hardwood trees that are harvested within 5 to 8 years of planting. these include hybrid poplar, hybrid willow, silver maple, eastern cottonwood, green ash, black walnut, sweetgum, and sycamore. agricultural crops include currently available commodity products such as cornstarch and corn oil, soybean oil and meal, wheat starch, and vegetable oils. they generally yield sugars, oils, and extractives, although they can also be used to produce plastics as well as other chemicals and agriculture crop residues agriculture crop residues include biomass materials, primarily stalks and leaves, that are not harvested or removed from fields in commercial use. examples include corn stover ( stalks, leaves, husks, and cobs ), wheat straw, and rice straw. with approximately 80 million acres of corn planted annually, corn stover is expected to become a major feedstock for biopower forestry residues include biomass not harvested or removed from logging sites in commercial hardwood and softwood stands as well as material resulting from forest management operations such as pre - commercial thinning and removal of dead and dying trees. there are a variety of aquatic biomass resources, such as algae, giant kelp, other seaweed, and marine microflora. biomass processing residues biomass processing yields byproducts and waste streams that are collectively called residues and have significant energy potential. residues are simple to use because they have already been collected. for example, the processing of wood for products or pulp produces unused sawdust, bark, branches, and leaves / needles. residential, commercial, and institutional post - consumer waste contains a significant proportion of plant - derived organic material that constitute a renewable energy resource. waste paper, cardboard, wood waste, and yard waste are examples of biomass resources in municipal waste. farms and animal - processing operations create animal wastes that constitute a complex source of organic materials with environmental consequences. these wastes can be used to make many products, including some biomass feedstocks, such as municipal waste, are found throughout the united states. others, such as energy crops, are concentrated in the eastern half of the country. as technologies develop to more efficiently process complex feedstocks, the biomass resource base will expand. collecting gas from landfills landfills can be a source of energy. organic waste produces a gas called methane as it decomposes, or rots. methane is the same energy - rich gas that is in natural gas, the fuel sold by natural gas utility companies. it is colorless and odorless. natural gas utilities add an odorant


solar could be answer to rising energy bills research by leading free solar installer a shade greener shows that solar could be the answer to rising energy bills. recent research shows that energy prices have double from 1990 to 2011 leaving consumers struggling to pay their energy bills. according to official figures from the department of energy and climate change the average cost of a domestic electricity bill is now £533 and consumers are paying an average of 13. 55 pence per kilowatt hour for their energy. the official decc energy trends publication shows the real cost that consumers paid for their electricity during 2011. a typical solar electric system has been shown to cut a households electric bill by 37 % reducing the average uk bill by £197 based on 2011 decc figures. the current availability of free solar, the drop in solar costs over the last 2 years and the governments upcoming green deal means that consumers have a range of options to use solar pv at home. energy costs are predicted to rise significantly over the next 25 years with a typical household electricity bill breaking the £1, 000 mark before then. stewart davies, director of a shade greener urged, " energy bills are only going to get more expensive and we need to be helping households that spend a large proportion of their household income on energy. solar can help insulate those families against these inevitable price rises. " stewart continued to demonstrate ; " according to our figures a typical household could save nearly £5, 000 * on their energy bills over a typical 25 year solar pv system lifetime based on 2011 figures provided by decc. our customers are currently saving a combined 1. 7 million pounds a year on their electricity bills. " * the nearly £5, 000 figure is calculated by multiplying the annual £197 saving over 25 years, the agreement time of asg ' s free systems. it does not however take into account future energy price rises or inflation which would greatly increase this figure. it is the lowest income households that are getting hit hardest by rising domestic energy costs. it is only due schemes such as the forthcoming green deal and privately funded free solar that are allowing lower income households to be able to benefit.


in the september issue of electrical contractor, there was an industry watch story titled “ efficiency from the wall to the pc, ” about an organization that is campaigning for more efficient power “ cords. ” there was a reference to a quote indicating only 50 percent of the power that leaves the outlet reaches the pc because energy “ leaks ” out of inefficient power cords. however, a typical pc line cord has 0. 3 ohms of resistance. if the computer consumes 720w, that is 6a on 120v circuit. the power loss in the cord is 6a ^ 2 * 0. 3 ohm = 7. 8w. relative to the computer itself, that is approximately a 1 percent loss of power delivered from the outlet, a 99 percent efficiency rating. a few readers wrote to us about the inaccurate terminology. it should have read power “ supplies, ” and, of course, energy does not literally “ leak ” out of the power cord. it is lost within the inefficient components, such as the computer ’ s power supply. as with most power quality issues, ohm ’ s and kirchoff ’ s laws still apply here. these rules are how we calculate the voltage and current through an electrical distribution system or an electronic circuit. next, we need another similar equation, where power = voltage × current ( though not necessarily a simple math multiplication in most cases with today ’ s systems ). finally, the formula for efficiency is useful power output divided by the total electrical power consumed. in electrical engineering terms used by the utility companies, this definition equates to the parameter called “ power factor ” ( pf ). many people today use the term “ true power factor, ” which is the watts ( w ) divided by the volt - amperes ( va ). this agrees with the definition above. the w is the power used by the load. it is divided by the va, which is the power delivered by the utility company, to obtain the pf. of course, having a term called “ true power factor ” implies there is another term called “ false power factor, ” which isn ’ t correct ; the opposite term is “ displacement power factor ” ( dpf ), which is the cosine of the angle between the voltage and current. in the old days prior to harmonic distorted and unbalanced systems, pf and dpf would be equal — but not anymore. however, that is a discussion for another day. the web site from which the misworded


voltage and current. in the old days prior to harmonic distorted and unbalanced systems, pf and dpf would be equal — but not anymore. however, that is a discussion for another day. the web site from which the misworded quotes originated explains the inefficiency of the individual voltage regulators on other boards within the computer, as well as the load of the heating, ventilating and air conditioning ( hvac ) systems to remove the heat from the building, and so on, further reducing the efficiency. since most hvacs today use adjustable speed drives to be more efficient, the efficiency of the heat removal depends on the load that is directly impacted by the ambient temperature and emitted temperature from the loads, among other factors. the article on the web site references an electric power research institute study on the efficiency of power supplies themselves. efficiency of just a computer ’ s power supply depends on a number of factors, including the percentage of full - rated power that is being drawn from power supply, operating temperature, input ac voltage level and so on. what this graph doesn ’ t tell is, at lower loading, the current harmonic distortion goes up. so the real efficiency would have to account for the increased losses in the power transformers due to harmonic currents. of course, the lower load means less power itself is being consumed, hence less carbon, energy and, therefore, money. you can see that determining the true efficiency of a computer needs accounting for many variables that can make the answer vary quite significantly. so, i advise anyone to take any claims of money savings through efficiency with a grain of salt. what i really think is important is not the efficiency, but the effectiveness of the power supplied. efficiency should not be confused with effectiveness : a system that wastes most of its input power but produces exactly what it is meant to is effective but not efficient. the term efficiency only makes sense in reference to the desired effect. examples include the incandescent light bulb — 2 percent efficiency at emitting light ; electronic amplifier — 50 percent efficiency to speakers ; and electric kettle — 90 percent efficiency in boiling water. in a computer, the efficiency is significantly affected by the microprocessor. this has been brought to the forefront with amd ’ s introduction of its newly minted quad - core processor, which is code - named barcelona. according to infoworld, “ the chip delivers more than twice the combined integer and floating - point performance of its two - core predecessor at the same thermal envelope …. that, to me, is


as the electoral turmoil faded into the background, ukraine marked two important anniversaries last week. the first was eight years since the orange revolution of 2004. the second was eight decades since the holodomor. holodomor literally means death by hunger. in 1932 and 1933, a vast famine in soviet ukraine killed three to seven million people, according to estimates. while people starved, the grain was shut away in barns for export. many historians agree that the famine was man - made ; some say it was genocide. yet the holodomor is not widely known about outside ukraine. in the 1930s, it was hushed up by many western correspondents in return for access to the kremlin. among them was walter duranty of the new york times, who received the pulitzer prize for his reporting from the ussr. ( there have been calls to revoke his pulitzer posthumously, so far unsuccessful ). one of the exceptions was welsh journalist gareth jones whose reporting of the ukrainian famine had him banned from the ussr. he was later killed in mysterious circumstances at the age of only 29. meanwhile, the cover - up has left “ profound consequences for ukraine, which remains poorly understood in the west, ” says rory finnin, a lecturer in ukrainian studies at cambridge university, where mr jones had been a student. viktor yushchenko, the former president of ukraine, did a lot to raise awareness about the holodomor. kyiv now houses a stirring candle - shaped memorial and holodomor museum. but the leader of the 2004 orange revolution has fallen from grace. in the october elections, mr yushchenko ’ s party, our ukraine, got just 1 % of the vote, losing all its 72 seats in parliament. on the anniversary of the orange revolution last week only a small crowd gathered on the legendary independence square. someone had brought along a portrait of yulia tymoshenko, the heroine of the orange revolution who remains behind bars. another woman held a single orange. the tragedy of 1932 - 1933 has become politicised. in his view of the holodomor, the current president, viktor yanukovych, has differed from his predecessor. for the third year now, the commemorations took place without state support. even so, on november 23rd events went ahead in cities across ukraine. people could taste the dishes made out of tree bark that were eaten during the famine. other symbolic actions evoked the “ uncelebrated weddings ”, the “ unrealised talents ” and the “ meetings that


one of the more difficult and uncomfortable types of pain comes from nerve pain ( called neuropathic pain or neuropathies ). whether the pain comes from diabetes, shingles, fibromyalgia, chemotherapy, or a host of other causes, this searing, burning, electric shock kind of pain can leave you miserable. unfortunately, most physicians are still not trained in treating nerve pain, and give anti - inflammatory medications like motrin ( which are not effective ) or narcotics, which are modestly effective. the good news is that nerve pain is very treatable. many studies have shown that using nutritional support with lipoic acid 300 mg 2x day, acetyl l - carnitine 500 - 1, 500 mg 2x day, inositol ( 500 - 1, 000 mg a day ), and vitamins b6 ( 50 - 100 mg a day ) and b12 ( 500 - 5, 000 mcg a day — both b vitamins and inositol are in the energy revitalization system vitamin powder ) can actually help heal the nerves and decrease or eliminate the pain. nerves take time to heal, so natural remedies need to be taken for 3 - 12 months. in the interim, holistic pharmacies can make powerful creams combining multiple medications effective against nerve pain ( available by prescription from itc pharmacy 303 - 663 - 4224 ). these are rubbed over the painful areas, and can be very effective after 1 - 2 weeks of use. being rubbed on the skin though, the total dose to the rest of your body is very low, making it largely side effect free! other medications can also be very effective. just because doctors are not trained in pain management does not mean you have to be in pain. want to make your nerve pain go away? you can! what is nerve pain? the term " neuropathic pain, " or nerve pain, refers to a wide range of problems that cause diseases of, or injury to, the nervous system. it is a category of pain syndromes and not a single problem. neuropathic pain can come from malfunction of nerves or the brain associated with illness ( e. g., diabetes, low thyroid, etc. ), infections ( e. g., shingles ), pinched nerves, nutritional deficiencies ( e. g., vitamin b6 and b12 ), injury ( e. g., stroke, tumors, spinal cord injury, and multiple sclerosis ),


. g., shingles ), pinched nerves, nutritional deficiencies ( e. g., vitamin b6 and b12 ), injury ( e. g., stroke, tumors, spinal cord injury, and multiple sclerosis ), and medication / treatment side effects ( e. g., radiation and chemotherapy, aids drugs, flagyl® ). it is estimated that 50 to 80 percent of diabetics will develop some nerve injury with 30 to 40 percent of these having painful diabetic neuropathy unless preventive measures are taken such as nutritional support. neuropathic pain affects approximately 0. 6 to 1. 5 percent of the us population and 25 to 40 percent of cancer patients. 1 this represents over two million americans. neuropathies are characterized by pain that is burning, shooting ( often to distant areas ), or stabbing. it also has an " electric " quality about it. " tingling or numbness " ( paresthesias ) and increased sensitivity with normal touch being painful ( allodynia ) are also commonly seen. ongoing pain is often continually present regardless of what the patient does or does not do. in some cases, pain comes in sudden attacks without any apparent trigger. diagnosis is made predominantly by history and physical examination, as testing often offers little benefit clinically unless the testing is looking for a treatable cause. as with other pain problems, neuropathies are both expensive and poorly treated. in one study of 55, 686 patients with neuropathic pain, health care charges were three - fold higher than they were in the overall population ( $ 17, 355 vs. $ 5, 715 per year, respectively ). use of relatively ineffective therapies such as nsaids ( e. g. motrin® ) and opioids was widespread, while relatively few received anti - epileptic drugs, tricyclic anti - depressants, or any of the many other medications that are often much more effective in relieving neuropathic pain. 2 in the presence of nerve pain, it is especially important to look for treatable causes. lab testing should include : 1. a blood count ( cbc ) and an inflammation / sedimentation rate ( esr ). 2. thyroid testing with a free t4 and tsh. 3. vitamin b12 level. 4. screening for diabetes with a morning fasting blood sugar and a glycosylated hemoglobin ( hgba1c ). the medical history should be assessed


free t4 and tsh. 3. vitamin b12 level. 4. screening for diabetes with a morning fasting blood sugar and a glycosylated hemoglobin ( hgba1c ). the medical history should be assessed for excess alcohol use, vitamin deficiencies, hereditary factors, or treatment with medications that can cause nerve injury. a neurological examination may also give an indication of the cause. nerve pain is often associated with a process called pain central sensitization. the nerves and brain are like wires that carry information. when they become over - stimulated with chronic pain, it may make the whole system over - excitable. in these situations normal touch and other usually comfortable contact can be painful. this is called allodynia. medications that stimulate the " calming ( gaba ) receptors " in the brain, such as a number of anti - seizure medications ( see below ), can help settle the system and decrease pain. postherpetic neuralgia ( phn ) postherpetic neuralgia follows a rash called herpes zoster. often called shingles, it is caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox. the first time you get chickenpox, the virus remains in your nerve endings even after the chickenpox is gone. this usually causes no problems. if the virus re - activates in one of the nerve endings, however, it causes a rash all along the distribution of the nerve. the rash of herpes zoster is characterized by being painful and being in a line totally on one side of the body. if it extends past the midline of your body, the rash is probably coming from something else. if the pain persists after the rash is gone, continuing for weeks to years ( over one year in half of elderly patients ), it is called postherpetic neuralgia ( phn ). the pain tends to be burning, electric, or deep and aching. phn affects between 500, 000 and 1 million americans — most of which are elderly. it can severely disrupt one ' s life, but fortunately can now be effectively treated in most cases. 3 painful diabetic neuropathy ( pdn ) this is the most common cause of neuropathy in u. s. alterations in sensation are common, and the feet, which are most often affected, may feel both numb and painful at the same time. there are many factors contributing to nerve injury in diabetes, including decreased circulation, accumulation of toxic byproducts,


alterations in sensation are common, and the feet, which are most often affected, may feel both numb and painful at the same time. there are many factors contributing to nerve injury in diabetes, including decreased circulation, accumulation of toxic byproducts, damage from elevated sugars, and nutritional deficiencies. there are also changes in nmda and opiate receptors. 3 research has shown that many people who are labeled as having diabetic neuropathy actually experience neuropathic pain caused by vitamin b6 or b12 deficiency. in addition, the nutrients inositol has been shown to improve nerve function. the nutrients lipoic acid and acetyl l - carnitine have also been shown to be very helpful for diabetic nerve pain, but it can take 3 - 12 months to begin nerve healing. so give them time to work. neuropathic pain can also be caused by deficiencies of vitamins b12, b1, b6, d, e and zinc ( all are present in the energy revitalization system ). a number of studies have shown that different kinds of nerve pain can improve by supplementation with high dose b vitamins. excess vitamin b6 ( over 500 mg a day for years ), however, can also cause neuropathy. vitamin d 2, 000 units a day was also shown to decrease diabetic neuropathy pain by 47 % after 3 months. in patients with long - standing shingles pain, one study showed that taking 1, 600 units of vitamin e ( use the natural form ) daily before a meal for 6 months was markedly helpful in eliminating the pain. 4 another study showed that taking lower doses for less than 6 months was not effective. 5 hormonal deficiencies, especially an under - active thyroid, can also cause neuropathic as well as muscular pain. a therapeutic trial of thyroid hormone is reasonable for anybody who has the symptoms of low thyroid including fatigue, cold intolerance, achiness, having low body temperatures, or unexplained inappropriate weight gain. a pinched nerve can cause nerve pain in many places in the body. two of the more common ones are low back pain from sciatica and pains in the hand and sometimes wrist from carpal tunnel syndrome. sciatica usually goes away without surgery by using intravenous colchicine ( see chapter 14 of pain free 1 - 2 - 3 ), and carpal tunnel syndrome usually resolves after 6 to 12 weeks with vitamin b6 ( 250 mg a day )


usually goes away without surgery by using intravenous colchicine ( see chapter 14 of pain free 1 - 2 - 3 ), and carpal tunnel syndrome usually resolves after 6 to 12 weeks with vitamin b6 ( 250 mg a day ), thyroid hormone, and wrist splints ( see chapter 19 ). reflex sympathetic dystrophy ( crps ) this usually manifests as horribly severe pain in one hand or foot but can certainly spread elsewhere. see the end of this chapter in the pain free 1 - 2 - 3 book for a detailed discussion on effective treatment. how can i make the neuropathic pain go away? neuropathic pain occurs biochemically, making it a very fluid system that can often be quickly modified, resulting in pain relief. many different chemicals ( neurotransmitters ) in your body may be involved in your pain, and therefore it is worth trying different types of medications to see which ones work best in your case. for many, treating the nutritional and thyroid deficiencies and eliminating the muscle spasms, which are compressing your nerves, may be enough to eliminate your pain. others may need to take medications to suppress the pain while we look for ways to eliminate the underlying cause. the best way to tell which chemicals are involved in your nerve pain is to simply try different medications ( individually and, if needed, in combination ) to see what eases your pain. basically, it is like trying on different shoes to see what fits best. the good news is that we have a large assortment of " shoes " that you can try on and that are likely to help you. it is, of course, critical to begin by eliminating the underlying causes of neuropathy and giving the nerves what they need to heal. this includes the nutritional support we ' ve discussed. in addition, the involvement of free radicals in nerve excitation was found in 1995, supporting the use of antioxidants in nerve pain. 8 since that time, the antioxidant lipoic acid ( 300 mg 2 times a day ) has been shown to be helpful in diabetic neuropathy and should be tried in other neuropathies as well. you will be amazed at how much benefit you may get over time simply from optimizing nutritional support. in addition, if you are tired, cold intolerant, experience achiness, have low body temperatures, or have weight gain i think it is reasonable to consider a therapeutic trial of natural thyroid hormone regardless of your blood levels


likely to be helpful if the pain is localized to a moderately - sized area. even in a large area, however, patches can be used on the most uncomfortable spots. the main downside of the patches is that they are expensive. if you have prescription insurance, however, they will usually be covered. 2. neurontin® and other seizure medications. newer anti - seizure medications, and some of the older ones, can also be very helpful for neuropathic pain. neurontin has been shown to be helpful for both shingles and diabetes pain. 9 - 11 common side effects include sedation, dizziness, and sometimes mild swelling in the ankles when first starting therapy. these side effects can often be avoided by starting with a low dose and raising the dose slowly. a common total dose for neurotonin is 600 mg, 3 to 4 times a day. 3. tricyclic anti - depressants. these include medications such as elavil®, tofranil®, nortriptyline or doxepin. 4. topical gels. a wonderful new addition to the treatment of pain in general, and especially nerve pain, is the use of prescription topical gels. new gels have been developed that markedly increase the absorption of medications through the skin. by using a low dose of many different medications in the cream, one can get a powerful effect locally with minimal side effects. it is best to have a knowledgeable compounding pharmacist ( e. g., itc pharmacy 303 - 663 - 4224 ) guide you and your physician in the prescribing of these creams and gels. to explore an example of how to treat with these creams combined with nutritional support, let ' s use the example of diabetic neuropathy. one must, of course, begin with proper control of the elevated blood sugars. nutritional support with high levels of vitamin b12, b6, and inositol are also important in diabetic nerve pain as are many other nutrients, such as vitamins c and e, magnesium, antioxidants and bioflavonoids ( all in the energy revitalization system ). in addition, lipoic acid 300 mg 2 times a day has been shown to be helpful for diabetic neuropathy. a compounded gel containing ( as one of many possible mixes ) ketamine 10 percent, neurontin® 6 percent, clonidine 0. 2 percent, and


day has been shown to be helpful for diabetic neuropathy. a compounded gel containing ( as one of many possible mixes ) ketamine 10 percent, neurontin® 6 percent, clonidine 0. 2 percent, and nifedipine should be added to painful areas ( apply 1 g 3 times a day as needed ). the nutritional support can actually make the pain go away over time, while the cream / gel can add symptomatic relief. other medications discussed in this chapter can then be added as needed to assist in the neuropathic pain. 5. anti - depressants such as effexor or cymbalta. 6. ultram ( tramadol® ). this is an interesting medication that works on many areas of pain and in many different types of pain. it has been shown to be effective for nerve pain in a placebo - controlled study after four weeks. 20 7. topamax ( topiramate® ). 8. lamictal ( lamotrigine® ). 9. lyrica ( pregabalin ) or gabitril ( tiagabine® ). 11. trileptal® ( oxcarbazepine ). 14. narcotics. narcotics are only modestly helpful but are considered an accepted treatment for neuropathic pain. 15. benadryl® ( diphenhydramine ). sometimes we get help from unexpected places. studies have shown in both humans and animals that antihistamines can help pain — in spite of our not knowing why this works. it has even been found to be helpful in patients who failed treatment with heavy narcotics. it is recommended that you start with 25 mg every 6 to 8 hours and adjust the dose to the optimum effect. 29a most people find that long term the nutritional and topical therapies will eliminate or at least give marked relief from their nerve pain. for immediate control, 1 - 2 medications by mouth are usually enough, but i give this long list ( and more treatments are discussed in my book ) so that you know that you have options and can get pain free. to find a physician who knows how to treat pain, see the american academy of pain management website. used with permission from dr jacob teitelbaum ' s free newsletters - available at www. vitality101. com learn more from dr. teitelbaum ' s books :


please note that mommsen uses the auc chronology ( ab urbe condita ), i. e. from the founding of the city of rome. you can use this reference table to have the b. c. dates from : the history of rome, by theodor mommsen translated with the sanction of the author by william purdie dickson tarentum taken by hannibal the year 542 was more unfavourable for the romans in consequence of fresh political and military errors, of which hannibal did not fail to take advantage. the connections which hannibal maintained in the towns of magna graecia had led to no serious result ; save that the hostages from tarentum and thurii, who were kept at rome, were induced by his emissaries to make a foolhardy attempt at escape, in which they were speedily recaptured by the roman posts. but the injudicious spirit of revenge displayed by the romans was of more service to hannibal than his intrigues ; the execution of all the hostages who had sought to escape deprived them of a valuable pledge, and the exasperated greeks thenceforth meditated how they might open their gates to hannibal. tarentum was actually occupied by the carthaginians in consequence of an understanding with the citizens and of the negligence of the roman commandant ; with difficulty the roman garrison maintained itself in the citadel. the example of tarentum was followed by heraclea, thurii, and metapontum, from which town the garrison had to be withdrawn in order to save the tarentine acropolis. these successes so greatly increased the risk of a macedonian landing, that rome felt herself compelled to direct renewed attention and renewed exertions to the greek war, which had been almost totally neglected ; and fortunately the capture of syracuse and the favourable state of the spanish war enabled her to do so. do you see any typos or other mistakes? please let us know and correct them reference address : http : / / www. ellopos. net / elpenor / rome / 3 - 06 - war - hannibal - cannae - zama. asp? pg = 54


located in downtown san salvador, this architectural marvel from the nineteenth century has witnessed some of the most important events in the political history of el salvador. the first national palace was built from 1866 to 1870 but a fire wiped - out the structures on december 1889 ; years later the government of pedro jose escalon ( 1903 ) conducted a public contest for the design and construction of the new palace. the winner of the contest was jose emilio alcaine, engineer and master builder pascasio gonzalez erazo. considered the first building of the republic, it was also called “ the coffee palace “, because a legislative decree taxed coffee exports to pay for the construction. 1 columbus per 1 quintal ( 100 kilograms ) was charged, in total 50 thousand colones were collected. the main portal is composed of six towering columns that are accompanied by the statues of christopher columbus and queen isabel the catholic, donated by king alfonso xiii in 1924. the palace has an eclectic style, with ionic, corinthian and roman columns and elements. this beautiful building retains most of its original materials like glassware from belgium, marble from italy and wood from el salvador. over the years this building was abandoned, but in 1980 it was declared a national monument, which prompted restoration work to rescue this historic treasure. the national palace was opened to the public in 2008. nowadays you can visit 101 rooms ( out of 105 rooms ) that make - up this masterpiece and look at the colorful floors and walls made out of stamped sheets brought from belgium. - red room : this room served to hold social and political events. here are you will see 14 medallions that represent the 14 departments that make up el salvador. there are also portraits of presidents general fernando figueroa, francisco morazan, francisco menendez, rafael campos, captain gerardo barrios and manuel enrique araujo, who after his assassination in 1913, was mourned in this room. - pink room : this is where the supreme court met until 1974 and guards the original salvadoran coat of arms. - yellow room : this room served as the president ’ s office until 1930, important meetings and negotiations took place in this room. - blue room : perhaps the most important of the rooms as it currently holds the original 28 desks and chairs where the congressmen sat to discuss el salvador ’ s legislative matters. - the jaguar hall ; has impressive murals depicting indigenous culture themes. among the many corridors there is a permanent exhibition of photographs which displays the evolution of the building from 1889 onwards. inside the palace there


magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) is a test that uses a magnetic field and pulses of radio wave energy to make pictures of organs and structures inside the body. in many cases mri gives different information about structures in the body than can be seen with an x - ray, ultrasound, or computed tomography ( ct ) scan. mri also may show problems that cannot be seen with other imaging methods. for an mri test, the area of the body being studied is placed inside a special machine that contains a strong magnet. pictures from an mri scan are digital images that can be saved and stored on a computer for more study. the images also can be reviewed remotely, such as in a clinic or an operating room. in some cases, contrast material may be used during the mri scan to show certain structures more clearly. why it is done magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) is done for many reasons. it is used to find problems such as tumors, bleeding, injury, blood vessel diseases, or infection. mri also may be done to provide more information about a problem seen on an x - ray, ultrasound scan, or ct scan. contrast material may be used during mri to show abnormal tissue more clearly. an mri scan can be done for the : how to prepare before your mri test, tell your doctor and the mri technologist if you : you may need to arrange for someone to drive you home after the test, if you are given a medicine ( sedative ) to help you relax. for an mri of the abdomen or pelvis, you may be asked to not eat or drink for several hours before the test. you may need to sign a consent form that says you understand the risks of an mri and agree to have the test done. talk to your doctor about any concerns you have regarding the need for the test, its risks, how it will be done, or what the results will mean. to help you understand the importance of this test, fill out the medical test information form ( what is a pdf document? ). how it is done a magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) test is usually done by an mri technologist. the pictures are usually interpreted by a radiologist. but some other types of doctors can also interpret an mri scan. you will need to remove all metal objects ( such as hearing aids, dentures, jewelry, watches, and hairpins ) from your body because these objects may be attracted to the powerful magnet used for the test. you will need to take off all or most of your clothes,


metal objects ( such as hearing aids, dentures, jewelry, watches, and hairpins ) from your body because these objects may be attracted to the powerful magnet used for the test. you will need to take off all or most of your clothes, depending on which area is examined ( you may be allowed to keep on your underwear if it is not in the way ). you will be given a gown to use during the test. if you are allowed to keep some of your clothes on, you should empty your pockets of any coins and cards ( such as credit cards or atm cards ) with scanner strips on them because the mri magnet may erase the information on the cards. during the test you usually lie on your back on a table that is part of the mri scanner. your head, chest, and arms may be held with straps to help you remain still. the table will slide into the space that contains the magnet. a device called a coil may be placed over or wrapped around the area to be scanned. a special belt strap may be used to sense your breathing or heartbeat. this triggers the machine to take the scan at the right time. some people feel nervous ( claustrophobic ) inside the mri magnet. if this keeps you from lying still, you can be given a medicine ( sedative ) to help you relax. some mri machines ( called open mri ) are now made so that the magnet does not enclose your entire body. open mri machines may be helpful if you are claustrophobic, but they are not available everywhere. the pictures from an open mri may not be as good as those from a standard mri machine. see pictures of a standard mri machine and an open mri machine. inside the scanner you will hear a fan and feel air moving. you may also hear tapping or snapping noises as the mri scans are taken. you may be given earplugs or headphones with music to reduce the noise. it is very important to hold completely still while the scan is being done. you may be asked to hold your breath for short periods of time. during the test, you may be alone in the scanner room. but the technologist will watch you through a window. you will be able to talk with the technologist through a two - way intercom. if contrast material is needed, the technologist will put it in an intravenous ( iv ) line in your arm. the material may be given over 1 to 2 minutes. then more mri scans are done. an mri test usually takes 30 to 60


contrast material is needed, the technologist will put it in an intravenous ( iv ) line in your arm. the material may be given over 1 to 2 minutes. then more mri scans are done. an mri test usually takes 30 to 60 minutes but can take as long as 2 hours. how it feels you will not have pain from the magnetic field or radio waves used for the mri test. the table you lie on may feel hard and the room may be cool. you may be tired or sore from lying in one position for a long time. if a contrast material is used, you may feel some coolness and flushing as it is put into your iv. in rare cases, you may feel : there are no known harmful effects from the strong magnetic field used for mri. but the magnet is very powerful. the magnet may affect pacemakers, artificial limbs, and other medical devices that contain iron. the magnet will stop a watch that is close to the magnet. any loose metal object has the risk of causing damage or injury if it gets pulled toward the strong magnet. metal parts in the eyes can damage the retina. if you may have metal fragments in the eye, an x - ray of the eyes may be done before the mri. if metal is found, the mri will not be done. iron pigments in tattoos or tattooed eyeliner can cause skin or eye irritation. an mri can cause a burn with some medication patches. be sure to tell your health professional if you are wearing a patch. there is a slight risk of an allergic reaction if contrast material is used during the mri. but most reactions are mild and can be treated using medicine. there also is a slight risk of an infection at the iv site. a magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) is a test that uses a magnetic field and pulses of radio wave energy to make pictures of organs and structures inside the body. the radiologist may discuss initial results of the mri with you right after the test. complete results are usually ready for your doctor in 1 to 2 days. an mri can sometimes find a problem in a tissue or organ even when the size and shape of the tissue or organ looks normal. what affects the test reasons you may not be able to have the test or why the results may not be helpful include : many modern medical devices that do not use electronics — such as heart valves, stents, or clips — can be safely placed in most mri machines. but some newer mri machines have stronger magnets. the safety of mri scans with these stronger mri magnet


blood transfusions for sickle cell disease during a blood transfusion, a person ( the recipient ) receives healthy blood from another person ( the donor ). the donated blood is carefully screened for diseases before it is used. before receiving a blood transfusion, the recipient ' s blood is analyzed closely ( using blood type ) to make sure the donor blood is a close match to the recipient ' s. blood is transfused into an arm vein slowly over 1 to 4 hours ( except in an emergency when blood is transfused more quickly ). blood transfusions can : what to expect after treatment following a blood transfusion, doctors keep a close watch on the person for any negative reactions. hospital staff will also check for iron buildup in the body ( iron overload ). this can develop when a person gets many transfusions. why it is done a blood transfusion lowers the amount of hemoglobin s red blood cells in the body. when there are fewer sickled hemoglobin s cells in the bloodstream, they are less likely to build up and block blood vessels. blood transfusion also increases the number of normal red blood cells in the body, increasing the supply of oxygen to the body. some sudden complications of sickle cell disease cause the body ' s red blood cell count to drop to life - threatening levels ( severe anemia ). when severe, these conditions ( including splenic sequestration, acute chest syndrome, and aplastic crisis ) can be fatal if not treated with blood transfusions. chronic severe anemia from kidney failure may need treatment with periodic blood transfusions. after having general anesthesia and surgery, people with sickle cell disease are at risk for sickling - related problems and acute chest syndrome. blood transfusions before surgery can prevent or treat these complications. red blood cell sickling - related complications ( vaso - occlusion ) blood transfusions can treat acute chest syndrome and leg ulcers. frequent blood transfusions may help prevent strokes in children who already had a stroke or are at high risk for a first stroke. how well it works blood transfusion is an effective and proven treatment for some severe complications of sickle cell disease. 1 blood transfusions reduce the risk of some complications of sickle cell disease and improve symptoms of severe anemia. a person receiving many blood transfusions will gradually collect too much iron in the body ( iron overload ). very high levels of iron can lead to hemochromatosis


complications of sickle cell disease and improve symptoms of severe anemia. a person receiving many blood transfusions will gradually collect too much iron in the body ( iron overload ). very high levels of iron can lead to hemochromatosis, which can be fatal if untreated. after 10 to 20 blood transfusions, iron chelation treatment can help rid the body of excess iron. a person receiving repeat blood transfusions may develop antibodies to the donor blood. this is called alloimmunization. alloimmunization makes repeated transfusions more difficult. it occurs in about 1 out of 4 people who have sickle cell disease and who get frequent transfusions. 2 a transfusion reaction can result from mismatched blood type. and it may occur immediately or days later ( 5 to 20 days after transfusion ). an acute transfusion reaction ranges from mild ( fever, chills, and rash ) to severe ( shock, severe anemia, painful event, and death ). what to think about if you have repeated blood transfusions, you ' ll have routine testing for iron buildup in your body. though blood transfusions are an effective treatment for sickle cell disease complications, they are only used selectively. the risks of hemochromatosis and alloimmunization from repeat transfusions makes this procedure more suitable for severe and high - risk conditions. doctors and researchers continue to weigh the benefits against the risks of preventive blood transfusions. repeat blood transfusion treatment for 3 to 5 years can reduce the number of repeat strokes in children who have sickle cell disease. it helps prevent a second stroke in most children. but some children who get repeat transfusions will still have a second stroke. emedicinehealth medical reference from healthwise to learn more visit healthwise. org © 1995 - 2012 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated. find out what women really need. most popular topics pill identifier on rxlist - quick, easy, find a local pharmacy - including 24 hour, pharmacies


who is affected by raynaud ' s phenomenon who is affected by raynaud ' s phenomenon? about 10 % of people are affected by one of two kinds of raynaud ' s phenomenon : 1 - primary raynaud ' s ( sometimes called raynaud ' s disease ) has no known cause. it is more common than the secondary form of raynaud ' s. it occurs most often in women. - secondary raynaud ' s ( sometimes called raynaud ' s syndrome ) usually causes more severe symptoms and may develop as the result of other diseases, such as lupus, scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, or atherosclerosis. other causes of secondary raynaud ' s include taking certain medicines, using vibrating power tools for several years, smoking, or having frostbite. klippel jh ( 2008 ). raynaud phenomenon. in k wolff et al., eds., fitzpatrick ' s dermatology in general medicine, 7th ed., vol. 2, pp. 1643 – 1648. new york : mcgraw - hill. | primary medical reviewer | | anne c. poinier, md - internal medicine | | specialist medical reviewer | | stanford m. shoor, md - rheumatology | | last revised | | june 30, 2010 |


most women have a vaginal yeast infection at some time. candida albicans is a common type of fungus. it is often found in small amounts in the vagina, mouth, digestive tract, and on the skin. usually it does not cause disease or symptoms. candida and the many other germs that normally live in the vagina keep each other in balance. however, sometimes the number of candida albicans increases, leading to a yeast infection. this can happen if you are : taking antibiotics used to treat other types of infections. antibiotics change the normal balance between germs in the vagina by decreasing the number of protective bacteria. a pelvic examination will be done. it may show swelling and redness of the skin of the vulva, in the vagina, and on the cervix. the health care provider may find dry, white spots on the vaginal wall. there may be cracks in the skin of the vulva. sometimes, a culture is taken when the infection does not improve with treatment or comes back many times. your health care provider may order other tests to rule out other causes of your symptoms. medications to treat vaginal yeast infections are available in either creams or suppositories. most can be bought without a prescription. treating yourself at home is probably okay if : your symptoms are mild and you do not have pelvic pain or a fever this is not your first yeast infection and you have not had many yeast infections in the past you are not pregnant you are not worried about other sexually transmitted diseases from recent sexual contact medications you can buy yourself to treat a vaginal yeast infection are : read the packages carefully and use them as directed. do not stop using these medications early because your symptoms are better. you will need to take the medicine for 3 - 7 - days, depending on which medicine you buy. if you do not get get repeated infections, a 1 - day medicine might work for you. you doctor can also prescribe a medicine called fluconazole. this medicine is a pill that you only take once. if your symptoms are more severe or you have repeat vaginal yeast infections, you may need : medicine for up to 14 days clotrimazole vaginal suppository or fluconazole pill every week to prevent new infections to help prevent and treat vaginal discharge : keep your genital area clean and dry. avoid soap and rinse with water only. sitting in a warm, but not hot, bath


promising practice : india ’ s civil law, protection of women from domestic violence act, includes dowry - related harassment as a form of domestic violence ( section 3 ( b ) ). it is important dowry - related violence and deaths be prohibited under criminal laws, as well. ( see harmful practices against women in india : an examination of selected legislative responses, p. 10. ) the protection of women from domestic violence act ( 2005 ) of india defines domestic violence as follows : 3. definition of domestic violence. - for the purposes of this act, any act, omission or commission or conduct of the respondent shall constitute domestic violence in case it - ( a ) harms or injures or endangers the health, safety, life, limb or well - being, whether mental or physical, of the aggrieved person or tends to do so and includes causing physical abuse, sexual abuse, verbal and emotional abuse and economic abuse ; or ( b ) harasses, harms, injures or endangers the aggrieved person with a view to coerce her or any other person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any dowry or other property or valuable security ; or ( c ) has the effect of threatening the aggrieved person or any person related to her by any conduct mentioned in clause ( a ) or clause ( b ) ; or ( d ) otherwise injures or causes harm, whether physical or mental, to the aggrieved person. explanation i. - for the purposes of this section, - ( i ) " physical abuse " means any act or conduct which is of such a nature as to cause bodily pain, harm, or danger to life, limb, or health or impair the health or development of the aggrieved person and includes assault, criminal intimidation and criminal force ; ( ii ) " sexual abuse " includes any conduct of a sexual nature that abuses, humiliates, degrades or otherwise violates the dignity of woman ; ( iii ) " verbal and emotional abuse " includes - ( a ) insults, ridicule, humiliation, name calling and insults or ridicule specially with regard to not having a child or a male child ; and ( b ) repeated threats to cause physical pain to any person in whom the aggrieved person is interested. ( iv ) " economic abuse " includes - ( a ) deprivation of all or any economic or financial resources to which the aggrieved person is entitled under any law or custom


to any person in whom the aggrieved person is interested. ( iv ) " economic abuse " includes - ( a ) deprivation of all or any economic or financial resources to which the aggrieved person is entitled under any law or custom whether payable under an order of a court or otherwise or which the aggrieved person requires out of necessity including, but not limited to, household necessities for the aggrieved person and her children, if any, stridhan, property, jointly or separately owned by the aggrieved person, payment of rental related to the shared household and maintenance ; ( b ) disposal of household effects, any alienation of assets whether movable or immovable, valuables, shares, securities, bonds and the like or other property in which the aggrieved person has an interest or is entitled to use by virtue of the domestic relationship or which may be reasonably required by the aggrieved person or her children or her stridhan or any other property jointly or separately held by the aggrieved person ; and ( c ) prohibition or restriction to continued access to resources or facilities which the aggrieved person is entitled to use or enjoy by virtue of the domestic relationship including access to the shared household. explanation ii. - for the purpose of determining whether any act, omission, commission or conduct of the respondent constitutes " domestic violence " under this section, the overall facts and circumstances of the case shall be taken into consideration. chapter ii, 3 4. ( 1 ) a single act may amount to domestic violence. ( 2 ) a number of acts that form a pattern of behaviour may amount to domestic violence even though some or all of the acts when viewed in isolation may appear minor or trivial. part ii 4 ( see : the combating of domestic violence act ( 2003 ) of namibia ( hereinafter law of namibia ) part i 2 ( 3 ) and ( 4 ) ) defining dowry - related violence and dowry “ any property or valuable security given or agreed to be given either directly or indirectly - ( a ) by one party to a marriage to the other party to the marriage ; or ( b ) by the parents of either party to a marriage or by any other person, to either party to the marriage or to any other person ; at or before [ or any time after the marriage ] [ in connection with the marriage of the said parties, but does not include ] dower or mahr in the case of persons to whom the muslim


click on a thumbnail to see the full - size image the story of why engine oil becomes engine sludge in engines that have failed prematurely, the oil has very often been transformed into a high viscosity deposit of brown or black goo, commonly referred to as " sludge. " by don fedak fresh engine oil is a clear, free - flowing liquid blend of base stock and additives that contains no fuel, water, coolant, dirt, or other when regular engine oil changes are neglected, normally free - flowing lubricating oil breaks down, becomes contaminated, ceases to flow, and is transformed into a thick soup of waste products. that ’ s when serious engine damage is imminent. why does engine oil break down, combine with contaminants, and form sludge deposits? chemistry teaches that engine oil is unstable and decomposes in the presence of oxygen at high temperature. the process, called oxidation, occurs naturally after exposure to normal operating conditions for extended periods of time and is accelerated by exposure to severe operating conditions or to excessively high temperatures. alternatively, accelerated oxidation may be triggered by a combination of any or all of these factors. during oxidation, the chemical bonds that define the oil molecules are broken, and some of the reaction products accumulate and interact to form a highly viscous complex mixture of solids, liquids, and gases that contain a variety of solid carbon - based dirt and metallic particles, as well as liquid coolant, fuel, oil and water droplets. but what can we possibly learn from a sludged engine? consider our reliable 40 - year - old 10 - hp shop compressor that has delivered zillions of cubic feet of pressurized air daily from its ambient temperature shelter. while the electric motor and the v - belts have been replaced twice, the only other routine service this air - cooled v4 compressor has received, other than having the condensed water drained from the tank, is an occasional oil change. when the used, unfiltered hd - 30 oil is drained from its crankcase it shows no evidence of contamination or oxidation and looks like fresh oil. a typical internal combustion engine is just an air compressor in which fuel is mixed with compressed air and then burned. the combustion process generates heat and a variety of reaction products, some of which enter the crankcase as blow - by and contaminate the oil, e. g., fuel, soot, water and other normal reactants, products and byproducts. even though the oil temperature is high enough to boil off and


the crankcase as blow - by and contaminate the oil, e. g., fuel, soot, water and other normal reactants, products and byproducts. even though the oil temperature is high enough to boil off and extract all the water and other volatile contaminants via the pcv system, this crankcase broth will inevitably change into a deposit that does not drain when the oil is changed. air - cooled gas or diesel engines are just air compressors in which the engine oil is subject to oxidation because they are exposed to higher temperatures and contamination by combustion products. if the engine is liquid - cooled, the engine oil may also become contaminated with coolant. lesson # 1 : sludge deposits in internal combustion engines can indicate either stop - and - go driving, lack of proper maintenance, too low or too high an oil temperature or oil contamination. sludge formation is not a new problem. in fact, sludge deposits limited the durability of early internal combustion engines. over the years, oil base stocks were improved, detergent oil additives were developed to keep microscopic sludge - forming solid particles in suspension, anti - oxidation additives were developed to slow the formation of these sludge deposit precursors, and engine oil filters were fitted to remove suspended solid particles from the oil stream and slow the formation of flow restricting sludge deposits on internal surfaces. changes in engine oil formulation and treatment accelerated with the introduction of " permanent " glycol - based coolant, another oil contaminant that may accelerate sludge formation. with the recent increased popularity of wet - sleeved engines, as well as the introduction of alternative but incompatible coolants, we are seeing more engine bearing failures. lesson # 2 : sludge deposits may be due to inferior oil, deterioration of the oil additives or contamination by coolant. when " detergent oils " first appeared, everyone ’ s engine repair business increased. tired, worn out engines, full of sludge deposits because they had always been serviced with non - detergent oils, were ill advisedly transfused with detergent oil, which promptly attacked the sludge deposits. engine bearing surfaces were flooded with oil containing a high concentration of newly suspended sludge particles. and during the phase - in of detergent engine oils, a number of chemical elixirs for " engine oil desludging " appeared. with current engines, we often encounter similar failures when engines are accidentally overfilled and loosen normally benign engine deposits. unless you ’ re


detergent engine oils, a number of chemical elixirs for " engine oil desludging " appeared. with current engines, we often encounter similar failures when engines are accidentally overfilled and loosen normally benign engine deposits. unless you ’ re very young or your principal residence is a cave, none of this should be news. lesson # 3 : absence of sludge deposits may indicate the crankcase has been " flushed, " especially if fresh oil contains an excessive concentration of solids. some years ago we sold some oil, a filter and a pan gasket for a 366 truck engine to a customer who initially was asked to do a routine oil change. he eventually had to remove the oil pan because the engine oil had thickened and would not flow out of the drain hole. once he removed the pan bolts, the oil pan, very heavy because it was full of thick black goo, fell to the floor. the bozo who had previously contracted to " service " this fleet vehicle had repeatedly neglected to drain the old oil when he changed the filter and topped up the level of the used oil. exposed to heat for an extended period of time, the old oil eventually oxidized and transformed into a black mass resembling thick molasses or le brea tar pits ’ crude. lesson # 4 : always be suspicious of maintenance information. today, we see a lot of sludged engines because of two different factors, the trend to ever - higher engine oil temperatures ( oil coolers help ) and the tendency to neglect or postpone routine maintenance, especially in the case of leased vehicles. when a yuppy bmw owner volunteered that his " service engine " light was designed to indicate when he should add some engine oil, i suggested that he might want to change it to read : " too late. " engine noises and low oil pressure are obvious indications of inadequate engine bearing lubrication. so, when oil sludge is also found, overextended drain intervals, elevated oil temperatures and / or contamination should be considered as the most likely causes. but there are always exceptions. experienced custom engine builders understand that all sludge deposits are not necessarily due to abuse and neglect. when we find a lot of sludge in an engine, we always try to pinpoint the cause ( s ), do what we can to avoid a repeat occurrence and advise the customer or the installer how to minimize engine sludge formation. today, as in earlier times, new and remanufactured engine durability is directly related to the recognition


do you want to travel to mars? design houses or create computer software? do you want to discover a cure to cancer or protect rivers and oceans from pollution? if you do, be sure to take lots of math in school. many challenging and rewarding careers - not just engineering - demand a strong background in math. classes like algebra, geometry, and trigonometry may be difficult, but they will open the doors to many exciting opportunities in your future. of course, you can catch up on your math when you get to college, but like a language it is much easier to really learn it when you are young, and you ’ ll have a hard time catching up in college without taking extra years if you don ’ t at least have the basics. since you have to take most math class in a particular order, it ' s also important to start early so that you are prepared to take the right classes when you need them. besides the inherent beauty in mathematics there are lots of other reasons to take as much math as you can, even if you don ’ t want to be an engineer. for one, math can actually make you smarter! it ’ s like endurance training for your brain. learning to think critically and focus on a problem is important for any career. you may also want to take math so you can make and save more money. on average, people who understand math have higher paying careers. that may not always be the case, but you ’ ll certainly increase your odds by understanding as much as you can. and when all your friends are losing their last dime on the latest crazy scheme that doesn ’ t make mathematical sense, you might actually have the forethought to sit back and crunch the numbers before jumping in. having a solid background in math is very much like understanding a very useful and universal language. it is important to start early to be completely fluent, and you ’ ll be able to communicate difficult concepts with a few simple equations. people in many other countries know the importance of math and work very hard to master it from an early age. considering the increasing globalization of the economy, you shouldn ’ t be surprised that you will be competing with many of those hard - working students for jobs by the time you get out of college. and speaking of college, you may want to consider taking extra math just to help make sure you get into the right college. a compelling essay will go a long way on your college entrance applications, but so will a solid background in mathematics. and once you get to college,


you may want to consider taking extra math just to help make sure you get into the right college. a compelling essay will go a long way on your college entrance applications, but so will a solid background in mathematics. and once you get to college, you won ’ t have to take loads of remedial math courses just to catch up. and finally, you should take math because you ’ re cool! you won ’ t need to explain away why you don ’ t do numbers for the rest of your life. you ’ ll be able to help your kids with their math homework, and you will be the one people turn to when they need some creative problem - solving. so now that you know all the great reasons to study math in high school, here are some math classes that you will want to take : algebra is extremely useful for solving problems. algebra uses basic arithmetic rules to describe and group things and to discover the value of something unknown ( usually represented by a letter in an equation ). algebra is the foundation for many other math subjects. geometry is the study of the properties of and relationships between points, lines, angles, and surfaces. geometry uses logic and mathematical laws to describe the physical world and will give you several other important problem solving tools. in trigonometry, you study triangles and trigonometric functions like sine, cosine, and tangent. trigonometry has real world applications dealing with everything from radio waves and electricity to telescopes and ship navigation. with calculus, you combine everything you ' ve learned about math and take the next step. calculus uses special symbols and logic to do difficult calculations, like determining the orbit of a space vehicle, or predicting the time it takes a car to stop on a wet road. calculus is a very powerful tool for solving complex problems. what about you? so do you have a favorite math class? can you think of other great reasons for taking math? tell us in the comments below.


the hebrew bible is the cornerstone of the jewish people. virtually all jewish creativity refers to this fundamental text, and it has also left its imprint on christianity and islam. the exhibition at the shrine of the book complex represents a journey through time, which, adopting a scholarly - historical approach, traces the evolution of the book of books. the upper galleries take the visitor from the oldest extant biblical manuscripts, which were discovered in the judean desert, through the story of the sectarians living at qumran, who attempted to translate the biblical ideals embodied in these texts into a way of life. the lower galleries tell the remarkable tale of the aleppo codex – the most accurate manuscript of the masoretic text and the closest to the text of the printed hebrew bibles used today. generations of scribes and scholars dedicated themselves to copying the bible, passing on the traditions related to its reading and cantillation, and interpreting its meaning. those who cherished it did anything in their power to protect it from harm, at times even enduring martyrdom for its sake. though the motivation for this esteem, which continues until the present day, may take different forms – belief in the divine origins of the biblical text, admiration for the profundity of its ideas, or acknowledgement of its historical cultural importance – one thing remains clear : as long as people continue to inquire about the nature of life and the world in which we live, the bible will continue to inspire creativity, comfort the troubled, and provide hope for individuals wherever they may be. the shrine of the book was built as a repository for the first seven scrolls discovered at qumran in 1947. this symbolic building, a kind of sanctuary intended to express profound spiritual meaning, is considered an international landmark of modern architecture. designed by american jewish architects armand p. bartos and frederic j. kiesler, it was dedicated in an impressive ceremony on april 20, 1965. its location next to official institutions of the state of israel – the knesset ( israeli parliament ), key government offices, and the jewish national and university library – attests to the degree of national importance that has been accorded the ancient texts and the building that preserves them. the white dome symbolizes the lids of the jars in which the first scrolls were found ; the contrast between the white dome and the black wall alongside it alludes to the tension evident in the scrolls between the spiritual world of the “ sons of light ” ( as the judean desert sectarians called themselves ) and the “ sons of darkness ” ( the


here, now, are two great whales, laying their heads together ; let us join them, and lay together our own. of the grand order of folio leviathans, the sperm whale and the right whale are by far the most noteworthy. they are the only whales regularly hunted by man. to the nantucketer, they present the two extremes of all the known varieties of the whale. as the external difference between them is mainly observable in their heads ; and as a head of each is this moment hanging from the pequod ' s side ; and as we may freely go from one to the other, by merely stepping across the deck : - - where, i should like to know, will you obtain a better chance to study practical cetology than here? in the first place, you are struck by the general contrast between these heads. both are massive enough in all conscience ; but there is a certain mathematical symmetry in the sperm whale ' s which the right whale ' s sadly lacks. there is more character in the sperm whale ' s head. as you behold it, you involuntarily yield the immense superiority to him, in point of pervading dignity. in the present instance, too, this dignity is heightened by the pepper and salt colour of his head at the summit, giving token of advanced age and large experience. in short, he is what the fishermen technically call a " grey - headed whale. " let us now note what is least dissimilar in these heads - - namely, the two most important organs, the eye and the ear. far back on the side of the head, and low down, near the angle of either whale ' s jaw, if you narrowly search, you will at last see a lashless eye, which you would fancy to be a young colt ' s eye ; so out of all proportion is it to the magnitude of the head. now, from this peculiar sideway position of the whale ' s eyes, it is plain that he can never see an object which is exactly ahead, no more than he can one exactly astern. in a word, the position of the whale ' s eyes corresponds to that of a man ' s ears ; and you may fancy, for yourself, how it would fare with you, did you sideways survey objects through your ears. you would find that you could only command some thirty degrees of vision in advance of the straight side - line of sight ; and about thirty more behind it. if your bitterest foe were walking straight


you, did you sideways survey objects through your ears. you would find that you could only command some thirty degrees of vision in advance of the straight side - line of sight ; and about thirty more behind it. if your bitterest foe were walking straight towards you, with dagger uplifted in broad day, you would not be able to see him, any more than if he were stealing upon you from behind. in a word, you would have two backs, so to speak ; but, at the same time, also, two fronts ( side fronts ) : for what is it that makes the front of a man - - what, indeed, but his eyes? moreover, while in most other animals that i can now think of, the eyes are so planted as imperceptibly to blend their visual power, so as to produce one picture and not two to the brain ; the peculiar position of the whale ' s eyes, effectually divided as they are by many cubic feet of solid head, which towers between them like a great mountain separating two lakes in valleys ; this, of course, must wholly separate the impressions which each independent organ imparts. the whale, therefore, must see one distinct picture on this side, and another distinct picture on that side ; while all between must be profound darkness and nothingness to him. man may, in effect, be said to look out on the world from a sentry - box with two joined sashes for his window. but with the whale, these two sashes are separately inserted, making two distinct windows, but sadly impairing the view. this peculiarity of the whale ' s eyes is a thing always to be borne in mind in the fishery ; and to be remembered by the reader in some subsequent scenes. a curious and most puzzling question might be started concerning this visual matter as touching the leviathan. but i must be content with a hint. so long as a man ' s eyes are open in the light, the act of seeing is involuntary ; that is, he cannot then help mechanically seeing whatever objects are before him. nevertheless, any one ' s experience will teach him, that though he can take in an undiscriminating sweep of things at one glance, it is quite impossible for him, attentively, and completely, to examine any two things - - however large or however small - - at one and the same instant of time ; never mind if they lie side by side and touch each other. but if you now come to separate these two


should see the world through so small an eye, and hear the thunder through an ear which is smaller than a hare ' s? but if his eyes were broad as the lens of herschel ' s great telescope ; and his ears capacious as the porches of cathedrals ; would that make him any longer of sight, or sharper of hearing? not at all. - - why then do you try to " enlarge " your mind? subtilize it. let us now with whatever levers and steam - engines we have at hand, cant over the sperm whale ' s head, that it may lie bottom up ; then, ascending by a ladder to the summit, have a peep down the mouth ; and were it not that the body is now completely separated from it, with a lantern we might descend into the great kentucky mammoth cave of his stomach. but let us hold on here by this tooth, and look about us where we are. what a really beautiful and chaste - looking mouth! from floor to ceiling, lined, or rather papered with a glistening white membrane, glossy as bridal satins. but come out now, and look at this portentous lower jaw, which seems like the long narrow lid of an immense snuff - box, with the hinge at one end, instead of one side. if you pry it up, so as to get it overhead, and expose its rows of teeth, it seems a terrific portcullis ; and such, alas! it proves to many a poor wight in the fishery, upon whom these spikes fall with impaling force. but far more terrible is it to behold, when fathoms down in the sea, you see some sulky whale, floating there suspended, with his prodigious jaw, some fifteen feet long, hanging straight down at right - angles with his body, for all the world like a ship ' s jib - boom. this whale is not dead ; he is only dispirited ; out of sorts, perhaps ; hypochondriac ; and so supine, that the hinges of his jaw have relaxed, leaving him there in that ungainly sort of plight, a reproach to all his tribe, who must, no doubt, imprecate lock - jaws upon him. in most cases this lower jaw - - being easily unhinged by a practised artist - - is disengaged and hoisted on deck for the purpose of extracting the ivory teeth


, no doubt, imprecate lock - jaws upon him. in most cases this lower jaw - - being easily unhinged by a practised artist - - is disengaged and hoisted on deck for the purpose of extracting the ivory teeth, and furnishing a supply of that hard white whalebone with which the fishermen fashion all sorts of curious articles, including canes, umbrella - stocks, and handles to riding - whips. with a long, weary hoist the jaw is dragged on board, as if it were an anchor ; and when the proper time comes - - some few days after the other work - - queequeg, daggoo, and tashtego, being all accomplished dentists, are set to drawing teeth. with a keen cutting - spade, queequeg lances the gums ; then the jaw is lashed down to ringbolts, and a tackle being rigged from aloft, they drag out these teeth, as michigan oxen drag stumps of old oaks out of wild wood lands. there are generally forty - two teeth in all ; in old whales, much worn down, but undecayed ; nor filled after our artificial fashion. the jaw is afterwards sawn into slabs, and piled away like joists for building houses. - according to melville, what is the meaning in life and what does he tell us about man ' s ability to understand that meaning? just some... - identify melville ' s intent and discuss important ideas in moby dick. - why does ishmael alone survive at the end of melville ' s moby dick? - how do you imitate melville ' s method of description? i am writing an essay to describe something using melville ' s method. - in herman melville ' s novel moby - dick, how are ishmael ' s views about religion affected by his friendship with... test your knowledge


hurricane joan ' s passage westward across nicaragua is a story of extremes. joan built up strength as it moved across the caribbean sea until it came ashore at the town of bluefields on nicaragua ' s atlantic coast. the hurricane threw everything it had at bluefields and corn island. now there is nothing left of either community. the material damage left in the hurricane ' s wake is more than that left by the 1972 earthquake, more than that wrought by somoza ' s bombing of the cities during the 1979 insurrection, more than that inflicted by seven years of contra war. and nicaraguans, who have almost nothing, are giving everything they can. while it is an exaggeration to say nicaraguans have given the shirts off their backs, it may not be exaggerated to say that many nicaraguans have each given their only spare shirt. the tuesday after the weekend disaster young men from the disabled veterans organization arrived at a red cross post with 17 pairs of church. two children showed up at a church in the poor neighborhood of ciudad sandino with a tiny bundle of clothes and a donation of some 30 cents. women in the managua barrio of adolfo reyes cooked food for the refugees packed into their churches, the few buildings there that could be trusted to withstand the storm. at red cross headquarters in managua volunteers sorted mountains of donated goods. at one end of the room bags of second - hand clothes rose like the nearby volcanic cone of momotombo. in the center was momotombito, the volcano ’ s smaller island neighbor, a hill of well - used shoes. these were not the fine cast - offs nor the unsaleable new lines that are given to relief agencies in the developed world, but the scuffed and down - at - heel shoes of the poor being passed on to someone in even greater need. in contrast to the speed of nicaraguans ' response, support from many western nations has been slow in coming, especially given the scale of the disaster. the international relief is neither sufficient nor has it been dispatched quickly enough, said the chairman of the national emergency committee, social welfare minister reynaldo tefel. preliminary official figures give 116 dead from the hurricane, 110 missing and 178 seriously injured. but without the comprehensive civil defense effort that evacuated almost 325, 000 people, these tolls could have been much higher. some 187, 000 people were left homeless. perhaps even more significant, in its long - term impact on the nicaraguan people, is the damage to the economy. agricultural production has been crippled in many


, these tolls could have been much higher. some 187, 000 people were left homeless. perhaps even more significant, in its long - term impact on the nicaraguan people, is the damage to the economy. agricultural production has been crippled in many regions, including direct damage to crops and infrastructure. agricultural vice minister salvador mayorga estimates a loss of 1989 exports equaling 20 - 25 % of last year ' s total. fishing boats, roads, bridges and warehouses were destroyed across a wide sweep of the country. years of development work were wiped out in a weekend. while there ’ s no good moment to be struck by a hurricane, for nicaragua joan ' s timing was particularly devastating. nicaragua is a poor country made poorer by seven years of the us - sponsored contra war and over three years of an economic embargo by the united states. it does not have the resources to rebuild and, with the embargo and us pressures on the world bank and the imf, it has virtually no access to many sources of international funds. acting without such assistance, nicaragua was in the midst of a painful economic restructuring process when the hurricane hit. the most positive sign of economic change had been the mid - year resurgence in agricultural production ; there were big increases in the area planted in basic grains, meat exports had risen and there were high hopes for the important coffee crop. these positive features have now been flooded, crushed or blown away. the double tragedy is that this has happened to nicaragua. in nicaragua, since the revolution, people have hoped and worked for more than just relief from poverty. this disaster has struck a country where the government is actively committed to finding ways in which its poor majority can work constructively to cease being helpless victims of poverty or disaster. the government ' s development goals mesh closely with those of many international aid and development agencies and the government has struggled to meet those goals despite the costs imposed on it by the contra war. over the last year, nicaragua has redoubled its ongoing efforts to reach a dignified peace, a prelude to reconstruction. but now, after the hurricane, nicaragua must fight just to survive. can it? yes. the commitment exists, within the government and among the nicaraguan people. but reconstruction after war and tempest will require a special kind of international aid effort. there is no feast here for the international media, were they inclined to report it. the more heartrending signs of abject poverty don ’ t exist to draw sympathy and checks from an international viewing audience. here what are most at risk


effort. there is no feast here for the international media, were they inclined to report it. the more heartrending signs of abject poverty don ’ t exist to draw sympathy and checks from an international viewing audience. here what are most at risk are a model for third - world development and hope for change. these are abstract concepts, hard to capture on film but very real in the lives of nicaraguans, in the rural cooperatives and schools and health centers. a new rescue mission is needed, not mass media but mass action, drawing on the reservoir of inspiration that the nicaraguan revolution has generated around the world in more than a decade of struggle. the build - up and the big blowjoan was an unusual hurricane. it moved west across the southern caribbean sea instead of going north or northwest the way hurricanes normally do. as a consequence, few ever menace nicaragua. joan was the first to do so since hurricane fifi in 1974 and tropical storm irene three years earlier. on october 18, nicaraguan meteorologists issued a national alert that joan had grown to hurricane strength and was heading straight for the atlantic coast. the following day, the government declared a national emergency, giving them effective control over information relating to the hurricane, and activated the national emergency committee. then joan stalled for a day, a mixed blessing. it probably increased the strength of the hurricane but also gave nicaraguans an extra day to prepare. prepare they did. the army, the ministry of the interior ( which mobilized 2, 000 people in managua alone the night of the hurricane ), the red cross, state workers, fsln activists and members of the country ' s mass organizations, such as trade unions and neighborhood committees, were quickly mobilized, carrying out the brunt of preparatory work and actual evacuations. their work saved hundreds, perhaps thousands of lives. sandinista comandantes and civil defense advisers were dispatched to bluefields and towns in the likely path of the hurricane. in bluefields, a three - day supply of food, medicine and other emergency items was collected and stored as safely from damage as possible. more than 1, 300 tons of medicine and food were distributed nationwide in the two days before the hurricane hit. on october 21, the country ' s emergency broadcast system went into effect. the special programming, heard across the radio dial, broadcast constant weather updates and warned people that the storm was likely to hit with an intensity never before seen in nicaragua. people living in low - lying areas were urged to evacuate, and advised of the location of refugee


programming, heard across the radio dial, broadcast constant weather updates and warned people that the storm was likely to hit with an intensity never before seen in nicaragua. people living in low - lying areas were urged to evacuate, and advised of the location of refugee centers being set up across the country. nearly 325, 000 people were evacuated across the country ( close to one in ten of all nicaraguans ), including over 100, 000 in and around managua, and some 60, 000 from the southern atlantic coast. as of october 28, almost a week later, 60, 000 people nationwide were still in temporary refugee shelters. many people had been reluctant to move to the shelters, some taken in by assertions broadcast on contra radio stations that the hurricane threat was exaggerated or a hoax, others fearing their few belongings could be stolen if their houses were left unattended. those who made eleventh - hour decisions to take refuge in local centers were assisted by the emergency crews who continued to work through most of the hurricane, even at great personal risk. the air force evacuated 11, 000 people at the last minute, in the teeth of the advancing storm. the radio linkup was the heart and soul of the civil defense effort. it broadcast crucial information and helped to maintain calm, especially after saturday night fell with most of the country without electricity and the storm heading towards managua. hurricanes often take their time. joan spun furiously with winds of more than 150 miles per hour but advanced across nicaragua at only 5 to 12 miles per hour. corn island was hit with joan ' s first winds on friday afternoon and it was not until early sunday morning that the storm rumbled off into the pacific ocean. the radio network tracked it all the way. it broadcast comandante william ramirez based in bluefields speaking with president ortega by radio at about 1 : 30 saturday morning as the storm ' s full force struck the town. then even radio contact was lost. as bluefields took a battering the band played on — reggae, calypso and soca from the atlantic coast, normally joyful music that, in the circumstances, sounded like a dirge. on saturday night, radio brought listeners the impassioned pleas of daniel ortega urging people to stay in their houses or, if they were in danger, to go to the nearest refuge. he stressed that people could replace their belongings but that nicaragua could not replace its people. then, just before midnight, comandante omar cabezas, popular head of the national organization of neighborhood committees and author of a best - selling


nearest refuge. he stressed that people could replace their belongings but that nicaragua could not replace its people. then, just before midnight, comandante omar cabezas, popular head of the national organization of neighborhood committees and author of a best - selling book on his life as a sandinista guerrilla, was the author of an inspired moment. he asked everyone listening — christians, church leaders, all nicaraguans and foreigners who reside in nicaragua — to pray " for our brothers and sisters on the atlantic coast... and for nicaragua. ” “ when ' el muchacho ' did that we were very touched.... it made us feel calm and not so alone, ” said concepcion martinez, a cook from the villa cuba libre neighborhood in managua. president ortega and his brother, defense minister humberto ortega, traveled through the most vulnerable of managua ’ s barrios on saturday evening ( the president had flown to bluefields the day before and would go again the day after ). the fact that the president ( whom people referred to as “ danielito ” as they spoke with him that night ) had visited was helpful in convincing some people to leave who were otherwise inclined to pooh - pooh the danger. eighty thousand in managua were temporarily evacuated as hundreds of rescue workers transported people to the shelters, distributed food, and in more than one case, made human chains to rescue people from certain drowning as drainage ditches turned into raging rivers in a matter of minutes with the torrential rains. the aftermathby sunday morning heavy rains on the pacific coast were all that remained of the hurricane. the devastation left behind was only revealed on a region - by - region basis over the following days. there was a little good news : managua had been spared the worst of the storm and the national death toll had clearly been kept down by the massive civil defense effort. from there on the new got worse. corn island was leveled by the 150 - mph winds and all of its 7, 50 residents lost their homes. on saturday morning, a radio - telephone conversation between president ortega and ray hooker, a coast fsln delegate to the national assembly who was stationed on corn island, was the first time most nicaraguans realized the true ferocity of the hurricane. " the situation is very difficult, " reported hooker. " there is not a single house with its roof on the island. promar, the only seafood processing plant, was destroyed, as were the schools and the only clinic. all the churches and the stores were also destroyed.


, " reported hooker. " there is not a single house with its roof on the island. promar, the only seafood processing plant, was destroyed, as were the schools and the only clinic. all the churches and the stores were also destroyed. " ninety - five percent of the fruit and non - fruit trees were downed by the intensity of the winds. the hurricane lashed us for 14 hours, from three in the afternoon yesterday until five o ' clock this morning. there are still intense rains, the population needs medicines, and we have only one doctor.... i lived through the 72 earthquake in managua and this was much worse. " in bluefields there was a similar tally of wreckage : 90 % of houses destroyed ; schools and government offices 90 % destroyed ; the hospital, post office, communications, electric plant and major fishing company facilities all damaged or destroyed. bluefields had disappeared ; its 43, 000 residents were homeless. it was a hard idea to get across. when resident moises hernandez told a reporter, “ all of bluefields is destroyed, ” he was asked, “ which barrios? ” “ everything, everything, everything, ” came the reply. the field of destruction was so expansive it defied even the widest angled lens. no buildings were undamaged ; some, like the bluefields public library, the old standard fruit warehouse and hundreds of homes, were simply gone — melded into the public domain of timbers and twisted sheets of corrugated zinc roofing that lay several feet deep everywhere. to the horror of those who took refuge inside seemingly strong churches and government buildings, not even cement withstood the 12 - hour battering. when nails could hold no longer, the zinc popped off like buttons, then the acoustical ceiling panels were sucked out and the wooden roof frame flew off. if there were no concrete girders, the unsupported walls undulated visibly and finally collapsed. one woman, who escaped her house only moments before it collapsed and then struggled through the wind, rain, and flying debris to a refuge only to have part of it cave in, gave birth at some point in the endless night. the red cross, charged with distributing government and other provisions, immediately designated posts in each of the barrios and quickly developed a census of most of the remaining families, which changed daily. by the week ' s end, people were receiving 15 - day supplies from the government ' s stock of rice, beans, soap and sugar, cuban donations of condensed milk, oil, and canned


of most of the remaining families, which changed daily. by the week ' s end, people were receiving 15 - day supplies from the government ' s stock of rice, beans, soap and sugar, cuban donations of condensed milk, oil, and canned tuna and juices. others were at the ministry of health post, which was giving typhoid shots. the traditional hostility of older creoles toward the government had been fanned by contra radio reports that the army was stealing food, and some blamed the cuban milk rather than the fouled water for the children ' s diarrhea. but president ortega ’ s visits right before and after the storm touched many. at el rama the rivers rose 46 feet and stayed high for days. when they receded, much of the town had been destroyed. two days after the water level had dropped, mayor samuel mejia told a group of visiting aid agency representatives that 25, 000 people had been seriously affected in the town and surrounding area. about 5, 000 homes and food for 10, 000 families for 6 months are needed. the dock, the transfer point for goods going by road and river from managua to bluefields, has disappeared. the school has lost its roof, the special school and the high school are destroyed, the bank and the warehouses are gone. around mejla the houses of the town were in disarray : some without roofs, others with walls missing, some leaning, others fallen, some lifted and dropped in the middle of the road, others reduced to a small wet woodpile. mud was everywhere. the town was monochromatic brown. a once two - story building rose from the chaos. the tidemark covered the first floor but above this was the wind ' s work. on the upper story only two walls remained, providing a splash of blue to the encompassing brown. a woman in a ripped green nylon skirt and gray blouse too big for her, clutching her small bag of possessions, said she had refused to leave, and been badly knocked about by the hurricane. she showed bruises on her thigh but kept repeating that the worst was a tree branch that came through the house and hit her on the chest. she seemed in shock. a man, working to salvage something from the ruins of his house, said : " the army, the mint [ ministry of the interior ] and the red cross, they are the ones who did the most here. that has to be acknowledged, they have to be thanked. ” extensive areas of region v were either flooded or affected by high


army, the mint [ ministry of the interior ] and the red cross, they are the ones who did the most here. that has to be acknowledged, they have to be thanked. ” extensive areas of region v were either flooded or affected by high winds. whole towns, including acoyapa, santo domingo, villa sandino and la gateada, were virtually wiped out. eighty percent of the region ’ s houses lost their roofs, 90 % of the bean and corn crop was lost and 100, 000 acres of forest were destroyed. two regions lying out of the direct path of the hurricane were particularly badly hit by flooding. damages sustained in coffee — rich region vi ( jinotega - matagalpa ), threaten the country ’ s already weakened economy. forty - eight lives were lost, 10 bridges ( including one of lost, 10 bridges ( including one of the country ’ s most strategic ) washed out, and 365 miles of roadway was rendered unusable. the loss of roads and bridges may make it impossible to harvest much of the region ’ s essential coffee crop, now prematurely ripening. in region iv, in the hills west of the town of rivas there was especially heavy flooding. some 34, 000 acres of crops were destroyed and 23 people were killed. “ the river betrayed us, ” said one peasant. health and education infrastructure, already stretched to the limit, was also affected. nationally 339 schools have been destroyed, 110 in the southern region of the atlantic coast, and 190 health centers and 18 local health posts were damaged. the relief effortrelief efforts were underway even before the hurricane arrived, with aid solicited through advance brief aid solicited through advance briefing for members of the diplomatic corps and representatives of international aid organizations. it was the cubans who got their goods to nicaragua first and kept them coming. by saturday afternoon, before joan had reached managua, the first planeload of cuban supplies was being unloaded at bluefields. twenty - three planeloads later, cuban aid is still arriving. others have joined in. the swedish government has donated $ 3 million, the west germans ( government and churches ), $ 2 million. the soviets have promised 11, 000 tons of rice and a boatload of supplies from the soviet red cross and planeloads of aid are expected or have arrived from a host of other countries, including argentina, belgium, canada, czechoslovakia, east germany, the european economic community, france, great britain, italy, panama, spain, switzerland and uruguay. the number


for natural disasters in the third world. in nicaragua, relief efforts began immediately with collections in the cities on the pacific plain for money, clothes and other goods. as managua taxi driver walter herrera described it : " i ' m no sandinista but since the revolution, with the autonomy thing, the people, well, we ' re equal, they are our people, they ' re like us, we ' re all part of the same country. the two coasts used to be two countries. it ' s now our responsibility to help them. " this spirit was at large in nicaraguan society. christian base communities in managua took responsibility for feeding and caring for many refugees. they collected food and clothing and organized children ' s gamed in the refugee centers. all of the sandinista delegates to the national assembly donated 30 % of their pay for october and their monthly subsidy of rice, beans and sugar. various groups of workers donated a day ' s pay. managua ' s rival baseball teams, the boors and the dantos, played a game to raise funds for the coast, while students at the central american university put on a benefit concert. overall responsibility for distribution of money and supplies rests with the national emergency committee, formed in 1982 to deal with that year ' s severe flooding. the committee is made up of representatives from international agencies in nicaragua, including the un, unicef, the international red cross, the pan american health organization and unhcr ; international ngos such as care and oxfam ; national ngos, including caritas, the protestant development agency cepad, the nicaraguan red cross, international aid coordinator facs, the unan and upoli universities, the lions club, catholic development agency juan xxiii, and the cst and atc unions ; and state institutions, such as the ministry of social welfare, civil defense, the sandinista police, the foreign cooperation ministry and the ministry of health. cepad representative milton arguello noted that the purpose of the committee is " to coordinate the aid, to know what resources are available, which organizations can respond to which particular need. but each organization continues to do its own work. things are coordinated, but not centrally controlled. ” he stressed that the committee is " very pluralistic, the government has invited everyone to participate. " this committee is worlds away from its namesake set up after an earthquake destroyed the center of managua in 1972. " a national emergency committee, set up under president somoza ' s control and run by the national guard,