fragile x syndrome ( cont. ) a variety of professionals can help individuals with fragile x and their families deal with symptoms of the disorder. such assistance is usually most effective when provided by health care professionals experienced with fragile x. - speech - language therapists can help people with fragile x to improve their pronunciation of words and sentences, slow down speech, and use language more effectively. they may set up social or problem - solving situations to help a child practice using language in meaningful ways. for the minority of children who fail to develop functional speech, this type of specialist may work with other specialists to design and teach nonverbal ways of communication. for example, some children may prefer to use small picture cards arranged on a key ring to express themselves ; or they may learn to use a hand - held computer that is programmed to " say " words and phrases when a single key is pressed. - occupational therapists help find ways to adjust tasks and conditions to match a person ' s needs and abilities. for example, this type of therapist might teach parents to swaddle or massage their baby who has fragile x to calm him or her. or the therapist might find a specially designed computer mouse and keyboard or a pencil that is easier for a child with poor motor control to grip. at the high school level, an occupational therapist can help a teenager with fragile x identify a job, career, or skill that matches his or her interests and individual capabilities. 17 - physical therapists design activities and exercises to build motor control and to improve posture and balance. they can teach parents ways to exercise their baby ' s muscles. at school, a physical therapist may help a child who is easily over - stimulated or who avoids body contact to participate in sports and games with other children. - behavioral therapists try to identify why a child acts in negative ways and then seek ways to prevent these distressing situations, and to teach the child to cope with the distress. this type of specialist also works with parents and teachers to find useful responses to desirable and undesirable behavior. during puberty, rising and changing hormone levels can cause adolescents to become more aggressive. a behavioral therapist can help a teenager recognize his or her intense emotions and teach healthy ways to calm down. the services of these specialists may be available to pre - school and school - aged children, as well as to teens, through the local public school system. in a school setting, several specialists often work together to assess each child ' s particular strengths and weaknesses, and to plan a program that is specially tailored


weight gain & cancer risk medical author : melissa conrad stoppler, md medical editor : william c. shiel jr., md, facp, facr excess weight is a known risk factor for many chronic diseases, such as diabetesand heart disease. obesityhas also been linked an increased risk for developing some cancers. to clarify the effects of weight gain on cancer risk, researchers in 2007 conducted an analysis of many studies reported in medical journals that describe 282, 137 cases of cancer. the researchers wanted to see if weight gain had an effect on the risk for certain cancer types. in particular, the researchers looked at the risk of cancer associated with a weight gain corresponding to an increase of 5 kg / m2 in body mass index ( bmi ). in terms of actual pounds gained, a man with a normal - range bmi of 23 would need to gain 15 kg ( 33 lbs. ) of weight, while a woman with a bmi of 23 would need to gain 13 kg ( 28. 6 lbs. ) to correspond to an increase of 5 in the bmi. the results, published in the lancet in february 2008, revealed that weight gain is positively associated with the risk of developing a variety of types of cancer as described below. for women, a weight gain corresponding to an increase of 5 in the bmi resulted in a significant increase in risk for developing four cancer types : - esophageal adenocarcinoma ( double the risk ), - endometrial cancer ( slightly more than double the risk ), - gallbladder cancer ( slightly more than double the risk ), and - kidney ( renal ) cancer.


improve community infrastructure, health, resiliency and economic opportunities in indonesia ’ s most challenging urban and coastal areas. about half of all indonesians live on less than a dollar a day. employment growth has been slower than population growth. public services remain inadequate by middle - income standards, and health indicators are poor. - economic opportunity : providing technical assistance, training and financial services to microfinance institutions throughout the country - health : raising awareness and supporting mothers to practice and promote exclusive breastfeeding - children & youth : addressing childhood malnutrition through healthy, affordable food carts in jakarta - water : improving sanitation and hygiene in crowded urban areas with a mobile sludge removal service - disaster preparedness : identifying and mapping areas at risk and helping those communities plan, train and practice how to respond when disasters occur - emergency response : maintaining a response team ready to quickly deploy and provide immediate relief to survivors during the critical first months after a disaster strikes all stories about indonesia indonesia : mercy corps program in indonesia issues 500th grant june 10, 2003 in may 2003, in maluku province, indonesia mercy corps issued its 500th grant to yayassan ina hasa laut, a local ngo to rehabilitate a water system in desa paperu, saparua island. this project will improve the lives of over 249 conflict - affected families. indonesia : a glass of hope april 30, 2003 indonesia : sewing a brighter future march 3, 2003 indonesia : reaching her dreams january 21, 2003 indonesia : where there is a will, there is a way december 16, 2002 indonesia : when mothers speak, milk prices come down - and so does a government november 7, 2002 traditionally, women in indonesia are often not involved in decision making, even over everyday household and community issues. but in 1998, small groups of indonesian women initiated protests that helped to change the history of the world ' s fifth most populous nation. indonesia : peaceful water to cool conflict october 2, 2002 indonesia : microfinance for the poor august 28, 2002 microfinance is considered to be one of the most effective tools to combat poverty, but the question that one needs to ask is : " do poor people get access to financial services through microfinance? " indonesia : making peace in maluku june 20, 2002 for over two years, mercy corps has been working in maluku province in eastern indonesia, where communal conflict has been ongoing since early 1999. indonesia : heavy rains leave 300, 000 homeless in indonesia february 1, 2002 torrential monsoon rains have caused widespread


this later nineteenth - century tabernacle frame of ebony - veneered soft wood was designed to house reverse - painted glass. the technique of reverse painting on glass, often called " verre eglomise ", dates to the roman era, and was widely practiced in europe by the early sixteenth century. essentially, an image is painted on the back of a transparent glass or polished rock crystal support and meant to be viewed through it, the substrate becoming an integral part of the painting. the lehman glass panels were probably painted in lombardy in the second half of the sixteenth century. this tabernacle house altar has a semicircular pediment and rock crystal columns with silver - gilt corinthian capitals and bases. a cast silver - gilt relief of god the father in benediction fills the pediment, which is surmounted by an agate urn with silver - gilt mounts flanked by two pointed agate finials. cast silver - gilt appliques decorate the entablature, the columns and the predella. the reverse - painted central arched panel represents the adoration of the shepherds while below, a narrow frieze of smaller vertical plaques shows the adoration of the magi in the center, flanked by the angel gabriel and the virgin of the annunciation. the outer panels show the eucharistic host, chalice, and paten on the left and the " arma christi " on the right. although its style dates from the early seventeenth century, the wooden framework for this house altar was built in the nineteenth century, probably by reinhold vasters ( 1827 - 1909 ) or someone in his workshop. vasters was a highly skilled german silversmith and goldsmith who for a time served as restorer at the aachen cathedral treasury. there, in the spirit of nineteenth - century historicism, he not only restored but also replaced worn or damaged liturgical objects. it is likely that the lehman tabernacle house altar was made expressly to house a set of sixteenth - century reverse - painted panels. the unified program and the similarity of the style of the painting on the ten rock crystal panels suggest that they were scavenged from a single piece.


1 significant figure 2 significant figures 3 significant figures 4 significant figures 5 significant figures 6 significant figures 7 significant figures 8 significant figures note : fractional results are rounded to the nearest 1 / 64. for a more accurate answer please select ' decimal ' from the options above the result. note : you can increase or decrease the accuracy of this answer by selecting the number of significant figures required from the options above the result. note : for a pure decimal result please select ' decimal ' from the options above the result. before approximately the 14th century there were two hundredweights in england, one of 100 pounds, and one of 108 pounds. in 1340, king edward iii changed the value of the stone from 12 pounds to 14 pounds. since a hundredweight is 8 stones, the 100 - pound hundredweight became 112 pounds. a unit of mass equal to one - millionth of a gram. long hundredweights ( uk ) to micrograms mobile phone converter app whilst every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the metric calculators and charts given on this site, we cannot make a guarantee or be held responsible for any errors that have been made. if you spot an error on this site, we would be grateful if you could report it to us by using the contact link at the top of this page and we will endeavour to correct it as soon as possible. created : fri 31 oct 2003 this page last updated : : wed 08 feb 2013


the early years in 1927, mfah director james chillman introduced the idea of building a library at the museum. he stated that " the purpose of the library was to furnish information for judging the arts. " he reported that the library was " proving quite popular — particularly in view of the fact that it is not of a circulating character. almost any bright day there may be found a generous sprinkling of readers — housewives, professionals and rice institute students. " ( post dispatch, january 22, 1928 ) the library was situated in the basement of the west wing of the museum, and furnished with windsor chairs and a single reading table. a public fund drive for money for books started the library ' s collection ; thereafter, a budget for the library was included within the museum ' s budget each year. in 1960, the mfah hired its first professionally trained librarian. by the 1970s, the library ' s collection had outgrown its space, and in 1974 a new area for the library was created in the ludwig mies van der rohe addition to the museum. the modern, spacious reading room adjacent to the alice pratt brown sculpture garden was welcoming to the staff as well as the public. maurice and winifred hirsch in september of 1981, an endowment was established for the library by two long - time museum supporters : general maurice and winifred busby hirsch. this generous bequest was designated to be used for, " the maintenance, repair, embellishment of the present or subsequently substituted premises of the museum library and for the purchase of fixtures, furnishings, books, manuscripts, book illustrations, periodicals, appropriate art objects and any other use pertinent to a museum library. " ( letter from maurice hirsch to the chairman of the board of trustees, dated september 23, 1981 ). the library was named the hirsch library that year, as a lasting tribute to these two museum patrons. the hirsch family had been involved with the mfah since it opened in 1924. general maurice hirsch ' s father, jules hirsch, was an early contributor to the museum building fund that year. in 1947 maurice and winifred were married, and became active participants as a couple in the city ' s cultural life. in the early 1950s they carried on the family ' s support of the museum with generous financial contributions and donations of works of art to the museum ' s collection. maurice became a museum trustee in 1960. winifred played an active role in the museum ' s auxiliary and volunteer groups, and from 1954 to 1955 she was the


with generous financial contributions and donations of works of art to the museum ' s collection. maurice became a museum trustee in 1960. winifred played an active role in the museum ' s auxiliary and volunteer groups, and from 1954 to 1955 she was the first chair of the " art cart " program that took works of art from the museum to houston ' s veterans administration hospital. the hirsches traveled the world many times, and during a trip to egypt in 1952, they bought several egyptian art objects for the museum ' s collection. the most treasured of their gifts to the collection is an outstanding greek vase, or hydria ( 470 – 460 bc ) by the painter of the yale oinochoe. this lovely black vase depicts scenes of daily life painted in red. general hirsch died while on a trip to hong kong on august 5, 1983, after a lifetime of work as a lawyer and philanthropist. mrs. hirsch continued to actively support the hirsch library until her death in 1990 aboard her yacht, athena. mrs. hirsch bequeathed her jewelry collection to the hirsch library, and its sale at christie ' s, new york, on april 25, 1991, added significantly to the library ' s endowment. hirsch library renovation and expansion by 1989, the library ' s stacks were overflowing. a renovation in september of that year added high - density compact shelving and reduced the number of periodicals in storage, enabling the library collection to double in size. this was a temporary measure, however, with a plan for an expansion of the library scheduled to coincide with the opening of the new audrey jones beck building in 2000. in 1991, the library subscribed to its first online periodical index, art index, which greatly simplified searching for citations to art periodicals. meanwhile, a plan for the library ’ s own online system was in the works. by 1998, the library established its first fully automated online catalog, which provided access to the library ' s holdings at your fingertips — both within the library and via the internet. in the fall of 2000, a renovation of the hirsch library began that would significantly increase its physical size from 3, 900 to 8, 400 square feet. the library opened to the public in may of 2001 with an elegantly enlarged reading room on the main floor of the museum overlooking the alice pratt brown garden, and a downstairs area housing the main stacks, vertical files, rare book collection, and cataloging offices. the original space on the main floor was redesigned to incorporate an online resources room, an expanded current periodicals area, and work


alice pratt brown garden, and a downstairs area housing the main stacks, vertical files, rare book collection, and cataloging offices. the original space on the main floor was redesigned to incorporate an online resources room, an expanded current periodicals area, and work space for the library staff. kitty king powell library and study center at bayou bend shortly after the completion of hirsch library ’ s new facility in 2001, tropical storm allison caused significant damage to the bayou bend visitor center, necessitating the temporary relocation of 5, 000 books and periodicals from the bayou bend library to the hirsch library at the mfah, where it received full - time supervision and maintenance by library staff. in september of 2010, the completion of the lora jean kilroy visitor and education center and the establishment of the newly named kitty king powell library and study center at bayou bend enabled the return of the bayou bend library and hogg family collections to their proper home. now staffed with its own librarian and library assistant, the powell library and study center is available to the general public, docents, and staff in a location only a short walk from the actual artworks and artifacts on display at bayou bend. kitty king powell ’ s support of this new library facility reflects her love of libraries and her years of service as a bayou bend docent. today, more than 7, 000 patrons visit the hirsch and powell libraries annually. the libraries provide reference assistance and bibliographic instruction to museum professional staff, docents, and members, as well as to college and university art history students, teachers, and the general public. please contact us to arrange a tour of one of the libraries, or if you need research assistance.


by allen c. guelzo what ' s in a name? a great deal, if it happens to be stephen a. douglas. a hundred and fifty years ago, stephen arnold douglas was the most powerful politician in america. he had begun his political career as a hyper - loyal andrew jackson democrat, snatched up one of illinois ' u. s. senate seats in 1846, and rose from there to the heights of congressional stardom by helping the great henry clay cobble together the compromise of 1850 - which effectively averted civil war over the expansion of slavery into the west for another decade. no man was a more obvious presidential candidate than douglas, and in 1860, he won his party ' s nomination to the presidency. that, unhappily for douglas, was when the cheering stopped. he made the magnificent mistake, when running for re - election to the senate in 1858, of agreeing to debate the new republican party ' s anti - slavery candidate, abraham lincoln. although douglas managed to win the election, lincoln handled him so relentlessly, exposing the failure of douglas ' s policies on slavery during the duo ' s seven open - air debates, that lincoln emerged as a national contender, while douglas lost legions of disappointed supporters. when douglas faced lincoln again in the presidential campaign of 1860, douglas ' s party fractured into three pieces and guaranteed lincoln ' s election by default. douglas died only eight months later. still, douglas ' s name was revered by illinois democrats for a generation afterward. in the 1920s, progressive democrats adopted douglas as a model of moderate statesmanship, trying to hold off the destructive fanaticism of both pro - and anti - slavery radicals. biographers of lincoln and douglas alike - albert beveridge on the lincoln side, robert johannsen on douglas ' s side - praised douglas for taking the practical road to compromise, unlike the ideologues whose fervor eventually triggered the civil war. in 1963, illinois governor otto kerner, who would later chair the famous national advisory commission on civil disorders, praised douglas for creating the illinois central railroad and the university of chicago, and in 1975, chicago mayor richard daley, a life - long admirer of douglas, founded a stephen a. douglas association to promote the observation of douglas ' s birthday. and, on top of it all, a residence hall - one of three named for famous illinois politicians - was built at eastern illinois university with douglas ' s name on it. douglas hall, a 200 - bed residence hall built in the 1950s, may have been the


top of it all, a residence hall - one of three named for famous illinois politicians - was built at eastern illinois university with douglas ' s name on it. douglas hall, a 200 - bed residence hall built in the 1950s, may have been the most innocuous of all the memorializations of stephen a. douglas. but not after november 9th. that ' s when the eiu faculty senate, acting on a proposal from associate professor of english christopher hanlon, voted to remove douglas ' s name from the residence hall. this was not the first time the " douglas " in douglas hall had been challenged, but this time, hanlon cast his objections as a statement on race. stephen a. douglas, hanlon argued, " gave voice to a contemptuous view of african americans, a view that has long since been recognized as incompatible with modern american democracy. " and it is true that douglas supported the fugitive slave law of 1850 ( it was part of the compromise ), backed legislation which tore up laws banning the expansion of slavery into the western territories, and in his debates with lincoln, spoke of blacks in terms so demeaning they would make a klansman blush. douglas addressed illinoisans in 1858 with the ringing affirmation that " this government of ours is founded on the white basis. " during the debates with lincoln douglas made a specialty of race - baiting in the most foul - mouthed fashion : i ask you, are you in favor of conferring upon the negro the rights and privileges of citizenship? do you desire to strike out of our state ' s constitution that clause which keeps slaves and free negroes out of the state, and allow the free negroes to flow in, and cover your prairies with black settlements? do you desire to turn this beautiful state into a free negro colony in order that when missouri abolishes slavery, she can send one hundred thousand emancipated slaves into illinois to become citizens and voters on an equality with yourselves? if you desire negro citizenship, if you desire to allow them to come into the state and settle with the white man, if you desire them to vote on an equality with yourselves, and to make them eligible to office, to serve on juries, and to judge your rights, then support mr. lincoln and the black republican party, who are in favor of the citizenship of the negro. and although he tried to distract notice from it, douglas was even the legal owner of slaves, which had come to him through the estate of his father - in - law


the black republican party, who are in favor of the citizenship of the negro. and although he tried to distract notice from it, douglas was even the legal owner of slaves, which had come to him through the estate of his father - in - law and which he managed as a trust for his two under - age sons. it is easy to read hanlon ' s charge that douglas " bears a dishonorable record of public service and is hence undeserving of public acclaim and honor " as simply another sanctimonious exercise in air - brushing the racially - insensitive and diversity - intolerant out of college and university histories. and this has provoked some equally - predictable push - back from historians like eiu ' s mark summers, who argues that " trying to find historical actors who fully abided my own moral judgments was a fruitless exercise... because our world today is too different from the world occupied by predecessors who spoke and acted in the past. " douglas was, in other words, a man of his time, when white supremacist attitudes were actually mainstream, and should not be judged by " presentist " attitudes. in the case of stephen a. douglas, however, i ' m on the side of removing the name, and not just because of race. douglas ' s entire policy toward race and slavery arose from an even more toxic assumption, which douglas deified as the principle of " popular sovereignty. " in douglas ' s dictionary, democracy is an end in itself, and democratic process amounts entirely to consulting what a majority of the people want at any given time. if the voters wanted to legalize slavery, so be it ; if not, that was up to them, too, so long as they did not attempt to force this conviction on others. " the principle of self - government is, that each community shall settle this question for itself... and we have no right to complain, either in the north or the south, whichever they do. " douglas liked to speak of this as an example of what he called " diversity ; " but in the context of the crisis over slavery in the 1850s, what it meant in practical terms was that " if kansas wants a slave - state constitution she has a right to it.... i do not care whether it is voted down or voted up. " lincoln, by contrast, believed that democracy was a means, not an end in itself, and that it was a means toward realizing in the fullest fashion the natural


... i do not care whether it is voted down or voted up. " lincoln, by contrast, believed that democracy was a means, not an end in itself, and that it was a means toward realizing in the fullest fashion the natural rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness which nature and nature ' s god had hard - wired into every human being. there was a line, drawn by natural right, beyond which no majority and no democracy could or should go, and on the far side of that line was slavery. douglas ' s politics were the politics of the pitchfork, devoid of moral principle and respecting nothing except force. lincoln believed that " moral principle is all that unites us, " and that douglas ' s popular sovereignty was merely a kind face on mob rule. wed that notion to white supremacy, and you get the real offense of stephen a. douglas. in the long run, the eiu resolution is little more than pin - prick. it would have been far better if they had gone to the root of douglas ' s problem, which was his utter political amorality. that ' s what needs banishing, not only from the addresses of residence halls, but from our halls of representatives, too. allen c. guelzo, a prominent lincoln scholar, is william garwood visiting professor of politics at princeton.


the genus solenopsis includes both the " fire ants ", known for their aggressive nature and potent sting, and the minute " thief ants ", many of which are lestobiotic subterranaen or arboreal species that are rarely collected. many species may be polygynous. generic level identification of solenopsis is relatively straight forward, although sizes are greatly variable ranging from approximately 1. 0 mm to over 4. 0 mm. the genus can be basically characterized by the following : mandible with four teeth ( usually ), bicarinate clypeus with 0 - 5 teeth, median part of clypeus with a pair of longitudinal carinae medially or at lateral edges, 10 - segmented antennae that terminates in a distinctive 2 - segmented club, overall shiny appearance and general lack of or reduced sculpture ( when present usually restricted to rugulae or striae on the head, alitrunk, petiole, and postpetiole ), lack of propodeal spines or other protuberances on the alitrunk, well developed petiole and postpetiole, and a well developed sting. workers are either polymorphic ( especially in the fire ant group ) or monomorphic ( especially thief ants ). the thief ant group shares these characteristics, but workers are minute ( usually under 2. 0 mm in total length ), usually have minute eyes ( usually with only 1 - 5 ommatidia ( rarely more than 18, except for s. globularia in our region ), minor funicular segments 2 - 3 typically wider than long ( usually longer than wide in the fire ant group ). biology and economic importance discover life images


the second generation titans prometheus ( the son of iapetus and a cousin of zeus ) and epimetheus were initially not punished, as their relatives such as atlas who participated in the titanomachy, a fight with the father of all gods zeus. prometheus and his brother epimetheus ( “ gifted with afterthought ” ) were asked of forming man from water and earth ( prometheus formed the shape while athena breathed life into the figure ), which he did, but in the process, became fonder of men than zeus had anticipated. zeus didn ' t share prometheus ' feelings and wanted to keep men from having power, especially of fire. the fire symbolizes knowledge and knowledge and intelligence together with arrogance ( “ blessed are the poor in spirit ” ) would probably make zeus and the other gods obsolete. prometheus cared more for man than for the wrath of the increasingly powerful and autocratic zeus, so he stole fire from zeus ' lightning, concealed it in a hollow stalk of fennel, and brought it to man. he also stole skills from hephaestus and athena to gave to man. zeus reacted by presenting to man pandora ( also called anesidora “ sender up of gifts ” ), the first woman. while prometheus may have crafted man, woman was a different sort of creature. she came from the forge of hephaestus, beautiful as a goddess and beguiling. note that she is not like her jewish counterpart : eve was created to soothe adam ' s loneliness, and to help him as a partner. pandora, the first woman in greek myth, was created as a punishment to mankind. her name does not mean " giver of all gifts " - rather " she to whom all gifts were given " - the gods gave her beauty ( aphrodite ), skill ( athena ), while hermes gave her a doglike ( bitch - like? ) mind and a thieving nature. " all ( pantes ) the gods gave her gifts ( dora ), a sorrow to men who live on bread. " zeus wanted to punish mankind for prometheus ' theft of fire - he decided to give them a " beautiful evil " ( kalon kakon ) " to pay for fire " ( anti pyros ). hephaestus makes the woman out of earth and water, to look like a goddess. thus pandora - and through her all women, who are her descendants - has a beautiful exterior, but is


for fire " ( anti pyros ). hephaestus makes the woman out of earth and water, to look like a goddess. thus pandora - and through her all women, who are her descendants - has a beautiful exterior, but is worthless inside. prometheus, whose name means “ forethought, ” or “ he who thinks ahead, ” is a figure whom steiner refers to as the greek lucifer. prometheus awakened a consciousness in humans that was too dangerous in the eyes of zeus, so zeus had prometheus chained to a rock in the caucasus mountains. but prometheus is patient, for he knows a secret that is not known to zeus. in the future, zeus will lie with a mortal woman, io, and she will give birth to a son, who will start a line of descent leading to the birth of hercules or heracles, meaning “ he who is called by hera. ” this great hero, whom steiner indicates is a portent of christ jesus, will grow up to succeed zeus in his position of authority as law - giver in the heavens. heracles will also kill the vulture that eats prometheus ' liver, and then liberate the great greek lucifer. tom mellett albert einstein ' s theory of relativity as rudolf steiner ' s final “ riddle of philosophy, journal for anthroposophy, number 60, spring 1995 issue, pp. 51 - 63 ) zeus presented her as a bride to prometheus ' brother epimetheus ( whom prometheus, expecting retribution for his audacity, had warned against accepting gifts from zeus ), along with a box that they were instructed to keep closed. epimetheus was dazzled by pandora and forgot the advice of his prescient brother. unfortunately, one day while her husband was away, pandora opened the box. in the process, she unleashed all the evils now known to man, but retaining hope. no longer could man loll about all day, but he would have to work and would succumb to illnesses. so for the greeks the woman was crated as a punishment for man. what is the reason of the creation of the woman according to the bible? why did god produce male and female versions of all animals but only a man adam initially. why did he not create also eve separately and why did he use material from adam? both stories, the greek and the christian version are mythological stories to explain the superiority of mens over women. the greek


all animals but only a man adam initially. why did he not create also eve separately and why did he use material from adam? both stories, the greek and the christian version are mythological stories to explain the superiority of mens over women. the greek version says that people were created by throwing stones, in the bible eve and adam had two sons but how were their children produced? her act ends the golden age. she serves the same mythic function as eve in genesis. in both the bible and greek myth, humanity pays a price for knowledge : loss of innocence, peace and loss of paradise. “ while saving him from mental darkness, prometheus brought to man all the tortures which accompany self - consciousness : the knowledge of his responsibility to the whole of nature ; the painful results of all wrong choices made in the past, since free - will and the power of choice go hand in hand with self - consciousness ; all of the sorrows and sufferings - - physical, mental and moral - - to which thinking man is heir. prometheus accepted these tortures as inevitable under the law, knowing that the soul can develop only through its own experience, willing to pay the price for every experience gained ”. theosophy, vol. 27, no. 12, october, 1939 deucalion and pyrrha, metamorphoses bk i : 367 - 415, solis eventually hercules rescued prometheus, and zeus and the titan were reconciled. zeus became angry enough with conditions on earth that he summoned other gods to a conference at his heavenly palace. zeus ( like the christian god ) decided to destroy humankind and to provide the earth with a new race of mortals more worthy of life and more reverent to him. zeus feared that the destruction of humankind by fire might set heaven itself aflame, so he called for assistance from a god of the sea, and humankind was instead swept away by a great flood. the great flood is a common mythological story in many cultures, for example the myth of noah in the old testament, and probably there was once such a great flood in reality, an event that was incrorporated in various mythological stories. meanwhile, prometheus had sired the human deucalion ( some say as his son with clymene or celaeno ) one of the noble couple whom zeus had spared when he caused the creatures of the earth to be destroyed by a flood. deucalion was married to his cousin pyrrha, the daughter of ep


with clymene or celaeno ) one of the noble couple whom zeus had spared when he caused the creatures of the earth to be destroyed by a flood. deucalion was married to his cousin pyrrha, the daughter of epimetheus and pandora. during the flood, deucalion and pyrrha had stayed safe on a boat. when all the other evil humans had been destroyed zeus caused the waters to recede so that deucalion and pyrrha could come to land on mount parnassus. while they had each other for company, and they could produce new children, they were lonely and sought help from the oracle of themis. he was told to “ toss the bones of his mighty mother over his shoulder ”, that he and pyrrha understood to be “ gaia ” the mother of all living things and the bones to be rocks. following the advice, they threw stones over their shoulders. from those thrown by deucalion sprang men and from those thrown by pyrrha came women. that is why people are called laoi, from laas, " a stone. " [ apollodorus 1. 7. 2 ] "... i remember in plutarch ' s works, what is worth relating that i read there, that by the pigeon sent forth of the ark, in deucalions flood, was shown, that the waters were sunk down, and the storms past.... " then they had their own child, a boy whom they called hellen and after whom the greeks were named hellenes... other children were thyia, and the leleges all forming the various groups of greeks ( see map below ). for greeks it is left as an exercise to find out the corresponding group they belong and their corresponding root! for others, i. e. barbarians : - ) see their corresponding myth ( noah,...., etc ). from myth back to history. between 1900 and 1600 bc greeks or hellenes, a branch of the indo - european speaking people, were simple nomadic herdsmen. they came from the east of the caspian sea and entered the greek peninsula from the north in small groups. the first invaders were the fair - haired achaeans of whom homer wrote. the dorians came 3 - 4 centuries later and subjugated their achaean kinsmen. other tribes, the aeolians and the ionians, found homes chiefly on the islands in the aegean sea and


##ans of whom homer wrote. the dorians came 3 - 4 centuries later and subjugated their achaean kinsmen. other tribes, the aeolians and the ionians, found homes chiefly on the islands in the aegean sea and on the coast of asia minor. the land that these tribes invaded was the site of a well - developed civilization. the people who lived there had cities and palaces. they used gold and bronze and made pottery and paintings. the greek invaders were still in the barbarian stage. they plundered and destroyed the aegean cities. gradually, as they settled and intermarried with the people they conquered, they absorbed some of the aegean culture. about the etymology of prometheus it could be derived from pramanthas, a member of the vedic family of fire - worshipping priests of the fire god agni. adam. in greek this word is compounded of the four initial letters of the cardinal quarters : arktos, [ greek : arktos ]. north. the hebrew word adm forms the anagram of a [ dam ], d [ avid ], m [ essiah ]. adam, how made. god created the body of adam of salzal, i. e. dry, unbaked clay, and left it forty nights without a soul. the clay was collected by azrael from the four quarters of the earth, and god, to show his approval of azrael ' s choice, constituted him the angel of death. — rabadan. adam, eve, and the serpent. after the fall adam was placed on mount vassem in the east ; eve was banished to djidda ( now gedda, on the arabian coast ) ; and the serpent was exiled to the coast of eblehh. after the lapse of 100 years adam rejoined eve on mount arafaith [ place of remembrance ], near mecca. — d ' ohsson. death of adam. adam died on friday, april 7, at the age of 930 years. michael swathed his body, and gabriel discharged the funeral rites. the body was buried at ghar ' ul - kenz [ the grotto of treasure ], which overlooks mecca. apollodorus. the library, sir james g. frazer ( transl. ), harvard university press, cambridge, 1921, 1976.


mdh fact sheet / brochure why does my water smell like rotten eggs? hydrogen sulfide and sulfur bacteria in well hydrogen sulfide gas ( h2s ) can occur in wells anywhere in minnesota, and gives the water a characteristic " rotten egg " taste or odor. this brochure provides basic information about hydrogen sulfide gas and sulfur bacteria and discusses actions that you can take to minimize their effects. what are the sources of hydrogen sulfide in well water and the water distribution system? hydrogen sulfide gas can result from a number of different sources. it can occur naturally in groundwater. it can be produced by certain " sulfur bacteria " in the groundwater, in the well, or in the water distribution system. it can be produced also by sulfur bacteria or chemical reactions inside water heaters. in rare instances, it can result from pollution. the source of the gas is important when considering treatment options. are sulfur bacteria or hydrogen sulfide in most cases, the rotten egg smell does not relate to the sanitary quality of the water. however, in rare instances the gas may result from sewage or other pollution. it is a good idea to have the well tested for the standard sanitary tests of coliform bacteria and nitrate. sulfur bacteria are not harmful, but hydrogen sulfide gas in the air can be hazardous at high levels. it is important to take steps to remove the gas from the water, or vent the gas to the atmosphere so that it will not collect in low - lying spaces, such as well pits, basements, or enclosed spaces, such as well houses. only qualified people who have received special training and use proper safety procedures should enter a well pit or other enclosed space where hydrogen sulfide gas may be present. are there other problems associated with sulfur bacteria or hydrogen sulfide? yes. sulfur bacteria produce a slime and can promote the growth of other bacteria, such as iron bacteria. the slime can clog wells, plumbing, and irrigation systems. bacterial slime may be white, grey, black or reddish brown if associated with iron bacteria. hydrogen sulfide gas in water can cause black stains on silverware and plumbing fixtures. it can also corrode pipes and other metal components of the water distribution system. what causes hydrogen sulfide gas to form in groundwater? decay of organic matter such as vegetation, or chemical reactions with some sulfur - containing minerals in the soil and rock, may naturally create hydrogen sulfide in gas in groundwater. as groundwater moves through soil and rock formations containing minerals of sulfate, some of these minerals


of organic matter such as vegetation, or chemical reactions with some sulfur - containing minerals in the soil and rock, may naturally create hydrogen sulfide in gas in groundwater. as groundwater moves through soil and rock formations containing minerals of sulfate, some of these minerals dissolve in the water. a unique group of bacteria, called " sulfur bacteria " or " sulfate - reducing bacteria " can change sulfate and other sulfur containing compounds, including natural organic materials, to hydrogen sulfide gas. how is hydrogen sulfide gas produced in a water heater? a water heater can provide an ideal environment for the conversion of sulfate to hydrogen sulfide gas. the water heater can produce hydrogen sulfide gas in two ways - creating a warm environment where sulfur bacteria can live, and sustaining a reaction between sulfate in the water and the water heater anode. a water heater usually contains a metal rod called an " anode, " which is installed to reduce corrosion of the water heater tank. the anode is usually made of magnesium metal, which can supply electrons that aid in the conversion of sulfate to hydrogen sulfide gas. the anode is 1 / 2 to 3 / 4 inches in diameter and 30 to 40 inches long. how can i find the source of a hydrogen sulfide problem, and what can i do to eliminate it? the odor of hydrogen sulfide gas can be detected in water at a very low level. smell the water coming out of the hot and cold water faucets. determine which faucets have the odor. the " rotten egg " smell will often be more noticeable from the hot water because more of the gas is vaporized. your sense of smell becomes dulled quickly, so the best time to check is after you have been away from your home for a few hours. you can also have the water tested for hydrogen sulfide, sulfate, sulfur bacteria, and iron bacteria at an environmental testing laboratory. the cost of testing for hydrogen sulfide ranges from $ 20 to $ 50 depending on the type of test. - if the smell is only from the hot water faucet the problem is likely to be in the water heater. - if the smell is in both the hot and cold faucets, but only from the water treated by a water softener and not in the untreated water the problem is likely to be sulfur bacteria in the water - if the smell is strong when the water in both the hot and cold faucets is first turned on, and it diminishes or goes away after


in the untreated water the problem is likely to be sulfur bacteria in the water - if the smell is strong when the water in both the hot and cold faucets is first turned on, and it diminishes or goes away after the water has run, or if the smell varies through time the problems is likely to be sulfur bacteria in the well or distribution system. - if the smell is strong when the water in both the hot and cold faucets is first turned on and is more or less constant and persists with use the problem is likely to be hydrogen sulfide gas in the groundwater. what can i do about a problem water unless you are very familiar with the operation and maintenance of the water heater, you should contact a water system professional, such as a plumber, to do - replace or remove the magnesium anode. many water heaters have a magnesium anode, which is attached to a plug located on top of the water heater. it can be removed by turning off the water, releasing the pressure from the water heater, and unscrewing the plug. be sure to plug the hole. removal of the anode, however, may significantly decrease the life of the water heater. you may wish to consult with a reputable water heater dealer to determine if a replacement anode made of a different material, such as aluminum, can be installed. a replacement anode may provide corrosion protection without contributing to the production of hydrogen sulfide gas. - disinfect and flush the water heater with a chlorine bleach solution. chlorination can kill sulfur bacteria, if done properly. if all bacteria are not destroyed by chlorination, the problem may return within a few weeks. - increase the water heater temperature to 160 degrees fahrenheit ( 71 degrees celsius ) for several hours. this will destroy the sulfur bacteria. flushing to remove the dead bacteria after treatment should control the odor problem. caution : increasing the water heater temperature can be dangerous. before proceeding, consult with the manufacturer or dealer regarding an operable pressure relief valve, and for other recommendations. be sure to lower the thermostat setting and make certain the water temperature is reduced following treatment to prevent injury from scalding hot water and to avoid high energy costs. what if sulfur bacteria are present in the well, the water distribution system, or the water softener? - have the well and distribution system disinfected by flushing with a strong chlorine


sources & references according to the american psychiatric association, a phobia is an uncontrollable, irrational, and persistent fear of a specific object, situation, or activity. the fear experienced by people with phobias can be so great that some individuals go to extreme lengths to avoid the source of their fear. one extreme response to the source of a phobia can be a panic attack. every year, approximately 19 million americans experience one or more phobias that range from mild to severe. phobias can occur in early childhood, but usually are first evident between the ages of 15 and 20 years. they affect both genders equally, although men are more likely to seek treatment for phobias. research suggests that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the onset of phobias. specific phobias have been associated with a fearful first encounter with the phobic object or situation. the question still exists, however, whether this conditioning exposure is necessary or if phobias can develop in genetically predisposed individuals. | specific phobia | | what is specific phobia? | specific phobia is characterized by extreme fear of an object or situation that is not harmful under general conditions. examples may include a fear of the following : - flying ( fearing the plane will crash ) - dogs ( fearing the dog will bite / attack ) - closed - in places ( fear of being trapped ) - tunnels ( fearing a collapse ) - heights ( fear of falling ) what are the characteristics of specific phobia? people with specific phobias know that their fear is excessive, but are unable to overcome their emotion. the disorder is diagnosed only when the specific fear interferes with daily activities of school, work, or home life. approximately 19 million american adults ages 18 to 54, in a given year, have some type of specific phobia. there is no known cause, although they seem to run in families and are slightly more prevalent in women. if the object of the fear is easy to avoid, people with phobias may not feel the need to seek treatment. sometimes, however, they may make important career or personal decisions to avoid a situation that includes the source of the phobia. treatment for specific phobia there is currently no proven drug treatment for specific phobias, however, in some cases, certain medications may be prescribed to help reduce anxiety symptoms before someone faces a phobic situation. when phobias interfere with a person ' s life, treatment can help,


proven drug treatment for specific phobias, however, in some cases, certain medications may be prescribed to help reduce anxiety symptoms before someone faces a phobic situation. when phobias interfere with a person ' s life, treatment can help, and usually involves a kind of cognitive - behavioral therapy called desensitization or exposure therapy. in this, patients are gradually exposed to what frightens them until the fear begins to fade. relaxation and breathing exercises also help to reduce anxiety symptoms. | social phobia | | what is social phobia? | social phobia is an anxiety disorder in which a person has significant anxiety and discomfort related to a fear of being embarrassed, humiliated, or scorned by others in social or performance situations. even when they manage to confront this fear, persons with social phobia usually : - feel very anxious before the event / outing - feel intensely uncomfortable throughout the event / outing - have lingering unpleasant feelings after the event / outing social phobia frequently occurs with the following : - public speaking - meeting people - dealing with authority figures - eating in public - using public restrooms what are the characteristics of social phobia? although this disorder is often thought of as shyness, the two are not the same. shy people can be very uneasy around others, but they do not experience the extreme anxiety in anticipating a social situation, and, they do not necessarily avoid circumstances that make them feel self - conscious. in contrast, people with social phobia are not necessarily shy at all, but can be completely at ease with some people most of the time. most people experiencing social phobia will try to avoid situations that provoke dread or otherwise cause them much distress. diagnosing social phobia social phobia is diagnosed when the fear or avoidance significantly interferes with normal, expected routines, or is excessively upsetting. social phobia disrupts normal life, interfering with career or social relationships. it often runs in families and may be accompanied by depression or alcoholism. social phobia often begins around early adolescence or even younger. approximately 15 million american adults ages 18 to 54 experience social phobia in a given year. treatment for social phobia people who suffer from social phobia often find relief from their symptoms when treated with cognitive - behavioral therapy, or medications, or a combination of the two. | agoraphobia | | what is agoraphobia? | agoraphobia is a greek word that literally means " fear of the marketplace


symptoms when treated with cognitive - behavioral therapy, or medications, or a combination of the two. | agoraphobia | | what is agoraphobia? | agoraphobia is a greek word that literally means " fear of the marketplace. " this anxiety disorder involves the fear of experiencing a panic attack in a place or situation from which escape may be difficult or embarrassing. the anxiety associated with agoraphobia is so severe that panic attacks are not unusual, and individuals with agoraphobia typically try to avoid the location or cause of their fear. agoraphobia involves fear of situations such as, but is not limited to, the following : - being alone outside his or her home - being at home alone - being in a crowd - traveling in a vehicle - being in an elevator or on a bridge people with agoraphobia typically avoid crowded places like streets, crowded stores, churches, and theaters. what are the characteristics of agoraphobia? most people with agoraphobia develop the disorder after first suffering a series of one or more panic attacks. the attacks occur randomly and without warning, and make it impossible for a person to predict what situations will trigger the reaction. this unpredictability of the panic causes the person to anticipate future panic attacks and, eventually, fear any situation in which an attack may occur. as a result, they avoid going into any place or situation where previous panic attacks have occurred. people with the disorder often become so disabled that they literally feel they cannot leave their homes. others who have agoraphobia, do go into potentially " phobic " situations, but only with great distress, or when accompanied by a trusted friend or family member. persons with agoraphobia may also develop depression, fatigue, tension, alcohol or drug abuse problems, and obsessive disorders, making seeking treatment crucial. approximately 1. 8 million american adults ages 18 to 54 experience agoraphobia in a given year. click here to view the online resources of mental health disorders


how would our lives be different if we could only buy foods native to new york state? this and similar questions are the focus of a museum - wide quest where students work in teams to gather data about the things they use each day. after collecting the data, each team creates a graphic representation of its findings and leads a discussion about interdependence around the globe. please divide your students into three different research teams and assign each team at least one chaperon or teacher. each team will be going to a separate area of the museum to gather data : the “ foods ” team will work in super kids market ; the “ fashions ” team in the museum ’ s collections ; and the “ fads ” team in timelab. after collecting data, each team will prepare a brief presentation to share its findings. all three groups will gather together for the presentations. lesson extensions for before or after your visit the following activities are designed for your class to enjoy before or after your museum visit. familiarizing students with the lesson concepts can enrich your museum experience. how do the choices we make reflect the concept of globalization? review maps of the united states and the world prior to your visit. here ’ s one way to do that : post the four cardinal directions in your room : north, south, east, and west. give each student an index card and the instruction to write the name of one of the 50 states on the card. when everyone is ready, ask students to stand where they think their state would be if the room was the u. s. allow students to make adjustments to their positions after talking with each other. provide a real map for students to use as a reference if needed. once in position, ask students to describe their thinking in deciding where to stand. do the same thing using continents, oceans, and countries with a map of the world. ask students to spend one week keeping a “ globalization journal. ” they should record each piece of evidence they see to suggest that globalization is occurring. this evidence may appear in items they have at home or have seen at stores ; things they ’ ve heard about in news stories ; music they listen to ; food they eat at restaurants ; holiday customs their family has adopted ; or other sources. some examples of what they might find include : - imported cheese in the grocery store - imported cds in a music store - a television program produced in another country - a television news story about international business or another topic related to globalization post a large map of the world in the classroom. invite students


advance decision, or living will an advance decision, more commonly known as a living will, allows you to make important choices to be carried out when end of life medical decisions have to be taken. jessica tomlin describes the benefits. what is an advance decision? an advance decision - formerly known as a ' living will ' - is a document that enables health care professionals to know your treatment wishes should you no longer be able to communicate them. advance decision can also be known as advance directive. the most relevant feature of an advance decision is the section that enables you to state that you wish to refuse treatment, including life - sustaining treatment, should you lose the capacity to make these decisions in the future. compassion in dying have produced an advance decision document, including very helpful guidance notes. my last song suggest you download the form. before you fill it in, discuss your decisions with your gp and close family members. why make an advance decision? there are many benefits associated with making an advance decision, or more commonly, having a living will : - taking control : advance decisions give you more control of your end of life care and treatment ; - peace of mind : advance decisions provide you and your family with the peace of mind that your wishes will be respected and that, in certain circumstances, your life will not be prolonged against their wishes ; - legally binding : advance decisions have been given statutory force under the mental capacity act in october 2007 so that any decision to refuse treatment is legally binding ; - better decision making : making an advance decision is a good opportunity to discuss your wishes with close family and your doctor. limitations of advance decisions an advance decision can ' t be used to : - ask for your life to be ended ; - force doctors to act against their professional judgement ; - nominate someone else to decide about treatment on your behalf. as with advance statements, bear in mind that new drugs or treatments may be introduced in the future so you may wish to allow for new treatments even if refusing a current one. who can make an advance decision? anyone who is mentally competent and over 18 can make an advance decision. you should review your advance decision regularly - perhaps every couple of years - to check that you are still happy with what it contains. you may want to change certain treatment requests or change your mind about refusing treatment. who should have a copy? five copies may seem a lot, but as with a will, it is vital that this document is found as soon as it is required to ensure your wishes are carried out. these are the people who you should


treatment. who should have a copy? five copies may seem a lot, but as with a will, it is vital that this document is found as soon as it is required to ensure your wishes are carried out. these are the people who you should give a copy to : - one copy to your gp ; - one copy to a trusted friend ; - one copy to a trusted family member ; - one copy with your solicitor ; - one copy to keep yourself. you can also carry a credit - card sized card stating that you have an advance decision. consider keeping a digital copy in your lifebox. you will be the only person able to access it, and then update it if required. you can give your second key holder permission to open your lifebox when you feel you losing the capacity to make cohesive decisions about your end of life care. remember to replace old copies with new copies if you update your advance decision. an advance decision enables you to state the scenarios in which you would or would not wish to receive further treatment. - if you are terminally ill with no reasonable prospect of recovery ; - if you suffer a serious mental impairment ; or - if you are persistently unconscious for x amount of weeks. in a pro - choice advance decision - which also lets you state which treatments you do consent to - you can also state any spiritual and personal wishes that you wish to be taken into account, although this section is purely advisory and not legally binding.


higher education and ee on college campuses across north america, young people with passion for environmental causes are taking action to make the world more sustainable. how do we turn these motivated students into future environmental educators? naaee ’ s guidelines for the preparation and professional development of environmental educators provide the basis for these campus initiatives. pre - 12 teacher preparation naaee has partnered with national council for the accreditation of teacher education, which accredits more than half of the 1, 200 or so colleges of teacher education in the u. s. how does this impact universities? • sixty percent of all the colleges and universities that certify teachers are accredited by ncate. naaee ’ s partnership with ncate demonstrates acceptance of ee as an important part of formal education training. as teachers are better trained, they will be more comfortable teaching about the environment, particularly in interdisciplinary teams. " adding naaee standards to the ncate protocols will encourage teacher education programs to take environmental education seriously. the issues facing our society require teachers that are prepared to teach about the environment, based upon the standards of our profession. ” dean of the college of education, western kentucky university training in the ee standards is offered each year at the naaee annual conference. nonformal educator preparation – departments other than the college of education offer training for future environmental educators. ee providers lead activities for children and adults at nonformal educational institutions such as nature centers, zoos, museums, and parks. they develop curriculum materials and administer national, state, and local community ee programs. they work in corporate sustainability departments, teaching employees and customers about the environment, or in media reaching millions of readers and viewers. regardless of the setting, naaee ’ s guidelines for the preparation and professional development of environmental educators outlines the experiences and learning that will help them deliver their messages in ways that effectively foster environmental literacy. naaee is drafting ee standards to provide recognition to these programs through a mechanism known as a certificate of distinction.


recovery is a process, beginning with diagnosis and eventually moving into successful management of your illness. successful recovery involves learning about your illness and the treatments available, empowering yourself through the support of peers and family members, and finally moving to a point where you take action to manage your own illness by helping others. untreated mental illness : a needless human tragedy severe mental illnesses are treatable disorders of the brain. left untreated, however, they are among the most disabling and destructive illnesses known to humankind. millions of americans struggling with severe mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression, know only too well the personal costs of these debilitating illnesses. stigma, shame, discrimination, unemployment, homelessness, criminalization, social isolation, poverty, and premature death mark the lives of most individuals with the most severe and persistent mental illnesses. mental illness recovery : a reality within our grasp the real tragedy of mental illness in this country is that we know how to put things right. we know how to give people back their lives, to give them back their self - respect, to help them become contributing members of our society. nami ' s in our own voice, a live presentation by consumers, offers living proof that recovery from mental illness is an ongoing reality. science has greatly expanded our understanding and treatment of severe mental illnesses. once forgotten in the back wards of mental institutions, individuals with brain disorders have a real chance at reclaiming full, productive lives, but only if they have access to the treatments, services, and programs so vital to recovery. - newer classes of medications can better treat individuals with severe mental illnesses and with far fewer side effects. eighty percent of those suffering from bipolar disorder and 65 percent of those with major depression respond quickly to treatment ; additionally, 60 percent of those with schizophrenia can be relieved of acute symptoms with proper medication. - assertive community treatment, a proven model treatment program that provides round - the - clock support to individuals with the most severe and persistent mental illnesses, significantly reduces hospitalizations, incarceration, homelessness, and increases employment, decent housing and quality of life. - the involvement of consumers and family members in all aspects of planning, organizing, financing, and implementing service - delivery systems results in more responsiveness and accountability, and far fewer grievances. resources for recovery


joined : 16 mar 2004 | posted : tue aug 04, 2009 2 : 40 pm post subject : immune responses jolted into action by nanohorns | the immune response triggered by carbon nanotube - like structures could be harnessed to help treat infectious diseases and cancers, say researchers. the way tiny structures like nanotubes can trigger sometimes severe immune reactions has troubled researchers trying to use them as vehicles to deliver drugs inside the body in a targeted way. white blood cells can efficiently detect and capture nanostructures, so much research is focused on allowing nanotubes and similar structures to pass unmolested in the body. but a french - italian research team plans to use nanohorns, a cone - shaped variety of carbon nanotubes, to deliberately provoke the immune system. they think that the usually unwelcome immune response could kick - start the body into fighting a disease or cancer more effectively. to test their theory, alberto bianco and helene dumortier at the cnrs institute in strasbourg, france, in collaboration with maurizio prato at the university of trieste, italy, gave carbon nanohorns to mouse white blood cells in a petri dish. the macrophage cells ' job is to swallow foreign particles. after 24 hours, most of the macrophages had swallowed some nanohorns. but they had also begun to release reactive oxygen compounds and other small molecules that signal to other parts of the immune system to become more active. the researchers think they could tune that cellular distress call to a particular disease or cancer, by filling the interior of nanohorns with particular antigens, like ice cream filling a cone. " the nanohorns would deliver the antigen to the macrophages while also triggering a cascade of pro - inflammatory effects, " dumortier says. " this process should initiate an antigen - specific immune response. " " there is still a long way to go before this interesting approach might become safe and effective, " says ruth duncan at cardiff university, uk. " safety would ultimately depend on proposed dose, the frequency of dose and the route of administration, " she says. dumortier agrees more work is needed, but adds that the results so far suggest that nanohorns are less toxic to cells than normal nanotubes can be. " no sign of cell death was visible upon three days of macrophage culture in the presence of nanohorns, " dumortier says. recent headline - grabbing results suggest that nanotubes


in this study, ni and cu nanowire arrays and ni / cu superlattice nanowire arrays are fabricated using standard techniques such as electrochemical deposition of metals into porous anodic alumina oxide templates having pore diameters of about 50 nm. we perform optical measurements on these nanowire array structures. optical reflectance ( or ) of the as - prepared samples is recorded using an imaging spectrometer in the wavelength range from 400 to 2, 000 nm ( i. e., from visible to near - infrared bandwidth ). the measurements are carried out at temperatures set to be 4. 2, 70, 150, and 200 k and at room temperature. we find that the intensity of the or spectrum for nanowire arrays depends strongly on the temperature. the strongest or can be observed at about t = 200 k for all samples in visible regime. the or spectra for these samples show different features in the visible and near - infrared bandwidths. we discuss the physical mechanisms responsible for these interesting experimental findings. this study is relevant to the application of metal nanowire arrays as optical and optoelectronic devices. keywords : nanowire array ; optical properties ; visible and near - infrared ; temperature dependence in recent years, quasi one - dimensional ( 1d ) nanostructured materials have received much attention attributed to their interesting physical properties in sharp contrast to the bulk ones and to the potential applications as electronic, magnetic, photonic, and optoelectronic devices [ 1 - 4 ]. from a viewpoint of physics, the basic physical properties of nanostructured materials differ significantly from those of bulk materials with the same chemical components. in particular, quantum confinement effects can be observed in the dimensionally reduced nanomaterial systems. therefore, nanowires have been a major focus of research on nanoscaled materials which can be taken as a fundamental building block of nanotechnology and practical nanodevices. it should be noticed that metal nanowires have displayed unique optical and optoelectronic properties due to surface plasmon resonance ( spr ) which is a resonant oscillation of the conducting electrons within the metallic nanostructures. the spr effect in nanowire structures can cause a tremendous enhancement of the electromagnetic near - field in the immediate vicinity of the particles and can give rise to enhanced scattering and absorption of light radiation. the spr in metal nanowires and related phenomena ( such as the surface - enhanced raman spectroscopy, nonlinear optic response, plas


- field in the immediate vicinity of the particles and can give rise to enhanced scattering and absorption of light radiation. the spr in metal nanowires and related phenomena ( such as the surface - enhanced raman spectroscopy, nonlinear optic response, plasmonic excitation, to mention but a few ) contributes greatly to their promising applications in biosensors, optical devices, and photonic and plasmonic devices [ 5 - 8 ]. moreover, metal nanowire wave guides can excite and emit terahertz ( 1012 hz or thz ) surface plasmon polaritons, which can fill the gap of terahertz electronics and optoelectronics. on the other hand, superlattice nanowires have even richer physical properties owing to further quantum confinement of electron motion along the wire direction. they have been proposed as advanced electronic device systems to observe novel effects such as giant magnetoresistance and even high thermoelectric figure of merit [ 10, 11 ]. furthermore, with the rapid development of nanotechnology, it is now possible to fabricate nanowire arrays and superlattice nanowire arrays [ 12, 13 ]. one of the major advantages to apply nanowire arrays and superlattice nanowire arrays as optic and optoelectronic devices is that the optical response of the array structures can be tuned and modulated via varying sample parameters such as the diameter of the wire and the pattern of the array structure. due to potential applications of the nanowire arrays and superlattice nanowire arrays as optical devices, it is of importance and significance to examine their basic optical properties. in this article, we present a detailed experimental study on the optical properties of three kinds of nanowire array structures such as ni and cu nanowire arrays and ni / cu superlattice nanowire arrays. we would like to examine how these advanced nanostructured material systems can respond to light radiation, how their optical properties depend on temperature and radiation wavelength, and why the optical properties of the nanowire arrays differ from those observed in bulk materials. samples and measurements in this study, three kinds of nanowire array structures are fabricated, including ni arrays, cu arrays, and ni / cu superlattice arrays. samples are prepared by direct current electrodeposition [ 14 - 16 ] of metal into the holes of porous anodic alumina membrane ( paam ) with the pore size of about 50 nm. noteworthy is the diameter


is used for the detection of 400 - to 800 - nm wavelength regime, and the ingaas photodetector is employed for the measurement of 1 - to 2 - μm wavelength regime. for measurements in the visible regime, the temperatures are set at 4. 2, 70, 150, and 200 k and at room temperature. the change of temperature is achieved in an oxford cooling system. the measurements in the near - infrared regime are undertaken at room temperature. results and discussion the or spectra for ni and cu nanowire arrays and ni / cu superlattice nanowire arrays are shown in figure 2 in visible bandwidth for different temperatures at 4. 2, 70, 150, 200, and 297 k, respectively. as can be seen, the intensity of or in nanowire array structures depends strongly on temperature. when temperature ( t ) < 200 k, the intensity of or for a ni nanowire array sample increases with temperature. when t > 200 k, the or intensity decreases with increasing temperature. the strongest or can be observed at about 200 k. a similar phenomenon can be found for a ni / cu superlattice nanowire array sample. in contrast, the or spectra for cu nanowire arrays ( see figure 2c ) show different temperature dependence. with increasing temperature, the intensity of or for a cu nanowire array first decreases in the 4. 2 - to 70 - k regime, then increases in the 70 - to 200 - k regime, and decreases again when t > 200 k. again, the strongest or for cu nanowire arrays can be observed at about t = 200 k. these experimental findings suggest that 200 k is an appropriate temperature for the enhancement of optical reflection from cu, ni, and ni / cu superlattice nanowire array structures. this can provide a basis for further investigation into other optical properties such as optical absorption and emission from metal nanowire arrays in visible regime. we find that when t > 200 k, the or spectrum for ni / cu superlattice nanowire array lies between those for cu and ni nanowire arrays. however, at lower temperatures ( e. g., at 150 k ), the intensity of the or spectrum for ni / cu superlattice nanowire array is lower than those for cu and ni nanowire arrays. figure 2. the spectra of optical reflection for nanowire arrays measured at different temperatures of 4. 2, 70, 150, 200, and 297 k as indicated. the results for a ni nanowire array ( a ), a


nanowire arrays. figure 2. the spectra of optical reflection for nanowire arrays measured at different temperatures of 4. 2, 70, 150, 200, and 297 k as indicated. the results for a ni nanowire array ( a ), a ni / cu superlattice nanowire array ( b ), and a cu nanowire array ( c ) are shown. in figure 3, the or spectra are shown at room temperature for three metal nanowire array samples in visible and near - infrared bandwidths. in the visible regime ( see figure 3a ), two relatively wide reflection peaks can be observed for all samples at about 500 to 650 nm and 650 to 700 nm, respectively. the 650 - to 700 - nm peaks for the three samples appear at almost the same position ( at about 667 nm ), while the 500 - to 650 - nm ones redshift slightly with respect to that of the incident light source. the peak position of the light source is at about 554 nm, whereas the peaks for cu and ni / cu superlattice nanowire arrays are at about 585 nm and that for ni nanowire arrays is at about 600 nm. it should be noted that the visible light source provided by the tungsten halogen lamp has two main peaks in the 400 - to 800 - nm wavelength regime. the intensity of infrared light source given by the si carbide rod decreases when the radiation wavelength approaches 2 μm. the variation of the intensity of the light sources is enhanced via measurement systems. we notice that ni nanowire arrays reflect more strongly the visible light ; cu nanowire arrays reflect relatively weakly, and the or spectrum for ni / cu superlattice nanowire arrays is just in between them. in the near - infrared range of 1, 000 to 2, 000 nm ( see figure 3b ), the peaks of or spectra for cu nanowire arrays and ni / cu superlattice nanowire arrays are at about 1, 808 nm, and ni nanowire arrays and light source are at about 1, 727 nm. the or spectra for nanowire arrays redshift slightly with respect to the spectrum of the light source. in contrast to the visible regime, the cu nanowire array reflects more strongly the infrared radiation than ni nanowire array. interestingly, the or spectrum for ni / cu superlattice nanowire array is below that for ni nanowire array when radiation wavelength is less than 1, 730 nm, and it is located in between the or spectra for ni


arrays do. because the quantum confinement effect affects mainly the electronic states in different bands in the array structure, the main features of or due to interband electronic transition does not change very significantly. this is why ni nanowire arrays can reflect more strongly the visible radiation than cu arrays can, as shown in figure 3a and similar to the case for bulk materials. moreover, our results show that in the visible regime and when t > 200 k, the or spectrum for ni / cu superlattice nanowire arrays lies between those for cu and ni nanowire arrays. however, at relatively lower temperatures ( e. g., at 150 k ), the intensity of the or spectrum for ni / cu superlattice nanowire array is lower than those for cu and ni nanowire arrays. we believe that this may have resulted from different features of the phonon modes and electron - phonon scattering in nanowire and superlattice nanowire structures. in superlattice nanowire systems formed by different host materials, the phonon modes can be quantized and the conducting electrons are confined along the wire direction. the quantized phonon modes can weaken the electron - phonon scattering because a scattering event requires momentum and energy conservation. on the other hand, the localized electrons can interact more strongly with phonons. our results suggest that when t > 200 k, the former case is dominant, and when t 150 k, the latter effect is stronger. in this study, cu, ni, and ni / cu nanowire arrays have been fabricated using state - of - the - art nanotechnology. the optical measurements on these nanowire arrays have been carried out in visible and near - infrared bandwidths for different temperatures. we have found that the optical reflection spectra of these samples depend strongly on temperature and on radiation wavelength. in particular, ( 1 ) the strongest or in the visible regime can be observed at about 200 k for all samples, and ( 2 ) the or for cu nanowire arrays show a different dependence on temperature and radiation wavelength from that for ni nanowire arrays. these results indicate that the surface plasmon resonances induced by inter - and intraband electronic transitions, the electron - phonon interaction, and the quantum confinement effect can play important roles in affecting optical properties of the metal nanowire array structure. we hope that the interesting experimental findings from this study can provide an in - depth understanding of optical properties of cu and ni nanowire arrays and cu / ni superlattice nano


important roles in affecting optical properties of the metal nanowire array structure. we hope that the interesting experimental findings from this study can provide an in - depth understanding of optical properties of cu and ni nanowire arrays and cu / ni superlattice nanowire arrays and can provide a physical base for the application of metal nanowire arrays as advanced optical and optoelectronic devices. the authors declare that they have no competing interests. wx proposed the research work, coordinated the collaboration, and carried out the analyses of experimental results. yyz designed the experiment and experimental setup, carried out the measurements, and drafted the manuscript. shx and gtf fabricated the nanowire and superlattice nanowire array samples. ymx and jgh participated in experimental measurements, results and discussion, and analyses. all authors read and approved the final manuscript. this work was supported by the national natural science foundation of china ( grant no. 10974206 ), department of science and technology of yunnan province, and by the chinese academy of sciences. j crystal growth 2003, 254 : 14. publisher full text j appl phys 2002, 91 : 4590 - 4594. publisher full text appl surf sci 2008, 255 : 1901. publisher full text surf coat technol 2010, 205 : 2432 - 2437. publisher full text c r physique 2008, 9 : 215 - 231. publisher full text appl phys lett 1994, 65 : 2484. publisher full text appl phys lett 1994, 65 : 3019. publisher full text nano lett 2002, 2 : 83. publisher full text


the knowledge, skills and understandings relating to students ’ writing have been drawn from the statements of learning for english ( mceecdya 2005 ). students are taught to write a variety of forms of writing at school. the three main forms of writing ( also called genres or text types ) that are taught are narrative writing, informative writing and persuasive writing. in the writing tests, students are provided with a ‘ writing stimulus ' ( sometimes called a prompt – an idea or topic ) and asked to write a response in a particular genre or text type. in 2013, students will be required to complete a persuasive writing task. the writing task targets the full range of student capabilities expected of students from years 3 to 9. the same stimulus is used for students in years 3, 5, 7 and 9. the lines in the response booklet for year 3 students are more widely spaced than for years 5, 7 and 9 and more capable students will address the topic at a higher level. the same marking guide is used to assess all students ' writing, allowing for a national comparison of student writing capabilities across these year levels. assessing the writing task students ’ writing will be marked by assessors who have received intensive training in the application of a set of ten writing criteria summarised below. the full persuasive writing marking guide ( 5. 7 mb ) and the writing stimulus used to prompt the writing samples in the marking guide are both available for download. descriptions of the writing criteria | | description of marking criterion | the writer ’ s capacity to orient, engage and persuade the reader | | the organisation of the structural components of a persuasive text ( introduction, body and conclusion ) into an appropriate and effective text structure | | the selection, relevance and elaboration of ideas for a persuasive argument | | the use of a range of persuasive devices to enhance the writer ’ s position and persuade the reader | | the range and precision of contextually appropriate language choices | | the control of multiple threads and relationships across the text, achieved through the use of grammatical elements ( referring words, text connectives, conjunctions ) and lexical elements ( substitutions, repetitions, word associations ) | | the segmenting of text into paragraphs that assists the reader to follow the line of argument | | the production of grammatically correct, structurally sound and meaningful sentences | | the use of correct and appropriate punctuation to aid the reading of the text | | the accuracy of spelling and the difficulty


assists the reader to follow the line of argument | | the production of grammatically correct, structurally sound and meaningful sentences | | the use of correct and appropriate punctuation to aid the reading of the text | | the accuracy of spelling and the difficulty of the words used the narrative writing marking guide ( used in 2008 - 2010 ) is also available. use of formulaic structures beginning writers can benefit from being taught how to use structured scaffolds. one such scaffold that is commonly used is the five paragraph argument essay. however, when students becomes more competent, the use of this structure can be limiting. as writers develop their capabilities they should be encouraged to move away from formulaic structures and to use a variety of different persuasive text types, styles and language features, as appropriate to different topics. students are required to write their opinion and to draw on personal knowledge and experience when responding to test topics. students are not expected to have detailed knowledge about the topic. students should feel free to use any knowledge that they have on the topic, but should not feel the need to manufacture evidence to support their argument. in fact, students who do so may undermine the credibility of their argument by making statements that are implausible. example topics and different styles : city or country ( see example prompt ) a beginning writer could write their opinion about living in either the city or country and give reasons for it. a more capable writer might also choose to take one side and argue for it. however, this topic also lends itself to a comparative style response from a more capable writer. it can be argued there are benefits and limitations to living in the city and living in the country. a writer could also choose to introduce other options, for example living in a large country town that might have the benefits of city and rural life. positions taken on this topic are likely to elicit logical, practical reasons and anecdotes based on writers ’ experiences. books or tv ( see example prompt ) a beginning writer could write about their opinion of one aspect and give reasons for it. however, this topic lends itself to a comparative style response from a more capable writer. it can be argued there are benefits and limitations to both books and tv. the reasons for either side of the topic are likely to elicit logical, practical reasons and personal anecdotes based on the writer ' s experiences of both books and tv. it is cruel to keep animals in cages and zoos ( see example prompt ) a beginning writer could take on one side


atomic oxygen, a corrosive space gas, finds many applications on earth. an atomic innovation for artwork oxygen may be one of the most common substances on the planet, but recent space research has unveiled a surprising number of new applications for the gas, including restoring damaged artwork. it all started with a critical problem facing would - be spacecraft : the gasses just outside the earth ’ s atmosphere are highly corrosive. while most oxygen atoms on earth ’ s surface occur in pairs, in space the pair is often split apart by short - wave solar radiation, producing singular atoms. because oxygen so easily bonds with other substances, it is highly corrosive in atomic form, and it gradually wears away the protective layering on orbiting objects such as satellites and the international space station ( iss ). to combat this destructive gas, nasa recreated it on earth and applied it to different materials to see what would prove most resistant. the coatings developed through these experiments are currently used on the iss. during the tests, however, scientists also discovered applications for atomic oxygen that have since proved a success in the private sector. breathing new life into damaged art in their experiments, nasa researchers quickly realized that atomic oxygen interacted primarily with organic materials. soon after, they partnered with churches and museums to test the gas ’ s ability to restore fire - damaged or vandalized art. atomic oxygen was able to remove soot from fire - damaged artworks without altering the paint. it was first tested on oil paintings : in 1989, an arson fire at st. alban ’ s episcopal church in cleveland nearly destroyed a painting of mary magdalene. although the paint was blistered and charred, atomic oxygen treatment plus a reapplication of varnish revitalized it. and in 2002, a fire at st. stanislaus church ( also in cleveland ) left two paintings with soot damage, but atomic oxygen removed it. buoyed by the successes with oil paints, the engineers also applied the restoration technique to acrylics, watercolors, and ink. at pittsburgh ’ s carnegie museum of art, where an andy warhol painting, bathtub, has been kissed by a lipstick - wearing vandal, a technician successfully removed the offending pink mark with a portable atomic oxygen gun. the only evidence that the painting had been treated — a lightened spot of paint — was easily restored by a conservator. a genuine difference - maker when the successes in art restoration were publicized, forensic analysts who study documents became curious about using atomic oxygen to detect forge


the nature conservancy ’ s successful island restoration and innovative conservation practices have inspired countless scientists and conservationists around the world. and now, santa cruz island has motivated novelists as well. best - selling author t. c. boyle — author of such works as the women, the tortilla curtain, and a friend of the earth — has written a new novel principally set on santa cruz island and inspired by the conservancy ’ s and the national park service ’ s scientists work. the story of santa cruz island — and its incredible return from the brink of ecological collapse — is nothing short of remarkable. the conservancy is announcing a contest to win a trip to this iconic place. come meet the scientists who are saving santa cruz island and learn more about our work firsthand. you and a guest could win a trip to see animals like the island fox that exist nowhere else on earth and stay overnight at a historic ranch. to enter the contest to win an island adventure got to www. nature. org / sci or text “ tnc ” to 5055. at 96 square miles, santa cruz island is the largest and most biodiverse of california ’ s eight channel islands. it is graced with a nearly unimaginable 77 - mile stretch of california coastline surrounding two mountain ranges which flank a central valley. often referred to as the “ galapagos of north america, ” santa cruz island is home to animals and plants found nowhere else on earth, including the island fox and island scrub - jay. author t. c. boyle was inspired by his own trip to santa cruz island with the conservancy. view his interview at www. nature. org / sci. boyle ’ s new book, when the killing ’ s done, tells the fictionalized tale of the island ’ s restoration. what isn ’ t fictional is the conscious struggle scientists universally face as we attempt to exert control over the natural world for the good of the whole. this has been a real challenge for the conservancy ’ s scientists both personally and professionally on santa cruz island. “ it ’ s our job to preserve nature, but sometimes that requires making hard choices. there is nothing pleasant about having to kill an animal, ” said the nature conservancy santa cruz island director lotus vermeer. “ my love of nature is what brought me to this job in the first place. but what is very clear to me is that when native plants and animals like the santa cruz island fox are at risk, and


cruz island director lotus vermeer. “ my love of nature is what brought me to this job in the first place. but what is very clear to me is that when native plants and animals like the santa cruz island fox are at risk, and natural systems are threatened, we are morally obligated to take responsibility for undoing the damage that we have caused. ” the nature conservancy is proud to be featured in this book, which highlights our collaborative work with our partner the national park service on santa cruz island. since 1978, the nature conservancy has achieved extraordinary restoration success on santa cruz island, including the re - establishment of bald eagles, removal of all feral sheep and pigs, vaccinating island scrub - jays against west nile virus and bringing the native santa cruz island fox back from the brink of extinction. • to enter the contest visit www. nature. org / sci or text “ tnc ” to 5055 • official contest rules — http : / / www. nature. org / wherewework / northamerica / states / california / features / scisweepstakes. html • to learn more about the conservancy ’ s santa cruz island work — http : / / www. nature. org / wherewework / northamerica / states / california / preserves / art6335. html the nature conservancy is a leading conservation organization working around the world to protect ecologically important lands and waters for nature and people. the conservancy and its more than 1 million members have protected nearly 120 million acres worldwide. visit the nature conservancy on the web at www. nature. org.


is light made of waves, or particles? this fundamental question has dogged scientists for decades, because light seems to be both. however, until now, experiments have revealed light to act either like a particle, or a wave, but never the two at once. now, for the first time, a new type of experiment has shown light behaving like both a particle and a wave simultaneously, providing a new dimension to the quandary that could help reveal the true nature of light, and of the whole quantum world. the debate goes back at least as far as isaac newton, who advocated that light was made of particles, and james clerk maxwell, whose successful theory of electromagnetism, unifying the forces of electricity and magnetism into one, relied on a model of light as a wave. then in 1905, albert einstein explained a phenomenon called the photoelectric effect using the idea that light was made of particles called photons ( this discovery won him the nobel prize in physics ). [ what ' s that? your physics questions answered ] ultimately, there ' s good reason to think that light is both a particle and a wave. in fact, the same seems to be true of all subatomic particles, including electrons and quarks and even the recently discovered higgs boson - like particle. the idea is called wave - particle duality, and is a fundamental tenet of the theory of quantum mechanics. depending on which type of experiment is used, light, or any other type of particle, will behave like a particle or like a wave. so far, both aspects of light ' s nature haven ' t been observed at the same time. but still, scientists have wondered, does light switch from being a particle to being a wave depending on the circumstance? or is light always both a particle and a wave simultaneously? now, for the first time, researchers have devised a new type of measurement apparatus that can detect both particle and wave - like behavior at the same time. the device relies on a strange quantum effect called quantum nonlocality, a counter - intuitive notion that boils down to the idea that the same particle can exist in two locations at once. " the measurement apparatus detected strong nonlocality, which certified that the photon behaved simultaneously as a wave and a particle in our experiment, " physicist alberto peruzzo of england ' s university of bristol said in a statement. " this represents a strong refutation of models in which the photon is either a wave or a particle. " peruzzo


a wave and a particle in our experiment, " physicist alberto peruzzo of england ' s university of bristol said in a statement. " this represents a strong refutation of models in which the photon is either a wave or a particle. " peruzzo is lead author of a paper describing the experiment published in the nov. 2 issue of the journal science. the experiment further relies on another weird aspect of quantum mechanics — the idea of quantum entanglement. two particles can become entangled so that actions performed on one particle affect the other. in this way, the researchers were able to allow the photons in the experiment to delay the choice of whether to be particles or waves. mit physicist seth lloyd, who was not involved in the project, called the experiment " audacious " in a related essay in science, and said that while it allowed the photons to delay the choice of being particles or waves for only a few nanoseconds, " if one has access to quantum memory in which to store the entanglement, the decision could be put off until tomorrow ( or for as long as the memory works reliably ). so why decide now? just let those quanta slide! " - twisted physics : 7 mind - blowing findings - quantum weirdness goes big – molecules act like waves | video - wacky physics : the coolest little particles in nature © 2012 livescience. com. all rights reserved.


take a $ 20 bill. now strike a match and watch the money go up in smoke. pretty crazy idea, right? yet many of us do something similar every time we drive. we fill up our gas tanks, then burn through extra fuel - and money - that we could be saving. the good news is that it doesn ' t take much to start saving money at the gas pump. by tweaking your driving habits and adopting a few simple car maintenance tips, you can easily cut your fuel consumption and get more mileage out of your vehicle. getting 30 mpg instead of 20 mpg saves the average driver about $ 990 per year in fuel costs! there are other benefits, too. reducing the amount of fuel you use improves air quality, since motor vehicles account for about half of all greenhouse gas emissions in north carolina and up to 70 percent in urban areas. that means everyone - you, your grandma, the family next door – can breathe easier. no matter what you drive, you can reduce carbon dioxide and save money - right now. this page will show you how to start driving green and saving green. download and print these free posters to spread the word about drive green, save green. every five miles per hour you go over 60 can cost you an extra 20 cents per gallon. notes that drivers can save $ 40 a year and help the environment by clearing out their trunks. learn how small changes in your driving habits, like going a little slower, using cruise control or cutting off the ac can add up to big savings. tips for simple, regular maintenance that can help you save on gas and avoid more costly repairs. find public transit in your area, locate a carpool buddy, and get information on biking and walking in north carolina. keeping tires properly inflated saves you one tank of gas a year? for every 5 mph you go over 60 mph, you ’ re paying 20 cents more per gallon for gas? your air conditioner can consume up to one gallon of gas per tank to cool the vehicle? using cruise control on 10, 000 of the miles driven in a year could save you nearly $ 200? you can lose 30 gallons of gasoline annually by not tightening your fuel cap? on a 10 - minute trip, rushing to get to your destination – i. e. flooring it at every green light and slamming on your brakes – will get you there only 24 seconds sooner, but reduce your fuel efficiency from 25 mpg to 17 mpg?