of its importance to the health of nigerians. he said : " when you gave us the challenge on sugar fortification, we took it and we are happy for what we have achieved, we probably have the best system for sugar fortification in the world today, " he boasted. he added that dangote pursued the sugar fortification with vitamin a seriously because the company is aware that the whole nation will benefit from the policy. " if sugar fortification with vitamin a helps in the reduction of vitamin deficiency disease, the nation is a winner, our children are winners and dangote is a winner, " he said. according to him, he will be personally delighted if dangote ' s efforts held in the eradication of blindness among children in nigeria because as a father, he loves children and will want to do anything to help protect their future. he disclosed that since the commencement of the fortification programme, dangote refinery has been training its staff to ensure that they know hoe to use the equipment for the fortification. mr knut ulvmoen, dangote group managing director assured the son inspectors that dangote is committed to sugar fortification with vitamin a as well as the fortification of its other food products with important micro nutrients. mr olakunle alake, executive director, strategic services, dangote group who was also present at the factory inspection assured the son team that dangote remained committed to sugar fortification with vitamin a. there were reports that dangote failed to meet the required compliance which lead to it ' s plant closure. dangote faults nafdac over mill closure daily champion ( lagos ) 22 may 2007 posted to the web ( http : / / allafrica. com / stories / 200705220891. html ) 22 may 2007 by ebere nwoji dangote group of companies yesterday reacted to the recent closure of its kano floor mills by the national agency for food drug administration and control ( nafdac ) describing the regulatory agency ' s action as a punitive rather than corrective measure. the company at a media briefing to state its position on the matter expressed surprises at the action of nafdac questioning the rationale behind closing its six factories for an offence committed in only one product danvita which is just one per cent of products manufactured in the dangote factories in kano state. dangote chief operating officer, mr olakunle alake at the briefing explained that danvita which is dangote ' s brand


s security personnel to watch over the assets of the company. according to him, neither the explanation to the agency that the product in question was produced from one of the six mills and that the company was prepared to suspend production from the mill until full compliance nor the company ' s request to be allowed to continue production of its flag product the dangote brand flour from the other five mills moved the agency. lamenting further the action of nafdac mr. alike stated " our kano floor mills directors and management team were at nafdac for the meeting on may 18, 2007 adding even though some of their inferred effects of non - fortification left us in total shock, we as a company have business, nutritional and pharmaceutical expertise to know that there was no basis for the request by nafdac to recall our danita product, " he explained. this issue and the controversy it generated obviously cost the nafdac dg, dr akunyili a ministerial slot... this was blogged about here ( http : / / nigeriahealthwatch. blogspot. com / ) and debated here ( http : / / www. nigeriavillagesquare. com / board / articles - comments / 38780 - richest - black - person - world - dangote - interview - 2. html ) in the articles section. stay tuned to this page for more information on this issue jul 25, 2007, 12 : 26 am thisday glitteratti ( http : / / www. thisdayonline. com / nview. php? id = 84234 ) benefits of tea health with vivian eyota, 07. 22. 2007 tea has antioxidant, anti - inflammatory and anticancer benefits. an antioxidant works against “ free radicals ” which are unbalanced molecules that oxidize skin and body cells leading to aging. the plant leaf known as camellia sinensis is where black tea, green tea, oolong tea and white tea are derived. drinking tea contributes to beautiful skin and a healthy body with additional benefits such as reducing the risk of heart attack and preventing osteoporosis. the teas derived from this plant differ in the way they are dried and fermented. they are rich sources of vitamin c and e and contain tannic acid. tannic acid helps clean the skin and eliminate odour causing bacteria. green tea also contains the amino acid l - theanine which has a calming effect against the caf


they are rich sources of vitamin c and e and contain tannic acid. tannic acid helps clean the skin and eliminate odour causing bacteria. green tea also contains the amino acid l - theanine which has a calming effect against the caffeine found in tea. there are also herbal teas made from dried plants, flowers and leaves such as hibiscus, chamomile, mint, rose petals and rosehips. black tea is fully fermented during processing and has the antioxidant benefits found in green and white tea but to a lesser extent. it doesn ' t taste as grassy as green tea because it is fermented. the fermentation process reduces the antioxidant effect. green tea is not fermented at all and oolong tea is in between black and green tea in processing. green tea probably is the most beneficial of all teas owing to its properties and availability. its proven anti - inflammatory properties are beneficial to the skin. it is also known to help strengthen teeth ( due to the fluoride content ), inhibit breast and ovarian cancer, burn fat, reduce insulin resistance and promote a healthy heart to mention a few. research has shown that the breast cancer risk in japanese women is significantly reduced in those who drink 6 - 10 small cups of green tea per day. white tea is the least processed of all teas and is similar to green tea. it tastes light and sweet and does not have the grassy taste of green tea. the white tea leaves are picked and harvested before the leaves fully open and the buds are covered with white hair hence the name. it has the most benefits of all the teas as it contains the most cancer fighting antioxidants and its scarcity makes it more expensive. there is considerably less caffeine in white tea ( 15mg per serving ) than the other varieties with black tea containing 40mg per serving and green tea 30mg per serving. white teas are produced mostly in china and japan. the darjeeling region of india also produces some fine white teas. health benefits of herbal teas there are several plants used for herbal teas and the health benefits are varied. the following are some commonly consumed herbal teas. • chamomile tea calms the nerves, induces sleep, eases cold symptoms and soothes the stomach. the flowers are used. • ginger root tea improves circulation, relieves cold and flu symptoms, eases stomach cramps and nausea, eases menstru


from its leaves and not the fruit soothes the stomach, relieves diarrhoea, and helps ease arthritis and rheumatism. • nettle tea from its leaves is rich in vitamins a and c, cleanses the blood, improves liver and kidney function, eases cough and other respiratory problems, and relieves diarrhoea and constipation. • sage tea from its leaves calms nerves, improves digestion and eases lung congestion and cough. • fruit teas various fruits have also been used as infusions for tea. tea beauty tips • eye puffiness can be treated by applying cool moistened tea bags over them for about 10minutes. • soaking feet in black tea helps reduce odour because of its astringent and antibacterial properties • placing a moistened green tea bag over an insect bite or wound helps soothe the area and reduce itching and swelling. • a cooled strong cup of green tea may be used as an astringent for acne prone skin. • herbal tea could add colour to hair. sage will darken hair, chamomile lightens blonde hair and hibiscus tea gives red hair highlights. • using black or ceylon tea for mixing henna hair colour instead of water improves the intensity. • sunburned skin may be soothed by having a tea bath. run a tap over 4 to 5 teabags of green, jasmine or oolong tea to fill bathtub and soak in warm water. gently pat body dry and apply a soothing moisturiser. jul 28, 2007, 12 : 10 am july 24, 2007 is it safe to eat? president bush took a potentially useful step last week, appointing a cabinet - level committee to find ways to ensure the safety of imported food and other products. but his actions would be a lot more credible if the administration had not been cutting the staff and budget of food safety programs at the food and drug administration while also planning to eliminate half of the agency ’ s laboratories. hearings before a house oversight subcommittee raised serious questions about the f. d. a. ’ s ability to protect the public against contaminated or adulterated foods. william hubbard, a former top agency official who consults for a coalition of industry and consumer groups, told the committee that the f. d. a. has lost some 200 food scientists and 700 field inspectors over five years, exactly the wrong direction when food imports are skyrocketing. he also noted that the small budget increase the white


groups, told the committee that the f. d. a. has lost some 200 food scientists and 700 field inspectors over five years, exactly the wrong direction when food imports are skyrocketing. he also noted that the small budget increase the white house has proposed for food safety next year would be a decrease after accounting for inflation. as if that weren ’ t discouraging enough, the committee ’ s chief investigator described how porous the current safety shield is. agency personnel, he said, inspect less than 1 percent of all imported foods and conduct laboratory analyses on only a tiny fraction of those. overwhelmed entry reviewers at one field office have so many items to screen that they typically have less than 30 seconds to decide whether an import needs closer scrutiny. importers also learn to game the system by sending goods to lax entry points or mislabeling them. and they are allowed to take possession of suspect goods and arrange testing by private laboratories whose work is often shoddy or driven by financial concerns. the f. d. a. insists that its plan to close 7 of the agency ’ s 13 laboratories will actually improve its capabilities, by allowing greater investment in modern equipment and training at the six remaining laboratories. that could conceivably be true, but the house investigator worries that there could be a tremendous loss of talent when laboratory analysts resign rather than be relocated. congress and its research arm, the government accountability office, will need to determine if this is a genuine move toward modernizing some aging laboratories, or a step that could further weaken the f. d. a. powered by vbulletin® version 4. 2. 1 copyright © 2013 vbulletin solutions, inc. all rights reserved.


because you have chronic kidney disease, you should take steps to protect your kidneys. make changes to what you eat, manage your blood pressure, and manage your blood sugar if you have diabetes. you also need to be careful about all of the medicines you take. read this brochure to learn more, and talk with your pharmacist if you have questions. healthy kidneys filter wastes and extra water from your blood to make urine. the kidneys also help remove some medicines from your blood. why your pharmacist and provider need to know about your medicine and supplement use your kidneys do not filter as well as they did in the past. this can cause an unsafe buildup of medicines in your blood. some medicines also can harm your kidneys. your pharmacist and healthcare provider need to know what medicines you take so they can give you advice on how to protect your kidneys. these medicines include : you may be told to : if you take otc medicines for headaches, pain, fever, or colds, you may be taking nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ). nsaids are otc medicines that can be harmful to your kidneys. common nsaids include ibuprofen and naproxen. ask your pharmacist or provider if the otc medicines you take are safe to use. you also can look for nsaids on drug facts labels like the one below. active ingredients ( in each caplet ) purposes ibuprofen 200mg ( nsaid ) * pain reliever / fever reducer pseudoephedrine hci 30mg nasal decongestant * nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drug - sinus pressure - nasal congestion - minor body aches and pains remember that you can always talk with your pharmacist or provider about your medicines. page last updated : march 1, 2012


acoustic trauma is injury to the hearing mechanisms in the inner ear due to very loud noise. acoustic trauma is a common cause of sensory hearing loss. damage to the hearing mechanisms within the inner ear may be caused by : the health care provider will usually suspect acoustic trauma if hearing loss occurs after noise exposure. audiometry may determine how much hearing has been lost. the hearing loss may not be treatable. the goal of treatment is to protect the ear from further damage. eardrum repair may be needed. a hearing aid may help you communicate. you can learn coping skills, such as lip reading. hearing loss may be permanent in the affected ear. ear protection may prevent the hearing loss from getting worse. progressive hearing loss is the main complication of acoustic trauma. tinnitus ( ear ringing ) can also occur. call for an appointment with your health care provider if : injury - inner ear ; trauma - inner ear ; ear injury lonsbury - martin bl, martin gk. noise - induced hearing loss. in : cummings cw, flint pw, haughey bh, et al, eds. otolaryngology : head & neck surgery. 5th ed. philadelphia, pa : mosby elsevier ; 2010 : chap 151. o ’ handley jg, tobin ej, shah ar. otorhinolaryngology. in : rakel re, ed. textbook of family medicine. 8th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 19. updated by : linda j. vorvick, md, medical director and director of didactic curriculum, medex northwest division of physician assistant studies, department of family medicine, uw medicine, school of medicine, university of washington. seth schwartz, md, mph, otolaryngologist, virginia mason medical center, seattle, washington. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m. health solutions, ebix, inc. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. copyright 1997 - 2013, a. d. a. m., inc. duplication for commercial use must be authorized in writing by adam health solutions.


the nobel peace prize 1990 award ceremony speech presentation speech by gidske anderson, chairperson of the norwegian nobel committee your royal highnesses, your excellencies, ladies and gentlemen, this year ' s nobel peace prize has been awarded to the president of the soviet union, mikhail sergeyevich gorbachev. the norwegian nobel committee has made this award in recognition of the leading role he has played in the radical changes that have taken place in east - west relations. president gorbachev has undoubtedly cooperated with other persons and other nations. but we recognise quite clearly that his manifold personal contributions and his efforts on behalf of the soviet union have proved decisive. for this reason the nobel committee has in 1990 decided to honour him. we are experiencing dramatic changes in a world that is still rent with conflict. nevertheless, we also have clear evidence that a peace process has started. east and west, the two mighty power blocs, have managed to abandon their life - threatening confrontation and have, instead, embarked on the long and patient road to cooperation on the basis of negotiation. the task now is to create a peaceful framework for the far - reaching transformation which will inevitably continue to take place in our part of the world. we have already seen the fruits of this new climate between east and west. ancient european nations, such as poland, czechoslovakia, hungary, and now east germany too, have regained their freedom and have, for better or for worse, assumed responsibility for their own national destiny. even though this process of detente still has its problems and is yet not terminated in all parts of our continent of europe, it is nevertheless possible today, maybe for the first time in many hundreds of years, to envisage a europe of the people and, we hope, also a europe at peace. this is due not least to the fact that the armaments race is ebbing out in our part of the globe. in mistrust and fear this race has been going on for close on half a century. the result has been a terrifying waste of intellectual and material resources on both sides of the iron curtain. here too, we now at last see a change. comprehensive negotiations, bilateral as well as multilateral, accompanied by concrete and realistic compromise, have led to a process involving substantial reductions in standing armies and death - dealing armaments. within the last few months disarmament agreements have been reached which are without parallel in our part of the world, in this or indeed in previous centuries. in making this year ' s award of the peace prize, the nobel


- dealing armaments. within the last few months disarmament agreements have been reached which are without parallel in our part of the world, in this or indeed in previous centuries. in making this year ' s award of the peace prize, the nobel committee wishes to emphasise the tremendous potential which is now available for a more secure world, and for a more responsible and rational use of our resources. the way in which confrontation has been replaced by cooperation has also had its consequences in other parts of the world. several regional conflicts have been resolved, or at least come closer to a solution. the uncompromising attitude of the cold war has given way to a pattern of negotiation, in which the interests and responsibility of the regional communities themselves have replaced old ideological considerations, or the all - too - often ruthless laws of the balance of power. these changes have given the united nations a new lease of life : for the first time since its creation after the second world war this organisation has been able to play the role for which it was originally intended. it can now start to exercise its supremely important responsibility for the creation of an international community based on the rule of law and the establishment of peace between nations. the award this year of the peace prize to the president of the soviet union, mikhail gorbachev, is an historic event not least because some of the previous awards made by our committee - for example to the great champion of human rights andrei sakharov in 1975, and to the trade union leader lech walesa in 1983 - were received with cool hostility in the soviet union and in poland at the time, involving the rejection, in these countries, of all that the norwegian nobel committee stood for. on these grounds too the award constitutes a landmark. the norwegian nobel committee considers that there is thus a historical link between today ' s event and december 10th, 1975, and 1983, which augurs well for the future. the norwegian nobel committee is an independent organisation answerable neither to the government nor to the national assembly ( the storting ) of our country. the five members of the committee are only answerable to their own consciences, and their decisions are based on the personal political judgment and sound common sense of each one. the guidelines governing our work are nevertheless clearly set out : these are to be found in alfred nobel ' s testament, written nearly a hundred years ago. the award this year is very much in line with alfred nobel ' s own wishes and desires. nobel wanted the prize to be awarded to someone who had worked to promote


to be found in alfred nobel ' s testament, written nearly a hundred years ago. the award this year is very much in line with alfred nobel ' s own wishes and desires. nobel wanted the prize to be awarded to someone who had worked to promote " fraternity between nations ". that was the expression generally used in his day to denote the substitution of international cooperation for conflict. nobel also wished his prize to be given to someone who had actively promoted a reduction in " standing armies " and worked for the " holding of peace congresses ", what we today would call disarmament and negotiation. seldom has our committee felt more in tune with alfred nobel ' s wishes than this year. it is with a special sense of satisfaction that we award the peace prize to president gorbachev. each one of us, maybe in our different ways, has experienced the tension and threat of war that have cast a dark shadow over all the post - war years. the new - found openness and willingness to cooperate shown by the soviet union, and its readiness to accept realistic compromise, have created fresh hope under his leadership. we fully realise that the soviet union is undergoing a dramatic period of transformation within its own borders : dictatorship is to be replaced by greater democracy, centralisation by the right of each republic for self - determination, a command economy by a freer market. this transformation is inevitably a painful process, involving great sacrifice. but we should like the many peoples of the soviet union to know that the respect and expectation of the outside world for their great country have never been as profound as today. there has been nothing comparable since the " great patriotic war ", which this country and our western allies fought together against the barbarism of national socialism. at that time the road that led from world war to cold war proved disappointingly short. it is our hope that we are now celebrating the end of the cold war. mikhail sergeyevich gorbachev was born in 1931 in a small village just outside stavropol, north of the caucasus mountains, in a region that forms part of the russian republic, adjoining the ancient non - russian countries of georgia, armenia and azerbaijan, with their profound christian and muslim roots. our laureate is in fact a native of the southern soviet union. he comes of peasant stock, and was born 14 years after the great revolution which shook not only the russian empire but the entire world. he was born during the dramatic collectivisation of soviet agriculture, and grew up on a collective farm, where his father worked at a tractor station.


was born 14 years after the great revolution which shook not only the russian empire but the entire world. he was born during the dramatic collectivisation of soviet agriculture, and grew up on a collective farm, where his father worked at a tractor station. he was an eight - year - old schoolboy when the last world war broke out, and only 10 years old when germany attacked the soviet union. his schooling was both sporadic and limited by wartime conditions : he was forced to work as a replacement for soldiers fighting at the front. when peace came he was 14 years old, and was able to continue his education, but, in common with most young people of his age, worked during his summer holidays. he was soon involved in the communist party ' s youth organisation, and was rapidly promoted. as a matter of course he joined the communist party at the age of 21. two years before, he had left his native village in the northern caucasus, and made his way to the capital to embark on the study of law at the university of moscow. here he not only met raisa titorenko, who subsequently became his wife, but was also active in the communist party student movement, with responsibility for ideology and propaganda among fellow students in his faculty. he took a degree in law and then returned to stavropol, where he was employed full - time in the communist youth movement. by the age of 25 he was in fact a member of the establishment, with agricultural questions as his chief concern. in 1967, he took a second degree, this time in agriculture, and was rapidly promoted in the local party hierarchy. by the 1970s this year ' s laureate was active politically on the national scene : his breakthrough came in 1978, when at the age of 47, he was given joint responsibility for the entire agricultural set - up of the soviet union in the communist party ' s secretariat in moscow, which meant permanent residence in the capital. seven years later he was elected leader of the soviet union ' s communist party, the most influential post in the country. this was in 1985, by which time he was 54 years old. he is now a figure of international prominence. while still retaining the position of party secretary, he is also elected president of the soviet union by a reformed parliament. although mikhail gorbachev is a man of quite outstanding talent and ability, he insisted recently that the story of his own family is actually history itself or in other words the history of the soviet union. gorbachev is in fact a child of the revolution and the


hurricane sandy has churned northward through the northern caribbean, across cuba, and through the bahamas during the past three days, leaving in its wake plenty of mayhem. sandy ' s story may not yet be finished. while it is quite normal to see tropical cyclones rear their ugly heads across the caribbean during october and even into november, these storms normally will track northward for a short time before turning harmlessly off to the northeast, into the atlantic. the weather channel has this special coverage. thanks to a large roadblock in the upper atmosphere across the north atlantic and eastern canada during the next several days, it appears hurricane sandy will not make an escape away from the u. s. east coast. blocking high pressure at upper levels from atlantic canada to southern greenland and the north atlantic as well as a strong upper - level low - pressure area through the east - central atlantic will combine with a developing upper - level trough through the eastern u. s. to steer the storm into the northeast coast. the strong upper - level trough diving into the eastern u. s. will likely close off into an upper - level low through the mid - atlantic region by monday and capture sandy as it moves northeastward then northward through the western atlantic. thereafter, as sandy becomes a very intense post - tropical storm tuesday, most computer models move the storm northwestward well south of cape cod at first and then to the west south of new england to near the new jersey coast by tuesday evening. thereafter the intense north atlantic gale is expected to stall briefly before meandering off to the north or northeast across new england or new york state later next week. the aforementioned scenario is quite rare and could even become a historical event before all is said and done. the most recent event with any resemblance would be the now famous " perfect storm " of late october 1991. there were a couple of hurricanes during the past 150 years that have tracked northward toward the carolinas and then northwestward into the mid - atlantic states, most notably hurricane hazel in 1954. this storm has potential to outdo all of the above. sandy is expected to take a track northeastward over the warm gulf stream until it reaches a position well east of the mid - atlantic coast. only then will it be captured and turned to the northwest and west toward the northeast coast. this track will allow the storm to maintain tropical characteristics longer than normal. by the time sandy transitions to a post - tropical gale well south of new england monday night or tuesday it will then be able to tap into the enormous amount of upper - level jet - stream


will allow the storm to maintain tropical characteristics longer than normal. by the time sandy transitions to a post - tropical gale well south of new england monday night or tuesday it will then be able to tap into the enormous amount of upper - level jet - stream energy supplied by the developing trough and upper - level low through the mid - atlantic states. this transformation could allow post - tropical sandy to be more intense than the tropical version was when it was moving from jamaica to cuba. the central pressure of the intense gale could produce some all - time low barometer readings for some locations. computer models are forecasting the central pressure to fall as low as 27. 80 inches by tuesday within this storm. a major difference from the tropical to the post - tropical sandy will be the wind field. the strong winds surrounding hurricane sandy were mostly within 150 miles of the center. the post tropical version of sandy should see the gale wind field expand outward to as much as 400 miles in all directions. this is why it is important not to focus on the center of post - tropical sandy because damaging winds could occur from as far north as maine to as far south as cape hatteras at the same time. the track of this storm may also bring a significant storm surge and coastal flooding and the associated damage into a large portion of the northeast coast from maine to new jersey. sustained easterly winds could reach as high as 40 to 60 mph along coastal areas with gusts exceeding 75 mph in exposed areas, and this will push ocean waters into the coast. while the exact track of the storm is yet to be set in stone, there appears to be a considerable threat to the new york city area for a large and possibly record storm surge. for this to happen, the post - tropical sandy would have to track west or northwestward into the central new jersey coast. a track a little different would probably spare new york city the worst. the full moon occurs monday and that only worsens the situation for coastal flooding by adding on a couple of feet of water to the storm surges. strong westerly to northwest winds to the south of the storm, possibly through the chesapeake bay and delaware bay regions, could lead to very low waters at times of low tide. this has been a problem in the past with some notable strong storms. other potential problems with this storm will be strong winds across inland areas that could bring down trees and power lines leading to widespread power outages. heavy rainfall of as much as 2 to 4 inches with local amounts exceeding 6 inches could lead to local flooding early and


- dietary supplements - health conditions - healthy nutrition - cardiovascular health - skin care - natural remedies blood sugar as one of blurred vision causes – updated article with extra information diabetes is a disease with many side effects. many people refer to diabetes as the ‘ slow poison ’. it causes a lot misbalance in life, affecting the whole body of the sufferer. diabetes occurs when the sugar level in the blood is too high and remains untreated for a very long time. when the sugar level is too low, hypoglycemia may result. this usually occurs when a person is suffering from diabetes and has taken too many diabetic medicines or has injected too much insulin. hypoglycemia is more dangerous than hyperglycemia. the treatment for someone with hypoglycemia is typically address in a temporary situation, by providing the patient with something that contains higher glucose ( ie : orange juice ). blurred vision in diabetes is caused by hyperglycemia which is higher levels of sugar in the body. some of the symptoms of high blood sugar are frequent urination, increased hunger and thirst, lethargy and headache. if a person is suffering from any of these symptoms he or she should immediately contact the doctor. diabetes is a major culprit for blurred vision or even vision loss. studies have shown that if you are diabetic, you have 25 times more chance than a non sufferer of losing your sight. this disorder is known as diabetic retinopathy. retinopathy has two types ; non - proliferative and proliferative. non - proliferative retinopathy is associated with the early stages of the disorder. it causes the small retinal blood vessels to break and leak. it does not call for any medical action unless the central vision of a diabetic person becomes hazy, or if straight lines appear curved. proliferative retinopathy is a severe disorder. it causes the unusual growth of retinal blood vessels inside the eye which leads to bleeding. if not detected and treated in the early stages this disorder can even cause blindness. blood sugar is a chronic disease and it affects each and every organ of the body which is why it is referred to as the ‘ slow poison ’. if diabetes has not been diagnosed yet in a person, then blurred eye vision may come and go as the sugar level will increase and decrease, but once a person experiences this he or she should not take it lightly. they should immediately consult a doctor and get


ohmsantih yoga has developed yoga for kids program, with the intention to provide the children with a fun way to develop their critical skills in a non - competitive environment. the critical skills can be broken down into different levels ; physical, psychological and physiological. on a physical level, some asanas work on enhancing the child ’ s strength and flexibility and in some instances, the growth of the child can be enhanced through spine elongating asanas. on a psychological level, some asanas can deliver benefits such as increasing his / her self - esteem and thus improving their leadership skills and team work and also helps to release stress and anxiety, thus increasing the ability to relax. the ability of the child to concentrate and focus will also be enhanced through the asanas and the pranayama exercises. on a physiological level, asanas can help improve digestion and also to strengthen the immune system of the children and at the same time, increase their bodily resistance against invading bacteria and viruses, thus fending off various illnesses. on the other hand, we have also gathered evidence over the years that yoga for kids will benefit children with ailments such as asthma and sinusitis and also children with special needs, such as down syndrome, autism spectrum disorder and cerebral palsy. take for an example, in the case of autism spectrum disorder, the muscle tone can be improved and the flapping symptom can be minimzed. more importantly, the gentleness of yoga allows them to integrate their natural gift of enthusiasm with series of movements and breathe without having to face competition or stress. retrospectively, many of the parents out there may feel that to bring yoga into the child ’ s life may not seem viable ; however through the many years of teaching, it is undeniable that yoga indeed can improve a child ’ s life immensely and ohmsantih yoga is honoured to have witness many of such cases.


neha vapiwala, md updated by christine hill - kayser, md abramson cancer center of the university of pennsylvania last modified : march 22, 2012 sarcoma is a general medical term that refers to any cancer of the bone, muscle, or other connective tissue, such as cartilage and tendons. sarcoma has sometimes been defined as a " tumor of fleshy consistence ", made up of cells similar to those of the growing fetus, but without proper development. sarcomas can occur in both children and adults, both males and females. in fact, there are many different types of sarcomas, depending on where the cancer cells grow and how they appear under a microscope. these different types are in turn associated with different clinical behavior, which naturally influences how they are treated. rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common type of soft tissue sarcoma found in children. it is still a rare cancer overall, accounting for about 3. 5 % of all childhood cancers. about 250 new cases of rhabdomyosarcoma are diagnosed in the united states every year. the name itself comes from a combination of 3 smaller words : rhabdo means " rod - shaped ", myo is muscle, and sarcoma is the type of cancer, as described above. rhabdomysarcoma cells tend to look rod - shaped under a microscope, and they have several features of muscle cells. normally, as a fetus develops in the womb, cells called rhabdomyoblasts " grow up " to become the skeletal muscles of the body. when these cells do not mature correctly, but continue to multiply abnormally, a rhabdomyosarcoma results. rhabdomyosarcomas can occur essentially anywhere in the body, but usually occur in the head, neck, bladder, vagina, extremities and the trunk. over 85 % of all rhabdomyosarcomas occur in infants, children, and teenagers. there is no specific geographic location or racial background that has been associated with higher rates of rhabdomyosarcoma. however, asian and black children have a lower annual incidence than do white children. there also appears to be a male predominance, as boys are about 1. 5 times more likely than girls to get rhabdomyosarcoma. it is known that rhabdomyosarcomas are associated with specific chromosomal abnormalities. the exact cause of


##dominance, as boys are about 1. 5 times more likely than girls to get rhabdomyosarcoma. it is known that rhabdomyosarcomas are associated with specific chromosomal abnormalities. the exact cause of these mutations, however, is not known. some children who develop rhabdomyosarcomas also have congenital anomalies of various organ systems ( abnormal development of heart, gut, brain, etc ). the risk of rhabdomyosarcoma may be elevated for children who also have certain rare genetic disorders, such as neurofibromatosis type 1. unlike many adult cancers, there are no known definitive environmental conditions that increase the chance of a person developing rhabdomyosarcoma. no connection has ever been found between rhabdomyosarcoma and exposure to toxic substances, environmental pollution, radiation ( eg : x - rays during pregnancy ), or physical injury ( trauma ). not even tobacco smoke has been linked with development of this or any other childhood cancers, although cigarette smoke is clearly and certainly harmful to children in many other ways. no. just as there are different types of sarcomas, there are different types of rhabdomyosarcomas, as well. the 2 major types of rhabdomyosarcomas are described below. the classification is based on unique microscopic appearance, genetic mutations, and clinical behavior. this is the most common type of rhabdomyosarcoma. it tends to occur in the head and neck, bladder, vagina in girls, and around the prostrate and testes in boys. this type usually affects infants and young children. as the name implies, the cells, as the name implies, have an " embryo - like " appearance, meaning they resemble the developing muscle cells of a 6 - to 8 - week - old fetus. embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas have a relatively good to intermediate prognosis depending on other individual aspects of the disease. this type is found more often in large muscles of the trunk, arms, and legs, and typically affects older children or teenagers. it is called alveolar because the cancer cells form little hollow spaces, or " alveoli " ( latin for small hollow spaces ). alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cells resemble the normal muscle cells seen in a 10 - week - old fetus. most alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas have specific genetic mutation, called a


small hollow spaces ). alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cells resemble the normal muscle cells seen in a 10 - week - old fetus. most alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas have specific genetic mutation, called a 2 ; 13 translocation. tumor tissue is usually tested for this mutation before a diagnosis of alveolar disease is made. alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas may be more aggressive than embryonal tumors, and their treatment may be longer and more intense. again, this depends on individual disease aspects as well as the tumor diagnosis. the answer to this question really depends on the location of the tumor. as mentioned earlier, rhabdomyosarcomas can arise from any skeletal muscle in the body, but the most common sites are the head and neck region, the genitourinary organs ( gu ), and the extremities. tumors in the head and / or neck region can cause headaches, nausea, vomiting, visual problems ( double vision ), facial drooping, and airway obstruction, among other things. tumors in the gu area can cause blockage of the bladder or bowels, which can be a medical emergency depending on the degree of obstruction. growths on the extremities can be painful and limit the use and motion of the affected arm or leg. sometimes, the rhabdomyosarcoma is not diagnosed until after the tumor cells have spread to other parts of the body. the most common areas they spread to are the lungs, bones, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. the workup of these tumors typically includes the following studies : the staging system for rhabdomyosarcoma is very complicated. all rhabdomyosarcomas are assigned a group, a stage, and a risk category. in order for stage to be assigned, the disease must be determined to be in either a " favorable " or an " unfavorable " site. favorable sites include : all other sites of disease are classified as " unfavorable. " group assignments are made based on the amount of tumor, if any, that is removed surgically. the staging uses the classic tnm system, defined as follows : treatment of these tumors truly requires a multidisciplinary approach, with important contributions from all 3 major fields of cancer therapy : surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. however, general clinical guidelines that apply to the majority of cases are very difficult to make because rhabdomyosar


multidisciplinary approach, with important contributions from all 3 major fields of cancer therapy : surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. however, general clinical guidelines that apply to the majority of cases are very difficult to make because rhabdomyosarcomas behave extremely differently, depending on the type and location of involvement. chemotherapy has been studied extensively in rhabdomyosarcoma patients. some of the most active and studied chemotherapy drugs include : vincristine ( v ) ; actinomycin d ( a ) ; cyclophosphamide ( c ) ; and doxorubicin ( adr ). we know that, even when a rhabdomyosarcoma is completely removed, the child remains at high risk for development of metastatic disease. for this reason, chemotherapy is used for all patients to treat any microscopic cells that may be present in lymph nodes or the bloodstream. with use of aggressive chemotherapy, the risk of metastatic disease is reduced dramatically. in addition to chemotherapy, patients require surgery, radiation, or a combination of these two for a phase of treatment called " ocal control. " although all rhabdomyosarcomas are biopsied surgically at the time of diagnosis, some are then completely removed surgically. others are mostly or partly removed. still others can ' t be removed safely. if the tumor can be removed completely, often only surgery and chemotherapy are employed. if the surgeon or pathologist are concerned that microscopic cells may have been left behind after surgery, either at the tumor margin or in the lymph nodes, post - operative radiation will likely be recommended. if the tumor cannot be removed at all, higher - dose radiation is utilized. delivery of radiation may be done with x - rays, often using a technique called intensity modulated radiation treatment ( imrt ), or with proton therapy. proton therapy is available at some specialized centers around the world, and may offer advantages during treatment of rhabdomyosarcomas through reduction of radiation to normal, growing tissues. finally, here are some general facts and treatment guidelines on specific disease sites.


| sponsored by the healthcaretraininginstitute. org providing quality education since 1979 | substance abuse : treating the addicted teen client there have been numerous reports that substance abuse is more prevalent among gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents than among their heterosexual counterparts. for example, remafedi ( 1987 ) found that 58 % of his small sample of minneapolis gay and bisexual youth met criteria for substance abuse. another study found high rates of alcohol abuse ( 76 % ), marijuana use ( 42 % ), and cocaine / crack use ( 25 % ) among a sample of predominantly hispanic and african - american gay and bisexual males in new york city ( rotheram - borus et al., 1994 ). estimates for substance abuse in heterosexual youth vary widely ( and often include sexual minority youth because studies neglect to ask questions about sexual orientation ), but estimates are that 4 % of youth drink alcohol daily, 33 % have had 5 or more drinks at one time within the past two weeks, and more than 90 % of high school seniors have experimented with alcohol at some time in their life ( adger, 1991 ). a recent study that surveyed students in 59 schools in massachusetts found that gay, lesbian, and bisexual students ( who represented 2. 5 % of the population ) were more likely than students who did not report they were gay, lesbian, or bisexual to engage in 24 substance - use related behaviors including using alcohol before age 13 ( 59 % vs. 30 % ), binge drinking ( 46 % vs. 33 % ), using marijuana ( 69 % vs. 47 % ), using cocaine ( 33 % vs. 7 % ), and sharing needles ( 16 % vs. 1 % ) ( garofalo et al., 1998 ). minimal information exists for substance abuse patterns among lesbian and bisexual female adolescents. however, at least two reports have indicated that similar patterns exist among adult lesbians and adult gay men ( anderson, 1996 ; glaus, 1988 ). mckirnan & peterson ( 1989 ) found slightly lower rates of alcoholism in lesbians than gay men ( 9 % vs. 17 % ), rates which were similar to those for heterosexual women ( 7 % ) and men ( 21 % ). these statistics must be interpreted with caution because the youth included in the studies are not a representative sample of sexual minority youth. rather, they are youth that have been willing to identify themselves as gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender or questioning youth to researchers or participate in some organized activity for sexual minority youth. furthermore, the samples are


not a representative sample of sexual minority youth. rather, they are youth that have been willing to identify themselves as gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender or questioning youth to researchers or participate in some organized activity for sexual minority youth. furthermore, the samples are predominantly male. it should be noted, as well, that youth with poor coping skills and poor networks of social support are at a greater risk of engaging in self - destructive behavior, regardless of their sexual orientation. thus, youth with good coping skills will be at less risk of succumbing to substance abuse, even though the stress of " coming out " is great. this is supported by research findings mat many sexual minority youth are engaged in healthy, positive activities ( e. g., jordan, vaughan, & woodworth, 1997 ). two additional life - threatening issues associated with drug and alcohol abuse are frequent unprotected sexual encounters and suicide attempts. both of these behaviors have been noted to increase when substance use is present ( e. g., rotheram - borus et al., 1994 ). gibson ( 1989 ) reported that as many as 20 % to 35 % of gay youth have experienced suicidal ideation. studies have found that substance abuse may be linked to higher levels of suicidal ideation and attempts ( roles, 1983 ) and that gay - related stressors are more common among adolescents who had attempted suicide than those who had not ( rotheram - borus, hunter, & rosario, 1994 ). use of drugs and alcohol may impair judgment and lead youth to engage in more risky sexual behaviors such as sex with multiple partners or unsafe sex practices ( rotheram - borus et al., 1994 ). school psychologists are in a unique position to respond to and affect this problem. one growing phenomenon is the presence of gay, lesbian, and bisexual groups or clubs in high schools, often supported by faculty and administration. these groups offer age - appropriate opportunities for socialization and for meeting other gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, questioning, or supportive teens thereby providing social support and furnishing opportunities for developing social skills. in addition, these programs may offer avenues for addressing the prevalent harassment of gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, and questioning teens in schools, thereby reducing stimuli for substance abuse. in one study of sexual minority youth in the chicago area, gay, lesbian, and bisexual high school students reported that school - based groups or clubs for gay, lesbian and bisexual students and straight supportive allies, with administrative support and assistance, were an important part


william h. rehnquist william h. rehnquist ' s service on the supreme court allowed him to witness - and direct - a dramatic transition in political ideology. from associate justice in 1972 through his role as chief justice in 1986, rehnquist struggled against liberal colleagues brennan, marshall, and blackmun. later, as the leader of a conservative court, rehnquist enjoyed the luxury of sitting in the majority. and as chief justice, rehnquist often attracted the support of the liberal remnant of the court. a highly practical man, rehnquist found inspiration in charles evans hughes ' practice of compromising to secure the broadest majority. in many ways, rehnquist ' s desires to maintain high credibility for the court and the law, the result of a general perception of judicial unity, has contributed greatly to his success in mobilizing the court ' s conservative shift. thus, despite the current return of the court to a more moderate balance, rehnquist ' s conservative vision and influence will no doubt stay strong during his tenure. william hubbs rehnquist was born in milwaukee, wisconsin on october 1, 1924. he enjoyed a relatively undistinguished childhood in his middle - class suburban home. the son of a paper salesman, rehnquist grew up in a heavily conservative household in which popular republican leaders such as alf landon, wendell wilkie, and herbert hoover were idolized. world war ii erupted before rehnquist had a chance to complete his education and the future chief justice enlisted in the air force branch of the army as a weather observer. he served in north africa. like many americans in his generation, rehnquist attended college after world war ii with the support of scholarship money from the gi bill. at stanford, he earned both a bachelor and a master of arts degree in political science. a distinguished student, rehnquist was elected to phi beta kappa in 1948. he continued his education at harvard where he received another master of arts degree - - this time in government - - two years later. rehnquist returned to stanford law school in 1950 ; he graduated at the top of his class. ( sandra day o ' connor, who would eventually serve with him on the supreme court, graduated third from that same class. ) at law school, rehnquist started down the path that would eventually take him to the supreme court. having already established a reputation among his instructors and peers as a brilliant legal thinker and an able scholar, rehnquist impressed one professor sufficiently to earn a private


, rehnquist started down the path that would eventually take him to the supreme court. having already established a reputation among his instructors and peers as a brilliant legal thinker and an able scholar, rehnquist impressed one professor sufficiently to earn a private interview with supreme court justice robert jackson, who was visiting the law school. rehnquist ' s professor, a former clerk for jackson, arranged the meeting in hopes that his favored student could convince jackson of his qualifications for a clerkship. rehnquist walked away from that meeting feeling he had failed to impress jackson in the slightest. however, his fears proved false as jackson eventually selected him for clerkship that year. rehnquist ' s clerkship under the moderate jackson did not alter his conservative beliefs in any noticeable manner. instead, his exposure to the other clerks may have served only to confirm his conservativism. rehnquist married natalie cornell, whom he had met during his law school years, after his completing his clerkship. he also moved to phoenix, arizona to work for a law firm there. rehnquist chose phoenix for its pleasant weather and favorable political leanings. the next few years passed uneventfully for rehnquist. he, together with his wife, raised a son and two daughters. following advice given to him by justice felix frankfurter, rehnquist began his participation in the republican party. he became a republican party official and achieved prominence in the phoenix area as a strong opponent of liberal initiatives such as school integration. rehnquist campaigned for republican presidential candidate barry goldwater during the 1964 elections. during that time, he befriended richard kleindienst, another attorney from phoenix. when richard nixon rose to the presidency a few years later, he appointed kleindienst deputy attorney general of his administration. kleindienst sought rehnquist for the position of deputy attorney general in the justice department ' s office of legal counsel. when justice john marshall harlan retired in 1971, the nixon administration chose rehnquist as harlan ' s replacement. a democratic senate overwhelmingly confirmed his nomination. on january 7, 1972, rehnquist - - and fellow nominee, lewis powell - - took their oaths of office. in his early days on the court, rehnquist was outspoken as the court ' s lone dissenter despite the presence of three other republican appointees. he battled against the expansion of federal powers and advocated a strong vision of state ' s rights. rehnquist also differed from the majority ' s view that the fourteenth amendment applied to non -


dissenter despite the presence of three other republican appointees. he battled against the expansion of federal powers and advocated a strong vision of state ' s rights. rehnquist also differed from the majority ' s view that the fourteenth amendment applied to non - racial issues such as the rights of women, children, and immigrants. although his dissents at the time influenced very little of the court ' s conclusions, rehnquist provided the future court many valuable ideas which inspired the later conservative shift. rehnquist ' s views led him to oppose the majority in several important decisions. in his opinion, the liberal faction of the court too often tried to shape public policy by expanding the scope of the law beyond its original meaning. by 1986, rehnquist held significant persuasive power. after chief justice burger retired from the court, president reagan nominated rehnquist to replace him. liberals howled in protest. many painted rehnquist as a racist and conservative extremist. opponents alleged racist behavior ( an old charge ) when rehnquist was a republican official in phoenix. others charged that he had mishandled a family trust. in the end, however, these accusations remained unproved and the senate confirmed rehnquist by a solid majority. as chief justice, rehnquist won the respect of his colleagues through his efficient management of court affairs. rehnquist has also revealed a moderation in his views by voting with liberals to protect gay rights and free speech. a widower, rehnquist engaged his free time with quiet hobbies. he maintained the tradition of a christmas carol party, which he hosted every year. in 2004, rehnquist was diagnosed with anaplastic thyroid cancer. though his physical condition declined, he continued in his role as chief justice and died on september 3, 2005, a month shy of his 81st birthday. | clerk | | law school | | terms clerked | | charles j. cooper | | alabama ( 1977 ) | | 1978 | | michael j. meehan | | arizona ( 1971 ) | | brett l. dunkelman | | arizona ( 1980 ) | | 1981 | | kevin r. boyle | | arizona ( 1997 ) | | 1999 | | william r. lindsay | | berkeley ( 1985 ) | | 1986 | | jeffrey l. bleich | | berkeley ( 1989 ) | | 1990 | | william s. eggeling | | boston ( 1974 ) | | 1975 | | john c. englander | | boston ( 1983 ) | | 1984 |


ankle - brachial index test this test is done by measuring blood pressure at the ankle and in the arm while a person is at rest. measurements are usually repeated at both sites after 5 minutes of walking on a treadmill. the ankle - brachial index ( abi ) result is used to predict the severity of reference peripheral arterial disease opens new window ( pad ). a slight drop in your abi with exercise means that you probably have pad. this drop may be important, because pad can be linked to a higher risk of heart attack or stroke. why it is done this test is done to screen for peripheral arterial disease of the legs. it is also used to see how well a treatment is working ( such as medical treatment, an exercise program, angioplasty, or surgery ). the abi result can help diagnose peripheral arterial disease ( pad ). a lower abi means you might have pad. a slight drop in the abi with exercise, even if you have a normal abi at rest, means that you probably have pad. a normal resting ankle - brachial index is 1. 0 to 1. 4. this means that your blood pressure at your ankle is the same or greater than the pressure at your arm, and suggests that you do not have significant narrowing or blockage of blood flow. reference 1 an abnormal resting ankle - brachial index is 0. 9 or lower. if the abi is 0. 91 to 0. 99, it is considered borderline abnormal. reference 1 what to think about you may experience leg pain during the treadmill portion of the test if you have peripheral arterial disease ( pad ). undiagnosed arterial disease in the arms can cause inaccurate test results. blood pressure readings may not be accurate when the blood vessel being measured is hardened by calcium ( calcified ). arteries may calcify more than usual if you have reference diabetes opens new window or kidney problems ( renal insufficiency ). a very abnormal abi test result may require more testing to determine the location and severity of pad that might be present. rooke tw, et al. ( 2011 ). 2011 accf / aha focused update of the guideline for the management of patients with peripheral artery disease ( updating the 2005 guideline ) : a report of the american college of cardiology foundation / american heart association task force on practice guidelines. journal of the american college of cardiology, 58 ( 19 ) : 2020 – 2045. | by :


what is craniosynostosis? craniosynostosis ( say " kray - nee - oh - sih - noh - stoh - sus " ) is a problem with the skull that causes a baby ' s head to be oddly shaped. in rare cases it causes pressure on the baby ' s brain, which can cause damage. it is also called craniostenosis. a baby ' s skull is not just one bowl - shaped piece of bone. it is made up of five thin, bony plates that are held together by fibrous material called reference sutures opens new window reference opens new window. the sutures let the skull expand as the brain grows. over time, the sutures harden and close the skull bones together. when a baby has craniosynostosis, one or more of these sutures close too soon. how the problem affects your baby depends in part on how many of the sutures close too soon : - if only one suture closes too soon, the baby ' s brain usually develops normally, but the head has an odd shape. this is what happens in most cases. - if more than one suture closes too soon, the baby ' s brain may not be able to grow as fast as it should. if severe pressure builds up around the brain, it may cause brain damage, seizures, blindness, and reference developmental delays opens new window. but this severe pressure is rare. what causes craniosynostosis? experts aren ' t sure what causes this problem. in some cases, it runs in families. if you ' ve had a baby with craniosynostosis and are planning another pregnancy, you may want to talk to your doctor about genetic counseling. craniosynostosis is more likely in : - babies who lie in a reference breech position opens new window while in the uterus. - babies whose mothers smoke or live at a high altitude during pregnancy. - babies who are twins. what are the symptoms? the most common sign is an oddly shaped head at birth or by the time the child is a few months old. for example, the skull may become long and narrow. or it may be very flat and broad in front or back or on the sides. the baby may have a misshapen nose or jaw. an oddly shaped head may be the only sign of craniosynostosis. in rare cases, the disease causes pressure to build up on the baby ' s brain. this can cause


the baby may have a misshapen nose or jaw. an oddly shaped head may be the only sign of craniosynostosis. in rare cases, the disease causes pressure to build up on the baby ' s brain. this can cause brain damage and can make the baby develop more slowly than other children. if you know that your baby has this condition, call your doctor right away if your baby : - starts vomiting. - becomes sluggish and sleeps more and plays less. - becomes crankier than usual. - has swollen eyes or has problems moving the eyes or following objects. - has problems hearing. - breathes noisily or doesn ' t breathe for short periods of time. how is craniosynostosis diagnosed? you or your doctor may notice that your baby has an odd - shaped head at birth, shortly after birth, or later at a well - child checkup. just because your baby has an oddly shaped head doesn ' t mean that he or she has craniosynostosis. head shape may be affected by how your baby was positioned in your uterus, the birth process, or your baby ' s sleep position. talk to your doctor if you are concerned about the shape of your baby ' s head. your doctor will : - look at each side of your baby ' s face and head. - measure your baby ' s head. - feel the sutures and soft spots ( reference fontanelles opens new window ) on the skull. - feel the top and sides of the head, where sutures are located, for unusual ridges or bumps. how is it treated? surgery is the usual treatment to correct craniosynostosis. it ' s usually done in the first year of life. the surgeon removes strips of bone in the skull to create artificial sutures. this surgery prevents or relieves pressure on the brain and allows the skull to expand normally. it also corrects the shape of your baby ' s head. the earlier your child has surgery, the better the results. if there is pressure on the brain, your child needs surgery right away. if your baby doesn ' t seem to have pressure on the brain, your doctor may advise you to wait and see if the head shape returns to normal without surgery. your child may wear a special helmet or other device to help reshape the skull. but your child may still need surgery later. if your child needs surgery, talk with your doctor about what to expect. it may help to see some before - and


synonyms : tibia vara blount ' s disease is a disorder of the tibial growth plate ( usually the medial aspect ) leading to changes in the angle at the knee. this results in bowing of the leg ( usually the lower leg ). however, unlike bow legs it is pathological and progressively worsens. clinically it is difficult to distinguish between simple bowlegs and blount ' s disease. however, bow legs should resolve between the ages of 2 - 4 years - if not then one should suspect blount ' s disease. infantile blount ' s disease presents at age 2 - 4 years repetitive trauma to a knee with an already varus abnormality - add notes to any clinical page and create a reflective diary - automatically track and log every page you have viewed - print and export a summary to use in your appraisal - usually bilateral - bony prominence over the medial tibial condyle ( nontender ) - feet held in pronation - shortening of the involved leg - medial angulation and internal rotation of the proximal tibia - gait - painless varus thrust seen plain radiographs show increased angulation between the metaphysis and the longitudinal axis of the tibia. - physiological bow legs - ollier ' s disease - metaphyseal chondrodysplasia - focal fibrocartilaginous dysplasia - braces - these are long - legged and lock the knee and need to be worn whilst weight bearing. - however, if by the age of 4 - 5 years the condition has not corrected then surgery is usually required. - surgery usually involves osteotomy of the tibia and realignment of the lower leg. - bracing is usually unsuccessful in girls and in those with obesity. - if treatment is successful there is usually no residual disability or cosmetic abnormality. adolescent blount ' s disease usually the adolescent variety is less severe than infantile blount ' s disease. - bow legs - afro - caribbean ethnicity - walking at an early age - possible family preponderance - commonly unilateral - varus deformity - shortening of the involved leg by up to 3 - 4 cm - pain at the medial prominence of the proximal tibia - medial tibial torsion may also be present plain radiographs, as for infantile blount ' s disease. high tibial osteotomy is usually the procedure of choice. this is attractive, as limbs are not shortened


tibia - medial tibial torsion may also be present plain radiographs, as for infantile blount ' s disease. high tibial osteotomy is usually the procedure of choice. this is attractive, as limbs are not shortened ; however, it requires the wearing of an external fixator for several months. further reading & references - blount ' s disease ; e - radiography. - infantile blount ' s disease ; paediatric genu varum ; wheeless ' textbook of orthopaedics - s. r. boyea and j. r. bowen ; clinical case presentation on blount ' s disease ; june 1996. - blount ' s disease ; medical encylopedia ; apr 2006. - adolescent blounts disease, wheeless ' textbook of orthopaedics | original author : dr gurvinder rull | | current version : dr gurvinder rull | | last checked : 20 / 04 / 2010 | | document id : 8601 version : 2 | | © emis | disclaimer : this article is for information only and should not be used for the diagnosis or treatment of medical conditions. emis has used all reasonable care in compiling the information but make no warranty as to its accuracy. consult a doctor or other health care professional for diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions. for details see our conditions.


pbs kids® hosts “ share the earth ” celebration in honor of earth day new eco - focused episodes and classic favorites airing april 18 – 22 arlington, va – march 16, 2011 – pbs kids will host its sixth annual pbs kids “ share the earth ” celebration in honor of earth day by featuring new and favorite episodes encouraging children to care for and respect the environment. from april 18 – 22, families can view brand new eco - friendly episodes on - air from sid the science kid, curious george®, martha speaks, wild kratts, and arthur, while learning about recycling, habitats, alternative energy and more. in addition, favorite earth - focused episodes from super why!, wordgirl®, and more will also be airing throughout the week. “ as a leader in educational children ’ s media, pbs kids offers many resources to get kids excited about exploring science and the natural world around them, ” said lesli rotenberg, senior vice president, children ’ s media, pbs. “ this year, we ’ re celebrating earth day with content on - air, online, and beyond to help families discover that their next learning adventure could be as close as their own backyard. ” the “ share the earth ” celebration continues online for both kids and parents. pbsparents. org will feature a special “ simple ways to protect the earth ” page with new ideas for activities parents can do with their kids in celebration of earth day, such as gardening and craft ideas. an earth day channel on both pbskids. org / video and pbskidsgo. org / video will feature earth - themed episodes from favorite shows such as the cat in the hat knows a lot about that! and wordgirl from april 15 through 22. in addition, a new web exclusive episode of design squad nation, “ sustainable south bronx, ” will run on pbskidsgo. org, along with accompanying eco activity ideas for kids. following is a listing of the episodes airing the week of april 18 - 22 ( check local listings for air dates and times ). sid the science kid new “ where did the water go? " ( " what happens to water that goes down the drain? " ) while brushing his teeth, sid wonders what happens to all the dirty water when it goes down the drain. at the science center, sid and his friends explore how water travels in and out of our homes through pipes. and here ' s something sid and his friends never realized : there ' s lots of water in the world, but you can ' t drink it all


science center, sid and his friends explore how water travels in and out of our homes through pipes. and here ' s something sid and his friends never realized : there ' s lots of water in the world, but you can ' t drink it all! we can only use fresh water, and there aren ' t a lot of fresh water sources in the world. that ' s why it ' s important not to waste water! new " clean air! " ( " why does sid ' s dad wear a mask when he paints? " ) sid the roving reporter is investigating something strange in his backyard - - his dad is wearing a mask while painting. sid discovers that his dad is protecting his face so he doesn ' t breathe in the dirty fumes. at school, sid and his friends discover that people and animals on earth need to breathe clean air, and when we pollute the air around us, it affects the air that everyone breathes. the kids also discover that trees have a really important role in keeping our air clean! new “ reused robot " ( " where does trash go when we throw it away? " ) sid ' s toy robot is broken, so he wants to throw it " away. " sid ' s mom tells him there is no such thing as " away, " and when we put something in the trash, we are actually creating waste. sid and his friends explore the idea that everything we throw away goes somewhere. this leads to an investigation of how to recycle and reuse items so that we make less trash. new “ save the stump " ( " can an old stump be a home for tiny creatures? " ) sid is super excited because his dad is clearing out space in the yard for a basketball court! while sid and dad are surveying the land, sid notices a big stump teeming with little creatures! during a special field trip to the science center, sid and his friends discover that there are animal habitats all around us, even in old stumps, and if one habitat is destroyed, all of the other habitats and animals are affected. new “ wagstaff races ” / “ the missing metal mystery ” “ wagstaff races ” - wagstaff city ' s environmental club is having a " go green go - cart race, " fueled by alternative energy. using sun, wind, and pond scum, the gang gathers at the starting line. who will win the trophy — and most importantly, how? “ the missing metal mystery ” - who ’ s been stealing things from the


fueled by alternative energy. using sun, wind, and pond scum, the gang gathers at the starting line. who will win the trophy — and most importantly, how? “ the missing metal mystery ” - who ’ s been stealing things from the local junkyard? when detective td announces the identity of his main suspect, everyone is shocked. new ” falcon city ” the kratt brothers are itching to fly with the world ’ s fastest animal, the peregrine falcon, which can hit top speeds of 240 mph. but their efforts are side - tracked when the rest of the wild kratts team challenges them to find the falcon in the city instead of in the wild, and chris ’ creature power suit is accidentally activated with pigeon powers! but then they discover that zach is sending his zachbots to clean off a building that has a peregrine falcon nests with chicks. martin and chris must activate their peregrine falcons powers and harness the force of gravity to pull off a high flying creature rescue! new “ the blue and the gray ” martin and chris are absorbed in a hilarious competition to discover who is the best acorn planter, blue jays or gray squirrels, when a strange creature power suit malfunction transforms martin into an acorn and grows him into an oak tree! chris activates the squirrel powers of his creature power suit, but gets waylaid by a bobcat and goshawk, and aviva, koki, and jimmy can ’ t find them. it ’ ll take some animal - loving wild kratts kids to get them out of this mess new “ follow the bouncing ball ” / “ buster baxter and the letter from the sea ” “ follow the bouncing ball ” - alberto molina ’ s beloved soccer ball, signed by his favorite ecuadorian soccer star, el boomerang, is lost! is it the same soccer ball bouncing all over town, eluding potential captors?! this kicks off the first of 10 stories which follow the incredible journey of “ el boomerang ” around the world! come, follow the bouncing ball! “ buster baxter and the letter from the sea ” - while on vacation with the read family, buster discovers a message in a bottle on the shore. could it be an urgent message from the people of the lost city of atlantis? buster is determined to find out and sends them a message back … by throwing his own bottles in the ocean! will he learn that keeping the beach and waters clean is the real message? “ the cherry tree ” muffy will


lost city of atlantis? buster is determined to find out and sends them a message back … by throwing his own bottles in the ocean! will he learn that keeping the beach and waters clean is the real message? “ the cherry tree ” muffy will do anything to have a gigantic dream bouncy castle at her party, or so she thinks. when her favorite cherry tree is cut down to make room for the castle in her yard, she starts to have regrets. then to make matters worse, she learns that cutting down trees hurts the environment, too. what can muffy do to fix the damage she ’ s done? new “ follow that boat ” / “ windmill monkey ” “ follow that boat ” – steve needs an a to pass his history class and his model papyrus boat is sure to make the grade. george helps him test the boat in endless park ’ s pond, but a sudden rainstorm sweeps it down the sewer grate! while searching for the boat, steve and george learn that debris from the street ends up in the ocean. will they ever find steve ’ s little boat in the big ocean or will he be taking history again next year? “ windmill monkey ” – george proudly finishes planting his rooftop garden when he turns around to find that compass and his friends have eaten all the seeds. the scarecrow overlooking the garden didn ’ t scare them at all! while buying more seeds, george spots a windmill and learns how the wind can power just about anything. the inspired monkey sets out to create the world ’ s first wind powered scarecrow in hopes that will keep his seeds safe. but some things are more easily planned than done! “ tiddalick the frog ” whyatt ’ s mom tells him that he ’ s wasting water. this is a really big problem and he ' s not sure how to fix it. so the super readers dash into the australian folk tale of tiddalick the frog and make the acquaintance of a funny amphibian whose puddle jumping is using up all the water and leaving his neighbors in the dust – literally! as the super readers help tiddalick and his dry friends, they learn how important water is to the planet, along with a valuable lesson about conservation. all is not well in perfectamundo, a dome - enclosed cybersite, when orange spots are discovered building up on the dome ’ s interior surface, blocking the site ’ s precious sunlight. what source could be responsible for the spots multiplying so fast? is it hacker ’ s new factory that pours out


as working together for the whole community. barney & friends™ “ home sweet earth : the rainforest ” it ’ s earth day, a great time for everyone to learn how to help take care of our world, but ben is wasting paper while bj isn ’ t too concerned about cutting down a tree to make room for a new playground. after a trip to the rainforest and a meeting with mother nature, everyone learns the importance of taking care of our world. as earth day comes to an end, barney reminds us all that taking good care of our earth is the natural thing to do for the people we love. about pbs kids pbs kids, the number one educational media brand for kids, offers all children the opportunity to explore new ideas and new worlds through television, online and community - based programs. more than 21 million children watch pbs kids on tv, and more than 21 million engage with pbs kids online each quarter. for more information on specific pbs kids programs supporting literacy, science, math and more, visit pbs. org / pressroom, and follow pbs kids on twitter and facebook. curious george is a production of imagine, wgbh and universal. curious george and related characters, created by margret and h. a. rey, are copyrighted and trademarked by houghton mifflin harcourt publishing company and used under license. licensed by universal studios licensing lllp. television series : ( c ) 2011 universal studios. all rights reserved. # # #


use these simple activities to get beyond the bubble and into some cool science. 1. blow bubbles : take your bubble stuff outside or into the tub. play around and notice what catches your child ' s interest. watch, wonder, and experiment together. 2. observe bubbles : look carefully at a bubble on your child ' s wand. ask : how does the shape change as you blow? what shape is the bubble when it floats into the air? what happens when the bubble lands? 3. chase and catch bubbles : notice how bubbles move in the air. are they all moving in the same direction? invite your child to blow at a bubble or fan it. what happens? let your child try to catch a bubble on a bubble wand. ask : can you catch a bubble on top of another bubble? what happens when two bubbles touch each other? gather items with holes to use as bubble wands : slotted spoons, funnels, fly swatters, plastic soda can six - pack holders, etc. wave or blow through the " wands " and look at the bubbles. ask : how are the bubbles from each wand the same? how are they different? are the bubbles connected or single? does the size of the openings in the wand make a difference in the size of the bubbles? age range : 3 - 5 curious george is a production of imagine, wgbh and universal. curious george and related characters, created by margret and h. a. rey, are copyrighted and trademarked by houghton mifflin harcourt publishing company and used under license. licensed by universal studios licensing llc. television series : ©2013. universal studios. all rights reserved. the pbs kids logo is a registered mark of pbs and is used with permission. proud sponsors of curious george® on pbs kids® are stride rite children ' s group, llc., and abcmouse. com. for promotional use only. for more fun and games, check out curiousgeorge. com


ray tracing and gaming - quake 4 : ray traced project quake 4 : ray traced an algorithm was invented for this work that uses rays for collision detection ( cd ). a polygon - exact cd is quite easy for direct weapons. only one ray is needed to determine the target. shooting this ray works through the exact same mechanisms and data structures as shooting a ray to get a color value in rendering. ( polygon exact collision detection using ray tracing ) for the player model a bounding sphere was approximated through many rays like in a radar system. ( bounding sphere approximated through rays ) an interesting special effect which i want to present here in more detail is water. as we expect it from nature water should reflect the surrounding environment and it should be possible to look through the water with some refractions going on. water in motion should not look flat ; there should be some visible height differences in the waves. i want to present you some examples of water in games that we have seen the last years. of course these ' optimizations ' had to be done to make the game render fast enough, so this should not be a critic of the game or company itself. it should just show how water looks today in some games, what it lacks and how it could look in ray tracing games. ( ' far cry ' ( 2004 ) : the reflection in the water shows only the mountains, not the trees. ) ( ' far cry ' : taking a close look at the reflections you see that the resolution is lower then the rest of the world. ) ( ' gothic 3 ' from 2006 : quite unspectacular water without any reflections ) the water in ' quake 4 : ray traced ' ( http : / / www. q4rt. de / ) uses an animation set of many normal maps to simulate the height differences from the waves. one ray is used for reflection on that normal maps, one ray is used to get the refraction through the water. the result is nice looking water. ( ' quake 4 : ray traced ' : the water reflects the environment and the player ) samples from q4rt in action can be seen in this video :


are you taking your ppi consistently, but still not having complete relief of your symptoms? maybe it ' s what you ’ re putting in your mouth. your diet and eating habits can actually make your digestive condition worse. there are a couple of ways certain foods can cause problems. some may relax the lower esophageal sphincter ( les ) — a muscle that acts as a valve between your esophagus and stomach. if this muscle relaxes and doesn ’ t close properly, acid can reflux back up into the esophagus. also, some foods may irritate the damaged lining of the esophagus or stomach. learn about foods and ways of eating that may be causing you to reach for those extra antacids. you may want to think twice before sitting down for a big pasta dinner or an all - you - can - eat pizza buffet. tomato - based products, such as sauces, are acidic foods that may increase reflux symptoms and cause stomach irritation. other acidic culprits include citrus fruits like grapefruits, lemons, oranges, and their juices. eating large portions of food can lead to indigestion and increase the pressure in the stomach, pushing acid into the esophagus. to avoid this discomfort, eat smaller, more frequent meals. spearmint and peppermint extracts are used in many foods, but unfortunately, they may exacerbate the symptoms of gerd. mint may relax the muscles in the gastrointestinal tract, including the les. but don ’ t put away your mint - flavored gum just yet! studies show that chewing gum for one hour after a meal reduces acid reflux. gum is thought to work by increasing saliva production, which helps to neutralize acid. caffeine and carbonation that morning cup of coffee or afternoon soda may be causing you discomfort. caffeine is thought to increase acid levels and relax the les, which can aggravate an existing ulcer or worsen acid reflux. some studies show that even decaf coffee may relax the les. carbonated beverages, such as sodas or carbonated waters, may lead to acid reflux by increasing the pressure in your stomach. fatty foods trigger reflux symptoms by decreasing the pressure of the les. eating too many fatty foods can increase digestive symptoms and may lead to weight gain. there is a link between being overweight and gerd. studies show that obese people with gerd who lose weight


symptoms by decreasing the pressure of the les. eating too many fatty foods can increase digestive symptoms and may lead to weight gain. there is a link between being overweight and gerd. studies show that obese people with gerd who lose weight have significant improvement in their symptoms. if you have recently gained weight and your clothes are too tight, this too may be making your symptoms worse. tight - fitting clothes put pressure on the stomach, causing acid to flow into the esophagus. hot, hot, hot! spicy foods can make your heartburn and stomach pain sizzle. foods with a little kick are often responsible for gerd symptoms. although spicy fare may irritate the stomach of people with ulcers, it does not cause ulcers. actually, people with ulcers do not need to follow a bland diet, as previously thought. however, if a specific spicy item does cause problems, it may be a good idea to avoid that food. are you a chocoholic? be careful, because those little treats you are allowing yourself could wreak havoc on your esophagus. chocolate aggravates gerd by relaxing the les. that chocolate snack may be particularly problematic at night time. snacking late may increase the risk of nighttime heartburn. to avoid this nocturnal discomfort, don ’ t eat two to three hours before lying down to sleep. raising the head of your bed may also help to keep the acid in your stomach where it belongs. having a few drinks this weekend? before mixing that martini, think about the consequences. alcohol may trigger gerd symptoms in three ways : - increasing acid secretion - relaxing the les - slowing the movement of food through the gut one study showed that men who drank alcohol and smoked were more likely to have gerd. smoking contributes to digestive problems by increasing acid secretion, relaxing the les, and decreasing saliva ( saliva neutralizes acid ). smokers are more prone to ulcers, and smokers and drinkers may take longer to heal when they have an ulcer. know yourself and communicate with your doctor we are all individuals. not everyone will have the same reaction to each food. the best way to determine your food triggers is to keep a food and symptom journal - - write down what you eat, how much you consume, and how you feel afterward. you may soon be able to identify the foods or habits causing you to take those extra antacids. make sure to talk to your health care provider if you


some of our nation ’ s costliest social problems — like child abuse and neglect — are rooted in early childhood. april is national child abuse prevention month, a time to recognize the proven policies that help break the cycle of abuse and that promote the social and emotional well - being of children and families. voluntary home visiting matches parents with trained professionals to provide information and support during pregnancy and throughout their child ’ s early years — a critical developmental period. increasingly, states are turning to evidence - based home visiting programs in an effort to prevent abuse and neglect. learn more about how home visiting gives families a solid foundation and helps states save money. the annie e. casey foundation, kids count data center, national kids count program, " children who are confirmed by child protective services as victims of maltreatment by age group ( percent ) – 2009, " accessed february 28, 2012. olds dl, eckenrode j, henderson cr, kitzman h, powers j, cole r, sidora k, morris p, pettitt lm, luckey d, “ long - term effects of home visitation on maternal life course and child abuse and neglect : 15 - year follow - up of a randomized trial, ” journal of the american medical association. 1997 ; 278 ( 8 ) : 637 - 643. u. s. department of health and human services ( usdhhs ), administration on children, youth and families, " child maltreatment 2008, " accessed february 28, 2012. fang x, brown ds, florence cs, mercy ja, " the economic burden of child maltreatment in the united states and implications for prevention, " child abuse & neglect. 2012 ; in press. olds dl, eckenrode j, henderson cr, kitzman h, powers j, cole r, sidora k, morris p, pettitt lm, luckey d, “ long - term effects of home visitation on maternal life course and child abuse and neglect : 15 - year follow - up of a randomized trial, ” journal of the american medical association. 1997 ; 278 ( 8 ) : 637 - 643 ; lowell di, carter as, godoy l, paulicin b, briggs - gowan mj, “ a randomized controlled trial of child first : a comprehensive home - based intervention translating research into early childhood practice, ” child development. 2011 ; 82 ( 1 ) : 193 - 208. lee e, michell - herzfeld sd, lowenfels


gamma ray bursts are believed to be the most energetic phenomena in the universe. in one second they can emit more than 100 times the energy that the sun does throughout its entire 10 billion year life. this energy output is short lived, however, and within days the burst has faded forever beyond the reach of our telescopes. 3000 bursts having been detected through their gamma ray emission, only 30 have been seen with ground - based telescopes, and only one of these has been observed within an hour. in an ambitious project to detect the gamma ray bursts in the crucial first minute of their occurence, the school of physics has entered a collaboration with the university of michigan, los alamos national laboratories, and lawrence livermore national laboratory, to place a robotic telescope, rotse - iii, at siding spring observatory. triggered into action by a signal relayed through the internet from an earth - orbiting satellite. the specially designed mounting for rotse - iii allows it to point to any position in the sky and take an image within 5 - 10 seconds. the images are then automatically analysed for any new or rapidly varying sources, and this information is made available to other observatories throughout the world within minutes. the precise positions provided by rotse - iii are essential to allow the worlds largest telescopes to observe the gamma for the new telescope occurred in march 2001. the enclosure and weather station were installed in april 2001, with the telescope itself to be delivered in mid - 2002.


during this tutorial you will be asked to perform calculations involving trigonometric functiions. you will need a calulator to proceed. | the purpose of this tutorial is to review with you the elementary properties of the trigonometric functions. facility with this subject is essential to success in all branches of science, and you are strongly urged to review and practice the concepts presented here until they are mastered. let us consider the right - angle triangle shown in panel 1. the angle at c is a right angle and the angle a we will call θ. the lengths of the sides of the triangle we will denote as p, q and r. from your elementary geometry, you know several things about this triangle. for example, you know the pythagorean relation, q² = p² + r². that is, the square of the length of the side opposite the right angle, which we call the hypotenuse, is equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides. we know other things. for example, we know that if the lengths of the three sides of any triangle p, q and r are specified, then the whole triangle is determined, angles included. if you think about this for a moment, you will see it is correct. if i give you three sticks of fixed length and told you to lay them down in a triangle, there ' s only one triangle which you could make. what we would like to have is a way of relating the angles in the triangle, say θ, to the lengths of the sides. it turns out that there ' s no simple analytic way to do this. even though the triangle is specified by the lengths of the three sides, there is not a simple formula that will allow you to calculate the angle θ. we must specify it in some new way. | to do this, we define three ratios of the sides of the triangle. one ratio we call the sine of theta, written sin ( θ ), and it is defined as the ratio of the side opposite θ to the hypotenuse, that is r / q. the cosine of θ, written cos ( θ ), is the side adjacent to θ over the hypotenuse, that is, p / q. this is really enough, but because it simplifies our mathematics later on, we define the tangent of θ, written tan ( θ ), as the ratio of the opposite to the adjacent sides, that is r


that is, p / q. this is really enough, but because it simplifies our mathematics later on, we define the tangent of θ, written tan ( θ ), as the ratio of the opposite to the adjacent sides, that is r / p. this is not an independent definition since you can readily see that the tangent of θ is equal to the sine of θ divided by the cosine of θ. verify for yourself that this is correct. all scientific calculators provide this information. the first thing to ensure is that your calculator is set to the anglular measure that you want. angles are usually measured in either degrees or radians ( see tutorial on dimensional analysis ). the angle 2º is a much different angle than 2 radians since 180º = π radians = 3. 1416... radians. make sure that your calculator is set to degrees. now suppose that we want the sine of 24º. simply press 24 followed by the [ sin ] key and the display should show the value 0. 4067. therefore, the sine of 24º is 0. 4067. that is, in a triangle like panel 1 where θ = 24º, the ratio of the sides r to q is 0. 4067. next set your calculator to radians and find the sine of 0. 42 radians. to do this enter 0. 42 followed by the [ sin ] key. you should obtain a value of 0. 4078. this is nearly the same value as you obtained for the sine of 24º. using the relation above you should confirm that 24º is close to 0. 42 radians obviously, using your calculator to find values of sines is very simple. now find sine of 42º 24 minutes. the sine of 42º 24 minutes is 0. 6743. did you get this result? if not, remember that 24 minutes corresponds to 24 / 60 or 0. 4º. the total angle is then 42. 4º | the determination of cosines and tangents on your calculator is similar. it is now possible for us to solve the simple problem concerning triangles. for example, in panel 2, the length of the hypotenuse is 3 cm and the angle θ is 24º. what is the length of the opposite side r? the sine of 24º as we saw is 0. 4067 and


, in panel 2, the length of the hypotenuse is 3 cm and the angle θ is 24º. what is the length of the opposite side r? the sine of 24º as we saw is 0. 4067 and it is also, by definition, r / 3. so, sine of 24º =. 4067 = r / 3, and therefore, r = 3 x 0. 4067 = 1. 22 cm. | conversely, suppose you knew that the opposite side was 2 cm long and the hypotenuse was 3 cm long, as in panel 3, what is the angle θ? first determine the sine of θ you should find that the sine of θ is 2 / 3, which equals 0. 6667. now we need determine what angle has 0. 6667 as its sine. if you want your answer to be in degrees, be sure that your calculator is set to degrees. then enter 0. 6667 followed by the [ inv ] key and then the [ sin ] key. you should obtain a value of 41. 8º. if your calculator doesn ' t have a [ inv ] key, it probably has a [ 2ndf ] key and the inverse sine can be found using it. | one use of these trigonometric functions which is very important is the calculation of components of vectors. in panel 4 is shown a vector oa in an xy reference frame. we would like to find the y component of this vector. that is, the projection ob of the vector on the y axis. obviously, ob = ca and ca / oa = sin ( θ ), so ca = oa sin ( θ ). similarly, the x - component of oa is oc. and oc / oa = cos ( θ ) so oc = oa cos ( θ ). | | there are many relations among the trigonometric functions which are important, but one in particular you will find used quite often. panel 1 has been repeated as panel 5 for you. let us look at the sum cos² + sin². from the figure, this is ( p / q ) ² + ( r / q ) ², which [ ( p² + r² ) / ( q² ) ]. the pythagorean theorem tells us that p² + r² = q² so we have [ ( p² + r² ) /


q ) ², which [ ( p² + r² ) / ( q² ) ]. the pythagorean theorem tells us that p² + r² = q² so we have [ ( p² + r² ) / q² ] = ( q² / q² ) = 1. therefore, we have ; our discussion so far has been limited to angles between 0 and 90º. one can, using the calculator, find the the sine of larger angles ( eg 140º ) or negative angles ( eg - 32º ) directly. sometimes, however, it is useful to find the corresponding angle betweeen 0 and 90º. panel 6 will help us here. | in this xy reference frame, the angle θ is clearly between 90º and 180 º, and clearly, the angle a, which is 180 - θ ( a is marked with a double arc ) can be dealt with. in this case, we say that the magnitude of sine, cosine, and tangent of θ are those of the supplement a and we only have to examine whether or not they are positive or negative. for example, what is the sine, cosine and tangent of 140º? the supplement is 180º - 140º = 40º. find the sine, the cosine and the tangent of 40º.


| may20 - 06, 05 : 24 pm | | # 1 | stuck on couple related rates problems.. 1. a ship with a long anchor chain is anchored in 11 fathoms of water. the anchor chain is being wound in at a rate of 10 fathoms / minute, causing the ship to move toward the spot directly above the anchor resting on the seabed. the hawsehole ( the point of contact between ship and chain ) is located 1 fathom above the water line. at what speed is the ship moving when there are exatly 13 fathoms of chain still out? for this problem i started with this drawing.. http : / / img. photobucket. com / albums / v4... n / untitled. jpg and then from there, i had no idea where to go... there hawsehole being 1 fathom above the water really gets to me, perhaps making the above drawing void. another thing i don ' t understand is that it says it ' s anchored in 11 fathoms of water.. how could the question be asking what speed the boat would be moving if it were at 13 fathoms? 2. a ladder 41 feet long was leaning against a vertical wall and begins to slip. its top slides down the wall whilte its bottom moves along the level ground at a constant speed of 4ft / sec. how fast is the top of the ladder moving when it is 9 feet above the ground? for this one.. i didn ' t even know what to do.. of course i drew a triangle, hypotenuse of 41 and the vertical side of 9 feet.. and then.......? mainly, i think problems such as these are really easy, but i have a really hard time picturing the problem or drawing it out. i don ' t know which numbers apply to dx / dt and dy / dt.. | may20 - 06, 05 : 48 pm | | # 2 | and tehy are asking what is the speed when there is 13 fathoms of * chain * still out, which is the length of the hypothenuse on your triangle. of course this length will be larger or equal to 12 fathoms ( it will be equal to 12 fathom when the boat will be right above the anchor ) if we call " l " the length of the hypothenuse, then what you want is