washington, d. c. - - a panel of governmental, academic and non - profit scientists speaking today at the annual meeting of the american association for the advancement of science ( aaas ) unveiled research suggesting that diseases found in dolphins are similar to human diseases and can provide clues into how human health might be affected by exposure to contaminated coastal water or seafood. “ dolphins and humans are both mammals, and their diet includes much of the same seafood that we consume. unlike us, however, they are exposed to potential ocean health threats such as toxic algae or poor water quality 24 hours a day, ” said carolyn sotka of the noaa oceans and human health initiative and lead organizer of the session. “ our ecological and physiological similarities make dolphins an important ‘ sentinel species ’ to not only warn us of health risks, but also provide insight into how our health can benefit from new medical discoveries. ” “ marine animal and ecosystem health are connected to public health and well - being, ” said jane lubchenco, ph. d., under secretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere and noaa administrator. “ noaa is committed to better understanding these connections and building the partnerships necessary to have healthy oceans, including healthy dolphins. ” noaa is the principal stewardship agency responsible for protecting dolphins in the wild and supports a network of national and international projects aimed at investigating health concerns. a few of these case studies highlighted today at aaas illustrate how studying disease processes, or pathologies in dolphins, could lead to future prevention or treatment of some diseases in humans. equally important is the knowledge gained with regards to overall population health, which can lead to improved management and science - based guidelines to mitigate disease outbreak in both people and animals. unprecedented contaminant levels in coastal dolphins warn of potential health risks researchers from noaa and its partner institutions recently discovered that bottlenose dolphins inhabiting estuaries along the georgia coast have the highest levels of polychlorinated biphenyls ( pcbs ) ever reported in marine wildlife. the term pcb encompasses a suite of persistent contaminants that have been banned in the united states since the late 1970s due to documented adverse health effects. the extraordinarily high levels of pcbs measured in the dolphins, a maximum concentration of 2900 parts per million, may be suppressing their immune function. the unique signature of the pcb compounds found in these dolphins is consistent with contaminants of concern at a superfund site near brunswick, ga. scientists are equally concerned about the high


per million, may be suppressing their immune function. the unique signature of the pcb compounds found in these dolphins is consistent with contaminants of concern at a superfund site near brunswick, ga. scientists are equally concerned about the high pcb levels in dolphins sampled near a marine protected area approximately 30 miles from brunswick. this suggests that the contaminants are moving along the coast through the marine food web. “ when we received the lab results for the georgia dolphins, we were alarmed by the contaminant levels and set out to investigate how these heavy chemical burdens were affecting their health, ” states lori schwacke, ph. d., with noaa ’ s center for oceans and human health at the hollings marine lab and co - lead investigator on the team. last august, the team conducted a dolphin ‘ capture - release medical physical ’ on this population and found decreased levels of thyroid hormones, elevated liver enzymes and indications of suppressed immune function. a pilot study is being undertaken by the national center for environmental health, centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ), to examine potential environmental contaminants in residents of nearby coastal communities. the researchers are investigating whether coastal dolphin populations and human communities sharing the same seafood resources experience similar exposures. dolphins may offer clues to treating diabetes in humans research conducted in part by the non - profit national marine mammal foundation ( nmmf ) has uncovered evidence that bottlenose dolphins may be the first natural animal model for type ii diabetes. further study of their genome may elucidate a possible treatment for a disease that accounts for an estimated 5 percent of all human deaths globally, according to the world health organization. these studies have found that healthy dolphins appear to readily turn on and off a diabetes - like state as needed. this “ switch ” mechanism is likely driven by the dolphins ’ very high - protein and very low - carbohydrate fish diet. analyses have revealed that a fasting mechanism in dolphins may trigger a series of changes in serum chemistries that matches those seen in humans with diabetes. “ while some people may eat a high protein diet to help control diabetes, dolphins appear to have developed a diabetes - like state to support a high protein diet, ” according to stephanie venn - watson, ph. d., director of clinical research for nmmf. “ shared large brains that have high blood glucose demands may explain why two completely different species - humans and dolphins - have developed similar physiological mechanisms to handle sugar. ” additional evidence collected from


ph. d., director of clinical research for nmmf. “ shared large brains that have high blood glucose demands may explain why two completely different species - humans and dolphins - have developed similar physiological mechanisms to handle sugar. ” additional evidence collected from this study shows that humans and dolphins may share similar chronic disease outcomes associated with diabetes such as insulin resistance, hemochromatosis ( iron overload ) and kidney stones. model for epilepsy discovered from marine exposure to toxic algae noaa researchers found that for the first time exposing laboratory animals to a toxin produced by blooms of microscopic ocean algae can induce seizures and eventually lead to epilepsy in almost all of the animals tested. establishing this novel linkage of oceans and health offers a new perspective to researchers and clinicians studying human epilepsy. working with the marine mammal center in sausalito, calif., and other partners, scientists initially suspected a marine environmental cause of epilepsy by studying marine mammals and other wildlife with seizures that washed up on california beaches over the past decade. the seizures were found to be caused by exposure to domoic acid, a neurotoxin produced by the pseudo - nitzschia australis alga. after realizing thatsome sea lions were stranded with seizures when there were no harmful algal blooms, researchers started to believe that domoic acid poisoning may have progressed to chronic epileptic disease. chief of harmful algal blooms & analytical response at noaa ' s national centers for coastal ocean science, john ramsdell, ph. d., conducted laboratory experiments to validate the field observations seen in sea lions. his research team exposed laboratory rats to domoic acid at levels similar to what a sea lion or dolphin might ingest in the wild by eating contaminated fish. “ within six months of the initial exposure, 92 percent of laboratory rats tested developed epileptic disease that worsened over their lifetime, ” said ramsdell. “ the domoic acid itself is not directly causing the epilepsy, but triggers a brief period of seizures that leads to changes in the brain, resulting in spontaneous and reoccurring seizures, the hallmark of epilepsy. ” the type of epilepsy in the rat model resembles human temporal lobe epilepsy, as confirmed by at least one human case traced back to eating mussels contaminated with the domoic acid toxin. this research could provide important insight into how dolphins and other species, including humans, respond to domoic acid poisoning. stranded dolphins with high domoic acid levels do not


human case traced back to eating mussels contaminated with the domoic acid toxin. this research could provide important insight into how dolphins and other species, including humans, respond to domoic acid poisoning. stranded dolphins with high domoic acid levels do not survive long enough for treatment and study. it is possible that the acute initial poisoning may lead to sudden death ; however, these new findings indicate those animals that survive an initial bout of seizures are likely to develop neurological disease with changes in behavior and increasing severity of spontaneous seizures. this new information can help guide future research and emergency response efforts during the next harmful algal bloom event. dolphin viruses may have human health implications a team of researchers and veterinarians from the marine animal disease lab at the university of florida have discovered at least 50 new viruses in dolphins, the majority of which have yet to be reported in any other marine mammal species. “ we know that the ocean harbors a huge diversity of viruses ; but we have very limited knowledge as to which viruses dolphins are susceptible to and how they develop the disease, ” said hendrik h. nollens, ph. d., research lead of the uf team. “ by studying dolphin viral ecology, we learned more about how viruses infect human and land animals. this research could lead to preventing outbreaks of disease. ” one of these viruses, the human papillomavirus, was found to be common in bottlenose dolphins and likely represents the first natural model of papillomavirus outside the human species. commonly known as hpv in humans, the virus has historically produced great health risks including cervical tumors or cancer in women, especially women with multiple types of the papillomavirus. this new study shows that while dolphins also host multiple types of papillomaviruses they don ’ t appear to get cancer, only genital warts. further research into the genome of this virus in dolphins may help understand, manage and prevent cervical cancer in humans. thirteen additional rna - based viruses that cause intestinal disease and encephalitis in humans have also recently been discovered in dolphins, whales and other marine life. much like west nile, severe acute respiratory syndrome ( sars ) and influenza, rna - based viruses have the ability to quickly adapt, rapidly mutate and jump from animals to people, posing potential threats to public health. another virus identified in the dolphins had incorporated part of a similar human virus into its dna make - up, making it a very probable candidate to infect humans. views expressed in


new class of tuberculosis - fighting antibiotics suggested by biochemical - pathway study ( philadelphia, pa ) - a worldwide health problem, tuberculosis kills more people than any other bacterial infection. the world health organization estimates that two billion people are infected with tb, and that two million people die each year from the disease. however, due to multi - drug resistance and a protracted medication regimen, it is extremely difficult to treat. hence, there is still a great deal of interest in developing new anti - tubercular drugs. researchers at the university of pennsylvania school of medicine have identified a biochemical target that could lead to a new class of antibiotics to fight tb. they report their findings in this week ’ s online edition of the proceedings of the national academy of sciences. in a proof - of - principle study, harvey rubin, md, phd, professor of medicine, division of infectious diseases, and colleagues were able to stop the bacteria from multiplying by inhibiting the first step in a common biochemical pathway. this pathway is responsible for making the energy molecules all cells need to survive. first author edward weinstein, an md / phd student, rubin, and colleagues characterized the pathway and showed that an important enzyme in it is a key target for anti - tb agents. the pathway, explains rubin, is like a series of links in a chain, with enzymes facilitating reactions along the way. “ we discovered that if you inhibit the very first enzyme in the chain, you inhibit everything else downstream and eventually the bacteria die, ” he explains. the research group tested phenothiazine, a drug used in the past to treat schizophrenia, in cultures of mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes tb. they found that phenothiazines killed the bacterium in culture and suppressed its growth in mice with acute tb infection. while the effect on the growth of tb in mice was small, it suggested that a valid target was identified. the research group went on to show that the enzyme disabled by the phenothiazines is called type ii nadh dehydrogenase and is a unique and important antimicrobial target. “ what we have now is a new target in tb, ” says rubin. “ we ’ ve been able to find at least the beginnings of a class of compounds that we can start working with and that we know is biochemically active against the tb bacteria in culture and in small animals. ” is it a new drug for tuberculosis? not yet, cautions rubin. it ’ s premature to say


of compounds that we can start working with and that we know is biochemically active against the tb bacteria in culture and in small animals. ” is it a new drug for tuberculosis? not yet, cautions rubin. it ’ s premature to say that this class of drugs will cure tb, but it does represent the start of basic research towards that, he concludes. next steps include more investigations on inhibitors of the nadh biochemical pathway in tb, and the development of high - throughput screens to find better and safer inhibitors of type ii nadh dehydrogenase. this work was supported by grants from the national institutes of health. rubin and weinstein ’ s coauthors are takahiro yano, lin - sheng li, david avarbock, andrew avarbock and douglas helm from penn, and andrew mccolm, ken duncan, and john t. lonsdale from glaxosmithkline ( collegeville, pa and stevenage, uk ). animal studies were conducted at glaxosmithkline. penn researchers report no conflicts of interest. penn medicine is a $ 2. 7 billion enterprise dedicated to the related missions of medical education, biomedical research, and high - quality patient care. penn medicine consists of the university of pennsylvania school of medicine ( founded in 1765 as the nation ’ s first medical school ) and the university of pennsylvania health system ( created in 1993 as the nation ’ s first integrated academic health penn ’ s school of medicine is ranked # 3 in the nation for receipt of nih research funds ; and ranked # 4 in the nation in u. s. news & world report ’ s most recent ranking of top research - oriented medical schools. supporting 1, 400 fulltime faculty and 700 students, the school of medicine is recognized worldwide for its superior education and training of the next generation of physician - scientists and leaders of academic penn health system is comprised of : its flagship hospital, the hospital of the university of pennsylvania, consistently rated one of the nation ’ s “ honor roll ” hospitals by u. s. news & world report ; pennsylvania hospital, the nation ' s first hospital ; presbyterian medical center ; a faculty practice plan ; a primary - care provider network ; two multispecialty satellite facilities ; and home health care and hospice.


anthony atala is a surgeon, the chair of the department of urology at the wake forest university for medicine, and the director of the wake forest institute for regenerative medicine, where he specializes in the growth and regeneration of organs and tissues. he is also the former director of the laboratory for tissue engineering and cellular therapeutics at children ' s hospital boston. when atala joined the wake forest institute for regenerative medicine in 2004, he led the research team that created the first lab - grown organ - a human bladder - to be successfully implanted in a human being. currently, he is working on growing and printing other organs to eventually reduce the time that transplant patients spend waiting for an organ. he and his team have successfully printed prototype kidneys for this purpose. atala has also been successful in harvesting stem cells from the amniotic fluid of pregnant women. amniotic stem cells can be manipulated to transform into various types of mature cells that make up nerves, muscles, bones and other tissues. these stem cells are able to thrive for years and can be used to grow new tissues and organs when damaged ones are in need of replacement. they are easier to grow than embryonic stem cells and avoid the ethical concerns that are associated with embryonic stem cell research. atala believes that, " a bank of 100, 000 specimens of the amniotic stem cells theoretically could supply 99 % of the us population with perfect genetic matches for transplants. " atala ' s lecture will address the implications of organ and tissue regeneration, as well as consider what the future of synthetic organs will bring. about this lecture today there are many more people awaiting organs than there are organs available from donors. people are dying as a result. and the problem is only going to get worse in the future as the number of organs required grows at a much faster rate than the number of donors. dr. anthony atala, a leading researcher in the field of regenerative medicine, is exploring a variety of approaches to making human organs in the lab for transplant into those with failing organs. in this presentation, he will discuss where the field of regenerative medicine is going in the context of the approaches that he is exploring. possibly the most intriguing of these is the use of a device that his lab has built based on the principle of an ink - jet printer. instead of ink in the printer that he has built, atala uses human cells and he quite literally prints human organs. to do so, he extracts cells from the patient and, using the


built based on the principle of an ink - jet printer. instead of ink in the printer that he has built, atala uses human cells and he quite literally prints human organs. to do so, he extracts cells from the patient and, using the extracted cells as seeds, grows many more in the lab. he then mixes the cells with a chemical that turns into a gel when it comes into contact with water. he places this mixture in the ' ink ' cartridge of the printer that he has built. the ink - jet mechanism of the printer prints a layer of cells onto a petri dish containing water, which with the chemical additive, turns the water into a gel. the dish is then moved down a fraction of an inch and a second layer is printed. this continues until the organ is complete. the printing process is designed in such a way that the cells are able to create various shapes in each layer. in this way, atala is able to create blood vessels and other essential organ components as he prints it such that once complete he has a functioning organ. furthermore, because the organ has been made with the patient ' s cells this approach avoids problems of rejection associated with donor supplied organs. at this time, printed organs have not been used in humans ; atala is still developing the technique and significant work remains before the approach is ready for to be tested in patients. previous to the printing of organs, atala has artificially grown organs using human tissue. for example, he was the first to successfully create a bladder in the laboratory and place it into a human. anthony atala ' s profile anthony atala ' s profile on the wake forest institute for regenerative medicine website anthony atala ' s ted talk on lab - grown organs anthony atala ' s ted talk on printing a human kidney singularity hub article an article about anthony atala ' s work on the singularity hub


hormone promises to keep joint injuries from causing long - term osteoarthritis goal to extend useful life of arthritic knees and hips september 12, 2009 an existing osteoporosis drug is the first ever found to prevent cartilage loss from osteoarthritis following injury to a joint, and may also regenerate some cartilage that has been lost to osteoarthritis, according to an early study presented today at the annual meeting of the american society for bone and mineral research in denver. while the study was in mice, the model closely mimics human osteoarthritis that develops following knee injuries, according to the study authors. cartilage can become damaged by many kinds of injury and by mechanical stresses that come with age. over time, damaged cartilage deteriorates to cause osteoarthritis ( oa ), with its attendant joint inflammation and pain. currently available drugs like steroids or non - steroidal anti - inflammatory agents ( e. g. advil, aleve ) reduce pain but do not address the loss of cartilage behind the osteoarthritis, which is projected to afflict more than 50 million americans by 2020. cartilage forms the sponge - like, shock - absorbing layers that keep the impact of running and jumping and lifting from grinding bones against each other in joints. the cell type at the heart of osteoarthritis is the chondrocyte, the cartilage - producing cell responsible for maintaining the integrity of joint cartilage. outside of joints, chondrocytes undergo a normal maturation process that helps to form bone as part of fracture healing and bone growth in children. disease processes and injury, however, cause chondrocytes in joint surface cartilage to become like those that help to heal bone elsewhere, but where bone is not supposed to form. this mistaken maturation contributes to the gradual destruction of the joint seen in osteoarthritis. parathyroid hormone ( pth ), known as teriparatide in drug form, has emerged as a major player in the maintenance and healing of bone, and the race is on to design new applications for it. past studies have established that pth prevents chondrocytes from undergoing maturation, and stimulates their proliferation, preserving larger pools of cartilage cells in the joint. signaling molecules like pth have their effect in the body by interacting with specifically shaped proteins on


established that pth prevents chondrocytes from undergoing maturation, and stimulates their proliferation, preserving larger pools of cartilage cells in the joint. signaling molecules like pth have their effect in the body by interacting with specifically shaped proteins on the cell surfaces called receptors. pth docks into its receptors, like a ship coming into port, which changes the shape of the dock such that biochemical signals are sent. the authors of the current study observed that chondrocytes within injured and degenerating cartilage have more pth type 1 receptors on their surfaces. this makes them especially sensitive to the pth signal that prevents harmful chondrocyte maturation into bone in the joint cartilage. thus, pth therapy should increase the cartilage supply exactly where cartilage loss is causing disease. “ right now physicians have no way to bring back cartilage in patients who have lost it to osteoarthritis, ” said randy rosier, m. d., ph. d., professor within the department of orthopaedics and rehabilitation at the university of rochester medical center. “ our current results, at least in mice, show that we can inhibit cartilage degeneration and improve the volume of cartilage in diseased joints. it ’ s remarkable enough that this compound delays the loss of cartilage, but these results show it also may be able to restore, at least to some extent, cartilage in already degraded joint surfaces. ” researchers examined the impact of a daily dose of forteo® / teriparatide, manufactured by eli lilly, and a generic version of teriparatide made by sigma on the progress of oa following injury in study mice. experiments established a five - fold increase in pth type 1 receptor expression in the articular cartilage of mice with injury - related osteoarthritis when compared to healthy cartilage. injury triggers genetic mechanisms in an attempt to begin repairs, a response that may be responsible for the increase in pth receptor in the joint. this in turn makes damaged cartilage particularly responsive to pth. in the current study, one group of mice with cartilage and ligament injuries was randomized to receive either saline as a control, forteo® or generic pth daily for 12 weeks. a second group of mice with joint injuries did not receive treatment until 8 weeks after injury. the delay was an attempt to determine the effect of treatment once the oste


saline as a control, forteo® or generic pth daily for 12 weeks. a second group of mice with joint injuries did not receive treatment until 8 weeks after injury. the delay was an attempt to determine the effect of treatment once the osteoarthritic process was already underway and some cartilage lost, a scenario that more closely mimics clinical reality. injurd patients do not ask their doctor to prevent the onset of osteoarthritis 10 years in the future, rosier said. they come in when an old injury and time have combined to degrade cartilage to the point where function is lost and pain felt. studies revealed that after 12 weeks of forteo® - or generic pth treatment, there was approximately 27 percent more joint cartilage compared to saline - treated mice. strikingly, delayed teriparatide treatment was even more effective in improving the amount of cartilage, with up to 35 percent more cartilage in forteo® - and pth - treated groups than in the saline group, suggesting an ability to regenerate at least some of the lost cartilage. with a new use patent application in place, the team will next seek to confirm the durability of the effect in further animal studies, and prepare to seek funding from the national institutes of health to begin pilot clinical studies of pth treatment of osteoarthritis in humans, possibly in the later half of 2010. along with rosier, the study was led by erik sampson, todd o ’ brien, di chen, susan bukata, j. edward puzas, regis o ’ keefe and michael zuscik within the department of orthopaedics and by hani awad in the department of biomedical engineering at the university of rochester medical center. the study was funded by the national institutes of health. “ these pre - clinical findings provide strong proof - of - concept support for the potential use of teriparatide to slow joint cartilage degeneration in oa patients, and perhaps even reverse it, ” rosier said. “ in the near future, we hope this serves as the foundation of new treatments that restore function to long - injured joints, perhaps staving off joint replacement surgeries for some years. ” note : drs. puzas and bukata are members of eli lilly ' s speaker bureau.


| dr. elizabeth cochran, a geophysicist with usgs, conducts seismic research along the san andreas fault in california. | dr. elizabeth cochran, a geophysicist with the u. s. geological survey, was named one of president obama ’ s recipients of the presidential early career awards for scientists and engineers, the highest honor bestowed by the united states government on science and engineering professionals in the early stages of their independent research careers. cochran, who came to work for the usgs in june after a career as an assistant professor at the university of california, riverside, is an accomplished seismologist. she has made important contributions to the understanding of earthquake physics and earthquake triggering, the physical properties and geometry of earthquake fault zones and their evolution after earthquakes, and to the development of a new method of earthquake monitoring using low - cost earthquake sensors, called the quake - catcher network ( qcn ). this network allows scientists to monitor earthquakes and quantify ground shaking with unprecedented spatial resolution through data gathered from citizen volunteers. “ it is inspiring to see the innovative work being done by these scientists and engineers as they ramp up their careers — careers that i know will be not only personally rewarding but also invaluable to the nation, ” president obama said. “ that so many of them are also devoting time to mentoring and other forms of community service speaks volumes about their potential for leadership, not only as scientists but as model citizens. ” the presidential early career awards embody the high priority the obama administration places on producing outstanding scientists and engineers to advance the nation ’ s goals, tackle grand challenges, and contribute to the american economy. “ it is an incredible honor to receive this award, and it is nice that it recognizes the combination of research and education, ” said cochran, who was nominated for the award by the national science foundation. “ i am very proud and a little stunned. ” “ dr. cochran ’ s work on next generation sensor networks is exactly what the united states needs to help enable earthquake early warning, ” said usgs director dr. marcia mcnutt. “ as was clearly demonstrated by the recent japanese experience, even a few seconds of warning before an earthquake can reduce the loss of life and property. dr. cochran ’ s innovative research will help make the nation safer from this natural hazard. ” the qcn, a collaborative research project between cochran and jesse lawrence of stanford university, uses computers that are installed with software and special sensors to record moderate - to - large earthquakes and aftershocks. citizen volunteers have


safer from this natural hazard. ” the qcn, a collaborative research project between cochran and jesse lawrence of stanford university, uses computers that are installed with software and special sensors to record moderate - to - large earthquakes and aftershocks. citizen volunteers have the sensors installed externally to their desktop computers or internally to their laptop computers. these computers become seismic stations by providing the physical infrastructure, computer, internet connection, power, and the location and measurement of seismic activity. the computers are then networked using distributed computing techniques that allow scientists to monitor the sensors and retrieve earthquake data automatically. “ the quake - catcher network is a way to involve the public in scientific data collection in high - risk earthquake and aftershock zones in the united states and around the world and to collect seismic data in non - traditional ways, ” said cochran. | dr. elizabeth cochran. | by using this sensor - driven process, a great number of seismic data can be processed in a short period of time and produce nearly instantaneous detection and characterization of earthquakes. the first release of the software was in reno, nev., in april 2008. a few people from the area signed up to get the software, just in time to record a swarm of earthquakes that hit in june of that year. “ when the swarm of earthquakes struck reno, the information from these citizen volunteers enabled us to test our system, and from that, we learned that the sensors and data communication were working correctly, ” said cochran. “ for this set of earthquakes, we had some of the closest seismic stations to the swarm. we had records of those earthquakes that looked like typical seismograms. i was really excited that it worked. it was really fun. ” since then, volunteers have popped up in just about every state in the united states and across the world. after the magnitude 8. 8 earthquake struck chile in early 2010, cochran and her team enlisted 100 volunteers in chile to hook up the sensors to their computers. when the aftershocks kept occurring, the instrumentation provided invaluable information to scientists and proved the value of the qcn. “ in the case of chile, we could get estimates of magnitude and locations in about 20 to 30 seconds after earthquake started, ” said cochran. “ we found we can actually do well recording earthquakes this way, and eventually we hope this is a way to augment existing seismic networks to provide more precise early earthquake warning. ” the data cochran and her team gathered from chile was especially valuable in analyzing small scale ground shaking — how it is different


earthquakes this way, and eventually we hope this is a way to augment existing seismic networks to provide more precise early earthquake warning. ” the data cochran and her team gathered from chile was especially valuable in analyzing small scale ground shaking — how it is different in one location versus a half a mile away. “ there is a lot of variation in ground shaking, even in small scales, ” said cochran. “ we were able to generate our own quake - catcher network shakemaps, or what seismologists call microzonation, where you can examine specific areas for earthquake hazards. this information can provide critical data to feed back into building codes and to help determine where critical infrastructure such as power plants, hospitals, water lines and transportation facilities should be built. ” when the magnitude 7. 0 earthquake struck new zealand in september 2010, cochran and her team deployed 180 sensors in the area. a paper on the results of the data is expected out this fall. “ we are in the middle of demonstrating that the data from these sensor stations in new zealand show the same amplitude and waveform characteristics as do other strong motion sensors in the area and is sufficient enough quality to produce reliable results, ” said cochran. in early september 2011, cochran and her team set out on an ambitious goal : to install 500 sensor stations in the san francisco bay area, a high - risk earthquake location. volunteers need to have a high speed internet connection ; a computer, about 5 years old or less that runs on a windows or macintosh operating system with a spare usb port to which the sensor can be connected ; and, a small space about the size of a post - it note for mounting the sensor. information for those interested in volunteering or learning more about the qcn is available online. “ i came up with the idea for the quake - catcher network by playing around on a mac laptop, and my husband pointed out that you could download a widget that would allow you to see the real - time output from the sensor, ” said cochran. “ i downloaded the widget and was seeing output from tapping i was doing on the computer, and it dawned on me that if it picked up this movement, it would probably pick up earthquake movements. i also knew about distributed computing that allows people to donate their unused cpu processing time to scientific projects and thought that combining the low cost sensors with distributed computing would be a perfect way to gather data from moderate to large earthquakes at very little cost. i discussed it with my colleague jesse lawrence who said, ‘ that ’ s the coolest idea


scientific projects and thought that combining the low cost sensors with distributed computing would be a perfect way to gather data from moderate to large earthquakes at very little cost. i discussed it with my colleague jesse lawrence who said, ‘ that ’ s the coolest idea i ever heard, ’ and then we pursued and received a grant from the national science foundation to start it up. ” cochran ’ s research is fundamental to the mission of the usgs to continue to innovate the recording of weak and strong ground motions necessary to accurately locate earthquakes, to study their rupture process, and to map the variations in the strong ground motions caused by the local soil conditions and the details of the earthquake rupture process. “ i am really excited that the quake - catcher network is moving forward and has continued to be successful, ” said cochran. since its inception in 2008, the qcn has gained academic partners from the university of california - berkeley, california institute of technology, university of california - san diego and the university of delaware. after receiving her phd in geophysics and space physics from ucla in 2005, cochran served as a postdoctoral fellow at the scripps institution of oceanography until the end of 2006, when she joined uc riverside in 2007 as an assistant professor in earth sciences, supervising both graduate students and postdoctoral scholars. she joined the usgs in june 2011. her accomplishments have been recognized by her receiving the nsf faculty early career development ( career ) award in 2010 and the geological society of america subaru outstanding woman in science in 2006 for the scientific impact of her work on the geosciences. she is the author or co - author of 21 peer - reviewed journal publications, 9 as a first author, and has a scopus h - index of 7. her first - author papers have been published in prestigious journals science, journal of geophysical research, geophysical research letters, bulletin of the seismological society of america, seismological research letters, and geology. she has also played prominent roles in professional organizations, including as the co - chair of the seismology discipline for the southern california earthquake center since 2009 and as a member of the iris data management system standing committee from 2008 to 2010. the presidential early career awards for scientists and engineers was established by president clinton in 1996 and are coordinated by the office of science and technology policy within the executive office of the president. awardees are selected for their pursuit of innovative research at the frontiers of science and technology and their commitment to community service as demonstrated through scientific leadership, public education,


born to a jewish father and a catholic mother, otto grew up in a city well known for its musical tradition. the younger of two children, otto began studying the piano at age 10. after entering the vienna conservatory of music, he gave his first concert at age 14. encouraged by maestro bruno walter, he hoped to become a conductor and concert pianist. 1933 - 39 : after germany annexed austria in march 1938, otto was kicked out of the vienna conservatory. one night, two men ordered him to go with them to a cellar, where they forced other people to mop and scrub. they told otto to wait his turn, but in the confusion he escaped. to get out of austria, he entered a piano contest in belgium. from belgium he went to france, and then sailed for america on august 11, 1939. 1940 - 44 : in new york otto gave piano lessons and concert recitals. he also gave benefit performances for austrian resistance groups and jewish refugees from europe. after the u. s. entered the war, otto was given a choice - - either join the u. s. army or be deported as an enemy alien. he chose the army. in october 1944 he was sent into combat in france and southern germany. his job was to interrogate german prisoners ; they all denied knowing anything about concentration camps, but otto had already seen the camps with his own eyes. otto was stationed in germany at the end of the war. a day before he was to return to america, he was killed. the cause of his death is still under investigation.


united states, december 8, 1941 yesterday, december 7th, 1941, a date which will live in infamy, [ the ] united states of america was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the empire of japan. the united states was at peace with that nation, and, at the solicitation of japan, was still in conversation with its government and its emperor, looking towards the maintenance of peace in the pacific. indeed, one hour after japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing in the american island of oahu, the japanese ambassador to the united states, and his colleague, delivered to our secretary of state a formal reply to a recent american message. japan has therefore undertaken a surprise offensive extending throughout the pacific area. the facts of yesterday and today speak for themselves. the people of the united states have already formed their opinions, and well understand the implications for the very life and safety of our nation. with confidence in our armed forces, with the unbounding determination of our people, we will gain the inevitable triumph so help us god [ applause ]. i ask that the congress declare that since the unprovoked and dastardly attack by japan on sunday, december 7th, 1941, a state of war has existed between the united states and the japanese empire. portion of the speech in which president franklin d. roosevelt asked the us congress to declare war on japan following the previous day ' s surprise attack on pearl harbor. national archives - film


older adults make smarter decisions that lead to long - term gains, study shows sept. 19, 2011 austin, texas — many people believe getting older means losing a mental edge, leading to poor decision - making, but a new study from psychologists at the university of texas at austin and texas a & m university suggests older adults are far better at making choices that lead to long - term gain. the study, co - authored by university of texas at austin psychologist todd maddox, found older adults, at least 60 years old, are better at strategizing their decisions than those in their late teens and early 20s, who tend to focus on instant gratification. findings from the study, led by darrell worthy, professor of psychology at texas a & m university, will be published in psychological science. collaborators on the study include university of texas psychologists david schnyer, jennifer pacheco and marissa gorlick. contradicting negative stereotypes of age and reasoning ability, the results show that the wisdom that comes with age can allow people to make better decisions under some conditions. maddox says the study gives insight into the decision - making process, which will help researchers learn more about the effects of aging in the brain. " broadly, these results suggest that younger adults may behave more impulsively, favoring immediate gains, while older adults are better at considering the long - term ramifications of their actions, " maddox says. as part of the study, 28 older adults and 28 younger counterparts performed decision - making tasks, in which they only needed to consider immediate rewards to earn points. in this experiment, the younger adults were more efficient at selecting the options that yielded the best short - term rewards. however, in a second experiment, the older participants outperformed the younger group in choosing options that resulted in long - term gains, such as strategically storing the most amount of oxygen in " oxygen accumulators " on an imaginary space mission in mars. in this portion of the study, 52 older adults ( ages 67 - 82 ) and 51 younger adults ( ages 20 - 26 ) performed decision - making tasks in which the choices they made influenced future rewards. as part of the experiment, the researchers created a test with two oxygen extraction systems on mars. the rewards depended on the respondents ' previous choices. the respondents had to choose from two options : the " increasing option, " which increased rewards in future trials, and the " decreasing option, " which decreased future rewards but offered a larger immediate reward. in each permutation of the experiment,


. the respondents had to choose from two options : the " increasing option, " which increased rewards in future trials, and the " decreasing option, " which decreased future rewards but offered a larger immediate reward. in each permutation of the experiment, the older participants outperformed the younger group by figuring out which option led to the most long - term cumulative rewards. " we found that younger adults performed equivalently in the experiment, but older adults were more adept at adjusting their strategy to fit the goals of the task, " maddox says. the researchers suggest these results provide insight into how people use their brains as they age. when making choices, younger people use the ventral striatum, a region of the brain associated with habit formation and immediate rewards. as this declines with age, the psychologists theorize that people compensate by using their prefrontal cortex, an area of the brain that controls rational and deliberate thoughts. to test this theory, maddox and his team of researchers are conducting a neuroimaging study to determine which parts of the brain respond to immediate gratification and long - term rewards while the participants engage in decision - making tasks. collaborators on this study include worthy, jeannette mumford, psychology research assistant at the university of texas at austin, and russell poldrack, professor of psychology and neurobiology and director of the imaging research center at the university of texas at austin.


dangling modifiers are words or phrases which “ dangle ” because they have no word in the sentence to describe : while taking a shower, the doorbell rang. - - the doorbell was taking a shower? revise dangling modifiers by adding a headword — a noun or pronoun that is described : while i was taking a shower, the doorbell rang. or while taking a shower, i heard the doorbell ring. a misplaced modifier is placed too close to some other word that it does not intend to modify : i only speak one language. - - all you ever do is speak one language? revise misplaced modifiers by placing the modifier next to its headword : i speak only one language. split infinitives are misplaced modifiers which are placed between the preposition to and the verb in an infinitive - - a grammatical unit consisting of the word to plus a verb ( to eat, to sleep, etc. ) : dentists encourage children to regularly brush their teeth. - - the modifier regularly is splitting the infinitive to brush. revise split infinitives by moving the modifier to another part of the sentence : dentists encourage children to brush their teeth regularly. squinting modifiers are misplaced modifiers that seem to modify two words : patty who was walking quickly reached the disco. - - is patty walking quickly, or is she quickly reaching the disco? revise squinting modifiers by changing the word order so there is no ambiguity : patty, who was quickly walking, reached the disco. or patty who was walking...


no matter how adventurous your cat, it ’ s confronted by many risks the second it steps foot outside. the humane society of the united states estimates a free - roaming cat might live as few as three years, compared to 12 to 15 years for an indoor - only cat. for much of feline history, cats roamed freely, serving as handy rodent - catchers around grain crops. as the years went on, people brought cats indoors, again relying on felines to reduce numbers of unwanted vermin. the cat ’ s role today has primarily evolved to that of a beloved companion, which needs and deserves our protection. the situation benefits both people and cats, since an indoor cat is a safer cat. most feline fanciers are getting the message. about two - thirds of the estimated 90 million cats in the united states alone reside indoors. however, cats need more than just the security of staying inside. it ’ s up to you to provide an environment that meets the needs of your indoor cat. the indoor cat initiative, an ohio state university college of veterinary medicine project, is designed to help you understand just what your indoor cat requires and how you can easily help it live a happy, healthy life. “ as long as we ’ re going to have cats indoors, we certainly have the responsibility to keep them in the most enriched situation possible, ’ ’ says tony buffington, dvm, ph. d, director of the indoor cat initiative. the initiative ’ s website offers basic advice for meeting your indoor cat ’ s requirements. you can also order a dvd from the site. you ’ ll be in tune with your cat ’ s needs, says dr. buffington, if you provide your house cat with these eight inside essentials : - exercise many veterinarians, such as elizabeth colleran, dvm, ms, of chico, calif., are concerned about the number of overweight felines they see in their practices. dr. colleran suggests providing “ an abundance of cat toys. having just one cat toy is silly. ” the indoor cat initiative advises understanding your cat ’ s prey of choice. would your pal rather romp after an object that moves in the air? a furry toy? a laser light? pay attention to your cat ’ s playtime preferences and buy accordingly. - mental stimulation playing with your feline during the day offers additional benefits, says dr. colleran. you ’ ll engage your cat mentally, which will help to keep your pal alert and involved with


’ s playtime preferences and buy accordingly. - mental stimulation playing with your feline during the day offers additional benefits, says dr. colleran. you ’ ll engage your cat mentally, which will help to keep your pal alert and involved with its surroundings. your cat, nocturnal by nature, will also be less likely to keep you up during the night. allowing your cat to hunt for food you ’ ve placed around the house also provides stimulation, she says. don ’ t forget to offer your pet at least one room with a view. cats love to watch outdoor activity. - something to scratch determine, just by observation and experimentation, what material your cat enjoys under its paws, says dr. colleran. some cats scratch vertically, while others prefer to scratch horizontally. a scratching post needn ’ t be fancy. it can be a simple homemade device, created by nailing or stapling some scratching material, such as a carpet remnant, to a piece of plywood. just be sure no sharp nails or staple points protrude before you present it to your clawed friend. - a place of its own your cat needs a space where it feels safe and secure. make sure food, water and litter are not located where another animal or person can sneak up or surprise your cat. the indoor cat initiative suggests placing dishes and the litter box away from appliances or air ducts that might suddenly turn on, startling your cat. - something to climb “ people don ’ t think about cats operating in three dimensions, ’ ’ says dr. buffington. “ they need to climb. that ’ s part of their natural behavior. but people often don ’ t want them to climb on certain things. ” dr. buffington believes cat owners often neglect to provide their cats a suitable alternative. you can purchase commercial perches and roosts for cats or, suggests dr. buffington, a six - foot pine ladder, if you don ’ t mind the unusual addition to your decor. - clean, fresh litter litter should be scooped daily and cleaned regularly, with each cat provided with its own box. offer an ample - sized box, advises dr. colleran, who has written several papers about indoor cats. select one of the bigger litter boxes you find on the shelf at your local pet store. most large boxes measure around 18. 5 inches in length and 15. 25 inches in width, or more. keep clutter and debris cleared from around the box. “ cats are really fastidious. they like their bathrooms clean


the celebration of the christian mystery the seven sacraments of the church the sacraments of christian initiation the sacrament of baptism 1213 holy baptism is the basis of the whole christian life, the gateway to life in the spirit ( vitae spiritualis ianua ), 4 and the door which gives access to the other sacraments. through baptism we are freed from sin and reborn as sons of god ; we become members of christ, are incorporated into the church and made sharers in her mission : " baptism is the sacrament of regeneration through water in the word. " 5 i. what is this sacrament called? 1214 this sacrament is called baptism, after the central rite by which it is carried out : to baptize ( greek baptizein ) means to " plunge " or " immerse " ; the " plunge " into the water symbolizes the catechumen ' s burial into christ ' s death, from which he rises up by resurrection with him, as " a new creature. " 6 1215 this sacrament is also called " the washing of regeneration and renewal by the holy spirit, " for it signifies and actually brings about the birth of water and the spirit without which no one " can enter the kingdom of god. " 7 1216 " this bath is called enlightenment, because those who receive this [ catechetical ] instruction are enlightened in their understanding.... " 8 having received in baptism the word, " the true light that enlightens every man, " the person baptized has been " enlightened, " he becomes a " son of light, " indeed, he becomes " light " himself : 9 ii. baptism in the economy of salvation prefigurations of baptism in the old covenant 1217 in the liturgy of the easter vigil, during the blessing of the baptismal water, the church solemnly commemorates the great events in salvation history that already prefigured the mystery of baptism : in baptism we use your gift of water, which you have made a rich symbol of the grace you give us in this sacrament. 11 1218 since the beginning of the world, water, so humble and wonderful a creature, has been the source of life and fruitfulness. sacred scripture sees it as " overshadowed " by the spirit of god : 12 1219 the church has seen in noah ' s ark a prefiguring of salvation by baptism, for by it " a few, that is, eight persons, were saved through water " : 14 1220 if water springing up from the


1219 the church has seen in noah ' s ark a prefiguring of salvation by baptism, for by it " a few, that is, eight persons, were saved through water " : 14 1220 if water springing up from the earth symbolizes life, the water of the sea is a symbol of death and so can represent the mystery of the cross. by this symbolism baptism signifies communion with christ ' s death. 1221 but above all, the crossing of the red sea, literally the liberation of israel from the slavery of egypt, announces the liberation wrought by baptism : 1222 finally, baptism is prefigured in the crossing of the jordan river by which the people of god received the gift of the land promised to abraham ' s descendants, an image of eternal life. the promise of this blessed inheritance is fulfilled in the new covenant. 1223 all the old covenant prefigurations find their fulfillment in christ jesus. he begins his public life after having himself baptized by st. john the baptist in the jordan. 17 after his resurrection christ gives this mission to his apostles : " go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the father and of the son and of the holy spirit, teaching them to observe all that i have commanded you. " 18 1224 our lord voluntarily submitted himself to the baptism of st. john, intended for sinners, in order to " fulfill all righteousness. " 19 jesus ' gesture is a manifestation of his self - emptying. 20 the spirit who had hovered over the waters of the first creation descended then on the christ as a prelude of the new creation, and the father revealed jesus as his " beloved son. " 21 1225 in his passover christ opened to all men the fountain of baptism. he had already spoken of his passion, which he was about to suffer in jerusalem, as a " baptism " with which he had to be baptized. 22 the blood and water that flowed from the pierced side of the crucified jesus are types of baptism and the eucharist, the sacraments of new life. 23 from then on, it is possible " to be born of water and the spirit " 24 in order to enter the kingdom of god. baptism in the church 1226 from the very day of pentecost the church has celebrated and administered holy baptism. indeed st. peter declares to the crowd astounded by his preaching : " repent, and be baptized every one of you in the name of jesus christ for the


the very day of pentecost the church has celebrated and administered holy baptism. indeed st. peter declares to the crowd astounded by his preaching : " repent, and be baptized every one of you in the name of jesus christ for the forgiveness of your sins ; and you shall receive the gift of the holy spirit. " 26 the apostles and their collaborators offer baptism to anyone who believed in jesus : jews, the god - fearing, pagans. 27 always, baptism is seen as connected with faith : " believe in the lord jesus, and you will be saved, you and your household, " st. paul declared to his jailer in philippi. and the narrative continues, the jailer " was baptized at once, with all his family. " 28 1227 according to the apostle paul, the believer enters through baptism into communion with christ ' s death, is buried with him, and rises with him : the baptized have " put on christ. " 30 through the holy spirit, baptism is a bath that purifies, justifies, and sanctifies. 31 1228 hence baptism is a bath of water in which the " imperishable seed " of the word of god produces its life - giving effect. 32 st. augustine says of baptism : " the word is brought to the material element, and it becomes a sacrament. " 33 iii. how is the sacrament of baptism celebrated? 1229 from the time of the apostles, becoming a christian has been accomplished by a journey and initiation in several stages. this journey can be covered rapidly or slowly, but certain essential elements will always have to be present : proclamation of the word, acceptance of the gospel entailing conversion, profession of faith, baptism itself, the outpouring of the holy spirit, and admission to eucharistic communion. 1230 this initiation has varied greatly through the centuries according to circumstances. in the first centuries of the church, christian initiation saw considerable development. a long period of catechumenate included a series of preparatory rites, which were liturgical landmarks along the path of catechumenal preparation and culminated in the celebration of the sacraments of christian initiation. 1231 where infant baptism has become the form in which this sacrament is usually celebrated, it has become a single act encapsulating the preparatory stages of christian initiation in a very abridged way. by its very nature infant baptism requires a post - baptismal catechumenate. not only is there a need for instruction after baptism, but also for the necessary


since baptism signifies liberation from sin and from its instigator the devil, one or more exorcisms are pronounced over the candidate. the celebrant then anoints him with the oil of catechumens, or lays his hands on him, and he explicitly renounces satan. thus prepared, he is able to confess the faith of the church, to which he will be " entrusted " by baptism. 39 1238 the baptismal water is consecrated by a prayer of epiclesis ( either at this moment or at the easter vigil ). the church asks god that through his son the power of the holy spirit may be sent upon the water, so that those who will be baptized in it may be " born of water and the spirit. " 40 1239 the essential rite of the sacrament follows : baptism properly speaking. it signifies and actually brings about death to sin and entry into the life of the most holy trinity through configuration to the paschal mystery of christ. baptism is performed in the most expressive way by triple immersion in the baptismal water. however, from ancient times it has also been able to be conferred by pouring the water three times over the candidate ' s head. 1240 in the latin church this triple infusion is accompanied by the minister ' s words : " n., i baptize you in the name of the father, and of the son, and of the holy spirit. " in the eastern liturgies the catechumen turns toward the east and the priest says : " the servant of god, n., is baptized in the name of the father, and of the son, and of the holy spirit. " at the invocation of each person of the most holy trinity, the priest immerses the candidate in the water and raises him up again. 1241 the anointing with sacred chrism, perfumed oil consecrated by the bishop, signifies the gift of the holy spirit to the newly baptized, who has become a christian, that is, one " anointed " by the holy spirit, incorporated into christ who is anointed priest, prophet, and king. 41 1242 in the liturgy of the eastern churches, the post - baptismal anointing is the sacrament of chrismation ( confirmation ). in the roman liturgy the post - baptismal anointing announces a second anointing with sacred chrism to be conferred later by the bishop confirmation, which will as it were " confirm " and complete the baptismal anointing


confirmation ). in the roman liturgy the post - baptismal anointing announces a second anointing with sacred chrism to be conferred later by the bishop confirmation, which will as it were " confirm " and complete the baptismal anointing. 1243 the white garment symbolizes that the person baptized has " put on christ, " 42 has risen with christ. the candle, lit from the easter candle, signifies that christ has enlightened the neophyte. in him the baptized are " the light of the world. " 43 the newly baptized is now, in the only son, a child of god entitled to say the prayer of the children of god : " our father. " 1244 first holy communion. having become a child of god clothed with the wedding garment, the neophyte is admitted " to the marriage supper of the lamb " 44 and receives the food of the new life, the body and blood of christ. the eastern churches maintain a lively awareness of the unity of christian initiation by giving holy communion to all the newly baptized and confirmed, even little children, recalling the lord ' s words : " let the children come to me, do not hinder them. " 45 the latin church, which reserves admission to holy communion to those who have attained the age of reason, expresses the orientation of baptism to the eucharist by having the newly baptized child brought to the altar for the praying of the our father. 1245 the solemn blessing concludes the celebration of baptism. at the baptism of newborns the blessing of the mother occupies a special place. iv. who can receive baptism? 1246 " every person not yet baptized and only such a person is able to be baptized. " 46 the baptism of adults 1247 since the beginning of the church, adult baptism is the common practice where the proclamation of the gospel is still new. the catechumenate ( preparation for baptism ) therefore occupies an important place. this initiation into christian faith and life should dispose the catechumen to receive the gift of god in baptism, confirmation, and the eucharist. 1248 the catechumenate, or formation of catechumens, aims at bringing their conversion and faith to maturity, in response to the divine initiative and in union with an ecclesial community. the catechumenate is to be " a formation in the whole christian life... during which the disciples will be joined to christ their teacher. the catechumens should be properly initiated into the mystery of salvation and the practice of


. the catechumenate is to be " a formation in the whole christian life... during which the disciples will be joined to christ their teacher. the catechumens should be properly initiated into the mystery of salvation and the practice of the evangelical virtues, and they should be introduced into the life of faith, liturgy, and charity of the people of god by successive sacred rites. " 47 1249 catechumens " are already joined to the church, they are already of the household of christ, and are quite frequently already living a life of faith, hope, and charity. " 48 " with love and solicitude mother church already embraces them as her own. " 49 the baptism of infants 1250 born with a fallen human nature and tainted by original sin, children also have need of the new birth in baptism to be freed from the power of darkness and brought into the realm of the freedom of the children of god, to which all men are called. 50 the sheer gratuitousness of the grace of salvation is particularly manifest in infant baptism. the church and the parents would deny a child the priceless grace of becoming a child of god were they not to confer baptism shortly after birth. 51 1251 christian parents will recognize that this practice also accords with their role as nurturers of the life that god has entrusted to them. 52 1252 the practice of infant baptism is an immemorial tradition of the church. there is explicit testimony to this practice from the second century on, and it is quite possible that, from the beginning of the apostolic preaching, when whole " households " received baptism, infants may also have been baptized. 53 faith and baptism 1253 baptism is the sacrament of faith. 54 but faith needs the community of believers. it is only within the faith of the church that each of the faithful can believe. the faith required for baptism is not a perfect and mature faith, but a beginning that is called to develop. the catechumen or the godparent is asked : " what do you ask of god ' s church? " the response is : " faith! " 1254 for all the baptized, children or adults, faith must grow after baptism. for this reason the church celebrates each year at the easter vigil the renewal of baptismal promises. preparation for baptism leads only to the threshold of new life. baptism is the source of that new life in christ from which the entire christian life springs forth. 1255 for the grace of baptism to unfold


vigil the renewal of baptismal promises. preparation for baptism leads only to the threshold of new life. baptism is the source of that new life in christ from which the entire christian life springs forth. 1255 for the grace of baptism to unfold, the parents ' help is important. so too is the role of the godfather and godmother, who must be firm believers, able and ready to help the newly baptized - child or adult on the road of christian life. 55 their task is a truly ecclesial function ( officium ). 56 the whole ecclesial community bears some responsibility for the development and safeguarding of the grace given at baptism. v. who can baptize? 1256 the ordinary ministers of baptism are the bishop and priest and, in the latin church, also the deacon. 57 in case of necessity, anyone, even a non - baptized person, with the required intention, can baptize58, by using the trinitarian baptismal formula. the intention required is to will to do what the church does when she baptizes. the church finds the reason for this possibility in the universal saving will of god and the necessity of baptism for salvation. 59 vi. the necessity of baptism 1257 the lord himself affirms that baptism is necessary for salvation. 60 he also commands his disciples to proclaim the gospel to all nations and to baptize them. 61 baptism is necessary for salvation for those to whom the gospel has been proclaimed and who have had the possibility of asking for this sacrament. 62 the church does not know of any means other than baptism that assures entry into eternal beatitude ; this is why she takes care not to neglect the mission she has received from the lord to see that all who can be baptized are " reborn of water and the spirit. " god has bound salvation to the sacrament of baptism, but he himself is not bound by his sacraments. 1258 the church has always held the firm conviction that those who suffer death for the sake of the faith without having received baptism are baptized by their death for and with christ. this baptism of blood, like the desire for baptism, brings about the fruits of baptism without being a sacrament. 1259 for catechumens who die before their baptism, their explicit desire to receive it, together with repentance for their sins, and charity, assures them the salvation that they were not able to receive through the sacrament. 1260 " since christ died for all, and since all men are in fact called


desire to receive it, together with repentance for their sins, and charity, assures them the salvation that they were not able to receive through the sacrament. 1260 " since christ died for all, and since all men are in fact called to one and the same destiny, which is divine, we must hold that the holy spirit offers to all the possibility of being made partakers, in a way known to god, of the paschal mystery. " 63 every man who is ignorant of the gospel of christ and of his church, but seeks the truth and does the will of god in accordance with his understanding of it, can be saved. it may be supposed that such persons would have desired baptism explicitly if they had known its necessity. 1261 as regards children who have died without baptism, the church can only entrust them to the mercy of god, as she does in her funeral rites for them. indeed, the great mercy of god who desires that all men should be saved, and jesus ' tenderness toward children which caused him to say : " let the children come to me, do not hinder them, " 64 allow us to hope that there is a way of salvation for children who have died without baptism. all the more urgent is the church ' s call not to prevent little children coming to christ through the gift of holy baptism. vii. the grace of baptism 1262 the different effects of baptism are signified by the perceptible elements of the sacramental rite. immersion in water symbolizes not only death and purification, but also regeneration and renewal. thus the two principal effects are purification from sins and new birth in the holy spirit. 65 for the forgiveness of sins... 1263 by baptism all sins are forgiven, original sin and all personal sins, as well as all punishment for sin. 66 in those who have been reborn nothing remains that would impede their entry into the kingdom of god, neither adam ' s sin, nor personal sin, nor the consequences of sin, the gravest of which is separation from god. 1264 yet certain temporal consequences of sin remain in the baptized, such as suffering, illness, death, and such frailties inherent in life as weaknesses of character, and so on, as well as an inclination to sin that tradition calls concupiscence, or metaphorically, " the tinder for sin " ( fomes peccati ) ; since concupiscence " is left for us to wrestle with, it cannot harm those who do not consent but man


calls concupiscence, or metaphorically, " the tinder for sin " ( fomes peccati ) ; since concupiscence " is left for us to wrestle with, it cannot harm those who do not consent but manfully resist it by the grace of jesus christ. " 67 indeed, " an athlete is not crowned unless he competes according to the rules. " 68 " a new creature " 1265 baptism not only purifies from all sins, but also makes the neophyte " a new creature, " an adopted son of god, who has become a " partaker of the divine nature, " 69 member of christ and co - heir with him, 70 and a temple of the holy spirit. 71 1266 the most holy trinity gives the baptized sanctifying grace, the grace of justification : - enabling them to believe in god, to hope in him, and to love him through the theological virtues ; - giving them the power to live and act under the prompting of the holy spirit through the gifts of the holy spirit ; - allowing them to grow in goodness through the moral virtues. thus the whole organism of the christian ' s supernatural life has its roots in baptism. incorporated into the church, the body of christ 1267 baptism makes us members of the body of christ : " therefore... we are members one of another. " 72 baptism incorporates us into the church. from the baptismal fonts is born the one people of god of the new covenant, which transcends all the natural or human limits of nations, cultures, races, and sexes : " for by one spirit we were all baptized into one body. " 73 1268 the baptized have become " living stones " to be " built into a spiritual house, to be a holy priesthood. " 74 by baptism they share in the priesthood of christ, in his prophetic and royal mission. they are " a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, god ' s own people, that [ they ] may declare the wonderful deeds of him who called [ them ] out of darkness into his marvelous light. " 75 baptism gives a share in the common priesthood of all believers. 1269 having become a member of the church, the person baptized belongs no longer to himself, but to him who died and rose for us. 76 from now on, he is called to be subject to others, to serve them in the communion of the church, and to " obey and submit " to the church ' s leaders, 77 holding


but to him who died and rose for us. 76 from now on, he is called to be subject to others, to serve them in the communion of the church, and to " obey and submit " to the church ' s leaders, 77 holding them in respect and affection. 78 just as baptism is the source of responsibilities and duties, the baptized person also enjoys rights within the church : to receive the sacraments, to be nourished with the word of god and to be sustained by the other spiritual helps of the church. 79 1270 " reborn as sons of god, [ the baptized ] must profess before men the faith they have received from god through the church " and participate in the apostolic and missionary activity of the people of god. 80 the sacramental bond of the unity of christians 1271 baptism constitutes the foundation of communion among all christians, including those who are not yet in full communion with the catholic church : " for men who believe in christ and have been properly baptized are put in some, though imperfect, communion with the catholic church. justified by faith in baptism, [ they ] are incorporated into christ ; they therefore have a right to be called christians, and with good reason are accepted as brothers by the children of the catholic church. " 81 " baptism therefore constitutes the sacramental bond of unity existing among all who through it are reborn. " 82 an indelible spiritual mark... 1272 incorporated into christ by baptism, the person baptized is configured to christ. baptism seals the christian with the indelible spiritual mark ( character ) of his belonging to christ. no sin can erase this mark, even if sin prevents baptism from bearing the fruits of salvation. 83 given once for all, baptism cannot be repeated. 1273 incorporated into the church by baptism, the faithful have received the sacramental character that consecrates them for christian religious worship. 84 the baptismal seal enables and commits christians to serve god by a vital participation in the holy liturgy of the church and to exercise their baptismal priesthood by the witness of holy lives and practical charity. 85 1274 the holy spirit has marked us with the seal of the lord ( " dominicus character " ) " for the day of redemption. " 86 " baptism indeed is the seal of eternal life. " 87 the faithful christian who has " kept the seal " until the end, remaining faithful to the demands of his baptism, will be able to depart this life " marked with the sign of faith, " 88 with his baptismal faith, in expectation of the


the faithful christian who has " kept the seal " until the end, remaining faithful to the demands of his baptism, will be able to depart this life " marked with the sign of faith, " 88 with his baptismal faith, in expectation of the blessed vision of god - the consummation of faith - and in the hope of resurrection. 1275 christian initiation is accomplished by three sacraments together : baptism which is the beginning of new life ; confirmation which is its strengthening ; and the eucharist which nourishes the disciple with christ ' s body and blood for his transformation in christ. 1276 " go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the father and of the son and of the holy spirit, teaching them to observe all that i have commanded you " ( mt 28 : 19 - 20 ). 1277 baptism is birth into the new life in christ. in accordance with the lord ' s will, it is necessary for salvation, as is the church herself, which we enter by baptism. 1278 the essential rite of baptism consists in immersing the candidate in water or pouring water on his head, while pronouncing the invocation of the most holy trinity : the father, the son, and the holy spirit. 1279 the fruit of baptism, or baptismal grace, is a rich reality that includes forgiveness of original sin and all personal sins, birth into the new life by which man becomes an adoptive son of the father, a member of christ and a temple of the holy spirit. by this very fact the person baptized is incorporated into the church, the body of christ, and made a sharer in the priesthood of christ. 1280 baptism imprints on the soul an indelible spiritual sign, the character, which consecrates the baptized person for christian worship. because of the character baptism cannot be repeated ( cf. ds 1609 and ds 1624 ). 1281 those who die for the faith, those who are catechumens, and all those who, without knowing of the church but acting under the inspiration of grace, seek god sincerely and strive to fulfill his will, can be saved even if they have not been baptized ( cf. lg 16 ). 1282 since the earliest times, baptism has been administered to children, for it is a grace and a gift of god that does not presuppose any human merit ; children are baptized in the faith of the church. entry into christian life gives access to true freedom. 1283


baptism has been administered to children, for it is a grace and a gift of god that does not presuppose any human merit ; children are baptized in the faith of the church. entry into christian life gives access to true freedom. 1283 with respect to children who have died without baptism, the liturgy of the church invites us to trust in god ' s mercy and to pray for their salvation. 1284 in case of necessity, any person can baptize provided that he have the intention of doing that which the church does and provided that he pours water on the candidate ' s head while saying : " i baptize you in the name of the father, and of the son, and of the holy spirit. " 4 cf. council of florence : ds 1314 : vitae spiritualis ianua. 5 roman catechism ii, 2, 5 ; cf. council of florence : ds 1314 ; cic, cann. 204 § 1 ; 849 ; cceo, can. 675 § 1. 6 2 cor 5 : 17 ; gal 6 : 15 ; cf. rom 6 : 34 ; col 2 : 12. 7 titus 3 : 5 ; jn 3 : 5. 8 st. justin, apol. 1, 61, 12 : pg 6, 421. 9 jn 1 : 9 ; 1 thess 5 : 5 ; heb 10 : 32 ; eph 5 : 8. 10 st. gregory of nazianzus, oratio 40, 3 - 4 : pg 36, 361c. 11 roman missal, easter vigil 42 : blessing of water. 12 cf. gen 1 : 2. 13 roman missal, easter vigil 42 : blessing of water. 14 1 pet 3 : 20. 15 roman missal, easter vigil 42 : blessing of water. 16 roman missal, easter vigil 42 : blessing of water : " abrahae filios per mare rubrum sicco vestigio transire fecisti, ut plebs, a pharaonis servitute liberata, populum baptizatorum præfiguraret. " 17 cf. mt 3 : 13. 18 mt 28 : 19 - 20 ; cf. mk 16 : 15 - 16. 19 mt 3 : 15. 20 cf. phil 2 : 7. 21 mt 3 : 16 - 17. 22 mk 10 : 38 ; cf. lk 12 : 50. 23 cf. jn 19 : 34 ;


: 15 - 16. 19 mt 3 : 15. 20 cf. phil 2 : 7. 21 mt 3 : 16 - 17. 22 mk 10 : 38 ; cf. lk 12 : 50. 23 cf. jn 19 : 34 ; 1 jn 5 : 6 - 8. 24 cf. jn 3 : 5. 25 st. ambrose, de sacr. 2, 2, 6 : pl 16, 444 ; cf. jn 3 : 5. 26 acts 2 : 38. 27 cf. acts 2 : 41 ; 8 : 12 - 13 ; 10 : 48 ; 16 : 15. 28 acts 16 : 31 - 33. 29 rom 6 : 3 - 4 ; cf. col 2 : 12. 30 gal 3 : 27. 31 ce 1 cor 6 : 11 ; 12 : 13. 32 1 pet 1 : 23 ; cf. eph 5 : 26. 33 st. augustine, in jo. ev. 80, 3 : pl 35, 1840. 34 sc 64. 35 cf. rcia ( 1972 ). 36 sc 65 ; cf. sc 37 - 40. 37 cf. ag 14 ; cic, cann. 851 ; 865 ; 866. 38 cf. cic, cann. 851, 2o ; 868. 39 cf. rom 6 : 17. 40 jn 3 : 5. 41 cf. rbc 62. 42 gal 3 : 27. 43 mt 5 : 14 ; cf. phil 2 : 15. 44 rev 19 : 9. 45 mk 10 : 14. 46 cic, can. 864 ; cf. cceo, can. 679. 47 ag 14 ; cf. rcia 19 ; 98. 48 ag 14 § 5. 49 lg 14 § 3 ; cf. cic, cann. 206 ; 788 § 3. 50 cf. council of trent ( 1546 ) : ds 1514 ; cf. col 1 : 12 - 14. 51 cf. cic, can. 867 ; cceo, cann. 681 ; 686, 1. 52 cf. lg 11 ; 41 ; gs 48 ; cic, can. 868. 53 cf. acts 16 : 15, 33 ; 18 : 8 ; 1 cor 1 : 16 ; cdf, instruction, pastoralis actio : aas 72 ( 1980 ) 1137 - 1156. 54 cf. mk 16 : 16. 55 cf. cic, cann. 872 - 874. 56


1 : 16 ; cdf, instruction, pastoralis actio : aas 72 ( 1980 ) 1137 - 1156. 54 cf. mk 16 : 16. 55 cf. cic, cann. 872 - 874. 56 cf. sc 67. 57 cf. cic, can. 861 § 1 ; cceo, can. 677 § 1. 58 cic, can. 861. 2. 59 cf. 1 tim 2 : 4. 60 cf. jn 3 : 5. 61 cf. mt 28 : 19 - 20 ; cf. council of trent ( 1547 ) ds 1618 ; lg 14 ; ag 5. 62 cf. mk 16 : 16. 63 gs 22 § 5 ; cf. lg 16 ; ag 7. 64 mk 10 14 ; cf. 1 tim 2 : 4. 65 cf. acts 2 : 38 ; jn 3 : 5. 66 cf. council of florence ( 1439 ) : ds 1316. 67 council of trent ( 1546 ) : ds 1515. 68 2 tim 2 : 5. 69 2 cor 5 : 17 ; 2 pet 1 : 4 ; cf. gal 4 : 5 - 7. 70 cf. 1 cor 6 : 15 ; 12 : 27 ; rom 8 : 17. 71 cf. 1 cor 6 : 19. 72 eph 4 : 25. 73 1 cor 12 : 13. 74 1 pet 2 : 5. 75 1 pet 2 : 9. 76 cf. 1 cor 6 : 19 ; 2 cor 5 : 15. 77 heb 13 : 17. 78 cf. eph 5 : 21 ; 1 cor 16 : 15 - 16 ; 1 thess 5 : 12 - 13 ; jn 13 : 12 - 15. 79 cf. lg 37 ; cic, cann. 208 - 223 ; cceo, can. 675 : 2. 80 lg 11 ; cf. lg 17 ; ag 7 ; 23. 81 ur 3. 82 ur 22 § 2. 83 cf. rom 8 : 29 ; council of trent ( 1547 ) : ds 1609 - 1619. 84 cf. lg 11. 85 cf. lg 10. 86 st. augustine, ep. 98, 5 : pl 33, 362 ; eph 4 : 30 ; cf. 1 : 13 - 14 ; 2 cor 1 : 21 - 22. 87 st. irenaeus, dem ap. 3 : sch 62, 32. 88 roman missal


what is feline diabetes? diabetes mellitus, the clinical name for " sugar diabetes, " is a condition that affects the concentration of glucose, a type of sugar, in a cat ' s blood. diabetes in cats is rarely the result of a shortage of insulin ( type i diabetes ). more commonly, diabetes results when a cat ' s body has trouble using the insulin it has made properly ( type ii diabetes ). insulin affects the way a cat ' s body uses food. when a cat eats, food is broken down into very small components that the body can use. one component, carbohydrate, is converted into several types of sugars, including glucose. glucose is absorbed from the intestines into the blood. once in the bloodstream, glucose travels to cells where it can be absorbed and used as a source of energy - if insulin is present. without enough insulin, glucose can ' t enter cells and builds up in the bloodstream. so a cat may act hungry all the time and eat constantly, but still lose weight because its cells can ' t absorb glucose. most cats develop type ii diabetes, in which their cells no longer respond normally to the amounts of insulin produced by the pancreas. while many cats initially require daily insulin injections, the treatment goal is to correct the factors or conditions causing insulin resistance. if these factors, such as obesity, can be adequately controlled, many cats will experience temporary remission or permanent resolution of their diabetes. many cats with type ii diabetes will experience marked improvement in their insulin sensitivity when changed to a species - appropriate high protein, low carbohydrate food. however, not all cats with diabetes are suited to this type of diet. your veterinarian will conduct a thorough evaluation and recommend the most appropriate diet and treatment for your cat ' s diabetes. - older cats - neutered male cats - physical inactivity - medications ( steroids and progestins ) if you think your cat may be at risk, make an appointment today to get your cat checked for diabetes. diabetes is one of many conditions that can affect your cat and cause visible changes in behavior and other signs. that ' s why it ' s important your cat be thoroughly examined by a veterinarian at least once a year or more frequently, if your veterinarian advises. - drinks more water than usual ( polydipsia ) - urinates more frequently, produces more urine per day, or has " accidents " outside the litter box ( polyuria ) - always


or more frequently, if your veterinarian advises. - drinks more water than usual ( polydipsia ) - urinates more frequently, produces more urine per day, or has " accidents " outside the litter box ( polyuria ) - always acts hungry ( polyphagia ), but maintains or loses weight - is less active or sleeps more ( lethargic ) - has thinning, dry, or dull hair when evaluating your cat for diabetes, your veterinarian may ask about these signs and will check your cat ' s general health to rule out the possibility of other conditions or infections. a sample of your cat ' s urine may be tested first for the presence of glucose, ketones, and / or a urinary tract infection. if glucose is present in your cat ' s urine, your veterinarian will want to determine your cat ' s blood glucose concentration and fructosamine concentration. if the blood glucose concentration is consistently higher than normal, your cat ' s pancreas may not be secreting enough insulin or your cat ' s body is " resistant " to the insulin being produced. regardless of the cause for increased blood sugar, your pet is suffering from diabetes mellitus. a diabetes diagnosis is considered definite when glucose is found at a persistently high concentration in blood and in urine. - diet – determining the best type of food for your cat. cats, as carnivores, often have significant improvement in their blood sugar levels when placed on a high protein, low carbohydrate food. this is also the perfect time to address weight loss if your cat is overweight or obese - insulin – how to store and administer it properly - hypoglycemia – how to identify and treat potentially life - threatening low blood sugar - at - home monitoring you should perform and when you should alert your veterinarian. ask how you should monitor your cat for the possibility of diabetes remission - recommended veterinary rechecks - diabetes mellitus in cats diabetes mellitus is a disease of the pancreas. in simple terms, it is caused by the failure of the pancreas to regulate blood sugar. click on the link to learn more. - diabetes in cats – testing and monitoring there are several recommended tests to have done on your cat when diabetes mellitus is suspected. cats can live happily and healthfully with diabetes if proper monitoring is performed by you at home and your cat has regularly scheduled visits with your veterinarian. for the best monitoring of a dia


search this site news : : school board learns of impact of ipads, 1 to 1 laptops at vshs · 5 : 19pm january 14th, 2013 members of the vinton - shellsburg school board saw several demonstrations of how modern computer technology can help with education. several teachers demonstrated how students are using apple ipads and laptop computers to create videos, and learn reading and pronunciation skills. but first, the school board members had a chance for some training on their own ipads. the school district has replaced the laptop computers that the school board members used for meetings with ipads. technology specialist kim meyer spent a half hour giving board members basic instructions in how to use the devices. the meeting took place in the library of tilford elementary monday afternoon. district considering 1 to 1 computers at vshs high school principal matt kingsbury joined meyer in sharing with the school board their proposal for providing each student at vshs with his or her own laptop computer. the program would cost $ 700, 000 with the money coming from the ppel levy ; no additional tax revenues would be required. the purchase would be repeated every four years ; middle school students would eventually use the computers after the high school students received new ones. kingsbury said the $ 700, 000 includes computers, carrying bags, security and software. kingsbury and meyer told the board why they believe macintosh computers are better than pcs. vs leaders have spoken about the 1 to 1 computer program with other districts. students in those schools generally took very good care of their computers. kingsbury and meyer said that the tech committee at vshs is putting together policies governing computer use, as well as possible fees for families if a student accidentally damages a computer. a survey by school officials indicated that 157 people responded that they were in favor of each student having his own computer ; 25 respondents said no ; and 76 said maybe. concerns expressed in the survey included the cost of the program, the expense for families of students, and filtering to make sure that students do not use inappropriate web sites. meyer and kingsbury explained how current technogology allows the school it personnel to monitor every computer in the system. the school board heard how students have used already computers to do several projects, including creating radio broadcasts and e - books. kingsbury said he is working with vshs staff on setting up training sessions for students and teachers, as well as a meeting for parents ; the plan is to have the computers available for the next school year, if the district and board grant final approval. " no decision has been made


the president of france, nicolas sarkozy, had planned to use his leadership of the g20 this year to highlight some of the needs of the developing world. instead, the focus of g20 summit in cannes has been on the threat of a greek default and destabilization of the eurozone. europe ’ s financial crisis affects more than the 27 members of the european union. “ there is a direct relationship between the crisis in europe and flows of resources to africa and development efforts around the world, ” says sam worthington of interaction, the largest u. s. coalition of non - profit organizations devoted to debt relief and development. “ europe is one of the biggest centers of remittances around the world, ” he explained. “ as europe gets poorer, those remittances begin to dry up. european banks have a large presence in africa, bank credits will also continue to dry up. and as european countries begin to try to deal with their own fiscal crises, one of the first areas where we fear we will see cuts is in official development assistance. ” famine and food prices it ’ s ironic, worthington said, that the debt crisis in the eurozone comes at the same time as the first famine of the 21st century in the horn of africa, with 13 million people being food insecure and another 750, 000 people at risk of starvation. contributing to the situation is the growing volatility of food prices, an issue that is also to be considered by g20 leaders. u. s. president barack obama ( l ) walks with french president nicholas sarkozy, after obama ' s arrival at espace riviera for the g20 summit in cannes, france, november 3, 2011. “ the solutions being offered here in cannes, ” said worthington, “ are important but not sufficient. one of the big proposals being debated in the communique right now are issues of food stocks in west africa. at this point in time, it looks likely that some form of food reserves will be put in place but only for humanitarian uses in africa. the broader question of regulation of food prices and the deeper fulfillment of the commitment made by the g8 at l ’ aquila for f 22 billion dollars [ in development aid ] still remains elusive. ” strengthening the safey net another goal of the g20 is to find new ways to improve the social safety nets of developing countries and support for development, education and climate mitigation. one proposal, back by microsoft entrepreneur bill gates, calls for a


strengthening the safey net another goal of the g20 is to find new ways to improve the social safety nets of developing countries and support for development, education and climate mitigation. one proposal, back by microsoft entrepreneur bill gates, calls for a tax on international financial transactions. some countries, including the united states, britain, japan and brazil, oppose the tax. “ the uk will clearly not be on board, ” said worthington, “ so it will come down to germany, france and other euro countries, a process that will need to make it through to [ european union headquarters in ] brussels. “ it is unlikely france will act alone, ” he continued. “ we are seeing some support from south africa and other groups. african countries have largely been silent in support for this tax, but if it is put in place it could generate up to 60 billion dollars in revenues. ” he said supporters of tax are using a two - part approach. “ the real question is what will be its uses? ” he said. “ some in germany say it should be used to offset deficits within european countries themselves. the battle for the tax itself is a big one. but the bigger battle is will this tax be used as a tool to finance some of the repayment effort s and financial efforts associated with greece? the concern of ngos, he said, is that the poor and development projects will not benefit in the long run. french gendarmes stand near an anti g20 demonstrator who takes part in protest against globalization and tax havens, at the french - monaco border in cap d ' ail, november 3, 2011. “ our real cry here in cannes, ” said worthington, “ is that the problems the developed world is currently experiencing should not mean solutions are done on the backs of the world ’ s poor. ” he adds that with global interconnectedness, the answers to the sluggish world economy require inclusive solutions. inclusive growth means support for development efforts. “ the growth in africa and in other parts of the world are now central to the well - being of people [ everywhere ], ” he said. “ so there is now a direct economic relationship between development efforts in africa, growth in african countries and the longer term global recovery, ” said worthington


over four years, college tuition, room and board, and textbooks can really add up. since your time in college can be very expensive, it is important to start practicing good habits when it comes to spending money. not only will these help you control spending now, but you will become savvier when it comes to saving in the future. follow these tips to be more frugal on a student budget the first step to becoming more frugal in college is to develop a budget. determine your monthly income, whether that be from your job or allowance from your parents. then subtract your monthly expenses, including food, rent, and daily costs. from the remainder, save as much as you can, always leaving yourself a cushion in case you have extra expenses one month. the money left over is for spending. once you ’ ve created your budget, stick to it! you ’ ve probably heard this one before, but dining out in restaurants or even buying fast food can add up quickly. limit the number of times you dine out each week. this will give you something to look forward to and a chance to spend time with your friends. instead, be creative when you go grocery shopping. you can try new foods and experiment with cooking by eating at home. although it ’ s nice to sit in a coffee shop and enjoy your favorite drink, these beverages are often expensive and not worth their value. invest in a coffee pot so that you can still get your caffeine fix without the cost. many shops even sell their coffee packaged in the supermarket. this will last you for a longer time and allow you to get the same coffee you like without spending so much. when it comes to major purchases, like electronics or textbooks, take the time to do your research and find the best deals possible. use comparison shopping engines that will allow you to compare prices on the products you want. when it comes to textbooks, think about alternative options. look into ways to buy online, find used books, or even rent textbooks. digital textbooks are another option to consider, which are usually cheaper than buying the hardcover version of a book. that is not to say that you should spend more, but that you should use cash instead of paying with a debit or credit card. this trick will help you feel more emotionally attached to your money. for every purchase you make, you will be able to see the actual transaction and feel your wallet getting thinner. you will become more aware of your spending and have more of an impulse to control how much you


lake shore drive in its present incarnation is a relatively recent addition to chicago ’ s landscape. built in pieces over much of the last century, the road was known variously as leif erickson drive and field boulevard before it was christened with its current name in 1946. the germ of the idea, however, began in 1882 with potter palmer, who wanted the city to build a road along the lakefront to increase property values. and as long as there ’ s been a drive there ’ s been this question about the drive : to expand or not to expand? and if we expand it, how far north or south should it go? in 1933 lake shore drive was extended from belmont to foster. in the ‘ 50s the road pushed further north to bryn mawr, and then to hollywood avenue in 1957. on the south side, there has been talk of expanding lake shore drive into the former u. s. steel south works site, currently being redeveloped by chicago based mccaffery interests. but conversations about expanding north lake shore drive beyond its current stopping point have been more controversial. the idea was resoundingly rejected in a 2004 referendum in which 90 percent of rogers park residents voted against the idea of expansion. author neal samors grew up in rogers park and remembers the various lsd expansions. together with co - author bernie judge, samors tracks the highway ’ s history in chicago ’ s lake shore drive : america ’ s most beautiful roadway. in the audio above, the two explain why the question of expansion has tended to rouse the ire of many north siders. dynamic range showcases hidden gems unearthed from chicago amplified ’ s vast archive of public events and appears on weekends. neal samors and bernard judge spoke at an event presented by chicago architecture foundation in january. click here to hear the event in its entirety.