him, noriega forced the national assembly to replace delvalle with manuel solis palma. in dec. 1989, the assembly named noriega “ maximum leader ” and declared the u. s. and panama to be in a state of war. in dec. 1989, 24, 000 u. s. troops seized control of panama city in an attempt to capture noriega after a u. s. soldier was killed in panama. on jan. 3, 1990, noriega surrendered himself to u. s. custody and was transported to miami, where he was later convicted of drug trafficking. guillermo endara, who probably would have won an election suppressed earlier by noriega, was installed as president. on dec. 31, 1999, the u. s. formally handed over control of the panama canal to panama. meanwhile, colombian rebels and paramilitary forces have made periodic incursions into panamanian territory, raising security concerns. panama has also faced increased drug and arms smuggling. in may 2004 presidential elections, martin torrijos herrera, the son of former dictator omar torrijos, won 47. 5 % of the vote. he took office in september. panamanians approved a plan to expand the panama canal in 2006. it will likely double the canal ' s capacity and is expected to be completed by2015. defying the current latin american trend for left - leaning governments, panama elected millionaire businessman ricardo martinelli as its president on may 3, 2009. after a period of rapid economic growth, panama had succumbed to the global recession. trading on his personal record of success — and utilizing his fortune to get his message out — martinelli promised to encourage foreign investment and help the poor.


capital : honolulu ( on oahu ) state abbreviation / postal code : hawaii / hi governor : neil abercrombie, d ( to dec. 2014 ) lieut. governor : shan tsutsui ( to dec. 2014 ) senators : mazie hirono ( d ) ( to jan. 2019 ) ; brian schatz, d ( to dec. 2014 ) u. s. representatives : 2 historical biographies of congressional members atty. general : david m. louie, d ( appt ' d. by gov. ) organized as territory : 1900 entered union ( rank ) : aug. 21, 1959 ( 50 ) motto : ua mau ke ea o ka aina i ka pono ( the life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness ) | flower | | hibiscus ( yellow ) ( 1988 ) | | song | | “ hawaii ponoi ” ( 1967 ) | | bird | | nene ( hawaiian goose ) ( 1957 ) | | tree | | kukui ( candlenut ) ( 1959 ) | nickname : aloha state ( 1959 ) origin of name : uncertain. the islands may have been named by hawaii loa, their traditional discoverer. or they may have been named after hawaii or hawaiki, the traditional home of the polynesians. 10 largest cities1 ( 2010 ) : honolulu, 387, 170 ; pearl city, 47, 698 ; hilo, 43, 263 ; kailua, 38, 635 ; waipahu, 38, 216 ; kaneohe, 34, 597 ; mililani town, 27, 629 ; kahului, 26, 337 ; kihei, 20, 881 ; wahiawa, 17, 821. land area : 6, 423 sq mi. ( 16, 637 sq km ) geographic center : between islands of hawaii and maui number of counties : 5 ( kalawao non - functioning ) largest county by population and area : honolulu, 953, 207 ( 2010 ) ; hawaii, 4, 028 sq mi. state forests : 19 natural area reserves ( over 109, 000 ac. ) state park : 52 ( 25, 000 ac. ) residents : hawaiian, also kamaaina ( native - born nonethnic hawaiian ), malihini ( newcomer ) 2010 resident population : 1, 360, 301 2010 resident census population ( rank ) : 1, 360, 301 ( 40 ). male : 681, 243 ( 50. 1 % ) ;


nonethnic hawaiian ), malihini ( newcomer ) 2010 resident population : 1, 360, 301 2010 resident census population ( rank ) : 1, 360, 301 ( 40 ). male : 681, 243 ( 50. 1 % ) ; female : 679, 058 ( 49. 9 % ). white : 336, 599 ( 24. 7 % ) ; black : 21, 424 ( 1. 6 % ) ; american indian : 4, 164 ( 0. 3 % ) ; asian : 525, 078 ( 38. 6 % ) ; native hawaiian and other pacific islander : 135, 422 ( 10. 0 % ) ; other race : 16, 985 ( 1. 3 % ) ; two or more races : 320, 629 ( 23. 6 % ) ; hispanic / latino : 120, 842 ( 8. 9 % ). 2010 population 18 and over : 1, 056, 483 ; 65 and over : 195, 138 ( 14. 3 % ) ; median age : 38. 6. see additional census data 1. census designated places. first settled by polynesians sailing from other pacific islands between a. d. 300 and 600, hawaii was visited in 1778 by british captain james cook, who called the group the sandwich islands. hawaii was a native kingdom throughout most of the 19th century, when the expansion of the sugar industry ( pineapple came after 1898 ) meant increasing u. s. business and political involvement. in 1893, queen liliuokalani was deposed, and a year later the republic of hawaii was established with sanford b. dole as president. following annexation ( 1898 ), hawaii became a u. s. territory in 1900. the japanese attack on the naval base at pearl harbor on dec. 7, 1941, was directly responsible for u. s. entry into world war ii. hawaii, 2, 397 mi west - southwest of san francisco, is a 1, 523 - mile chain of islets and eight main islands — hawaii, kahoolawe, maui, lanai, molokai, oahu, kauai, and niihau. the northwestern hawaiian islands, other than midway, are administratively part of hawaii. the temperature is mild, and cane sugar, pineapple, and flowers and nursery products are the chief products. hawaii also grows coffee beans, bananas, and macadamia nuts. the tourist business is hawaii ' s largest source of outside income. hawaii ' s highest peak is mauna kea ( 13


, and flowers and nursery products are the chief products. hawaii also grows coffee beans, bananas, and macadamia nuts. the tourist business is hawaii ' s largest source of outside income. hawaii ' s highest peak is mauna kea ( 13, 796 ft ). mauna loa ( 13, 679 ft ) is the largest volcanic mountain in the world by volume. among the major points of interest are hawaii volcanoes national park ( hawaii ), haleakala national park ( maui ), puuhonua o honaunau national historical park ( hawaii ), polynesian cultural center ( oahu ), the uss arizona and uss missouri memorial at pearl harbor, the national memorial cemetery of the pacific ( oahu ), and iolani palace ( the only royal palace in the u. s. ), bishop museum, and waikiki beach ( all in honolulu ). hawaii - born barack obama was elected president of the united states. see more on hawaii : monthly temperature extremes all u. s. states : geography & climate printable outline maps record highest temperatures record lowest temperatures highest, lowest, and mean elevations land and water area all u. s. states : population & economy historical population statistics, 1790 – present per capita personal income minimum wage rates federal government expenditure percent of people in poverty births and birth rates percentage of uninsured by state all u. s. states : society & culture : most livable states most dangerous states residency requirements for voting compulsory school attendance laws national public radio stations information please® database, © 2012 pearson education, inc. all rights reserved. more on hawaii from infoplease : - alaska - hawaii time : meaning and definitions - alaska - hawaii time : definition and pronunciation - university of hawaii - hawaii, university of hawaii, university of, at honolulu ( manoa campus ), hilo, and pearl city ( west... - hawaii, island, united states - hawaii hawaii, island ( 1990 pop. 120, 217 ), 4, 037 sq mi ( 10, 456 sq km ), largest and southernmost... - hawaii : temperature extremes - hawaii : temperature extremes month maximum °f year place minimum °f year place jan. 93 1963... - hawaii : meaning and definitions - hawaii : definition and pronunciation 24 x 7 | | 24 x 7 tutor availability | | unlimited online tutoring


imagineyou ’ re at the helm of a 747 commercial airliner, cruising over the rocky mountains. alone in the cockpit, you ’ re on your third cup of coffee, having long since resorted to taping your eyelids open to keep from falling asleep. you ’ re exhausted. above your head, one of the vast constellation of instruments surrounding you begins to flash rhythmically. looks kind of serious, doesn ’ t it? you try to slap yourself awake and think, think! maybe that light knows something you don ’ t. maybe those other silent instruments should be registering distress. is there a dead fuse somewhere? are we all going to die? in a panic, you bank hard left and smash into the mountains. this may be how the brain tends to malfunction when it hasn ’ t gotten enough sleep — it freaks out over the unimportant details. we believe this now because of research conducted by the team of hans van dongen at washington state university spokane over the last three years — the results of which were published earlier this year. granted, van dongen, the principal investigator in the study, wasn ’ t researching pilots, specifically. ( and, yes, the faa takes precautions to keep drowsy pilots away from the yoke — if not away from their laptops ). but the work that van dongen and his crew of researchers and students conducted has overturned the common wisdom about sleeplessness — the old thinking that it impaired the brain ’ s ability to make decisions based on input, to strategize, to execute. the study introduced groups of four nominally paid volunteers at a time to the university ’ s sleep lab — an apartment - like space with couches and food and beds, but no natural light, television or internet. each volunteer was hooked up to a battery of electrodes that monitor brain waves and other vital signs. then they were tucked into bed for the first two nights. following the second night, they were kept awake for the next 62 hours. throughout this time, the four volunteers were tested for various cognitive functions. in one task, subjects had to decode numbers and letters. another was something like scattergories, in which subjects had to name, for example, as many animals that begin with “ b ” as possible. a third tested their scanning working memory by having them memorize a series of letters and then asking if certain other letters were in that original series. what they found was surprising. while the sleepless subjects did lousy on most of the tasks, they


a third tested their scanning working memory by having them memorize a series of letters and then asking if certain other letters were in that original series. what they found was surprising. while the sleepless subjects did lousy on most of the tasks, they did just as well on the executive function, or decision - making, aspects of the tasks when they were sleepy as they did when they first showed up to the lab. “ sleep deprivation did nothing to slow you down, ” says van dongen. “ that came as a complete surprise. our prediction, based on the knowledge of the field, was that it would be affected. it turned out completely the opposite. ” these results should shake up the sleep research community. but they also pose another question : why, if our decision - making abilities are so intact when we ’ re sleep - deprived, do we still make bad decisions? “ something else in the chain of information processing must go wrong, ” van dongen says. “ we think you have trouble encoding the information. but that ’ s something we have yet to prove. ” he says that the sleep - deprived brain does a lousy job of gathering the information needed to make a decision. information that ’ s relevant to the decision may not get as much attention as data that are merely salient — in other words, the brain focuses more on the louder info than the correct info. that brings us back to our cockpit. our drowsy pilot made a bad decision because he mistakenly perceived that big flashing light to be a really big deal, when in fact it was merely alerting him that it was time for the in - flight movie to begin. clearly, that big screaming signal was more salient than relevant to the decisions needed to fly the plane. so what if, given our new understanding of the brain, we re - design the cockpit? less important things get little tiny light indicators. big game - changing information ( altitude, airspeed, cabin pressure ) gets a big display. now the important things are both salient and relevant. that could take a huge load off the weary mind of our drooping pilot. or, for that matter, anybody who runs long shifts with heavy responsibilities. “ we know what that ’ s like, ” van dongen says. “ all the people who work here are really busy. twenty - four - hour operations add to the complexity. ” asked what he does when he feels that 3 pm nap coming on, he shrugs and motions to the other side of his wall. “ we have a


a box girder bridge is a bridge in which the beams are made up of box shaped girders. the box girders consist of concrete, steel or a combination of both. most of the modern elevated structures are built on the basis of the box girder bridge. most of us have travel on the box girder bridges regularly. the most common examples are the flyovers and the structures built for light rail transport. they can sustain heavy weight and hence used in the construction of flyovers. these are used to construct crossways for pedestrians. box girders are used on cable styled bridges and other forms but generally they are a form of beam bridges. the support beams of the girders are tightly coupled together to form a hollow box. this hollow box can have the shape of a rectangle, tightly coupled triangles or trapezium. the box girder bridges offer a stronger support for bridges constructed with an arch. the most famous bay bridge in california, connecting san francisco and oakland is a classic example of the box girder bridge. the box girder bridges are made of prefabricated steel which are manufactured in the factory and assembled onsite. the girders can also be made up ( edit : these are still being made so i think it should be are made of than can also be made of ) of high performance, prestressed, reinforced concrete or a mixture of both concrete and steel. both the girders and bridges can be manufactured elsewhere and installed at a different place as they are prefabricated. that is the beauty of this construction. the bridge can be installed in its position by incremental launching. huge cranes are used to place the new segments onto the completed portions of the bridge until the whole structure is completely assembled. box girder bridges have a number of key advantages when compared to the i - beam girders. box girders offer better resistance to torsion. this is beneficial especially for a curved bridge. larger girders and stronger flanges can be used as this allows for a longer span between the support posts that hold the bridge. the huge hollow boxes can be used to place the water lines, telephone cables and other utility lines. box girders are more expensive to fabricate and difficult to maintain because of the need of a confined space inside the box. there were major disasters that occurred when the west gate bridge of australia and cleddau bridge of uk collapsed. but these disasters gave rise to a new design in the box girder bridges


scientists gets further evidence that mars once had oceans mars, our neighbor, once the dreams of science fiction writers and astronomers, one of which only wrote about the live that could have lived on mars, and still might ; while the other seeks to prove that there might actually have been life on that red planet eons ago. part of proving that idea is being able to show that there was water on the surface of mars, water that would have been the foundation of life, just as it is here on earth. to help find the facts behind whether there was, or even still is, water on mars the european space agency ( esa ) mars express space craft which houses the mars advanced radar for subsurface and ionsphere sounding ( marsis ) has detected sediment on the planet, the type of sediment that you would find on the floor of an ocean. it is within the boundaries of features tentatively identified in images from various spacecraft as shorelines that marsis detected sedimentary deposits reminiscent of an ocean floor. “ marsis penetrates deep into the ground, revealing the first 60 – 80 meters ( 197 – 262 ft ) of the planet ’ s subsurface, ” says wlodek kofman, leader of the radar team at the institut de planetologie et d ’ astrophysique de grenoble ( ipag ). “ throughout all of this depth, we see the evidence for sedimentary material and ice. ” the sediments detected by marsis are areas of low radar reflectivity, which typically indicates low - density granular materials that have been eroded away by water and carried to their final resting place. scientists are interpreting these sedimentary deposits, which may still be ice - rich, as another indication that there once an ocean in this spot. at this point scientists have proposed that there were two main oceans on the planet. one was aroun the 4 billion year ago range with the second at around 3 billion years ago. for the scientist the marsis findings provide some of the best evidence yet that mars did have large bodies of water on its surface and that the water played a major role in the planet ’ s geological history.


its an interesting question. but since doctors dont really know the answer, youve caught the scientific community napping as well. even so, several things come to mind. the first thing to consider is the possibility that you nap because you have daytime sleepiness. if so, then what might be the cause? - do you take any medicine that might make you sleepy? review your prescriptions with your pharmacist or next time you visit your doctor. - have you started having problems sleeping at night? if you sleep well at night and wake up refreshed, dont worry. but if you feel groggy or have early morning headaches, you may have sleep apnea or some other cause of interrupted sleep. - could you be depressed? ask yourself if you no longer enjoy activities that previously gave you pleasure, and whether you are feeling low. it sounds as if your nap is voluntary and enjoyable. so it probably does not reflect an underlying sleep disturbance. if it refreshes your day without making it hard for you to sleep at night, snooze away. for most people, a 20 - to 40 - minute nap between noon and 4 : 00 p. m. is the best way to catch a few winks without disturbing the sleep - wake cycle. but remember to give yourself a good 10 minutes to wake up gently before you engage in mentally or physically demanding tasks. when nasa and the faa studied napping in airline pilots, they found that napping improved mental alertness and performance. many night shift workers are also perked up by naps as brief as 1520 minutes. do naps improve overall health? napping is the exception in america. but afternoon siestas are the rule in many mediterranean and latin american countries. scientists have learned that blood pressure drops during a siesta. but it rises abruptly on awakening. is this meaningful? probably not, but we cant be sure. until doctors dream up a way to resolve the contradiction, there is no reason for you to deprive yourself of a pleasurable nap.


what is it? a morton ' s neuroma is a benign ( noncancerous ) swelling along a nerve in the foot that carries sensations from the toes. the reason the nerve starts to swell is unknown. but once swelling begins, the nearby bones and ligaments put pressure on the nerve, causing more irritation and inflammation. this produces burning pain, numbness, tingling and other abnormal sensations in the toes. a morton ' s neuroma also is called an interdigital neuroma, intermetatarsal neuroma or a forefoot neuroma. a morton ' s neuroma usually develops between the third and fourth toes. less commonly, it develops between the second and third toes. other locations are rare. it also is rare for a morton ' s neuroma to develop in both feet at the same time. the condition is much more common in women than men, probably as a result of wearing high - heeled, narrow - toed shoes. this style of shoe tends to shift the bones of the feet into an abnormal position, which increases the risk that a neuroma will form. being overweight also increases the risk of a morton ' s neuroma. a morton ' s neuroma usually causes burning pain, numbness or tingling at the base of the third, fourth or second toes. pain also can spread from the ball of the foot out to the tips of the toes. in some cases, there also is the sensation of a lump, a fold of sock or a " hot pebble " between the toes. typically, the pain of a morton ' s neuroma is relieved temporarily by taking off your shoes, flexing your toes and rubbing your feet. symptoms may be aggravated by standing for prolonged periods or by wearing high heels or shoes with a narrow toe box. your doctor will suspect that you have a morton ' s neuroma based on the nature and location of your foot pain. he or she may ask questions about your shoes - - what type of shoes you usually wear and whether these shoes have narrow toes or high heels. to rule out other causes of foot pain, your doctor may ask questions about your medical history, especially any history of arthritis, nerve and muscle problems or previous injury to your foot or leg. to confirm the diagnosis, your doctor will examine your feet. he or she will look for areas of tenderness, swelling, calluses, numbness, muscle weakness and limited motion. to check for a morton ' s neuroma,


or leg. to confirm the diagnosis, your doctor will examine your feet. he or she will look for areas of tenderness, swelling, calluses, numbness, muscle weakness and limited motion. to check for a morton ' s neuroma, your doctor will squeeze the sides of your foot. squeezing should compress the neuroma and trigger your typical pain. in some cases, your doctor will find numbness in the webbed area between the affected toes. pain in two or more locations on one foot, such as between both the second and third toes and the third and fourth toes, more likely indicates that the toe joints are inflamed rather than a morton ' neuroma. based on the physical examination, your doctor usually can diagnose a morton ' s neuroma without additional testing. a foot x - ray may be ordered to make sure that there isn ' t a stress fracture, but it will not show the actual neuroma. if the diagnosis is in doubt, your doctor may request magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) of the foot. a morton ' s neuroma will not disappear on its own. usually, the symptoms will come and go, depending on the type of shoes you wear and how much time you spend on your feet. sometimes, the symptoms will go away completely. it is not always possible to prevent a morton ' s neuroma. however, you probably can reduce your risk by wearing comfortable shoes that have low heels, plenty of toe space and good arch support. if your morton ' s neuroma is painful, your doctor usually will begin treatment with conservative therapies, including : - a switch to shoes with low heels, wide toes and good arch support - padding techniques, including metatarsal pads or toe crest pads - shoe inserts ( orthotics ) to help correct any mechanical imbalance in the foot - anti - inflammatory medication, such as ibuprofen ( advil, motrin and other brand names ) or naproxen ( aleve, naprosyn and other brand names ) - a local injection of anesthetic and corticosteroid medication into the affected area inflamed or injured nerves can take months to improve, even after the underlying problem has been corrected. if your pain continues despite several months of conservative treatment, your doctor may recommend surgery to remove the neuroma or to widen the space through which the affected nerve travels. these types of surgery often are done under local anesthesia. if your


corrected. if your pain continues despite several months of conservative treatment, your doctor may recommend surgery to remove the neuroma or to widen the space through which the affected nerve travels. these types of surgery often are done under local anesthesia. if your doctor removes a portion of the affected nerve along with the neuroma, you may develop permanent numbness between the toes. when to call a professional make an appointment to see a health care professional if you have symptoms of a morton ' s neuroma that do not improve when you wear comfortable, wide shoes. more than 80 % of people with a morton ' s neuroma will respond to conservative treatment. for the minority of people who have persistent, disabling symptoms, surgery may be an option. national institute of arthritis and musculoskeletal and skin diseases national insitutes of health 1 ams circle bethesda, md 20892 - 3675 american podiatric medical association ( apma ) 9312 old georgetown road bethesda, md 20814 american orthopedic foot and ankle society 2517 eastlake ave. e seattle, wa 98102 american academy of podiatric sports medicine american college of foot and ankle surgeons 8725 west higgins road chicago, il 60031 - 2724


the current surface analysis map shows current weather conditions, including frontal and high / low pressure positions, satellite infrared ( ir ) cloud cover, and areas of precipitation. a surface weather analysis is a special type of weather map that provides a view of weather elements over a geographical area at a specified time based on information from ground - based weather stations. weather maps are created by plotting or tracing the values of relevant quantities such as sea level pressure, temperature, and cloud cover onto a geographical map to help find synoptic scale features such as weather fronts. the first weather maps in the 19th century were drawn well after the fact to help devise a theory on storm systems. after the advent of the telegraph, simultaneous surface weather observations became possible for the first time, and beginning in the late 1840s, the smithsonian institution became the first organization to draw real - time surface analyses. use of surface analyses began first in the united states, spreading worldwide during the 1870s. use of the norwegian cyclone model for frontal analysis began in the late 1910s across europe, with its use finally spreading to the united states during world war ii. surface weather analyses have special symbols which show frontal systems, cloud cover, or other important information. for example, an h may represent high pressure, implying good and fair weather. an l on the other hand may represent low pressure, which frequently accompanies precipitation. various symbols are used not just for frontal zones and other surface boundaries on weather maps, but also to depict the present weather at various locations on the weather map. areas of precipitation help determine the frontal type and location.


the african continent has not benefited adequately from its vast natural resources, including water, due to lack of sound policy and governance frameworks to ensure sustainable and equitable allocation as well as use and management of the available resources. this was said yesterday by zanzibar second vice - president seif ali iddi on behalf of zanzibar president dr. ali mohamed shein at the opening of the fourth international hydrological programme ( ihp ) - unesco africa water, science, policy and management conference. “ we must accept that not all countries in africa have water policies and where they exist few of them address management issues adequately. i wish to stress that for sound management frameworks to function there is need for reliable and timely data and information. this is a prerequisite for informed decision making at the appropriate level, ” he noted. he said data collection networks however are expensive to establish, operate and maintain, adding that even where such networks had been established, quite a number of them are not operational due to inadequate financial resources allocated for the purpose. shein added that as water storage and structures and pipelines require heavy investments, there is now a need for consideration of water as an infrastructure issue and hence requiring investment financing by the private sector. however, he said in tanzania, for instance, the shortfall in meeting the mdg ' s full access of water by rural communities needs great support. currently, the coverage stands at 58. 7 per cent for rural and 86 percent for urban areas, while the mdg ’ s targets are 65 per cent and 90 per cent for rural and urban areas, respectively. “ there is need for allocating adequate financial resources to the water sector accompanied by good governance for africa to make significant and sustainable socio - economic development. the moment of decision is now, ” he insisted. moreover, he said, unfortunately the freshwater situation in africa was not encouraging. by 2025, about 18 african countries, including tanzania, were experiencing water stress. presently, it is estimated that more than 300 million people in africa live in a water - scarcity environment. the amount of freshwater available for each person in africa is about one - quarter of what it was in 1950. in many countries, requirements for domestic freshwater use, sanitation, industry and agriculture can ’ t be met. for his part, minister for education and vocational training dr. shukuru kawambwa commended unesco and ihp for organizing the conference at a time when the whole world was yet to recover from the global financial crisis and rising food prices. “ these


ektiarat ( choices, elections ), a term used in islamic divination and astrology in at least four principle meanings : 1. it refers to hemerologies in which each of the thirty days of a month, either synodic or conventional ( e. g., the persian hemerology ), is characterized as being good ( saʿd ) or bad ( nahs ) for undertaking specified activities. 2. the goodness or badness of the time for activities depends on the lunar station ( manzel al - qamar ) occupied by the moon. 3. the goodness or badness of the time for activities depends on the zodiacal sign occupied by the moon. 4. the type of astrology usually denominated catarchic ( hokm al - nojum ) is often associated with the word ektiarat ; in islamic astrology, following a sasanian precedent, this is confounded with interrogations ( masaʾel ). 1. the earliest hemerologies are those of mesopotamia, in which each day of each month is usually given a religious significance as well as a number of activities to be undertaken or avoided ( labat, 1939 ). there also exists a far simpler form in which each day in each month is either favorable or unfavorable, or is associated with a single activity ( labat, 1943 ; for further mesopotamian sources see reiner, pp. 111 - 12 ). a persian hemerology that may be related to this mesopotamian tradition is found in the andarz i adurbad imahraspandan ( secs. 119 - 48, i, pp. 58 - 71, tr. in zaehner, pp. 101 - 10 ). in this text the thirty days of a persian month are identified by their associated deities, and one or two activities are advised to be engaged in or avoided on each. perhaps related to a persian tradition, though not to the andarz of adurbad, is the mandaean hemerology in chapter 8 of the book of the zodiac ( drower, pp. 88 - 92 ). this is a combination of three sources, excerpted for each of the thirty days of a month, and listing activities to be undertaken or avoided and prognostications for one who becomes ill and for one who is born on that day. close to this is a greek text published in catalogus codicum astrologorum graecorum ( xi / 1, pp. 134 - 44


and prognostications for one who becomes ill and for one who is born on that day. close to this is a greek text published in catalogus codicum astrologorum graecorum ( xi / 1, pp. 134 - 44 ; this text cites melampus, for whom see the lunarium conflated from melampus and another “ egyptian ” book in viii / 4, pp. 105 - 07 ). reflecting to some extent the contents of the andarz of adurbad is an arabic bookattributed to imam jaʿfar al - sadeq ( see sezgin, gas vii, pp. 323 - 24, 373 ). it is also very close in content to the chapter of the mandaean book of the zodiac referred to above ; but in addition contains parts of the associations of the thirty days of the month with stories from the old testament found in many similar byzantine hemerologies ( catalogus iii, pp. 32 - 39, x, pp. 121 - 26, ascribed to david and solomon, 196 - 200, 243 - 47, xi / 2, pp. 157 - 62 ). the mandaean and the byzantine hemerologies along with jaʿfar al - sadeq ’ s ketab all share a common source. also attributed to jaʿfar al - sadeq are the short hemerologies which, like the second mesopotamian text ( labat, 1943 ), do little more than indicate that the day is favorable or unfavorable ( see, e. g., ruska, ii, pp. 35 - 36 ; for similar works in syriac and greek, see budge, ii, pp. 557 - 59 ; ccag 8 / 4, pp. 102 - 04 ). ebied and young ( p. 296, n. 3 ) mention a long hemerology in arabic attributed to daniel, salman the persian, and jaʿfar al - sadeq, which, they say, has a number of features reflecting zoroastrian concepts. they state that they are preparing an edition ; it seems not yet to have appeared. 2. the second type of elections originated in india, where it is the basic form of their science of catarchic astrology ( muhurtasastra ) ; there the operative variable is the naksatra in which the moon is located ( pingree, jyotihsastra, chap. 6, pp. 101 - 09


catarchic astrology ( muhurtasastra ) ; there the operative variable is the naksatra in which the moon is located ( pingree, jyotihsastra, chap. 6, pp. 101 - 09 ). in sasanian persia there seems to have been an adaptation of this methodology in which the naksatras were given persian names ( for these names, see henning, esp. pp. 242 - 46 ). later, they were identified with the arabic manazel al - qamar ; and there exists in the ketab al - bareʿfi ahkam al - nojum of ʿali b. abi ’ l - rejal ( sezgin, gas vii, pp. 186 - 87 ), a chapter ( 21 of book 7 ) in which for each manzel ( station ) occupied by the moon are given the elections according to the indians, to dorotheus ( in part concocted from the fifth book of his work ), and to the persians, as well as the fates of male and female natives and a description of the manzel ’ s image for use in astral magic ; there is a byzantine translation of this astrological text ( catalogus ix / 1, pp. 141 - 56 ). such a text also appears in the gayat at al - hakim ascribed to abu maslama majriti ( ed. h. ritter, leipzig, 1933, bk. 1, chap. 4, pp. 14 - 26 ; byzantine texts are found in catalogus v / 3, pp. 90 - 93, viii / 1, pp. 218 - 19 ). 3. the judgement that it is or it is not propitious to begin a specified activity when the moon is in a designated zodiacal sign occurs first in akkadian texts of the seleucid period ( reiner, pp. 108 - 11 ). the principal greek source of such teachings was the astrological poem of dorotheus of sidon ( bk. 5 passim ), which had been translated into pahlavi in the third century, and from that language was translated into arabic by ʿomar b. farrokan tabari ( dorothei sidonii carmen astrologicum, ed. d. pingree, leipzig, 1976 ) and, at least in part, by masaʾ - allah ( d. pingree, “ mashaʾallah ” ). other elements of this form of


carmen astrologicum, ed. d. pingree, leipzig, 1976 ) and, at least in part, by masaʾ - allah ( d. pingree, “ mashaʾallah ” ). other elements of this form of elections are found in the apotelesmatica of hephaestio of thebes ( ed. d. pingree, leipzig, 1973, bk. 3, chap. 5, pp. 240 - 51 ; cf. also catalogus v / 3, pp. 94 - 96 ). hephaestio was read by theophilus ( tawfil b. tuma ) of edessa, and introduced by him to masaʾ - allah ( both were at the ʿabbasid court during the last half of the 8th century ). from these greek sources — dorotheus and hephaestio —, as filtered through masaʾ - allah, elections based on the zodiacal sign occupied by the moon became an integral part of astrology as practiced in the islamic world. thus, for example, nasir - al - din tusi came to write in persian an ektiarat masir al - qamar, otherwise known as the ektiarat - e qamar fi boruj - e etnay ʿasar ( storey, ii, pp. 54 - 55 ). 4. dorotheus of sidon initiated a more complex method of practicing catarchic astrology in which the astrologer must search for the most propitious moment for undertaking an activity, basing his judgment on the full horoscope of that time. after this form of catarchic astrology reached india in the second century, it was paralleled by the indian development of interrogational astrology ( prasnajnana ), in which the judgment concerning an activity was based on the horoscope of the moment at which the question was posed to the astrologer. both indian muhurtasastra and prasnajnana were transmitted to persia during the sasanian era, and there blended with the pahlavi translations of dorotheus and vettius valens into an ambiguous science of elections, which was partly catarchic, partly interrogational. to the subject normally addressed by the greek astrologers, the indians added military astrology, by which kings and generals may be advised. to the subjects addressed by both greek and indian astrologers, the persians added political astrology


interrogational. to the subject normally addressed by the greek astrologers, the indians added military astrology, by which kings and generals may be advised. to the subjects addressed by both greek and indian astrologers, the persians added political astrology, by which both the governors and their potential or actual rivals may be advised ( this dangerous aspect of astrology had long been banned in the roman empire ; see cramer ). the pahlavi books on elections are now all lost, but we know of them through the greek works of theophilus of edessa, the arabic translations of dorotheus and valens ( walis ), the writings attributed to zoroaster and to bozorgmehr ( q. v. ), and the arabic works of a number of astrologers of persian background who wrote in the late eighth and ninth centuries, notably masaʾ - allah, ʿomar b. farrokan tabari, and sahl b. besr ( ketab al - ektiarat ʿala ’ l - boyut al - etnay ʿasar ). based on this early arabic tradition are several treatises written in persian. none of them has yet been published or studied, so that little more can be done here than to name them. the earliest is a ketab - e ektiarat composed at the order of sultan sanjar saljuqi ( r. 511 - 52 / 1117 - 57 ; storey, ii, p. 46 ). in the first decade of the thirteenth century fakr - al - din mohammad b. ʿomar razi ( d. 606 / 1209 ) composed a ketab al - ektiarat al - ʿalaʾiya fi ’ l - ektiaratal - samaʾiya for sultan ʿalaʾ - al - din mohammad ( r. 596 - 617 / 1200 - 20 ). razi himself later translated this into arabic ( storey, ii, p. 49 ). and on either 20 rajab 663 / 8 may 1265 or 9 jomada i 670 / 13 december 1271 nasir - al - din tusi completed, at maraga, a persian translation of and commentary on the ketab al - tamara of pseudo - ptolemy ; he had undertaken this work at the request of bahaʾ - al - din mohammad joveyni ( storey, ii, pp. 36 - 37 ). andarz i adurbad imahraspandan in


tamara of pseudo - ptolemy ; he had undertaken this work at the request of bahaʾ - al - din mohammad joveyni ( storey, ii, pp. 36 - 37 ). andarz i adurbad imahraspandan in j. m. jamasp - asana, ed., the pahlavi texts contained in the codex mx i, bombay, 1897. e. a. w. budge, the syriac book of medicines, 2 vols., london, 1913. catalogus codicum astrologorum graecorum, 12 vols. in 20 parts, brussels, 1898 - 1954. f. h. cramer, astrologyin roman law and politics, philadelphia, 1954. e. s. drower, the book of thezodiac, london, 1949. t. fahd, “ ikhtiyarat ” in ei ² iii, pp. 1063 - 64. w. b. henning, “ an astrological chapter of the bundahishn, ” jras, 1942, pp. 229 - 48. imam jaʿfar al - sadeq, ketab ektiarat ayyam al - sahr, ed. and tr. r. y. ebied and m. j. l. young as a treatise on hemerology ascribed to gaʿfar al - sadiq, arabica 23, 1976, pp. 296 - 307. r. labat, hemerologies et menologies d ’ assur, paris, 1939. idem, un almanach babylonien ( vr 48 - 49 ), paris 1943. d. n. mackenzie, “ zoroastrian astrology in the bundahisn, ” bso ( a ) s 27, 1964, pp. 511 - 29. d. pingree, jyotihsastra, wiesbaden, 1981. idem, “ mashaʾallah. greek, pahlavi, arabic, and latin astrology, ” forthcoming in arabic science and philosophy. e. reiner, astral magic in babylonia, philadelphia, 1995. j. ruska, arabische al - chemisten ii. gaʿfar al - sadiq, der sechste imam, heidelberg, 1924, pp. 35 - 36. sezgin, gas vii, pp. 32 - 38, 49 - 50, 80 - 87, 125 - 28, 324 - 25. r. c. zaehner, the teachings of


breakthroughs bring the next two major leaps in computing power into sight breakthroughs might make quantum computing, replacement for silicon practical within a decade one of the best things about covering technology is that you ' re always on the edge of a completely new generation of stuff that will make everything completely different than it ever was before, even before the last generation made everything different. " completely different " always seems pretty much the same, with a few more complications, higher costs and a couple of cool new capabilities, of course. unless you look back a decade or two and see that everything is completely different from the way it was then … must be some conceptual myopia that keeps us in happy suspense over the future, nostalgic wonder at the past and bored annoyance with the present. the next future to get excited about is going to be really cool, though. you know how long scientists have been working on quantum computers that will be incomparably more powerful than the ones we have now because don ' t have to be built on a " bit " that ' s either a 1 or a zero? they would use a piece of quantum data called a qubit ( or qbit, consistent with everything in the quantum world, the spelling wants to be two things at once ), that can exist in several states at the same time. that would turn the most basic function in computing from a toggle switch to a dial with many settings. multiply the number of pieces of data in the lowest - level function of the computer and you increase its power logarithmically. making it happen has been a trick ; they ' ve been under development for 20 years and probably won ' t show up for another 10. teams of austrian scientists may cut that time down a bit with a system they developed they say can create digital models of quantum - computing systems to make testing and development of both theory and manufacturing issues quicker and easier. they did it the same way lord of the rings brought gollum to life : putting a living example in front of cameras and taking detailed pictures they could use to recreate the image in any other digital environment. rather than an actor, the photo subject was a calcium atom, drastically cooled to slow its motion, then manipulated it using lasers, putting it through a set of paces predicted by quantum - mechanical theory, and recorded the results. abstracting those results lets the computer model predict the behavior of almost any other quantum particle or environment, making it possible to use the quantum version of a cad / cam system to develop and test new


by quantum - mechanical theory, and recorded the results. abstracting those results lets the computer model predict the behavior of almost any other quantum particle or environment, making it possible to use the quantum version of a cad / cam system to develop and test new approaches to the systems that will actually become quantum computers, according to a paper published in the journal science by researchers from the university of innsbruck and the institute for quantum optics and quantum information ( iqoqi ). far sooner than quantum computers will blow our digitized minds, transistors made from grapheme rather than chunkier materials will allow designers to create processors far more dense – and therefore more potentially powerful – than anything theoretically possible using silicon and metallic alloys we rely on now. graphene is a one - atom - thick layer of carbon that offers almost no resistance to electricity flowing through it, but doesn ' t naturally contain electrons at two energy levels, as silicon does. silicon transistors flip on or off by shifting electrons from one energy level to another. even silicon doesn ' t work that way naturally. it has to be " doped " with impurities to change its properties as a semiconductor. for graphene to work the same way, researchers have to add inverters that that mimic the dual energy levels of silicon. so far they only work at 320 degrees below zero fahrenheit ( 77 degrees kelvin ). researchers at purdue ' s birck nanotechnology center built a version that operates at room temperature, removing the main barrier to graphene as a practical option for computer systems design the researchers, led by doctoral candidate hong - yan chen presented their paper at the device research conference in santa barbara. calif. in june to publicize their results with the inverter. real application will have to wait for chen or others to integrate the design into a working circuit based on graphene rather than silicon. systems built on graphene have the potential to boost the computing power of current processors by orders of magnitude while reducing their size and energy use, but only if they operate in offices not cooled to 77 degrees kelvin. it will still be a few years before graphene starts showing up in airline magazines, let alone in it budgets. we ' ll probably be tired of them, too, by the time quantum computers show up, but there ' s just no satisfying some people. read more of kevin fogarty ' s coreit blog and follow the latest it news at itworld. follow kevin on twitter at @ kevinfogarty. for the latest it news, analysis


and wallace was impetuous. while darwin fully understood the implications of his theory, holding back publication because he knew he would upset believers, including his wife, wallace plunged in, happy to upset society. he didn ’ t give a damn, said jonathan rosen, in an essay on wallace in the new yorker magazine last year. “ this utter independence from public opinion is one of several reasons that he has all but vanished from popular consciousness. ” in addition, wallace believed in spiritualism ( which darwin and his friends detested ) and later campaigned against vaccination. “ wallace was an admirable man and was almost saintly in his treatment of others, ” says david attenborough. “ however, as a scientist, he was no match for darwin. wallace came up with the idea of natural selection in a couple of weeks in a malarial fever. darwin not only worked out the theory, he amassed swathes of information to support it. ” this point is backed by historian jim endersby. “ natural selection was a brilliant idea but it was the weight of evidence, provided by darwin, that made it credible. that is why we remember darwin as its principal author. ” on his round - the - world voyage on the beagle, between 1831 and 1836, he had filled countless notebooks with observations, particularly those of the closely related animals he saw on the different islands of the galapagos. and then, in his vast garden at downe, darwin had crossbred orchids, grown passionflowers and on one occasion played a bassoon to earthworms to test their response to vibrations. he collected masses of data about plant and animal breeding to support his arguments in “ the origin of species. ” wallace could provide nothing like this. this has not stopped accusations that darwin and his supporters used some very dirty tricks indeed to scupper wallace. according to these ideas, darwin received wallace ’ s paper from ternate several weeks earlier than he later claimed, filched its contents and then used them as his own in “ the origin of species. ” this argument is outlined in two american books — by arnold brackman and by john langdon brooks — that were published 20 years ago and depict darwin as an unscrupulous opportunist and intellectual thief. neither book provides anything like a convincing case, however, and the vast majority of academics have since concluded their claims are neither fair nor credible. as wallace ’ s own biographer peter raby concludes : “ never has an intriguing theory been built on slender


. neither book provides anything like a convincing case, however, and the vast majority of academics have since concluded their claims are neither fair nor credible. as wallace ’ s own biographer peter raby concludes : “ never has an intriguing theory been built on slenderer evidence. as for the human factor, there is nothing in darwin ’ s life to suggest that he was capable of such massive intellectual dishonesty, even if he was not especially generous in acknowledging his sources and debts. ” indeed, historians argue that had it not been for darwin, the idea of natural selection would have suffered grievously. if he had not been the first to develop natural selection, and wallace had been the one to get the kudos and attention, the theory would have made a very different impact. “ in the end, wallace came to believe evolution was sometimes guided by a higher power, ” adds endersby, who has edited the forthcoming cambridge university press edition of “ the origin of species. ” “ he thought natural selection could not account for the nature of the human mind and claimed humanity was affected by forces that took it outside the animal kingdom. ” this is perilously close to the idea of intelligent design, the notion — put forward by modern creationists — that a deity had a hand in directing the course of evolution. by contrast, darwin ’ s vision was austere and indicated humanity as a mere “ twig on the enormously arborescent bush of life which, if replanted from seed, would almost surely not grow this twig again, ” as stephen jay gould describes it. according to darwin, there are no get - out clauses for humans. we are as bound to the laws of natural selection as a bacterium or a tortoise. the roots of this unforgiving doctrine have a very human face, however. darwin meshed his life and career tightly together. he was a family man to his core and while he was grief - stricken by the death of baby charles in 1858, he had been left utterly shattered by the death from tuberculosis of his 10 - year - old daughter, annie, in 1851, as his great - great grandson, randal keynes points out in his book “ annie ’ s box : charles darwin, his daughter and human evolution. ” mustard poultices, brandy, chloride of lime and ammonia were all that medicine could then offer annie when she started to sicken. none had any effect on her worsening bouts of vomiting and delirium until annie “ expired without a sigh ” on


poultices, brandy, chloride of lime and ammonia were all that medicine could then offer annie when she started to sicken. none had any effect on her worsening bouts of vomiting and delirium until annie “ expired without a sigh ” on april 23, 1851, darwin recalled. “ we have lost the joy of the household and the solace of our old age. ” keynes argues persuasively that annie ’ s death had a considerable impact on darwin ’ s thinking. “ in her last days, he had watched as her face was changed beyond recognition by the emaciation of her fatal illness. you could only understand the true conditions of life if you held on to a sense of the true ruthlessness of natural forces. ” thus darwin ’ s eyes had been opened to the unforgiving processes that drive evolution. “ we behold the face of nature bright with gladness, ” he wrote years later. “ we do not see, or we forget, that the birds which are idly singing around us mostly live on insects or seeds, and are thus constantly destroying life, or we forget how largely these songsters, or their eggs, or their nestlings, are destroyed by birds or beasts of prey. ” or as he wrote elsewhere : “ all nature is war. ” this pitiless vision — which stressed blind chance as the main determiner in the struggle for survival and the course of evolution — was upsetting for victorians who put such faith in self - help and hard work. nevertheless, this is the version of natural selection that has since been supported by a century and a half of observation and which is now accepted by virtually every scientist on earth. i t has not been a happy process, of course. even today, natural selection holds a special status among scientific theories as being the one that it is still routinely rejected and attacked by a significant — albeit small — segment of society, mainly fundamentalist christians and muslims. such individuals tend to have few views on relativity, the big bang, or quantum mechanics, but adamantly reject the idea that humanity is linked to the rest of the animal world and descended from ape - like ancestors. “ twenty years ago, this was not a problem, ” says steve jones, a professor of genetics at university college london. “ today, i get dozens of students who ask to be excused lectures on evolution because of their religious beliefs. they even accuse me of telling lies when i say natural selection is backed by the facts. so i ask if they believe in mendel ’


“ today, i get dozens of students who ask to be excused lectures on evolution because of their religious beliefs. they even accuse me of telling lies when i say natural selection is backed by the facts. so i ask if they believe in mendel ’ s laws of genetics? they say yes, of course. and the existence of dna? again, yes. and genetic mutations? yes. the spread of insecticide resistance? yes. the divergence of isolated populations on islands? yes. and do you accept that 98 percent of dna is shared by humans and chimps? again yes. so what is wrong with natural selection? it ’ s all lies, they say. it beats me, frankly. ” this dismay is shared by dawkins. “ these people claim the world is less than 10, 000 years old, which is wrong by a great many orders of magnitude. earth is several billion years old. these individuals are not just silly, they are colossally, staggeringly ignorant. i am sure sense will prevail, however. ” and jones agrees. “ it ’ s a passing phase. in 20 years, this nonsense will have gone. ” natural selection is simply too important for society to live without it, he argues. it is the grammar of the living world and provides biologists with the means to make sense of our planet ’ s myriad plants and animals, a view shared by attenborough whose entire life on earth programs rests on the bed - rock of darwinian thinking. “ opponents say natural selection is not a theory supported by observation or experiment ; that it is not based on fact ; and that it cannot be proved, ” attenborough says. “ well, no, you cannot prove the theory to people who won ’ t believe in it any more than you can prove that the battle of hastings took place in 1066. however, we know the battle happened then, just as we know the course of evolution on earth unambiguously shows that darwin was right. ”


no holiday as joyous tu b ’ av ( the fifteenth of av ) is no longer the well - known holiday on the jewish calendar that it was in ancient times. in fact, in talmudic times it was said : “ there were no holidays so joyous for the jewish people as the fifteenth of av … ” ( ta ’ anit 26b ). on tu b ’ av, the unmarried maidens of jerusalem would go out to the vineyards to dance together under the gaze of the unmarried men ( sort of a sadie hawkins day! ). each young lady would be dressed in white clothing borrowed from her neighbor so that those who came from wealthy families would not stand out and none would be embarrassed. as they danced, the ladies would call out : “ young man, lift your eyes and choose wisely. don ’ t look only at physical beauty – look rather at the family [ values ], ‘ for charm is false, and beauty is deceitful. a god - fearing woman is the one to be praised … ’ ” ( proverbs 31 : 30 ). while in ancient times the same ceremony also took place on yom kippur, the day of tu b ’ av was specifically set aside for this celebration because it was the anniversary of the date on which inter - tribal marriages were permitted after the israelites had entered the land of israel. today is tu b ’ av. copyright © 2011 national jewish outreach program. all rights reserved. email this post


alexander the great : ( redirected from gebiha b. pesisa. ) - — in jewish legend : - samaritan intrigue. - the ten questions of alexander to the sages of the south ( tamid, 31b et seq. ) : - alexander ' s journey to the regions of darkness ( tamid, 32a ) : - the amazons ( tamid, ibid. ; pesik. ix. 74. 74a etseq. ; lev. r. xxvii. ; tan., emor, 6 ; hibbur ma ' asiot ) : - the gold bread ( ibid. ) : - king kazia and his judgment ( yer. b. m. ii. 8c ; gen. r. xxxiii. ; pesik. ; lev. r. ; tan., emor, as above ) : - alexander at the gate of paradise ; the eye : - alexander ' s ascent into the air ( yer. ' ab. zarah, iii. 42c ; num. r. xiii. ) : - alexander ' s descent into the sea ( ps. r. 103 ; compare pseudo - callisthenes, ii. xxxviii. ) : the celebrated conqueror of the east, 356 - 323 the only historical event connecting alexander the great with the jews is his visit to jerusalem, which is recorded by josephus in a somewhat fantastic manner. according to " ant. " xi. 8, § § 4 - 6, alexander went to jerusalem after having taken gaza. jaddua, the high priest, had a warning from god received in a dream, in which he saw himself vested in a purple robe, with his miter — that had the golden plate on which the name of god was engraved — on his head. accordingly he went to meet alexander at sapha ( " view " [ of the temple ] ). followed by the priests, all clothed in fine linen, and by a multitude of citizens, jaddua awaited the coming of the king. when alexander saw the high priest, he reverenced god ( lev. r. xiii., end ), and saluted jaddua ; while the jews with one voice greeted alexander. when parmenio, the general, gave expression to the army ' s surprise at alexander ' s extraordinary act — that one who ought to be adored by all as king should adore the high priest of the jews — alexander replied : " i


. when parmenio, the general, gave expression to the army ' s surprise at alexander ' s extraordinary act — that one who ought to be adored by all as king should adore the high priest of the jews — alexander replied : " i did not adore him, but the god who hath honored him with this high - priesthood ; for i saw this very person in a dream, in this very habit, when i was at dios in macedonia, who, when i was considering with myself how i might obtain dominion of asia, exhorted me to make no delay, but boldly to pass over the sea, promising that he would conduct my army, and would give me the dominion over the persians. " alexander then gave the high priest his right hand, and went into the temple and " offered sacrifice to god according to the high priest ' s direction, " treating the whole priesthood magnificently. " and when the book of daniel was shown him [ see dan. vii. 6, viii. 5 - 8, 20 - 22, xi. 3 - 4 ], wherein daniel declared that one of the greeks [ all the accounts which the talmud and midrash give concerning alexander mukdon ( the macedonian ) are of a legendary character. some of them pretend to be historical, as the following baraita in yoma, 69a ( identical with megillat ta ' anit, iii. ) : " when the samaritans had obtained permission from alexander to destroy the temple in jerusalem, the high priest simon the just, arrayed in his pontifical garments and followed by a number of distinguished jews, went out to meet the conqueror, and joined him at antipatris, on the northern frontier. at sight of simon, alexander fell prostrate at his feet, and explained to his astonished companions that the image of the jewish high priest was always with him in battle, fighting for him and leading him to victory. simon took the opportunity to justify the attitude of his countrymen, declaring that, far from being rebels, they offered prayers in the temple for the welfare of the king and his dominions. so impressed was alexander that he delivered up all the samaritans in his train into the hands of the jews, who tied them to the tails of horses and dragged them to the mountain of gerizim ; then the jews plowed the mountain [ demolished the samaritan temple ]. " it is evident that this account wrongly assigns to the times of alexander an event which occurred two


the tails of horses and dragged them to the mountain of gerizim ; then the jews plowed the mountain [ demolished the samaritan temple ]. " it is evident that this account wrongly assigns to the times of alexander an event which occurred two centuries later, in the reign of john hyrcanus i. it must therefore have been written at a late period, when the memory of historical incidents had become confused. the legend presents a striking resemblance to the narrative of josephus ( " ant. " xi. 8, § 1 et seq. ). the point of the fable is the honor conferred by alexander upon the high priest and the cause thereof ; and, furthermore, the contrast between his good - will to the jews and his hostility to the samaritans. both the narrative in the talmud and that of josephus are derived from an " apology " of the jews which aimed at discrediting the members of the samaritan sect. it is even possible that this apology, as buchler thinks ( " rev. et. juives, " lxxxvi. 1 ), had its origin in alexandria, where the attitude of alexander was of decisive importance in the eyes of the greek public : " in gen. r. ( lxi., end ) the samaritans are accused of playing a role equally despicable with that imputed to them in the above legend. when alexander advanced toward jerusalem, they informed him that the jews would forbid his entrance to the holy of holies. a jew, gebi ' ah ben kosem [ identical with gebia ben pesisa, a legendary character ], asked the king, on the hill of the temple, to remove his shoes and to put on the slippers ornamented with precious stones that he had brought for him, lest he should slip on the pavement of the temple. alexander complied with the request, and thus avoided a violation of the rabbinic law. when they arrived at the holy of holies, gebi ' ah said to the king, ' we are not permitted to proceed farther ' ( neither we nor you ). ' when i have left the temple, ' replied the king, ' i will straighten your hump ' ( gebi ' ah signifies humpback ). ' if you do, ' answered gebi ' ah, ' you are a great physician, and deserving of high remuneration. ' " this anecdote is one of those naive inventions of which many are found in


group of legends is of a more popular character ; they have nothing specifically jewish, and are connected with the general legendary tales of alexander. they may be given as follows : the ten questions of alexander to the sages of the south ( tamid, 31b et seq. ) : this account is written in certain parts in a classical aramaic, proving that it was borrowed from some written record ; it is quite analogous to the conversations which, according to plutarch ( " life of alexander " ), alexander was reported to have had with ten gymnosophists who had rebelled against him ; there the account continues with ten questions, some of which are identical with those of the talmud. this episode seems, therefore, to be the fragment of a non - jewish narrative, parallel with that of the greek historian. alexander ' s journey to the regions of darkness ( tamid, 32a ) : alexander makes a journey into the region of darkness riding on young libyan asses. there he stops at a fountain, which reanimates a dead fish that he has dipped into it. the same story is found in pseudo - callisthenes, ii. chaps. xxxix. - xli. ( version b ). the legend as reproduced in the talmud is the popular altered form of a later period. the amazons ( tamid, ibid. ; pesik. ix. 74. 74a etseq. ; lev. r. xxvii. ; tan., emor, 6 ; hibbur ma ' asiot ) : alexander comes to a place which is inhabited only by women. they say to him : " if you kill us, people will accuse you of murdering women. if we kill you, people will say : behold a king who was overcome by women! " this is the well - known story of the amazons, but reduced to its simplest expression. in the pesikta the town inhabited by the women is called kartagene, derived by folk - ety - mology from the aramaic karta ( town ) and the greek γυνη ( woman ). the gold bread ( ibid. ) : alexander asked the amazons for bread, and they brought him, on a golden table, a loaf of gold bread. " do you eat gold bread? " the king then said. " well, if your desire be for ordinary bread, could you not get it in your own country without coming hither? " answered the amazons.


a loaf of gold bread. " do you eat gold bread? " the king then said. " well, if your desire be for ordinary bread, could you not get it in your own country without coming hither? " answered the amazons. this satire on the ambition of conquerors recurs frequently in jewish legends. it does not appear in pseudo - callisthenes and in the accounts derived from it ; but is found in plutarch ' s essay on the virtuous deeds of women. pythes, a rich greek in the times of xerxes, who forces his fellow citizens to work for him in a gold - mine, is served by his wife with gold bread to demonstrate the absurdity of his greed. this moral is connected with alexander also in another form : instead of the amazons it was the king kazia who gave the lesson to alexander. king kazia and his judgment ( yer. b. m. ii. 8c ; gen. r. xxxiii. ; pesik. ; lev. r. ; tan., emor, as above ) : king kazia ( ruler of a country situated behind the " dark " mountains ) invited alexander to hear a lawsuit. the plaintiff declared that he had bought a piece of land and found in it a treasure ; he wanted to return the treasure to the original owner, since, he claimed, he had bought the field only. the defendant replied that he had sold the field with everything that it contained. then the king inquired of one of them : " have you a son? " ; of the other, " have you a daughter? " " marry them, and let the treasure be theirs. " alexander laughed at this judgment. " is my decision a wrong one? " inquired the king. " no ; but in our country we would have put the two parties to death and confiscated the treasure. " " do you have rain in your country? " " yes. " " and have you animals also? " " yes. " " then it is surely for their sake and not for yours that the rain falls and the sun shines upon you. " this satirical account seems to be of jewish origin, although it is, in part, based on a popular theme — marriage as the solution of a lawsuit ( compare a cambodian tale in " revue des traditions populaires, " xv. 133 ). the jewish form of the fable was embodied in the " dicta philosophorum " of abu al wafa mu


the solution of a lawsuit ( compare a cambodian tale in " revue des traditions populaires, " xv. 133 ). the jewish form of the fable was embodied in the " dicta philosophorum " of abu al wafa mubashshir ibn fakih ( 1053 - 54 ), a work which was translated into spanish, latin, english, and french ( see knust, " mittheilungen aus dem eskurial, " tubingen, 1879 ). in other arabic texts the trial takes place before david and solomon ( weil, " biblische legenden, " p. 215 ). the anecdote seems to have been brought to europe by a priest in 1083 ( " chronique de l ' abbaye de st. hubert " ; pertz, " monumenta germanica, scriptores, " viii. 599 ). alexander at the gate of paradise ; the eye : the talmud ( tamid, 32b ) concludes with this narrative : alexander arrived at the gate of paradise and asked that it be opened to him. " only the just can enter here, " came the reply. " i am a renowned king ; present me with something. " a little ball was given to him. he put it in a scale ; and it outweighed all the gold and silver in his possession. in his astonishment he turned to the rabbis, who explained to him that it was an eyeball, which could never be satiated ; but if covered with a handful of dust ( buried ) it would weigh nothing. this satire on greed, or the ambition to acquire wealth, seems likewise to be genuinely jewish. this allegory, as it appears in the talmud, is reproduced in better shape in " alexandri magni iter ad paradisum, " a little work of the twelfth century, which has even preserved traces of its jewish origin. in this it is an old jew, of the name of papas, who lectures the king. both forms of the legend are evidently connected with a lost original. alexander ' s ascent into the air ( yer. ' ab. zarah, iii. 42c ; num. r. xiii. ) : this appears to be a reminiscence of a narrative in pseudo - callisthenes ( ii. xli. ). alexander ' s descent into the sea ( ps. r. 103 ; compare pseudo - callisthenes, ii. xxxviii. ) : in


of a narrative in pseudo - callisthenes ( ii. xli. ). alexander ' s descent into the sea ( ps. r. 103 ; compare pseudo - callisthenes, ii. xxxviii. ) : in the middle ages the jews confined themselves to translations of the romance of alexander from the arabic or the latin, particularly in the form which it had received in the " historia de proeliis. " a hebrew translation of this work, made by an unknown writer after an arabic version, was edited and published by israel levi under the title " toledot alexander " ( life of alexander ), paris, 1887. another translation from a latin text, by immanuel ben jacob de tarascon, exists only in manuscript. a recension, the origin of which has not yet been clearly ascertained, was surreptitiously included in certain manuscripts of the josippon ( perhaps by judah mosconi ). another romance of alexander, quite different from the rest, was written by a jew in the west of europe before the thirteenth century ; it was published by israel levi in steinschneider ' s " festschrift. " some portions of the legend were known to scholars by the hebrew translation of " sod ha - sodot " ( secret of secrets ) and of " musare ha - filosofim " ( dicta of the philosophers ), containing whole chapters touching upon the legendary life of alexander. - rev. et. juives, iii. 239 et seq., iv. 279 ; - steinschneider, hebr. uebers. pp. 894 - 898 ; - noldeke, beitrage zur gesch. des alexander - romans, in denkschriften der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften, philosophisch - historische classe, xxxviii. ch. iv., vienna, 1890 ; - frankel, in z. d. m. g. liv. 322 ; - jew. quart. rev. iv. 635 ; - bacher, nizami ' s lehen und werke und der zweite theil des nizamischen alexanderbuches, pp. 63 et seq., leipsic, 1871.


the jewish month by chaim issacson the world has two time measuring cycles, the sun and the moon. as all know, the sun takes some 365 and a quarter days to make a yearly cycle. the moon, on the other hand, makes a cycle every 29 and a half days. this means that it difficult to measure years using the lunar cycle. the world is divided as to how to use these two cycles. whereas the western world uses the solar year, the muslim world uses the lunar year. the muslims add twelve months together and that is a year. therefore it happens that a muslim baby born in the winter will celebrate an adult birthday in the summer since the lunar year is some 354 days and the solar year is 365. each year the muslim calendar " loses " 11 days or his year " slips " back by 11 days in relation to the solar calendar. whereas the christian holidays always fall in the same date according to the solar calendar, they have no relation to the lunar influence. the muslim holiday, on the other hand, ramidan, for example, will move through the yearly cycle, but be fixed by the moon. we jews, of course, have our own way of fixing the calendar. we use a combo of solar and lunar measurements. one of the first commandments that was given to the jews, even before they left egypt, was to fix the calendar to observe the month of the passover in the appointed time, the spring. thus, the requirement of having a monthly calendar that is adjusted to meet the solar cycle is a biblical injunction. it should not be overlooked that two of the major jewish festivals begin on the full moon, passover and succoth. rosh hashanah, the jewish new year is different, it is the first day of the seventh month. the jewish month is based on the seeing the new moon. when two persons saw the new moon they would come to the jewish high court and give testimony that they had saw the moon. this did not mean that the court did not know when the moon was scheduled to appear, but rather that the sanctification of the moon had to be made according to eyewitness reports. the court would question the witnesses to ascertain that they indeed did see the moon. afterwards, the court proclaimed that a new month had begun. even if the court knew by its own calculations that the new moon was scheduled to appear on a certain day, but due to weather conditions it was not seen, they did not declare the new moon until


the court proclaimed that a new month had begun. even if the court knew by its own calculations that the new moon was scheduled to appear on a certain day, but due to weather conditions it was not seen, they did not declare the new moon until the next day when witnesses arrived. it was conceivable that the new month would be delayed a day. also the courts were empowered to add an extra month to the yearly cycle to insure that the holiday of passover would be in the spring. for this purpose they would add another month to the yearly cycle. the year would then have thirteen months ( as in this year 2000, or as we say, 5760 ). since the spotting of the moon and declaration of the new month had ramifications as to when the jewish holidays would be, many tried to thwart the actions of the courts in order to prevent the jews from observing their holidays. aside from dishonest ' witnesses ', the ancient greeks, during the time of chanukah, tried to prevent the jews from declaring new months through various decrees. this was in hopes to prevent the jews from observing their holidays. in addition, during the time after the first exile, when many jews still resided in babylon, the courts set up a relay system of lighting fires on the tops of mountains. in this manner the declaration of the month was related quickly to the jews in the diaspora so that they could observe the festival of passover and the holy fast of yom kippur in its proper time. the samaritans, who inhabited the mountainous area, would lite fires in order to confuse the jews in the diaspora. the courts were then obligated to send out messengers to bring the news to those jews who lived so far away. although the new moon is not a ' religious ' holiday, it does have religious significance. the day, during the time of the holy temple, was marked with an additional sacrifice. today, a special prayer called " hallel, " or praise, is said and many have the custom to eat something special in honor of the new month. in olden times, we had a court that would declare the new month according to the sightings. this court was made up of judges who were empowered through a direct chain from moses. this was a requirement. today, no one has such authority to declare a new month. thanks to the farsightedness of rabbi hillel the prince, who was the last of the princes from the house of david, we have a


moses. this was a requirement. today, no one has such authority to declare a new month. thanks to the farsightedness of rabbi hillel the prince, who was the last of the princes from the house of david, we have a calendar that has all of the months and holidays figured until the jewish year 6000. according to the jewish tradition, the messiah will come by the year 6000 and the continuation of the calendar will be addressed then. rabbi hillel, who lived during the turbulent time of the destruction of the temple, saw that the troubles of the jewish people were increasing and the ability of the courts became diminished. using the calculations that were known to the jewish sages from the time of moses, he publicized the calendar through his efforts it was accepted. this calendar is the one we use today. this calendar basically uses a 19 - year cycle of twelve regular ( 12 month ) years and seven intercalated ( 13 month ) years. the order of the intercalated years in each cycle is the 3rd, 6th, 8th, 11th, 14th, 17th, and 19th years. the month that is added is the month of adar ( the month that precedes the month that has the passover holiday ). the year then has two adars, adar 1 and adar 2. the holiday of purim is then celebrated in the second adar. the jewish people are often compared in rabbinical literature to the moon. just as the moon has periods of being full and being lacking, so do the jewish people. just as the moon receives its light from the sun, so the jewish people receive their sustenance from g - d directly. from the february 2000 edition of the jewish magazine


me and my mom are having an agrument about how to solve this problem. 27 / ( 5 + 4 ) * 19 = she says the answer is 57 and i say the answer is 6 with a remainder of 9.. can you please tell me who is right. thank you. i need help labeling complements in my sentences. i am not sure if i am doing this correctly or not. could you please check to see if i have the following parts of speech labeled correctly? i must identify the subject, verb and complements. i must determinit if the complement... what is a vibration? what is the relationship between period and frequency? summer assignment : would you say do you know who will replace erica and _ i _ next week? which word would you put in place if i is the wrong pronoun? me or myself, maybe? i have an english 10 summer assignment about grammar and such. one of the questions is : in the following sentence, which words are verbs? melissa was worried about her job interview. a. was, worried b. worried c. worried, about i know that it ' s not c., and i don ' t thin... what is the kcalorie value of a meal supplying 110g of carbs, 25g of protein, 20g of fat, and 5g of alcohol? please help show work yes those are the answers i got too! i just wanted to see if i was right.. thanks ( daddy warbucks employs workers in his perfectly competitive factory. mr. smith employs workers in his monopolistic factory as the only producer of the thing you really want. given the following information, determine how many workers each firm will employ : the weekly salary... chemical reaction formulas of : 1. ) fe + h2so4 2. ) fes + h2so4 3. ) cs2 + s what happens if you heat jic and iron together? what happens if you heat jic and iron sulphide together / for further reading


some school districts are returning to an old idea, ap reports. they ’ re grouping students by performance rather than age. the boldest experiment will start in kansas city, missouri schools this fall when 17, 000 students will switch to the new system. students — often of varying ages — work at their own pace, meeting with teachers to decide what part of the curriculum to tackle. teachers still instruct students as a group if it ’ s needed, but often students are working individually or in small groups on projects that are tailored to their skill level. for instance, in a classroom learning about currency, one group could draw pictures of pennies and nickels. a student who has mastered that skill might use pretend money to practice making change. students who progress quickly can finish high school material early and move forward with college coursework. alternatively, in some districts, high - schoolers who need extra time can stick around for another year. advocates say the approach cuts down on discipline problems because advanced students aren ’ t bored and struggling students aren ’ t frustrated. kansas city ’ s traditional public schools have seen enrollment fall by half as students move to suburbs or enroll in charter or private schools ; 40 percent of schools are closing. the district spent $ 2 billion in state desegregation case funds without raising test scores. kansas city is desperate. superintendent john covington will start the new system in elementary schools. “ this system precludes us from labeling children failures, ” covington said. “ it ’ s not that you ’ ve failed, it ’ s just that at this point you haven ’ t mastered the competencies yet and when you do, you will move to the next level. ” in a marzano research laboratory study of 15 school districts in alaska, colorado and florida, “ researchers found that students who learned through the different approach were 2. 5 times more likely to score at a level that shows they have a good grasp of the material on exams for reading, writing, and mathematics. ” greg johnson, director of curriculum and instruction for the bering strait school district in alaska, recalled that before the switch there were students who had been on honor roll throughout high school then failed a test the state requires for graduation. now, he said if students are on pace to pass a class like algebra i, the likelihood of them passing the state exam covering that material is more than 90 percent. teachers love the new approach, johnson says.


the library of congress has recently digitalized a collection of over 10, 000 photographs, taken by the " american colony " in jerusalem, a group of christian utopians who lived in jerusalem between 1881 and the 1940s. the photographers returned to the us, and bequeathed their massive collection to the library of congress in 1978. the collection includes winston churchill ' s visit to jerusalem, jewish expulsions from the old city during riots, and the building of tel aviv. by some accounts, the valero family arrived in jerusalem in the 18th or 19th centuries from turkey. researchers have even suggested that the family were once conversos - secret jews who were forced to convert to christianity in spain. they later traveled to turkey and returned to their jewish faith. in jerusalem, the family took up residence in the old city of jerusalem. according to a monograph by hebrew university ' s prof. ruth kark and joseph glass, ya ' akov valero arrived in jerusalem in 1835 from istanbul. originally a ritual slaughterer, valero opened a private bank - the first in palestine - in 1848, located inside jaffa gate in the old city. when ya ' akov died in 1874, the banking and real estate enterprise was eventually taken over by his son chaim aharon. among the valeros ' land holdings were tracts outside of the old city on jaffa road, the area that eventually became the mahane yehuda market, the grounds of the bikur holim hospital, and several acres around damascus gate, a hub of commerce in the 18th and early 19th centuries. prior to world war i chaim aharon built and leased stores at the entrance of damascus gate, seen in the pictures above. in the 1930s, the british authorities ruled that the area should be zoned for use as " open spaces " and they demolished the shops in 1937. the valeros were not compensated. more photos can be viewed at http : / / www. israeldailypicture. com


ever promised yourself that this year you were definitely going to give that bad habit the flick, only to give into your vice again after only a couple of hours? well, the good news is that ‘ bad ’ habit may not actually be as harmful as you think. here are 10 common ‘ bad ’ habits that are actually good for your health. most of us love a good gossip, whether we ’ re giggling over a colleague ’ s new romance or passing an opinion on someone ’ s outfit choice or behaviour, and the good news is that gossiping could actually be good for us. not only does listening to gossip help us to learn more about the characters of those around us, bonding and having a laugh with your peers also releases feel - good hormones which help to relieve stress and anxiety. although drinking too much coffee can be detrimental to your health, in smaller quantities the popular hot drink can actually be good for you. when drunk in moderation ( no more than three cups per day ), caffeine can speed up your metabolism, boost exercise endurance and reduce your risk of gallstones and kidney stones. a study by the harvard medical school has also found that women who drink two or more cups of coffee a day are less likely to be depressed, while separate research has shown that drinking three cups cuts risk of age - related diabetes. it ’ s the bane of school teachers everywhere, yet research suggests that fidgeting may be no bad thing – at least in us adults. research suggests that fidgeting can burn up to 350 extra calories a day, helping you to keep off those excess pounds. to further increase your calorie burn, try to squeeze in more incidental exercise, such as getting up to change the channel rather than using the remote control. swearing : it ’ s not big and it ’ s not clever … but studies suggest that in certain situations it may actually be good for you. according to a study by the university of east anglia, swearing at work could help employees cope with stress and maintain solidarity. meanwhile, researchers at keele university ’ s school of psychology found that swearing can provide effective short - term relief from pain. however, the study also notes that swearing should be reserved for crises only, as the higher the daily swearing frequency was for participants, the less pain relief they experienced. skipping a shower ok, so repeatedly missing showers may not win you any friends, but if you are ever tempted to skip a shower here and there, research suggests that you could be doing your health ( and the environment ) a


pain relief they experienced. skipping a shower ok, so repeatedly missing showers may not win you any friends, but if you are ever tempted to skip a shower here and there, research suggests that you could be doing your health ( and the environment ) a favour. daily washing not only strips your skin of the natural oils that keep it hydrated and supple, it could also strip your skin of good bacteria that help to prevent disease. if you do decide to skip a shower, just try to do it on a day when you won ’ t be vigorously working out! losing your temper many of us have been brought up to believe that losing our temper is the ultimate social faux pas. to an extent this is true ( nobody wants to hang out with that person who is always losing their cool and shouting their mouth off ), however research has found that losing your temper could actually be good for your health. venting your emotions is believed to reduce the effects of stress, while a swedish study found that men who bottled up their anger when unfairly treated at work doubled their risk of having a heart attack. in recent years, official advice has been that we should cover up in the sun at all times to protect ourselves from skin cancer. however, more recently experts have stated that actually little and frequent sun exposure is good for us. in the uk, where vitamin d deficiency is common, seven leading health groups and charities have issued a statement advising everyone to spend 10 minutes in the midday sun without sunblock in order to avoid rickets. meanwhile, a us study has stated that the vitamin d produced by the sun could help ward off colds and flu. however, experts have stressed that people should cover up after 10 minutes, and skin should never be red at the end of the day. having a lie - in feeling guilty about your weekend lie - in? don ’ t be! research has found that sleep can help you live longer, boost your memory and reduce stress, while not getting enough can lead to accidents, weight gain, and increased risk of heart disease. furthermore, delaying your morning workout in favour of some shut - eye may have health benefits, as research from brunel university found that heavy training sessions early in the morning can compromise the immune system. giving in to your cravings although constantly giving into junk food cravings is a sure - fire way to sabotage your healthy eating success, allowing yourself the odd treat will not only boost your happiness, it will also help you keep motivated to stay on track. also, as many people cr


constantly giving into junk food cravings is a sure - fire way to sabotage your healthy eating success, allowing yourself the odd treat will not only boost your happiness, it will also help you keep motivated to stay on track. also, as many people crave the foods that they most attempt to resist, allowing yourself a little of what you fancy can actually help to reduce cravings. if you have imposed extreme restrictions on your diet and cut out entire food groups, cravings could also be a sign of a nutrient deficiency in your diet. many of us view daydreaming as a sign of laziness or form of procrastination ; however, researchers at the university of british columbia have found that letting your mind wander can actually help boost your problem - solving abilities. the study found that when participants minds wandered, the parts of their brain associated with problem - solving became more active than when focused on routine tasks. so, while daydreaming can increase the time it takes to complete your present task, it can allow you to unconsciously sort through other important problems in your life. realbuzz. com is a healthy lifestyle blog which will keep you informed on most aspects of a healthy lifestyle. you can visit their site or follow them on twitter here : http : / / twitter. com / #! / realbuzzcom


when you are injected with the flu vaccine, your body reacts as if it has been infected with the actual living virus and makes antibodies that provide immunity against the real virus. these antibodies remain at high levels for only six to nine months. these waning antibody levels are one reason why you need to be revaccinated each year. the main reason you should be revaccinated yearly is the flu virus is constantly changing and evolving into new strains. each year the cdc attempts to predict which flu strain will be predominant. the cdc works with vaccine manufacturers to produce the specific vaccine that will combat the predicted strain. if you are concerned about the cost of a flu immunization, check with your local health department for locations in your area where free flu shots are given. treating yourself at home when you are exposed to the flu, the virus incubates for three to five days before symptoms begin. you probably have the flu if you come down with a high fever, sore throat, muscle aches, a runny or stuffy nose, and a cough ( usually dry ). the symptoms in children may also include vomiting, diarrhea and ear infections. flu is usually self - treatable but has to run its course. you can treat symptoms by getting bed rest, drinking plenty of fluids, taking acetaminophen for aches and pains, and using a humidifier to keep nasal passages moist. expect the flu to last about five days, which is the time it takes your body to produce the antibodies that finally beat the infection. you will be protected from that strain of influenza for the rest of the season. some people continue to feel ill and cough for more than two weeks. in some cases, the flu can make health conditions such as asthma or diabetes worse or lead to complications such as bacterial pneumonia. adults older than 65 and people with chronic health conditions have the greatest risk for complications from the flu, the cdc says. antiviral medications are also recommended to treat the flu - - amantadine, rimantadine, zanamivir and oseltamivir - - but must be taken within the first two days of illness to be effective, the cdc says. they can reduce the length of time flu symptoms are present. these medications usually are used in hospitals, nursing homes and other institutions where people are at high risk for complications of the flu. some side effects may result from taking these medications, such as nervousness, lightheadedness, or nausea. individuals with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease


' huge ' gaps in mental health care for children, experts warn nbcnews. com - the u. s. mental health system has huge gaps that prevent many children with psychological problems from receiving effective treatment that could prevent tragic consequences later in life, experts told u. s. lawmakers on thursday. just over a month after the shooting rampage in newtown, connecticut, mental health experts said psychological disorders usually emerge before people enter high school but that only one - quarter of children with problems see trained professionals and often the care is not " we see the results of insufficient mental health care in school failure and suicide. how do we do better? " michael hogan, head of the president ' s new freedom commission on mental health, said in written testimony to the senate health, education, labor and pensions committee. " while the gaps in children ' s mental health care are huge, there is also reason for hope, " he added. " in part, this is because we know more about what works, and what doesn ' t. " hogan, a former new york mental health commissioner, was scheduled to appear with two other experts thursday at the senate committee ' s first hearing on mental health issues since the presidency of republican george w. bush, who set up the commission hogan now chairs. the hearing was scheduled in response to the shootings at newtown ' s sandy hook elementary school where adam lanza, a young man described as having mental issues, gunned down 26 people including 20 young children with an ar - 15 - type assault rifle on dec. 14. the tragedy and other mass shootings in recent years have ignited a debate about gun control and mental health, including a push by president barack obama for stronger gun controls and better mental health training for schools and communities. robert vero, chief executive of a network of tennessee clinics called cornerstone, said mental health professionals who work with children also lack access to parents and other relatives whose problems may contribute to a child ' s troubles, sometimes due to inadequate insurance " we need to be able to teach parenting skills if we want the child ' s behavior to change, " said vero. " we need to be able to address the parent ' s depression or addiction. " the experts credited obama ' s healthcare reform law, the patient protection and affordable care act, with making a step forward by requiring insurers including medicaid to provide coverage for mental but they said the american social safety net still fails to provide adequate access for the poor and elderly, noting that state mental health funding declined $ 4 billion from


with making a step forward by requiring insurers including medicaid to provide coverage for mental but they said the american social safety net still fails to provide adequate access for the poor and elderly, noting that state mental health funding declined $ 4 billion from 2009 to 2012 as a result of budget constraints posed by recession and the weak economic recovery. monday, may 20 2013 11 : 47 pm edt2013 - 05 - 21 03 : 47 : 27 gmt khq. com - time - lapsed video of a massive 2 - mile - wide tornado rips through southern oklahoma city on monday. this footage has been sped up by 10x. > > khq. com - time - lapsed video of a massive 2 - mile - wide tornado rips through southern oklahoma city on monday. this footage has been sped up by 10x. so far more than 50 people have died, including 20 children, following the tornado that tore through moore, oklahoma monday. officials say that number is expected rise as crews work through the night to find people buried in the rubble. > > sunday, may 19 2013 7 : 54 pm edt2013 - 05 - 19 23 : 54 : 08 gmt khq. com - the 2013 spokane lilac festival armed forces torchlight parade is in the books. > > khq. com - the 2013 spokane lilac festival armed forces torchlight parade is in the books. with tens of thousands of people in downtown spokane watching the parade, the floats, the marching bands, we know you took plenty of pictures! well, we want to see them! > >


kidney stones in children on this page : - what is a kidney stone? - what is the urinary tract? - are kidney stones common in children? - what causes kidney stones in children? - what are the signs and symptoms of kidney stones in children? - what types of kidney stones occur in children? - how are kidney stones in children diagnosed? - how are kidney stones in children treated? - how are kidney stones in children prevented? - eating, diet, and nutrition - points to remember - hope through research - for more information what is a kidney stone? a kidney stone is a solid piece of material that forms in a kidney when substances that are normally found in the urine become highly concentrated. a stone may stay in the kidney or travel down the urinary tract. kidney stones vary in size. a small stone may pass out of the body causing little or no pain. a larger stone may get stuck along the urinary tract and can block the flow of urine, causing severe pain or blood that can be seen in the urine. what is the urinary tract? the urinary tract is the body ’ s drainage system for removing wastes and extra water. the urinary tract includes two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra. the kidneys are a pair of bean - shaped organs, each about the size of a fist and located below the ribs, one on each side of the spine, toward the middle of the back. every minute, a person ’ s kidneys filter about 3 ounces of blood, removing wastes and extra water. the wastes and extra water make up the 1 to 2 quarts of urine an adult produces each day. children produce less urine each day ; the amount produced depends on their age. the urine travels from the kidneys down two narrow tubes called the ureters. the urine is then stored in a balloonlike organ called the bladder. when the bladder empties, urine flows out of the body through a tube called the urethra at the bottom of the bladder. are kidney stones common in children? no exact information about the incidence of kidney stones in children is available, but many kidney specialists report seeing more children with this condition in recent years. while kidney stones are more common in adults, they do occur in infants, children, and teenagers from all races and ethnicities what causes kidney stones in children? kidney stones can form when substances in the urine — such as calcium, magnesium, oxalate,