stones are more common in adults, they do occur in infants, children, and teenagers from all races and ethnicities what causes kidney stones in children? kidney stones can form when substances in the urine — such as calcium, magnesium, oxalate, and phosphorous — become highly concentrated due to one or more causes : - defects in the urinary tract may block the flow of urine and create pools of urine. in stagnant urine, stone - forming substances tend to settle together into stones. up to one - third of children who have stones have an anatomic abnormality in their urinary tract. - kidney stones may have a genetic cause. in other words, the tendency to form stones can run in families due to inherited factors. - an unhealthy lifestyle may make children more likely to have kidney stones. for example, drinking too little water or drinking the wrong types of fluids, such as soft drinks or drinks with caffeine, may cause substances in the urine to become too concentrated. similarly, too much sodium, or salt, in the diet may contribute to more chemicals in the urine, causing an increase in stone formation. some doctors believe increases in obesity rates, less active lifestyles, and diets higher in salt may be causing more children to have kidney stones. - sometimes, a urinary tract infection can cause kidney stones to form. some types of bacteria in the urinary tract break down urea — a waste product removed from the blood by the kidneys — into substances that form stones. - some children have metabolic disorders that lead to kidney stones. metabolism is the way the body uses digested food for energy, including the process of breaking down food, using food ’ s nutrients in the body, and removing the wastes that remain. the most common metabolic disorder that causes kidney stones in children is hypercalciuria, which causes extra calcium to collect in the urine. other more rare metabolic conditions involve problems breaking down oxalate, a substance made in the body and found in some foods. these conditions include hyperoxaluria, too much oxalate in the urine, and oxalosis, characterized by deposits of oxalate and calcium in the body ’ s tissues. another rare metabolic condition called cystinuria can cause kidney stones. cystinuria is an excess of the amino acid cystine in the urine. amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. what are the signs and symptoms of kidney stones in children? children with kidney stones may


safe, painless sound waves off organs to create an image of their structure. an abdominal ultrasound can create images of the entire urinary tract. the procedure is performed in a health care provider ’ s office, outpatient center, or hospital by a specially trained technician, and the images are interpreted by a radiologist — a doctor who specializes in medical imaging ; anesthesia is not needed. the images can show the location of any stones. this test does not expose children to radiation, unlike some other imaging tests. although other tests are more useful in detecting very small stones or stones in the lower portion of the ureter, ultrasound is considered by many health care providers to be the best screening test to look for stones. - computerized tomography ( ct ) scans use a combination of x rays and computer technology to create threedimensional ( 3 - d ) images. a ct scan may include the injection of a special dye, called contrast medium. ct scans require the child to lie on a table that slides into a tunnel - shaped device where the x rays are taken. the procedure is performed in an outpatient center or hospital by an x - ray technician, and the images are interpreted by a radiologist ; anesthesia is not needed. ct scans may be required to get an accurate stone count when children are being considered for urologic surgery. because ct scans expose children to a moderate amount of radiation, health care providers try to reduce radiation exposure in children by avoiding repeated ct scans, restricting the area scanned as much as possible, and using the lowest radiation dose that will provide the needed diagnostic information. - x - ray machines use radiation to create images of the child ’ s urinary tract. the images can be taken at an outpatient center or hospital by an x - ray technician, and the images are interpreted by a radiologist ; anesthesia is not needed. the x rays are used to locate many kinds of stones. a conventional x ray is generally less informative than an ultrasound or ct scan, but it is less expensive and can be done more quickly than other imaging procedures. how are kidney stones in children treated? the treatment for a kidney stone usually depends on its size and what it is made of, as well as whether it is causing symptoms of pain or obstructing the urinary tract. small stones usually pass through the urinary tract without treatment. still, children will often require pain control and encouragement to drink lots of fluids to help move the stone along. pain control may consist of oral or


’ s back. using a wire - thin viewing instrument called a nephroscope, the doctor locates and removes the stone. for large stones, an ultrasonic probe that acts as a lithotripter may be needed to deliver shock waves that break the stone into small pieces that can be removed more easily. children receive general anesthesia for percutaneous nephrolithotomy. often, children stay in the hospital for several days after the procedure and may have a small tube called a nephrostomy tube inserted through the skin into the kidney. the nephrostomy tube drains urine and any residual stone fragments from the kidney into a urine collection bag. the tube usually is left in the kidney for 2 or 3 days while the child remains in how are kidney stones in children prevented? to prevent kidney stones, health care providers and their patients must understand what is causing the stones to form. especially in children with suspected metabolic abnormalities or with recurrent stones, a 24 - hour urine collection is obtained to measure daily urine volume and to determine if any underlying mineral abnormality is making a child more likely to form stones. based on the analysis of the collected urine, the treatment can be individualized to address a metabolic problem. in all circumstances, children should drink plenty of fluids to keep the urine diluted and flush away substances that could form kidney stones. urine should be almost clear. eating, diet, and nutrition families may benefit from meeting with a dietitian to learn how dietary management can help in preventing stones. depending on the underlying cause of the stone formation, medications may be necessary to prevent recurrent stones. dietary changes and medications may be required for a long term or, quite often, for life. some common changes include the following : - children who tend to make calcium oxalate stones or have hypercalciuria should eat a regular amount of dietary calcium and limit salt intake. a thiazide diuretic medication may be given to some children to reduce the amount of calcium leaking into the urine. - children who have large amounts of oxalate in the urine may need to limit foods high in oxalate, such as chocolate, peanut butter, and dark - colored soft drinks. - children who form uric acid or cystine stones may need extra potassium citrate or potassium carbonate in the form of a pill or liquid medication. avoiding foods high in purines — such as meat, fish, and shellfish — may also help prevent uric acid stones. points to remember


may need extra potassium citrate or potassium carbonate in the form of a pill or liquid medication. avoiding foods high in purines — such as meat, fish, and shellfish — may also help prevent uric acid stones. points to remember - a kidney stone is a solid piece of material that forms in a kidney when some substances that are normally found in the urine become highly concentrated. - kidney stones occur in infants, children, and teenagers from all races and ethnicities. - kidney stones in children are diagnosed using a combination of urine, blood, and imaging tests. - the treatment for a kidney stone usually depends on its size and composition as well as whether it is causing symptoms of pain or obstructing the urinary tract. - small stones usually pass through the urinary tract without treatment. still, children will often require pain control and encouragement to drink lots of fluids to help move the stone along. - children with larger stones, or stones that block urine flow and cause great pain, may need to be hospitalized for more urgent treatment. - hospital treatments may include shock wave lithotripsy ( swl ), removal of the stone with a ureteroscope, lithotripsy with a ureteroscope, or percutaneous nephrolithotomy. - to prevent recurrent kidney stones, health care providers and their patients must understand what is causing the stones to form. - in all circumstances, children should drink plenty of fluids to keep the urine diluted and flush away substances that could form kidney stones. urine should be almost clear. hope through research the national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases ( niddk ), one of the national institutes of health, supports research aimed at better understanding and preventing kidney stones in children. researchers supported by the niddk have identified three proteins that inhibit the formation of calcium oxalate stones. conventional urine tests do not provide information about the presence or absence of these proteins. developing a test for these proteins that can be used in the clinical setting will help health care providers identify children at risk for stone formation so they can manage that risk. participants in clinical trials can play a more active role in their own health care, gain access to new research treatments before they are widely available, and help others by contributing to medical research. for information about current studies, visit www. clinicaltrials. gov. for more information national kidney foundation 30 east 33rd street new york, ny 10016 phone : 1 – 800 – 622 – 9010 or


others by contributing to medical research. for information about current studies, visit www. clinicaltrials. gov. for more information national kidney foundation 30 east 33rd street new york, ny 10016 phone : 1 – 800 – 622 – 9010 or 212 – 889 – 2210 publications produced by the clearinghouse are carefully reviewed by both niddk scientists and outside experts. this publication was reviewed by the following members of the american society of pediatric nephrology clinical affairs committee : michael somers, m. d., children ’ s hospital boston ; deepa chand, m. d., m. h. s. a., akron children ’ s hospital ; john foreman, m. d., duke university ; jeffrey fadrowski, m. d., m. h. s., the johns hopkins university ; kevin meyers, m. d., children ’ s hospital of philadelphia ; greg nelsen, m. s. s. w., university of virginia health system ; michelle baum, m. d., children ’ s hospital boston ; and ann guillot, m. d., university of vermont. national kidney and urologic diseases information clearinghouse the national kidney and urologic diseases information clearinghouse ( nkudic ) is a service of the national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases ( niddk ). the niddk is part of the national institutes of health of the u. s. department of health and human services. established in 1987, the clearinghouse provides information about diseases of the kidneys and urologic system to people with kidney and urologic disorders and to their families, health care professionals, and the public. the nkudic answers inquiries, develops and distributes publications, and works closely with professional and patient organizations and government agencies to coordinate resources about kidney and urologic diseases. this publication is not copyrighted. the clearinghouse encourages users of this publication to duplicate and distribute as many copies as desired. nih publication no. 11 – 7383 page last updated march 28, 2012


our last blog post in which we discussed our favourite animated films prompted us to think back to animations we have enjoyed from childhood. some of the best loved animations of all time date back to the 1920s where walt disney and warner brothers revolutionised the industry. the earliest version of mickey mouse was created in 1928 followed closely by the warner brothers cartoons in 1930. but what about even earlier than that? where did animation begin, when and how? so, we asked kurobot to share his knowledge and teach us all about the origin of animation. motion in art can date back as far as paleolithic cave paintings, a very very long time ago! paintings of animals with many legs in various positions is noted as the first attempt at conveying motion. other pieces include sequences and phases of movement in both animals and people painted onto bowls, plates and murals. animation before film dates back to the 1600s where numerous devices were used to display animated images. the magic lantern, invented 1650, used a translucent oil painting and a lamp to project images onto adjacent flat surfaces. it was often used to display monsters and demons to convince people they were witnessing supernatural events. ( we have ours ready for halloween ) the thaumatrope, invented 1824, was one of the first devices to demonstrate the phi phenomenon, the human ( and kurobot ) brains ability to persistently perceive an image. the device used a small circular piece of card with different images on each side, strung onto a central cord. when the cord is spun between the fingers the images appear to merge into one creating a moving image. possibly the most well known origin of motion picture is the humble flip book. invented 1868, a flip book features a sequence of animated images on the unbound edge of each page of the book. when bending the pages back and flicking through the book the images merge due to the rapid replacement of each image with the next, forming a short animation. the silent era of animation began in the late 1800s with the production of short stop motion animations, the most famous of which, produced in 1920 was felix the cat. felix was the first merchandised cartoon character and became a household name. 1923 marked the beginning of the golden age of animation when a small studio “ laugh - o - grams ” went bankrupt, and its owner, walt disney opened a new studio in los angeles. this was possibly one of the most significant events in the history of animation. the first disney productions include “ the alice comedies ” series, “ song car tunes ” and “ dinner time


caster semenya, the south african runner who won the women ’ s 800 - meter race at the world track championships in berlin last month, has been unofficially declared intersexed. if she is, it means that she was born with some discrepancy between her external genitals, internal sex anatomy ( ovaries or testes and her hormones and chromosomes ). the international association of athletic federations ( iaaf ) will not make its official ruling as to whether it considers semenya a woman until november, but an increasing number of news outlets around the world have reported that she ’ s “ a hermaphrodite. ” what does this mean, exactly? the media ’ s terminology itself reflects the ignorance and confusion surrounding intersex. doctors and lay people no longer use the word hermaphrodite because it is vague, demeaning and sensationalistic. “ hermaphrodite ” continues to conjure images of mythical creatures, perhaps even monsters and freaks. it ’ s thus not surprising that most have rejected the label. historically, hermaphrodite has been one of the more neutral descriptors of those born with atypical sex development. derogatory terms such as “ freak of nature, ” “ hybrid, ” “ impostor, ” “ sexual pervert, ” and “ unfortunate creature ” pervade early american medical literature. in one standard 19th - century text on malformations, one doctors referred to “ these mortifying and disgusting imperfections. ” intersex bodies have always aroused suspicion. but many people ’ s distrust of them has not been limited to the playing fields, nor is it new. throughout american history, doctors and lay people in authority have assumed that those born with atypical bodies were dishonest and fraudulent ( say, in illegally voting when the franchise was limited to men ), or were seeking illegal sexual relations. these authorities persistently tried to define ambiguous bodies as either male or female. yet over the years doctors ’ evaluations of intersex bodies have shifted. in the 1920s and 1930s, for example, a person with a female - appearing body would have been counseled to undergo surgery in order to appear more like a man because of her internal testes, particularly if doctors discovered that she was sexually attracted to women. in the 1940s, doctors turned to the new field of psychology to guide their decisions and determined that it was more sensible to let such an individual continue living as a woman, if she so chose.


if doctors discovered that she was sexually attracted to women. in the 1940s, doctors turned to the new field of psychology to guide their decisions and determined that it was more sensible to let such an individual continue living as a woman, if she so chose. these “ medical ” decisions were informed by social anxieties and therapeutic trends, not scientific findings. from the 1950s onward, doctors have tried to intervene surgically at infancy, before patients had a chance to develop an identity as female or male. doctors would decide an intersex baby ’ s gender primarily by how well they thought the external genitals could be surgically reshaped to appear “ normal. ” the thinking was that there was a window of opportunity in which a baby ’ s gender could go either way. all it took was the parents ’ unwavering commitment toward raising either a boy or a girl, and this could only happen, doctors believed, if the baby ’ s genitals looked distinctly male or female. nurture, they believed, trumped nature, particularly when nature seemed confused. in each era, attitudes toward intersex bodies have expressed the social norms of their time and place. today, the response to caster semenya highlights the pervasive yet misguided insistence that the sexes are unambiguously distinct and easily distinguishable. as some declare semenya too manly to compete, for example, a popular south african magazine features a glamorously feminine semenya on its cover, as if she were oprah. real life is more complicated. if semenya has female external anatomy but male internal anatomy, as the recent reports suggest, is she a woman or a man? medical authorities have pondered such cases for years, and only one thing seems clear : interpretation of these findings is as much ( or even more ) social than scientific. today authorities ( like the iaaf ) have spent much time trying to determine intersexed people ’ s “ true sex. ” their efforts have been invasive and sometimes degrading and embarrassing to women like caster semenya. and what ’ s the point? our two - gendered world forces all people to be classified as male or female even when the boundaries are more blurred than we imagine. we simply do not have a social category for intersex people, despite the fact that intersex occurs in one out of every 2000 births. we necessarily make social decisions about whether to raise an intersex baby as a boy or a girl. once these decisions have been made


category for intersex people, despite the fact that intersex occurs in one out of every 2000 births. we necessarily make social decisions about whether to raise an intersex baby as a boy or a girl. once these decisions have been made, we should honor a family ’ s judgment. caster semenya was raised as a girl, considers herself a woman, and is regarded as a woman by her community. yet now she has had to submit to a humiliating public inspection and deal with new knowledge about her body that casts doubt upon her identity as well as her integrity. intersex people have endured such scrutiny for years because their bodies posed a threat to our assumption that the male and female are completely distinct categories. perhaps semenya ’ s test results with her public defense will challenge this notion. in recent years, the medical world has made strides in letting intersex bodies stay as they are by holding off on infant surgeries and by letting people decide for themselves about their own bodies when they are adults. this autonomy is a good thing ; it gives credit to the person himself or herself. let ’ s give semenya some credit too and congratulate her on a good race. elizabeth reis is the author of bodies in doubt : an american history of intersex ( 2009 ). she is an associate professor of women ’ s and gender studies and history at the university of oregon in eugene and a writer for the history news service. republished with permisson from the history news service.


introduction to layout designing. hello, & welcome back to firewire, your friendly guide to the exciting world of web - design & web - solutions! while developing a website or any design we have to take some precautions of aesthetic aspect. behind every good design there is a good layout. in case, we are wondering about how to move ahead we must know the basics of the layout. means arrangement of different objects in different media, which conveys your message easily to the viewer. here are some basic points for designing a good layout. to create a good layout you must have a good observation : to see layouts around you, observe all the objects such as tress, flowers, mountains, animals, pets, childrens etc. minutely. refer to magazines, books, advertisement etc. and try to understand how graphics are and what color schemes have been used? why and which type of fonts have been used? why and how do they give treatment to the images? lot of observation you come to know what is good and what is bad. to increase the power of observation you have to create an idea or mental picture of the object or the situation exactly as you want. this will help you in designing. actually it is a never - ending process. sense : many times good layouts get spoiled because of the wrong selection of color schemes. in real sense, color scheme is a good weapon to enhance a layout. if you use colors carefully you can make wonders out of it. a color depends on the viewability. in case, female related subjects the colors normally used are pink, lavender, light blue and peach. children related subjects the colors generally used is warm yellow, sky blue, orange, red, leaf green and violet. for medical related subjects the colors is sea green, turquoise blue, dull and grey shades. nature related subjects, cool color schemes are preferred as against that social institutes you can use warm color schemes like red, black, bright yellow etc. color schemes may vary according to the subject. for ready availability of color schemes you can visit the initially you can even start with color books, which are readily available in the market, as they contain various color schemes for various purposes. sense : after color schemes, the one and only tool to express your emotions perfectly and properly is the " font ".


september 5, 2008 tracking down the menace in mexico city smog contact : paul preuss, ( 510 ) 486 - 6249 berkeley, ca – a new report by scientists who are part of the international milagro campaign indicates that some of the most harmful air pollution in mexico city may not come from motor vehicles but instead originates with industrial sources – and that the culprit may be garbage incineration. the milagro campaign ( megacity initiative : local and global research observations ) monitored air quality in the mexico city metropolitan area throughout the month of march, 2006. headed by the molina center for energy and the environment in la jolla, california, milagro – the acronym means " miracle " in spanish – is an international scientific collaboration supported by the u. s. department of energy, the national science foundation, nasa, and other agencies in the u. s., mexico, and europe. five doe labs contributed to the study, including lawrence berkeley national laboratory. beamline 11. 0. 2 at berkeley lab ' s advanced light source ( als ) was used for scanning transmission x - ray microscopy ( stxm ) of aerosol particles, in work led by mary gilles of the lab ' s chemical sciences division. ryan moffet, now a seaborg postdoctoral fellow at berkeley lab, was a member of a team monitoring a rooftop collection station at the mexican institute of petroleum in the northern part of mexico city, a site designated t0 ( t - zero ) ; the evidence gathered there was among that analyzed by gilles and her colleagues. " the t0 site is in the industrial heart of the city, but the neighborhood is also a densely populated residential area. children who live here have 11 percent higher levels of lead in their blood than children from the opposite side of town, " says moffet, who was a doctoral student at the university of california at san diego during the milagro campaign. moffet is first author of a report in environmental science & technology on the research at the t0 site. " although researchers had noted the high levels of lead, no one before us had analyzed the aerosol compounds for clues to its origins. " airborne particles of varying size, shape, and chemical composition are an important constituent of the smog in mexico city, one of the largest cities in the world and one of the most polluted. the aerosols come from motor vehicles, industries, and residences ; their sources include the burning of fossil fuels and biomass, and industrial emissions. because of the


city, one of the largest cities in the world and one of the most polluted. the aerosols come from motor vehicles, industries, and residences ; their sources include the burning of fossil fuels and biomass, and industrial emissions. because of the city ' s high elevation in a basin walled by mountains, air pollution in the metropolitan area is often trapped in the basin and chemically altered by ultraviolet radiation and other processes. metal - containing aerosols in particular are implicated in adverse effects on health. size and solubility affect their mobility in the body ; for example, small particles with compact shapes penetrate deep into the lungs, where they are likely to stay. soluble compounds readily enter the bloodstream. and a metal ' s oxidation state affects its toxicity. measuring airborne particles many different instruments were used to collect the aerosol samples at several sites : one, a davis rotating drum, captured particles of three different sizes on teflon tapes ; another, a time resolved aerosol impactor, collected single particles. in situ measurements were made with an aerosol time - of - flight mass spectrometer ( atofms ), which sucked particles into a vacuum chamber, determined their size, and analyzed the mass spectra of their constituent chemicals on the fly, by zapping each with a laser pulse. spectra from tens of thousands of particles were stored for later analysis. the rotating drum and atofms yielded time series, allowing the researchers to determine how size, shape, chemical composition, and the changing mix of chemicals in the aerosol particles varied with the time of day and other factors like weather. " when we started the study, we were interested in what fraction of the aerosols was from traffic, since many scientists believed that traffic was the worst source of the pollution, " says moffet. " but when i looked at the mass spectrometry data, the first thing that jumped at me was the lead spikes. we wondered what the source of the lead was. lead has been completely banned in gasoline sold in the city since 1997, which meant the aerosols were coming from something else. " many anthropogenic ( human caused ) sources contribute to the metal - containing aerosols in mexico city air. nickel and vanadium are associated in particles from fossil - fuel burning. smelting and other metallurgical processes produce emissions rich in heavy metals. burning waste emits particles containing lead, zinc, and many other metals, plus chlorine. activities like construction and traffic stir up dust and


- fuel burning. smelting and other metallurgical processes produce emissions rich in heavy metals. burning waste emits particles containing lead, zinc, and many other metals, plus chlorine. activities like construction and traffic stir up dust and send large metal - containing particles into the atmosphere. all these sources can be identified by their characteristic compositions. " in many of the spikes the lead was associated with chlorine and zinc, " moffet says. " the nature of the chemical associations of these metals could give us valuable clues as to the origin of the particles and their subsequent processing. " mass spectrometry results were available on the spot, while additional informative data came from later laboratory analyses, including proton - induced x - ray emission and computer - controlled scanning electron microscopy directed by alexander laskin at the w. r. wiley environmental molecular sciences laboratory at doe ' s pacific northwest national laboratory in washington state, the stxm studies by mary gilles at berkeley lab ' s als, and other researchers using additional techniques. narrowing the suspects by comparing the mixing of lead, zinc, and chloride in the t0 particles to previous studies characterizing the sources of metal - containing aerosols, clues to the source of the mexico city particles quickly emerged. both nonferrous ( non - iron ) smelters and municipal waste incinerators emit particles that contain lead and zinc, and both have similar compositions – except that smelter particles do not contain phosphorus and chlorine, while incinerator particles do. the particles that contained lead and zinc in the t0 aerosols did contain phosphorus and chlorine, and had other species in common with incinerator samples, including soot. particles from smelting typically have more iron ; moreover, smelter emissions do not have large amounts of chlorine but do have high concentrations of sulfates, which were missing in the t0 samples. als beamline 11. 0. 2 helped further zero in on the chemical makeup of particles containing zinc. incinerators produce metal chlorides, which in the atmosphere can react with acidic gases and become other species like nitrates : many of the zinc - containing particles from t0 were zinc nitrates, suggesting their origin in incinerator emissions. zinc oxides were also among the particles collected at t0 ; nitrates, chlorides, and sulfates are partitioned on zinc oxide surfaces, and all are found in the lead and zinc - rich aerosols from t0. the occurrence


zinc oxides were also among the particles collected at t0 ; nitrates, chlorides, and sulfates are partitioned on zinc oxide surfaces, and all are found in the lead and zinc - rich aerosols from t0. the occurrence of lead and zinc particles at different times of day – and even different days of the month – added more evidence for incineration as the principal source of the airborne metals. on most days, metal - rich particles at the t0 site peaked early in the morning, as early morning air masses from the northeastern part of the city carried them to other neighborhoods. the lag time of metal nitrates behind metal chlorides matched the time needed for reactions with nitric acid in the air. perhaps most telling, during the month - long collection, the lowest concentration of metal - rich particles occurred on a holiday weekend when most industrial processes were shut down. the lead - bearing aerosol particles found in mexico city are small, many of them needle - shaped, making them easy to inhale and likely to stay in the lungs. as time passes, the initial metal chlorides are converted to lead nitrates, which are soluble and readily enter the blood stream. can garbage incineration be unequivocally identified as the source of the worst pollution in the mexico city metropolitan area? not quite yet, says moffet. " at present the government is not keeping track of emissions from incinerators, and incineration is not even listed in the emissions inventory for the metropolitan area, " he says, " although we saw garbage incinerators in the northern part of mexico city. but even short of absolute proof of bad health effects, incineration – especially of discarded electronics, which are loaded with heavy metals and chlorine – is a dangerous process and a growing problem in developing countries. " " characterization of aerosols containing zn, pb, and cl from an industrial region of mexico city, " by ryan moffet, yuri desyaterik, rebecca hopkins, alexei tivanski, mary gilles, vaithiyalingam shutthanandan, luisa molina, r. gonzalez abraham, kenneth johnson, violeta mugica, mario molina, alexander laskin, and kimberly prather, appears in environmental science & technology and is available to subscribers at http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 1021 / es7030483. berkeley lab is a u. s. department of energy national laboratory located in berkeley, california. it


revelation on church organization and government, given through joseph smith the prophet, at or near fayette, new york. portions of this revelation may have been given as early as summer 1829. the complete revelation, known at the time as the articles and covenants, was likely recorded soon after april 6, 1830 ( the day the church was organized ). the prophet wrote, “ we obtained of him [ jesus christ ] the following, by the spirit of prophecy and revelation ; which not only gave us much information, but also pointed out to us the precise day upon which, according to his will and commandment, we should proceed to organize his church once more here upon the earth. ” 1 the a of the b of christ in these last days, being one thousand eight hundred and thirty years since the c of our lord and savior jesus christ in the flesh, it being regularly d and established agreeable to the e of our country, by the will and commandments of god, in the fourth month, and on the sixth day of the month which is called april — 2 which commandments were given to joseph smith, jun., who was a of god, and b an c of jesus christ, to be the d e of this church ; 3 and to oliver cowdery, who was also called of god, an apostle of jesus christ, to be the a elder of this church, and ordained under his hand ; 4 and this according to the a of our lord and savior jesus christ, to whom be all glory, both now and forever. amen. 5 after it was truly manifested unto this first elder that he had received a a of his sins, he was b again in the c of the world ; 6 but after a, and humbling himself sincerely, through faith, god ministered unto him by an holy b, whose c was as lightning, and whose garments were pure and white above all other whiteness ; 7 and gave unto him a which inspired him ; 8 and a him power from on high, by the b which were before prepared, to translate the book of mormon ; 9 which contains a a of a fallen people, and the b of the c of jesus christ to the gentiles and to the jews also ; 10 which was given by inspiration, and is confirmed to a by the ministering of angels, and is b unto the world by them — 11 proving to the world that the holy scriptures are a, and that god does b men and call them to his c work in this age and generation,


confirmed to a by the ministering of angels, and is b unto the world by them — 11 proving to the world that the holy scriptures are a, and that god does b men and call them to his c work in this age and generation, as well as in generations of old ; 12 thereby showing that he is the a god yesterday, today, and b. amen. 13 therefore, having so great witnesses, by a shall the world be judged, even as many as shall hereafter come to a knowledge of this work. 14 and those who receive it in faith, and work a, shall receive a b of eternal life ; 15 but those who a their hearts in b, and c it, it shall turn to their own d — 16 for the lord god has spoken it ; and we, the elders of the church, have heard and bear a to the words of the glorious majesty on high, to whom be glory forever and ever. amen. 17 by these things we a that there is a b in heaven, who is infinite and c, from everlasting to everlasting the same d god, the framer of heaven and earth, and all things which are in them ; 18 and that he a man, male and female, after his own b and in his own likeness, created he them ; 19 and gave unto them commandments that they should a and b him, the only c and true d, and that he should be the only being whom they should worship. 20 but by the a of these holy laws man became b and c, and became d man. 21 wherefore, the almighty god gave his a, as it is written in those scriptures which have been given of him. 22 he a b but gave no heed unto them. 23 he was a, b, and c again the third day ; 24 and a into heaven, to sit down on the right hand of the b, to c with almighty power according to the will of the father ; 25 that as many as would a and be baptized in his holy name, and b in faith to the end, should be saved — 26 not only those who believed after he came in the a, in the b, but all those from the beginning, even as many as were before he came, who believed in the words of the holy prophets, who c as they were inspired by the d of the holy ghost, who truly e of him in all things, should have eternal life, 27 as well as those who should


were before he came, who believed in the words of the holy prophets, who c as they were inspired by the d of the holy ghost, who truly e of him in all things, should have eternal life, 27 as well as those who should come after, who should believe in the a and callings of god by the holy ghost, which b record of the father and of the son ; 28 which father, son, and holy ghost are a, infinite and eternal, without end. amen. 29 and we know that all men must a and b on the name of jesus christ, and worship the father in his name, and c in d on his name to the end, or they cannot be e in the kingdom of god. 30 and we know that a through the b of our lord and savior jesus christ is just and true ; 31 and we know also, that a through the grace of our lord and savior jesus christ is just and true, to all those who b and serve god with all their c, minds, and strength. 32 but there is a possibility that man may a from b and depart from the living god ; 33 therefore let the church take heed and pray always, lest they fall into a ; 34 yea, and even let those who are a take heed also. 35 and we know that these things are true and according to the revelations of john, neither a to, nor diminishing from the prophecy of his book, the holy scriptures, or the revelations of god which shall come hereafter by the gift and power of the holy ghost, the b of god, or the ministering of angels. 36 and the lord god has a it ; and honor, power and glory be rendered to his holy b, both now and ever. amen. 37 and again, by way of commandment to the church concerning the manner of baptism — all those who a themselves before god, and desire to be baptized, and come forth with broken hearts and b, and witness before the church that they have truly repented of all their sins, and are willing to take upon them the c of jesus christ, having a d to serve him to the end, and truly manifest by their e that they have received of the f unto the g of their sins, shall be received by baptism into his church. 38 the a of the elders, priests, teachers, deacons, and members of the church of christ — an b is an c, and it is his calling to d ; 39 and to


sins, shall be received by baptism into his church. 38 the a of the elders, priests, teachers, deacons, and members of the church of christ — an b is an c, and it is his calling to d ; 39 and to a other elders, priests, teachers, and deacons ; 40 and to administer a — the b of the flesh and blood of christ — 41 and to a those who are baptized into the church, by the laying on of b for the baptism of fire and the holy ghost, according to the scriptures ; 42 and to teach, expound, exhort, baptize, and watch over the church ; 43 and to confirm the church by the laying on of the hands, and the giving of the holy ghost ; 44 and to take the a of all meetings. 45 the elders are to a the b as they are c by the holy ghost, according to the commandments and revelations of god. 46 the a duty is to preach, b, expound, exhort, and baptize, and administer the sacrament, 47 and visit the house of each member, and exhort them to a b and in secret and attend to all c duties. 48 and he may also a other priests, teachers, and deacons. 49 and he is to take the a of meetings when there is no elder present ; 50 but when there is an elder present, he is only to preach, teach, expound, exhort, and baptize, 51 and visit the house of each member, exhorting them to pray vocally and in secret and attend to all family duties. 52 in all these duties the priest is to a the elder if occasion requires. 53 the a duty is to b over the c always, and be with and strengthen them ; 54 and see that there is no iniquity in the church, neither a with each other, neither lying, b, nor c d ; 55 and see that the church meet together often, and also see that all the members do their duty. 56 and he is to take the lead of meetings in the absence of the elder or priest — 57 and is to be assisted always, in all his duties in the church, by the a, if occasion requires. 58 but neither teachers nor deacons have authority to baptize, administer the a, or lay on b ; 59 they are, however, to warn, expound, exhort, and teach, and invite all to come unto christ. 60 every a, b


nor deacons have authority to baptize, administer the a, or lay on b ; 59 they are, however, to warn, expound, exhort, and teach, and invite all to come unto christ. 60 every a, b, teacher, or deacon is to be c d to the gifts and callings of god unto him ; and he is to be e by the power of the holy ghost, which is in the one who ordains him. 61 the several elders composing this church of christ are to a in conference once in three months, or from time to time as said conferences shall direct or appoint ; 62 and said conferences are to do whatever church business is necessary to be done at the time. 63 the elders are to receive their licenses from other elders, by a of the church to which they belong, or from the conferences. 64 each priest, teacher, or deacon, who is ordained by a priest, may take a certificate from him at the time, which a, when presented to an elder, shall entitle him to a license, which shall authorize him to perform the duties of his calling, or he may receive it from a conference. 65 no person is to be a to any office in this church, where there is a regularly organized branch of the same, without the b of that church ; 66 but the presiding elders, traveling bishops, high councilors, high priests, and elders, may have the privilege of ordaining, where there is no branch of the church that a vote may be called. 67 every president of the high priesthood ( or presiding elder ), a, high councilor, and b, is to be ordained by the direction of a c or general conference. 68 the a of the members after they are received by b — the elders or priests are to have a sufficient time to expound all things concerning the church of christ to their c, previous to their partaking of the d and being confirmed by the laying on of the e of the elders, so that all things may be done in f. 69 and the members shall manifest before the church, and also before the elders, by a a walk and conversation, that they are worthy of it, that there may be works and b agreeable to the holy scriptures — walking in c before the lord. 70 every member of the church of christ having a is to bring them unto the elders before the church, who are to lay their b upon them in the name of jesus christ, and bless them in his


scriptures — walking in c before the lord. 70 every member of the church of christ having a is to bring them unto the elders before the church, who are to lay their b upon them in the name of jesus christ, and bless them in his name. 71 no one can be received into the church of christ unless he has arrived unto the years of a before god, and is capable of b. 72 a is to be administered in the following manner unto all those who repent — 73 the person who is called of god and has authority from jesus christ to baptize, shall go down into the water with the person who has presented himself or herself for baptism, and shall say, calling him or her by name : having been commissioned of jesus christ, i baptize you in the name of the father, and of the son, and of the holy ghost. amen. 74 then shall he a him or her in the water, and come forth again out of the water. 75 it is expedient that the church a together often to b of c in the d of the lord jesus ; 76 and the elder or priest shall administer it ; and after this a shall he administer it — he shall kneel with the church and call upon the father in solemn prayer, saying : 77 o god, the eternal father, we ask thee in the name of thy son, jesus christ, to bless and sanctify this a to the souls of all those who partake of it, that they may eat in remembrance of the body of thy son, and b unto thee, o god, the eternal father, that they are willing to take upon them the name of thy son, and always remember him and keep his c which he has given them ; that they may always have his d to be with them. amen. 78 the a of administering the wine — he shall take the b also, and say : 79 o god, the eternal father, we ask thee in the name of thy son, jesus christ, to bless and sanctify this a to the souls of all those who drink of it, that they may do it in remembrance of the blood of thy son, which was shed for them ; that they may witness unto thee, o god, the eternal father, that they do always remember him, that they may have his spirit to be with them. amen. 80 any member of the church of christ a, or being b in a fault, shall be dealt with as the scriptures direct. 81 it shall


that they do always remember him, that they may have his spirit to be with them. amen. 80 any member of the church of christ a, or being b in a fault, shall be dealt with as the scriptures direct. 81 it shall be the duty of the several churches, composing the church of christ, to send one or more of their teachers to attend the several conferences held by the elders of the church, 82 with a list of the a of the several members uniting themselves with the church since the last conference ; or send by the hand of some priest ; so that a regular list of all the names of the whole church may be kept in a book by one of the elders, whomsoever the other elders shall appoint from time to time ; 83 and also, if any have been a from the church, so that their names may be blotted out of the general church b of names. 84 all members removing from the church where they reside, if going to a church where they are not known, may take a letter a that they are regular members and in good standing, which certificate may be signed by any elder or priest if the member receiving the letter is personally acquainted with the elder or priest, or it may be signed by the teachers or deacons of the church.


william faulkner was quite an incredible man as well as a talented and cutting edge writer of his era. by the time he wrote as i lay dying, he had published five others and was receiving much acclaim for his works. it is no wonder that such an incredible figure in american literature would feel a deep connection to the classical works of homer. one intruiging passage from the odyssey lends itself to the novel ' s name. agamemnon speaks to odysseus, " as i lay dying, the woman with the dog ' s eyes would not close my eyes as i descended into hades. " faulkner was known to recite this quote from memory throughout his entire life. i believe that he was drawn into the story of odysseus, because it is an epic quest of incredible odds, set in a gothic tone of never - ending despair. odysseus is trying to return to his wife and son after battle, while receiving a series of set backs caused by an angry array of gods. it is possible that faulkner took this idea of epic proportions and found the religious and almost magical tones to be easily displaced upon a southern scene. of course, as i lay dying is itself an epic quest. with keeping in the tradition of? " journey stories? ", it is told from 15 different perspectives. trials and tribulations occur, as well as loss, suffering, and an active portrayal into the interior motives behind each traveler. similar to odysseus? ' s betrayal by poseidon, it feels as if god has abandoned this helpless rural family. a mother has been left for dead, never knowing the enjoyment of life because of the forced suffering of motherhood and wifedom. and with her death comes a pack of children, lost to the warmth of a mother? ' s love. other similarities between the two stories exist. for instance, both begin in the middle of the drama, using flashbacks or digressions to fill in the missing gaps for the reader. both stories focus on exotic characters, with outlandish behavior to set a different scene than what might have been expected of a journey narrative. both stories have an almost magical feeling. it seems that the children of as i lay dying could never really be, although they seem genuine with their eloquent and sometimes bizarre commentary. this same mystical quality occurs in the odyssey, with cyclopes, nymphs, and gods, carrying human qualities, in an attempt to provide answers for the mysteries that plagued the world of antiquity. it


the sonata in b - flat minor, op. 35, was written in 1839 and published the following year. unusually, chopin initially approved the sonata funebre title, but later took out the adjective in the 3rd french edition. he described the work in an august 1839 letter to julian fontana thus : “ here i am writing a sonata in b - flat minor, containing the march that you know. there is an allegro, then a scherzo in e - flat minor, the march and short finale, perhaps 3 of my pages ; the left hand in unison with the right, gossiping after the march. ” as is apparent from this remark, the funeral march was composed earlier, probably in 1837, as witnessed by an album leaf containing the first eight bars of the trio and dated “ paris, 28. september 1837 ”. this movement was orchestrated by henri reber to be played in the madeleine ’ s church in paris at chopin ’ s own funeral in october 1849. the other three movements were concluded in the summer of 1839, in george sand ’ s manor house at nohant, right after their return from majorca. while quickly gaining popularity, the work was misunderstood by critics from the very beginning. thus, while anton rubinstein called the piece “ death poem ”, robert schumann was baffled by it, admitting it possessed beauty, but apparently misunderstanding its musical ideas and the structure, since he referred to it as “ four of chopin ’ s maddest children under the same roof ” and to the last movement, devoid of melody and clear key, as “ a jeer, but not music ”. it has been suggested that this sonata was modelled on beethoven ’ s sonata op. 26 in a - flat major, also known as the “ funeral march ”, which chopin often played and taught. written five years after the second sonata and published in 1845, the sonata in b minor, op. 58, lies on the other side of the transition period that many see as pivotal in chopin ’ s life. this work was completed a few months after the berceuse, and was written in times of tranquillity and relatively good health. the largest of all of chopin ’ s works for piano solo, it represents – together with the fantasie and the 4th ballade – the apotheosis of his creativity. called “ the most beautiful nocturne of all ” by a. hedley, “ ravishing ” by j. rink, “ messianic ” by k. stromenger and “ stunning ”


apotheosis of his creativity. called “ the most beautiful nocturne of all ” by a. hedley, “ ravishing ” by j. rink, “ messianic ” by k. stromenger and “ stunning ” by h. leichentritt, chopin ’ s barcarolle was also greatly admired by artists such as von bulow and was found by m. ravel to be “ the synthesis of the expressive and sumptuous art of this great slav ”, and to express “ languor in excessive joy ” by a. gide. the barcarolle represents a case in point of chopin ’ s ornamental genius. ravel wrote : “ chopin was not content merely to revolutionize piano technique. his figurations are inspired. through his brilliant passages one perceives profound, enchanting harmonies. always there is the hidden meaning which is translated into poetry of intense despair. ” chopin may have begun his work on the barcarolle because he suddenly found himself with time on his hands, an idea of a trip to italy in the autumn of 1845 having been cancelled due to the opposition of george sand ’ s son, maurice. the work carried over into the next year, which is when the piece was finalized and published. originally the typical song of venetian gondoliers, the barcarolle was often used in the romantic period due to its exotic ambience and the 6 / 8 or 12 / 8 lilting rhythm. j. chantavoine suggested that chopin ’ s barcarolle may have been a result of george sand ’ s stories about venice. chopin constructed it formally as one of his nocturnes, in three sections, where the middle one draws particularly on the boat - song 12 / 8 rhythm and imagery. harmonically, it is one of his most advanced works and it also explores trills in a way that beethoven has done in his late sonatas. © 2005 robert andres recorded at potton hall, uk, 17 - 24th june 2004 produced by philip hobbs engineered by julia thomas post production at finesplice, uk photographs of artur pizarro by sven arnstein


linux bridge + firewall mini - howto version 1. 2. 0 - 3. 1 software - 3. 2 prior reading. - 3. 3 boot configuration - 3. 4 kernel configuration - 3. 5 network addresses - 3. 6 network routing - 3. 7 card configuration - 3. 8 additional routing - 3. 9 bridge configuration - 3. 10 try it out - 3. 11 checks - 4. 1 software and reading - 4. 2 preliminary checks - 4. 3 default rule - 4. 4 holes per address - 4. 5 holes per protocol - 4. 6 checks a bridge is an intelligent connecting wire betwen two network cards. a firewall is an intelligent insulator. you might want a bridge if you have several computers : - to save the price of a new hub when you just happen to have an extra ethernet card available. - to save the bother of learning how to do ip - forwarding and other tricks when you _ have _ two cards in your computer. - to avoid maintenance work in the future when things change around! ` ` several computers ' ' might be as few as three if those are routing or bridging or just moving around the room from time to time! you also might want a bridge just for the fun of finding out what it does. 2 was what i wanted a bridge for. you want a firewall if - you are trying to protect your network from external accesses, or - you are trying to deny access to the world outside from your network. curiously, i needed 2 here too. policy at my university presently is that we should not act as internet service providers to undergraduates. i started out bridging the network cards in a firewalling machine and ended up firewalling without having cut the bridge. it seems to work and is more flexible than either configuration alone. i can take down the firewall and keep bridging or take down the bridge when i want to be more circumspect. i would guess that the bridge code lives just above the physical device layer and the firewalling code lives one layer higher up, so that the bridging and firewalling configurations effectively act as though they are running connected together ` ` in sequence ' ' and not ` ` in parallel ' ' ( ouch! ). diagram : - > bridge - in - > firewall - in - > kernel - > firewall - out - > bridge - out - > there is no other way to explain how one machine can be a ` `


( ouch! ). diagram : - > bridge - in - > firewall - in - > kernel - > firewall - out - > bridge - out - > there is no other way to explain how one machine can be a ` ` conductor ' ' and an ` ` insulator ' ' at the same time. there are a few caveats but i ' ll come to those later. basically you must route packets that you want to firewall. anyway, it all seems to work together nicely for me. here is what you do... get the bridge configuration utility from alan cox ' s home pages. this is the same reference as in chris ' document. i just didn ' t realize that it was an ftp and not an http url... read the multiple ethernet howto for some advice on getting more than one network card recognized and configured. yet more details of the kind of boot magic that you may need are in the boot prompt howto. you may be able to get away without the net - 2 howto. it is a good long read and you will have to pick from it the details you need. the reading material above will tell you that you need to prepare the kernel to recognize a second ethernet device at boot up by adding this to your / etc / lilo. conf, and then re - run lilo : append = " ether = 0, 0, eth1 " note the " eth1 ". " eth0 " is the first card. " eth1 " is the second card. you can always add the boot parameters in your response to the line that lilo offers you. this is for three cards : linux ether = 0, 0, eth1 ether = 0, 0, eth2 i use loadlin to boot my kernel from dos : loadlin. exe c : \ vmlinuz root = / dev / hda3 ro ether = 0, 0, eth1 ether = 0, 0, eth2 note that this trick makes the kernel probe at bootup. that will not happen if you load the ethernet drivers as modules ( for safety since the probe order can ' t be determined ) so if you use modules you will have to add the appropriate irq and port parameters for the driver in your / etc / conf. modules. i have at least alias eth0 3c509 alias eth1 de620 options 3c509 irq = 5 io = 0


appropriate irq and port parameters for the driver in your / etc / conf. modules. i have at least alias eth0 3c509 alias eth1 de620 options 3c509 irq = 5 io = 0x210 options de620 irq = 7 bnc = 1 you can tell if you use modules by using ` ` ps - aux ' ' to see if kerneld is running and checking that there are. o files in a subdirectory of your / lib / modules directory. you want the directory named with what uname - r tells you. if you have kerneld and / or you have a foo. o then edit / etc / conf. modules and read the man page for depmod carefully. note also that until recently ( kernel 2. 0. 25 ) the 3c509 driver could not be used for more than one card if used as a module. i have seen a patch floating around that fixes the oversight. it may be in the kernel when you read this. recompile the kernel with bridging enabled. i also compiled with firewalling and ip - forwarding and - masquerading and the rest enabled. only if you want firewalling too... config _ firewall = y config _ net _ alias = y config _ inet = y config _ ip _ forward = y config _ ip _ multicast = y config _ ip _ firewall = y config _ ip _ firewall _ verbose = y config _ ip _ masquerade = y you don ' t need all of this. what you do need apart from this is the standard net configuration : and i do not think you need worry about any of the other networking options. i have any options that i did not actually compile into the kernel available through kernel modules that i can add in later. install the new kernel in place, rerun lilo and reboot with the new kernel. nothing should have changed at this point! chris says that a bridge should not have an ip address but that is not the setup to be described here. you are going to want to use the machine for connecting to the net so you need an address and you need to make sure that you have the loopback device configured in the normal way so that your software can talk to the places they expect to be able to talk to. if loopback is


for connecting to the net so you need an address and you need to make sure that you have the loopback device configured in the normal way so that your software can talk to the places they expect to be able to talk to. if loopback is down the name resolver or other net sevices might fail. see the net - 2 - howto, but your standard configuration should already have done this bit : ifconfig lo 127. 0. 0. 1 route add - net 127. 0. 0. 0 you will have to give addresses to your network cards. i altered the / etc / rc. d / rc. inet1 file in my slackware ( 3. x ) to setup two cards and you should also essentially just look for your net configuration file and double or treble the number of instructions in it. suppose that you already have an address at ( that is in the private net reserved address space, but never mind - it won ' t hurt anybody if you use this address by mistake ) then you probably already have a line like ifconfig eth0 192. 168. 2. 100 netmask 255. 255. 255. 0 metric 1 in your configuration. the first thing you are going to probably want to do is cut the address space reached by this card in half so that you can eventually bridge or firewall the two halves. so add a line which reduces the mask to address a smaller number of machines : ifconfig eth0 netmask 255. 255. 255. 128 try it too. that restricts the card to at most the address space between. 0 and. 127. now you can set your second card up in the other half of the local address space. make sure that nobody already has the address. for symmetry i set it at 228 = 128 + 100 here. any address will do so long as it is not in the other card ' s mask, and even then, well, maybe. avoid special addresses like. 0,. 1,. 128 etc. unless you really know what you are doing. ifconfig eth1 192. 168. 2. 228 netmask 255. 255. 255. 128 metric 1 that restricts the second card to addresses between. 128 and. 255. this is where i have to announce the caveats in the bridging + firewalling scheme : you cannot firewall packets which are not routed. no routes, no firewall. at least this appears to be true in


and. 255. this is where i have to announce the caveats in the bridging + firewalling scheme : you cannot firewall packets which are not routed. no routes, no firewall. at least this appears to be true in the 2. 0. 30 and more recent kernels. the firewalling filters are closely involved with the ip - forwarding code. that does not mean that you cannot bridge. you can bridge between two cards and firewall them from a third. you can have only two cards and firewall both of them against an outside ip such as a nearby router, provided that the router is routed by you to exactly one of the cards. in other words, since i will be doing firewalling, so i want to precisely control the physical destination of some packets. i have the small net of machines attached to a hub hanging off eth0, so i configure a net there : route add - net 192. 168. 2. 128 netmask 255. 255. 255. 128 dev eth0 the 128 would be 0 if i had a full class c network there. i don ' t, by definition, since i just halved the address space. the " dev eth0 " is not necessary here because the cards address falls within the mask, but it may be necessary for you. one might need more than one card holding up this subnet ( 127 machines on one segment, oh yeah ) but those cards would be being bridged under the same netmask so that they appear as one to the routing code. on the other card i have a line going straight through to a big router that i trust. client 129 _ _ | _ _ client 1 \. 0. 128 | / net 1 client 2 - - - hub - eth0 - kernel - eth1 - hub - router - - - net 2 client 3 _ _ /. 100. 228. 2 | \ _ _ net 3 | client 254 i attach the address of the router to that card as a fixed ( " static " ) route because it would otherwise fall within the first cards netmask and the kernel would be thinking wrongly about how to send packets to the big router. i will want to firewall these packets and that is another reason fow wanting to route them specifically. route add 192. 168. 2. 2 dev eth1 i don ' t need it, since i don ' t have any more machines in that half


to firewall these packets and that is another reason fow wanting to route them specifically. route add 192. 168. 2. 2 dev eth1 i don ' t need it, since i don ' t have any more machines in that half of the address space, but i declare a net also on the second card. separating my interfaces into two sets via routing will allow me to do very tight firewalling eventually, but you can get away with far less routing than this. route add - net 192. 168. 2. 128 netmask 255. 255. 255. 128 dev eth1 i also need to send all non - local packets out to the world so i tell the kernel to send them to the big router route add default gw 192. 168. 2. 2 so much was standard networking setup, but we are bridging so we also have to listen on both (? ) cards for packets that are not aimed at us. the following should go into the network configuration file. ifconfig promisc eth0 ifconfig promisc eth1 the man page says allmulti = promisc, but it didn ' t work for me. one thing that i noticed was that i had to put at least the second card into a mode where it would respond to the big router ' s questions about which machines i was hiding in my local net. ifconfig arp eth1 for good measure i did this to the other card too. ifconfig arp eth0. put bridging enabling on and into your configuration file : you should have been trying this out in real time all along, of course! the bridge configure will bring up some numbers. you can experiment with turning on and off the ports one at a time brcfg - port 0 - disable / - enable brcfg - port 1 - disable / - enable you get status reports anytime by just running without any parameters. you will see that the bridge listens, learns, and then does forwarding. ( i don ' t understand why the code repeats the same hardware addresses for both my cards, but never mind.. chris ' howto say that is ok ) if you are still up and running as things are, try out your configuration script for real by taking down both cards and then executing it : ifconfig eth0 down ifconfig eth1 down / etc / rc.


) if you are still up and running as things are, try out your configuration script for real by taking down both cards and then executing it : ifconfig eth0 down ifconfig eth1 down / etc / rc. d / rc. inet1 with any luck the various subsystems ( nfs, ypbind, etc. ) won ' t notice. do not try this unless you are sitting at the keyboard! if you want to be more careful than this, you should take down as many daemons as possible beforehand, and unmount nfs directories. the worst that can happen is that you have to reboot in single - user mode ( the " single " parameter to lilo or loadlin ), and take out your changes before rebooting with things the way they were before you started. verify that there is different traffic on each interface : tcpdump - i eth0 ( in one window ) tcpdump - i eth1 ( in another window ) you should get used to using tcpdump to look for things that should not be happening or that are happening and should not. for instance look for packets that have gone through the bridge to the second card from the internal net. here i am looking for packets from the machine with address. 22 : tcpdump - i eth1 - e host 192. 168. 2. 22 then send a ping from the. 22 host to the router. you should see the packet reported by tcpdump. at this stage you should have a bridge ready that also has two network addreses. test that you can ping them from outside and inside your local net, and that you can telnet and ftp around between inside and outside too. you should read the firewall - howto. that will tell you where to get ipfwadm if you don ' t already have it. there are other tools you can get but i made no progress until i tried ipfwadm. it is nice and low level! you can see exactly what it is doing. you have compiled ip - forwarding and masquerading into the kernel so you will want to check that the firewall is in its default ( accepting ) state with ipfwadm - i - l ipfwadm - o - l ipfwadm - f - l that is respectively, " display the rules affecting the.. " incoming or outgoing or forwarding ( masquerading ) "..


the clients / etc / resolv. conf nameserver 123. 456. 789. 31 " on a separate line ). ipfwadm - i - i accept - p tcp - s 192. 168. 2. 0 / 255. 255. 255. 128 \ - d 123. 456. 789. 31 / 255. 255. 255. 255 54 you can find which port number and protocol a service requires with tcpdump. trigger the service with a an ftp or a telnet or whatever to or from the internal machine and then watch for it on the input and output ports of the firewall with tcpdump : tcpdump - i eth1 - e host client04 for example. the / etc / services file is another important source of clues. to let telnet and ftp in to the firewall from outside, you have to allow the local clients to call out on a specific port. i understand why this is necessary for ftp - it ' s the server that establishes the data stream in the end - but i am not sure why telnet also needs this. ipfwadm - i - i accept - p tcp - s 192. 168. 2. 0 / 255. 255. 255. 128 ftp telnet \ - d 0. 0. 0. 0 / 0. 0. 0. 0 there is a particular problem with some daemons that look up the hostname of the firewalling machine in order to decide what is their networking address. rpc. yppasswdd is the one i had trouble with. it insists on broadcasting information that says it is outside the firewall ( on the second card ). that means the clients inside can ' t contact it. rather than start ip aliasing or change the daemon code, i mapped the name to the inside card address on the clients in their / etc / hosts. you want to test that you can still telnet, rlogin and ping from the outside. from the inside you should be able to ping out. you should also be able to telnet to the firewall machine from the inside and the latter should be able to do anything. that is it. at this point you probably want to learn about rpc / yellow pages and the interaction with the password file. the firewalled network wants to run without its unprivileged users being able to log on to the firewall - and thus get out. some other howto


user management is a very basic administrative task on any operating system. performing that task on linux is just as simple as on any other os. experienced users already know how to do this, but if you are a new convert to linux, and are using zenwalk 6. 2, the latest edition of zenwalk, this tutorial provides a step - by - step guide on how to add a user on a running system. unless you have granted user management rights to a regular user, adding a user on zenwalk requires root privileges ( zenwalk uses the root account for access to performing admin tasks on the system ). you can access the user management application from the control panel, itself accessible from zenwalk menu > settings > control panel. on the control panel, click on the user profiles icon on the user management screen, select create user and click ok. type in the username. the username is the name that the user will use to log into the system. by default, the user belongs to the users group. no need to change anything here. by default, the user ’ s home directory is / home / < username >. again, no need to change anything here. aside from the users default group, the user also belong to certain system groups. membership in these additional groups allows the user to perform certain tasks on the system. unless you know what you are doing, don ’ t change anything here. bash, bourne again shell, is the default shell interpreter on linux. and the path to bash is usually / bin / bash. ok. sometimes, you want to create a temporary account for a guest, or you are very security conscious and want to implement password aging. in such cases, you can set the password to expire. select the desired password expiration date and click ok, or click on never if you do not want to implement password aging.


by dave phillips openal, the open audio library, is an initiative from creative labs and loki entertainment designed to provide a cross - platform open source solution for programming 2d and 3d audio. it is licensed under the gnu lesser general public license ( lgpl ), with current implementations supporting windows, the macintosh os, linux, freebsd, os / 2, and beos. the openal api has been designed for portability of applications between supported platforms, particularly games and other multimedia applications using opengl for 3d graphics. as its name implies, openal is analogous in many ways to sgi ' s opengl, a widely implemented standard for specifying high - quality 3d graphics ( see chris halsall ' s article for more information regarding opengl ). the analogy extends far beyond the name : many of the design considerations for openal are derived from similar considerations for the visual effects possible from opengl, particularly with regard to movement in three dimensions and proximity - dependent texture variance. because the openal api is so similar to opengl, programmers employing opengl for graphics can more easily bind sonic activity to visuals, leading to exciting possibilities for games and other graphics - intensive applications. as with opengl, a little openal code does a lot. developers can simply place their sounds into a scene and let openal render the changes of the sounds relative to the positional changes of the listener. the programming interface is hardware - independent. it can be deployed on virtually any soundcard usable on the supported platforms, though of course its potential will be most fully realized on cards with multichannel audio output. the api is a relatively higher - level interface that provides a communication protocol with the sound card driver. for linux users it should make no difference whether the card driver comes from the kernel sources, alsa, or oss / linux. the openal library is designed to act in coordination with the low - level routines of the driver. at this time the api and library focus only on pcm audio, although it is possible that future revisions will address cd audio and hardware midi synthesis. openal also follows recommendations put forth by the interactive audio special interest group ( iasig ). the current api has been written to accommodate at least the following iasig level 1 guidelines : - distance - based attenuation - - the strengthening or weakening of a sound ' s dynamic level as it approaches or leaves the listener. - position - based panning - - the location of a sound is calculated relative to the listener, not merely shifting between


- based attenuation - - the strengthening or weakening of a sound ' s dynamic level as it approaches or leaves the listener. - position - based panning - - the location of a sound is calculated relative to the listener, not merely shifting between speakers. - doppler effects - - the perceived rise and fall of a sound ' s pitch as a source approaches and leaves the listener. - sound radiation - - control of a sound ' s dispersion through the acoustic field. openal resources on - line the author would like to thank joseph i. valenzuela, michael vance, bernd kreimeier, fotis hadginikos, and derrick story for their vast assistance. this series of articles could not have been written without their help. the iasig level 2 guidelines specify a set of environment parameters for reverberation. work has already begun to incorporate those parameters into the openal api. the current openal api reference can be found in the openal / docs directory, but it is in sgml format. you will need the docbook tools to compile the api documentation into readable html. the reference documentation is also available on - line here. i should emphasize that the documentation is directed only to developers at this time. as an open source project with corporate blessings, openal seems assured of widespread implementation. it offers an open source solution to the problem of highly portable cross - platform support for 3d audio in games and other multimedia applications, making it of great interest to developers and end - users alike. even while the 1. 0 specification is being ratified, some developers are already employing openal ' s services. openal is not without its contenders, but those solutions are proprietary or locked into a single architecture. openal is already a working multi - platform interface for audio ( especially 3d audio ) services, and with hardware acceleration, openal could revolutionize computer audio in the same way as opengl revolutionized computer graphics, an exciting prospect indeed. as a final reminder, please note that openal is a community effort, and community involvement is encouraged. see the openal web site for complete details on getting involved in the project. in the last article we will take a deeper look at the internals of the api, but first we ' ll discuss 3d audio and then see what real - world applications have already employed the openal specification. discuss this article in the o ' reilly network linux forum. return to the linux devcenter.


how to start rock climbing when thinking about how to start rock climbing, many people assume that you need a physique of sylvester stallone in " cliffhanger ". but if you take the right steps in preparing yourself for this mentally and physically stimulating work out, you will surprise yourself with how good you can be. this work out can be incredibly challenging both physically and mentally. however, the end reward makes it all very worth it. to start rock climbing you will need the following items : - climbing shoes - climbing rope - a harness - a belay device - chalk ( optional ; used by some climbers to help with their grip ) the number one lesson in beginning your adventure is that you can never stop learning. - take a professional lesson in belaying, harness and rope safety, and the terminologies of rock climbing. if you go to any indoor rock climbing facility they should have the staff to provide you with such a lesson, they should also have equipment that you can rent. be sure to wear comfortable but tighter clothing that you can move around in easily. you need to feel very comfortable at an indoor facility before you should attempt to rock climb in the outdoors. rocks are much less forgiving on beginners mistakes and so are the elements of nature. - learn how to do " top rope " climbing. this form of climbing is the safest form. the rope that is connected to you ( the climber ) goes up and through a hold at the very top of the wall and back down to your belayer ( the person on the ground who holds the rope ). be sure to utilize the person you have belaying. they can instruct you on where to look for good holds and can be a great source of encouragement if you start to struggle. with this form of climbing it is very difficult for you to fall far and you can take breaks easier. rock climbing, even in the elementary stages, is a very intense cardio work out as well as a mental challenge. but the more often you participate in rock climbing, the better you will be physically and at finding good holds for your hands and feet. - start to challenge yourself by following precise routes after practicing the basics that you ' ve learned from your lesson, its time to make it real. the wall at the indoor facility will have these routes marked off by coloured tape. trying to stay on these routes will give you a better concept of climbing outdoors as there aren ' t options or cheats on the side of a rock face. the routes are also rated


the indoor facility will have these routes marked off by coloured tape. trying to stay on these routes will give you a better concept of climbing outdoors as there aren ' t options or cheats on the side of a rock face. the routes are also rated on a scale. try to master a few of the easiest routes and then push yourself to the next level of the scale. the higher the number the higher the difficulty of the route. - consider taking a course on " lead " climbing. once you feel comfortable at the indoor facility on top rope, try this type of climbing. it requires you to hook the rope through caribbeaners as you, is a slightly more intense and much more skillful form of climbing. you need to absolutely feel secure in your abilities and the person you have handling your belay in order to participate in lead climbing. - consider going to an outdoor rock face. after mastering lead climbing, try this. be sure to research the location you ' re going to so you know some hints before trying to go on your own. red river gorge in kentucky is a great location for a plethora of different types of routes. as with any new skill, practice makes perfect. you shouldn ' t expect to be mr. stallone within your first few attempts. just continue trying and pushing yourself psychically and mentally at climbing. it ' s an incredibly rewarding activity in both sense.


los angeles — researchers have some new advice for high school students who want to improve their grades : become friends with academically oriented classmates. it may sound obvious, but researchers went to considerable effort to prove it. they surveyed all members of the junior class at maine - endwell high school in endwell, n. y., and asked students to rate each of their classmates as either a " best friend, " a " friend, " an " acquaintance " or someone they didn ' t know. they got responses from 92 percent of students and used them to reconstruct the social networks among 158 11th - graders as of jan. 11, 2011. the research team also obtained the grade point averages for all 158 students in january 2011 and january 2012, so they could track how their academic performance changed over time. for the analysis, those gpas were converted into class rankings. then they compared the rankings of each student to those of their best friends, friends and acquaintances. sure enough, the researchers found a linear relationship between a student ' s grades and the academic environment of their social network. if a student ' s class ranking at the start of the study was higher than usual for her social network, it tended to fall over the course of the year. conversely, if a student ranked below the rest of her group, her class ranking tended to rise. the most significant influence appeared to be the grades of those labeled as " friends. " to explain this, the researchers hypothesized that the grades of " best friends " made little difference in the equation because they were probably very similar to start with. but the gaps between students and their " friends " were bigger, so there was more opportunity for influence. the findings were published recently in the journal plos one. the results are in line with other studies showing that happiness, obesity and other traits can spread through social networks. of note : six of the study authors are students at maine - endwell high. the senior author is hiroki sayama, director of the collective dynamics of complex systems research group at binghamton university in binghamton, n. y.


send scsi read long command to device. the read buffer is output in hex and ascii to stdout or placed in a file. note that the data returned includes the logical block data ( typically 512 bytes for a disk ) plus ecc information ( whose format is proprietary ) plus optionally other proprietary arguments to long options are mandatory for short options as well. uses a scsi read long ( 16 ) command. the default action is to use a scsi read long ( 10 ) command. the read long ( 10 ) command has a 32 bit field for the lba while read long ( 16 ) has a 64 bit field. sets the ' corrct ' bit in the scsi read long command. when set the data is corrected by the ecc before being transferred back to this utility. the default is to leave the ' corrct ' bit clear in which case the data is output the usage message then exit. where lba is the logical block address of the sector to read. assumed to be in decimal unless prefixed with ' 0x ' ( or has a trailing ' h ' ). defaults to lba 0. if the lba is larger than can fit in 32 bits then the - - 16 option should be used. instead of outputting ascii hex to stdout, send it in binary to the file called of. if ' - ' is given for of then the ( binary ) output is sent to stdout. note that all informative and error output is sent to stderr. sets the ' pblock ' bit in the scsi read long command. when set the physical block ( plus ecc data ) containing the requested logical block address is read. the default is to leave the ' pblock ' bit clear in which case the logical block ( plus any ecc data ) is read. opens the device read - only rather than read - write which is the default. the linux sg driver needs read - write access for the scsi read long command but other access methods may require read - only increase the level of verbosity, ( i. e. debug output ). print the version string and then exit. where btl is the byte transfer length ( default to 520 ). if the given value ( or the default ) does not match the " long " block size of the device, the appropriate btl is deduced from the error response and printed ( to stderr ). the idea is that the user will retry


the given value ( or the default ) does not match the " long " block size of the device, the appropriate btl is deduced from the error response and printed ( to stderr ). the idea is that the user will retry this utility with the correct transfer length. if a defective block is found and its contents, if any, has been retrieved then " sg _ reassign " could be used to map out the defective block. associated with such an action the number of elements in the " grown " defect list could be monitored ( with " sg _ reassign - - grown " ) as the disk could be nearing the end of its useful lifetime. various numeric arguments ( e. g. lba ) may include multiplicative suffixes or be given in hexadecimal. see the " numeric arguments " section in the sg3 _ utils ( 8 ) man page. as a data point, fujitsu uses a 54 byte ecc ( per block ) which is capable of correcting up to a single burst error or 216 bits " on the fly ". [ information obtained from mav20xxrc product manual. ] the exit status of sg _ read _ long is 0 when it is successful. otherwise see the sg3 _ utils ( 8 ) man page.


the patrick administration has been working to enhance its long - term financial planning based on best practices prescribed by the government finance officers association ( gfoa ). best practices include the use of a sound conceptual approach, ensuring that near - term decisions measure long - term impacts, and developing a solution framework that is aligned with policy goals. the commonwealth has implemented a conceptual approach of “ structural balance “ that is designed to delineate among different causes of fiscal imbalance. the application of this approach identifies three critical challenges facing the commonwealth : a remaining structural deficit due to the significant reduction in tax revenue since the recession, cost inflation on safety net and health care programs, and the need to improve policy measures to address economic volatility. each of these challenges is a central feature of our fy12 budget proposal as further described in the conclusion to this section. structural balance approach and analysis the goal of structural balance is to base spending on policy priorities and a predictable level of sustainable revenue. our supporting analysis includes a five - year forecast for revenue and spending based on historical trends as well as the outlook for the state economy. the forecast includes a projection of tax revenue, based on input from local economists, that also provides the basis to develop an estimated long - term trend - line for tax revenue. the forecast indicates that the state economy will be below trend during a four year recovery period beginning in fiscal year 2012 before reaching a “ steady - state ” level of long - term tax revenue growth of approximately 5 % in 2016. the imputed trend - line was developed using the tax revenue figures from 2016 and discounting revenue back by the estimated 5 % annually. a similar approach was taken to develop a pre - recession revenue trend - line and select results of this analysis are highlighted in the exhibit below. ( note : the time horizon in the exhibit has been truncated in order to emphasize the key findings discussed below ). the results of this analysis provide three useful insights into our near - term fiscal challenges. first, tax revenue in fy07 ( i. e. pre - recession ) was approximately $ 2 billion greater than the then current trend - line. second, the impact of the recession on this trend - line after fy09 was a significant downward shift of an additional $ 2 billion. finally, the outlook for the economy suggests that recovery in tax revenue will be only modest : approximately $ 500 million based on the difference between the trend and forecast for tax revenue in fy12. the combined impact of these effects is that the fy12 budget will


outlook for the economy suggests that recovery in tax revenue will be only modest : approximately $ 500 million based on the difference between the trend and forecast for tax revenue in fy12. the combined impact of these effects is that the fy12 budget will have approximately $ 5 billion less in available resource than we had in fy07 on an inflation adjusted basis, with an expectation that only 10 % of this amount will be re - couped during the recovery. the estimates of tax revenue were done in tandem with trend based projections for spending that are largely influenced by health care cost inflation. health care costs in the state have been growing at 8 - 9 % which has had the effect of increasing the share of health care costs from 31 % to 38 % over the four year period ending with fy10 ( exhibit 2 ). the impact of this increase combined with the reduction in revenue sources described above, is that the commonwealth will have approximately 25 % less in resource available for non - health care spending in fy12 than was available in fy07. the growth rate of health care costs also suggests that there could be a further squeeze on other spending and a risk of increasing structural deficits if health care cost inflation cannot be addressed. if current trends continue, for example, the growth in total state spending by fy15 would be approximately 6 % ( driven by an 8 - 9 % spending rate for health care and a 3 % rate for most other programs ) as compared to an estimated revenue growth rate of 5 %. the 1 % differential would result in additional structural deficits of nearly $ 400 million annually, providing a clear indication that the current levels of health care cost inflation are not sustainable. the application of long - term planning to inform near - term decisions the structural balance analysis has informed our understanding of the state ’ s fiscal imbalances and our recommendations to address these challenges in the fy12 budget. the revenue forecast and trend - line allows us to employ the $ 500million cyclical shortfall as a guideline on the maximum use of one time resources that are sustainable over time. any spending in excess of this amount would continue to sustain a structural deficit or require budgetary spending that is not sustainable. the fy12 budget includes use of $ 385 million in one time resources, well within the sustainable level based on our cyclical shortfall. this is based in part on the assumption that the state would also restrain spending during a strong economy when tax revenue is above the then current trend - line ( see managing economic vol


definitionby mayo clinic staff click to enlarge a broken rib, or fractured rib, is a common injury that occurs when one of the bones in your rib cage breaks or cracks. the most common cause of broken ribs is trauma to the chest, such as from a fall, motor vehicle accident or impact during contact sports. many broken ribs are merely cracked. while still painful, cracked ribs aren ' t as potentially dangerous as ribs that have been broken. in these situations, a jagged piece of bone could damage major blood vessels or internal organs, such as the lungs. in most cases, broken ribs heal on their own in one or two months. adequate pain control is important, so you can continue to breathe deeply and avoid lung complications, such as pneumonia. - karlson ka. rib fractures. http : / / www. uptodate. com / home / index. html. accessed feb. 7, 2011. - brunett ph, et al. pulmonary trauma. in : tintinalli je, et al. tintinalli ' s emergency medicine : a comprehensive study guide. 7th ed. new york, n. y. : the mcgraw - hill companies ; 2011. http : / / www. accessmedicine. com / content. aspx? aid = 6389704. accessed feb. 5, 2011. - fractures. the merck manuals : the merck manual for healthcare professionals. http : / / www. merckmanuals. com / professional / sec21 / ch309 / ch309b. html # sec21 - ch309 - ch309b - 141. accessed feb. 8, 2011. - preventing falls and related fractures. national institute of arthritis and musculoskeletal and skin diseases. http : / / www. niams. nih. gov / health _ info / bone / osteoporosis / fracture / prevent _ falls. asp. accessed feb. 8, 2011. - laskowski er ( expert opinion ). mayo clinic, rochester, minn. feb. 8, 2011.


range : vancouver - baja calif. depth : 6 - 18 ( 38 ) m. table of contents the sea grape commonly known as " sea grapes, " botryocladia ( botryo = grape, cladia = branches ) pseudodichotoma is an abundant member of the rhodophyta ( red algae ). the following phylogeny consists of links to list of common characteristics which justify botryocladia ' s inclusion : - thallus is 10 - 30 cm. tall - elongate, pyriform ( pear - shaped ), sacchate ( sack - like ) branches - sacchate branches are 4 - 7 cm long and 6 - 25 mm in diameter - branches contain a colorless, acidic, polysaccharide and protein mucilage which makes them bouyant and therefore better able to compete for light - 3 cell layers - pigmented cortical cells - unpigmented medium sized gelatinous cells - unpigmented large gelatinous medullar cells ( & specialized gland cells cluster in groups of 10 - 20 on the inward facing surface of medullar cells which in pseudodichotoma are noticeably smaller than its neighbors. it is easy to view secretory cells under a microscope by making cross - sections with a razorblade. with all florideophyceae, b. pseudodichotoma has a tri - phasic life cells of the diploid tetrasporophyte undergo meiosis to create cruciate tetraspores ( 3. 88 million / day ). each of the 4 spores can grow into a haploid gametophyte ( male or female ). mature male gametophyte emits spermatia which fertilize cells on the female gametophyte. where fertilization has succeeded, a diploid carposporophyte grows on the female gametophyte. carposporophyte has a pore opening to the outside through which it releases diploid carpospores. these carpospores settle and grow into


breaking the cox code using the team approach editor ’ s note : this story, first published in 2004, has been updated. prostaglandins, which were first isolated from the prostate gland in 1936, are very rapidly metabolized, or broken down, making measurement in the blood difficult. researchers at vanderbilt led by john oates, m. d., developed methods for measuring levels of prostaglandin metabolites ( breakdown products ) in the urine using mass spectrometry. using this technique, the research team — which by the late 1970s included l. jackson roberts, m. d. — identified prostaglandin d2 as a product of the human mast cell and demonstrated its release during allergic asthma. with colleagues including garret a. fitzgerald, m. d., now chair of pharmacology at the university of pennsylvania, oates and roberts showed that low doses of aspirin blocked the production of thromboxane, a prostaglandin made by platelets that causes blood clotting and constriction of blood vessels. their findings supported the use of low dose aspirin to prevent heart attacks. in the early 1990s, vanderbilt researchers led by ray dubois, m. d., ph. d., discovered a link between the cox - 2 enzyme and colon cancer. that work helped lead to current tests of cox - 2 inhibitors as a potential way to prevent cancer. in 2004 another group led by the late jason morrow, m. d., and david h. johnson, m. d., director of the hematology - oncology division at vanderbilt, reported that urine levels of a prostaglandin metabolite called pge - m could predict the effectiveness of a cox - 2 inhibitor in patients with non - small cell lung cancer. this suggests, morrow said in 2004, “ that the measurement of these inflammatory ‘ mediators ’ and their suppression may be useful in the treatment of lung cancer. ” cox enzymes also may play a role in alzheimer ’ s disease. in addition to prostaglandins, the cox pathway can lead to the production of highly reactive molecular compounds called levuglandins, which, in turn, can form “ adducts, ” or irreversible attachments to proteins that may be toxic to nerve cells. also in 2004, oates and his colleagues at vanderbilt and johns hopkins university reported that they found a 12 - fold increase in the level of adducts in the brains of


characteristics of first urinary tract infection with fever in children : a prospective clinical and imaging study the pediatric infectious disease journal, 04 / 18 / 2011 ismaili khalid et al. - girls represent 63 % of cases with first urinary tract infection ( uti ). for 91 % of utis, escherichia coli is held responsible with a high rate of resistance to ampicillin and trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole. us is an excellent screening tool that allows avoidance of unjustified voiding cystourethrography studies. methods - the authors prospectively followed ( median, 20 months ) 209 children treated for first febrile uti. - renal ultrasound ( us ) and voiding cystourethrography examinations were performed in all patients. - among the children, 63 % were females and 37 % were males, and 75 % of them had their first uti before the age of 2 years. - the most common causative agent was escherichia coli ( 91 % of cases ) with high rate resistance to ampicillin ( 58 % ) and trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole ( 38 % ). - of these children, 25 % had evidence of vur ( 15 boys and 38 girls ). vur was of low grade in 85 % of cases. - the overall performance of renal us as a diagnostic test to detect significant uropathies excluding low - grade vesicoureteral reflux ( vur ) was excellent ; the sensitivity attained 97 % and the specificity 94 %.