with real resistance. it was a tough run. we were dealing with great civil engineers, but even mdt and the federal highway administration had not embraced this. we needed a set strategy and a set approach for the three governments. ” with cskt ’ s escalating concerns, according to members, “ that highway expansion wouldn ’ t just add lanes, it would also encourage higher speeds which would increase the number of animals killed by speeding traffic, ” the plan stalled for nearly a decade until jones & jones — a seattle - based architectural, landscape architectural, and planning firm — was brought in to mitigate what had become a contentious debate. the environmental award - winning firm, known globally for its practiced assimilation of architecture, the environment and wildlife spaces ( “ to save wildlife, we must save wild places ” is among its slogans ), determined that only the northern quarter of the highway required four lanes, and went on to design upwards of 40 strategic wildlife crossings including small - and large - box culverts, open span bridges and major over - crossings. the structures were created to channel bear, elk, moose, mountain lions, amphibians and waterfowl under and over the highway, according to jones & jones ’ whitepaper report. with completion slated for this summer, an 8 - foot stock fence running along the road between crossings diverts animals from the road and into the crossings. pat basting, mdt missoula district biologist who has been involved with the u. s. highway 93 project since shortly after its inception, affirmed that the wildlife crossings have been getting “ pretty substantial use by a multitude of species. ” a formal monitoring process that will continue for five years will be in place this summer, he added, ascribing “ the bulk of the credit to the tribes in maintaining connectivity to wildlife. ” panthers and passages in florida, where an estimated 120 panthers remain in the wild, conservationists have been particularly concerned with state road 29 and interstate 75, also called alligator alley, among others. listed as an endangered species since 1967, and though numbers have rebounded considerably in the last two decades ( up from 20 - 30 in 1987 ), the florida panther continues to meet an untimely fate due to vehicle strikes with the loss of 10 individuals in 2008 and 16 ( possibly 17 ) in 2009. “ there are not enough resources to protect every linear mile of highway in the state, ” said darrell land, panther team leader of the florida fish and wildlife conservation commission. but in areas that have benefitted from


16 ( possibly 17 ) in 2009. “ there are not enough resources to protect every linear mile of highway in the state, ” said darrell land, panther team leader of the florida fish and wildlife conservation commission. but in areas that have benefitted from the construction of wildlife crossings, and in particular a 40 - mile stretch of i - 75 which boasts 36 structures, only two panthers have been lost to collisions in 20 years, he says, noting that 40 miles of fencing also help facilitate passage through the crossings, with an additional 5 miles on sr 29 which traverses i - 75. four crossings also currently exist on highway 1, south of miami and in the vicinity of everglades national park. land explained that in the state whenever a new road is planned, or a proposal for a road upgrade is submitted, wildlife crossings are considered and integrated where possible. wyoming weighs in in lander, wyoming, an arduous research project between wyoming department of transportation ( wydot ) and the state ’ s game and fish department, which involved a series of deer migration studies and analysis of vehicle - wildlife collisions over an 8 - year period, resulted in the $ 3. 8 million construction of seven 12 - foot high wildlife underpasses and more than 30 miles of fencing along u. s. highway 30. considered one of the state ’ s busiest highways, with the label “ world renowned as a bad place for motorist or mule deer, ” two - lane highway 30 bisects nugget canyon, the state ’ s largest big game winter range, and was known as a “ slaughter zone ” for 300 - 500 mule deer out of 7, 000 - 10, 000 who crossed the highway annually. since its completion in 2008, the underpasses have reduced fatalities by up to 97 percent according to mark zornes, wildlife management coordinator for the wyoming game and fish department ’ s green river region. “ it all started in the 1980s with 11 miles of just deer fences, ” zornes said, “ and we still had significant mortalities. we tried everything on the planet to keep deer off the highway and warn motorists : flashing signs that came on when animals tried to enter and had right of way. nothing worked. ” with construction of the wyoming underpasses, also referred to as boxes, not only did mule deer fatalities decrease to 11 last year, but elk, moose, bobcats, badgers, cottontails and other animals have been known to use them successfully. acknowledging mule deer ’ s high migratory drive (


referred to as boxes, not only did mule deer fatalities decrease to 11 last year, but elk, moose, bobcats, badgers, cottontails and other animals have been known to use them successfully. acknowledging mule deer ’ s high migratory drive ( zornes quipped that one can herd mule deer anywhere they want to go ), the state recognized the importance of providing enough underpasses in proportion to miles of fencing. “ they will throw themselves into the fence to get to ( winter or summer ) ranges, ” zornes explained, adding that if there are enough boxes, and once they figure out where the boxes are, it becomes a part of their migratory route. and with another thriving wildlife crossing in the baggs area ( carbon county ) utilized by 3, 000 mule deer in its first year, wydot is seeking $ 25. 5 million in funding, including stimulus money, to build 25 miles of big game fencing, 10 underpasses and one overpass for pronghorn sheep along u. s. highway 189 south of kemmerer. with montana ’ s u. s. highway 93 project garnering the moniker “ the road as respectful visitor, ” and 46 states transcending the conventional approach to road building with the incorporation of wildlife crossings, proponents say construction no longer has to be construed as destructive, and the right of way ( whose ever it is ) can clearly yield to the right way.


recently, as shoreline landowners in lubec, my wife and i received a letter from acadian seaplants, providing their answers to persistent questions about the harvest of rockweed in cobscook bay and hoping for our support of their efforts when they resume cutting in 2010. because i am a long - time environmental scientist, i did what comes naturally : i looked for scientific information about rockweed and its role in coastal ecosystems. rockweed is one of many “ seaweeds ” that sustain coastal marine ecosystems throughout the world. the growth of rockweed provides the food and shelter for invertebrates, which are the basis of the food web that sustains higher - level fisheries of coastal maine. rockweed also provides critical nursery habitat for young fish that are attractive to predators. seaweeds are threatened in many areas, disappearing at a rate of 7 percent per year worldwide, according to a recent study published in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences. one need not look far to see the abandoned sardine factories and codfish fisheries of new england, signs of overexploitation of the marine environment. good management of marine resources should balance catch against annual production, so that the economic livelihood of the sea is sustained for generations. unfortunately, cod and sardines were overharvested in many areas, and those fisheries are now gone. now that we have removed these higher - level fish and some invertebrates, such as sea urchins, the rockweed cutters are focused on the base of the food chain itself. will we allow rockweed to be overharvested as well, so that it declines and disappears from cobscook bay and the surrounding waters? protecting rockweed is important if we are to sustain periwinkle and mussel fisheries, which provide local jobs. so, as an aid to the local economy, we registered our shoreline with downeast coastal conservancy as a “ no - harvest ” area. acadian seaplants vows that it will not remove more than 17 percent of the annual growth of rockweed — a level deemed sustainable in studies by r. l. vadas of the biology department at the university of maine. to ensure recovery, dr. vadas also advises not to harvest any area in consecutive years. the other major player, north american kelp of waldoboro, also plans to adhere to a maximum 17 percent harvest, after subtracting biomass that cannot be harvested from protected lands. we can only hope that all those who harvest rockweed will


. the other major player, north american kelp of waldoboro, also plans to adhere to a maximum 17 percent harvest, after subtracting biomass that cannot be harvested from protected lands. we can only hope that all those who harvest rockweed will comply with the new state regulations passed in june 2009, codifying a maximum 17 percent harvest, because no amount of tax will bring back the rockweed if it disappears from the coast of maine. the best policy would probably be to prohibit the harvest of rockweed, since it sustains the basis of the fish and shellfish industries in this region. even so, it is unclear who has monitored and enforced the past levels of harvest and how accurately any of these parameters can be measured. the marine resources committee will soon hold a workshop to evaluate the success of the regulation of rockweed cutting during the 2009 season. currently, a surcharge on rockweed harvest is earmarked to help pay for monitoring by the commissioner of marine resources. indeed, the current legislation requires that the proper harvest of rockweed must be verified by a third party starting with the 2010 harvest season. done well, these provisions would provide welcome oversight of the rockweed resource and protect its critical role in the coastal marine ecosystem. alternatively, the passing of rockweed would mark the end of the marine fisheries ecosystem — top to bottom — within the span of a couple of decades in eastern, coastal maine. william h. schlesinger is president of the cary institute of ecosystem studies in millbrook, n. y. and a shoreline property owner in lubec.


if bones from dead deer could talk, they would reveal compelling stories. in late march 1989, snowmobilers reported several dead and frozen deer in a canada falls deer yard near historic pittston farm, 50 miles northwest of greenville. as the state ’ s regional wildlife biologist at the time, i investigated the report and found 10 dead deer. curious to know if the deer had died from coyote predation or other natural causes, i broke open the femur ( thigh ) bones with a hatchet to examine the bone marrow. bone marrow of healthy deer resembles the color and consistency of thick hand cream. during late winter, as deer exhaust all remaining energy reserves, their bone marrow turns the color and consistency of red jelly. lethargic deer with swollen faces and visible rib cages are signs of very poor health. red jelly - like bone marrow in eight of 10 deer indicated severe malnutrition. a ninth deer died of a fractured hip caused by bullet fragments. coyotes had eaten the deer based on tracks and scat, but did they kill the deer or merely perform euthanasia on animals weakened by inadequate food and shelter? the question is more relevant today than it was in 1989 because the quality and quantity of deer yards has plummeted since then. winter is the bottleneck of deer survival in northern maine. poor - quality deer - wintering habitat further compromises their survival. coyotes kill healthy deer, but emaciated ones are easy prey in late winter. purchasing deer yards outright or protecting them with conservation easements — with binding timber harvest regulations — are the only viable long - term solutions to resolving maine ’ s deer woes. many hunters claim that designated deer yards without deer are solely attributable to coyote predation. during the winter of 1989, timber company foresters brought to my attention six designated deer yards without deer in the moosehead lake region. investigations revealed that three of these deer yards had been mistakenly mapped and were subsequently dropped from state regulation. the other three deer wintering areas lacked deer because timber companies had clear - cut around them, creating an island of spruce and fir forest surrounded by three - to four - foot deep snowfields. with no access to neighboring forests, deer abandoned the yards rather than remain vulnerable to coyote predation. one winter evening, a great northern paper company forester surprised me by knocking on my house door. we had spent the day together with his boss, but in the woods he could not talk confidentially with me. he said the deer yard we had surveyed earlier that day supported winter


northern paper company forester surprised me by knocking on my house door. we had spent the day together with his boss, but in the woods he could not talk confidentially with me. he said the deer yard we had surveyed earlier that day supported winter deer for as long as he could remember. the forester explained that against his wishes, his boss instructed him to supervise a summer harvesting crew that cut all the timber around the deer yard. he then did something unprecedented and bold. from long cardboard tubes, he extracted forest cover maps showing closely guarded future forestry operations. he proceeded to identify deer yards unknown to the state. he did this because he wanted those areas protected from being clear - cut. he said, “ i like hunting deer, and we can work cooperatively with the state to harvest trees and have deer, too. these are not mutually exclusive goals. ” the chub pond deer yard in hobbstown, south of jackman, supported deer each winter from the 1940s until the early 1980s when scott paper company clear - cut healthy trees abutting the deer yard, claiming it was a spruce budworm salvage cut. according to a scott forester, also a deer hunter, deer abandoned the yard the following winter. the demise of deer yards is the reason why deer are struggling in northern, western and eastern maine. lawmakers, under increasing pressure to “ do something about declining deer numbers, ” are considering extending coyote trapping seasons to help the struggling deer population. however, passing ld 372 and other coyote control bills is as misguided as placing a band - aid on a compound fracture. the legislature can enact infinite coyote - control bills, but the deer herd will not recover until the legislature makes deer - yard protection a priority. ron joseph, of camden, is a retired maine wildlife biologist and deer hunter.


| matthew henry ' s concise commentary | 3 : 1 - 10 to expect unchanging happiness in a changing world, must end in disappointment. to bring ourselves to our state in life, is our duty and wisdom in this world. god ' s whole plan for the government of the world will be found altogether wise, just, and good. then let us seize the favourable opportunity for every good purpose and work. the time to die is fast approaching. thus labour and sorrow fill the world. this is given us, that we may always have something to do ; none were sent into the world to be idle. verse 8. - a time to love, and a time to hate. this reminds one of the gloss to which our lord refers ( matthew 5 : 43 ), " ye have heard that it hath been said, thou shalt love thy neighbor, and hate thine enemy, " the first member being found in the old law ( leviticus 19 : 18 ), the second being a misconception of the spirit which made israel god ' s executioner upon the condemned nations. it was the maxim of bias, quoted by aristotle, ' rhet., ' 2 : 13, that we should love as if about some day to hate, and hate as if about to love. and philo imparts a still more selfish tone to the gnome, when he pronounces ( ' de carit., ' 21, p. 401, mang. ), " it was well said by them of old, that we ought to deal out friendship without absolutely renouncing enmity, and practice enmity as possibly to turn to friendship. a time of war, and a time of peace. in the previous couplets the infinitive mood of the verb has been used ; in this last hemistich substantives are introduced, as being more concise and better fitted to emphasize the close of the catalogue. the first clause referred specially to the private feelings which one is constrained to entertain towards individuals. the second clause has to do with national concerns, and touches on the statesmanship which discovers the necessity or the opportuneness of war and peace, and acts accordingly. in this and in all the other examples adduced, the lesson intended is this - that man is not independent ; that under all circumstances and relations he is in the hand of a power mightier than himself, which frames time and seasons according to its own good pleasure. god holds the threads of human life ; in some mysterious


this - that man is not independent ; that under all circumstances and relations he is in the hand of a power mightier than himself, which frames time and seasons according to its own good pleasure. god holds the threads of human life ; in some mysterious way directs and controls events ; success and failure are dependent upon his will. there are certain laws which, regulate the issues of actions and events, and man cannot alter these ; his free - will can put them in motion, but they become irresistible when in operation. this is not fatalism ; it is the mere statement of a fact in experience. koheleth never denies man ' s liberty, though he is very earnest in asserting god ' s sovereignty. the reconciliation of the two is a problem unsolved by him. gill ' s exposition of the entire bible a time to love, and a time to hate,.... for one to love his friend, and to hate a man, a sinner, as the targum ; to love a friend while he continues such, and hate him, or less love him, when he proves treacherous and unfaithful ; an instance of a change of love into hatred may be seen in the case of amnon, 2 samuel 13 : 15. a time of unregeneracy is a time of loving worldly lusts and sinful pleasures, the company of wicked men, and all carnal delights and recreations ; and a time of conversion is a time to hate what was before loved, sin, and the conversion of sinners, the garment spotted with the flesh, the principles and practices, though not the persons, of ungodly men ; and even to hate, that is, less love, the dearest friends and relations, in comparison of, or when in competition with, christ ; a time of war, and a time of peace ; for nations to be engaged in war with each other, or to be at peace, which are continually revolving ; and there is a time when there will be no more war. in a spiritual sense, the present time, or state of things, is a time of war ; the christian ' s life is a warfare state, though it will be soon accomplished, in which he is engaging in fighting with spiritual enemies, sin, satan, and the world : the time to come, or future state, is a time of peace, when saints shall enter into peace, and be no more disturbed by enemies from within or from without. in the midrash,


infographics have become a common means of presenting information to people in an easy - to - understand visual format. but this ubiquity doesn ’ t mean that an infographic always means what a viewer might presume it to mean at first glance. consider the following map of the united states. recently, the national oceanic and atmospheric administration released this, and a number of other maps, showing what the summer climate has been doing recently. unsurprisingly, the media quickly picked up on the dramatic story. during an interview with secretary of agriculture tom vilsack, kai ryssdal, senior editor of public radio ’ s marketplace program, made the following observation, “ this has been, as you know, the hottest summer on record in a lot places in this country. ” on npr ’ s news blog, “ the two - way, ” their piece on the heat starts out with “ the all - red map tells the story. ” but does it? if you look at the same data on the regional map, you see plenty of the nation sweated through a warmer than normal july. but the heat wasn ’ t record - setting in any single given region. the “ 118 ” that shows up on the national map is nowhere to be found on the regional one. the statewide map is different again. we can see even more of the variation in the average temperature for july. and we see that across virginia, it was hot – the “ 118 ” re - appears, although not so hot as to push the entire southeast region of the noaa map into the red. in fact the mountain west seems to have a higher average temperature. we can also see that the “ near normal ” and “ above normal ” temperatures dominate states in new england, the gulf coast, the southwest and the west coast. people in these areas may have been surprised to learn that the summer had thus far been unusually warm. and when you boil the data all the way down to the divisional level, the red spreads out to scattered parts of the country, but we learn that parts of washington ( like the puget sound area ), oregon, california, texas and louisiana had below normal average temperatures during july. ( don ’ t worry ; we got ours over the first few weeks of this month. ) the contiguous states are divided into a total of 344 divisions. in all, 17 of these divisions, spread out over 12 of the 48 states, experienced record high average temperatures last month. while that means that a lot of people were looking for ways to


the contiguous states are divided into a total of 344 divisions. in all, 17 of these divisions, spread out over 12 of the 48 states, experienced record high average temperatures last month. while that means that a lot of people were looking for ways to stay cool, especially when you consider that chicagoland is in one of the record - setting districts, many parts of the country, while warmer than normal, avoided pushing into new territory. the culprit is, of course, averaging. both spatially and temporally. as an example, i ’ ve created a simple chart that measures a fictitious “ salamander index ” over a span of 15 years. the area being measured is divided into five separate regions – and the orange line on the chart represents the average value of all of the regions for that point in time. by year 15, the average is at record levels, yet, as you can see, only the east region is in record territory ; all of the other regions had scored higher on the index than that in the past – in some cases significantly so. in fact, although it isn ’ t immediately evident from the chart, the south region ( the violet line ), which spends much of its time above the overall average, is at slightly below its average level, as across all 15 years, the south region scores an average of about 31. 8. so it ’ s important to remember that while infographics, especially simple ones, make data easily digestible, they don ’ t always provide as accurate a picture as it might seem at first glance. ( thanks to aaron for the guest post! ) denali, in an evaluation version, has been out for a little while now. i even have a copy on my computer and i ’ m working one of our analysts to learn the ins and outs - fun stuff! according to microsoft, though, the official release will hit shelves april 1st. i ’ m not quite sure why microsoft chose to release denali on a day that ’ s well known for google hi - jinx ( google paper anyone? ) but i ’ m sure they have their reasons. happy holidays from piraeus! we had a busy holiday season here, but not too busy that we forgot how to have fun we hosted a mad men themed potluck, complete with cocktails. it was great to see everyone dressed to the nines. thanks for playing along! here at piraeus we aren ’ t starting to deck the halls before thanksgiving, but a co - worker did send this


this morning, via mashable. i like the idea of “ the deleted city ” being an enormous virtual city that never really existed, but sort of did. ( video via mashable ) i remember the math olympiad and the science olympiad in high school, but for some reason i never thought of the practice continuing out of the classroom. since school is supposed to prepare you for the real - world, i don ’ t know why i was surprised to come across this project from charlotte, north carolina. welcome to the business intelligence olympiad! every two years, starting in 2008, the city of charlotte pits business unit teams from different city departments against each other to address a fictional problem with analytics and data sets. i ’ m sure the competition leads to plenty of laughter and good - hearted competition, but according to the article i read, it ’ s also created an environment where “ a lot of information that previously had not be [ sic ] shared is now shared regularly between bi analysts throughout the city. ” the competition in 2010 included a fictitious hurricane that bore a striking resemblance to irene. “ the underlying benefit was with hurricane irene coming up the coast almost on the same track as the theoretical hurricane vixen from december, teams were more used to looking at contingencies and how they affected portions of their business, ” [ manager of data administration for the city of charlotte ] raper said. as far as i know there isn ’ t something comparable in seattle, but maybe there should be. is it time for a bi olympiad with data from the viaduct? for more about charlotte ’ s olympiad, see the original article from govtech. com here. the teams here at piraeus put in a lot of hard work, so it ’ s nice that we can also hang out together. we had our summer picnic on friday and our fearless office manager managed to pick just about the nicest day all summer. the food was great, we had balloons and music, a little bit of ladder golf and a little bit of swimming. most importantly, some really great people! oh yeah, and water balloons. i forgot how much fun water balloons are! i ’ ll update the slideshow as i get more photos.


question : why should all medicine be available over the counter? jacob appel : well it ’ s interesting you ask that because historically in the united states, all medicine was available over the counter without a prescription. it ’ s interesting to note one of the first “ medications ” that you needed a prescription for in the united states was beer. because beer was prescribed at prohibition and doctors would prescribe beer for various ailments, for small pox, for rabies, for measles. i should add, not effectively. this is not a good remedy. and from that, from the interest in protecting the rights of doctors, over time, the prescription right of doctors, which is really what it ’ s about. the theory is we should protect from themselves. people don ’ t know the consequences of the medication. the reality is, in the world of the internet, in the world of the educated consumer, most people go to the doctor and say, “ this is what i want medically, and there are enough doctors out there that honor this request anyway. that the harm of not letting some people buy medication over the counter and forcing them to have a doctor ’ s appointment with the added cost will keep certain people from getting the medical care they need. which in my opinion is far greater a risk than the small number of people who might not be educated enough or informed themselves enough to use medicine in a dangerous way. i think it ’ s important to keep in mind there are many people out there, and i see them every day who really do need medication. medical medication, psychiatric medication, who know they need it, who don ’ t get it because they haven ’ t been able to get to a doctor, or can ’ t afford a doctor, or have time to see a doctor to get the prescription.


mra is a study of the blood vessels using magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ). using a large magnet, radio waves, and a computer, an mra makes two - dimensional and three - dimensional pictures. reasons for test this test is done in order to : - identify diseased, narrowed, enlarged, and blocked blood vessels - locate internal bleeding mris can be harmful if you have metal inside your body such as joint replacements or a pacemaker. make sure your doctor knows of any internal metal before the test. some people may also have an allergic reaction to the contrast dye. talk to your doctor about any allergies you have. also, let your doctor know if you have liver or kidney problems. these may make it difficult for your body to get rid of the contrast. what to expect prior to test before the test, your doctor may : - ask about your medical history - perform a physical exam - do blood tests if your doctor prescribes a sedative : - arrange for a ride home. - do not eat or drink for at least four hours before the exam. - take the sedative 1 - 2 hours before the exam, or as directed. at the mri center, you will be asked if you have something in your body that would interfere with the mra, such as : - pacemaker or implantable defibrillator - ear implant - metal fragments in your eyes or in any other part of your body - implanted port device, such as an insulin pump - metal plate, pins, screws, or surgical staples - metal clips from aneurysm repair - retained bullets - any other large metal objects in your body you may be : - given earplugs or headphones to wear. the mri machine makes a loud banging noise. - given an injection of a contrast dye into your vein. - allowed to have a family member or friend with you during the test. description of the test if contrast is used, a small iv needle will be inserted into your hand or arm before you are moved into the mri machine. the contrast will be injected during one set of images. it helps to make some organs and vessels easier to see on the pictures. you might have an allergic reaction to the dye, but this is rare you will lie on a special table. this table will be moved inside the opening of the mri machine. most mris consist of 2 - 6 sets of images. each one will take between 2 - 15 minutes. you will need to lie still while the images are being


a special table. this table will be moved inside the opening of the mri machine. most mris consist of 2 - 6 sets of images. each one will take between 2 - 15 minutes. you will need to lie still while the images are being taken. you may need to hold your breath briefly. technicians will communicate with you through an intercom from another room. - you will be asked to wait at the facility while the images are examined. the technician may need more images. - if you took a sedative, do not drive or operate machinery until it wears off. - if you are breastfeeding and receive contrast dye, you and your doctor should discuss when you should restart breastfeeding. information available has not found any ill effects to the baby if a breastfeeding mother has had contrast dye. - be sure to follow your doctor ' s instructions. how long will it take? will it hurt? the test is painless. if contrast is used, you may experience a stinging sensation when the iv is inserted. your doctor will discuss the findings with you and any treatment you may need. call your doctor call your doctor if any of the following occur : - new or worsening symptoms - allergic or abnormal symptoms if contrast material was used if you think you have an emergency, call for medical help right away. - reviewer : michael j. fucci, do ; brian randall, md - review date : 05 / 2013 - - update date : 05 / 20 / 2013 -


random acts of kindness go a long way toward putting a smile on someone ’ s face and reshaping a not - so - great day into a special memory that impacts not just the recipient but everyone that person comes in contact with that day. next week, imagine how many people you can touch by taking a moment to thank a nurse for a job well - done. first, you will bring a smile to the nurse. then, the nurse will unknowingly share that smile with patients and colleagues throughout the day and those people will pass the gesture along to the people they interact with. in a busy clinic or hospital, your simple “ thank you ” to a nurse will touch hundreds of people. we celebrate national nurse ’ s week in early may to coincide with florence nightingale ’ s birthday. just as nightingale tirelessly cared for soldiers during the crimean war ( 1853 - 1856 ), our nurses care for all types of patients — some are very sick and others are generally healthy. make plans to surprise a nurse with a random act of kindness during nurse ’ s week and know that your thoughtful expression will not only make the nurse ’ s day, but you will share kindness with many people who may need a boost. you will never know it, but your actions may help a patient overcome a frightening diagnosis or help a young family cope with grief. what a terrific way to say thank you and honor our nurses! sylvia t. brown, edd, rn, cne dean & professor ecu college of nursing


st. paul, minn. ( 4 / 23 / 2012 ) — approximately 70 percent of the seed soybeans planted this year in minnesota will be treated with fungicides. this is a dramatic change from 10 years ago when most farmers planted untreated soybeans. this change requires increased care to keep seed soybeans separate from harvested soybeans headed to market. federal law provides a zero tolerance for treated soybeans at market. that means that a single treated seed can contaminate a truck, bin or silo. your elevator can hold you legally responsible for the contamination because of a problem that started with one treated soybean. university of minnesota extension recommends that growers take these steps to avoid mistakes that can take place during the rush of planting : - make sure nobody on your farm dumps leftover soybean seed into a storage bin. - do not use the same equipment to transport treated seed and soybeans sold for grain. - clean all equipment that comes in contact with treated seed. - manage treated seed before and after planting to reduce the potential for problems. - buy only the seed you need to minimize dealing with leftover treated soybeans. - work with your seed supplier to develop a plan to dispose of any leftover treated seed. in addition to avoiding costly penalties because of soybean contamination, handling treated soybeans with care is the right thing to do. fungicides have a place in seed beds, but not on a dinner plate, which is why it ' s important to keep treated seed soybeans separate from your soybean harvest. take time this spring to pay attention to farm safety, both your personal safety and the safety of the crops that you grow. for more information for soybean growers, visit www. extension. umn. edu / soybean. any use of this article must include the byline or following credit line : seth naeve is a soybean agronomist with university of minnesota extension. media contact : catherine dehdashti, u of m extension, ( 612 ) 625 - 0237, firstname. lastname @ example. org


consider the following in haskell : let p x = x + + show x in putstrln $ p " let p x = x + + show x in putstrln $ p " evaluate this expression in an interactive haskell session and it prints itself out. but there ' s a nice little cheat that made this easy : the haskell ' show ' function conveniently wraps a string in quotation marks. so we simply have two copies of once piece of code : one without quotes followed by one in quotes. in c, on the other hand, there is a bit of a gotcha. you need to explicitly write code to print those extra quotation marks. and of course, just like in haskell, this code needs to appear twice, once out of quotes and once in. but the version in quotes needs the quotation marks to be ' escaped ' using backslash so it ' s notactually the same as the first version. and that means we can ' t use exactly the same method as with haskell. the standard workaround is not to represent the quotation marks directly in the strings, but instead to use the ascii code for this character and use c ' s convenient % c mechanism to print at. for example : again we were lucky, c provides this great % c mechanism. what do you need in a language to be sure you can write a self - replicator? it turns out there is a very general approach to writing self - replicators that ' s described in vicious circles. what follows is essentially from there except that i ' ve simplified the proofs by reducing generality. we ' ll use capital letters to represent programs. typically these mean ' inert ' strings of characters. i ' ll use square brackets to indicate the function that the program evaluates. so if p is a program to compute the mathematical function p, we write [ p ] ( x ) = p ( x ). p is a program and [ p ] is a function. we ' ll consider both programs that take arguments like the p i just mentioned, and also programs, r, that take no arguments, so [ r ] is simply the output or return value of the program r. now we come to an important operation. we ' ve defined [ p ] ( x ) to be the result of running p with input x. now we define p ( x ) to be the program p modified so that it no longer takes an argument or input but instead substitutes the ' hard - coded ' value of


p ] ( x ) to be the result of running p with input x. now we define p ( x ) to be the program p modified so that it no longer takes an argument or input but instead substitutes the ' hard - coded ' value of x instead. in other words [ p ( x ) ] = [ p ] ( x ). p ( x ) is, of course, another program. there are also many ways of implementing p ( x ). we could simply evaluate [ p ] ( x ) and write a program to simply print this out or return it. on the other hand, we could do the absolute minimum and write a new piece of code that simply calls p and supplies it with a hard - coded argument. whatever we choose is irrelevant to the following discussion. so here ' s the demand that we make of our programming language : that it ' s powerful enough for us to write a program that can compute p ( x ) from inputs p and x. this might not be a trivial program to write, but it ' s not conceptually hard either. it doesn ' t have gotchas like the quotation mark issue above. typically we can compute p ( x ) by some kind of textual substitution on p. with that assumption in mind, here ' s a theorem : any program p that takes one argument or input has a fixed point, x, in the sense that running p with input x gives the same result as just running x. given an input x, p acts just like an interpreter for the programming language as it outputs the same thing as an interpreter would given input x. so here ' s a proof : define the function f ( q ) = [ p ] ( q ( q ) ). we ' ve assumed that we can write a program that computes p ( x ) from p and x so we know we can write a program to compute q ( q ) for any q. we can then feed this as an input to [ p ]. so f is obviously computable by some program which we call q0. so [ q0 ] ( q ) = [ p ] ( q ( q ) ). now the fun starts : [ p ] ( q0 ( q0 ) ) = [ q0 ] ( q0 ) ( by definition of q0 ) = [ q0 ( q0 ) ] ( by definition of p ( x ) ) in other words q0 ( q0 ) is our fixed point. so now take p to compute the identity function.


) ( by definition of q0 ) = [ q0 ( q0 ) ] ( by definition of p ( x ) ) in other words q0 ( q0 ) is our fixed point. so now take p to compute the identity function. then [ q0 ( q0 ) ] = [ p ] ( q0 ( q0 ) ) = q0 ( q0 ). so q0 ( q0 ) outputs itself when run! what ' s more, this also tells us how to do other fun stuff like write a program to print itself out backwards. and it tells us how to do this in any reasonably powerful programming language. we don ' t need to worry about having to work around problems like ' escaping ' quotation marks - we can always find a way to replicate the escape mechanism too. so does it work in practice? well it does for haskell - i derived the haskell fragment above by applying this theorem directly, and then simplifying a bit. for c + +, however, it might give you a piece of code that is longer than you want. in fact, you can go one step further and write a program that automatically generates a self - replicator. check out samuel moelius ' s kpp. it is a preprocessor that converts an ordinary c + + program into one that can access its own source code by including the code to generate its own source within it. another example of an application of these methods is futamura ' s theorem which states that there exists a program that can take as input an interpreter for a language and output a compiler. i personally think this is a little bogus.


principles of design balance in design is similar to balance in physics. a large shape close to the center can be balanced by a small shape close to the edge. a large light toned shape will be balanced by a small dark toned shape ( the darker the shape the heavier it appears to be ) graduation of size and direction produce linear perspective. graduation of colour from warm to cool and tone from dark to light produce aerial perspective. graduation can add interest and movement to a shape. a graduation from dark to light will cause the eye to move along a shape. repetition with variation is interesting, without variation repetition can become monotonous. if you wish to create interest, any repeating element should include a degree of variation. contrast is the juxtaposition of opposing elements eg. opposite colours on the colour wheel – red / green, blue / orange etc. contrast in tone or value – light / dark. contrast in direction – horizontal / vertical. the major contrast in a painting should be located at the center of interest. too much contrast scattered throughout a painting can destroy unity and make a work difficult to look at. unless a feeling of chaos and confusion are what you are seeking, it is a good idea to carefully consider where to place your areas of maximum contrast. harmony in painting is the visually satisfying effect of combining similar, related elements. eg. adjacent colurs on the colour wheel, similar shapes etc. dominance gives a painting interest, counteracting confusion and monotony. dominance can be applied to one or more of the elements to give emphasis. relating the design elements to the idea being expressed in a painting reinforces the principal of unity. eg. a painting with an active aggressive subject would work better with a dominant oblique direction, course, rough texture, angular lines etc. whereas a quiet passive subject would benefit from horizontal lines, soft texture and less tonal contrast. unity in a painting also refers to the visual linking of various elements of the work.


what is fluorescence? fluorescence is the ability of certain chemicals to give off visible light after absorbing radiation which is not normally visible, such as ultraviolet light. this property has led to a variety of uses. let ’ s shed some further light on this topic ; consider the omnipresent “ fluorescent ” lights. just how do they work? fluorescent tubes contain a small amount of mercury vapor. the application of an electric current causes a stream of electrons to traverse the tube. these collide with the mercury atoms which become energized and consequently emit ultraviolet light. the inside of the tube is coated with a fluorescent material, such as calcium chlorophosphate, which converts the invisible ultraviolet light into visible light. the same idea is used to produce color television pictures. the screen is coated with tiny dots of substances which fluoresce in different colours when they are excited by a beam of electrons which is used to scan the picture. but fluorescent materials had practical uses even before we dreamed of color television. one of the most amazing of all fluorescent materials is a synthetic compound, appropriately called fluorescein. under ultraviolet light it produces an intense yellow - green fluorescence which during world war ii was responsible for saving the lives of many downed flyers. over a million pounds of the stuff were manufactured in 1943 and distributed to airmen in little packets to use as a sea marker. since the fluorescence is so potent that it can be seen when the concentration of fluorescein is as little as 25 parts per billion, rescue planes easily spotted the men in the ocean. aircraft carriers also made extensive use of fluorescein. the signal men on deck wore clothes and waved flags treated with the compound which was then made to glow by illumination with ultraviolet light. the incoming pilots could clearly see the deck and the need to use runway lights which would have drawn the attention of enemy aircraft was eliminated. certain natural substances also fluoresce under ultraviolet light. urine and moose fur are interesting examples. prisoners have actually made use of this property of urine and have used it as a secret ink. what about the moose fur? well, in canada and sweden there are hundreds of accidents each year involving the collision of automobiles with moose. some of these result in fatalities. some car manufacturers are now considering fitting their vehicles with uv emitting headlights to reduce moose collisions! how ’ s that for putting the right chemistry to work.


february 3, 2010 | 9 few things in my life have brought me as much joy as watching sea otters play in the waters near monterey, calif. so when i heard this week that the frisky yet endangered critters may be slightly expanding their habitat, i figured everyone would think that was good news. once hunted into near - extinction for their fur, the southern, or california, sea otter ( enhydra lutris nereis ) now numbers around 2, 600 to 2, 700 animals, all of which live in a fairly small habitat range off the central california coast. the problem is that their extant habitat is the only place the u. s. endangered species act ( esa ) grants them protected status. ( although they are also protected under california state law and the u. s. marine mammal protection act, those laws do not govern habitat. ) everything south of their current habitat is designated a " no - otter zone ". the origins of this restriction shouldn ’ t surprise anyone. when otters were first listed as a threatened species under the esa, they were protected everywhere, according to allison ford, executive director of the otter project in monterey, calif. but in order to protect species, the esa requires the creation of a recovery plan. in this case the u. s. fish and wildlife service wanted to try to move some otters to a new habitat. this " experimental population " would protect the southern otter from extinction in a catastrophic event, such as a major oil spill. but in order to create a new habitat for the otters, the government also created a no - otter zone, an area where the animals would not be able to impact the fishing or oil industries. unfortunately, " the experimental population never thrived, " ford says. but the otter - free zone remains. and now some otters are swimming past that imaginary line in the surf in search of sea urchins and other tasty marine life in the forbidden zone. fishermen are not happy with the encroachment. " based on historic action, we think eventually they ’ ll wipe out the shellfish industry in california, " vern goehring, executive director of the california sea urchin commission, told the associated press. so why are sea otters swimming into verboten territory? " food supply is always an impediment to otter survival and expansion, " ford says. " scientists believe that food limitation is an issue in certain parts of the otter ’ s range. " ford says that large


into verboten territory? " food supply is always an impediment to otter survival and expansion, " ford says. " scientists believe that food limitation is an issue in certain parts of the otter ’ s range. " ford says that large, bachelor otters " tend to go back and forth over the no - otter line. certainly, abundant prey that otters like to eat exists in the no - otter zone, " and because humans tend to like the same foods, that creates conflict. " otters eat voraciously, " ford says. " they have a strong appetite, and eat 25 percent of their body weight every day. " otters do not have blubber, and use their fur and their high metabolisms to keep warm. otters can impact fisheries and the industry ’ s ability to operate at the same productivity levels it is used to, ford says, adding : " sea urchin is where the big conflict is. " but she points out that the very reason there is a sea urchin industry is because otters no longer exist in their historic habitats. " otters are a keystone species, and they maintain sea urchins, which in turn eat kelp. when otters were removed from the ecosystem, you lost the kelp, which hurt total biodiversity. " restoring sea otters in other areas of california, ford says, could actually increase biodiversity and create additional fishing markets. no matter what happens, the sea otter expansion won ’ t be anything that happens overnight. populations have dipped slightly the past two years, and only a few dozen otters make their way regularly into the sans otter zone. but for now, that ’ s enough to get some people worried — and angry. image : sea otter, via wikipedia


this is a video made by a group of students from the department of media & communication, rupp, cambodia. using a weak password avoid simple names or words you can find in a dictionary, even with numbers tacked on the end. instead, mix upper - and lower - case letters, numbers, and symbols. a password should have at least eight characters. one good technique is to insert numbers or symbols in the middle of a word, such as this variant on the word “ houses ” : ho27uses! leaving your full birth date in your profile it ’ s an ideal target for identity thieves, who could use it to obtain more information about you and potentially gain access to your bank or credit card account. if you ’ ve already entered a birth date, go to your profile page and click on the info tab, then on edit information. under the basic information section, choose to show only the month and day or no birthday at all. overlooking useful privacy controls for almost everything in your facebook profile, you can limit access to only your friends, friends of friends, or yourself. restrict access to photos, birth date, religious views, and family information, among other things. you can give only certain people or groups access to items such as photos, or block particular people from seeing them. consider leaving out contact info, such as phone number and address, since you probably don ’ t want anyone to have access to that information anyway. posting your child ’ s name in a caption don ’ t use a child ’ s name in photo tags or captions. if someone else does, delete it by clicking on remove tag. if your child isn ’ t on facebook and someone includes his or her name in a caption, ask that person to remove the name mentioning that you ’ ll be away from home that ’ s like putting a “ no one ’ s home ” sign on your door. wait until you get home to tell everyone how awesome your vacation was and be vague about the date of any trip. letting search engines find you to help prevent strangers from accessing your page, go to the search section of facebook ’ s privacy controls and select only friends for facebook search results. be sure the box for public search results isn ’ t checked. permitting youngsters to use facebook unsupervised facebook limits its members to ages 13 and over, but children younger than that do use it. if you have a young child or teenager on facebook, the best way to provide oversight is to become one of their online friends. use


click the study aids tab at the bottom of the book to access your study aids ( usually practice quizzes and flash cards ). study pass is our latest digital product that lets you take notes, highlight important sections of the text using different colors, create " tags " or labels to filter your notes and highlights, and print so you can study offline. study pass also includes interactive study aids, such as flash cards and quizzes. highlighting and taking notes : if you ' ve purchased the all access pass or study pass, in the online reader, click and drag your mouse to highlight text. when you do a small button appears – simply click on it! from there, you can select a highlight color, add notes, add tags, or any combination. if you ' ve purchased the all access pass, you can print each chapter by clicking on the downloads tab. if you have study pass, click on the print icon within study view to print out your notes and highlighted sections. to search, use the text box at the bottom of the book. click a search result to be taken to that chapter or section of the book ( note you may need to scroll down to get to the result ). view full student faqs 16. 4 suggested reading axilrod, stephen h. inside the fed : monetary policy and its management, martin through greenspan to bernanke. cambridge, ma : mit press, 2009. hetzel, robert l. the monetary policy of the federal reserve : a history. new york : cambridge university press, 2008. mishkin, frederic s. monetary policy strategy. cambridge, ma : mit press, 2007.


john the presbyter, author, also known as john the elder, said by some to have written some of the johannine books of the bible. to him also is attributed a coptic version of the life of saint pisentius, bishop of qift ( coptos ), dating from the mid - seventh century. the text has reached us in only one codex ( british museum, london, or. 7026, budge, 1910, pp. 75 - 127 ). the life of pisentius is made up of miraculous episodes ; these do not always appear in the same order in the different versions and may sometimes have additions or omissions — in some cases homiletic passages. de l. o ' leary ( 1930 ) identifies four versions : one in sahidic coptic, attributed to john the presbyter ; one in bohairic coptic, attributed to moses of qift ; and two in arabic, one shorter than the other. o ' leary also gives a careful summary of the versions. the text is clearly based on a preexisting collection of episodes, so that it is later than the version attributed to moses of qift. the main feature of the version attributed to john the presbyter is that it has the form of a real homily, with an added prologue, conclusion, and personal reflections by the author. these are of an encomiastic or moral nature, inserted between episodes or groups of episodes. the most interesting sections are the prologue ( which also discusses the literary justification for the work ), a digression on jacob, another on moses, to whom pisentius is compared, and a third on the oratorical skill of pisentius. click tabs to swap between content that is broken into logical sections.


[ editorial note : [... ] indicates use of coptic, greek, arabic, or egyptian text. original script is available for viewing in the pdf format of this article. ] sullam ( or scala ). the arabic term for a coptic - arabic dictionary is sullam ( ladder ; plural salalim ), because the words are arranged to the left ( coptic ) and the right ( arabic ) in a manner that gives the impression of a ladder ( latin scala ; coptic [... ] b, [... ] [... ] [... ] s ). coptic lexicography started at the same time as coptic grammar. anba yuhanna al - samannudi, the author of the first grammar, also wrote the first known coptic dictionary. anba yuhanna, who was bishop of samannud ( western delta ) in the middle of the thirteenth century, wrote al - sullam al - kana ’ isi ( or scala ecclesiastica ), of which two versions survive, sahidic ( munier, 1930, pp. 1 - 43 ) and bohairic, both found in many manuscripts ( graf, 1947, pp. 372 - 74 ). it is not a dictionary but a glossary of terms in biblical and liturgical books, mainly the new testament, a portion of the old testament, and some liturgical texts. the words are given with their arabic translation in the order in which they occur, except repetitions. the sullam begins with the gospel of st. john because of its easy style. anba yuhanna did not intend to write a dictionary in the modern sense of the term but a manual for his readers, to enable them to understand religious texts. the beginning of st. john ’ s gospel runs as follows : [... ] = fi, in ; [... ] = al - bady, the beginning ; [... ] = kan, kayin, was ; [... ] = al - kalimah, the word ( munier, 1930, p. 1 ). in the preface of his bulghat al - talibin ( freely translated as “ what seekers find ” ; bauer, 1972, pp. 303 - 306 ) he announced his intention to write a poem of the muthallath kind ( strophes with three rhymes ) on words pronounced in the same way but written differently, but this has not survived. abu ishaq ibn al - ‘


306 ) he announced his intention to write a poem of the muthallath kind ( strophes with three rhymes ) on words pronounced in the same way but written differently, but this has not survived. abu ishaq ibn al - ‘ assal ( full name al - mu ’ taman abu ishaq ibrahim ibn al - ‘ assal ), a member of the famous ‘ assal family ( mallon, 1906 - 1907 ), wrote a “ rhymed ” dictionary called al - sullam al - muqaffa wa - l - dhahab al - musaffa ( the rhymed dictionary and the purified gold ; kircher, 1643, pp. 273 - 495, not quite complete ). words are classified by the last letter, as in arabic dictionaries ( e. g., the sihah of al - jawhari ; sidarus, 1978, p. 129 ). the order is last letter, then first letter, and then second letter, as in [... ], leave her ; [... ], shirt ( = [... ] ) ; [... ], tambourine ; [... ], time ; (... ) [... ], except ( kircher, 1643, p. 443 ). also words with affixes are listed ; thus, [... ], i have put thee, and [... ], all of us, are found under [... ] and [... ]. as a matter of fact, their are no “ rhymes ” in his dictionary, as only the last letter is taken into consideration. his vocabulary is limited to religious texts ( graf, 1947, pp. 407 - 411 ). abu shakir ibn al - rahib ( full name al - nushu ’ abu shakir ibn butrus al - rahib, author of a grammar ( muqaddimah ), wrote another “ rhymed ” scala, which he finished in 1263 - 1264. he used a larger number of liturgical books and two ancient scalae, as is revealed in the preface of his book. his scala is lost. as a sullam muqaffa, or rhymed scala, it was arranged after the last letter of the words. it comprised two parts : simple word forms and words with prefixes and suffixes ( sidarus, 1978, p. 130 ). an independent work is the anonymous sa


or rhymed scala, it was arranged after the last letter of the words. it comprised two parts : simple word forms and words with prefixes and suffixes ( sidarus, 1978, p. 130 ). an independent work is the anonymous sahidic - arabic daraj as - sullam ( book of steps ), called in greek [... ] and in sahidic [... ] ( the rung of the ladder ; munier, 1930, pp. 67 - 249 ). its contents are as follows : chapter 1, miscellanea, as particles, prepositions, nouns, and verbal forms ; chapters 2 - 19, a classified part beginning with god, good qualities of men, the heavens, the earth, the sea and mountains, the whole universe ; chapters 20 - 23, various subjects ; chapters 24 - 26, words and sentences of the old testament ( lacking in al - samannudi ’ s scala ) ; chapter 27, “ difficult ” words ( hnlexic eumokh ibid., pp. 135 - 36 ). an anonymous greek - bohairic - arabic vocabulary of the vatican library ( hebbelynck and van lantschoot, 1937 - 1947, vol. 2, 82 - 85 ) arranges the words by first letter, as the oldest greek alphabetical dictionaries do : [... ], letter a ; [... ], [... ] ( sic ), unharmed ; [... ], injustice. there are two other copies in the national library in paris ( mallon, 1910, pp. 87 - 88 ), the first dated 1318 and the second from the fourteenth or fifteenth century. greek lexicography, like the coptic, began with the explanation of difficult passages as they occurred in the text. alphabetical arrangement was a relatively late development. the first alphabetical dictionary in the world was perhaps glaukias ’ lexicon, dating from 180 b. c. in the beginning, the alphabetical order was not strictly observed, for only the first letter was taken into consideration, and later the second and even the third. the lexicon by hesychius alexandrinus ( fifth or sixth century ad. ) was entirely alphabetical ( schwyzer, 1939, p. 29 ). so it seems that the alphabetical arrangement in coptic lexicography was an independent attempt to arrange words in alphabetical order. furthermore, the demotic “ alphabetical ”


entirely alphabetical ( schwyzer, 1939, p. 29 ). so it seems that the alphabetical arrangement in coptic lexicography was an independent attempt to arrange words in alphabetical order. furthermore, the demotic “ alphabetical ” word list had nothing to do with coptic classification, as there was no real alphabet with a fixed order of signs in demotic ( volten, 1952, pp. 496 - 508 ). the scalae hitherto published are not free of mistakes — mistakes of the author, the copyist, the editor, and the printer. here are but two examples : [... ] lioness ( b ) = al - labwa, which elsewhere ( s, b ) is [... ] bear ( fem. ), from greek [... ] ( masc. / fem. ) ( vycichl, 1983, p. 16 ), a confusion due to the fact that there were no bears in egypt. in this case the definite article has been put in twice : [... ] - [... ] - [... ], bohairic [... ] and sahidic [... ]. s [... ], basin for ablutions (? ) = al - kirnib ( munier, 1930, p. 174 ) — between al - mathara, vessel for ablutions, and satl ( = satl ), bucket, pail — should be spelt [... ] = greek [... ], water for ablution ( [... ], hand, before consonant [... ], [... ], to clean, from a pre - greek root [... ] ). in other cases, such as coptic manuscripts from the eighth century, the spelling of copto - greek ( chiefly ) words reflects phonetic changes of the spoken language. three well - known cases need to be mentioned. [... ] and [... ] are interchangeable : s [... ], liver = [... ] ( [... ] ). copto - greek [... ] = [... ], and sometimes vice versa : [... ], welcome ( greeting ) = [... ], be happy, and s [... ], 96 ( crum, 1939, p. 273 ) = phonetic


.. ], and sometimes vice versa : [... ], welcome ( greeting ) = [... ], be happy, and s [... ], 96 ( crum, 1939, p. 273 ) = phonetically * pset - ase. [... ] and [... ]. often interchange with transcribed [... ] and [... ] : thus, [... ], demon, genius = [... ], and [... ] ( munier, 1930, p. 165 ) = s [... ] ( ibid., p. 167 ) = [... ], cabbage. but there are other cases as well, such as insertions of an auxiliary vowel ( written [... ] ) in a three - consonant cluster : thus, s [... ], sow ( ibid., p. 113 ) = latin scrofa, and s [... ], vault of heaven = greek [... ], ball, vault of heaven. also [... ], sparrow, appears as s [... ], bird = [... ] ( ‘ usfur ) ( ibid., p. 114 ). the group ks ( [... ] ) was often pronounced nks in the final position and later, with an auxiliary vowel, - niks : [... ] whip, appears as s [... ] ( ibid., p. 171 ), still without auxiliary vowel, but [... ], appears as s [... ] ( ibid., p. 116 ), and [... ], wasp, is s [... ] instead of s [... ] ( ibid., p. 115 ). a similar case is s [... ], apocalypse, from [... ] today pronounced abu ghalamsis. the group [... ] is often written [... ], probably influenced by [... ] ( [... ] ), but, a frequent conjunction. thus, one finds s, b [... ], palace, from [... ] = latin palatium. s [... ], b [... ], pupil of the eye, is nothing else than s, b [... ], child


. ], palace, from [... ] = latin palatium. s [... ], b [... ], pupil of the eye, is nothing else than s, b [... ], child, in this case the “ girl of the eye ” as in egyptian [... ] wn. t im. t ir. t, the girl in the eye, or greek [... ], girl, pupil of eye ( vycichl, 1983, p. 7 ). the copto - greek words of the scalae often represent greek postclassical forms. b [... ], october, is neither latin, nor modern [... ] or a similar form, but a postclassical form. one can compare armenian hoktember and russian oktyabr ’ ( * oktembri ) there are four s words for “ water ” : [... ] ( [... ] ), [... ] ( [... ] ), [... ] ( [... ] ), and [... ] ( munier, 1930, p. 109 ). [... ] ( [... ] ) is the classical word ; [... ] ( [... ] ), literally “ the new, fresh one, ” is the current expression in modern greek ; [... ] ( nama ) is “ running water ” ; and p - [... ] is the autochthonous coptic word for “ water ” ( s ). [... ] and [... ] are translated ( az - zalzalah ), the earthquake ( ibid., p. 107 ). the etymologies are quite clear : [... ] + [... ], earthquake, and the autochthonous coptic form derives from s [... ], to move, and the old word s [... ], earth. this s [... ] is another word than old coptic [... ], creator of the earth ( vycichl, 1983, p. 82 ). s [... ], the pictures = arabic ( as - suwar ) ( munier, 1930, p. 122 ) derives from greek [... ], little picture ( stephanus, 1831 - 1865, vol. 4, p. 42


.. ], the pictures = arabic ( as - suwar ) ( munier, 1930, p. 122 ) derives from greek [... ], little picture ( stephanus, 1831 - 1865, vol. 4, p. 42 : “ imaguncula vel protome ” ). the copto - greek form is influenced by greek [... ], harbor. another problem is [... ], he - ass = al - himar, and [... ], she - ass = al - atanah ( munier, 1930, p. 112 ). the normal spelling of these words would be [... ] ( accusative ) and [... ] ( neuter nominative or accusative ) ; compare modern greek [... ], ass, and [... ], little ass ( demetrakos, 1936, vol. 3, p. 1535 ). the word occurs in egyptian greek as [... ], donkey, in a text of the sixth or seventh century ad. ( grenfell and hunt, 1901, p. 153 ). also [... ] occurs in modern greek ( ibid. ). coptic vocabularies reveal that in some cases names of animals are derived from names of the corresponding egyptian ( theriomorphic ) gods. a name of the crocodile was [... ] ( crum, 1939, p. 63 ) = at - timsah, wrongly = at - tirsah, turtle ( kircher, 1643, p. 171 ), but the same word occurs as [... ], soul of ephot, in a greek - coptic glossary = [... ] ( bell and crum, 1925, p. 197 ). according to epiphanius, the egyptians called crocodiles [... ] from egyptian nfr [... ] tp, epithet of several gods, not only suchos ( vycichl, 1983, p. 49 ). the initial n was considered the plural article — thus, b [... ], crocodile. in the chapter on languages and peoples one reads b [... ] ( assyrios ) = [... ] ( suryani ), syrian, ( kircher, 1643, p. 80 ). this translation is due to an old confusion between syria and assyria ( cannuyer, 1985,


assyrios ) = [... ] ( suryani ), syrian, ( kircher, 1643, p. 80 ). this translation is due to an old confusion between syria and assyria ( cannuyer, 1985, p. 133 ) and not to a misunderstanding, for as with armenian asorikh, asorestan is northern syria, because of the “ assyrian christians ” in the region of edessa ( froundjian, 1952, p. 58 ), so called after their coreligionists in assyria, the northern part of mesopotamia. another strange term is [... ], armenian ( kircher, 1643, p. 80 ). this is of course a mistake. the preceding word is [... ], georgian ( compare persian gurji ). so b [... ] stands for * [... ] an iberian, because [... ], a people of the caucasus, are considered the ancestors of the georgians. they descend from iber, and iberos is attested as a personal name ( [... ] ). one must read [... ], a georgian. coptic glossaries were highly appreciated in the middle ages and even in modern times as they permitted their readers access to the sense of the holy scriptures in coptic. the situation is however somewhat different for modern scholars. they prefer to collect words in religious sources from original texts and not from secondhand glossaries. but ordered lexicons containing words from daily life are constantly referred to, mainly for natural history, geography, and, of course, dictionaries ( crum, 1939 ; vycichl, 1983 ). these lexicons were written at a time when coptic, both sahidic and bohairic, had undergone major changes, phonetically and lexically. the spoken language was full of arabic words, as one can see from a medical papyrus ( chassinat, 1921 ) or a treatise on alchemy ( stern, 1885 ). there seem to be only very few words of arabic origin in the scalae ; for example, b [... ], rice ( kircher, 1643, p. 194 ) modern arabic ar - ruzz, a medieval and modern form of urz ( with many variants ) from greek [... ]. another word is s [... ], almond ( munier, 1930, p. 164 ), from arabic jillawz,


on? ” in regard to the holocaust. “ any people who have suffered near total annihilation should be assured that for eternity their loss will be remembered, ” he said. the opening ceremony also included students from waterdown district high school and st. jean de brebeuf catholic high school speaking about the exhibits, which were housed at the schools for one month before moving to the temple. students were trained as docents, and hundreds of community members and students toured the exhibits. weisz, 82, was a hidden child in holland. her father was killed, as were 42 of her close relatives. her two step - siblings were also hidden. her mom survived by lying about being jewish. in may 1943, weisz escaped on her own into hiding. she estimates she hid in 36 different places, having to flee many times after being betrayed. she was often in one room by herself with just one book to keep her company. “ i read ben hur so many times, ” she said while touring the exhibit. “ often there was a bible. i became quite the expert in the new testament. ” once, one of the daughters living in a home where she was hiding was dating a police officer. he warned the family that police would be coming around that evening. that night, weisz spent hours hiding in a ditch on top of a mountain and watched many children being taken away. she remembers how she felt when she was liberated in april 1945. “ i was so sure cruelty like that would never happen again, ” she said. “ but of course, it has. ” weisz married her husband, erich, in holland, and they moved to canada in 1954. they had two children. after living in vancouver, toronto and barrie, they settled in hamilton in 1961.


one of my favorite science fiction ideas is in a short story called light of other days about something called “ slow glass. ” light took decades to pass through. in this story, the idea was that people could buy glass windows that took so long for the light to pass through, that they could nostalgically watch long gone scenes, such as their children playing outside as toddlers long after they had gone off to college, or green fields with horses where now ugly cities grew. it was about the speed of light. here is a concept that is similar. instead of slow windows, it is slow walls. ravenbrick has made a nanotech wall that can slow down the day ’ s heat coming into a building. using phase - changing material at the molecular level, you get to transfer the warmth of the sun ’ s heat from the afternoon well into the night. ravenbrick makes several clean tech materials for building that greatly reduce energy needs, most notably windows that turn off the sun, like sage electrochromics windows do. the one that is new to me is this “ slow wall ”. they claim that their glass - clad smart wall : ravenskin could literally reduce your heating bill to zero! ( coupled with good building design, of course, you can ’ t expect a zero bill if you put leaky windows in their wall! ) their wall can delay solar heat gain from hot afternoons, to later that night, when you need it more. this helps regulate the internal temperatures of buildings. it has excellent r - values to begin with ( r - 11 or more ) so it insulates like a normal wall limiting the conduction and convection of heat. the magic – or science fiction – part is achieved by converting incoming sunlight to infrared, and then directing the flow of energy inward only when you want it to come through the walls. the problem with super well - insulated buildings is that sometimes you do want the suns heat getting in, and regular insulated walls are dumb walls that don ’ t know when to send the heat in and when to shut it out. the smart wall knows because you can tell it. susan kraemer writes at cleantechnica, csp - today, pv - insider, smartgridupdate and greenprophet and has been published at ecoseed, nrdc onearth, matternetwork, celsius, energynow and scientific american. as a former serial entrepreneur in product design she brings an innovator ' s perspective on inventing a carbon - constrained civilization :


benefits of touch typing on task performance : i assume that when comparing skilled individuals, two handed touch typing on a traditional keyboard is faster, more reliable, and more automatic, than the other methods of text input that you mention ( e. g., phone or tablet keyboards ). these advantages are discussed here. - faster input means that ideas can be expressed more quickly. - visual attention does not need to be allocated to the keyboard which permits more attention to be placed on the content or the screen. - the greater reliability and automaticity mean that less attention needs to be allocated to the task of typing than to other methods. - a more consistent keyboard layout across devices further justifies the investment in learning touch typing. for further discussion of the cognitive and performance benefits of skilled touch typing, check out yechiam et al ( 2003 ). discussing the benefits of touch typing over visual typing, they state : one main distinction of the touch - typing strategy appears to be the ability to look at the screen while typing and to devote a minimal level of visual search to the keyboard ( cooper, 1983 ). this ability is gained through the memorization of key positions and finger trajectories, which makes touch - typing a difficult skill to acquire. other differences between touch - typing and visually guided typing include touch typists ' ( a ) use of all fingers of both hands, as opposed to the use of one hand of only some of the fingers ; ( b ) fixed assignment of fingers to keys ; ( c ) reduced arm movements ; and ( d ) fixed locations of the palms ( crooks, 1964 ). broader cognitive benefits of touch typing : while i have not read any specific research testing the idea, i think the benefits of touch typing relate to its superiority as a text entry method and not as some broader tool for brain integration. a large body of research on psychomotor and cognitive performance suggests that transfer across disparate domains tends to be minimal. the domains would need to have some overlapping elements. more broadly, there is a strong link between unemployment and depression ( e. g., frese & mohr, 1987 ). engaging in meaningful or enjoyable activity might help improve mood in some cases ( e. g., juggling, mastering some other new skill ). however, i don ' t think the mechanism of that mood improvement would be hemispheric brain balancing. - cooper, w. e. ( 1983 ). introduction. in w. e. cooper ( ed. ), cognitive aspects of skilled typewriting


a trio of superstar health innovators have a message for the broken u. s health care system : broaden the definition of health to include basic life necessities, bring care to where people live and study how it ’ s done in poor countries where you can ’ t always rely on expensive tests and drugs to make people better. the persuasive new report on “ re - aligning health with care ” is written by harvard doctors paul farmer ( co - founder of the medical nonprofit partners in health ) and heidi behforouz ( executive director of the prevention and access to care and treatment [ pact ] program ) and rebecca onie, ceo of the nonprofit health leads. in it, they argue that with some rethinking, the u. s. can deliver better care at a lower price. they lay out the central problem here : the health care system is in crisis, driven chiefly by escalating costs, suboptimal health outcomes, scarce primary care resources, and rising poverty. at the same time … a growing number of health providers around the globe have learned to deliver high - quality health care at low cost. now we need to align our resources in the united states to bring this knowledge fully to bear in saving dollars and lives. sounds great, but how to do it? the key, they write in the summer 2012 edition of the stanford social innovation review is to change the way we view the “ product ” of health care, the places it ’ s delivered and the providers who dole out patient care. health includes basic needs the authors cite a 2007 study at johns hopkins medical center in which 98 percent of pediatric residents said that referring well - child patients for help with basic needs could improve the children ’ s health. “ but how many of those residents routinely screened their patients for food sufficiency? only 11 percent. ” the moral : health care is much bigger than just prescribing medicine. this is the founding principle of rebecca onie ’ s health leads, a group that recruits student volunteers to support doctors prescribing food, heat and other basics to low - income patients. in brazil, they deal with this problem through a program that routinely sends low - income children home after hospitalizations with resources to make sure they have access to nutrition, sanitation and psychological support, the paper notes. but in the u. s., the current system provides few incentives to connect patients with basic needs. for example, the authors write that medicaid reimbursements are specifically


access to nutrition, sanitation and psychological support, the paper notes. but in the u. s., the current system provides few incentives to connect patients with basic needs. for example, the authors write that medicaid reimbursements are specifically forbidden when it comes to getting patients plugged in to social services, or helping them obtain food stamps or energy assistance. health workers in the community paul farmer is an authority on radically rethinking where care is provided. in haiti ’ s central plateau, with just one doctor for every 50, 000 people, farmer helped pioneer the concept of paying community health workers, or accompagnateurs, to visit the homes of patients to make sure they take their medicines, but also attend to other critical needs, like transportation, shoddy housing and emotional support. based on this model, the pact program was launched in boston to serve the sickest and most vulnerable hiv - positive and chronically ill patients in the city. that model, in turn, has expanded to help other poor, chronically sick patients who live in “ the shadow of harvard ’ s finest hospitals. ” beyond the m. d. by expanding the ranks of community health workers, the authors note, doctors, nurses, social workers and other professionals can “ practice to the top of their license ” and spend more time doing what they ’ re trained to do. this “ task - shifting ” also saves money and reduces inefficiencies. the paper concludes : it is by no means a new discovery that poverty and poor health are linked or that health resources are more likely to be used if they are offered conveniently to the recipient, or that a goal as complex and ambitious as “ health ” can be effectively pursued only with a multidisciplinary team of workers. but what ’ s new is this : the u. s. health care system has reached a tipping point. reform is in the air with primary care especially positioned for transformation. “ health ” is a bold, expansive aspiration. let ’ s make sure what we call “ health care ” is broad enough to get the job done.


nasa / jpl - caltech / stsci / esa this image of a pair of colliding galaxies called ngc 6240 shows them in a rare, short - lived phase of their evolution just before they merge into a single, larger galaxy. click on the image for a larger version. nothing draws a crowd like a spectacular crash - whether it ' s a nascar auto race or a galactic collision. over the past month, internet users voted for a cosmic smash - up as their favorite target for a future close - up from the hubble space telescope, and this week you can feast your eyes on two fantastic images of galaxies in gridlock. the first " train wreck " comes from nasa ' s spitzer space telescope. this is a biggie : two huge galaxies, each anchored by a central black hole that ' s millions of times as massive as the sun, are moving toward an imminent pile - up. exactly how imminent? millions of years after the scene captured in this image - a time span that ' s a mere blink of the eye on the cosmic scale. " one of the most exciting things about the image is that this object is unique, " stephanie bush of the harvard - smithsonian center for astrophysics, says in a news release about the observations. " merging is a quick process, especially when you get to the train wreck that is happening. there just aren ' t many galactic mergers at this stage in the nearby universe. " spitzer ' s image of ngc 6240, which is 400 million light - years away in the constellation ophiuchus, highlights the bursts of infrared radiation as the dust and gas from the two galaxies slam together. all that pressure creates new generations of hot stars, blazing away in infrared wavelengths even though the radiation in visible wavelengths is obscured by dust clouds. because of this phenomenon, these starry swirls are known as luminous infrared galaxies. in the news release, the spitzer science team point to the streams of stars being ripped off the galaxies - " tidal tails " that extend into space in all directions. and this is just the warmup act : bush and her colleagues expect the galactic black holes to hit head - on. that would upgrade ngc 6240 ' s status to that of an ultra - luminous infrared galaxy, thousands of times as bright in infrared as our own milky way. the findings are detailed in the astrophysical journal. in addition to bush, the paper ' s co - authors include zhong wang, margarita karovska and giovanni fazio, all of the harvard - smithsonian


in infrared as our own milky way. the findings are detailed in the astrophysical journal. in addition to bush, the paper ' s co - authors include zhong wang, margarita karovska and giovanni fazio, all of the harvard - smithsonian center for astrophysics. this week ' s other galactic crash was witnessed by the european southern observatory ' s very large telescope in chile. two galaxies are piling into each other 70 million light - years away in the constellation libra, and just as in the case of ngc 6240, the clashing clouds of gas and dust are sparking waves of stellar fireworks. | this color composite image from the eso very large telescope in chile shows arp 261. click on the picture for a larger version. these galaxies, collectively known as arp 261, aren ' t as big as the monsters in ngc 6240. they ' re on the scale of dwarf galaxies, similar to the magellanic clouds orbiting the milky way. in this week ' s image advisory, the eso says the focus of research in this picture actually isn ' t the wide - screen view of smashing galaxies, but a detailed look at an unusually long - lasting, x - ray - emitting supernova. this image adds little white bars to highlight the location of the supernova. the picture also includes other objects at a wide range of distances. if you click on a higher - resolution view, you ' ll be able to make out a sprinkling of background galaxies on the right side of the picture. those galaxies may be 50 to 100 times farther away than arp 261, the eso says. toward the top left corner of the picture, you can see two red - green - blue streaks. those are two small asteroids in our solar system ' s main asteroid belt. the streaks are multicolored because the eso ' s picture was taken through different color filters - and the asteroids were moving through the telescope field even as the exposures were switched from one filter to the next. correction for 3 : 30 p. m. et march 18 : i fixed a bad link to the saturn transit story... sorry about that! after reading all the perceptive comments below, i ' ve also edited the item to straighten something out about the timing of events at ngc 6240. we will likely see an even more spectacular pile - up there millions of years from now, but because the galaxies are so distant, and because the speed of light is finite, that phase of the pile - up will have


since its origin, the scouting program has been an educational experience concerned with values. in 1910, the first activities for scouts were designed to build character, physical fitness, practical skills, and service. these elements were part of the original cub scout program and continue to be part of cub scouting today character development should extend into every aspect of a boy ' s life. character development should also extend into every aspect of cub scouting. cub scout leaders should strive to use cub scouting ' s 12 core values throughout all elements of the program — service projects, ceremonies, games, skits, songs, crafts, and all the other activities enjoyed at den and pack meetings cub scouting ' s 12 core values contributing service and showing responsibility to local, state, and national communities. being kind and considerate, and showing concern for the well - being of others. being helpful and working together with others toward a common goal being brave and doing what is right regardless of our fears, the difficulties, or the consequences. having inner strength and confidence based on our trust in god. | | health and fitness : being personally committed to keeping our minds and bodies clean and fit. telling the truth and being worthy of trust. sticking with something and not giving up, even if it is difficult. being cheerful and setting our minds to look for and find the best in all situations. using human and other resources to their fullest. showing regard for the worth of something or someone. fulfilling our duty to god, country, other people, and ourselves. | 12 core values and the scout law boy scouts learn and strive to live by the scout law : a scout is trustworthy, loyal, helpful, friendly, courteous, kind, obedient, cheerful, thrifty, brave, clean, and reverent many of the core values of cub scouting relate directly to the scout law : | health and fitness character can be defined as the collection of core values by an individual that leads to moral commitment and action. character development should challenge cub scouts to experience core values in six general areas : god, world, country, community, family, and self. character is " values in action. " the goals of the cub scout leader are - to seek out and maximize the many opportunities to incorporate character development - to convince the young cub scout that character is important to the individual, to his family, community, country, world, and god character development should not be viewed as something done occasionally as part of a separate program, or as part of only one area of life. for in reality


that character is important to the individual, to his family, community, country, world, and god character development should not be viewed as something done occasionally as part of a separate program, or as part of only one area of life. for in reality, character development is a part of everything a cub scout does. character development lessons can be found in every aspect of the cub scouting experience. when it comes to developing character, the complete person must be considered. character development involves at least three critical areas : - know ( thought ) - commit ( feeling ) - practice ( behavior ) in cub scouting, addressing these three critical areas and relating them to values is referred to as character connections. character connections asks the cub scout to : character development includes moral knowledge — both awareness and reasoning. for example, children must understand what honesty means and they must be able to reason about and interpret each situation, and then decide how to apply the principles of honesty. what do i think or know about the core value? how does the context of this situation affect this core value? what are some historical, literary, or religious examples representing the core value? character development includes attention to moral motivation. children must be committed to doing what they know is right. they must be able to understand the perspectives of others, to consider how others feel, and to develop an active moral conscience. why is this core value important? what makes living out this core value different? what will it take to live out this core value? character development includes the development of moral habits through guided practice. children need opportunities to practice the social and emotional skills necessary for doing what is right but difficult, and to experience the core values in their lives. how can i act according to this core value? how do i live out this core value? how can i practice this value at school, at home, and with my friends? to make character connections an integral part of cub scouting, the 12 core values are being integrated throughout the boys ' handbooks and advancement program. program support for character development can be found in cub scout program helps, in the cub scout leader book, and at your monthly roundtable meetings. - core values are the basis of good character development. - character must be broadly defined to include thinking, feeling, and behavior. - core values should be promoted throughout all phases of life.


| domestic violence is spousal / partner relationship violence between adults. family violence is not ok, it creates a fearful environment for every member of the family. if there are children in the home where domestic violence is occurring, even if the children are not being battered, they are being exposed to violence and are suffering from emotional abuse, which is reportable child abuse. - 10 million children every year witness domestic violence abuse. - an abused, battered person may leave and go back seven or more times before - staying with the abuser for the sake of children is wrong. - children model your behavior. - children deserve a childhood free from violence. as difficult as it is to listen to this tape, think about these children. this is reality for these children. this is reportable child abuse. if you are aware of children or adolescents who are living in a domestic violent home, please call your local ( c. p. s. ) child protective services hotline and request they investigate. if anyone you know is in imminent danger from domestic violence, call 911 please visit these websites to become better educated about domestic violence and abuse : - the national domestic violence hotline : 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 ( 1 - 800 - 799 - safe ) or tty - 1 - 800 - 707 - 3224 - the national sexual assault hotline : - the national teen dating abuse hotline :


i ’ ve just watched the last instalment of dan snow ’ s latest series. after trafalgar the royal navy was riding the crest of a wave. dominant in all of the world ’ s oceans, the ironclad era and the advent of engine propulsion spurred it on to new heights. but away from the ships, a sea change too place in the culture of those who served in the royal navy. whilst still worshipping the memory of nelson, officers began to place obedience far above initiative – the value that nelson had tried to instill among his captains. as the navy became the darling of british society, it also became more stratified socially, which stifled meritocracy. one man in the early twentieth century tried to change all of this. admiral jackie fisher became first sea lord with a comprehensive plan to modernise all aspects of the royal navy. his mantra was ‘ if you want peace, prepare for war ’ – put simply, he wanted to make the royal navy so large and so powerful, that no - one would dare challenge it. soon 25 % of all government expenditure was being spent on the navy. chief among this spending was the new class of battleship – the dreadnought. far better armed and armoured than any ship previously, she rendered all other ships virtually obsolete. an arms race developed in europe, with the kaiser ’ s germany attempting to challenge british naval supremacy. although the german navy had less than half the amount of dreadnoughts as britain, in 1916 the german fleet attempted to draw the british grand fleet into battle. although the grand fleet suffered heavy losses at jutland, the battle was a strategic victory for the british – the sheer amount of ships flying the white ensign prevented the germans from challenging them again. the british failings at jutland had been caused by a slowness to adapt to the new technology of battle – poor communications combined with rigid obedience led to ships failing to act decisively, and un - necessary losses. although jutland led to bursting of the 100 year ‘ trafagar bubble ’, it also shook the royal navy out of its complacency. never the less, after the first world war britain was no longer the world ’ s dominant naval power. this episode ends the series nicely, but i do feel that it concludes very abruptly. british naval power did not suddenly end after 1918 – the size of the royal navy in 1940 still prevented nazi germany from invading britain. i would argue that it was through the symbolic loss of the royal oak, the hood


determining death, when minutes matter death, so the maxim goes, is one of life ' s certainties. but in this era of high - tech medical interventions, determining the precise moment of death isn ' t always cut - and - dried. that determination is vitally important, however, when the deceased could be an organ donor. organs : medical experts all around the world are now taking a closer look at the length of time doctors should wait to determine death before organs are removed for transplantation. one of those experts is dr. james bernat, a dartmouth neurologist and a national authority on medical ethics. most vital organ transplants come from donors after they ' ve experienced brain death. " the brain - dead donor is the ideal organ donor because circulation continues, " bernat explains. " so the organs are perfused by the beating heart up to the very moment that they ' re procured. " over the last two decades, however, " donation after circulatory death " ( dcd ) has become increasingly common. in such cases, organs are removed from deceased donors some period of time after their hearts stop beating and their blood stops circulating. dcd, bernat says, " has become a very common phenomenon that now represents 20 to 25 percent of all deceased organ donation. " in the u. s. and canada, dcd protocols allow for organ transplantation in " controlled " situations, in which circulatory death occurs after the donor has been removed from life support. in controlled situations, doctors know exactly what interventions and medications the donor received before death — but even so, uncertainties remain. the most pressing question is how long doctors should wait after the heart has stopped before removing organs. in some situations, auto - resuscitation — the spontaneous return of a heartbeat — can occur after a person ' s heart has stopped beating. so a surgeon must wait long enough to ensure that the patient has died, but not so long that the organs begin to decay. heart : according to bernat, some hospitals wait just 65 seconds after the heart stops beating before organs are removed. others wait 5 minutes or more. " individual hospitals that start programs in dcd develop their own protocols, " he explains. " the whole thing is kind of ad hoc, and it cries out for some kind of national standards. " after circulation stops, a waiting period of 2 to 5 minutes is prudent. in an attempt to establish standards, bernat convened a group of experts from across the u. s


, and it cries out for some kind of national standards. " after circulation stops, a waiting period of 2 to 5 minutes is prudent. in an attempt to establish standards, bernat convened a group of experts from across the u. s. and canada in late 2008 at the request of the health resources services administration, a division of the department of health and human services. their recommendations were published in critical care medicine a few months ago. bernat and his colleagues urge that the cessation of circulation, not just heartbeat, be used to determine death for dcd. after circulation stops, a waiting period of 2 to 5 minutes before removing organs is a prudent choice given current data, the group stated. that recommendation applies specifically to controlled situations. many european countries allow for dcd in uncontrolled situations. in those cases, the deceased donor has suffered cardiac arrest, often outside a hospital, and can ' t be revived. the u. s. may consider uncontrolled dcd protocols in the future, bernat says. his group hopes to meet again to discuss death determination in those instances. standards : bernat decries the fact " that doctors practicing in one state are using different standards of death determination than in another state. there ' s really a pressing need, " bernat concludes, " for some type of standardization. " if you ' d like to offer feedback about these articles, we ' d welcome getting your comments at dartmed @ dartmouth. edu. these articles may not be reproduced or reposted without permission. to inquire about permission, contact dartmed @ dartmouth. edu.