casting votes were supposed to maintain the balance between the greek and turkish members of the courts. whereas under the previous regime greek - cypriot and turkish - cypriot judges tried all cases irrespective of the origin of the litigants, the constitution provided that disputes among turkish cypriots be tried only by turkish cypriot judges, disputes among greek cypriots by greek cypriot judges only, and disputes between greek cypriots and turkish cypriots by mixed courts composed of both greek cypriot and turkish cypriot judges. thus, to try the case of a petty offence which involved both greek and turkish cypriots, two judges had to sit. in addition, separate greek and turkish communal chambers were created with legislative and administrative powers in regard to educational, religious, cultural, sporting and charitable matters, cooperative and credit societies, and questions of personal status. separate municipalities were envisaged for greek cypriots and turkish cypriots in the five largest towns of the island. as the population and properties were intermixed, the provisions were difficult and expensive for the small towns of cyprus. the united nations mediator on cyprus, dr. galo plaza, described the 1960 constitution created by the zurich and london agreements as " a constitutional oddity ", and that difficulties in implementing the treaties signed on the basis of those agreements had begun almost immediately after independence. within three years the functioning of the legislature started to fail, and in 1963, when the fiscal laws under article 78 of the constitution expired, the house of representatives split along straight communal lines and failed to renew the income tax upon which the public finances depended. in november 1963, the ( greek - cypriot ) president of the republic, archbishop makarios iii, suggested amendments to the constitution " to resolve constitutional deadlocks ". the turkish - cypriot leadership, following the mainland turkish government, said they were unacceptable. the vice - president publicly declared that the republic of cyprus had ceased to exist, and along with the three turkish - cypriot ministers, the turkish - cypriot members of the house withdrew, as did turkish - cypriot civil servants. president makarios refused all suggestions which would have resulted in the partition of cyprus, and negotiations over the problem have never yet succeeded. de facto, cyprus has remained partitioned for over forty years. treaty of guarantee together with the zurich and london agreements, two other treaties were also agreed upon in zurich. the treaty of guarantee was designed to preserve bi - communal consociationalism and independent state of the republic of cyprus. cyprus and the guarantor powers ( the united kingdom, turkey, and


two other treaties were also agreed upon in zurich. the treaty of guarantee was designed to preserve bi - communal consociationalism and independent state of the republic of cyprus. cyprus and the guarantor powers ( the united kingdom, turkey, and greece ) promised to prohibit the promotion of " either the union of the republic of cyprus with any other state, or the partition of the island ". article three of the treaty of guarantee provides, " in so far as common or concerted action may prove impossible, each of the three guaranteeing powers reserves the right to take action with the sole aim of re - establishing the state of affairs ( i. e. bi - communal consociational state ) established by the present treaty. " in july 1974, there was briefly a greek - backed coup d ' etat in cyprus. turkey claimed under the treaty of guarantee to intervene militarily. the legality of the invasion depends on whether common or concerted action between the united kingdom, greece and turkey had proved impossible and whether the outcome of the invasion safeguarded the bi - communal consociational, independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the republic of cyprus. in 1983, turkish cypriots issued the declaration of independence of the turkish republic of northern cyprus. this has been recognized by turkey only. the united nations declared the turkish republic of northern cyprus legally invalid and asked for its withdrawal. the un security council has issued multiple resolutions that all states should refrain from recognizing the protectorate of turkey in cyprus. - para. 163 of report to the u. n. secretary - general in march 1965 - paragraph 129, ibid. - treaty of guarantee of republic of cyprus


| quantum field theory | | | it has been suggested that this article be merged with zero - point energy. ( discuss ) proposed since june 2012. | in quantum field theory, the vacuum state ( also called the vacuum ) is the quantum state with the lowest possible energy. generally, it contains no physical particles. zero - point field is sometimes used [ by whom? ] as a synonym for the vacuum state of an individual quantized field. according to present - day understanding of what is called the vacuum state or the quantum vacuum, it is " by no means a simple empty space ", and again : " it is a mistake to think of any physical vacuum as some absolutely empty void. " according to quantum mechanics, the vacuum state is not truly empty but instead contains fleeting electromagnetic waves and particles that pop into and out of existence. the qed vacuum of quantum electrodynamics ( or qed ) was the first vacuum of quantum field theory to be developed. qed originated in the 1930s, and in the late 1940s and early 1950s it was reformulated by feynman, tomonaga and schwinger, who jointly received the nobel prize for this work in 1965. today the electromagnetic interactions and the weak interactions are unified in the theory of the electroweak interaction. the standard model is a generalization of the qed work to include all the known elementary particles and their interactions ( except gravity ). quantum chromodynamics is the portion of the standard model that deals with strong interactions, and qcd vacuum is the vacuum of quantum chromodynamics. it is the object of study in the large hadron collider and the relativistic heavy ion collider, and is related to the so - called vacuum structure of strong interactions. non - zero expectation value if the quantum field theory can be accurately described through perturbation theory, then the properties of the vacuum are analogous to the properties of the ground state of a quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator ( or more accurately, the ground state of a qm problem ). in this case the vacuum expectation value ( vev ) of any field operator vanishes. for quantum field theories in which perturbation theory breaks down at low energies ( for example, quantum chromodynamics or the bcs theory of superconductivity ) field operators may have non - vanishing vacuum expectation values called condensates. in the standard model, the non - zero vacuum expectation value of the higgs field, arising from spontaneous symmetry


a field φ, which should be written as, is usually condensed to. virtual particles the presence of virtual particles can be rigorously based upon the non - commutation of the quantized electromagnetic fields. non - commutation means that although the average values of the fields vanish in a quantum vacuum, their variances do not. the term " vacuum fluctuations " refers to the variance of the field strength in the minimal energy state, and is described picturesquely as evidence of " virtual particles ". it is sometimes attempted to provide an intuitive picture of virtual particles based upon the heisenberg energy - time uncertainty principle : ( with δe and δt being the energy and time variations respectively ; δe is the accuracy in the measurement of energy and δt is the time taken in the measurement, and ħ is the planck constant divided by 2π ) arguing along the lines that the short lifetime of virtual particles allows the " borrowing " of large energies from the vacuum and thus permits particle generation for short times. although the phenomenon of virtual particles is accepted, this interpretation of the energy - time uncertainty relation is not universal. one issue is the use of an uncertainty relation limiting measurement accuracy as though a time uncertainty δt determines a " budget " for borrowing energy δe. another issue is the meaning of " time " in this relation, because energy and time ( unlike position q and momentum p, for example ) do not satisfy a canonical commutation relation ( such as [ q, p ] = i ħ ). various schemes have been advanced to construct an observable that has some kind of time interpretation, and yet does satisfy a canonical commutation relation with energy. the very many approaches to the energy - time uncertainty principle are a long and continuing subject. physical nature of the quantum vacuum according to astrid lambrecht ( 2002 ) : " when one empties out a space of all matter and lowers the temperature to absolute zero, one produces in a gedankenexperiment the quantum vacuum state. " photon - photon interaction can occur only through interaction with the vacuum state of some other field, for example through the dirac electron - positron vacuum field ; this is associated with the concept of vacuum polarization. according to milonni ( 1994 ) : "... all quantum fields have zero - point energies and vacuum fluctuations. " this means that there is a component of the quantum vacuum respectively for each component field ( considered in the conceptual absence of the other fields ), such as the electromagnetic field, the dirac electron


quantum fields have zero - point energies and vacuum fluctuations. " this means that there is a component of the quantum vacuum respectively for each component field ( considered in the conceptual absence of the other fields ), such as the electromagnetic field, the dirac electron - positron field, and so on. according to milonni ( 1994 ), some of the effects attributed to the vacuum electromagnetic field can have several physical interpretations, some more conventional than others. the casimir attraction between uncharged conductive plates is often proposed as an example of an effect of the vacuum electromagnetic field. schwinger, deraad, and milton ( 1978 ) are cited by milonni ( 1994 ) as validly, though unconventionally, explaining the casimir effect with a model in which " the vacuum is regarded as truly a state with all physical properties equal to zero. " in this model, the observed phenomena are explained as the effects of the electron motions on the electromagnetic field, called the source field effect. milonni writes : " the basic idea here will be that the casimir force may be derived from the source fields alone even in completely conventional qed,... " milonni provides detailed argument that the measurable physical effects usually attributed to the vacuum electromagnetic field cannot be explained by that field alone, but require in addition a contribution from the self - energy of the electrons, or their radiation reaction. he writes : " the radiation reaction and the vacuum fields are two aspects of the same thing when it comes to physical interpretations of various qed processes including the lamb shift, van der waals forces, and casimir effects. " this point of view is also stated by jaffe ( 2005 ) : " the casimir force can be calculated without reference to vacuum fluctuations, and like all other observable effects in qed, it vanishes as the fine structure constant, α, goes to zero. " see also references and notes - astrid lambrecht ( hartmut figger, dieter meschede, claus zimmermann eds. ) ( 2002 ). observing mechanical dissipation in the quantum vacuum : an experimental challenge ; in laser physics at the limits. berlin / new york : springer. p. 197. isbn 3 - 540 - 42418 - 0. - christopher ray ( 1991 ). time, space and philosophy. london / new york : routledge. chapter 10, p. 205. isbn 0 - 415 - 03221 - 0. - aip physics news update, 1996 - physical review focus dec. 1998 - walter dittrich & gi


and philosophy. london / new york : routledge. chapter 10, p. 205. isbn 0 - 415 - 03221 - 0. - aip physics news update, 1996 - physical review focus dec. 1998 - walter dittrich & gies h ( 2000 ). probing the quantum vacuum : perturbative effective action approach. berlin : springer. isbn 3 - 540 - 67428 - 4. - for an historical discussion, see for example ari ben - menahem, ed. ( 2009 ). " quantum electrodynamics ( qed ) ". historical encyclopedia of natural and mathematical sciences, volume 1 ( 5th ed. ). springer. pp. 4892 ff. isbn 3 - 540 - 68831 - 5. for the nobel prize details and the nobel lectures by these authors see " the nobel prize in physics 1965 ". nobelprize. org. retrieved 2012 - 02 - 06. - jean letessier, johann rafelski ( 2002 ). hadrons and quark - gluon plasma. cambridge university press. p. 37 ff. isbn 0 - 521 - 38536 - 9. - sean carroll, sr research associate - physics, california institute of technology, june 22, 2006 c - span broadcast of cosmology at yearly kos science panel, part 1 - david delphenich ( 2006 ). " nonlinear electrodynamics and qed ". arxiv : hep - th / 0610088 [ hep - th ]. - klein, james j. and b. p. nigam, birefringence of the vacuum, physical review vol. 135, p. b1279 - b1280 ( 1964 ). - mourou, g. a., t. tajima, and s. v. bulanov, optics in the relativistic regime ; § xi nonlinear qed, reviews of modern physics vol. 78 ( no. 2 ), 309 - 371 ( 2006 ) pdf file. - holger gies ; joerg jaeckel ; andreas ringwald ( 2006 ). " polarized light propagating in a magnetic field as a probe of millicharged fermions ". physical review letters 97 ( 14 ). arxiv : hep - ph / 0607118. bibcode : 2006phrvl.. 97n0402g. doi : 10. 1103 / physrevlett.


( 14 ). arxiv : hep - ph / 0607118. bibcode : 2006phrvl.. 97n0402g. doi : 10. 1103 / physrevlett. 97. 140402. - davis ; joseph harris ; gammon ; smolyaninov ; kyuman cho ( 2007 ). " experimental challenges involved in searches for axion - like particles and nonlinear quantum electrodynamic effects by sensitive optical techniques ". arxiv : 0704. 0748 [ hep - th ]. - myron wyn evans, stanisław kielich ( 1994 ). modern nonlinear optics, volume 85, part 3. john wiley & sons. p. 462. isbn 0 - 471 - 57548 - 8. " for all field states that have classical analog the field quadrature variances are also greater than or equal to this commutator. " - david nikolaevich klyshko ( 1988 ). photons and nonlinear optics. taylor & francis. p. 126. isbn 2 - 88124 - 669 - 9. - milton k. munitz ( 1990 ). cosmic understanding : philosophy and science of the universe. princeton university press. p. 132. isbn 0 - 691 - 02059 - 0. " the spontaneous, temporary emergence of particles from vacuum is called a " vacuum fluctuation ". " - for an example, see p. c. w. davies ( 1982 ). the accidental universe. cambridge university press. p. 106. isbn 0 - 521 - 28692 - 1. - a vaguer description is provided by jonathan allday ( 2002 ). quarks, leptons and the big bang ( 2nd ed ed. ). crc press. pp. 224 ff. isbn 0 - 7503 - 0806 - 0. " the interaction will last for a certain duration δt. this implies that the amplitude for the total energy involved in the interaction is spread over a range of energies δe. " - this " borrowing " idea has led to proposals for using the zero - point energy of vacuum as an infinite reservoir and a variety of " camps " about this interpretation. see, for example, moray b. king ( 2001 ). quest for zero point energy : engineering principles for ' free energy ' inventions. adventures unlimited press. pp. 124 ff. isbn 0 - 932813 - 94 - 1. - quantities satisfying a


example, moray b. king ( 2001 ). quest for zero point energy : engineering principles for ' free energy ' inventions. adventures unlimited press. pp. 124 ff. isbn 0 - 932813 - 94 - 1. - quantities satisfying a canonical commutation rule are said to be noncompatible observables, by which is meant that they can both be measured simultaneously only with limited precision. see kiyosi ito ( 1993 ). " § 351 ( xx. 23 ) c : canonical commutation relations ". encyclopedic dictionary of mathematics ( 2nd ed ed. ). mit press. p. 1303. isbn 0 - 262 - 59020 - 4. - paul busch, marian grabowski, pekka j. lahti ( 1995 ). " § iii. 4 : energy and time ". operational quantum physics. springer. pp. 77 ff. isbn 3 - 540 - 59358 - 6. - for a review, see paul busch ( 2008 ). " chapter 3 : the time – energy uncertainty relation ". in j. g. muga, r. sala mayato and i. l. egusquiza, editors. time in quantum mechanics ( 2nd ed ed. ). springer. pp. 73 ff. isbn 3 - 540 - 73472 - 4. - fowler, r., guggenheim, e. a. ( 1965 ). statistical thermodynamics. a version of statistical mechanics for students of physics and chemistry, reprinted with corrections, cambridge university press, london, page 224. - partington, j. r. ( 1949 ). an advanced treatise on physical chemistry, volume 1, fundamental principles. the properties of gases, longmans, green and co., london, page 220. - wilks, j. ( 1971 ). the third law of thermodynamics, chapter 6 in thermodynamics, volume 1, ed. w. jost, of h. eyring, d. henderson, w. jost, physical chemistry. an advanced treatise, academic press, new york, page 477. - bailyn, m. ( 1994 ). a survey of thermodynamics, american institute of physics, new york, isbn 0 – 88318 – 797 – 3, page 342. - jauch, j. m., rohrlich, f. ( 1955 / 1980 ). the theory of photons and electrons. the relat


york, isbn 0 – 88318 – 797 – 3, page 342. - jauch, j. m., rohrlich, f. ( 1955 / 1980 ). the theory of photons and electrons. the relativistic quantum field theory of charged particles with spin one - half, second expanded edition, springer - verlag, new york, isbn 0 – 387 – 07295 – 0, pages 287 – 288. - milonni, p. w. ( 1994 ). the quantum vacuum. an introduction to quantum electrodynamics, academic press, inc., boston, isbn 0 – 12 – 498080 – 5, page xv. - milonni, p. w. ( 1994 ). the quantum vacuum. an introduction to quantum electrodynamics, academic press, inc., boston, isbn 0 – 12 – 498080 – 5, page 239. - schwinger, j., deraad, l. l., milton, k. a. ( 1978 ). casimir effect in dielectrics, annals of physics, 115 : 1 – 23. - milonni, p. w. ( 1994 ). the quantum vacuum. an introduction to quantum electrodynamics, academic press, inc., boston, isbn 0 – 12 – 498080 – 5, page 418. - jaffe, r. l. ( 2005 ). casimir effect and the quantum vacuum, phys. rev. d 72 : 021301 ( r ), http : / / 1 – 5. cua. mit. edu / 8. 422 _ s07 / jaffe2005 _ casimir. pdf further reading - free pdf copy of the structured vacuum - thinking about nothing by johann rafelski and berndt muller ( 1985 ) isbn 3 - 87144 - 889 - 3. - m. e. peskin and d. v. schroeder, an introduction to quantum field theory. - h. genz, nothingness : the science of empty space - maybe this should discuss star trek and / or star gate : engineering the zero - point field and polarizable vacuum for interstellar flight - e. w. davis, v. l. teofilo, b. haisch, h. e. puthoff, l. j. nickisch, a. rueda and d. c. cole ( 2006 ) " review of experimental concepts for studying the quantum vacuum field "


natural resource management ministerial council department of environment and heritage, 2001 isbn 0 642 254775 0 3. desired native vegetation outcomes this section of the national framework for the management and monitoring of australia ' s native vegetation describes the native vegetation outcomes expected from the implementation of the management and monitoring mechanisms described in section 4. such outcomes will serve biodiversity conservation, land protection, greenhouse gas reduction and other objectives specified in the complementary national policy and strategy documents ( see appendix a ). the outcomes will be consistent with and enhance the social and economic outcomes being sought within the framework of ecologically sustainable development ( esd ). australia ' s native vegetation cover is diverse, rich in species and complexity, and has a very high degree of endemism. it is a priceless element of our natural heritage. it plays a crucial role in sustaining ecosystem function and processes, and consequently the productive capacity of australia ' s relatively old and infertile soils and scarce freshwater resources. native vegetation buffers the impact of harsh and extremely variable climates, binds and nourishes soils, and filters streams and wetlands. native birds, invertebrates and other animals depend upon the condition and extent of native vegetation communities. the vision sketched here assumes that native vegetation has, and is seen to have, intrinsic values in addition to ecological values and utilitarian values. it envisages australian landscapes in which native vegetation is conserved for its ecological values, celebrated for its intrinsic values and enhanced for sustainable production. this vision also recognises the inextricable link between the conservation of biodiversity and sustainable agriculture. conservation of vegetation is neither an alternative land use nor an opportunity cost - it is an investment in natural capital, which underwrites material wealth. conservation of biodiversity means much more than just protecting wildlife and its habitat in nature reserves. conservation of native species and ecosystems, and the processes they support — the flows and quality of rivers, wetlands and groundwater, and soil structure and landscapes — are all crucial to the sustainability of primary industries. this vision does not assume a return to some pre - european arcadia and / or the replacement of all the native vegetation that has been cleared or modified since european settlement. however, it implies that restoring some hydrological balance, enhancing habitat for wildlife, protecting freshwater resources and rehabilitating degraded lands requires land use systems which are responsive to australian conditions. the shift towards more sustainable land use systems is likely to include greater use of native australian species than occurs in conventional agriculture today. farming systems may in the future have portions of the landscape occupied by native perennials


use systems which are responsive to australian conditions. the shift towards more sustainable land use systems is likely to include greater use of native australian species than occurs in conventional agriculture today. farming systems may in the future have portions of the landscape occupied by native perennials, some forming the basis of grazing systems, and others generating a range of products including carbon sequestration, timber, fuelwood, craftwood and pulp, cut flowers, essential oils, herbs, solvents and pharmaceuticals. community revegetation and regeneration activities could be underpinned and complemented by a thriving native vegetation industry and associated infrastructure for native vegetation management. the sort of infrastructure required would include : - regional facilities and services to support ecological inventory, mapping and monitoring activities ; - local and regional seedbanks and nurseries stocking the full range of locally indigenous flora, by provenance ; - equipment such as seed harvesters, e. g. for native grasses, direct seeding machines, mechanical planters, sprayers, pruners and weeders - all adapted to local / regional needs and conditions ; and - the knowledge base, training capacities and human capital required to apply and refine best practice techniques at the appropriate scale. the ' wider public benefit ' would be understood in reference to robust, regionally specific articulations of the ' duty of care ' of land users not to degrade natural resources. ' duty of care ' would be widely accepted and understood as setting out the responsibilities which are inseparable from the privilege of managing land, regardless of its tenure. ' duty of care ' would be defined in regulation where appropriate, but would be more commonly used in industry codes of practice, industry - based environmental management systems, and voluntary incentives programs. land uses generating insufficient returns to enable land users to fulfil their duty of care would by definition be unsustainable, and hence unsuitable, uses of land. markets would be informed and constrained by the understanding that the human economy is a subset of society, which in turn is a subset of, and utterly dependent upon, the biophysical environment. market forces would work to use natural resources more efficiently, discriminating against products, production systems and processes which deplete or degrade natural resources unsustainably. linkages between well - informed consumers and all stages of production cycles would be fostered and direct feedback encouraged. environmental externalities ( positive and negative ) would be internalised in market prices wherever possible. national accounts would account for natural capital stocks, as well as flows, offering a more


and all stages of production cycles would be fostered and direct feedback encouraged. environmental externalities ( positive and negative ) would be internalised in market prices wherever possible. national accounts would account for natural capital stocks, as well as flows, offering a more true reflection of the relative sustainability of apparent economic performance. the role and limitations of market forces in questions of long - term sustainability would be well understood, and the conditions under which intervention in markets is justified would be well accepted. comprehensive incentive regimes would complement markets in encouraging and delivering more sustainable approaches. management actions seen to be in the public interest, for example through positive externalities, and which are clearly over and above what would be expected under duty of care, would be supported by a wide range of direct and indirect incentives and disincentives. such incentives would be derived and delivered at a range of scales. for example, nationally through the taxation system and major targeted grants for national priorities ; sub - nationally through revolving funds, industry codes of practice, accreditation systems and regulatory approaches ; and regionally through regional grants, stewardship payments, planning, zoning and rating systems. the incentives regime would complement public - sector funding, and would be designed to attract private - sector funding into nature conservation at property and landscape scales through : - tax measures encouraging philanthropy ; - rewards at industry level for best practice and corporate citizenship ; and - tax and other incentives for the individual or firm to go above and beyond their duty of care in managing for long - term conservation in the public interest. the general principles informing the design and delivery of incentives would include the principle that natural resource management and resource allocation decisions should be made at the lowest practicable level ; that systems should connect people as directly as possible with the consequences of their actions ; and that local ownership of problems and solutions is most likely to be genuine when revenue raising and resource allocation operates at the same level. the first step towards delivery of australia ' s native vegetation objectives is to improve our knowledge base, in both theoretical and practical terms, about how to conserve, manage, enhance or re - establish native vegetation for various combinations of objectives at various scales. basic toolkits for native vegetation management are needed - whether to assist a community group to plan wildlife habitat, or to assist a landholder to work out a burning regime in a remnant patch of bush. this vision assumes that such toolkits will be developed and readily utilised. underpinning this framework is a basic set of principles that should encourage actions to achieve sustainable native vegetation management. these include : -


regime in a remnant patch of bush. this vision assumes that such toolkits will be developed and readily utilised. underpinning this framework is a basic set of principles that should encourage actions to achieve sustainable native vegetation management. these include : - recognition that all vegetation management should be based on the overall goal of ecologically sustainable development which recognises environmental, economic and social values ; - recognition of the important role of native vegetation in the functioning of ecosystems in maintaining productivity capacity of agricultural lands ; - recognition that the biological diversity of vegetation should be maintained through appropriate land management practices. these include a suite of measures from environmental protection through to sustainable use and production using best practice management techniques ; - recognition that vegetation management requires the continuing partnership of government, land managers, industry and the wider community ; - recognition that where there are threats of serious or irreversible environmental damage, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to prevent environmental degradation. in the application of the precautionary principle, public and private decisions should be guided by : - careful evaluation to avoid, wherever practicable, serious or irreversible damage to the environment ; and - an assessment of the risk - weighted consequences of various options ; - recognition that protecting existing remnant vegetation is the most efficient way of conserving biodiversity. native vegetation is usually managed within the broader natural resource management context that takes account of economic and social objectives additional to environmental objectives. however, sustainable native vegetation management does not only serve environmental objectives. outcomes from sustainable native vegetation management also contribute substantially to important economic and social objectives. the native vegetation outcomes being sought in this framework are : - a reversal in the long - term decline in the extent and quality of australia ' s native vegetation cover by : - conserving native vegetation, and substantially reducing land clearing ; - conserving australia ' s biodiversity ; and - restoring, by means of substantially increased revegetation, the environmental values and productive capacity of australia ' s degraded land and water ; - conservation and, where appropriate, restoration of native vegetation to maintain and enhance biodiversity, protect water quality and conserve soil resources, including on private land managed for agriculture, forestry and urban development ; - retention and enhancement of biodiversity and native vegetation at both regional and national levels ; and - an improvement in the condition of existing native vegetation. specific vegetation outcomes being sought, within the context of integrated natural resource management, are described below. biodiversity outcomes sought : - protection of biological diversity and maintenance of essential ecological processes and life -


; and - an improvement in the condition of existing native vegetation. specific vegetation outcomes being sought, within the context of integrated natural resource management, are described below. biodiversity outcomes sought : - protection of biological diversity and maintenance of essential ecological processes and life - support systems ; - maintenance of viable examples of native vegetation communities, species and dependent fauna throughout their natural ranges ; - maintenance of the genetic diversity of native vegetation species ; - enabling australia ' s native vegetation species and communities threatened with extinction to survive and thrive in their natural habitats, and to retain their genetic diversity and potential for evolutionary development, and prevent additional species and communities from becoming threatened ; - return of threatened native vegetation species and communities to a secure status in the wild ; - reduction in the numbers of listed threatened native vegetation species and downgrading of the conservation threat category of listed threatened species ; - limitation of broad - scale clearance of native vegetation to those instances in which the proponent can clearly demonstrate that regional biodiversity objectives are not compromised ; - no clearing of endangered or vulnerable vegetation communities, critical habitat for threatened species, or other threatened species or communities listed under state or commonwealth legislation, or identified through the nrmmc or other government processes ; - no activities that adversely affect the conservation status of vegetation communities or the species dependent on them. soil and water resource outcomes sought : - maintenance and enhancement of the ecological integrity and physical stability of ground and surface water systems, including associated riparian zones and wetlands ; - revegetation of the upslope recharge areas in order to reduce the volume of groundwater movement to lowland areas ; - revegetation, where appropriate, of the highest priority degraded riparian areas ; - protection and rehabilitation of lowland wetlands and saltmarshes ; - protection of vegetation in erosion prone areas ; - protection of native vegetation on areas of potential acid sulphate soils. hydrology outcomes sought : - protection of vegetation in areas at risk from dryland salinity ; - revegetation of recharge areas to slow or reverse rising groundwater tables and ameliorate dryland salinity ; - maintenance of native vegetation in water catchments to protect water quality and water yield. land productivity outcomes sought : - protection and management of native vegetation in the landscape such that biomass production is sustained, providing the capacity for continued productivity ; - reduction and minimisation of the detrimental economic, environmental and social impact of weeds on the sustainability of australia ' s productive capacity and natural ecosystems ; - prevention of the development of new weed and pest problems. sustainable land use outcomes sought : -


restoration potential : strong fidelity to nest and roost sites inhibits colonization of formerly occupied habitat ( meyer and collopy 1996 ). limited attempts to reintroduce this species to presently unoccupied former range have failed ( meyer 1990 ). given the species ' biology ( e. g., strongly social, delayed breeding, mobile ), reintroduction could be difficult, at best ( meyer 1995 ). preserve selection and design considerations : suitable nesting habitat requires appropriate nest and roost sites within a landscape that provides sufficient prey for successful reproduction. habitat mosaics with various plant communities such as forests, prairies, and wetlands of various sizes, are essential. minimum area requirements are difficult to define ; where breeding habitat quality is good and prey is abundant and concentrated, 30 square kilometers may be sufficient, but where habitat quality is less suitable and prey is more diffuse, 100 - 300 square kilometers may be necessary ( meyer and collopy 1995 ). management requirements : tall trees that emerge from the surrounding canopy are essential for nesting. such trees should be managed for in landscapes dominated by short - rotation, even - aged pine plantations. nests built in australian pine ( casuarina equisetifolia ), an exotic species, fail at a significantly higher rate than those in native pine ( pinus spp. ) or cypress ( taxodium spp. ). where kites nest in large numbers, it may be prudent to reduce the availability of australian pine as nest sites ( meyer 1990 ). management programs : collaborative efforts with brazilian conservationists are ongoing to protect native habitats at the critical wintering and breeding sites, which are all privately owned agricultural lands ( k. meyer, pers. comm. ). monitoring programs : this species is monitored on north american breeding bird survey ( bbs ) routes ( sauer et al. 1997 ) and irregularly by state wildlife agencies ( millsap and runde 1988 ). in florida, systematic state - wide roost observations would form a good basis for long - term monitoring ( k. meyer, pers. comm. ). management research needs : an accurate means of assessing population changes needs to be developed. also, nesting and foraging habitat requirements need to be defined, winter habitat requirements need to be determined, prey densities essential for reproductive success need to be examined, and a study of marked individuals is needed to determine age at first breeding, sex ratio, survival, and social behavior ( meyer 1990, meyer and collopy 1995 ). biological research needs : better information


wikipediaread full entry the east african land snail, or giant african land snail, scientific name achatina fulica, is a species of large, air - breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family achatinidae. as they develop rapidly and produce large numbers of offspring, this mollusc is now listed as one of the top 100 invasive species in the world. it is a voracious feeder, and recognized as a serious pest organism affecting agriculture, natural ecosystems, commerce, and also human health. because of these threats, this snail species has been given top national quarantine significance in the united states. in the past, quarantine officials have been able to successfully intercept and eradicate incipient invasions on the mainland usa. in the wild, this species often harbors the parasitic nematode angiostrongylus cantonensis, which can cause a very serious meningitis in humans. human cases of this meningitis usually result from a person having eaten the raw or undercooked snail, but even handling live wild snails of this species can infect a person with the nematode and cause a life - threatening infection. - achatina fulica hamillei petit, 1859 - achatina fulica rodatzi dunker, 1852 - achatina fulica sinistrosa grateloup, 1840 - achatina fulica umbilicata nevill, 1879 this species has been found in china since 1931 ( map of distribution in 2007 ), and its initial point of distribution in china was xiamen. the snail has also been established in the pratas islands, of taiwan, throughout india, the pacific, indian ocean islands, and the west indies. in the united states, it has become established in hawaii and eradication is underway in florida. the species has recently been observed in bhutan ( gyelposhing, mongar ), where it is an invasive species. it has begun to attack agricultural fields and flower gardens. it is believed there that dogs which have consumed the snail died as a result. a small population has gained a foothold in bangalore, within the indian institute of science campus. the snails were imported as part of crystallographic and nmr studies on conotoxins. in an act of misguided compassion, the snails were released post - experimentation, and have colonised vast swathes of forested campus grounds. their escape into the city - proper would be catastrophic for the local ecosystem. in


conotoxins. in an act of misguided compassion, the snails were released post - experimentation, and have colonised vast swathes of forested campus grounds. their escape into the city - proper would be catastrophic for the local ecosystem. in paraguay, the first sighting of the african snail was reported in concepcion in 2011. later cases were reported in different parts of the country in 2012. it is believed that the snail may have been introduced into the country either as fishing bait in ayolas, or as pets in ciudad del este. other sightings have been reported in urban areas around the capital asuncion. the adult snails have a height of around 7 centimetres ( 2. 8 in ), and their length can reach 20 centimetres ( 7. 9 in ) or more. the shell has a conical shape, being about twice as high as it is broad. either clockwise ( sinistral ) or counter - clockwise ( dextral ) directions can be observed in the coiling of the shell, although the right - handed ( dextral ) cone is the more common. shell colouration is highly variable, and dependent on diet. typically, brown is the predominant colour and the shell is banded. the east african land snail is native to east africa, and can be traced back to kenya and tanzania. it is a highly invasive species, and colonies can be formed from a single gravid individual. in many places, release into the wild is illegal. nonetheless, the species has established itself in some temperate climates and its habitat now includes most regions of the humid tropics, including many pacific islands, southern and eastern asia, and the caribbean. the giant snail can now be found in agricultural areas, coastland, natural forest, planted forests, riparian zones, scrub / shrublands, urban areas, and wetlands. feeding habits the giant east african snail is a macrophytophagous herbivore ; it eats a wide range of plant material, fruit, and vegetables. it will sometimes eat sand, very small stones, bones from carcasses and even concrete as calcium sources for its shell. in rare instances the snails will consume each other. in captivity, this species can be fed on grain products such as bread, digestive biscuits, and chicken feed. fruits and vegetables must be washed diligently as the snail is very sensitive to any lingering pesticides. in captivity, snails need cuttlebone or other calcium supplements to aid in the growth and development of their shells. they also enjoy the yeast in beer, which


must be washed diligently as the snail is very sensitive to any lingering pesticides. in captivity, snails need cuttlebone or other calcium supplements to aid in the growth and development of their shells. they also enjoy the yeast in beer, which provides protein for growth stimulus. life cycle the giant east african snail is a simultaneous hermaphrodite ; each individual has both testes and ovaries and is capable of producing both sperm and ova. instances of self fertilization are rare, occurring only in small populations. although both snails in a mating pair can simultaneously transfer gametes to each other ( bilateral mating ), this is dependent on the size difference between the partners. snails of similar size will reproduce in this way. two snails of differing sizes will mate unilaterally ( one way ), with the larger individual acting as a female. this is due to the comparative resource investment associated with the different genders. like other land snails, these have intriguing mating behaviour, including petting their heads and front parts against each other. courtship can last up to half an hour, and the actual transfer of gametes can last for two hours. transferred sperm can be stored within the body for up to two years. the number of eggs per clutch averages around 200. a snail may lay 5 - 6 clutches per year with a hatching viability of about 90 %. adult size is reached in about six months ; after which growth slows but does not ever cease. life expectancy is commonly five or six years in captivity, but the snails may live for up to ten years. they are active at night and spend the day buried underground. the east african land snail is capable of aestivating for up to three years in times of extreme drought, sealing itself into its shell by secretion of a calcerous compound that dries on contact with the air. this is impermeable ; the snail will not lose any water during this period. parasites of achatina fulica include : - aelurostrongylus abstrusus - angiostrongylus cantonensis - causes eosinophilic meningoencephalitis - angiostrongylus costaricensis - causes abdominal angiostrongyliasis - schistosoma mansoni - causes schistosomiasis, detected in faeces - trichuris spp. - detected in faeces - hymenolepis spp. - detected in faeces - strongyloides spp. - detected in faeces


mansoni - causes schistosomiasis, detected in faeces - trichuris spp. - detected in faeces - hymenolepis spp. - detected in faeces - strongyloides spp. - detected in faeces and in mucous secretion pest control in many places the snail is seen as a pest. suggested preventative measures include strict quarantine to prevent introduction and further spread. many methods, including hand collecting and use of molluscicides and flame - throwers, have been tried to eradicate the giant snail. generally, none of them has been effective except where implemented at the first sign of infestation. in bhutan, the plant protection center used salt to contain the snails, while to reduce snails ' food availability, the surrounding weeds were killed using glyphosate. in some regions, an effort has been made to promote use of the giant east african snail as a food resource, the collecting of the snails for food being seen as a method of controlling them. however, promoting a pest in this way is a controversial measure, as it may encourage the further deliberate spread of the snails. one particularly catastrophic attempt to biologically control this species occurred on south pacific islands. colonies of a. fulica were introduced as a food reserve for the american military during the second world war and they escaped. a carnivorous species ( florida rosy wolfsnail, euglandina rosea ) was later introduced by american government, but it instead heavily harvested the native partula, causing the loss of most partula species within a decade. human use achatina fulica are used by some practitioners of candomble for religious purposes in brazil as an offering to the deity oxala. the snails substitute for a closely related species, the african giant snail ( archachatina marginata ) normally offered in nigeria. the two species share a common name ( igbin, also known as ibi or boi - de - oxala in brazil ), and are similar enough in appearance to satisfy religious authorities. they are also edible if cooked properly. this article incorporates cc - by - 2. 0 text from the reference. - iucn 2009. iucn red list of threatened species. version 2009. 1. < www. iucnredlist. org >. downloaded on 10 july 2009. - " achatina fulica ". integrated taxonomic information system. retrieved july 6, 2007. - global invasive species database : 100 of the worst invasive species - cowie r. h., dillon


org >. downloaded on 10 july 2009. - " achatina fulica ". integrated taxonomic information system. retrieved july 6, 2007. - global invasive species database : 100 of the worst invasive species - cowie r. h., dillon r. t., robinson d. g. & smith j. w. ( 2009 ). " alien non - marine snails and slugs of priority quarantine importance in the united states : a preliminary risk assessment ". american malacological bulletin 27 : 113 - 132. pdf - pbs " alien invasion ". accessed on 6 january 2008 - african snail : deadly invasion in south america - rowson, b. ; warren, b. ; ngereza, c. ( 2010 ). " terrestrial molluscs of pemba island, zanzibar, tanzania, and its status as an " oceanic " island ". zookeys 70. doi : 10. 3897 / zookeys. 70. 762. - lv, s. ; zhang, y. ; liu, h. x. ; hu, l. ; yang, k. ; steinmann, p. ; chen, z. ; wang, l. y. et al. ( 2009 ). " invasive snails and an emerging infectious disease : results from the first national survey on angiostrongylus cantonensis in china ". in knight, matty. plos neglected tropical diseases 3 ( 2 ) : e368. doi : 10. 1371 / journal. pntd. 0000368. pmc 2631131. pmid 19190771. figure 5. - wu s. - p., hwang c. - c., huang h. - m., chang h. - w., lin y. - s. & lee p. - f. ( 2007 ). " land molluscan fauna of the dongsha island with twenty new recorded species ". taiwania 52 ( 2 ) : 145 - 151. pdf. - campo - flores, arian. october 4th, 2011. " giant alien snails attack miami, though they ' re not in much of a rush : eradication teams go house to house, nabbing 10, 000 invaders ; ' crunch under our feet '. " wall street journal. link - skelley, pe ; dixon, wn ; and hodges, g. 2011. giant african land snail and giant south american snails : field recognition. florida department of agriculture and consumer services. gaines


feet '. " wall street journal. link - skelley, pe ; dixon, wn ; and hodges, g. 2011. giant african land snail and giant south american snails : field recognition. florida department of agriculture and consumer services. gainesville, florida. pdf - ( portuguese ) soares c. m., hayashi c., goncalves g. s., nagae m. y. & boscolo w. r. ( 1999 ). " exigencia de proteina para o caracol gigante ( achatina fulica ) em fase de crescimento. protein requirements for giant snail ( achatina fulica ) during the growth phase ". acta scientiarum. animal sciences 21 ( 3 ) : 683 - 686. abstract, pdf. - ohlweiler, f. p. ; guimaraes, m. c. d. a. ; takahashi, f. y. ; eduardo, j. m. ( 2010 ). " current distribution of achatina fulica, in the state of sao paulo including records of aelurostrongylus abstrusus ( nematoda ) larvae infestation ". revista do instituto de medicina tropical de sao paulo 52 ( 4 ) : 211. doi : 10. 1590 / s0036 - 46652010000400009. pdf. - ( spanish ) libora m., morales g., carmen s., isbelia s. & luz a. p. ( 2010 ). " primer hallazgo en venezuela de huevos de schistosoma mansoni y de otros helmintos de interes en salud publica, presentes en heces y secrecion mucosa del molusco terrestre achatina fulica ( bowdich, 1822 ). [ first finding in venezuela of schistosoma mansoni eggs and other helminths of interest in public health found in faeces and mucous secretion of the mollusc achatina fulica ( bowdich, 1822 ) ]. zootecnia tropical 28 : 383 - 394. pdf. - leo neto, n. a. ; brooks, s. e. ; alves, r. m. r. ( 2009 ). " from eshu to obatala : animals used in sacrificial rituals at candomble " terreiros " in brazil ".


hinsley, s. a., hill, r. a., bellamy, p. e., broughton, r. k., harrison, n. m., mackenzie, j. a., speakman, j. r. and ferns, p. n., 2009. do highly modified landscapes favour generalists at the expense of specialists? the example of woodland birds. landscape research, 34 ( 5 ), pp. 509 - 526. this is the latest version of this eprint. full text not available from this repository. demands on land use in heavily populated landscapes create mosaic structures where semi - natural habitat patches are generally small and dominated by edges. small patches are also more exposed and thus more vulnerable to adverse weather and potential effects of climate change. these conditions may be less problematic for generalist species than for specialists. using insectivorous woodland birds ( great tits and blue tits ) as an example, we demonstrate that even generalists suffer reduced breeding success ( in particular, rearing fewer and poorer - quality young ) and increased parental costs ( daily energy expenditure ) when living in such highly modified secondary habitats ( small woods, parks, farmland ). within - habitat heterogeneity ( using the example of monks wood nnr ) is generally associated with greater species diversity, but to benefit from heterogeneity at a landscape scale may require both high mobility and the ability to thrive in small habitat patches. modern landscapes, dominated by small, modified and scattered habitat patches, may fail to provide specialists, especially sedentary ones, with access to sufficient quantity and quality of resources, while simultaneously increasing the potential for competition from generalists. | subjects : | | geography and environmental studies | science > biology and botany | group : | | school of applied sciences > centre for conservation, ecology and environmental change | | deposited by : | | dr ross hill | | deposited on : | | 01 nov 2009 12 : 25 | | last modified : | | 07 mar 2013 15 : 17 | available versions of this item - do highly modified landscapes favour generalists at the expense of specialists? the example of woodland birds. ( deposited 21 nov 2008 20 : 00 ) - do highly modified landscapes favour generalists at the expense of specialists? the example of woodland birds. ( deposited 01 nov 2009 12 : 25 ) [ currently displayed ] | repository staff only - | | bu staff only - | | help guide - | | editing your items in buro |


the union war by gary w. gallagher harvard university press. $ 27. 95 new york times book review, may 1, 2011 among the enduring mysteries of the american civil war is why millions of northerners were willing to fight to preserve the nation ' s unity. it is not difficult to understand why the southern states seceded in 1860 and 1861. as the confederacy ' s founders explained ad infinitum, they feared that abraham lincoln ' s election as president placed the future of slavery in jeopardy. but why did so few northerners echo the refrain of horace greeley, the editor of the new york tribune : " erring sisters, go in peace "? the latest effort to explain this deep commitment to the nation ' s survival comes from gary w. gallagher, the author of several highly regarded works on civil war military history. in " the union war, " gallagher offers not so much a history of wartime patriotism as a series of meditations on the meaning of the union to northerners, the role of slavery in the conflict and how historians have interpreted ( and in his view misinterpreted ) these matters. the civil war, gallagher announces at the outset, was " a war for union that also killed slavery. " emancipation was an outcome ( an " astounding " outcome, lincoln remarked in his second inaugural address ) but, gallagher insists, it always " took a back seat " to the paramount goal of saving the union. most northerners, he says, remained indifferent to the plight of the slaves. they embraced emancipation only when they concluded it had become necessary to win the war. they fought because they regarded the united states as a unique experiment in democracy that guaranteed political liberty and economic opportunity in a world overrun by tyranny. saving the union, in the words of secretary of state william h. seward, meant " the saving of popular government for the world. " at a time when only half the population bothers to vote and many americans hold their elected representatives in contempt, gallagher offers a salutary reminder of the power of democratic ideals not simply to northerners in the era of the civil war, but also to people in other nations, who celebrated the union victory as a harbinger of greater rights for themselves. imaginatively invoking sources neglected by other scholars — wartime songs, patriotic images on mailing envelopes and in illustrated publications, and regimental histories written during and immediately after the conflict — gallagher gives a dramatic portrait of the power of wartime nationalism. his emphasis on the preservation of democratic


neglected by other scholars — wartime songs, patriotic images on mailing envelopes and in illustrated publications, and regimental histories written during and immediately after the conflict — gallagher gives a dramatic portrait of the power of wartime nationalism. his emphasis on the preservation of democratic government and the opportunities of free labor as central to the patriotic outlook is hardly new — one need only read lincoln ' s wartime speeches to find eloquent expression of these themes. but instead of celebrating the greatness of american democracy, gallagher claims, too many historians dwell on its limitations, notably the exclusion from participation of nonwhites and women. moreover, perhaps because of recent abuses of american power in the name of freedom, scholars seem uncomfortable with robust expressions of patriotic sentiment, especially when wedded to military might. according to gallagher, they denigrate nationalism and suggest that the war had no real justification other than the abolition of slavery. ( gallagher ignores a different interpretation of the union war effort, emanating from neo - confederates and the libertarian right, which portrays lincoln as a tyrant who presided over the destruction of american freedom through creation of the leviathan national state, not to mention the dreaded income tax. ) gallagher devotes many pages — too many in a book of modest length — to critiques of recent civil war scholars, whom he accuses of exaggerating the importance of slavery in the conflict and the contribution of black soldiers to union victory. often, his complaint seems to be that another historian did not write the book he would have written. thus, gallagher criticizes melinda lawson, the author of " patriot fires, " one of the most influential recent studies of wartime nationalism, for slighting the experiences of the soldiers. but lawson was examining nation - building on the northern home front. her investigation of subjects as diverse as the marketing of war bonds, the dissemination of pro - union propaganda and the organization of sanitary fairs, where goods were sold to raise money for soldiers ' aid, illuminates how the nation state for the first time reached into the homes and daily lives of ordinary americans. gallagher also criticizes recent studies of soldiers ' letters and diaries, which find that an antislavery purpose emerged early in the war. these works, he argues, remain highly " impressionistic, " allowing the historian " to marshal support for virtually any argument. " whereupon gallagher embarks on his own equally impressionistic survey of these letters, finding that they emphasize devotion to the union. ultimately, gallagher ' s sharp dichotomy between the goals of union and emancipation


to marshal support for virtually any argument. " whereupon gallagher embarks on his own equally impressionistic survey of these letters, finding that they emphasize devotion to the union. ultimately, gallagher ' s sharp dichotomy between the goals of union and emancipation seems excessively schematic. it begs the question of what kind of union the war was being fought to preserve. the evolution of lincoln ' s own outlook illustrates the problem. on the one hand, as gallagher notes, lincoln always insisted that he devised his policies regarding slavery in order to win the war and preserve national unity. yet years before the civil war, lincoln had argued that slavery fatally undermined the nation ' s ability to exemplify the superiority of free institutions. the union to be saved, he said, must be " worthy of the saving. " during the secession crisis, lincoln could have preserved the union by yielding to southern demands. he adamantly refused to compromise on the crucial political issue — whether slavery should be allowed to expand into western territories. gallagher maintains that only failure on the battlefield, notably gen. george b. mcclellan ' s inability to capture richmond, the confederate capital, in the spring of 1862, forced the administration to act against slavery. yet the previous fall, before significant military encounters had taken place, lincoln had already announced a plan for gradual emancipation. this hardly suggests that military necessity alone placed the slavery question on the national agenda. early in the conflict, many northerners, lincoln included, realized that there was little point in fighting to restore a status quo that had produced war in the first place. many scholars have argued that the war brought into being a new conception of american nationhood. gallagher argues, by contrast, that it solidified pre - - existing patriotic values. continuity, not change, marked northern attitudes. gallagher acknowledges that as the war progressed, " a struggle for a different kind of union emerged. " yet his theme of continuity seems inadequate to encompass the vast changes americans experienced during the civil war. surely, he is correct that racism survived the war. yet he fails to account for the surge of egalitarian sentiment that inspired the rewriting of the laws and constitution to create, for the first time, a national citizenship enjoying equal rights not limited by race. before the war, slavery powerfully affected the concept of self - government. large numbers of americans identified democratic citizenship as a privilege of whites alone — a position embraced by the supreme court in the dred scott decision of 1857. which is why the transformation wrought by the civil war was so


pediatric pheochromocytoma. a 36 - year review department of anesthesiology medical subject headings adolescent ; * adrenal gland neoplasms ; anesthesia, general ; angiography ; blood pressure ; catecholamines ; child ; female ; follow - up studies ; humans ; male ; neoplasm recurrence, local ; * pheochromocytoma ; retrospective studies ; tomography, x - ray computed ; treatment outcome ; urography anesthesiology | neoplasms | pediatrics fourteen children ( 10 boys and 4 girls, aged 8 to 17 years ) had 20 pheochromocytomas treated over a 36 - year period from 1959 to 1995 inclusive. nine patients had 11 tumors before 1980 ; 5 children had 9 tumors up to 1987. there were no new children with pheochromocytomas at our hospital from 1988 to 1995. hypertension, sweating, headache, and visual blurring were the most common symptoms and signs ( average 5 months ). the most reliable biochemical investigations were the urinary catecholamines and norepinephrine. before 1980, intravenous pyelography and angiography were most successful in localizing the tumor, but since then ultrasonography and computerized tomography have been the radiological investigations of choice. early involvement of the anesthesiologist in the preoperative control of the hypertension is essential ; blood pressure ( bp ) control was achieved with phenoxybenzamine. the main anesthetic drugs used were : sodium thiopental, fentanyl, methoxyflurane, isoflurane, nitrous oxide, and metocurine. sixteen tumors were adrenal and 4 were extra - adrenal ( 1 intrathoracic and 1 extradural ). all except 2 tumors were completely resected ; they ranged in size from 1. 3 to 14 cm. ligation of the tumor ' s venous drainage was usually associated with a sudden, temporary fall in systemic bp. there were 2 children with malignant tumors. four patients had five recurrences ( second pheochromocytoma ) within 6 years, and all were heralded by a return of their original symptoms and signs. one girl was left with no adrenal tissue. the only complication was in a boy with a large, partly - resected malignant right adrenal tumor


written for political science 101 last term at the university of waterloo. node your homework they said... democracy is more than an election every few years, a familiar process removed from the daily grind until it comes time to tick a small box on a larger piece of paper. it is instead more about people than protocol, more magical and less mechanical. we should see it in terms of an ideal to which our institutions and practices strive towards, rather than the view that these infrastructures come about as a result of this intangible juggernaut of democracy. democracy is not a construct of man, it is instead a set of ideals and values we seek. the typical citizen of a liberal democratic society does not have much to say about democracy except when confronted by “ man on the street ” interviews or whenever your particular national holiday rolls around. this apathy is not a result of genuine malice, but more a testament to the fact that our particular implementation of the idea of democracy works so well it is almost transparent. no mobs run loose through his streets at night, no men dressed in black come to “ talk ” to him in the early hours of the morning. his roads, sewer, electricity and television hum day and night without losing a beat. in a more direct sense, his government functions properly and does not become a burden to him. the pleasant life he leads is a direct result of a democratic society functioning properly, and it is his very right as a citizen of this society to ignore it on a daily basis. this individualistic view of democracy cannot hold in all situations. it works for general day to day circumstances, however even the most right - wing of individualist thinkers holds a belief that under certain circumstances, citizens have a duty to perform certain tasks for the state. these duties may be mundane, such as paying taxes or voting, or extreme, such as defending one ’ s nation. all have a common thread, that which citizens as a member of a state have certain natural duties. democracy cannot exist without its members participating in it, this is a fundamental requirement. these natural duties may vary from time to time but the constant is that they always exist in some capacity or another. democracy is based upon many citizens performing small duties, instead of a small group of citizens controlling many responsibilities. the concept of working together is one that democracy builds itself upon. democracy is the rule of the people, not a person. it fulfills the innate human need to guide one ’ s destiny, through even such a small part as filling out a ballot


the concept of working together is one that democracy builds itself upon. democracy is the rule of the people, not a person. it fulfills the innate human need to guide one ’ s destiny, through even such a small part as filling out a ballot. the fact that democracy is based on such emotionally appealing ideas should give you some conception as to the reasons for its success. hobbes may have argued that we need someone to control us, but in the end, what we all really want is to control ourselves. the fact that democracy is able to take a selfish desire, such as the want to control the state, and turn it into a government which acts for the good of all is further evidence as to the robustness of the democratic ideal. democracy is an enduring dream, contrary to the doomed wunderkinds of communism and other governments based on theory not practice. while superior in their vision of a utopia on paper, they come against one fundamental flaw, namely people tend to run toward the jerk side of the personality scale. communism without greed would indeed be utopia but the real world runs up against tangible problems with this. you cannot remove greed from a man by political posturing no more than you can paint stripes on a horse and call it a zebra. it may pass on first inspection, but when it comes down to the most basic of things, you tend to run into a few problems. the reason democracy works in the physical realm is it engages in political judo, in that it takes men ’ s selfishness and desires, parries them into another direction unpredicted by the man, all with the full momentum of his swing still behind him. it has survived from the ancient greeks to this present day for this very reason. the initial view of democracy as we know it was conceived by the greeks, however the practical application of democracy we have today is drastically different from their view. initially it was the concept that every citizen ( citizens being of course aristocratic males ) would have a say in the management of the state. today however we have a different conception of this democratic ideal. pure practicality dictates that we cannot have the entire community attempt to come to a conclusion on issues addressed by the state. this was practical in the greek age where a manageable number would discuss the issues of the day, but this is not feasible in this day and age where our world population is measured in billions. the fundamental thing to remember however is that the ideal of democracy survives between this gulf of years and culture. this romanticism of democracy


issues of the day, but this is not feasible in this day and age where our world population is measured in billions. the fundamental thing to remember however is that the ideal of democracy survives between this gulf of years and culture. this romanticism of democracy is the root of its power. the society we live in values the ideals held by the democratic system, and as such we accept it as a ruling influence in our lives. an example of this is the prime minister being a “ public servant ”. only in the strictest most idealistic sense is he a genuine servant of the people ; however we call him such without a hint of irony as we value the democratic ideal so highly. all politicians are crooks we tell each other, yet we keep on voting. why, when we so enthusiastically hate the dictators and marcos of the world who embezzle funds? the answer lies in that we see democracy as striving toward an ideal. no man is perfect, but they ’ re working on it. this contradiction between reality and the psyche is at the heart of any power, and in western countries it is what tells us that democracy is the cure for all that ills a state. contradiction is fundamental to democracy. democracy brings us together we are told, it is the great equalizer. all men are born equal, none shall be held in higher esteem than another. one citizen shall have one vote. all say that the members of a democratic state are inherently equal. on the other hand we have canada, a liberal democratic society, in which multiculturalism is not only encouraged but has an official policy to address it. differences are encouraged, and any attempt to insinuate that we should all become equal is dismissed as right - wing xenophobia. where then is the balance? democracy gives us equality, but it also gives us the right to be different. it is the fine line between the two, a tightrope act of titanic proportions. the balance must not swing too far one way or the other, lest the acrobat be unset and come crashing down. the democratic ideal allows us to weigh multiculturalism and its variants against solidarity and never find a clear winner. it allows us to value them equally, as this is the ultimate measure of equality. equality can lead to problems however, if democracy becomes the rule of the “ most equal ”. a tyranny of the majority is completely democratic in the most literal sense of the word in that the majority chooses for it to be so, however it is unpalatable


problems however, if democracy becomes the rule of the “ most equal ”. a tyranny of the majority is completely democratic in the most literal sense of the word in that the majority chooses for it to be so, however it is unpalatable to many in our society. this is due to the fact that we see democracy in more than just the literal sense, we see it as a shining ideal. this ideal would not allow trampling of minority rights, and as discussed before, the ideal of democracy is the fine balance between differences and solidarity. as such we cannot allow this tyranny, permitted as it is in a literal interpretation of a democratic society. the democratic ideal implies compassion and empathy, more than just cold cruel statistics of fifty percent plus one. the democratic ideal hinges on this idea of not allowing technicalities and numbers to become the ruling force instead of a vision of participation by all. common occurrences such as majority governments being elected by a minority as seen as undemocratic, even though in the strictest sense they follow literal democracy. if your system is built upon the philosophy that a leader is elected indirectly through grouping voters into regions, this is particularly apparent. the recent florida fiasco in the american elections is a particularly apt example of this. counting non - participating voters and the popular vote, a leader was elected who received far less support from his citizens than a majority. while seen as undemocratic and a travesty, at the same time it is completely by the book. unfortunately, there is no book of democracy. we instead view democracy as an ideal not a construct. it is not a point by point leaflet we can airdrop over dictatorships, but instead an attitude that results from culture and history. it is a result of directing people ’ s desires toward solidarity, and at the same time respecting differences. while at time contradictory and awkward, it endures. it endures due to the fact that democracy is a dream not a document, and dreams are not easily lost.


successful study skills 4 students is now offering two free and original ebooks, successfully transitioning to middle school and successfully transitioning to high school, available as a download on the s4 website. “ it ’ s impossible to measure the potential impact a positive transition can have on a student ’ s future academic performance. ”, said michelle sagalyn, president of s4 study skills. “ a successful transition can have a ripple effect throughout a student ’ s entire academic career. ” the challenges these transitions bring are not limited just to learning an advanced curriculum, or acclimating to a new environment. at the core is the need for students to assume a greater responsibility and role for their own educational experience. the skills that enabled excellent academic performance in the primary or middle school years are not enough to power students through the transition to the next level. new middle schoolers are confronted with some dramatic changes that can be intimidating without preparation. instead of relying one teacher, students now need to develop the ability to cultivate and integrate the resources of several teachers. good reading skills aren ’ t enough anymore – the focus shifts to applying logic and reason to understand and use the course material. s4 ’ s successfully transitioning to middle school explores four critical skill areas that can help students navigate these important changes successfully : self - advocacy, active learning, organization and planning, and confidence. discover how by signing up for the e - book here. the realization that academic performance really starts to count in high school comes as a wake - up call to many students entering their first year. there ’ s more homework, the requirements are stiffer, and the options for extracurricular activities multiply. in a word, it ’ s not so easy anymore! s4 ’ s successfully transitioning to high school reveals the 5 key skills that can help students manage the transition effectively – and help them thrive throughout their high school academic career. these skills include : goal setting, time management, planners, active learning and take responsibility. register and receive your copy here. successful study skills 4 students, llc, a leading area resource for improving performance in secondary education, believes that the deployment of these critical skills, in conjunction with focus and discipline, provides middle and high schoolers with the road - map to better academic results – and creates happier, more confident students! for more information on s4 programs for middle and high school students, contact s4 at 203 - 30 - s - k - i - l - l ( 203 - 307 - 5455 ), or info @ s4


speaking to the national academy of sciences on education and 21st century american agriculture, u. s. agriculture secretary mike johanns addressed the future of farming in the u. s. one of the agriculture community ' s greatest challenges, he says, is to inspire young people to pursue agricultural careers. first, johanns says, we must increase awareness of agricultural opportunities, research, and technological advances. " fewer and fewer young people have a sense of where food comes from, and most kids have no idea how sophisticated this industry has become and how much lies before us in the future, " johanns says. in the 2002 census of agriculture, the average age of u. s. principal farm operators was 55. 3. with the average farm operator just below retirement age and the nature of agriculture shifting towards the sciences, johanns points out the need for a new generation of science - oriented agricultural workers. " many of the young people who will replace these retirees are already here in our educational system, and many are not studying science and they are certainly not studying the agricultural sciences, " johanns says. we also need to promote agricultural literacy programs in urban areas, johanns says. " teachers, parents, and students need to understand that 21st century agriculture is a global enterprise based in science, which needs constant growth in discovery and in application. "


the open tree of life : toward a global synthesis of phylogenetic knowledge 2013 reu project : in the field of systematic biology, scientists study species of all kinds to determine how one is related to another by evolutionary descent. in other words, they are trying to reconstruct the great tree of life - - the branching genealogy of all species, traced all the way back to a single common ancestor. ( the scientific term for ' tree of life ' is ' phylogeny '. ) individual scientists typically have expertise in only one or a few branches on the tree - - for instance, one might study dung beetles, while another studies venus flytraps. every year, experts like these publish thousands of scientific papers describing new phylogenetic trees for different group of organisms : clams, birds, mushrooms, and so on. however, these newly discovered trees are generally recorded simply as figures embedded in the pages of scientific journals. the open tree of life project seeks to extract all these trees from the literature and graft them together by entering them into a common database. this will enable computational analyses that will produce, for the first time, an estimate of the tree of life that includes all species ever studied. research methods and techniques : interns on this project will learn how to download data sets of dna sequences, perform phylogenetic analyses, and interpret the results. they will also have the opportunity to learn basic computer programming and linux shell computing, or advance their current knowledge of these topics. their contributions will be recorded in a public database for posterity. it is perfect fit for anyone interested in both biology and computers. curator / advisor : dr. richard ree ( curator, botany )


synopsis of philippine mammals to explore the synopsis of philippine mammals, click here. to explore the supplement to the synopsis of philippine mammals, click here. the mammalian fauna of the philippine islands is remarkably diverse and species - rich, comprising what may be the greatest concentration of endemic mammals of any country on earth. since 1988, the field museum of natural history has been the primary base of operations for the philippine mammal project, a multi - institutional, international collaborative effort to document the number of species that are present, the distributions of those species, their relationships within the tree of life, their ecology, and their conservation status. this website, the synopsis of philippine mammals, is a summary of the information that is currently available. the website was first implemented in 2002, using information from the 1998 publication by heaney et al., entitled “ a synopsis of the mammalian fauna of the philippine islands ”. the synopsis website was extensively revised and expanded in 2010, in order to incorporate extensive new data, include more photographs, and provide detailed maps of the known distribution of each species. to keep the website up to date, as additional species are discovered and formally described, or species of marine mammals are documented in philippine waters for the first time, we add them to the supplement, and will eventually merge these into the main site once site maintenance has been completed. as documented on this website, the terrestrial fauna is now known to include at least 214 native species ( plus seven introduced species ), in an area of only a bit over 300, 000 square kilometers, one of the highest densities of native mammals in the world. moreover, most of the species are found nowhere else : of the 214 native terrestrial species, 125 ( 58 % ) are endemic, and among the 111 non - flying native mammals, 101 ( 91 % ) are unique to the philippines. they constitute an astounding example of adaptive radiation by mammals in an oceanic archipelago, and may justifiably serve as a source of great pride to the philippine nation. this website has been developed as a collaborative project with the protected areas and wildlife bureau of the philippine department of environment and natural resources. primary funding for its development has come from the negaunee foundation. explore our philippine mammal project further : videos from the abbott hall of conservation - restoring earth : mammal discoveries in the philippines why mossy forests in the philippines are important island evolution : why islands have so many endemic species science at fmnh : mammal conservation in island ecosystems the field revealed : cloud rat ( above photo by l


battles - the siege of kut - al - amara, 1916 following the signal ( and, to the british at least, unexpected ) failure of the anglo - indian attack upon ctesiphon in november 1915 sir charles townshend led his infantry force, the 6th ( poona ) division, on a wearisome retreat back to kut - al - amara, arriving in early december. aware too that his force was exhausted and unable to retreat further townshend resolved to stay and hold kut, a town of key importance to the british presence in the region. in this he was supported by regional commander - in - chief sir john nixon. the war office in london however favoured a retreat still further south ; however by the time this news reached townshend he was already under siege. consequently the defence of kut - sited in a loop of the river tigris - was set in train ahead of the arrival of the besieging turk force of 10, 500 men on 7 december. however kut ' s very geographical formation in effect meant that townshend and his men were effectively bottled up. nevertheless the division ' s cavalry were despatched back to basra the day before the arrival of the turkish force ( 6 december 1915 ), since they were likely to prove of little use and yet a drain upon scarce resources during siege operations. leading the turks were nur - ud - din and the german commander baron von der goltz. their instructions were straightforward if steep : to force the british entirely from mesopotamia. consequently nur - ud - din and von der goltz attempted to pierce kut ' s defences on three separate occasions in december ; all however failed. thus the turks set about blockading the town while despatching forces to prevent british relief operations from succeeding in reaching kut. in britain, as in india, the news of townshend ' s setback had stunned the government which resolved to immediately send additional forces to the region, diverted from the western front. consideration was given to regard both palestine and mesopotamia as a single front. townshend was led to expect rapid relief. he himself calculated that there were enough supplies to maintain the garrison for a month ( subsequently revised to two months and then to almost five ), although this assumed full daily rations. informed that a relief operation might take two months to assemble townshend proposed instead breaking out and retiring further south : nixon however insisted that he remain at kut and therefore tie up as many turkish forces as possible. in due course the first british expedition to raise the blockade


relief operation might take two months to assemble townshend proposed instead breaking out and retiring further south : nixon however insisted that he remain at kut and therefore tie up as many turkish forces as possible. in due course the first british expedition to raise the blockade was set underway from basra in january 1916, led by sir fenton aylmer. their efforts were repeatedly repulsed however with heavy loss, at sheikh sa ' ad, the wadi and hanna in january 1916 and again two months later in march at dujaila. april brought a further relief operation, this time led by the sceptical sir george gorringe. despite meeting von der goltz and his turkish sixth army, piercing their line some 30km south of kut, the expedition ran out of steam and was abandoned on 22 april. with no further hope of relief - a final attempt by the paddle steamer julnar to reach the town with supplies having failed - townshend requested and received an armistice pending surrender talks on 26 april. the turks agreed to send 10 days of food into the garrison while the six - day armistice was in effect. while the talks were in progress the british took the opportunity of destroying anything of value in the town, aware of its imminent surrender. an additional 23, 000 british casualties have been suffered during the relief efforts ; the turks lost approximately 10, 000 men. although khalil pasha, baghdad ' s military governor, proved sympathetic to townshend ' s offer of £1 million plus a guarantee that none of his men would be used again in fighting against the ottoman empire - effectively buying parole, he was instructed by minister of war enver pasha to require townshend ' s unconditional surrender. this was duly delivered on 29 april 1916, the british having run out of food supplies and wracked with disease of epidemic proportions ( and with entirely inadequate medical provisioning to meet it ). it was the greatest humiliation to have befallen the british army in its history. for the turks - and for germany - it proved a significant morale booster, and undoubtedly weakened british influence in the middle east. approximately 8, 000 anglo - indian troops were taken prisoner ( many weak through sickness ), as was townshend himself. however whereas he was treated as something of an honoured guest ( and ultimately was released to assist with the ottoman armistice negotiations in october 1918 ), his men were treated with cruelty and routine brutality, with a significant percentage dying while in captivity. baron von der goltz meanwhile did not live to witness the conclusion of siege operations ; he died ten


original image credit : united states coast guard what : blacktip, bonnethead, and bull sharks where : four miles south of the texas coast how : last month, a us coast guard ship from south padre island came across an illegal, five - mile long gillnet full of dead sharks 17 miles north of the us - mexico border. among the casualties were 225 blacktip, 109 bonnethead, and 11 bull sharks. no arrests were made since the boat that set the net was not found. the story : “ gill nets indiscriminately kill any fish or marine mammal it snares across miles of ocean, often leaving much of the catch spoiled by the time it is hauled in, ” said coast guard commander daniel deptula. because of their destructive impact on fish, turtles and marine mammals, gillnets have been banned in texas state waters since 1981 ; however, the coast guard recovered 49 miles of them in 2012 and the numbers are on the rise. the texas parks and wildlife department reports that incidents of pirate fishing with gillnets off the coast have doubled since 2011. “ the seizures are far past any other year in my 16 - year career, ” said sgt. james dunks said. the coast guard reports that the illegal nets come from mexican fisherman crossing into the us ’ s exclusive economic zone to fish because the mexican fish stocks are so depleted. “ well you get too many people fishing for the same thing, they ’ re not catching as much, so they ’ re going to search new territory to try to find more fish, ” dunks said. the growing fear is that pirate fishing by gillnets will cause our gulf of mexico fish stocks to resemble those of our neighbor to the south. the coast guard believes that the sharks were destined to be finned, a practice where only the fins are cut off the fish to be sold while the rest of the carcass is tossed back into the sea. what we can do : a reliable system of seafood traceability would help consumers to avoid pirate fish and put pressure on fishermen and fishing companies worldwide to supply legal, sustainable seafood for us tables. illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing ( iuu ) doesn ’ t just happen in remote corners of the pacific ; it happens here at home and affects your fish. for now, support local fishermen that are involved in positive fishing practices by doing your homework and asking questions about your favorite seafood. update : in a separate incident, a mexican fishing boat captain has just plead guilty to charges of failing to


getting the jazz. the “ degenerate music ” exhibition of the “ reich music festival ”, dusseldorf, 1938 © ullstein bild “ strictly prohibited is the use of instruments alien to the german spirit – so - called cowbells, flexatone, brushes, etc – as well as all mutes which turn the noble sound of wind and brass instruments into a jewish - freemasonic yowl – so - called wa - wa, hat, etc. ” ( step 5 in nazifing jazz, as recalled in josef skvorecky ’ s ‘ bass saxophone ’ ) the day the nazis rolled tanks into paris – the land of “ americano, nigger, kike, jungle music ” ( goebbels, 1939 ) – the cave - clubs of saint germain dimmed. montparnasse went quietly. pigalle ’ s cosmopolitan nightclubs folded and the champs - elysees muted the footlights. in fact, two million parisians had already left town. many jazz - junkies, gypsies, peddlars of swing, negres – all now in danger of being freighted to their death – considered catching the a - train elsewhere. paris was preparing to go underground. but the gestapo went straight to work. loudspeakers declared a curfew of 8pm. arrests began. “ it is better to be frightened in your country than another one ” said django reinhardt – the most famous jazzman ever to live in the alphabet city. he had good reason to be nervous. a member of the manouche ‘ gypsy ’ family – part of the french speaking romany tribe – over one million of his kin would be gone by 1944. reinhardt would try to escape paris twice, but be turned back. instead of escape, his gypsy legend grew and in the heart of nazi occupied paris the enduring spirit of jazz took another turn. django reinhardt spent his time during the nazi occupation oscillating between a suite on the champs elysee and gypsy encampments. in hotel room circa 1945 with gypsy singer sonia dimitrivich. getty images. “ you who have been to paris, just imagine this picture ” wrote life magazine in 1940. “ at the palace de la concorde no such merry - go - round of honking autos, screaming news vendors, gesticulating cops, gaily chatting pedestrians. instead depressing silence, broken only now and then by the purr of some german officers motor as it made its way to the


- go - round of honking autos, screaming news vendors, gesticulating cops, gaily chatting pedestrians. instead depressing silence, broken only now and then by the purr of some german officers motor as it made its way to the hotel crillon, headquarters of the hastily set up german commandery. on the flagstaff the swastika fluttered in the breeze, where once the stars and stripes had been in the days of 1919 when wilson received the cheers of french crowds from the balcony ” hitler ’ s propaganda minister joseph goebbels had his own plans for the weekend. he ’ d drafted a scheme ; a schedule to reopen paris as a jaunty, gay, bustling showroom for new europe. during the war it would be a recreational city, if only to draw a breath. within weeks of bagging the hotel crillon, theatres and nightclubs would begin to reopen. the city ’ s cinemas and opera houses, draped in swastikas, would refill and brothels reopen. soldiers, officers, ss, wary parisians ; all mingled at tables. the caviar tones of johnny hess continued. edith piaf performed, coco chanel entertained nazis. it was a strange reconcile. paris was a hot bed of bona - fide jazz - loving, leaf - smoking, jew - friending ‘ degenerates ’. and while hitler ’ s army were arresting musicians, shutting down swing - joints, storming cabarets that housed the “ rhythms of belly - dancing negroes ”, django and the hot club of paris were reinventing it as a gypsy - slang. during the 30s the success of the hot club quintet transformed jazz from a ww1 americano import into the lingua franca of popular jazz. their groundswell of popularity would lead to a residency in the celebrated clubs of montparnasse, with a fanbase that included jazz greats louis armstrong and coleman hawkins. the clip below shows the original line up bunkered in a bar setting, a vitalised core in situ, 1939. they would all follow very different paths during the war. django himself might have been top of the nazi hit - list. he had risen from the obscurity of a ‘ gypsy ’ camp. he liked billiards, he liked to gamble. he liked making friends, he liked music, his lifestyle was seen as vagabond. hot club collaborator and violinist stephane grappelli told the guardian that when they got offered their first


. he liked billiards, he liked to gamble. he liked making friends, he liked music, his lifestyle was seen as vagabond. hot club collaborator and violinist stephane grappelli told the guardian that when they got offered their first recording in 1934 by charles delauney ( france ’ s supreme jazz expert ), django didn ’ t even appear – grappelli found him in a billiard hall. hot club clarinetist hubert rostaing said the best way to hear django reinhardt was to wait after the concert, and on the other side of the street. it was a minor miracle the hot club existed. but by the time war broke in 1939 django ’ s new, taut ‘ small string ’ sound swept the city with colossal results. a powerfully quick improvisor, django pioneered and defined new territory as a modern guitar soloist. michael dregni best sketches the itinerant genuis : “ his story was told like a fairy tale on the cafe terraces and in the fashionable salons. it was repeated in reverent tones among jazz acolytes. he was spoken of in awe as a child prodigy who never grew up, an idiot savant of jazz, a noble savage let loose in cultured paris. his was the kind of modern fairy tale that paris loved – even demanded – of its celebrities. “ but paris was now dangerous turf. an isolated city. andre zucca took these colour photos for nazi magazine ‘ signal ’, using rare agfacolor film supplied by the wehrmacht. controversy over the depictions of ‘ parisian life as usual ’ continues to this day. cinema parisiana, colour photos of paris under the occupation by andre zucca. hats and coats, paris occupied. june, 1940. image by roger schall. “ paris is dark at night now. probably not until the war ’ s end will the great red lights of moulin rouge turn again. the small nightclubs that used to fill montmatre and montparnasse are also dead or dormant. parisians have no theatre yet, no cinema, and one of the most frequent questions asked us is : when are we going to get american films? ( life magazine correspondent charles wertenbaker, on the nazi ’ s ultimate legacy in paris, 1944 ) german soldiers outside a paris cafe on the champs elysees, bastille day 1940. entartete musik – meaning ‘ not of our kind or race ’ – or more figuratively ‘ abnormal, depraved


paris, 1944 ) german soldiers outside a paris cafe on the champs elysees, bastille day 1940. entartete musik – meaning ‘ not of our kind or race ’ – or more figuratively ‘ abnormal, depraved ’. the poster advertising the degenerate exhibition of 1938. the popular ‘ degenerate music exhibition ’ of 1938 left little to the nazi imagination. the nazis had seized a huge assemblage of artworks ; anything that might have been jewish, bolshevik or abstract – compiling them as an example of ‘ degenerate art ’. graffiti trained above the exhibits, scrawling its way past the ‘ negroid ’, the jew - infused classical or ‘ popular ’ music. jazz was depraved jungle - junk. the new english weekly more eloquently explained ; the nazi ‘ felt the hebrew uses jazz and like methods to iron out racial differences and produce a general neurasthenia in which hebrew influence may ascend among peoples. ’ paris remained under blackout orders for a while after the nazi arrival ; streetlights painted blue. many of the african american musicians who played the jazz clubs had sailed from le havre, expecting the worst. not surprisingly, the original hot club quintet were amongst those to disband. django ’ s other half, stephan grappelli, sailed for england, guitarist marcel bianci was soon interred by the germans, bassist louis vola bound a boat for argentina. other illuminaries also joined the exodus. guitar oscar aleman headed for spain, hoping to catch a ship home to buenos aires. he was halted at the spanish border, his tricone guitars confiscated, melted down for the war effort. german - born singer eva busch was arrested by the gestapo the third day of her show at the paris abc music hall, and made a prisoner of ravensbruck for three years. “ the hatred kept me alive ” she said. django would try to leave twice during the occupation, only to be turned back. in the early days he and other romanies simply left the town, avoided the road, stayed in hiding. they retreated to the depths of la zone, bordered by forests and mountains. palaise de reinhardt, with the family. django and son babik. django teaches his son babik some guitar. jewish refugees from germany holed up in the cellar of an abandoned factory, chez violin and guitar. “ after the german patrol passed by and we believed the coast was clear the


nazi version of eddie cantor ' s ' makin ' whoopee '. this rare nazi jazz recording was made exclusively for shortwave broadcasting to great britain, usa and other enemy countries. ludwig “ lutz ” templin, bandleader of the jazz ensemble who also recorded as “ charlie and his orchestra ”, rearranging american jazz hits with revised nazi - approved lyrics. despite musical cleansing, goebbels couldn ’ t compete with demand. german soldiers overtook the clubs, where the lights were warm. for their own pleasure german officers cordoned off the russian casonova and sheherazade cabarets, where the ferret brothers played ( another band of accomplished gypsy jazzmen – and django ’ s biggest rivals ). amid war and food shortages pigalle and montmartre came to life once again. in early 1943 the famous abbaye club also reopened as le chapiteau. the previous owner ’ s burlesque styled parodies of hitler meant he was now enjoying an extended holiday in monaco to avoid the club ’ s new nazi patrons. le chapiteau had become a favourite hole - in - the - wall for many gestapo and pro - nazi french. goebbels, meanwhile, pegged jazz as an opiate. he put commissioned charlie and his orchestra ( or “ bruno and his swinging tigers “ ) to swiftly begin recording and performing nazi versions of popular jazz hits, a sanctioned reichsministerium. charlie were broadcast in medium - wave and short - wave bands across the channel and atlantic – the sonic equivalent of letter drops in jazz. despite the lyrics written by the propagandaministerium, the group was germany ’ s leading swing outfit and a competent group. they made over ninety recordings between 1941 and 1943. their band leader was permitted by nazi command to travel to neutral and occupied countries in order to collect jazz and dance music. he also knocked around in the rarefied dens of paris, mixing with the bands of the day. meanwhile, the hot club had also been busy. its three - story headquarters had become a meeting place for the french resistance. la place blanche cafe ( in 1940 ) opposite the moulin rouge cabaret. reserved for the exclusive use of german soldiers during the occupation of paris. “ anything that starts with ellington ends with an assassination attempt on the fuhrer! ” ( gestapo ss - sturmbahnfuhrer hans ‘ the fox ’ reinhardt, interrogating teenage swing fans 1944 ) luftwaffe officer dietrich schulz - kohn ( aka “ doktor