolph v. moberly hunting & fishing club ( mo. ), 15 s. w. ( 2d ) 834 ; nothstine v. feldmann ( mo. ), 8 s. w. ( 2d ) [ [ orig. op. page 3 ] ] 912 ; jacobs v. stoner ( mo. ), 7 s. w. ( 2d ) 698 ; andstate v. huffman ( mo. ), 2 s. w. ( 2d ) 582. it is our opinion that the facts as you have related them present a clear case of avulsion, and that therefore the boundary between clark and cowlitz counties continues to exist, so far as the disputed 65 acres are concerned, along the course that the lewis river followed prior to the construction of primary state highway no. 1. we trust this opinion will be of assistance to you. very truly yours, john j. o ' connell david s. black assistant attorney general


endometriosis is one of the most common causes of female fertility problems. and in the largest study to date on the link between diet and endometriosis, researchers at brigham and women ' s hospital in boston have found that fats in a woman ' s diet play a deciding role in whether or not she will develop the condition. published online march 24, 2010, in the journal human reproduction, the study of over 70, 000 women showed that women who ate the most trans fats — hydrogenated oils found in fried foods from restaurants, margarine, and some chips and crackers — had a 48 percent increased risk of developing endometriosis, compared with those who ate only small amounts of these " bad fats. " on the flip side, women who ate the most omega - 3 oils — " good fats " found in foods like salmon and tuna — were 22 percent less likely to develop the fertility - impairing condition. endometriosis occurs when pieces of uterine lining ( endometrium ) grow outside the uterus. some women experience no symptoms, but for many, the condition causes severe pain and infertility. as the study authors explained, the cause of endometriosis is poorly understood and there is no cure. symptoms are usually treated with pain medication, hormone drugs, or surgery. researchers hope next to investigate whether diet changes — reducing trans fats and increasing omega - 3 oils — can alleviate symptoms in women who already have endometriosis. " millions of women worldwide suffer from endometriosis. many women have been searching for something they can actually do to reduce the risk of developing the disease, and these findings suggest that dietary changes may be something they can do, " says stacey missmer, scd, of the department of obstetrics and gynecology and the channing laboratory at brigham and women ' s hospital. you can take steps right now to boost your omega - 3 fat intake by eating a few servings a fish each week, snacking on walnuts, or adding a little ground up flax seed to your morning yogurt. other good sources of omega - 3s include tofu, soybeans, shrimp, and winter squash. eliminate trans fats by avoiding foods made with partially hydrogenated soybean oil and other hydrogenated fats. check labels carefully and when eating out, avoid fried foods, which are the most likely to contain trans fats.


we are banishing darkness from the night. electric lights have been shining over cities and towns around the world for a century. but, increasingly, even rural areas glimmer through the night, with mixed – and largely unstudied – impacts on wildlife. understanding these impacts is a crucial conservation challenge and bats, as almost exclusively nocturnal animals, are ideal subjects for exploring the effects of light pollution. previous studies have confirmed what many city dwellers have long noted : some bats enjoy a positive impact of illumination by learning to feed on insects attracted to streetlights. my research, however, demonstrates for the first time an important downside : artificial lighting can disrupt the commuting behavior of a threatened bat species. this project, using a novel experimental approach, was supported in part by bci student research scholarships. artificial lighting is a global phenomenon and the amount of light pollution is growing rapidly, with a 24 percent increase in england between 1993 and 2000. since then, cultural restoration projects have brought lighting to old docks and riversides, placing important river corridors used by bats and other wildlife at risk of disturbance. studies of bats ' foraging activity around streetlights find that these bats are usually fast - flying species that forage in open landscapes, typically species of pipistrellus, nyctalus, vespertilio and eptesicus. such bats are better able than their slower cousins to evade hawks, owls and other birds of prey. for our study, we chose the lesser horseshoe bat ( rhinolophus hipposideros ), a shy, slow -? ying bat that typically travels no more than about 1. 2 miles ( 2 kilometers ) from its roost to forage each night, often flying no more than 16 feet ( 5 meters ) from the ground. the species is adapted for feeding in cluttered, woodland environments. its global populations are reported decreasing and the species is endangered in many countries of central europe. the united kingdom provides a european stronghold for the lesser horseshoe bat, with an estimated population of around 50, 000. these bats ' slow flight leaves them especially vulnerable to birds of prey, so they leave their roosts only as the light fades and commute to foraging areas along linear features such as hedgerows. hedgerows are densely wooded corridors of shrubs and small trees that typically separate fields from each other and from roadways. such features are important commuting routes for many bat species, which use them for protection from predators and the elements. we suspected that lesser horseshoe bats would avoid illuminated areas, largely because


trees that typically separate fields from each other and from roadways. such features are important commuting routes for many bat species, which use them for protection from predators and the elements. we suspected that lesser horseshoe bats would avoid illuminated areas, largely because of a heightened risk from raptors. we conducted arti? cial - lighting experiments along hedgerows in eight sites around southern britain. we first surveyed light levels at currently illuminated hedgerows, then duplicated those levels at our experimental hedgerow sites, all of them normally unlighted. we installed two temporary, generator - powered lights – about 100 feet ( 30 meters ) apart – that mimic the intensity and light spectra of streetlights. each site was near a maternity colony and along confirmed commuting routes of lesser horseshoe bats. bat activity at each site was monitored acoustically, with mounted bat detectors, during four specific treatments : control ( with no lights ) ; noise ( generator on and lights installed but switched off ) ; lit ( full illumination all night for four consecutive nights ) ; and another night of noise only. we identified horseshoe bat calls to species and measured relative activity by counting the number of bat passes per species each night. we found no significant difference in activity levels of lesser horseshoe bats between the control nights and either of the two noise nights, when the generators were running but the lights were off. the presence of the lighting units and the noise of the generators had no effect on bat activity. the negative impacts came when we turned on the lights. we documented dramatic reductions in activity of lesser horseshoe bats during all of the illuminated nights. in our study, 42 percent of commuting bats continued flying through the lights ; 30 percent reversed direction and left before reaching the lights ; 17 percent flew over the hedgerows ; 9 percent flew through the thick hedgerow vegetation ; and 2 percent circled high or wide to avoid the lights. we also recorded some strange behavior on one night when two bats flew over the hedge in a dark area between two lights, then flew up and down repeatedly, as though trapped between the lights. we examined the effects of light on the timing of bats ' commuting activity. the bats began their commute, on average, 29. 9 minutes after sunset on control nights, but 78. 6 minutes after sunset when the lights were turned on. light pollution significantly delayed the bats ' commuting behavior. interestingly, the activity began a few minutes earlier ( 23 minutes after sunset ) on the first, but not the second, noise night. it


after sunset when the lights were turned on. light pollution significantly delayed the bats ' commuting behavior. interestingly, the activity began a few minutes earlier ( 23 minutes after sunset ) on the first, but not the second, noise night. it is possible that some bats emerged early to investigate the generator noise. we clearly demonstrated how artificial lighting disrupts the behavior of lesser horseshoe bats. we found no evidence of habituation : at least on our timescale, the bats did not become accustomed to the illumination and begin returning to normal activity or timing. these results suggest that light pollution may fragment the network of commuting routes used by lesser horseshoe bats, causing them to seek alternate, and probably longer, paths between roosting and foraging habitats. for some bats, this increased flight time can increase energy costs and stress, with potential impacts on reproductive success. it is critical, therefore, that light pollution be considered in conservation efforts. light pollution is an increasing global problem with negative impacts on such important animal behaviors as foraging, reproduction and communication. yet lighting is rarely considered in habitat - management plans and streetlights are specifically excluded from light - pollution legislation in england and wales. i plan to use these results as the basis for recommendations for changes in policy, conservation and management for bat habitat in areas that are subject to development. this knowledge is fundamental for understanding the factors that impact bat populations not only in the united kingdom but around the world, and in developing effective bat - conservation actions. i hope these findings will also help guide further research. scientists need to determine what levels of lighting particular bat species can tolerate, so we can take appropriate measures to limit the impact. these might include reducing illumination at commuting times, directing light away from commuting routes and constructing alternative flight routes. we sincerely hope this research and similar studies will cause both officials and the public to think more about the consequences of artificial lighting on bats and other wildlife. emma stone is a ph. d. student at the university of bristol and a researcher at the university ' s school of biological sciences. this project earned her the national vincent weir scientific award from the bat conservation trust of the united kingdom. visit her project website for more information : www. batsandlighting. co. uk. this research was originally published in the journal current biology, with co - authors gareth jones and stephen harris.


how to protect your hearing and keep ears safe about 1 in 10 adults has damaged hearing which can be caused by loud music and noises. here ' s newsround ' s guide to keeping your ears safe. why does loud music harm our ears? our ears are sensitive instruments and loud music can damage tiny hairs inside the ear that help us hear properly. when the hairs are damaged they can ' t be fixed and a lot of people are left with a ringing or whistling noise in their ears. we call this tinnitus and people find it very annoying! how loud is too loud? sound is measured in units called decibels. an electric drill makes about 100 decibels of noise - that ' s pretty loud! some music players can go up to 120 decibels which is the same as a plane taking off. sounds that loud can damage your ears. 80 decibels is thought to be the safe upper limit for listening to music. people who can ' t hear music at 80 decibels might need special noise - cancelling headphones. top tips to keep ears safe - use headphones at a sensible volume. read any safety warnings that pop up on your music player. - stand away from speakers at shows and events. - if you ' re going somewhere loud like a concert wear foam ear plugs to reduce the volume. - if you are worried about your hearing or have ringing in your ears tell a parent or teacher.


many people simply do not like to drink tap water. and would rather consume water in a more palatable form like vitamin enriched water or flavored water. many sports enthusiast might insist bottled water is better. dehydration is dehydration. and it is more important to focus on drinking the proper amount of water each day. instead of debating over the virtues of plain vs designer water. researchers find most people barely drink enough water to fight off de - hydration during the summer. and once the thirst strikes you are probably already dehydrated. and did you know that the average person should drink about 8 glasses of water a day to stay fully hydrated? this might seem like a lot of water to ingest for the person who can ' t bear to consume even one glass but it is important to one ' s overall health. what happens if we don ' t consume adequate water dehydration happens when a person does not consume enough water for their body to work properly. dehydration slows down bodily functions. and the person suffering dehydration symptoms is usually very lethargic and tired. it helps to think of water as fuel that makes the body go. and without proper fuel the body simply fails to function properly. who requires more water people who exercise a lot or have a job where a lot of energy is expended require more water. also, those fighting an illness have higher water requirements. usually consuming an extra 1 or 2 glasses per day is enough to make up for this loss. but requirements vary widely. one must take into consideration the individuals age, weight, general health. other water sources plain old water out of the tap is the best water source. but many vegetables also contain a tremendous amount of water. for example, watermelons and tomatoes are actually great sources for water. these vegetables are about 90 percent water according to researchers. and beverages like milk, juice, tea, coffee, carbonated beverages are good additional water sources. still plain water is the best source because it is free of calories. how to get recommended water requirements eat water packed fresh fruit. double up on watermelon, cantaloupes, peaches. and other fresh fruit in season. carry a 16 oz bottle of water with you when you are outside especially in the summer. if you start feeling dizzy, sluggish, tired. ( signs of dehydration ) find a shady spot. and take a quick cool drink of water. drink a glass of water with each meal


you are outside especially in the summer. if you start feeling dizzy, sluggish, tired. ( signs of dehydration ) find a shady spot. and take a quick cool drink of water. drink a glass of water with each meal and between each meal to make sure you ingest adequate amounts of water daily. hydrate before, during, and after strenuous exercise. and make sure you drink adequate amounts of water to replace water lost sweating, through exertion, and heavy breathing. drink in moderation at social gatherings or substitute sparkling water. alcohol has a tendency to rob thebody of water. thus adding to dehydration. water is good for the body but it can be over done. reports have surfaced concerning athletes who overdosed on water after a strenuous workout. water overdose occurs when the kidneys are not able to get rid of large amounts of water. the body ' s electrolytes are heavily diluted resulting in low sodium levels in the blood. a condition called hyponatremia develops. this is a very rare occurrence. in conclusion, consult your family doctor for more information on adequate water requirements for the body. " any girl can be glamorous. all you have to do is stand still and look stupid. " hedy lamarr


i am learning astrology and wonder [ in light of pluto ' s reclassification to dwarf planet ] – what would one do without pluto?? i don ’ t know what one would do without pluto, but i ’ d love to find out – maybe i can get a pluto - ectomy! oh, wait … i guess we all did. the short answer is that astrologers still overwhelmingly use pluto in our work, regardless of what the international astronomical union has to say about its status. of course, uranus, neptune, and pluto are relatively recent additions to astrological lore anyway. before their discoveries, astrologers assigned membership of aquarius, pisces, and scorpio to saturn, jupiter, and mars, respectively. some astrologers still observe these classifications, particularly in horary and electional work. but when you ’ re used to looking at things through a plutonian lens, it ’ s almost impossible to stop ; once you ’ ve opened pandora ’ s box, there ’ s no turning back. pluto ’ s discovery was made within eight years of the discovery of nuclear fission. quickly, violence and aggression took a leap beyond the bloody, but simple and comparatively individual experience symbolized by mars. mastering the psychological forces that compel us to violence became a collective responsibility, because the consequences of failing to do so are also shared. pluto serves as an eloquent astrological symbol for this collective process. of course, as einstein said, “ it is easier to denature plutonium than to denature the evil spirit of man. ” maybe pluto ’ s demotion symbolizes the collective unconscious attempting to reverse progress and move to a psychologically simpler, less threatening time. but we ’ ve looked into the abyss, and it ’ s changed us … no matter what we call pluto.


we believe that textbooks should teach critical thinking. | about bju press what is “ critical thinking ”? nearly everyone in educational circles uses the term “ critical thinking ” — in fact, it is so commonly used that it has become almost meaningless. just what is critical thinking — and what is it not? let ’ s start with what it is not. although many educators use test scores, grades, and fact - recall activities to gauge educational excellence, none of these truly measure critical - thinking skills. all education consists of two essential elements : subject matter ( “ what to think ” ) and the correct way to understand and evaluate the subject matter ( “ how to think ” ). memorization is key to the first element. critical thinking is key to the second. in short, then, critical thinking is analyzing and evaluating thinking with the goal of improving it. according to the foundation for critical thinking ( found at criticalthinking. org ), it is “ that mode of thinking — about any subject, content, or problem — in which the thinker improves the quality of his or her thinking by skillfully analyzing, assessing, and reconstructing it. ” thinking critically is thinking in order to evaluate. it means making reasoned judgments. it is using criteria to judge the quality of something. and its ultimate goal is further improvement of thinking skills. critical thinking goes hand - in - hand with creative thinking. sound creative thinking requires both the intellectual discipline to judge and evaluate and the originality and productivity to create. why should christians be concerned with thinking critically? the god of the bible is a god of reason and order. god asks us to know truth ( ps. 46 : 10 ), but he also wants us to understand truth ( luke 24 : 45 ). both knowing and understanding are key. but beyond both knowledge and understanding, is the quality of discernment ( judgment or evaluation ) that distinguishes the godly from the ungodly ( 1 cor. 2 : 14 – 15 ). the role of the textbook in teaching critical thinking of course, a textbook provides the factual base for studying a subject. but its worldview, its methods of teaching, its depth of content, and its literary quality should promote critical and creative thinking that is foundationally biblical. textbook content clearly plays an important role in what the teacher teaches, but the teacher ’ s edition of the textbook should offer help in promoting good thinking skills. that is why teacher ’ s editions from bju press provide you with key questions for discussion, discovery activities that complement your


the following glossary provides definitions for terms and descriptions for acronyms that are used in the aml handbook. this glossary does not supersede definitions in relevant laws or regulations. abandoned mine : an abandoned hardrock mine on or affecting public lands administered by the blm, at which exploration, development, mining, reclamation, maintenance, and inspection of facilities and equipment, and other operations ceased as of january 1, 1981 ( the effective date of the blm ’ s surface management regulations codified at 43 cfr subpart 3809 ) with no evidence demonstrating that the miner intends to resume mining. for many abandoned mines, no current claimant of record or viable potentially responsible party exists. abandoned mines generally include a range of mining impacts, or features that may pose a threat to water quality, public safety, and / or the environment. abandoned mine land ( aml ) program : a blm program that focuses on reclaiming hardrock abandoned mine lands on or affecting public lands administered by the blm. the primary goal of the program is to remediate and reduce actual or potential threats that pose physical safety risks and environmental degradation. the blm applies risk - based criteria and uses the watershed approach to establish project priorities. the program also works to return mine - impacted lands to productive use ( s ). applicable and relevant and appropriate requirements ( arars ) : arars are state, local, and federal standards that are directly applicable or may be considered relevant and appropriate to the circumstances on the site. arars include clean - up standards, standards of control, and other environmental protection requirements, criteria, or limitations. these standards are an inherent part of the scoping process, but will affect the long - term remediation, especially in the setting of clean - up standards and meeting other land use regulations. categorical exclusion : a category of actions ( identified in agency guidance ) that do not individually or cumulatively have a significant effect on the human environment and for which neither an ea nor an eis is required ( 40 cfr 1508. 4 ). environmental and disposal liability ( edl ) : an anticipated future outflow or other sacrifice of resources ( e. g., costs ) associated with cleanup due to past or current operations that have environmental closure requirements or a release of hazardous substances, pollutants, and contaminants on blm lands or facilities. geographic information system ( gis ) : a computer system capable of storing, analyzing, and displaying data and describing places on the earth ’ s surface. government


hazardous substances, pollutants, and contaminants on blm lands or facilities. geographic information system ( gis ) : a computer system capable of storing, analyzing, and displaying data and describing places on the earth ’ s surface. government performance and results act ( gpra ) : the gpra ( pub. l. 103 - 62, aug. 3, 1993, 107 stat. 285 ) holds federal agencies accountable for using resources wisely and achieving program results. gpra requires agencies to develop plans for what they intend to accomplish, measure how well they are doing, make appropriate decisions based on the information they have gathered, and communicate information about their performance to congress and to the public. hardrock : this term is used here strictly in the context of the aml program and has traditionally been used by the blm and other agencies to apply to non - coal mining environments where environmental risks such as acid - mine drainage, heavy metal contamination, and threats to water quality and the environment are of concern. hardrock minerals in this context, generally include, but are not limited to gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, magnesium, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten, uranium, and select other minerals where priority aml problems may occur. most hardrock minerals are locatable under the mining law of 1872. non - hardrock minerals include coal ( which is addressed by the office of surface mining and state coal reclamation programs ) and some common - variety mineral materials, such as sand and gravel. hazardous substances : cercla term identifying those substances designated pursuant to section 1321 ( b ) ( 2 ) ( a ) of title 33, or 42 usc 9602, or listed in 40 cfr 302 or 355. hazardous substance release : any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing into the environment ( including the abandonment or discarding of barrels, containers, and other closed receptacles containing any hazardous substance or pollutant or contaminant ). hazardous waste : refers to a solid waste, or combination of solid wastes, which because of its quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical, or infectious characteristics may pose a substantial threat to human health and the environment. mine : an underground opening or open pit used for the purpose of extracting minerals. mines commonly include features, such as shafts, adits, pits, trenches, tunnels, waste rock dumps,


a substantial threat to human health and the environment. mine : an underground opening or open pit used for the purpose of extracting minerals. mines commonly include features, such as shafts, adits, pits, trenches, tunnels, waste rock dumps, tailings, and structures including, but not limited to, mills, buildings, head frames, hoists, and loading chutes. potentially responsible party ( prp ) : any individual or entity, including current and past owners, operators, transporters, arrangers, or generators who may be liable for clean - up costs for hazardous substances under cercla section 107 ( a ) or for injuries to natural resources on public lands from hazardous substance releases under section 311 ( f ) of the cwa and cercla section 107 ( f ). project : the investigation, cleanup of safety risks, stabilization, or reclamation of an abandoned mine land site or sites. a project may include one or more individual abandoned mines. the project area may be based on geologic, geographic, hydrologic, watershed, ownership, or other legal boundaries, or based on practical or logistical convenience, and is often contiguous. remedial action : permanent remedy taken to prevent or minimize the release of hazardous substances into the environment. long - term actions ( 5 - 8 years ) are necessary to return a site to its original conditions. removal action : short - term actions necessary to remove or mitigate a release or threat of release of hazardous substances. site : the area identified as being impacted by physical safety and / or environmental hazards. this can include any area where hazardous substances have been released or have migrated. the area size is influenced by the extent of the investigation, migration, evaluation, and past, current, and future clean - up activities. special status species : includes proposed species, listed species, and candidate species under the esa ; state - listed species ; and the blm state director - designated sensitive species ( see blm manual 6840 - special status species management strategic plan : a plan that establishes the overall direction for the blm. this plan is guided by the requirements of gpra, covers a 5 - year period, and is updated every 3 years. it is consistent with flpma and other laws affecting the public lands. total maximum daily load ( tmdl ) : pursuant to the clean water act, an estimate of the total quantity of pollutants ( from all sources : point, nonpoint, and natural ) that may be allowed into waters without exceeding applicable water quality criteria. watershed : this term


heart of darkness topic tracking : wilderness imagery wilderness imagery 1 : marlow describes for his shipmates the wild state of nature that must have existed when the romans first visited england. wilderness imagery 2 : marlow watched the jungle from his ship, seeing pure wilderness for the first time. wilderness imagery 3 : marlow describes the wild and varied vegetation he saw on his journey, and the oppressive impression it had on him. wilderness imagery 4 : marlow had an image, at the central station, of the surrounding wilderness waiting to outlast the invasion of the company. wilderness imagery 5 : marlow imagined the forest looking back at the manager and his uncle - - the wilderness is personified. wilderness imagery 6 : the vegetation and wild natural state along the river overwhelmed marlow - - he imagined it observing him from all sides. wilderness imagery 7 : marlow looked back and could see no trace of where the ship had come from - - it was as though the jungle was closing in behind them. wilderness imagery 8 : marlow says that the wilderness had taken control of kurtz. wilderness imagery 9 : when he leaves the ship to look for kurtz, marlow ends up in the midst of the living, wild jungle he had been fearing all along. wilderness imagery 10 : kurtz, cursing the wilderness, asked marlow to close the shutters to keep him from seeing the " curtain of trees " around him.


both experts and upstarts claim to see unlimited potential in shared wisdom. yet seasoned mentors too often advise clever cronies to operate much like themselves, with little regard for rapidly changing horizons. mindguides invite mutual mentoring few would disagree – it ’ s time to shift tutoring approaches to reflect more balanced and reciprocal coaching. guidance based on mutual brainpower potential, and experience from differences, rather than on entitlement, age or seniority. in my capstone management course, lead innovation with the brain in mind, one newly coined term – mindguiding – changes the management structure of any organization. how so? mindguiding, defines a reciprocal learning - leading process, that highlights neural pathways to innovative results. it ’ s a new way to lead big ideas, and learn new talents at the same time. it sidesteps moodiness of a few senior players, but supports serotonin - led innovations at many levels. using 10 brainpowered tools below – mindguides set a mutual stage for clever results across diverse teams. new neuro - discoveries change the roles of mentors from sage - on - the - stage mentality into more of a mindguide to the side, who comes to teams in learning or discovery roles. just as mindguides see their role less as lecturer or talker, they also listen with their brains – in ways that open new opportunities for those they support. 1. focus on gender preferences and interests : according to researcher dr. michael phillips, a neuroradiologist at the indiana university school of medicine, indianapolis, brain scans showed that men listen to language which is located in the left brain, for instance, while women use both sides, including the right brain ’ s more creative capabilities. dr. robyn mcmaster points out that women or men lead better – when they focus in novel ways, on engaging others ’ interests. mindguides value men, value women – and facilitate both – while mentors tend replicate old boy practices to include female brainpower. suggested brainpowered tool : vary communications – seek out people who differ from you – so that novelty enters the mix in ways that teach both genders. new research about novelty ’ s power for mental growth shows how original ideas offer positive experiences to those who take advantage and learn from differences. 2. technology changes how brains learn and how mindguides lead : digital sound bites shift topics frequently, and allow for specific searches on multiple topics. these new learning practices also rewire brains to catch brief bits of significant information, rather


from differences. 2. technology changes how brains learn and how mindguides lead : digital sound bites shift topics frequently, and allow for specific searches on multiple topics. these new learning practices also rewire brains to catch brief bits of significant information, rather than remain focused for long periods on any one detail. technology, however, offers challenges to mindguides not familiar with digital approaches and their impact on brainpower. suggested brainpowered tool : sketch diagrams to link abstract or boring technology ideas onto something already known or experienced. new mechanical ideas make more sense to you when mindguides hook complex concepts onto familiar or concrete experiences. links and bridges help mindguides to advance from difficult or boring digital information in ways that accommodate new innovations. 3. new digital imaging devices prove that listening changes the brain when acted upon. imaging such as pet, fmri, and magnetoencephalography ( meg ) generate interactive images to show the anatomy of the brain. they also show brain operations involved in listening. listening operates from three regions of the brain that support how we listen and how we learn to listen better by acting on what we hear. suggested brainpowered tool : brainpowered tool : apply one technical insight learned so that brainpower increases and multiple intelligences expand in the interactive mindguide active listening process. 4. mindguides identify familiar features to highlight big picture : by observing cortical activity when people hear words researchers are beginning to see how people categorize words they hear. the back half of the brain ’ s cortex is devoted to recognizing familiar patterns, such as a cat ’ s meow, a baby ’ s cry or a familiar business brand. suggested brainpowered tool : brainpowered tool : ask, ask, ask! question with two feet to draw out unique contributions, that become doable big picture solutions for stubborn real life problems. 5. mindguides apply what ’ s learned, with more focus on listening : while mentor hearing differs - is more automatic, and can be less effective. modern brain images show that when you really focus on listening, you engage areas in the prefrontal cortex. this area of your brain organizes and prioritizes what you hear, and stokes actions that as fuster ( 2003 ) points out, allows you to use what you hear to interact with the world. focus helps you to create meaning by holding what you hear in your working memory, match it up with what you already know, and predict what to do with what you hear. suggested brainpowered tool : mindguides apply what ’


with the world. focus helps you to create meaning by holding what you hear in your working memory, match it up with what you already know, and predict what to do with what you hear. suggested brainpowered tool : mindguides apply what ’ s learned in ways that embrace differences, such as gaps between genders, or differences between an ethical and unethical worker. it may simply be distinctives between different rhythms in background music at work. mindguides capitalize on differences to discover and lead innovative directions for renewed results. 6. music or speech impacts emotions, impact moods in ways that motivate people, and can add to focus for mindguiding. great music, such as baroque stimulates the brain to listen more effectively. to ensure good attention, it ’ s important to offer multiple ways for people to recognize parts of what is communicated. when print dominates a culture, for instance, learning skills can begin to fade. with new social media, variety however, has escalated. new media and technologies such as ipods or even the web – have increased people ’ s listening capabilities, and raised its importance. suggested brainpowered tool : mindguides seek advice about ideal learning settings from diverse leaders you admire, and act on advice received. in so doing, mindguides engage the plasticity that reshapes human brains to advance in multiple ways. 7. mindguides communicate with tone that connect growth to emotions so that new insights stick. other advantages are given when interactivity is possible, so that mindguiding experiences link to people ’ s unique preferences. learning depends on levels of commitment and also on developing expertise and talent to communicate with tone often seen in innovative mindguides. suggested brainpowered tool : mindguides step back from heated situations, tame an amygdala, and hear heated issues through the other person ’ s perspective. 8. awesome rewards come from mixing in different communication approaches. researchers found that some music genres offer the same kind of pleasurable learning experiences as food, drugs or sex, for instance. the enjoyable act of engaging music – releases dopamine, a neurotransmitter connected to pleasurable rewards. the key is to create a pleasant setting for every mindguiding session. suggested brainpowered tool : mindguides laugh at themselves – yet run from cynicism, that brings cortisol. they focus more than most mentorships – on spreading serotonin chemicals. serotonin and other neurotransmitters for well being support mindguide


laugh at themselves – yet run from cynicism, that brings cortisol. they focus more than most mentorships – on spreading serotonin chemicals. serotonin and other neurotransmitters for well being support mindguides ’ learning and leading skills. do you see similar approaches in typical mentor programs? 9. social media offers more integrated views on mindguiding topics. for that reason, a wider and more integrated approach has altered what people come to crave in the kind of opposing views presented by radio stations such as npr in the us or cbc in canada. suggested brainpowered tool : mindguides invite personal stories to respectfully create curiosity for multiple sides of issues. mentors, in contrast, often tend to hear only what they already believe, until they apply altered dynamic neuro discoveries for mutual learning. 10. mindguiding improves the brain ’ s hardwiring. each time a person interacts with others and with new insights that interest, they strengthen their capabilities to interact with additional new ideas and with different approaches. suggested brainpowered tool : repeat or do one key nugget learned. lack of doing or applying, creates passivity habits operated from the brain ’ s basal ganglia. each time people act on what they learn, they rewire brain cell connectors and reshape mental ability. ready to reshape learning abilities stored in your brain? you ’ ve likely noticed that – in each brainpowered tool above, diversity and rawboned talent become mental assets for more than what mentoring views as minions ’ benefit. in mindguiding approaches – both sides learn in all sessions, and both sides also lead at times. how could typical mentoring practices in former teams – morph into mutually beneficial learning opportunities from mindguiding where you work? | mita window words and brainpowered tool distinctives for mindguides | | 1. question | | - possibilities as a way to aha solutions that add cognitive boosts to others. | | 2. target | | - improvements from others ’ perspectives, rather than critique results | | 3. expect | | - quality differences so people become capital & knowledge is shared | | 4. move | | - multiple intelligences into action as tools for team problem solving | | 5. reflect | | - with innovation celebration that engages the wider community | | 6. risk | | - building goodwill across differences to cultivate caring & curious setting | | 7. laugh | | - at self to increase serotonin & decrease cortisol


educator resources for treefrog treasure treefrog treasure is a platformer game that allows students to practice math concepts as they explore different worlds as a frog character. when certain obstacles are reached, students must properly identify a target symbol, whole number, or fraction on a number line to collect gems and complete the level. hints are provided to help students reach the correct answer when mistakes are made. the game is a great differentiation tools, as it automatically adjusts to students ’ performance to provide appropriate levels of mathematical complexity. for teacher resources, visit space science institute in this lesson plan which is adaptable for grades 2 - 5, students will use brainpop resources and an online math game to explore fractions and match and / or compare fractional amounts. common core state standard alignment : ccss. math. cont. 3. nf. a. 2a represent a fraction 1 / b on a number line diagram by defining the interval from 0 to 1 as the whole and partitioning it into b equal parts. recognize that each part has size 1 / b and that the endpoint of the part based at 0 locates the number 1 / b on the number line. ccss. math. cont. 3. nf. a. 2b represent a fraction a / b on a number line diagram by marking off a lengths 1 / b from 0. recognize that the resulting interval has size a / b and that its endpoint locates the number a / b on the number line.


children with low muscle tone often have delayed motor skills, muscle weakness, and / or coordination and balance problems. ( essentially the muscles lack stamina. the muscles don ' t have the energy to keep working at a normal level. ) children diagnosed with hypotonia can have varying degrees of severity of muscle weakness. for instance a child may seem to initially do everything just fine, but keep the same muscles working for any length of time and they will tire faster than a normal child ' s muscles. muscle tone also comprises a second feature, which is the speed of the muscles ' responses. the speed is slower in those with hypotonia. due to the slower speed of the muscle response a child with hypotonia may have trouble keeping up with similarly aged children. hypotonia can occur in every muscle, so any movement that requires muscle activity and strength is likely to be impaired. muscles are tied to every physical endeavor, from eating, to talking, our facial gestures, getting dressed, sitting, and walking. our physical therapists provide an individualized evaluation and treatment program to improve a child ' s strength and overall function. if needed, our physical therapist can work in conjunction with our occupational therapist on fine motor / upper body coordination and with our speech and language therapist on delayed speech, articulation, oral motor or any other feeding / swallowing issues that a child my have.


what is cancer of breasts? breast cancer is the most prevailing forms of cancer these days that is found within the american women more than anything else and it ’ s the third most found cancer types all over the world which is why it ’ s such a threat and dangerous condition for almost every female who lives on the planet. there is always a risk for a woman to induce breast cancer symptoms and outcomes readily even if there isn ’ t any genetic factor involved within and there are many consequences which are relatable. the rate of breast cancer is increasing with every passing day and you should know that this is a condition very serious and something that awareness must be created about. see what causes breast cancer, most important breast cancer facts explained here. breast cancer facts and risk factors breast cancer factors included which enhance and additionally increase the results and outcomes of the ailment and diet being one of them is quite helpful and useful. you must know that there are many things that you do in the regular routine which could prevent or even affect the formation of cancerous cells and cause breast cancer. breast cancer is a cancer type of the glands that are found within the female breasts known as the mammary glands. any form of lymphatic or infectious drainage could readily block and cause adverse effects of the gland causing tumor to develop. how to diagnose breast cancer? breast cancer initially develops like all kinds of cancers do. the division and multiplication of abnormal and haphazard cells causes the condition to develop in the first place which then acquires the lymphatic tissue and organs. the body starts taking care of the problem right away but there is an extent to which that mechanism might be involved and anticipated and after that everything is simply out of time and order. breast cancer when spread to different organs and lymph nodes is really serious and it is most likely that it could spread easily within minutes fractions of days. there are many things producing the cancer in the first place. genetics could play an important role because many females whose mothers, grandmothers or aunts have gone through the problem suffer through it. it could also be the result of smoking, alcoholism and exposure to radiation for a considerable time span could also be the cause. you should know that using artificial products such as deodorants of insignificant types could increase the risk of an individual getting the cancer too. breast cancer prevention methods here is a few breast cancer prevention facts explained. doctors still don ’ t know what causes breast cancer, however information about what increasing breast cancer health risks is available now


surface area is a two - dimensional property of a three - dimensional figure. cones are similar to pyramids, except they have a circular base instead of a polygonal base. therefore, the surface area of a cone is equal to the sum of the circular base area and the lateral surface area, calculated by multiplying half of the circumference by the slant height. related topics include pyramid and cylinder surface area. if you want to calculate the surface area of a cone, you only need to know 2 dimensions. the first is the slant height l and the second is the radius. so what we ' re going to do, we ' re going to separate this into two pieces the first is the base which is a circle with radius r and the second is this slant height l. so if i cut, if i took a scissors and cut the cone part and i fended out it would look like a sector. well what i could do here is i could rearrange this sector into a parallelogram. so again if i cut this into really tiny pieces then i ' ll be able to organize it into a parallelogram where i would be able to calculate its area. and the way that we ' ll calculate its area, is first by saying well what are these lines that are going out? well those lines are going to be your l, your slant height and this side right here is going to be half of your circumference and half of a circumference is pi times r because the whole circumference is 2 pi r. so this down here is pi times r, so if our height l and our base is pi times r then the area of this is equal to pi times r times l. so the surface area of a cone which i ' m going to write over here is equal to the base pi r squared plus this lateral area which is found using your slant height. so that ' s going be pi times r times l, so you only need to know 2 dimensions the radius and the slant height and you can calculate the surface area of any cone.


pacific ' s brawn drain is world rugby ' s gain back then... the 1961 fijian team in australia. photo : australian rugby union archives some call it modern - day blackbirding. australia stopped using pacific islanders in sugar fields 95 years ago but they are back, on the playing fields this time carrying the hopes and dreams of four of the six nations competing in this weekend ' s rugby world cup quarter - finals. one fifth of all world cup players are of pacific island background, from fiji, samoa and tonga. pacific islanders are playing for the wallabies ( seven ), all blacks ( eight ), england and wales ( one each ). the united states field seven, japan three. what caused such a brawn drain? the rise of the islanders is a happy confluence of supply and demand : in australia, the private school systems that once served as player humidicribs have let the side down with sport taking a backseat to academic success ; new zealand has been swamped by polynesian immigration and they have forced their way into national teams by talent and sheer numbers ; the globalisation of rugby has suddenly made pacific islanders bigger, stronger and faster than almost any other peoples, the men of the match. robert dewey, assistant professor of history at depauw university in indiana, has made a study of rugby in the pacific. he says the sport is segregated and played outside formal coaching structures, developing an exciting style of ' ' our own game ' ' that revitalised rugby across the world. rugby, he says, was appropriated as a ' ' national game ' ' among tongans, samoans and indigenous fijians. ' ' early rugby played an important role in expressions of village pride and masculinity, partly because so many of the traditional institutions into manhood had disappeared, ' ' he says. ' ' in more recent times, cast in the role of perpetual underdog, the successes and occasional upsets provided by island teams on the pitch went a long way to popularising rugby at home, beyond the elite groups which had initially played the game … it became the national game as well as a catalyst for regional connections. ' ' rugby was borne into the pacific by god and queen victoria. marist brothers took the game to samoa, while in fiji, colonial administrators established a ' ' native union ' ' in 1913 that continued until world war ii when local teams started to outnumber colonial sides and they ran out of grounds. in tonga, locals returning from newington college in stanmore introduced the code


colonial administrators established a ' ' native union ' ' in 1913 that continued until world war ii when local teams started to outnumber colonial sides and they ran out of grounds. in tonga, locals returning from newington college in stanmore introduced the code but acceptance was boosted when royal patronage arrived thanks to the interest of prince tugi and then his son, subsequently king taufa ' ahau tupou iv. pacific islanders proved so talented on the rugby field that there are some who believe this might be the reason they were put on earth. if african dna travelled across the atlantic to the caribbean and the us to produce the world ' s best sprinters and boxers, some football tragics believe it is not too big a stretch to believe the polynesian dna must have started out of south - east asia three millennia ago to embrace its manifest destiny - rugby. yet, the powerful nations of the pacific resisted polynesian domination, even after rugby union embraced professionalism and abandoned amateur status in 1995. professor dewey says the truth is that the island nations are too small and too poor to be treated as equals. ' ' lacking television revenues and significant sponsorship, barred from the executive decision - making, excluded from the repeated expansion of what became the super 14 competition … increasingly in debt and on the wrong end of lopsided score lines against the game ' s top teams, pacific rugby ' s administrators faced a bleak set of circumstances. ' ' he says pacific administrators were nearly unanimous in allowing players to seek their fortunes overseas, even if it meant donning wallaby or all blacks jerseys. they flooded the ranks of rugby league and even started showing up in us gridiron teams. over the years the likes of lote tuqiri, joe rokocoko, sione lauaki, sitiveni sivivatu, chris masoe, jerry collins and willie ofahengaue left their island homes. tonight, samoan - born centre manu tuilagi takes the field for england against france. his brother alesana represented samoa until they were knocked out but usually plays for leicester tigers in england. how long before an island of origin series?


elpidio quirinoarticle free pass elpidio quirino, ( born nov. 16, 1890, vigan, phil. — died feb. 28, 1956, novaliches ), political leader and second president of the independent republic of the philippines. after obtaining a law degree from the university of the philippines, near manila, in 1915, quirino practiced law until he was elected a member of the philippine house of representatives in 1919 – 25 and a senator in 1925 – 31. in 1934 he was a member of the philippine independence mission to washington, d. c., headed by manuel quezon, which secured the passage in congress of the tydings – mcduffie act, setting the date for philippine independence as july 4, 1946. he was also elected to the convention that drafted a constitution for the new philippine commonwealth. subsequently he served as secretary of finance and secretary of the interior in the commonwealth government. after world war ii, quirino served as secretary of state and vice president under the first president of the independent philippines, manuel roxas. when roxas died on april 15, 1948, quirino succeeded to the presidency. the following year, he was elected president for a four - year term on the liberal party ticket, defeating the nacionalista candidate. president quirino ’ s administration faced a serious threat in the form of the communist - led hukbalahap ( huk ) movement. though the huks originally had been an anti - japanese guerrilla army in luzon, the communists steadily gained control over the leadership, and, when quirino ’ s negotiations with huk commander luis taruc broke down in 1948, taruc openly declared himself a communist and called for the overthrow of the government. by 1950 the huks had gained control over a considerable portion of luzon, and quirino appointed the able ramon magsaysay as secretary of national defense to suppress the insurrection. quirino ’ s six years as president were marked by notable postwar reconstruction, general economic gains, and increased economic aid from the united states. basic social problems, however, particularly in the rural areas, remained unsolved ; quirino ’ s administration was tainted by widespread graft and corruption. the 1949 elections, which he had won, were among the most dishonest in the country ’ s history. magsaysay, who had been largely successful in eliminating the threat of the huk insurgents, broke with quirino on the issue of corruption, campaigning for clean elections and defeating quirino as the nacionalista candidate in the presidential


simply begin typing or use the editing tools above to add to this article. once you are finished and click submit, your modifications will be sent to our editors for review. course through hamburg... the southeast of the old city, the elbe divides itself into two branches, the norderelbe and the suderelbe, but these branches meet again opposite altona, just west of the old city, to form the unterelbe, which flows into the north sea some 65 miles downstream from hamburg. two other rivers flow into the elbe at hamburg — the alster from the north and the bille from the east. hydrology of elbe river the estuary proper of the elbe ( unterelbe ) extends from hamburg to cuxhaven, a distance of about 55 miles. it varies in width from one to two miles, but much of it is occupied by mud flats and sandbanks. the main channel is buoyed and dredged. at high tide the channel has a depth of some 53 feet ( 16 metres ). the south or left bank is low and marshy and the river has sandbanks ; the right bank is... what made you want to look up " unterelbe river "? please share what surprised you most...


william iiiarticle free pass king of england an invitation, signed by a representative selection of james ’ s opponents, was dispatched on july 10 ( old style ), and on november 5 ( november 15, new style ) william and his army landed at brixham on tor bay in devon and proceeded almost unopposed to london. james fled to france, and the so - called convention parliament, summoned in january 1689, declared that james had abdicated and offered the vacant throne, with an accompanying declaration of right, to william and mary. they were proclaimed in february and crowned on april 21. the crown of scotland was offered to them in the same month. the revolution in england had been accomplished almost without bloodshed, but in scotland and ireland there was armed resistance. this collapsed in scotland in 1689, but the country remained troubled and unsettled throughout william ’ s reign. in 1692 alexander macdonald of glen coe and some of his clansmen were murdered in cold blood for tardiness in taking the oath of allegiance to william. william ordered an inquiry but took no further action until in 1695 the scottish parliament demanded a public investigation. he then showed culpable leniency to the offenders, merely dismissing from his secretaryship sir john dalrymple, on whom responsibility for the massacre was finally placed. in ireland war formally broke out in 1689, when james landed there with french support. but the successful defense of londonderry and of enniskillen, and william ’ s own victory at the battle of the boyne on july 1, 1690, ensured the reconquest of ireland and freed him to turn his attention to the european continent. here, after a series of minor attacks on the empire, louis xiv had invaded the palatinate in 1688. the dutch and the emperor concluded the treaty of vienna ( may 1689 ) and declared war on louis ; over the next 18 months william ’ s rare diplomatic skill brought into the alliance brandenburg, hanover, saxony, bavaria, savoy, and spain, as well as england, which became its linchpin. from 1691 william spent much time campaigning on the continent with varying degrees of success ; but by 1696 a number of factors made both sides anxious for peace, and the treaties of rijswijk were signed in 1697. the question, vital for a european balance of power, of who was to succeed the childless king charles ii of spain remained unsettled, however, and william had good cause to fear that the peace would be no more than a truce. the english parliament, on the contrary


a european balance of power, of who was to succeed the childless king charles ii of spain remained unsettled, however, and william had good cause to fear that the peace would be no more than a truce. the english parliament, on the contrary, was convinced that it would be lasting, insisted on cutting down the size of the army, and resolutely turned its back on foreign affairs. william, in the hope of averting a new war, entered into two spanish partition treaties ( 1698 – 99 ) with louis — measures that involved him in serious frictions with parliament. but when the spanish king died on nov. 1, 1700, louis, ignoring his agreements, accepted the crown of spain for his grandson and soon showed that he had not relinquished his plans for french aggrandizement. william, though hampered by english apathy, set himself to rebuilding the grand alliance and to preparing his two countries for the now inevitable conflict. in september 1701 the exiled james ii died, and louis xiv proclaimed his son king of england, contrary to his agreement in one of the rijswijk treaties, and thus roused the english to an enthusiasm for war. william did not live to see this war declared. his health had long been declining, and in march 1702 he died. his plans for a european settlement were largely carried out by the treaty of utrecht ( 1713 ). his ideal, which he had pursued doggedly for 30 years, was an international order in which no single power was able to tyrannize the rest. what made you want to look up " william iii "? please share what surprised you most...


on the bicentennial of the war of 1812, what so proudly we hailed looks at this formative yet misunderstood period in american history through the lens of 21st century america. this provocative book asks, among other questions : what did america learn — and what did it not learn — from the experience? how did it help shape a nation? with congress divided along party lines, the u. s. government went to war without adequately preparing either the means to finance the conflict or the capabilities needed to achieve its aims. like the united states two hundred years ago, the executive branch still suffers from in - fighting. the military invades a foreign nation, expecting to be treated as liberators. the entire endeavor winds down to a seemingly inconclusive ending. sound familiar? by 2003, america was waging two wars at once, at vast expense. neither was financed by tax increases, but instead with borrowed money — much like in 1812, when the “ republican ” party ’ s reluctance to use the government ’ s taxing power led to expanded debt and inadequate funding for the war effort. in what so proudly we hailed, the contributors look at how partisan animosity in 1812 surpassed today ’ s rancor, teaching us the danger of hyperpartisanship as well as the less obvious tendency of the party system to adapt and realign : the federalist - republican competition that dominated early u. s. politics dissipated in the war ’ s aftermath. we take today ’ s partisan divide as a given, but in time that too is likely to pass. - pulitzer - winning historian alan taylor ( the civil war of 1812 ) examines the war ’ s sectional tensions and the implications for american nationalism. - historian peter j. kastor discusses how 1812 – 15 affected state - federal relations. - author stephen budiansky ( perilous fight ) explores the military legacy. - pietro nivola assesses the keen partisan rivalry of the early 1800s and what it can tell us about today ’ s strife. - benjamin wittes and ritika singh of brookings investigate constitutional frictions, particularly regarding presidential power and civil liberties.


how many times have you typed a wrong internet address into your web browser? it must have happened to you at least once. maybe instead of “ facebook ” you typed “ fcebook ” while rushing to access your facebook profile? you ’ d think that such an honest mistake doesn ’ t cost you anything. after all, you do no harm. but with all the cybercriminals out there looking for new opportunities to make some easy money, mistyping the name of a popular website might cost you your internet security. if you mistype the address of a website into your browser, you could end up on a malicious website. once landed, you might get tricked into downloading malicious software to your computer or handing over personal information, such as credit card details. cybercriminals set up these fake websites, hoping to “ capitalize ” on your mistakes. what is typosquatting? the fraudulent web practice mentioned above is called “ typosquatting ”. it is a form of cybersquatting, an illegal web practice also known as “ domain ” or “ url squatting ”. the us and other countries even have a law against it. in the us it ’ s called “ the anticybersquatting consumer protection act ”. cybersquatting basically refers to the action of registering, trafficking in, or using the name of an existing website to profit from the goodwill of a trademark that belongs to someone else. sometimes, the ill - intended third - parties behind this kind of fraud – cybersquatters – register misspelled versions of popular trademarked names that coincide with common misspellings made by web users. in such cases, if you happen to type one of those versions into your browser, you ’ re directed to their site ( for example : www. example. com may be used as www. exmple. com ). at this point, your internet security might be greatly compromised. this is typosquatting and has happened with popular brands like : twitter – www. twtter. com, wikipedia – www. wikapedia. com, craiglist – www. craigilist. com, apple – www. pple. com, google – www. goole. com and more. what do typosquatters want? - compete with the popular sites in question for web traffic and earn money through advertisements ; in this case, typosquatters are not putting at risk your internet security, but they are taking advantage of


what do typosquatters want? - compete with the popular sites in question for web traffic and earn money through advertisements ; in this case, typosquatters are not putting at risk your internet security, but they are taking advantage of your good faith. their real victims are the companies whose names are used as bait. - trick you into downloading spyware or other type of malware to your computer. if you don ’ t have proper antivirus protection, they might breach your internet security. for example, once you get on the respective site, a pop - up window might warn you that your computer is infected and urge you to download an antivirus program they provide. if you fall for the scam, what you actually download is malware. - get hold of your personal information – usernames, passwords, credit card details, as part of a phishing scam. the site you land on might offer you fake discounts or giveways, in exchange for your personal details. - direct you to adult, dating sites, or other sites you had no intention of visiting. how to avoid typosquatting dangers : - be very careful with what you type in to your web browser. always type in the correct names of the sites you want to visit and make sure your kids do the same. you don ’ t want them ending up on dating sites or downloading some form of malware that can compromise your entire family ’ s internet security. - when you ’ re not sure of the correct spelling of the website name, do not type it in the browser address bar directly. use a trusted search engine instead, like google, bing and yahoo!, to get a thorough list of search results. in this case, it ’ s best you have an effective safe browsing tool, like the one in bullguard internet security 12, to flag out phishing, virus - infected and other types of malicious websites. - get a genuine and comprehensive internet security suite to protect you from phishing attempts, viruses, spyware and other types of malware. bullguard ’ s internet security software comes with a dual antivirus engine that spots known and yet unknown malware, as well as an antiphishing tool and a bunch of other cool internet security features.


focusing on cancer stem cells many solid tumors appear to have a small population of stem cells that are partially resistant to chemotherapy and can perpetuate themselves indefinitely. these cancer stem cells thus far have been isolated from breast and brain tumors as well as blood. the exact origin of these cancer stem cells remains to be defined. with mounting evidence to support the hypothesis that genetic alterations in tissue stem cells may represent the origins of some cancers, the time is right to more vigorously explore the properties, mechanisms, and vulnerabilities of this subset of cells. the presence of such cells, first demonstrated in acute myeloid leukemia patients, provides a different and exciting model with which to further explore cancer biology. as a result, nci is establishing a trans - nih group of scientists interested in embryogenesis and cancer stem cell biology to advance the study of the underlying mechanisms in these processes. establishing this group will facilitate the sharing of data, reagents, and animal models, and also provide a meaningful scientific interface with similar groups of extramural scientists. isolating and studying cancer stem cells should give us new insights into cancer and therapies. a defining characteristic of cancer stem cells is their ability to self - renew while giving rise to a diverse population of cells. in this respect, cancer stem cells are like embryonic stem cells, and the lessons of embryology, in which the role of stem cells are well defined, are crucial to understanding their role in carcinogenesis. the mechanisms that allow controlled growth and migration of cells during the development of complex organisms from a single cell may be the same genetically programmed signal pathways that, when left unregulated in the adult organism, allow the development of tumors. tumors are, in essence, complex " organs " complete with neovasculature and phenotypically altered supporting tissues. relatively little is known about the mechanisms of self - renewal, but researchers are beginning to identify potential genes and pathways involved. this could eventually lead to targets for intervening in the process, but without disrupting the behavior of normal tissue stem cells. some good news in this regard was reported last month. researchers at the dana - farber cancer institute found differences between genetic signatures associated with self - renewal in cancer stem cells and in normal blood stem cells in mice. this suggests that it may be possible to target cancer stem cells in humans. so where do cancer stem cells come from? one theory says they start out as normal stem cells until they become altered and start producing cancer cells. another says that some more mature, differentiated cells


it may be possible to target cancer stem cells in humans. so where do cancer stem cells come from? one theory says they start out as normal stem cells until they become altered and start producing cancer cells. another says that some more mature, differentiated cells may regain the ability to self - renew through genetic changes - a process of de - differentiation as they become malignant. there may be evidence for both theories. it ' s important to remember that these rare cells have only recently been discovered. to answer fundamental questions about them, we need to develop more efficient techniques for isolating the cells and maintaining them in culture, and we need to draw on our knowledge of embryogenesis. single - cell analyses will likely be needed to distinguish events present in cancer stem cells from the more differentiated cells that make up the majority of the tumor. i am excited about the formation of this group. we have seen the success of another trans - nih group in which nci plays an integral role. the trans - nih angiogenesis research program has improved the exchange of information and resources for angiogenesis researchers focused on diverse topics such as macular degeneration, cancer, and heart disease. likewise, the new group has the potential to advance the science around stem cell biology and bring us closer to new and potentially highly effective therapies in cancer and other diseases. dr. john e. niederhuber


garden guide ' 10 : the right tools the easy bloom plant sensor shows which vegetables, fruits, herbs, flowers, trees, shrubs or houseplants will grow where, indoors or out. there are so many different types of gardening tools available. how do you know which ones you ' ll really need? for starters, you ' ll need something to dig with — shovel or a spade. a shovel is typically a scoop for mixing or moving material from one place to another. a spade is designed for digging. the blade is straighter than a shovel ' s and is made to be pushed into the soil. long - handle tools usually offer better leverage and reach and allow working from a standing position. the handle may be either straight or have a d - shaped grip. with some long - handle pruners, extensions may be available. short - handle tools are lighter, usually less expensive and more compact to store. they let you work in confined spaces or while kneeling. common short - handled tools include hand pruners and clippers, hoes, garden trowels and cultivators. using short - handle tools means spending time low to the ground. a good, firm foam pad or strap - on kneepads can help prevent aches and pains. choices range from simple pads to foldable seats. basic and not - so - basic tools - garden knives. useful for cutting twine and plant ties and opening bags and plant root balls, the safer ones have non - collapsible fixed blades. - garden rakes. a heavy rake with short, stiff tines supported by a flat or bow - shaped metal frame is useful for raking heavy materials, removing rocks and other debris and smoothing the soil for planting. - leaf rakes. a light rake with long, thin, flexible tines designed to gather leaves or other light materials. - hand pruners and shears. used for removing flowers, lightweight foliage and small branches. - hoes. for weeding and scraping the soil ' s surface, hoes include the traditional flat scraping or chopping types and the loop, scuffle and stirrup styles. - long - handled pruners and loppers. these long - handled versions of hand pruners provide greater reach and leverage, allowing for larger items to be cut. - mattocks. a heavy, flat - bladed tool designed to dig or grub in the soil on one end, with a sharp point to break up heavy or rocky soils on the other. - spading forks


for larger items to be cut. - mattocks. a heavy, flat - bladed tool designed to dig or grub in the soil on one end, with a sharp point to break up heavy or rocky soils on the other. - spading forks. used to open up the ground, dig bulbs, incorporate soil amendments and turn compost, they have heavy, flat tines and often a d - shaped handle. - tillers. a power tool that breaks up large areas of compacted soil and incorporates soil amendments. - cultivators. a tool with heavy curved or bent tines or sometimes multiple spinning blades designed to open up and aerate the soil. styles with tines are also used to mix materials and effectively loosen weed roots. - the weed wrench, a manually - operated, all - steel tool designed to remove woody weeds by uprooting them. - the easy bloom plant sensor shows which vegetables, fruits, herbs, flowers, trees, shrubs or houseplants will grow where, indoors or out. storing your tools avoid clutter and damage by keeping your tools organized and dry. there ' s a tremendous selection in stores and online of storage racks, systems, tool organizers, outdoor closets and sheds. a basic, simple storage idea is to use a bucket caddy with cloth pockets that wraps around a 5 - gallon bucket. it ' s convenient for storing small tools and you can dump weeds in the bucket. another idea for keeping small tools, seeds, sunscreen and other items handy is to mount a jumbo mailbox on a post near the garden.


scientists find trick to reverse moral opinions ( cbs news ) a new study finds that a person ' s moral compass is surprisingly easy to throw off. with nothing more than a clipboard, a survey and a small patch of glue, researchers were able to get participants to not only subconsciously change their minds but even argue the opposite of their original opinions. the study, led by lars hall of sweden ' s lund university, asked 160 volunteers to fill out a quick 2 - page survey on moral principles and the morality of current events - such as the israeli - palestinian conflict. unbeknownst to the participants, a patch of glue was stuck to the back of the survey clipboard. when flipping to the second page, the top set of statements would stick to the back of the clipboard, revealing a different set of questions but leaving the responses unchanged. published in the journal plos one, the study slightly altered the hidden statements to mean the opposite of what they said originally. one example used in the study : " large - scale governmental surveillance of e - mail and internet traffic out to be forbidden as a means to combat international crime and terrorism. " when the hidden statements were revealed, the original had been reworded from " forbidden " to " permitted. " participants then read the statements aloud, including the ones that had been altered, and explain their opinions. researchers found that half of participants did not detect any changes to the statements, and a full 69 percent accepted at least one of the altered statements. not only were the volunteers unlikely to spot the changes, 53 percent argued in favor of the altered statements rather than their original opinions. hall and his team have studied this phenomenon previously, calling it " choice blindness. " " i don ' t feel we have exposed people or fooled them, " hall told the journal nature. " rather this shows something otherwise very difficult to show, [ which is ] how open and flexible people can actually be. " the study may have ramifications concerning the accuracy of self - report questionnaires. hall believes that standard surveys " are not good at capturing the complexity of the attitudes people actually hold. " liane young, a psychologist at boston college who was not involved in the study, called the results " intriguing. " " these findings suggest that if i ' m fooled into thinking that i endorse a view, i ' ll do the work myself to come up with my own reasons, " she told nature. © 2012 cbs interactive inc. all rights reserved.


mexico scrambles to cope with egg shortage a city worker sells eggs at government subsidized prices as people line up outside the city truck in mexico city, friday, aug. 24, 2012. the mexican government is battling an egg shortage and hoarding that have caused prices to spike in a country with the highest per - capita egg consumption on earth. about 11 million chickens were slaughtered after a june outbreak of bird flu. / ap photo / alexandre meneghini ( ap ) mexico city - the mexican government is battling an egg shortage and hoarding that have caused prices to spike in a country with the highest per - capita egg consumption on earth. a summer epidemic of bird flu in the heart of mexico ' s egg industry has doubled the cost of a kilo ( 2. 2 pounds ), or about 13 eggs, to more than 40 pesos ( $ 3 ), a major blow to working - and middle - class consumers in a country that consumes more than 350 eggs per person each year. that ' s 100 more eggs per person than in the united states. egg prices have dominated the headlines here for a week, spurring mexico city ' s mayor to ship tons of cheap eggs to poor neighborhoods and the federal government to announce emergency programs to get fresh chickens to farms hit by bird flu and to restock supermarket shelves with eggs imported from the u. s. and central america. the national dismay over egg prices has revealed the unappreciated importance of a cheap, easy source of protein that ' s nearly as important to mexican kitchens as tortillas, rice and beans. added boiled to stewed chicken, raw to a fruit - juice hangover cure and in every other conceivable form to hundreds of other foods, the once - ubiquitous egg has disappeared from many street - side food stands and middle - class kitchens in recent days. " eggs, as you know, are one of mexicans ' most important foods and make up a core part of their diet, especially in the poorest regions of the country, " president felipe calderon said friday as he announced about $ 227 million in emergency financing and commercial measures to restore production and replace about 11 million chickens slaughtered after the june outbreak of bird flu. calderon said he was sending inspectors to stop speculation that he blamed for high egg prices, which have almost single - handedly driven up the national rate of inflation. he said that the government had already begun large - scale importation of eggs and that about 3 million hens were being sent to farms hit by the flu outbreak


strategic plan - disabilities & disparities priority : identifying and reducing disparities in key health indicators, including obesity, among children, youth and adults with disabilities. what is the problem? - obesity rates for children and adults with disabilities are 38 percent and 57 percent higher than rates for children and adults without disabilities. - adults with disabilities engage in physical activities on a regular basis approximately half as often as adults without disabilities ( 12 percent vs. 22 percent ). - disparities have been found in access to health care, with 29 percent of people with disabilities showing unmet need compared to 12 percent of people without disabilities. what do we know? the growing body of research on the link between obesity and disability indicates that, for both children and adults, those at greatest risk for obesity have mobility limitations, intellectual / learning disabilities, or both. whether obesity is the result of disability or a contributing factor to disability, children, youth and adults with disabilities are an important subgroup to address in reducing obesity in the united states. reasons for these disparities include : - lack of healthy food choices for many people with disabilities living in restrictive environments ; - difficulty with chewing or swallowing food ; - use of medications that can contribute to changes in weight and appetite ; - physical limitations that can reduce a person ’ s ability to exercise ; - pain and / or lack of energy ; - lack of accessible environments such as sidewalks, parks, and exercise equipment ; and - lack of resources such as money, transportation, and social support from family, friends, neighbors, and community members. what can we do? now is the time for action. evidence shows that regular physical activity and good nutrition provide improved cardiovascular and muscle fitness, enhanced mental health, and a better ability to perform tasks of daily life for people with disabilities. we need : research to build the evidence for interventions ; effective communication to inform stakeholders ; and implementation of public health programs, policies, and practices to reduce the disparity in obesity and other health indicators such as health care access. with our partners, we are integrating disability into national efforts that address obesity and other health conditions, and identifying and measuring outcomes for persons with disabilities to evaluate effectiveness and monitor change. learn more about disabilities learn more about ncbddd ’ s strategic plan and priorities. - centers for disease control and prevention national center on birth defects and developmental disabilities 1600 clifton road atlanta, ga 30333 tty : ( 888 ) 232 - 6348 new hours of operation


asthma is a lifelong disease that causes wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing. it can limit a person ' s quality of life. while we don ' t know why asthma rates are rising, we do know that most people with asthma can control their symptoms and prevent asthma attacks by avoiding asthma triggers and correctly using prescribed medicines, such as inhaled corticosteroids. the number of people diagnosed with asthma grew by 4. 3 million from 2001 to 2009. from 2001 through 2009 asthma rates rose the most among black children, almost a 50 % increase. asthma was linked to 3, 447 deaths ( about 9 per day ) in 2007. asthma costs in the us grew from about $ 53 billion in 2002 to about $ 56 billion in 2007, about a 6 % increase. greater access to medical care is needed for the growing number of people with asthma. asthma is increasing every year in the us. too many people have asthma. - the number of people with asthma continues to grow. one in 12 people ( about 25 million, or 8 % of the population ) had asthma in 2009, compared with 1 in 14 ( about 20 million, or 7 % ) in 2001. - more than half ( 53 % ) of people with asthma had an asthma attack in 2008. more children ( 57 % ) than adults ( 51 % ) had an attack. - 185 children and 3, 262 adults died from asthma in 2007. - about 1 in 10 children ( 10 % ) had asthma and 1 in 12 adults ( 8 % ) had asthma in 2009. women were more likely than men and boys more likely than girls to have asthma. - about 1 in 9 ( 11 % ) non - hispanic blacks of all ages and about 1 in 6 ( 17 % ) of non - hispanic black children had asthma in 2009, the highest rate among racial / ethnic groups. - the greatest rise in asthma rates was among black children ( almost a 50 % increase ) from 2001 through 2009. asthma action plan stages green zone : doing well no cough, wheeze, chest tightness, or shortness of breath ; can do all usual activities. take prescribed longterm control medicine such as inhaled corticosteroids. yellow zone : getting worse cough, wheeze, chest tightness, or shortness of breath ; waking at night ; can do some, but not all, usual activities. add quick - relief medicine. red zone : medical alert! very short of breath ; quick - relief medicines don ' t help ; cannot do


, or shortness of breath ; waking at night ; can do some, but not all, usual activities. add quick - relief medicine. red zone : medical alert! very short of breath ; quick - relief medicines don ' t help ; cannot do usual activities ; symptoms no better after 24 hours in yellow zone. get medical help now. full action plan : http : / / www. cdc. gov / asthma / actionplan. html asthma has a high cost for individuals and the nation. - asthma cost the us about $ 3, 300 per person with asthma each year from 2002 to 2007 in medical expenses. - medical expenses associated with asthma increased from $ 48. 6 billion in 2002 to $ 50. 1 billion in 2007. about 2 in 5 ( 40 % ) uninsured people with asthma could not afford their prescription medicines and about 1 in 9 ( 11 % ) insured people with asthma could not afford their prescription medicines. - more than half ( 59 % ) of children and one - third ( 33 % ) of adults who had an asthma attack missed school or work because of asthma in 2008. on average, in 2008 children missed 4 days of school and adults missed 5 days of work because of asthma. better asthma education is needed. - people with asthma can prevent asthma attacks if they are taught to use inhaled corticosteroids and other prescribed daily long - term control medicines correctly and to avoid asthma triggers. triggers can include tobacco smoke, mold, outdoor air pollution, and colds and flu. - in 2008 less than half of people with asthma reported being taught how to avoid triggers. almost half ( 48 % ) of adults who were taught how to avoid triggers did not follow most of this advice. - doctors and patients can better manage asthma by creating a personal asthma action plan that the patient follows. asthma by age and sex us, 2001 - 2009 percentages are age - adjusted source : national center for health statistics ; 2010. asthma self - management education by age, us, 2008 source : national health interview survey, 2008, asthma supplement. adults with asthma in the us, 2009 source : behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 2009 federal, state, and local health officials can : - track asthma rates and the effectiveness of control measures so continuous improvements can be made in prevention efforts. - promote influenza and pneumonia vaccination for people with asthma. - promote improvements in indoor air quality for people with asthma through measures such as smoke - free air laws and policies, healthy schools and workplaces, and improvements in outdoor air quality.


. - promote influenza and pneumonia vaccination for people with asthma. - promote improvements in indoor air quality for people with asthma through measures such as smoke - free air laws and policies, healthy schools and workplaces, and improvements in outdoor air quality. health care providers can : - determine the severity of asthma and monitor how much control the patient has over it. - make an asthma action plan for patients. use this to teach them how to use inhaled corticosteroids and other prescribed medicines correctly and how to avoid asthma triggers such as tobacco smoke, mold, pet dander, and outdoor air pollution. - prescribe inhaled corticosteroids for all patients with persistent asthma. people with asthma and parents of children with asthma can : - receive ongoing appropriate medical care. - be empowered through education to manage their asthma and asthma attacks. - avoid asthma triggers at school, work, home, and outdoors. parents of children with asthma should not smoke, or if they do, smoke only outdoors and not in their cars. - use inhaled corticosteroids and other prescribed medicines correctly. schools and school nurses can : - use student asthma action plans to guide use of inhaled corticosteroids and other prescribed asthma medicines correctly and to avoid asthma triggers. - make students ' quick - relief inhalers readily available for them to use at school as needed. - take steps to fix indoor air quality problems like mold and outdoor air quality problems such as idling school buses. employers and insurers can : - promote healthy workplaces by reducing or eliminating known asthma triggers. - promote measures that prevent asthma attacks such as eliminating co - payments for inhaled corticosteroids and other prescribed medicines. - provide reimbursement for educational sessions conducted by clinicians, health educators, and other health professionals both within and outside of the clinical setting. - provide reimbursement for long - term control medicines, education, and services to reduce asthma triggers that are often not covered by health insurers.


announcements : world stroke day — october 29, 2012 monday, october 29, is world stroke day 2012. approximately 795, 000 strokes occur annually in the united states. one of the leading causes of disability, stroke occurs among all age groups, including newborns, children, young adults, and older adults ( 1 ). one in six persons worldwide will have a stroke in his or her lifetime, and every 6 seconds someone will die from a stroke ( 2, 3 ). although stroke is a common disease, it can be prevented. in addition, with timely care and support, most stroke survivors can recover and regain their quality of life. everyone should take the following actions to reduce their likelihood of having a stroke : 1 ) know your personal risk factors, including high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, high blood cholesterol, atrial fibrillation, and a history of having a transient ischemic attack or previous stroke ; 2 ) engage in physical activity regularly ; 3 ) maintain a healthy diet high in fruits and vegetables ; 4 ) limit alcohol consumption ; 5 ) avoid cigarette smoke ( if you smoke, seek help to stop now ) ; and 6 ) learn to recognize the warning signs of a stroke, * and call 9 - 1 - 1 right away if you think someone is having a stroke. cdc addresses stroke prevention through state - based programs to prevent heart disease and stroke, through the paul coverdell national acute stroke registry, and through many partnerships. information on stroke prevention is available at http : / / www. cdc. gov / stroke, and additional information about world stroke day is available at http : / / www. worldstrokecampaign. org. - roger vl, go as, lloyd - jones dm, et al. heart disease and stroke statistics – 2012 update : a report from the american heart association. circulation 2012 ; 125 : e2 - e220. - seshadri s, beiser a, kelly - hayes m. the lifetime risk of stroke : estimates from the framingham study. stroke 2006 ; 37 : 345 – 50. - world health organization. the atlas of heart disease and stroke. geneva, switzerland : world health organization ; 2004. available at http : / / www. who. int / cardiovascular _ diseases / resources / atlas. accessed october 16, 2012. * sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body ; sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding ; sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes ; sudden


- pdf ( 392 kb ) - full text with thumbnail figures - full text with large figures - cited by in scopus ( 51 ) - request permission - transitioning from malaria control to elimination : the vital role of acts trends in parasitology, volume 29, issue 2, 1 february 2013, pages 60 - 64 heiner grueninger and kamal hamed abstractartemisinin - based combination therapies ( acts ) have been instrumental in reducing malaria burden. many countries report geographical areas with reduced levels of endemic disease. as the transition is made from malaria control to elimination, new ways of using existing treatments are being considered. in this opinion paper, the requirements for the continued success of acts, their role in this transition, and possible new ways of using these drugs in an elimination setting are discussed. acts have an important role to play in maintaining the current success of control programs, and may also drive these successes forward into the widespread elimination of malaria. abstract | full text | pdf ( 569 kb ) - combating malaria in africa trends in parasitology, volume 18, issue 5, 1 may 2002, pages 224 - 230 jean - francois trape, gilles pison, andre spiegel, catherine enel and christophe rogier abstractthe spread of antimalarial drug resistance has major consequences for malaria control in tropical africa. here, the impact of chloroquine resistance on the burden of malaria is analyzed and its implications for the roll back malaria initiative are examined. malaria mortality has increased at least twofold during the past two decades. combination therapy should be available for home treatment of young children. the potential toxicity of most antimalarials will require special surveillance programs. the main contribution to malaria control using methods to reduce the entomological inoculation rate is expected in areas with low or unstable transmission. classic vector - control methods could potentially eliminate malaria in most urban areas and such programs deserve high priority. abstract | full text | pdf ( 67 kb ) - plasmodium vivax transmission : chances for control? trends in parasitology, volume 20, issue 4, 1 april 2004, pages 192 - 198 jetsumon sattabongkot, takafumi tsuboi, gabriela e. zollner, jeeraphat sirichaisinthop and liwang cui abstractplasmodium vivax is a growing public health problem in many regions of the world as a result of re - emergence and increased transmission. this article reviews the unique biology related


##eraphat sirichaisinthop and liwang cui abstractplasmodium vivax is a growing public health problem in many regions of the world as a result of re - emergence and increased transmission. this article reviews the unique biology related to p. vivax transmission and addresses potential problems associated with the control of this parasite, which depends on an in - depth knowledge of malaria transmission. the success of comprehensive control measures will require advanced laboratory and field research on this parasite, international awareness of the problem, and co - operation by members of the international malaria community to implement new knowledge and improve the management of transmission in each endemic area. abstract | full text | pdf ( 162 kb ) copyright © 2003 elsevier ltd all rights reserved. trends in parasitology, volume 19, issue 10, 452 - 460, 1 october 2003 mass administrations of antimalarial drugs 1 international vaccine institute, kwanak, po box 14, seoul, 151 - 600, korea 2 department of infectious and tropical diseases, london school of hygiene and tropical medicine, keppel st., london, uk, wc1e 7ht administration of antimalarial drugs to whole populations has been used as a malaria - control measure for more than 70 years. drugs have been administered either directly as a full therapeutic course of treatment or indirectly through the fortification of salt. mass drug administrations ( mdas ) were generally unsuccessful in interrupting transmission but, in some cases, had a marked effect on parasite prevalence and on the incidence of clinical malaria. mdas are likely to encourage the spread of drug - resistant parasites and so have only a limited role in malaria control. they could have a part to play in the management of epidemics and in the control of malaria in areas with a short transmission season. to reduce the risk of spreading drug resistance, mdas should use more than one drug and, preferably include a drug, such as an artemisinin, which has a gametocidal effect.


we seek the solution to the linear system of equations iterative methods, unlike direct methods, generate a sequence of approximate solutions to the system that ( hopefully ) converges to the exact solution. after k iterations, we obtain an approximation to the exact solution as : where is the residual after k iterations. as the difference between the exact and approaximate solution, we obtain the purpose of iterations is to drive this residual to zero. stationary iterative methods iterative methods that can be expressed in the simple form when neither b nor c depend upon the iteration count ( k ), the iterative method is called stationary iterative method. some of the stationary iterative methods are - jacobi method - gauss - seidel method - successive overrelaxation ( sor ) method and - symmetric successive overrelaxation ( ssor ) method the convergence of such iterative methods can be investigated using the fixed point theorem. nonstationary iterative methods when during the iterations b and c changes during the iterations, the method is called nonstationary iterative method. typically, constants b and c are computed by taking inner products of residuals or other vectors arising from the iterative method. some examples are : - conjugate gradient method ( cg ) - minres and symmlq - generalized minimal residual ( gmres ) - biconjugate gradient ( bicg ) - quasi - minimal residual ( qmr ) - conjugate gradient squared method ( cgs ) - biconjugate gradient stabilized ( bi - cgstab ) - chebyshev iteration