could the pap smear, which is already commonly used to detect cervical cancer, also be used to find endometrial and ovarian cancers? a small study suggests that may be possible in the future. scientists at johns hopkins have found that cervical fluid collected during a routine pap smear can be used to detect both types of cancers by using a genome sequencing test called the " papgene. " researchers administered the test on a small group of samplings, and found the procedure accurately detected all 24 endometrial cancers, or cancer of the lining of the uterus. however, they were only able to find nine of 22, or 41 %. of ovarian cancers. according to the american cancer society, only 20 % of ovarian cancers are found early. survival chances increase dramatically when cancers are caught early, before they have spread. the pap test is designed to collect cervical cells that are examined for cancer. it is the gold standard for cervical cancer screening. yet, there is no good screening method available for ovarian or endometrial cancers. because the pilot study was small, investigators say this genetic test is not ready for general practice. they emphasize larger studies still need to be conducted and the test may even have to be refined, particularly to improve finding ovarian cancers. scientists involved in the initial research are already recruiting patients for the next trial phase. but doctors are still excited, especially since the test would be easy and convenient since the pap test is already available. when cells are taken in a pap test, there is excess fluid that accumulates on the smear. those are the fluids the test would examine for the other cancers. and investigators say the procedure would eliminate a lot of " false positive " results that previous tests for these cancers have caused. " the lack of false positives is a real advantage, because they often lead to anxiety and worry in the patient, " says dr. luis diaz, the lead investigator of the study and an associate professor of oncology at johns hopkins. " and the follow - up tests are expensive and can be invasive. we are hoping this test will take away those worries. " results of the experiments are published in the january 9 issue of the journal science translational medicine.


to use all functions of this page, please activate cookies in your browser. with an accout for my. chemeurope. com you can always see everything at a glance – and you can configure your own website and individual newsletter. - my watch list - my saved searches - my saved topics - my newsletter peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles in eukaryotes that participate in the metabolism of fatty acids and other metabolites. peroxisomes have enzymes that rid the cell of toxic peroxides. they have a single lipid bilayer membrane that separates their contents from the cytosol ( the internal fluid of the cell ) and contain membrane proteins critical for various functions, such as importing proteins into the organelles and aiding in proliferation. like lysosomes, peroxisomes are part of the secretory pathway of a cell, but they are much more dynamic and can replicate by enlarging and then dividing. peroxisomes were identified as cellular organelles by the belgian cytologist christian de duve in 1967 after they had been first described in a swedish phd thesis a decade earlier. occurrence and evolution peroxisomes are found in virtually all eukaryotic cells and stem cells. peroxisomes contain enzymes for certain oxidative reactions, like the beta - oxidation of very - long - chain fatty acids. prokaryotes lack peroxisomes. the enzymatic content of peroxisomes varies across species, but the presence of certain proteins common to many species has been used to suggest an endosymbiotic origin ; that is, peroxisomes evolved from bacteria that invaded larger cells as parasites, and very gradually evolved a symbiotic relationship. however, this view has been challenged by recent discoveries. for example, peroxisome - less mutants can restore peroxisomes upon introduction of the wild - type gene, and peroxisomes have been observed to be formed from the endoplasmic reticulum. an evolutionary analysis of the peroxisomal proteome found homologies between the peroxisomal import machinery and the erad pathway in the endoplasmic reticulum, along with a number of metabolic enzymes that were likely recruited from the mitochondria. these results indicate that the peroxisome does not have an endosymbiotic origin ; instead, it likely originates from the er, and its proteins were recruited from pools existing within the primitive eukaryote,


the mitochondria. these results indicate that the peroxisome does not have an endosymbiotic origin ; instead, it likely originates from the er, and its proteins were recruited from pools existing within the primitive eukaryote, as quoted in the science textbook biozone. peroxisomes contain oxidative enzymes, such as catalase, d - amino acid oxidase, and uric acid oxidase. certain enzymes within the peroxisome, by using molecular oxygen, remove hydrogen atoms from specific organic substrates ( labeled as r ), in an oxidative reaction, producing hydrogen peroxide ( h2o2, itself toxic ) : this reaction is important in liver and kidney cells, where the peroxisomes detoxify various toxic substances that enter the blood. about 25 % of the ethanol we drink is oxidized to acetaldehyde in this way. in addition, when excess h2o2 accumulates in the cell, catalase converts it to h2o through this reaction : a major function of the peroxisome is the breakdown of fatty acid molecules, in a process called beta - oxidation. in this process, the fatty acids are broken down two carbons at a time, converted to acetyl - coa, which is then transported back to the cytosol for further use. in animal cells, beta - oxidation can also occur in the mitochondria. in yeast and plant cells, this process is exclusive for the peroxisome. the first reactions in the formation of plasmalogen in animal cells also occurs in peroxisomes. plasmalogen is the most abundant phospholipid in myelin. deficiency of plasmalogens causes profound abnormalities in the myelination of nerve cells, which is one of the reasons that many peroxisomal disorders lead to neurological disease. peroxisomes also play a role in the production of bile acids and proteins. proteins are selectively imported into peroxisomes. since the organelles contain no dna or ribosomes and thus have no means of producing proteins, all of their proteins must be imported across the membrane. it is believed that proteins do not transit through the endoplasmic reticulum to get to the peroxisome. a specific protein signal ( pts or peroxisomal targeting signal ) of three amino acids at the c - terminus of many peroxisomal proteins signals the membrane of the peroxisome to import them


get to the peroxisome. a specific protein signal ( pts or peroxisomal targeting signal ) of three amino acids at the c - terminus of many peroxisomal proteins signals the membrane of the peroxisome to import them into the organelle. other peroxisomal proteins contain a signal at the n - terminus. there are at least 32 known peroxisomal proteins, called peroxins, which participate in the process of importing proteins by means of atp hydrolysis. proteins do not have to unfold to be imported into the peroxisome. the protein receptors, the peroxins pex5 and pex7, accompany their cargoes ( containing a pts1 or a pts2, respectively ) all the way into the peroxisome where they release the cargo and then return to the cytosol - a step named recycling. overall, the import cycle is referred to as the extended shuttle mechanism. evidence now indicates that atp hydrolysis is required for the recycling of receptors to the cytosol. also, ubiquitination appears to be crucial for the export of pex5 from the peroxisome, to the cytosol. little is known about the import of pex7, although it has helper proteins that have been shown to be ubiquitinated. peroxisomal disorders are a class of condtions that lead to disorders of lipid metabolism. one well - known example is zellweger syndrome. peroxisomes matrix proteins are synthesized on free ribosomes in the cytosol and that these proteins are imported posttranslationally in pre - existing peroxisomes. this article contains material from the science primer published by the ncbi, which, as a u. s. government publication, is in the public domain. | this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license. it uses material from the wikipedia article " peroxisome ". a list of authors is available in wikipedia. |


hydrates are crystalline solid compounds formed from water and smaller molecules in hydrocarbon fluids such as methane, ethane, propane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. hydrates are a nuisance, since they can block pipelines leading to stoppage of pipeline transportation operations and hence are an important aspect of pipeline flow assurance that needs to be addressed. hydrate formation in pipeline requires three conditions to exist : 1. the right combination of temperature and pressure. hydrate formation is favored by low temperature and high pressure. 2. a hydrate former must be present. hydrate formers are the hydrocarbons mentioned as above. 3. a sufficient amount of water – not too much, not too little. certain other conditions in the pipeline enhance the formation of hydrates and are listed below : this can be either due to high velocity or agitation of the process fluid. high velocities in pipelines can occur at any sudden restrictions in the line such as a choke valve. in gas flow a large pressure drop across the choke valve causes the temperature to drop due to the joule - thomson effect which favors hydrate formation b. nucleation sites : in general terms, a nucleation site is a point where a phase transition is favored, and in this case the formation of a solid from a fluid phase. good nucleation sites for hydrate formation include an imperfection in the pipeline, a weld spot, or a pipeline fitting ( elbow, tee, valve, etc. ). silt, scale, dirt, and sand all make good nucleation sites as c. free water : free - water is not necessary for hydrate formation, but the presence of free - water certainly enhances “ hysys ” has a utility called “ hydrate formation utility ” which predicts the hydrate formation temperature of any defined stream for a given stream pressure and the hydrate formation pressure for a given stream temperature. most process engineers having access to “ hysys ” would find it convenient to use this utility to determine hydrate forming conditions. in addition to “ hysys ” an old dos based program with the name “ csmhyd ” developed by the “ colorado school of mines ” also predicts the hydrate formation pressure for a given temperature. this program is available for free download at : in addition to " hysys " and " csmhyd ", i had done some of my own investigation and compilation on the subject of hydrate formation conditions in natural gas. the focus of


this program is available for free download at : in addition to " hysys " and " csmhyd ", i had done some of my own investigation and compilation on the subject of hydrate formation conditions in natural gas. the focus of this investigation was to find out whether there were some empirical methods to determine the “ hydrate formation temperature ” given only the natural gas pressure and the molecular weight / specific gravity of the gas. my investigation was successful considering that i found not one but several empirical methods to determine the “ hydrate formation temperature ” given only the natural gas pressure and the specific gravity or molecular weight of the gas. an important point to note is that while both “ hysys ” and “ csmhyd ” require that the gas composition be known, whereas the empirical methods i investigated do not require natural gas composition as such. just the natural gas molecular weight or the natural gas specific gravity allow the determination of the “ hydrate formation temperature ”. the end result of this detailed investigation resulted in the generation of an excel workbook where these empirical methods have been represented with example calculations. this blog entry shares the excel workbook. download the ms excel spreadsheet here any comments and observations would be welcomed from the readers and members of “ cheresources ”. references for the hydrate formation mechanism are as follows : natural gas hydrates – a guide for engineers by john carroll section 20 - gpsa engineering data book, 11th ed.


in on becoming childwise, the authors urge us to parent all four general capacities of our children. the four general capacities are as follows : 1. physical. it is our duty to nurture and provide for our children ’ s physical growth and well - being. this includes not only basic food, clothing and shelter, but also healthy eating habits, regular exercise, good hygiene, and all other things related to their little bodies. 2. intellectual. the authors say that we are required to provide “ basic skills, logic, and useful knowledge. ” but i would extend this to say that we need to determine how our children learn best. whether our kids are educated in preschool, private school, public school or homeschool, we need to do more than simply accept the cultural norm. find the education solution that works best for the individual child ( within the context of the family situation, of course ). 3. emotional. i ’ m a little troubled by what the book says in regard to this capacity : “ parents help their children establish internal controls over both positive and negative emotions, ” ( p. 66 ). maybe i ’ m misreading it, but it sounds to me like they ’ re saying our children need to learn to suppress their emotions. i think parenting our children ’ s emotional capacity is all about accepting our children ’ s emotions, no matter what. if my child is physically hurt, i ’ m going to let him cry. or if a friend intentionally excludes my child in play, i ’ m going to acknowledge the sadness that it caused. it ’ s all about showing that emotions are a normal, acceptable part of life. parenting in this area is also about showing patience and empathy for others. this can be done through modeling this for them, teaching through direct instruction, and correcting behaviors that go against this goal. 4. moral. i wholeheartedly agree with this statement : “ the duty of a parent is to help his or her child internalize virtues that reflect the values of the family and society, ” ( p. 66 ). but ultimately, no matter how we address each area of parenting, we must find a balanced approach. there are some kids who may need more attention in one capacity than another, but we must still address all areas. to spend all of our time and effort helping the child ’ s intellectual growth while neglecting any moral teachings represents unhealthy, unbalanced parenting. the same holds true for focusing on moral teachings over emotional attention. the book sums it up


paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia ( psvt ) definition : paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia ( psvt ) is episodes of rapid heart rate that start in a part of the heart above the ventricles. " paroxysmal " means from time to time. psvt ; supraventricular tachycardia causes, incidence, and risk factors : normally, the chambers of the heart ( atria and ventricles ) contract in a coordinated manner. - the contractions are caused by an electrical signal that begins in an area of the heart called the sinoatrial node ( also called the sinus node or sa node ). - the signal moves through the upper heart chambers ( the atria ) and tells the atria to contract. - after this, the signal moves down in the heart and tells the lower chambers ( the ventricles ) to contract. the rapid heart rate from psvt may start with events that take place in many different areas above the lower heart chambers ( ventricles ). psvt can occur with digitalis toxicity and with conditions such as wolff - parkinson - white syndrome. the condition occurs most often in young people and infants. the following increase your risk for psvt : symptoms usually start and stop suddenly, and can last for a few minutes or several hours. they can include : other symptoms that can occur with this condition : signs and tests : a physical examination during a psvt episode will show a rapid heart rate. it may also show bounding pulses in the neck. the heart rate may be over 100, and even more than 250 beats per minute ( bpm ). in children, the heart rate tends to be very high. there may be signs of poor blood circulation such as light - headedness. between episodes of psvt, the heart rate is normal ( 60 to 100 bpm ). an ecg during symptoms shows psvt. an electrophysiology study ( eps ) may be needed for an accurate diagnosis and to recommend the best treatment. because psvt comes and goes, to diagnose it patients may need to wear a 24 - hour holter monitor. for longer periods of time, another tape of the rhythm recording device may be used. if you do not have symptoms or any other heart condition, psvt may not need treatment. if you have an episode of psvt, there are techniques you can try


of time, another tape of the rhythm recording device may be used. if you do not have symptoms or any other heart condition, psvt may not need treatment. if you have an episode of psvt, there are techniques you can try on your own to interrupt the fast heartbeat. - one is called the valsalva maneuver. to do this, you hold your breath and strain, as if you were trying to have a bowel movement. - another technique you can try is to cough while sitting with your upper body bent forward. - some people find that splashing ice water on the face is helpful. you should avoid smoking, caffeine, alcohol, and illicit drugs. emergency treatment to slow the heartbeat back to normal may include : - electrical cardioversion, the use of electric shock - medicines through a vein long - term treatment for people who have repeat episodes of psvt, or who also have heart disease, may include : cardiac ablation - - a procedure used to destroy small areas in your heart that may be causing the rapid heartbeat ( currently the treatment of choice for most psvts ) - daily medications to prevent repeat episodes pacemakers to override the fast heartbeat ( on occasion may be used in children with psvt who have not responded to any other treatment ) - surgery to change the pathways in the heart that send electrical signals ( this may be recommended in some cases for people who need other heart surgery ) psvt is generally not life threatening. if other heart disorders are present, it can lead to congestive heart failure or angina. calling your health care provider : call your health care provider if : - you often have a sensation of feeling the heart beat quickly and symptoms do not end on their own in a few minutes - you have a history of psvt and an episode does not go away with the valsalva maneuver or by coughing, or other symptoms occur with the rapid heart rate - symptoms return often - new symptoms develop olgin je, zipes dp. specific arrhythmias : diagnosis and treatment. in : bonow ro, mann dl, zipes dp, libby p, eds. braunwald ' s heart disease : a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 9th ed. st. louis, mo : wb saunders ; 2011 : chap 39. zimetbaum p. cardiac arrhythmia with supraventricular origin. in : goldman l, schafer ai, eds. cecil medicine. 24th ed. philadelphia,


wb saunders ; 2011 : chap 39. zimetbaum p. cardiac arrhythmia with supraventricular origin. in : goldman l, schafer ai, eds. cecil medicine. 24th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 64. | review date : 6 / 18 / 2012 | reviewed by : david c. dugdale, iii, md, professor of medicine, division of general medicine, department of medicine, university of washington school of medicine ; and michael a. chen, md, phd, assistant professor of medicine, division of cardiology, harborview medical center, university of washington medical school, seattle, washington. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m. health solutions, ebix, inc. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997 - a. d. a. m., inc. any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.


| curiosity about fire is normal, but playing with fire is dangerous. whether it is the result of a curious child or the intentional setting of a fire by a troubled teen, juvenile firesetting is a serious problem that may escalate. by recognizing the problem early and taking corrective measures the risk of fire setting incidents can be greatly reduced. why do kids set fires? most children express a natural and normal curiosity about fire in their early life. their interest can be expressed in a number of appropriate ways : asking fire related questions, playing with fire related toys such as a fire engine and for older children, participating in adult supervised activities involving fire, such as lighting a bbq or fireplace. when a child ’ s interest and experimentation with fire are unsupervised, the potential for disaster exists. some children however, set fires deliberately. reason for this may include : peer pressure, boredom, anger, a cry for help, or a significant crisis such as a divorce or death of a family member. for these children, fire setting can become an outlet for their feeling and require intervention. - arson is the leading crime committed by kids and it is the fastest growing crime in the u. s. - over 55 % of all arrests for arson are kids & ½ of those are 4 - 9 years old. - fire is the leading cause of accidental death in the home for kids 5 & under ; many are the victims of fires set by an older sibling. what can parents do to prevent fire setting? supervise for safety provide appropriate and effective supervision for children. supervision requires frequent visual contact so that children ’ s activities can be monitored. supervision also includes previewing what children are watching on tv, dvd, and the internet. restricting access to some internet sites is recommended. remove the temptation keep matches and lighters out of reach of kids. better yet, remove all unnecessary matches and lighters from your home. most children are only involved with fire because it is available. remember, child resistant lighters are not childproof, not even for a 2 year old. teach children about fire teach young children that fire is a tool used to heat our homes and cook our food – it is not a toy! fire is not magic ; it is hot and can cause devastating consequences. teach match and lighter safety matches and lighters are tools for grown - up not toys for children. if children find matchers and lighters, young children ( under the age of seven ) should tell & show a grown - up, and children older than seven should give


safety matches and lighters are tools for grown - up not toys for children. if children find matchers and lighters, young children ( under the age of seven ) should tell & show a grown - up, and children older than seven should give them to a grown - up. older children 12 and up should be taught the safe and responsible use of matches and lighters, under direct adult supervision. these children can be provided with an opportunity to light the fireplace, campfire or candles on a birthday cake. always reward or praise children for demonstrating fire safe behavior. set a good example children don ’ t always hear what you say, but they certainly see what you do. young children learn by exploring, experimenting and mimicking adult behavior. model fire safe behavior in your home at all times. what do you know about the myths & realities of fire? myth : it is normal for children to play with fire. fact : while curiosity about fire is common, playing with fire and setting fires is not normal and can be deadly. myth : fire setting is a phase children will outgrow. fact : it is not a phase. you must deal with it immediately or it will continue and progress. myth : if the fire is small there is no problem. fact : all fires start small. however, fires spread quickly and can easily get out of control, endangering lives and property. myth : children who start fires are pyromaniacs. fact : almost every child has some curiosity about fire. but progression from mere interest in fire to fire setting is a problem. occasionally fire setting can be a symptom of a more widespread problem. what should you do if you know a child who needs help? - keep all lighting materials out of reach – lock them up! - make sure the child is appropriately supervised. - install smoke alarms throughout your home, including in the bedrooms. - get help from hillsboro fire department. call 503 - 681 - 6166 to set up an appointment with our juvenile firesetter interventionist. we provide early intervention that evaluates, educates, and refers kids & families to services to stop firesetting behaviors.


using flow cytometry to compare the dynamics of photoreceptor outer segment phagocytosis in ips derived rpe cells. invest ophthalmol vis sci light entering the eye activates photoreceptor neurons that convert the stimulus into electrical impulses. these impulses are passed back through the eye and into the brain where they form the basis ofvision. the rod and cone photoreceptors are highly dependent on other retinal cell types to function properly. retinal pigment epithelium ( rpe ) cells are especially important ; these protect the photoreceptors from light - induced toxicity by consuming the tips of the photoreceptor cells that are routinely damaged by intense light exposure. rpe cells perform this essential task ( named phagocytosis ) on a daily basis. if rpe cells die or become dysfunctional, i. e. by not effectively performing phagocytosis, photoreceptors will invariably die. this phenomenon occurs in human diseases including age - related macular degeneration ( amd ), the leading cause of vision loss in the elderly. a promising potential therapy is to implant rpe generated from stem cells into the back of the eye to replaced diseased patient cells. several groups, including our own, have shown that this therapy works very well in rats with spontaneous retinal degeneration, but several technical questions remain about how well the implanted cells function compared with actual rpe cells. since phagocytosis is such a critical function we developed a unique way to test how well rpe cells can phagocytose the tips of the photoreceptor cells before implantation. we utilized a method named flow cytometry that is used to measure fluorescence in single cells. rpe cells can become fluorescent if they are “ fed ” photoreceptor outer segments that are treated with green fluorescent biomarkers. we waited several hours after feeding the cells and then measured the amount of green fluorescence they were emitting. in this study we were able to demonstrate that rpe cells we generated from stem cells chronologically phagocytosed equal numbers of photoreceptor outer segments as well as actual human rpe cells do. we also showed using flow cytometry that the stem cell derived rpe generated the correct cellular machinery required for efficient phagocytosis. we suggest, therefore, that this technique be employed in the field to determine if stem cell derived


do. we also showed using flow cytometry that the stem cell derived rpe generated the correct cellular machinery required for efficient phagocytosis. we suggest, therefore, that this technique be employed in the field to determine if stem cell derived rpe cells are ready for transplantation. the results of this study add to mounting evidence that stem cell derived rpe function as well as real rpe cells, and are realistic therapeutic options for treating amd. purpose : retinal pigment epithelium ( rpe ) autologous grafts can be readily derived from ips cells ( ips - rpe ). it is critical to stringently characterize ips - rpe using standardized and quantifiable methods to be confident that they are safe and adequate replacements for diseased rpe before utilizing them in clinical settings. one important and required function is that the ips - rpe phagocytose photoreceptor outer segments ( pos ). methods : we developed a flow cytometry - based assay to monitor binding and internalization of fitc labeled pos by arpe - 19, human fetal rpe ( hfrpe ), and two types of ips - rpe. expression and density of alphavbeta5 integrin, cd36, and mertk receptors, which are required for phagocytosis, were compared. results : trypsinization of treated rpe cells results in the release of bound pos. the number of freed pos, the percentage of cells that internalized pos, the brightness of the fitc signal from the cells, and the surface density of the phagocytosis receptors on single rpe cells was measured using flow cytometry. these assays reveal that receptor density is dynamic during differentiation and this can affect the binding and internalization dynamics of the rpe cells. highly differentiated ips - rpe phagocytose pos more efficiently than hfrpe. conclusions : caution should be exercised to not use rpe grafts until demonstrating that they are fully functional. the density of the phagocytosis receptors is dynamic and may be used as a predictor for how well the ips - rpe cells will function in vivo. the phagocytosis dynamics observed between ips - rpe and primary rpe is very encouraging and adds to mounting evidence that ips - rpe may be a viable replacement for dysfunctional or dying rpe in human patients.


beginning with the establishment of a glass factory at jamestown in 1608, manufacturing grew slowly during the colonial era to include flour mills and, by 1715, an iron foundry. during the 19th century, the shipbuilding industry flourished, and many cotton mills, tanneries, and ironworks were built ; light industries producing a wide variety of consumer goods developed later. the strength of the commonwealth ' s diversified manufacturing sector is shown in its 10. 2 % employment increase between 1970 and 1993. during this time period, national manufacturing employment declined by 8. 3 %. richmond is a principal industrial area for tobacco processing, paper and printing, clothing, and food products ; nearby hopewell is a locus of the chemical industry. newport news, hampton, and norfolk are centers for shipbuilding and the manufacture of other transportation equipment. in the western part of the state, lynchburg is a center for electrical machinery, metals, clothing, and printing, and roanoke for food, clothing, and textiles. in the south, martinsville has a concentration of furniture and textile - manufacturing plants, and textiles are also dominant in danville. the total value of manufacturing shipments in 1997 totaled $ 87 billion, or 15th in the nation. in 1997, virginia was the headquarters for 16 fortune 500 companies. earnings of persons employed in virginia increased from $ 129 billion in 1997 to $ 138. 3 billion in 1998, an increase of 7. 2 %. the largest industries in 1998 were services, 29. 6 % of earnings ; state and local government, 10. 5 % ; and retail trade, 8. 7 %. of the industries that accounted for at least 5 % of earnings in 1998, the slowest growing from 1997 to 1998 was federal civilian government ( 7. 0 % of earnings in 1998 ), which increased 0. 4 % ; the fastest was finance, insurance, and real estate ( 7. 0 % of earnings in 1998 ), which increased 9. 9 %.


what is it? social studies, history, information technology change, ways of life - mail - order catalogues on this site - photographs of artifacts from eaton ' s catalogues ( links - teacher hints ( below ) - ask students to select an object from the list of photographs below. - by using the historical catalogue pages from this site, and with the help of the indexes, students must find out it was used, what it was used for, and what it cost. - foot warmer - shoe and harness repair kit - pair of sad iron handles and bases - meat grinder - foot - powered sewing machine - electric toaster - electric washing machine. foot warmer, ca? on a cold winter ' s night in a home heated by a a stoneware foot warmer filled with hot water would have been a welcome to a bed. foot warmers were also used in carriages and in early didn ' t have heaters. shoe and harness repair kit, ca 1900 this " combination family cobbler / tinker & contained the tools required to perform repairs to shoes and horse in this kit were children - and adult - sized lasts, or shoe forms, a hammer, a tack hammer, a leather punch, and a variety of nails. pair of sad iron bases and handles, ca 1900 - 50 before women used electric irons to press clothes and they used sad irons. sad irons were usually sold as sets with one wooden handle and three cast iron bases. women heated two or three bases wood stove at a time. they attached the handle to one preheated base, used to iron until it cooled down, and then replaced it with a heated base from meat grinder, ca 1910 - 50 at a time when people raised their own livestock and did own butchering, many people made their own sausages and ground meats by a hand - powered meat grinder. after clamping the grinder to a table, they drop chunks of meat into the funnel - like hopper and turn the handle. an blade inside would grind up the meat and the resulting ground meat would out through the opening on the side into a sausage casing or a bowl. foot - powered sewing machine, ca 1910 - 50 eaton ' s offered its own brand of sewing machine in catalogues. this eatonia sewing machine would have been fastened to a cabinet with a foot - pedal underneath. by pumping the pedal with her foot guiding the fabric with her hands, a woman could have sewn clothing that modeled on the latest catalogue fashions. electric toaster, ca


last august, a 3, 000 - pound, eight - by - 22 foot - robotic platform was launched into the hudson river just north of denning ’ s point peninsula in beacon, n. y. on board the floating platform are state - of - the - art sensors that will provide continuous air and water monitoring including barometric pressure, wind speed and direction, water depth, temperature, salinity and flow rate. the sensors will also measure the levels of hydrogen contaminants, dissolved oxygen, and chlorophyll - a ( a green pigment found in algae ). the data will be transferred in real time to researchers who can track fluctuations in these measurements. the information provides a detailed record of the overall health of the river. this will alert scientists and environmentalists to escalating pollution levels or to episodic events that can be problematic, such as algae blooms, which can lead to hypoxia. hypoxia is characterized by a low concentration of oxygen that is exacerbated by increases in nutrients or a particular set of physical conditions. it is associated with fish kills among other problems. this technology, which promises to revolutionize the way bodies of water are monitored, was developed by a team of scientists and researchers headed up by james bonner ’ 85, professor of civil & environmental engineering and director of clarkson ’ s center for the environment ( cce ). “ our goal is to eventually cover the entire 315 - mile river from mt. marcy to new york city with a network of sensors, ” explains bonner. “ the technology will allow us to create a cyber - infrastructure that stores and processes a great deal of data about the hudson river. scientists and engineers around the world will be able to access this information via the internet. ” bonner began the development of this real - time monitoring technology at the shoreline environmental research facility at texas a & m university where he served as founding director. while in corpus christi, bonner and fellow researchers developed sensing systems that they used to monitor the gulf of mexico. since joining the clarkson faculty in 2007, bonner ( who holds a ph. d. from clarkson ) has continued his nsf - funded research program with an eye toward transferring the technology to map and monitor the ecological health of the rivers, great lakes and the st. lawrence seaway. the hudson river monitoring project is a joint partnership between clarkson university ; the beacon institute for rivers and estuaries, a not - for - profit environmental research organization ; and ibm. last year, bonn


, great lakes and the st. lawrence seaway. the hudson river monitoring project is a joint partnership between clarkson university ; the beacon institute for rivers and estuaries, a not - for - profit environmental research organization ; and ibm. last year, bonner was named the beacon institute ’ s reon director of research and will lead the development and implementation of the river and estuary observatory network ( reon ). the hudson river project is the first step in a larger plan to develop technology - based monitoring and forecasting network for rivers and estuaries. “ tremendous human impact occurs in the regions where rivers and estuaries meet the ‘ coastal margin ’ — coastal wetlands, bays and shorelines, ” explains bonner. “ in the united states, this region is home to 70 percent of the population and 20 of its 25 largest cities. it is also where most industry and ports are found. damage to these ecosystems comes from this increased density of anthropogenic activity associated with pollution from industry, farms and the surrounding communities. ” for example, hypoxia generally occurs in aquatic systems where the water is poorly mixed excluding oxygen and trapping pollutants in the “ hypolimion ” — the dense bottom layer in a stratified body of water. chemical reactions within the hypolimion and with bottom sediments depletes the benthic oxygen so aerobic organisms such as fish, oysters, clams and other bottom dwelling organisms perish. “ this problem is a growing national concern, for example increasing areas of the gulf of mexico ( thousands of square miles ), portions of the great lakes, embayments such corpus christi bay and other near - shore areas are experiencing hypoxia, ” says bonner. ibm is working with bonner and the beacon institute to develop the cyber framework that will store the data and provide assessment tools, which researchers around the world will be able to use. “ scientists will be able to analyze data and develop models on any environmental parameter of interest. ” for bonner, one of the most exciting aspects of the project is the way it will transform environmental science and engineering. “ the old - fashioned method of retrieving data by collecting samples at discreet locations at only a few times gives a static, incomplete and aliased view or understanding. with this technology, we ’ ll be able to get real - time data that reflects the constantly changing, dynamic environment of the river. the information will be far more reliable. ”


february 24, 2013 in sustainable development embargoed until 1800 gmt on sunday 24 february by alex kirby a united nations scheme intended to guarantee everyone access to clean energy could help to keep global temperature rise below 2°c, researchers say, although it would not achieve this without sharp cuts in emissions of all the main greenhouse gases. london, 24 february – eradicating poverty by making modern energy supplies available to everyone is not only compatible with measures to slow climate change, a new study says. it is a necessary condition for it. but the authors say the scheme to provide sustainable energy worldwide will not by itself be enough to keep the global average temperature rise below the widely accepted international target level of 2°c. while the scheme can help measures to tackle climate change, it cannot achieve that by itself. the scheme, the un ’ s sustainable energy for all initiative ( se4all ), if it proves successful, could make a significant contribution to cutting greenhouse gas emissions, according to the analysis from the international institute for applied systems analysis ( iiasa ) and eth zurich. the study, published in nature climate change, shows that reaching the three energy - related goals of se4all would cut ghg emissions and is achievable. “ achievement of the three objectives would provide an important entry point into stringent climate protection ”, says joeri rogelj, eth zurich researcher and iiasa - affiliated scientist, who led the study. it found that the short - term goals, due to be reached by 2030, would help achieve long - term climate targets. but to ensure stringent climate objectives were reached, se4all would need to be matched by other measures, the researchers say. se4all ‘ necessary – but not sufficient ’ se4all ’ s objectives include providing universal access to modern energy, doubling the share of renewable energy globally, and doubling the rate of improvement in energy efficiency – all by 2030. while the objectives do not explicitly address climate change, sustainable energy is accepted as vital for cutting ghg emissions : 80 % of co2 from human activities comes from the global energy system, including transport, buildings, industry, and electricity, heat, and fuel production. “ doing energy right will promote the millennium development goals and at the same time kick - start the transition to a lower - carbon economy ”, says iiasa researcher david mccollum, who also worked on the study. “ but the un ’ s objectives must be complemented by a global agreement on controlling ghg emissions. ” se


start the transition to a lower - carbon economy ”, says iiasa researcher david mccollum, who also worked on the study. “ but the un ’ s objectives must be complemented by a global agreement on controlling ghg emissions. ” se4all has global goals, but the researchers say action at regional and national levels will be essential to achieving them. iiasa ’ s energy programme leader keywan riahi, a co - author of the study, says : “ the next step for this initiative is already under way, with a large number of national plans that underpin the global objectives. ” they analysed the likelihood of the world limiting global warming to target levels if each or all of the se4all objectives were achieved. using a broad range of scenarios, they found that if all the objectives are met, the likelihood of keeping temperature rise below 2°c will be more than 66 %. if only the renewable energy goal is met, chances of staying below 2°c will range from 40 to 90 %, they say, while achieving just the energy efficiency goal will improve the chances to between 60 and 90 %. but the researchers warn that this result depends strongly on what future economic growth is assumed. they say the likelihood of reaching climate targets within the scenarios depend on a range of other factors, including energy demand growth, economic growth, and technological innovation. the study also found that providing universal energy access by 2030 will not hinder long - term climate goals, thanks to the marked gains in energy efficiency that will result. “ sustainable development and poverty eradication can go hand in hand with mitigating climate risks, ” says rogelj. he told the climate news network : “ to ensure effective climate change mitigation, a global treaty on greenhouse gases should enforce a cap on global emissions which limits emissions from all sources. “ with such a cap se4all can help to limit emissions from the energy sector, but other measures will have to tackle those from other sources like deforestation, or other gases, like methane from agriculture and waste, or facilitate an even quicker decarbonization of the energy sector, like carbon - capture and storage. ” the new work also quantified the potential costs of reaching the se4all objectives, which would amount to increasing energy investment by between 0. 1 and 0. 7 % of global gdp. the authors ’ estimates account for the substantial savings in energy use and reduced fossil energy investment that would result from promoting more sustainable energy technologies and lifestyles. – climate news


reading through demetria lucas ’ ‘ not african enough for africa, ’ prompted a few questions for me as an african woman. what exactly does being african mean? is it a cultural thing? a color thing? why do african americans believe they would feel at home in africa despite having no tangible link to the continent? as i read through the comments it was obvious, that to a lot of african americans, africa is a vital piece of the identity puzzle. and i get it. think about it for a minute. many black americans have often identified as african first and an american later. so, it makes sense that they would expect acceptance in africa, especially since their existence in america has been difficult. african americans were not willing visitors to america. you were torn away from what you knew to help grow a foreign economy and were never compensated for your labor. even now, despite your contributions, you are not really welcome, and everyday there is another reminder that you are not the same. add to that the fact that marcus garvey ’ s back to africa movement made returning to the continent seem like the solution to the problems affecting blacks in the diaspora. in africa, you would never be ‘ the other ’. you would be fully accepted and embraced for you were once again the majority. and while things did not go quite as planned, many african americans passed that idea down through generations. africa became a place where you would not be the other, not a minority. it became a place where nearly everyone looked like you. you would not have to be stopped because you were black, get tagged with the angry black woman stereotype because no one would notice …. seeing as everyone was just as black as you. unfortunately, the reality — as lucas pointed out — is very different. skin color is not enough to make you fit in, and when selling the african dream someone forgot to tell you a couple of things. culture trumps color. the ability to speak local languages is just one aspect. honestly, even if you made the effort to learn the language, there are still the social cues and the slang that many would probably miss. unfortunately, a white african would be seen as more authenticly “ african ” than an black american in many instances, because in the space of two generations, the term ‘ white african ’ has become acceptable. in my grandparents ’ days, if you were white, you were either a missionary or a colonizer. you were a stranger, never african. the fact that african - born whites can now claim africa as their


‘ white african ’ has become acceptable. in my grandparents ’ days, if you were white, you were either a missionary or a colonizer. you were a stranger, never african. the fact that african - born whites can now claim africa as their home is proof that culture is dynamic. in less than a hundred years, white africans are a legitimate part of the continent. so, if such a huge change has occurred in that short span of time, how could african americans – who are separated by hundreds of years of differences – think they will just immediately mesh into one of africa ’ s many cultures? it is almost impossible. as a child, my father had a friend – a former black panther – who moved to tanzania in the late seventies. during that time, tanzania was practicing african socialism and he was very excited to live and farm among his people. over 30 years later, he is still seen as a foreigner, even though he speaks kiswahili with great fluency and has assimilated as best as he knows how. i sympathize with wanting to know who you are, with being a child of two worlds who doesn ’ t quite fit into either one. i know blacks in the diaspora want a place where they can just be themselves, but sadly, africa isn ’ t it. here, you are american ; you have been away for five hundred years. we do not have the same experiences to bond us, the same languages to help us bridge the gap, the same memories of how things were. please come visit and walk the paths your ancestors walked. but that is all we can give you.


an introduction to asp. net web api microsoft recently released the asp. net mvc 4. 0 beta and along with it, the brand spanking new asp. net web api. web api is an exciting new addition to the asp. net stack that provides a new, well - designed http framework for creating rest and ajax apis ( api is microsoft ’ s new jargon for a service, in case you ’ re wondering ). although web api currently ships and installs with asp. net mvc 4, you can use web api functionality in any asp. net project, including webforms, webpages and mvc or none of the above. you can also self - host web api in your own applications. please note that this article is based on pre - release bits of asp. net web api ( pre - rc ) and the api is still changing. the samples are built against the latest snapshot of the codeplex asp. net web stack source and some of the syntax and functions might change by the time web api releases. overall concepts apply, and i ’ ve been told that functionality is mostly feature complete, but things are still changing as i write this. please refer to the latest code samples on github for the final syntax of the examples. what ’ s a web api and why do we need it? most mobile devices, like phones and tablets, run apps that use data retrieved from the web over http. the. net stack already includes a number of tools that provide the ability to create http service backends. there ’ s wcf rest for rest and ajax, asp. net ajax services purely for ajax and json, and you can always use plain http handlers for any sort of response but with minimal plumbing. you can also use plain mvc controller methods or even asp. net webforms pages to generate arbitrary http output. although all of these can accomplish the task of returning http responses, none of them are optimized for the repeated tasks that an http service has to deal with. if you are building sophisticated web apis on top of these solutions, you ’ re likely to either repeat a lot of code or write significant plumbing code yourself to handle various api requirements consistently across requests. a better http experience asp. net web api differentiates itself from these other solutions in that it was built from the ground up around the http protocol and its messaging semantics. unlike wcf rest or asp. net ajax with asmx, it ’


better http experience asp. net web api differentiates itself from these other solutions in that it was built from the ground up around the http protocol and its messaging semantics. unlike wcf rest or asp. net ajax with asmx, it ’ s a brand new platform rather than bolted - on technology that is supposed to work in the context of an existing framework. web api is meant to handle any kind of http input and produce output and status codes using the full spectrum of http functionality available. there ’ s much - improved support for content negotiation based on http accept headers, with the framework capable of detecting content that the client sends and requests and automatically serving the appropriate data format in return. many of the features favor convention over configuration, making it much easier to do the right thing without having to explicitly configure specific functionality. although previous solutions accomplished this using a variety of wcf and asp. net features, web api combines all this functionality into a single server - side http framework that intrinsically understands the http semantics and subtly drives you in the right direction for most operations. and when you need to customize or do something that isn ’ t automatic, there are overrides for most behaviors, and even many low - level hook points that allow you to plug - in custom functionality with relatively little effort. asp. net web api differentiates itself from existing microsoft solutions in that it was built from the ground up around the http protocol and its messaging semantics. web api also requires very little in the way of configuration so it ’ s very quick and unambiguous to get started. to top it all off, you can also host the web api in your own applications or services. - above all, web api makes it extremely easy to create arbitrary http endpoints in an application without the overhead of a full framework like webforms or asp. net mvc. because web api works on top of the core asp. net stack, you can plug web apis into any asp. net application. by : rick strahl rick strahl is president of west wind technologies in maui, hawaii. the company specializes in web and distributed application development and tools, with focus on windows server products,. net, visual studio, and visual foxpro. rick is the author of west wind web connection, west wind web store, and west wind html help builder. he ’ s also a c # mvp, a frequent contributor to magazines and books, a frequent speaker at international developer conferences, and the co -


london - britain ' s children are being poisoned by a " junk culture " of processed food, computer games and over - competitive education, an influential group of authors and experts warned on tuesday. in an open letter to the daily telegraph, 110 teachers, psychologists and children ' s authors - - including the internationally acclaimed philip pullman and penelope leach, a leading childcare expert - - called on the government to act now to prevent childhood being killed off altogether. forced " to act and dress like mini - adults ", children are becoming increasingly depressed and experiencing growing levels of behavioral and developmental problems, they said. schoolchildren in a cafeteria. britain ' s children are being poisoned by a " junk culture " of processed food, computer games and over - competitive education, an influential group of authors and experts warned on tuesday. reuters / file " since children ' s brains are still developing, they cannot adjust as full - grown adults can, to the effects of ever more rapid technological and cultural change, " the letter said. " they need what developing human beings have always needed, including real food ( as opposed to processed " junk " ), real play ( as opposed to sedentary, screen - based entertainment ), first hand experience of the world they live in and regular interaction with the real - life significant adults in their lives. " the letter was circulated by sue palmer, an ex - head teacher and author of a book entitled " toxic childhood ", and dr richard house, a senior lecturer at the research center for therapeutic education at roehampton university in london. " children ' s development is being drastically affected by the kind of world they are brought up in, " palmer told the daily telegraph. " it is shocking. " " a child ' s physical and psychological growth cannot be accelerated. it changes in biological time, not at electrical speed. childhood is not a race. " the experts condemned britain ' s increasingly " target - driven " education system and urged the government to recognize children ' s need for more time and space to develop, demanding an urgent public debate on child - rearing in the 21st century. award - winning children ' s author michael morpurgo, who also signed the letter, said there was a " drip, drip, drip effect " of academic pressure and marketing which was killing childhood. " it ' s gradually soaking like a poison into the culture, " he told bbc radio. " there is less room for reading, for dreaming, for music, for drama, for art, and simply for playing. " © reuters


according to a team of scientists at australia ’ s commonwealth scientific and industrial research organisation, despite previous research finding that nanoparticles do not penetrate the skin, it remains debatable as to whether this remains true under normal conditions of using sunscreen. at a global nanomaterials safety workshop in london earlier this month, dr maxine mccall showcased her team ’ s progress on ‘ dermal absorption from sunscreens containing zinc oxide particles ’ revealing that two special sunscreens were made especially for a human study whereby one contained nanoparticles of zinc oxide and the other larger ( non - nano ) particles to determine if there was a dependence on particle size for dermal absorption. according to dr. mccall, most in vitro studies to assess dermal penetration of nanoparticles are conducted for a period of up to 24 hours, and that the oecd wpmn is currently assessing whether a number of test guidelines, developed for chemicals, are applicable to nanomaterials. “ our results imply that longer study periods may need to be considered when assessing dermal penetration and absorption of nanoparticles and we are communicating this information to the oecd wpmn, ” the expert told cosmeticsdesign - asia. com. the human study involved the team of scientists applying sunscreen twice daily for five days as well as obtaining numerous blood and urine samples before, during, and after the period at the beach. " the method we used to detect the traceable zinc is highly sensitive, " explains mccall. " the first detection of traceable zinc from zno particles in the sunscreens were found in the blood at the end of the second day at the beach and after a total of 4 sunscreen applications, levels continued to increase after sunscreen application ceased, " she adds. the expert went on to further reveal that the blood and urine samples from the females with the sunscreen with nanoparticles had slightly higher levels of traceable zinc than those of the sunscreen with larger particles. however, dr. mccall concludes by informing this publication that the total amounts of traceable zinc detected from the sunscreens were very small when compared with amounts of natural zinc normally present in the human body. sccs view on the matter.. the ec ' s scientific committee on consumer safety recently announced it had reviewed its toxicological evidence and found no evidence that zno nanoparticles are absorbed through skin and or via the oral route. and concluded that the use of zinc oxide nanoparticles, at a


plotting pre - emptive strikes as a teacher of literature i am struck by the dearth of literary, historical or philosophical works that celebrate or even sanction pre - emptive strikes. most great plots in history are scripted in moral favor of the people who have resisted invading or occupying forces. i recall leonidas, the leader of ten thousand spartans, who withstood king xerxes ’ hundreds of thousands of invading persians at the narrow pass at thermopylae. or i remember michelangelo ’ s statue of young david with his slingshot, waiting easy in his naked silence and ready to hurl a stone from his slingshot at the heavily armed giant, the braggart goliath. both of those figures, one greek and the other judaic, feature fighters central to the tradition of western civics, who are poised in potential energy, ready to fight, but awaiting the right timing. they are icons of readiness. they await with certainty the exact time for action. hamlet ’ s dilemma, however, is just the opposite of those two heroes. for hamlet cannot seem to find the right time to act. he vacillates indecisively, even when faced with fairly clear evidence that his uncle had murdered his father. yet he later says, at a crucial moment in his tragic plot, " if it be now, ’ tis not to come ; if it be not to come, it will be now ; if it be not now, yet it will come : the readiness is all. " the historian and civil libertarian, bernard devoto, thought the last phrase to be the " greatest statement in english. " later, in his most sublime tragedy, shakespeare has king lear say poignantly, " ripeness is all. " in shakespeare ’ s plays there is something of fatefulness in seeking the mature time in which to act. i recall, furthermore, the statue of the minute man, lightly armed like david, ready to withstand the first shots of the invading redcoats at concord bridge. does pre - emptive action, in itself, violate the principle of guarded readiness that symbolizes the concord statue of american liberty? do americans act out of character when we are told by our leaders that we must invade before violence is expected to be taken against us? do unto others before they do unto you? not just the timing of a violent action is the issue. not simply action, but right action, seems the stake. when you act, where you act, and above all, whether you act,


? do unto others before they do unto you? not just the timing of a violent action is the issue. not simply action, but right action, seems the stake. when you act, where you act, and above all, whether you act, all seem tied up in the justice of a violent action. why do most pre - emptive strikes violate one ’ s moral sense? an act of pre - emption interrupts the expected sequence of events by turning the tables. it is like the unfairness of jumping in at the head of long a line of patiently waiting ticket buyers. a pre - emptive strike first depends for its legitimacy on quickly passing time, on seizing the day, the same sense of urgency as a news show that pre - empts the normal schedule in favor of breaking news. pre - emptive strikes and breaking news seem to go together. but the planners ’ judgment had better be extremely important if it is to violate one ’ s habitual sense of the normal order of things. we hate to be interrupted, especially if we have been waiting patiently for the outcome of an action. this kind of pre - emption bears on the conduct of life, one ’ s own as well as the conduct of our leaders. was theirs a right action or was it immoral, or was it something in between? did they manipulate evidence or did they use the preponderance of data available to them at the time? how were they inclined to act? what should we learn from the pre - emptive action taken against iraq? what are the ethics of pre - emptive strikes? what issues surround the timing, the right time, for taking action? what was the larger end or purpose, both the apparent end and the real reason only gradually revealed? how was the plan for pre - emptive strikes plotted or scripted? what were the reasons given for taking action now? what were the descriptions of the sorts of things that might happen if we were not to take action? what outcomes seemed probable, and what seemed necessary? these questions will certainly be debated in coming months and years. as a teacher i am convinced that education may be devoted to many disciplines, but above all it should prepare us to act rightly for our futures. readiness is all. one of the purposes of literature, in theory, is to enlighten a future. indeed the oldest form of interpretation was divination. one hoped to interpret the design of things. cicero said in his essay on divination, " thus, in the beginning the


literature, in theory, is to enlighten a future. indeed the oldest form of interpretation was divination. one hoped to interpret the design of things. cicero said in his essay on divination, " thus, in the beginning the world was so made that certain signs come before certain events. " shelley said cryptically in his " defence of poetry " : " poets are the heirophants of an unapprehended inspiration ; the mirrors of the gigantic shadows which futurity casts upon the present. " the european social philosophy called phenomenology lays out a " horizon of expectation " as the basis for hermeneutics, the study of interpretation as intentionality. interpretation is a projection forward, said martin heidegger. as he asserted in being and time, " the basic tense of existentialism is the future. " ernst bloch taught that art and literature latently exhibit what he called an " anticipatory illumination " ( vor - schein, " to shine before " ). karl popper, the philosopher who featured the social science of unexpected consequences, spoke of a " searchlight " metaphor for the very act of knowing. to know is to conjecture forward, to project a light in a dark direction some works of literature are specifically designed to warn against what might happen in the near future. for instance, margaret atwood ’ s recent sci - fi novel oryx and crake warns against bioengineering and global plagues wrought by mad scientists. in aristotle ’ s " poetics " there is a remarkable definition of literature as being a kind of hypothetical action that bears on future acts : " the poet ’ s function is to describe, not the thing that has happened, but the kind of thing that might happen, for example, what is possible as being probable or necessary. " perhaps most importantly, aristotle describes a kind of recognition that forestalls, at the last moment, a violent act about to happen that would lead to tragic consequences. his word for that kind of forestalling action that avoids a violent pitfall is anagnorisis. pre - emptive strikes assume a certain kind of interpretation of facts and events that depends upon a point of view of story telling that lays out future events as a kind of projection forward into a future that is not hypothetical but that is fixed like fate. but good writers script whole sequences of expectations that turn out to be surprises. then as possibilities are modified by actualities, the projections forward are corrected by retractions


of projection forward into a future that is not hypothetical but that is fixed like fate. but good writers script whole sequences of expectations that turn out to be surprises. then as possibilities are modified by actualities, the projections forward are corrected by retractions backward. take the example of frankenstein. like atwood, mary shelley was worried about contemporary experiments in the artificial creation of life, such as those of galvani and erasmus darwin. the mad scientist, victor frankenstein, has succeeded in creating life, but in fleeing from his monster and by avoiding his own responsibility as creator, he has created a serial killer. nevertheless, having heard the monster ’ s moving narrative, victor agrees to construct a female companion. as he assembles the female being, he frets that the female has not been party to their social contract : that the pair of beings will leave europe and hide out in the wilds of america. he fantasizes that the female and her future progeny might not consider themselves bound to the original agreement. this question of binding future generations by a dated social contract is tom paine ’ s main argument in the rights of man, that future generations are not bound for eternity by their progenitors ’ written laws. so victor passionately dismembers the female monster. is his interpretation an anagnorisis that avoids a future threat of violence? or is it a pre - emptive violence that forestalls a peaceful future? was it an action that had come to maturity, or was it premature? mary shelley leaves the issue up in the air. was the bush team ’ s interpretation an act of prudence that forestalled the imminent action of saddam hussein ’ s use of weapons of mass destruction? or was it instead a premature violence that forestalled the gradualism of the united nations ’ deferential restraint? now the country is in a period of interpreting backward, of second guessing, and taking stock. it is not yet clear whether we are concluding a tragedy, where there will only be dead bodies all over the stage of events ; or whether we can imagine a reconciling comedy, where all the participants can gather in the end at some kind of reconciling feast. what we do know now and always is that any decision to act is based upon imperfect evidence. to choose is to select among alternative possibilities. were the evidence overwhelming, no choice as such would be necessary or indeed possible. the decision would be self evident. before the invasion the bush administration overwhelmed us with evidence of nuclear weapons of mass


imperfect evidence. to choose is to select among alternative possibilities. were the evidence overwhelming, no choice as such would be necessary or indeed possible. the decision would be self evident. before the invasion the bush administration overwhelmed us with evidence of nuclear weapons of mass destruction and the insidious technology of bio - warfare in the semblance of our own anthrax fears. it seemed as if we had no choice but to strike then. the weapons issues were coupled with the overwhelming prognostications of imminent attacks on american people, like those that happened on 9 / 11. all members of the administration spoke as with one voice of warning. now the retractions and extenuations are taking place, and the moral of the narrative shifts with the latest disclosures. now the script is changing. now the argument is that saddam had killed overwhelming numbers of his own people over the years. was he not an imminent killer preparing to massacre americans? if not, what right does an american president have to pre - empt the role of the united nations in handling these kinds of massive but vague perils? did the bush administration conflate technological readiness to pull the trigger with moral readiness? david stands ready to hurl his stone. the minuteman leans into action, ready to fire in a minute. but the projection of a moral choice about the future should not be confused with the technical projection of a minuteman missile. the aircraft carriers that converged in battle groups from around the global oceans, the long - range bombers re - positioned on perimeter bases, the missiles programmed, all those silent men and women, were mobilized into an enormous potential energy, all leaning into action. the confluence of energies and forces all seemed so overwhelming as inevitable movements that moral choices between alternatives were lost in the univocal argument of a world power, its finger already tightening on the trigger. did the overwhelming technological readiness make the moral reason seem self evident in the mind of the bush team? the readiness is all mobilization? in greek tragedies the voice of the chorus provides running commentary on the plot. the chorus asks questions and makes assumptions during the action that are sometimes stupid, sometimes insightful, and sometimes wrong. the chorus admits to being puzzled by the actions of their leaders. did the univocal voice of the administration script a fiction for our consumption? was the plot a piece of noble propaganda? if the script was a fiction, it was not good literature, nor was it good ethics. for though literature may warn about the possibility of a coming event,


in july 2004, the cranfills gap independent school district ( cranfills gap isd ), located in hamilton county, texas, was identified as one of 54 school districts in the state meeting the criteria that initiate an appraisal standards review ( asr ) of the county appraisal district that served them. in april 2005, the comptroller ' s property tax division ( ptd ) began an appraisal standards review of the hamilton county appraisal district ( hamilton cad ). appraisal standards reviews the 78th legislature, regular session, directed the comptroller ' s office to conduct appraisal standards reviews of county appraisal districts if the comptroller ' s office finds in its annual property value study ( pvs ) that the appraisal district has one or more " eligible " school districts. eligible school districts are those that meet all of the following conditions : - the district ' s values are invalid in the most recent property value study ; - the district ' s values were valid in the two studies preceding the most recent study ; and - the district ' s local value is above 90 percent of the lower threshold of the margin of error. in texas, public education is paid for by a combination of state and local funds. local funding comes from local property taxes. the chief appraiser of each county appraisal district ( cad ) determines local property values, and school districts set tax rates that determine the amount of local tax revenue. appraisal districts, under most circumstances, are required by law to appraise property at or near market value. market value, in simple terms, is the price for which a property would sell under normal conditions. state funding is based on the total taxable property value within each school district as determined by the pvs. the pvs independently estimates the taxable property value in each school district to ensure that state values reflect market value, which in turn ensures that school districts have approximately the same number of dollars to spend per student, regardless of the school district ' s property wealth or lack of property wealth. school districts with less taxable property value per student receive more state dollars for each pupil than districts with more value per student. the state ' s fair distribution of school funding depends largely on the comptroller ' s taxable value findings. by conducting appraisal standards reviews, the comptroller ' s office helps school districts to understand the reason for the invalid finding so they can effectively work with the appraisal district to correct


the comptroller ' s taxable value findings. by conducting appraisal standards reviews, the comptroller ' s office helps school districts to understand the reason for the invalid finding so they can effectively work with the appraisal district to correct the problems and achieve market values. asrs identify problems and recommend changes in procedures or methods to improve appraisal accuracy. an asr examines and evaluates a county appraisal district ' s appraisal practices, including appraisal planning, appraisal procedures and methodology, and application and adherence to appraisal standards. the tax code and comptroller rules are the major criteria used to measure the appraisal district ' s performance. the evaluation of the appraisal district ' s appraisal methods are based on a comparison of local methods and procedures to those generally accepted by the mass appraisal industry in texas. the tax code dictates certain appraisal procedures or standards such as the uniform standards for professional appraisal practices ( uspap ), specifically standard 6 : mass appraisal and standard 7 : personal property. also the international association of assessing officers standards ( iaao ) standards on assessment are used as guidelines on the operation of an assessment office. the two principal focuses of the review are to determine why a school district served by the cad was deemed eligible and to make recommendations to improve appraisal practices so the school district ' s values can be determined valid in future studies. the review evaluates five broad functional areas of cad operations : information processing systems, district staffing, property mapping and discovery, appraisals and appraisal standards. the review methodology includes a self - assessment completed by the cad, staff interviews, reviews of written policies, procedures, plans, financial and management audits, and assessments of manual and automated records systems. as the result of the review process, the comptroller ' s office is issuing this report of its findings that includes recommendations for change and commendations for exemplary district appraisal practices. the appraisal district is required by law to comply with the recommendations within one year of the release of this report. if the comptroller determines that the appraisal district board of directors failed to take remedial action within one year after the issuance of the review, the comptroller shall notify the district judges serving in the county, who shall appoint a five - member board of conservators to implement the recommendations. the board of conservators shall exercise supervision and


issuance of the review, the comptroller shall notify the district judges serving in the county, who shall appoint a five - member board of conservators to implement the recommendations. the board of conservators shall exercise supervision and control over the operations of the appraisal district until the comptroller determines pursuant to the annual property value study, section 403. 302, government code, that in the same year the taxable value of each school district for which the appraisal district appraises property is the local value for the school district. the appraisal district shall bear the costs related to the supervision and control of the district by the board of conservators. while the review team found several commendable practices implemented by dedicated and hardworking district employees, hamilton cad is facing a number of challenges in achieving and maintaining consistent valid findings, including : - improving the management of office operations ; - documenting procedures ; and - enhancing reappraisal tools and appraisal methods. key findings and recommendations improve the management office operations expand the detail of the budget presented to the board of directors for adoption to include the benefits for each position and a detailed list of each proposed capital expenditure. the district ' s budget lacks the detail necessary to comply with section 6. 06 of the tax code. the budget does not outline each set of benefits associated with each employee position. with 60 percent of the cad ' s budget going to salaries, it ' s important for taxing units to understand where the money is being spent and ensure the district hires sufficient staff to perform appraisal functions. develop board procedures to evaluate the chief appraiser, insert a line for the chief appraiser ' s signature on the evaluation tool and use the newly developed tool to evaluate the chief appraiser annually. the board has not historically evaluated the chief appraiser in writing. after the onsite visit by the review team, the district developed an evaluation tool to allow the board to collectively evaluate the chief appraiser. the chief appraiser had not been evaluated with this tool. setting annual expectations and evaluating the chief appraiser allows the board to communicate more effectively with the chief appraiser. the district should develop procedures to support the evaluation of the chief appraiser and begin annually assessing the chief appraiser ' s performance using the new tool. develop a comprehensive written policy and procedures manual for district operations. hamilton cad lacks well - documented policies and procedures to guide the day - to - day operations of the district


and begin annually assessing the chief appraiser ' s performance using the new tool. develop a comprehensive written policy and procedures manual for district operations. hamilton cad lacks well - documented policies and procedures to guide the day - to - day operations of the district in areas such as payroll processing, accounting, purchasing and related functions. written procedures help guarantee tasks are performed correctly and provide useful training tools for new employees. by having a written policy and procedures manual for district operations, the district ensures consistency in performing daily functions and the procedures act as an internal control mechanism. continually update and review the personnel manual against current employment law. hamilton cad ' s personnel manual is currently being updated and is ready for the board of director ' s approval. the current manual is the board ' s by - laws and lacks information on the american with disabilities act and the family medical leave act, among more recent personnel law changes. an updated personnel manual protects management and staff from arbitrary employment practices and guarantees cad employees are aware of their rights and responsibilities. enhance reappraisal tools and appraisal methods adopt and implement a detailed reappraisal plan. hamilton cad lacks a detailed reappraisal plan to ensure the execution of timely and accurate reappraisals. the cad ' s reappraisal plan does not outline staffing requirements, a detailed work plan, a budget or how the district ' s ratio studies will be used in establishing reappraisals. a detailed plan assures management is aware of the process that the district will use in conducting reappraisals, ensures resources are available for conducting reappraisals and provides a roadmap for completing the reappraisals. develop and implement effective appraisal maintenance programs based on ratio studies to identify and correct market value deviations. the 2003 pvs results indicate that hamilton cad ' s appraisal maintenance programs for at least one of its school districts did not achieve the desired result of identifying market areas whose values no longer reflect the market, so adjustments can be made. cranfills gap isd ' s 2003 pvs eligibility was primarily attributed to under valuing rural residences while other property categories were inconsistently valued, or consistently over - or under - valued. appraisal districts use ratio studies to plan appraisal maintenance programs. the ratio study results indicate those market areas in the appraisal district whose values no longer reflect the market. frequent ratio studies and the appraisal maintenance that follows enable an appraisal district to keep its values at or near


i saw some tutorial pages on the internet about how to read files using c + + but i ' m kind of confused because there isn ' t anything in code indicate where the file is from. so i think i need some explanation. it will open file in current ( working ) folder. if you want to open file which is in another folder you may write full path : ofstream ofs ( " c : \ \ some _ folder \ \ some _ file " ) ; there is version of the constructor ( and open ( ) function ) which takes std : : string, if you use them. what you pass is actually the file path, so you can give a full path, or a relative path. if you just specify the filename that is a relative path. relative paths are relative to the working directory of program. if you start your program by double clicking on the executable file the working directory will be the directory where the executable file is located. if you start your program from the command line the working directory will be the directory that you set using the cd command. if you start your program from an ide the working directory is often set to the project directory ( not the source directory ) but this can differ between ides.


use the activities putting it all together all the events prior to and during the american revolutionary war in central new york are interrelated, and these had profound effects on the people who lived there. in these activities, students will compare their lives in their community to what it would be like to live in central new york during this time. students will also explore what it was like to be at the battle of oriskany. activity 1 : where do i stand? ask each student to select one of the historical people who participated at the battle of oriskany and create a report in the character of that person about the experience. the report may be written or oral. once the student has identified what person they are portraying and explained why that character was selected, the student should answer the following questions in character : 1. what do you ( the person you are roleplaying ) believe in? what do you support? 2. what do you oppose? 3. what are your hopes and dreams? 4. what are you feeling before this battle? are you angry, sad, happy or a mixture of these? are you worried or anxious about yourself and your family? are you optimistic or pessimistic about the outcome of the battle? 5. place yourself in the battle. where are you located, in the ravine or on the hilltop? what do you see, hear, smell and feel? who do you see? what are you doing? what are your feelings? are you afraid, angry, or confused or a mixture? 6. after the battle, how do you feel? are you worried or anxious about your family? what do you see in your immediate or long - term future? has your outlook changed? have your hopes and ambitions changed? are you optimistic or pessimistic about the future? activity 2 : the lost battlefield the oriskany battlefield has been lost over time. the land is still there, however, the old military road is gone, the virgin woodland forest has been clear cut, and exact placements of everyone on the battlefield can not be reproduced. except for letter and journal entries, some written shortly after the battle and others collected long after the battle ( which sometimes are conflicting ) there is little to tell us exactly where and how the battle was fought. there is also little physical evidence available to help researchers evaluate the reliability of these accounts. students are going to be asked to recreate the battle of oriskany. they should keep a written journal or recorded oral log about the investigative and production phases of the


is also little physical evidence available to help researchers evaluate the reliability of these accounts. students are going to be asked to recreate the battle of oriskany. they should keep a written journal or recorded oral log about the investigative and production phases of the project. after students have completed studying the quotes in the readings, looked at maps of the area or colonial illustrations depicting military clothing and weapons, and completed additional personal research, ask them to complete one of the following activities : 1. as an historical cartographer, find the ravine and high ground, and then draw a map or series of maps of oriskany battlefield during the battle ' s different phases. 2. as an historical illustrator, sketch or paint a picture or series of pictures of the battle of oriskany. 3. as a re - enactor or documentary film - maker, create costumes, re - enact the battle, and videotape the re - enactment. edit the tape and add voice - over narration for final presentation. activity 3 : in the grip of fear ask the students to produce a written, pictorial, or video report describing a controversial issue which has divided their community. point out that community can be interpreted in many ways and may be their school, sports teams, parent groups, school board, local government, or state government as well as the nation or world. the students will have to use investigative research techniques and questioning strategies to find the answers through review of local newspapers, committee reports, and personal interviews. students may want to record their data on a chart like the one used in reading 1. ask them to identify what the controversy is, and then answer the following questions : 1. is there only one central issue that is causing the controversy, or are there several issues? 2. what was the history of the community before the controversy? are there events in the past which affect the issue ( s ) today? 3. who are the key leaders on both sides of the issue? why have they taken the stand they have taken? 4. what is the general social make - up of the followers of these leaders? where are they from? in which part of the community do they live? what is their social, political and economic standing? what are their race, ethnicity, and sex? what types of jobs do they have? where do they stand on the issue and why? after the students have completed this activity, have them ask the same questions about the mohawk valley civil war and then compare and contrast the contemporary controversy they have studied with the mohawk valley


pune has an abundance of water from the khadakwasla dam but its intra - city distribution is extremely uneven. some areas get as much as 600 litres per capita per day ( lpcd ) while others get barely 100. this results in enormous quantities of waste water and sewage and despite having an installed capacity to treat 599 million litres a day ( mld ) of sewage, its two main rivers, the mula and mutha, remain severely polluted. this was one of the main outcomes of the workshop to launch cse ' s 7th state of india environment report, excreta matters, in pune on 8th june. the meet was attended by 90 people, including the state irrigation department, representatives from the pune municipal corporation, as well as civil society representatives and concerned citizens. | ( near to far ) dr himanshu kulkarni, nitya jacob, prof madhav gadgill and naresh zurmure | the citizens report, which provides a detailed analysis of the water - sewage profile of 71 cities across india, including pune, was released by professor madhav gadgill, himself a citizen of pune and well known ecologist who has held several positions including being member of the science advisory council to the prime minister in the late 1980 ' s. the mula - mutha river water in pune had deteriorated in quality. its biological oxygen demand, an indicator of organic pollution, has risen to over 30 mg / l, more than ten times the permissible limits for bathing. reason : pune is a classic case of over consumption ; the municipal corporation is currently supplying water sufficient for the projected population in the year 2050. more water, means more sewage, beyond the quantum its sewage treatment plants can treat. as a result there is greater pollution loads discharged in to the mula - mutha, two rivers that confluence within city limits and serve to flush away pune ' s excreta. the pune municipal corporation has a waterworks capacity to treat and distribute 1292 mld. it is however currently supplying 1222 mld of water at a staggering average supply rate of 321 lpcd, more than double the standards set by the central public health and environmental engineering organisation, a technical wing of the ministry of urban development. the actuals, after leakages in the piped network, work out to 866 mld, or 228 lpcd. there is inequity in water supply in the city ; hours of water supply vary from less than 2 hours a day to round the clock water


been in the pipeline for several years, has escalated in cost, and is being contested in the high court. cse questioned these plans stating that pune is a moderate rainfall area, although it is prone to spells of heavy rain june thru september. hence modifying flows could possibly lead to backflows and flooding in the city, interfere with ecological flows and increase flow velocity, leading to scouring of the banks downstream. this seems ambitious for a corporation that until 2010 – 11, had an outstanding of rs 306. 47 crore from consumers, that it is finding difficult to collect. also water tariffs have remained static at rs 3 per kilo - litre since 2000 for domestic users, and rs 16 per kilo - litre for commercial and industrial connections. there is a 48. 37 % shortfall in collection of water charges in 2009 - 10 ( budget estimates and actual revenue ), while 60 % of total expenditure is on energy. diversion to urban conurbations and utilising more than allocated amounts is leading to conflicts in the state. “ since 2003, 1500 million cubic metre of water has been diverted from agricultural allocations to urban or industrial use in maharashtra. this has implications for 357, 600 hectares in the state or 3 lakh families at an average of 1 hectare land holding. this diversion is now a fait accompli, ” says k j joy, convenor of the forum for policy dialogue on water conflicts in india. maharashtra had published the state water policy in 2003, which controversially gave industry a higher allocation priority versus agriculture. while this has now been reversed due to widespread protests in the state, this has implications as articulated in the cse study on water quality, since it is not only important to gauge how much you use, but what also monitor the quality of used water as return flows. for more details : n itya jacob, bharat lal seth


wikipedia : paul the apostle paul the apostle ( greek : παυλος paulos ), original name saul of tarsus ( greek : σαυλος saulos ), was a christian missionary who took the gospel of christ to the first - century world. he is generally considered one of the most important figures of the apostolic age and one of the greatest religious leaders of all time. in the mid - 30s to the mid - 50s, he founded several churches in asia minor and europe. being a jew and a roman citizen were ideal pedigrees for his ministry to both jewish and roman audiences. a native of tarsus, the capital city in the roman province of cilicia, he wrote that he was " a hebrew born of hebrews ", a pharisee, and one who advanced in judaism beyond many of his peers. he zealously persecuted the early followers of jesus and violently tried to destroy the newly - forming christian church. paul ' s dramatic conversion experience with the risen jesus on the road to damascus dramatically changed the course of his life. he did not know jesus during his lifetime as did the twelve apostles, but he was the first apostle whose only experience with jesus was after the resurrection and ascension. after his conversion to christ, he began to preach that jesus of nazareth is the messiah and the son of god. his leadership, influence, and legacy led to the formation of communities dominated by gentile groups that worshiped the lord, adhered to the " judaic moral code ", but relaxed or abandoned the ritual and dietary teachings of the law of moses. he taught that these laws and rituals had either been fulfilled in the life of christ or were symbolic precursors of christ, though the exact relationship between paul the apostle and judaism is still disputed. paul taught of the life and works of jesus christ and his teaching of a new covenant, or " new testament ", established through jesus ' death and resurrection. about half of the new testament stems from paul and the people whom he influenced. thirteen of the 27 books in the new testament have been attributed to paul, and approximately half of the acts of the apostles deals with paul ’ s life and works. however, only 7 of the 13 letters can be accepted as being entirely authentic. the other 6 letters are believed to have come from followers writing in his name, using material from paul ' s surviving letters and letters written by him that no longer survive. today, his epistles continue to be deeply rooted in the theology, worship, and


other 6 letters are believed to have come from followers writing in his name, using material from paul ' s surviving letters and letters written by him that no longer survive. today, his epistles continue to be deeply rooted in the theology, worship, and pastoral life in the roman and protestant traditions of the west, as well as the orthodox traditions of the east. among the many other apostles and missionaries involved in the spread of the christian faith, his influence on christian thought and practice has been characterized as being as " profound as it is pervasive ". augustine of hippo developed paul ' s idea that salvation is based on faith and not " works of the law ". martin luther ' s interpretation of paul ' s writings heavily influenced luther ' s doctrine of sola fide. the bible does not record paul ' s death. acts of the apostles some believe that through this work, luke intended to show the roman empire that the root of christianity is within judaism so that the christians “ may receive the same freedom to practice their faith that the roman empire afforded the jews. ” those who support the view of luke ’ s work as political apology generally draw evidence from the facts that christians are found innocent of committing any political crime ( acts 25 : 25 ; 19 : 37 ; 19 : 40 ) and that roman officials ’ views towards christians are generally positive. also, luke mentions a few roman officials that believe in jesus christ ( acts 10 : 1 - 11 : 18 ; 13 : 12 ). the magistrates even apologize to paul and silas for wrongfully putting them in prison ( acts 16 : 38 - 39 ). by painting the roman - christian relations in this light, luke hopes to persuade rome that christians are not enemies of the government and should not be looked upon with suspicion or even fear. apology on behalf of rome addressed to the church : whereas the claim above suggested that luke was writing to rome, this view proposes that luke may be writing to the church in order to convince the saints of his own view that rome is not a threat to the church. this claim presupposes that early christians were suspicious of rome or feared roman authority as a threat to their faith. also, supporters of this view would characterize luke ’ s portrayal of the roman empire as positive because they believe luke “ glosses over negative aspects of the empire and presents imperial power positively. ” for example, when paul is before the council defending himself, paul says that he is “ on trial concerning the hope of the resurrection of the dead ” ( acts 23 : 6 ). some


negative aspects of the empire and presents imperial power positively. ” for example, when paul is before the council defending himself, paul says that he is “ on trial concerning the hope of the resurrection of the dead ” ( acts 23 : 6 ). some believe that this appeal “ thereby shows christian ’ s of luke ’ s day both that their predecessors were innocent before the state and that paul had no political quarrel with rome ” but rather with the jews who were accusing him. other scholars have even said that luke wrote this apology in order to support christians who were becoming allies with local roman officials. some scholars believe that the apologetic view of luke ’ s work is overemphasized and that it should not be regarded as a “ major aim of the lucan writings. ” while munck believes that purpose of luke ’ s work is not that clear - cut and sympathizes with other claims, he believes that luke ’ s work can function as an apology only in the sense that it “ presents a defense of christianity and paul ” and may serve to “ clarify the position of christianity within jewry and within the roman empire. ” pervo disagrees that luke ’ s work is an apology and even that it could possibly be addressed to rome because he believes that “ luke and acts speak to insiders, believers in jesus. ” freedman believes that luke is writing an apology but that his goal is “ not to defend the christian movement as such but to defend god ’ s ways in history. ” mr. k - yes, the conversion of the pharasee sal to the apostle can be found in the book of acts ( of the apostles after the assention of christ ). while incarsentated, apostle paul wrote the epistles that are for the born again christian church. acts 22 : starts his telling of his conversion, acts 28 : 17 - his trail. as a citizen he had the rights listed below, and if he was harmed by any of the guards, they would receive the same but times two. roman citizenship rights wikipedia, the free encyclopedia citizenship in ancient rome was a privileged political and legal status afforded to freeborn individuals with respect to laws, property, and governance. • the right to have a legal trial ( to appear before a proper court and to defend oneself ). • the right to appeal from the decisions of magistrates and to appeal the lower court decisions. • a roman citizen could not be tortured or whipped, nor could he receive the death penalty, unless he was found guilty of treason. • if accused of