pioneering astronomer and physicist sir bernard lovell has died aged 98. sir bernard, who was born near bristol and studied in the city, was the founder of university of manchester ' s jodrell bank observatory. jodrell bank and the surrounding cheshire countryside is dominated by the lovell radio telescope, which was conceived by sir bernard. professor brian cox, who knew sir bernard, said he was " an inquisitive scientist all the way ". a book of condolence has been opened at the observatory ' s discovery centre. sir bernard was born in oldland common, gloucestershire, in 1913 and studied at the university of bristol before joining the university of manchester ' s department of physics in 1936. during world war ii he led a team developing radar technology, for which he was later awarded an obe. following the war, he returned to the university and set about planning the observatory. his iconic 76m ( 249ft ) telescope was completed in 1957. within days of it becoming operational, it tracked the rocket that carried sputnik 1 into orbit. the structure remains the third largest steerable telescope in the world and plays a key role in global research on pulsating stars, testing extreme physics theories including einstein ' s general theory of relativity. the telescope and his other contributions to radio astronomy led to him being knighted in 1961. lord martin rees, astronomer royal, said : " bernard lovell ranks as one of the great visionary leaders of science. " he had the boldness and self - confidence to conceive a giant radio telescope, and the persistence to see it through to completion, despite the risk of bankruptcy. " what is even more remarkable is that, more than 50 years later, this instrument ( after several upgrades ) is still doing ' frontier ' science. " i recall the celebrations of the telescope ' s 50th anniversary in 2007. lovell, though nearly blind, played a full part in the festivities and made a superb speech. " he rightly took great pride in this lasting monument. " a spokesman for the university said sir bernard was " warm and generous ". he said the astronomer had " retained a keen interest in the development of science at jodrell bank and beyond, " and added : " indeed he continued to come in to work at the observatory until quite recently when ill health intervened. " sir bernard was also an accomplished musician, a keen cricketer and an internationally - renowned arboriculturalist who created an arboretum at jodrell bank. he is survived by four of his five children, 14 grandchildren and


presenting - ' amasia ', the next supercontinent! ever since earth has been in existence there have been the formation and breaking apart of many supercontinents - while pangaea, that existed between 150 - 300 million years ago is the most well - known, prior to that was nuna ( 1. 8 billion years ago ), rodina ( 1 billion years ago ) and many more that cannot be verified because 2 billion year - old rocks containing evidence of magnetic fields, are hard to find. and while most scientists are in agreement that rodina, nuna and pangaea did exist, there is very little consensus on the continents they comprised of - some experts believe that they were the same ones, while others think that the wandering landmasses reassembled on the opposite sides each time - about 180° away from where the previous supercontinent had come together. now, a group of geologists led by yale university graduate student ross mitchell have a new theory - they think that each supercontinent came together about 90° from its predecessor. that is, the geographic center of rodina was about 88° away from the center of nuna, whilst the center of panagea, believed to have been located near modern - day africa, was about 88° away from the center from its super giant predecessor, rodina. these calculations that were reported earlier this year were based not only on the paleolatitude ( the latitude of a place at some time in the past, measured relative to the earth ' s magnetic poles in the same period ) of the ancient supercontinents, but also, for the first time the paleolongitude, that ross measured by estimating how the locations of the earth ' s magnetic poles have changed through time. while the theory is interesting, what is even more so is that the team has also come up with a model of the next supercontinent. if their estimates are accurate, over the next few hundred million years, the tectonic plates under the americas and asia will both drift northward and merge. this means that modern day north and south america will come together and become one giant landmass, displacing the caribbean sea completely. a similar movement in eurasia ( australia and south eastern asia ) will cause the arctic ocean to disappear causing the continents to fuse with canada. the result? a ginormous continent that they call ' amasia '. the one thing that is not too clear is if antarctica will be part of this


advice for parents of add / adhd children in the united states, 17 million children are diagnosed with attention deficit disorder, and oftentimes it is accompanied by hyperactivity. dr. phil and dr. frank lawlis, author of the add answer, offer advice for parents whose children are diagnosed with the disorder. educate yourself about add. in his book, dr. lawlis explains that an add diagnosis is not a sign of inferior intelligence or a handicap. it does not result in a damaged personality, criminal tendencies, or immoral behavior. add is not necessarily a learning disability or a mark of mental immaturity, although such conditions can coexist with add. much of the time, the problems of add are related to the brain performing at lowered, subdued ranges. obtain a proper diagnosis. many times, parents are quick to make evaluations of their children ' s unruly behavior. " i always look for other reasons, other causation, whenever i see behavior spinning out of control, " dr. phil explains. the symptoms a child exhibits may be caused by factors such as divorce, death of a parent, or a change in school and living situation. there are at least two well - documented ways to determine if your child has a neurologically based disorder of add or adhd : a spectrogram or an eeg can identify specific patterns in certain parts of your child ' s brain. examine your parenting style. is the child more difficult with one parent than with the other? it could be that your parenting style is contributing to the problem. parents need to have a unified front that they both can stand behind and enforce. you must support one another in your actions and discipline. look at ways that you can change your child ' s environment, including avoiding fights in front of the kids or reacting to your child differently. don ' t feel guilty about disciplining your child. dr. phil tells one mom whose child suffers from adhd : " you have to be willing to visit the structure. you have to be willing to bring the predictability, the consistency and the discipline. it ' s not something you should feel guilty about ; you should feel guilty if you don ' t do it because he needs the structure. he needs the guidance. he needs the order. he needs the rhythm. he needs all of the things that are necessary to give him a chance to have a flow to his life. " know all the facts before giving your child medication to treat add. dr. phil and dr. lawlis


. he needs the rhythm. he needs all of the things that are necessary to give him a chance to have a flow to his life. " know all the facts before giving your child medication to treat add. dr. phil and dr. lawlis both agree that we are overmedicating our children. in his book, the add answer, dr. lawlis asks, " are we using drugs to control our children ' s behavior instead of being responsible parents? when we teach our children at a young age to rely on medications, i fear that we are in danger of creating a generation of pill poppers as a result. " also, medication is only about 50 percent effective, and it decreases in effectiveness from the day your child starts taking them. dr. phil clarifies his views about medication for add : " if it ' s working for you and your children against a backdrop of responsible parenting, then good for you and you shouldn ' t substitute my judgment or anyone else ' s for your own. " monitor your child ' s diet. " the brain doesn ' t necessarily use all the foods we give it in the best way, and actually the rawer the food, the more natural the food, the easier it is for the brain to metabolize it and use it for its use. so when you create a food that ' s not natural, that ' s been fried or created with a great deal of heat, it just doesn ' t work as well, " dr. lawlis explains. click here to take dr. lawlis ' audit for diet - related symptoms of add. consider alternative options. children can learn to control their brain activity to the point that it can affect their add or adhd. the symptoms of add can be controlled through biofeedback, computer images and sounds that show what ' s going on in the brain. ( dr. lawlis devotes a whole chapter to this in his book, the add answer ). this approach is not an absolute cure for every aspect of add. however, it has worked well in helping children learn to control disruptive racing thoughts and impulsive behaviors that impair the ability to focus and concentrate. it offers therapies that help add children learn to control basic other reactions, such as heart rate and cardiovascular activity.


— copyright dorothy sloan 2013 — early railroad map of missouri & eastern kansas very rare pocket map 389. [ map ]. wells, j [ ohn ] g [ aylord ]. wells ’ new rail road and township map of missouri and eastern kansas from the latest government surveys. j. g. wells, 11 beekman st. new york. 1857. scale of miles... explanation [ with symbols ] state capital. county towns. rail roads. proposed rail roads. [ pictorial seal ] great seal of the state of missouri [ below lower neat line at left ] lith. v. keil 181 william st. n. y. [ centered below lower ornamental border ] entered according to act of congress, in the year 1857, by j. g. wells, in the clerk ’ s office of the district court of the southern district of new york. new york, 1857. lithograph map of eastern kansas, all of missouri, and parts of indian territory, nebraska, iowa, arkansas, and illinois, printed on bank note paper, full hand coloring, borders in bright rose pink, ornate border of grapes, grape leaves, native american portrait in oval at each corner ; neat line to neat line : 42. 8 x 63 cm ; border to border : 51 x 71 cm ; overall sheet size : 60 x 79 cm ; folded into original green embossed cloth ( 14. 7 x 9. 5 cm ), title lettered in gilt on upper cover ( wells ’ new map of missouri and eastern kansas ), printed yellow endpaper affixed to inside upper cover ( wells ’ list of new publications ). mild age toning to map, a few stains at top left, clean splits at a few folds ( no losses ), overall a fine copy with brilliant color. uncommon ( one copy of the 1858 edition located by oclc, university of virginia at charlottesville ). first edition. not in modelski ’ s railroad bibliographies, or other standard sources. railroads began to be important in the region in the late 1850s, but ironically, the only railroad shown on this map is the pacific railroad line between st. louis ( “ the gateway to the west ” ) and jefferson city, with shorter trunk lines to the north and south of st. louis. slowly the emigrant and other trails were being replaced by railroad tracks. on the other hand, several proposed lines are indicated, such as one from jefferson city to kansas city, and another from keosauqua, iowa, to kansas


. louis. slowly the emigrant and other trails were being replaced by railroad tracks. on the other hand, several proposed lines are indicated, such as one from jefferson city to kansas city, and another from keosauqua, iowa, to kansas city. tooley lists cartographer j. g. wells ( 1821 - 1880 ) but notes only one map ( ohio ) by him. other located publications indicate that he was active principally in 1857. circa 1856, wells published a map of kansas and nebraska. in 1857 wells published an extraordinary amount of material, such as pocket guides for iowa ( howes w250 ), nebraska ( howes w251 ), and popular guides, such as wells ’ national hand - book, and even a book on how to be your own attorney. other maps by wells in 1857 include new sectional map of minnesota ( 1857 ) ; new sectional map of kansas ( 1857 ) ; kansas and nebraska ( 1857 ) ; new sectional map of nebraska ( sold at our auction 20 in 2007 @ $ 8, 225 ). he also published an undated panoramic map of the civil war in the 1860s ( one copy located at university of virginia at charlottesville ). the list of wells ’ forty publications on the front pastedown is impressive. the mysterious wells ’ cartographic output was short - lived and vigorous, and all his maps are very rare. dsrb home | e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org


jerry mcbride / durango herald delta – in a climate - controlled warehouse here, colorado parks and wildlife, much like a squirrel storing acorns for hard times, is putting away seeds of native plants and grasses for forest restoration and wildlife habitat improvement. “ we have three mixes here, maybe 15 species in all, that are going to grand junction for aerial reseeding in the area burned by the pine ridge fire last summer, ” jim garner, a habitat biologist, said last week while moving pallets of seed bags with a forklift onto a truck. the seed mixes, concocted for what will best fit steep slopes, harsh soil and general burn conditions, are among the estimated 140, 000 pounds of seed that will be dropped on the pine ridge burn area. the recently opened 9, 000 - square - foot seed repository, built at a cost of $ 1. 2 million, is on a mesa in the escalante wildlife area about six miles west of delta. the seed warehouse is an effort to be proactive instead of reactive, garner said. “ we used to buy seed when we needed it, ” garner said. “ but we were subject to the market price. ” as the size, intensity and frequency of wildfires across the west grew, forest officials began to look to the long - range future, garner said. it was clear that stocking up on seeds would avoid scrambling when they were needed for reseeding, he said. reseeding helps hold off the invasion of non - native species of plants, garner said. increased recreation and energy exploration can transport non - natives on vehicles. the state agency collects seeds or acquires them from collectors and companies, then sends them to nurseries where they can be produced in great number in greenhouses and outdoors, garner said. the majority of the seeds stocked in the warehouse will be preferred native species, but some non - natives are being produced because of cost, garner said. “ squirrel tail costs $ 10 to $ 15 a pound, but crested wheat is cheap, $ 2 to $ 3 a pound, ” garner said. “ aspen fleabane and sulfur flowered buckwheat are $ 80 a pound. ” use of expensive seeds has to be evaluated in the light of project goals and how critical the situation is, he said. the warehouse eventually will store about 50 to 70 species of grass and flower seeds, among them sagebrush, mountain brome, dusty penstemon, basin wildrye, sandberg bluegrass, oregon daisy, western yarrow and


, he said. the warehouse eventually will store about 50 to 70 species of grass and flower seeds, among them sagebrush, mountain brome, dusty penstemon, basin wildrye, sandberg bluegrass, oregon daisy, western yarrow and sulphur buckwheat. the american dragon head is a native, but it ’ s aggressive so it has to be used judiciously so as to maintain plant diversity, garner said. warehouse stock will include seeds for the u. s. forest service and the bureau of land management as well as parks and wildlife projects, garner said. temperature is important for storing seeds, garner said. seeds have been known to remain viable for 25 to 30 years at room temperature, but it ’ s not a sure thing, he said. fans at balcony level will keep the temperature in the ground - floor storage area in the high 70s or low 80s in the summer when the temperature outside is blistering, garner said. a small cooler is reserved for more finicky seeds, garner said. sagebrush seed in a natural setting, for example, lasts a year, but, in the freezer, the seed can be viable for five years. in the cooler, the operative rule is to maintain the combination of temperature and relative humidity less than 100, garner said. the temperature is kept in the low 40s and the relative humidity at 32 percent, well below the target. on a more expansive scale, the u. s. department of agriculture has a national center for genetic resource preservation at colorado state university in fort collins. plant scientists and researchers globally have turned to the bank after natural disasters and in their search for plants with properties that increase their ability to meet medicinal, nutritional and climatic demands. the delta warehouse has no ties to the federal program, garner said. the 140, 000 pounds of seed will be spread on almost 14, 000 fire - scorched acres north of grand junction, said david boyd, spokesman for the bureau of land management in northwest colorado. “ the reseeding is expected to take five days of flying, ” boyd said. “ we want to do it while there is snow on the ground. ” the cost of seed and airplanes is $ 1 million, boyd said. “ we want to get native seeds down to stabilize the soil before invasive species get started, ” boyd said. “ cheat grass is a concern because it ’ s not good for livestock or wildlife and it tends to dry quickly, which perpetuates the fire cycle. ” reseeding with


can nutrition affect hair growth? tocotrienols — a natural compound related to vitamin e — may increase hair growth by as much as 34 % hair loss can cause low self - esteem and a lack of confidence in both men and women. now a study in tropical life sciences research holds promise for hair - loss sufferers and reports that tocotrienols — a natural compound related to vitamin e — may increase hair growth by as much as 34 %. counting the hairs on your head vitamin e is made up of four tocotrienols and tocopherols, respectively called alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. in this study, 38 people ( mostly men ) with hair loss, were randomly assigned to receive 100 mg of mixed tocotrienols plus 46 iu of vitamin e ( alpha - tocopherol ) or placebo daily for eight months. the number of scalp hairs in a specific area of each participant ’ s head was monitored at four and eight months. the tocotrienol group experienced an average of 34 % more scalp hairs compared with the placebo group who experienced a slight decrease. there was no significant increase in the weight of hair clippings in either group during or after the intervention. the study authors comment, “ a possible explanation for the effects could be due to the potent antioxidant activity of tocotrienols that help to reduce lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in the scalp, which are known to be associated with alopecia ( hair loss ). ” this is a small study, and further research is needed to investigate and confirm the role of tocotrienols in preventing hair loss. tips for dealing with hair loss - see a doctor. if you are experiencing hair loss that concerns you, see a doctor. a doctor can help determine if your hair loss is a natural result of aging or is caused by other factors such as nutritional deficiencies, medication side effects, or thyroid, skin, or autoimmune disease. a doctor can also help you choose from a number of conventional and natural options that may help reduce hair loss and improve growth. - don ’ t let it get you down. in addition to hair ’ s social importance, it also serves physical functions, such as protecting your scalp from the sun. hair loss can affect a person emotionally, and anyone who experiences unwanted hair loss should reach out to a health professional for help. ( tropical life sciences research 2010 ; 21 : 91 – 9 ) jane hart, md, board - certified in internal


researchers at new jersey institute of technology ( njit ) have developed an inexpensive solar cell that can be painted or printed on flexible plastic sheets. “ someday, homeowners will even be able to print sheets of these solar cells with inexpensive home - based inkjet printers. consumers can then slap the finished product on a wall, roof or billboard to create their own power stations, ” said somenath mitra, ph. d., lead researcher, professor and acting chair of njit ’ s department of chemistry and environmental sciences. harvesting energy directly from abundant solar radiation using solar cells is increasingly emerging as a major component of future global energy strategy, mitra said. yet, when it comes to harnessing renewable energy, challenges remain. expensive, large - scale infrastructures, such as windmills or dams, are necessary to drive renewable energy sources, such as wind or hydroelectric power plants. purified silicon, also used for making computer chips, which continue to rise in demand, is a core material for fabricating conventional solar cells. however, the processing of a material such as purified silicon is beyond the reach of most consumers. “ developing organic solar cells from polymers, however, is a cheap and potentially simpler alternative, ” mitra said. “ we foresee a great deal of interest in our work because solar cells can be inexpensively printed or simply painted on exterior building walls and / or rooftops. imagine some day driving in your hybrid car with a solar panel painted on the roof, which is producing electricity to drive the engine. the opportunities are endless. ” the solar cell developed at njit uses a carbon nanotubes complex, which is a molecular configuration of carbon in a cylindrical shape. although estimated to be 50, 000 times smaller than a human hair, just one nanotube can conduct current better than any conventional electrical wire. mitra and his research team took the carbon nanotubes and combined them with tiny carbon fullerenes ( sometimes known as buckyballs ) to form snake - like structures. buckyballs trap electrons, although they can ’ t make electrons flow. add sunlight to excite the polymers, and the buckyballs will grab the electrons. nanotubes, behaving like copper wires, then will be able to make the electrons or current flow. “ someday, i hope to see this process become an inexpensive energy alternative for households around the world, ” mitra said. ec


food systems are often described as comprising four sets of activities : those involved in food production, processing and packaging, distribution and retail, and consumption. all encompass social, economic, political, and environmental processes and dimensions. to analyze the interactions between global environmental change and food systems, as well as the tradeoffs among food security and environmental goals, a food system can be more broadly conceived as including the determinants ( or drivers ) and outcomes of these activities. the determinants comprise the interactions between and within biogeophysical and human environments that determine how food system activities are performed. these activities lead to a number of outcomes, some of which contribute to food security and others that relate to the environment and other societal concerns. these outcomes are also affected directly by the determinants. food security is the principal policy objective of a food system. food security outcomes are described in terms of three components and their subcomponents : food availability, i. e., production, distribution, and exchange ; food access, i. e., affordability, allocation, and preference ; and food use, i. e., nutritional and social values and safety. although the food system activities have a large influence on food security outcomes, these outcomes are also determined directly by socio - political and environmental drivers. these outcomes vary by historical, political, and social context. to capture these concepts holistically and to allow the analysis of impacts of global environmental change, adaptations, and feedbacks, a food system must include :


contrary to popular belief cranberries do not grow in water. they grow in beds called ' bogs ' made of impermeable layers of sand, peat, gravel, clay and organic decaying matter from the cranberry vines. the vines can only grow and survive when special conditions exist such as an acid peat soil, an adequate supply of fresh water for irrigation and periodic flooding, a supply of sand and a long growing season that extends from april to november. there are two main methods of harvesting cranberries - dry and wet harvesting. eden organic dried cranberries are a native american variety vaccinium macrocarpon organically grown on family owned cranberry bogs in quebec, canada. ours are wet harvested, considered by some to be the best way to harvest cranberries. first our grower floods the bog with about 12 to 18 inches of water. next, a simple machine called a ' water reel ' stirs up the water and loosens the cranberries from their vines. the water reel is nicknamed the ' egg beater ' and resembles a paddle boat. cranberries have small air bubbles in the center, and once loosened from the vines they float to the surface of the flooded bog. harvesters wade out into the bog when all the cranberries are on the surface. using a specially designed gathering device they hand corral the berries into a large circle forming a thick red carpet of berries which are then loaded into trucks and taken to the processing station. here the cranberries are cleaned, sorted, and quick frozen. when ready for drying, the cranberries are thawed and infused by immersing them in organic apple juice concentrate that is circulated over them until they reach just the right sweetness or ' brix '. the infused cranberries are then rinsed, low heat dried, and coated very lightly with a mist of organic sunflower oil to prevent clumping. the low heat drying is warm air circulated until they are dry enough to become shelf stable, requiring no refrigeration. unlike most commercial dried fruit, eden organic dried cranberries contain no added refined sugar or high fructose corn syrup. we use no sulfites, chemical preservatives, or additives of any kind. cranberries are native to north america and were first used centuries ago by native americans. a versatile fruit, they discovered that it could be used not only as a food source, but also as a dye for rugs, blankets and clothing, and


cranberries are native to north america and were first used centuries ago by native americans. a versatile fruit, they discovered that it could be used not only as a food source, but also as a dye for rugs, blankets and clothing, and as a healing plant to treat arrow wounds. american indians had many names for the cranberry such as ' sasamanesh, ibimi, and atogua '. to the delaware indians it was a symbol of peace. many native americans believed that the berries had a special power that could calm the nerves. it ' s current name comes from early dutch and german settlers who named the fruit, ' crane berry ', because its small, pink blossoms resembled the head and bill of a sandhill crane. although folklore and anecdotal accounts of cranberries healthful properties ( especially the benefits to urinary tract health ) have been touted for centuries, it is recently that scientific research began revealing how healthful cranberries can be. packed with nutrients like antioxidants and other natural compounds, cranberries are a great choice for the health conscious. the usda recently found that the high phenolic content in cranberries delivers a potent antioxidant punch, rating it one of the highest out of 20 common fruits rated. to determine the antioxidant activity of various foods, the usda uses a system referred to as oxygen radical absorbance capacity ( orac ). by testing the ability of foods and other compounds to subdue oxygen free radicals, the usda was able to determine each compound ' s antioxidant capability. the orac value of cranberries is 1, 750. cranberries recently became the first fruit to carry a certified health claim in france. eden organic dried cranberries are a delicious, healthy snack, but there ' s no need to limit them to mere snacking. use eden organic cranberries in baking bread, in cakes and muffins, in pie fillings and puddings, in grain and bread stuffing, in hot cereals or on cold cereals. they can also used in making granola, granola bars, popcorn balls and caramel corn.


prevent or control diabetes, reduce your risk for heart disease | patient stories : judy henderson, 66 if you have diabetes, you ' re much more likely to have heart disease, a heart attack or a stroke. in fact, two out of three people with diabetes die from heart disease or stroke. but you can cut your chances of having these problems by taking special care of your heart and blood vessels. judy henderson, 66, of naperville, took action and now has her diabetes under control. " i was discouraged, " says henderson. " for six years my a1c scores had been going up, even though i was taking insulin. " a1c, a test of average blood glucose levels over two to three months, is a key indicator of how well diabetes is controlled. " in march 2010 when my score reached 7. 5 – it ' s supposed to be under 7 – my doctor sent me to the edward diabetes center. three months later, my a1c was 6. 1 and i ' d lost 35 pounds, without focusing on losing weight. now i need less medication and feel much better. " staff at the edward diabetes center work with patients like judy to help them make lifestyle changes that lead to healthier diets, increased activity and, ultimately, lower a1c scores. " goals have to be doable, " says brenda jagatic, a clinical nurse educator with the edward diabetes center. " if the person hasn ' t exercised in 15 years, we ' re not going to recommend starting with 45 minutes of daily exercise. instead, we might suggest a 10 - 15 minute walk, three times a day. " henderson says they discussed her a1c numbers and reviewed her log to determine what might work best. " it helped to take my blood sugar four times a day instead of just once, " says henderson. " the most beneficial thing was learning to keep records. i now log meter readings, the carbs i eat, my activities and medications. " for more information about the edward diabetes center, visit www. edward. org / diabetes or call ( 630 ) 527 - 3213.


a typical bpm uses a differential pressure sensor to measure cuff or arm pressure. as the output of this sensor lies within a few micro volts ( 30 - 50µv ), the output pressure signal has to be amplified using a high - gain instrumentation amplifier with a good common mode rejection ratio ( cmrr ). usually the gain and cmrr need to be around 150 and 100 db respectively. the frequency of oscillatory pulses in the pressure signal lies between 0. 3 - 11hz with an amplitude of a few hundred microvolts. these oscillations are extracted using band - pass filters with gain around 200 and cutoff frequency at 0. 3 - 11hz. a 10 - bit adc with a speed of 50 hz is used to digitize the pressure sensor and oscillatory signal. two timers are used to calculate the heart rate and implement safety timer functionality. a safety timer regulates the pressure kept on a subject ’ s arm for a certain period of time. this safety timer is a part safety regulation in aami standards. a microcontroller core calculates the systolic and diastolic pressures values using an oscillometric algorithm. the cuff is inflated and deflated using motors driven by pwms. a typical non - contact digital thermometer uses a transducer, also called a thermopile, consisting of a micro machine embedded membrane with thermocouples to measure thermocouple temperature and a thermistor to measure ambient temperature. the thermocouple generates a dc voltage corresponding to the temperature difference in its junctions. the output of the thermocouple is on the order of a few µv. the signal from the thermocouple is amplified using a low - noise precision amplifier. a voltage divider is constructed with the thermistor and external precision voltage reference. this voltage divider converts the change in thermistor resistance with respect to temperature to change in voltage. voltages from the thermocouple and thermistor are used to calculate the thermocouple and ambient temperatures. the temperature is obtained from voltages using a polynomial function given by the sensor manufacturer or through a look - up table with pre - stored readings. the ambient temperature is added to the thermocouple temperature to get the final temperature measurement. a segment lcd driver, rtc, push buttons, eeprom and usb are the other peripherals needed in both of the above applications.


skip to main content more search options a member of our team will call you back within one business day. teens on average need about 9 to 9. 5 hours of sleep at night. but most don ’ t get the amount of sleep they need. school, friends, homework, activities, television, and the computer may all have a higher priority for a teen than sleep. sleep deprivation can have serious consequences for a teen ’ s health and well - being. here ’ s how to better understand your child ’ s sleep needs and what you can do to help. teens tend to stay up late and want to sleep late in the morning. this isn ’ t due to laziness or stubbornness. it is actually due to natural rhythms of the teen ’ s body. body chemicals in teens work to make the teen naturally want to go to bed around midnight or later and wake up in the late morning. early school start times conflict with these natural body rhythms. and pressures on a teen ’ s time after school keep him or her from going to bed early to compensate. the result is often a sleep - deprived teen. the national institutes of health ( nih ) reports that teens who don ’ t get enough sleep have trouble focusing in class and often have lower grades than they are capable of. the nih has also found growing evidence linking a chronic lack of sleep in teens with an increased risk of being overweight, developing diabetes or heart disease, and getting infections. teens who are sleep deprived may fall asleep in class or other inappropriate places. and for teens who are driving, being sleepy can raise the risk of a serious accident. is your teen sleep deprived? watch for the following signs : trouble concentrating or remembering need for caffeine or other stimulants to stay awake need for naps after school trouble sleeping ( problems falling asleep or staying asleep ) tips to help your child get more sleep and be more alert during the day : encourage your teen to get a full night ’ s sleep on a regular basis. try to set a regular bedtime. help your teen avoid staying up late to do homework or study. if extracurricular activities after school are too time - consuming, consider cutting back. have your teen get up at the same time every morning. discourage sleeping in on weekends to “ catch up on sleep. ” this does more harm than good by throwing sleep rhythms off. limit caffeine intake. don ’ t let your child have caffeine after lunchtime. discourage doing anything in bed other than sleeping, such as


“ catch up on sleep. ” this does more harm than good by throwing sleep rhythms off. limit caffeine intake. don ’ t let your child have caffeine after lunchtime. discourage doing anything in bed other than sleeping, such as reading, writing, eating, watching tv, talking on the phone, or playing videos or other games. restrict tv and computer use ( which can be stimulating ) for at least an hour before bedtime. instead, encourage reading, listening to quiet music, writing in a journal, or other calming activity during this time. give your teen a warm, non - caffeinated beverage ( such as milk ) before bed. make the bedroom conducive to sleep. take the tv, computer, and phone out of the bedroom. make sure the bedroom is cool and as dark and quiet as possible. turn a bright light on in the child ’ s room in the morning. the bright light helps the body wake up and shuts down production of sleep hormones. alarm clocks with a light feature are available on the internet. the following can be signs of a more serious problem that can be treated. let the child ’ s doctor know if your child : falls asleep during the day has leg twitching or moving when trying to fall asleep, or extremely restless sleep has insomnia ( trouble falling asleep or staying asleep ) often


arterial blood gases made easyby - iain hennessey, mbchb ( hons ), bsc ( hons ), mrcs, mmis, specialty registrar, paediatric surgery, manchester royal infirmary, manchester, uk - alan japp, mbchb ( hons ), bsc ( hons ), mrcp, clinical research fellow, department of cardiovascular research, university of edinburgh, uk arterial blood gas analysis plays an indispensable role in the assessment and management of patients with a huge range of acute medical and surgical problems. its importance as a key tool in the work - up of acutely unwell patients rivals that of the ecg and the chest x - ray. this book covers all aspects of the arterial blood gas in a simple, user - friendly manner. the first part explains the technique, the values obtained and common patterns of abnormalities, while the second part comprises a series of worked examples and case scenarios to allow the reader to put this system into practice. medical undergraduates at all stages of training, junior doctors in a & e, anaesthetics, surgery, acute medicine and respiratory medicine paperback, 152 pages published : september 2007 imprint : churchill livingstone - part 1 : the abg explained pulmonary gas exchange : the basics disorders of gas exchange acid base balance : the basics disorders of acid base balance abg sampling technique when and why is an abg required? making abg interpretation easy part 2 : the abg in practice the 2nd part of the book contains a series of 25 clinical scenarios each requiring interpretation of an arterial blood gas as the end point. each scenario comprises a 2 page spread. the first page includes information on history and examination findings, with or without other important test results. the opposing page shows the abg result in the style of a computer print - out and list a series of questions for the reader to answer. each scenario has a corresponding " explanation " page at the back of the book.


no, no con - con by henry lamb the u. s. constitution provides two ways to offer amendments to the constitution : by resolution of the congress ; and by a constitutional convention requested by two - thirds of the states. in either case, the proposed amendment ( s ) must be ratified by three - fourths of the states. there is a very good reason why all 27 amendments to the constitution were offered by congressional resolution : a constitutional convention is an invitation to disaster. proponents of a constitutional convention claim that opponents of a con - con use " … half - truths, myths and outright falsehoods … " to instill fear of the process. they do not, however, provide any examples of the alleged " half - truths, myths, and outright falsehoods. " here is the whole truth, which is neither a myth nor a falsehood. article v of the u. s. constitution allows states to apply to the congress for a constitutional convention. should two - thirds of the states issue such an application, congress is compelled to call a constitutional convention. note, however, that the constitution provides the states only with the authority to call for a convention for the purpose of " … proposing amendments …. " there is no authority for the states to specify what those amendments might be, or to set, or limit the agenda of a convention. when 34 states have applied for a constitutional convention, congress is compelled to call a convention. here ' s where the scary begins. congress sets the time and location for the con - con. congress determines how the delegates are chosen, and how many delegates will be chosen. congress could designate the existing senate to be the delegates. congress could designate the electoral college from the last presidential election to be the delegates. or, congress could allow the states to choose their own delegates in whatever manner congress might contrive. but this is not the scariest part. should a constitutional convention ever be assembled, neither congress nor any state would have any authority or control over what the convention might do. there is no way for congress to set or limit the agenda of a constitutional convention, regardless of what proponents might say. as evidence, consider the only constitutional convention that was ever assembled. it was assembled expressly to amend the existing articles of confederation, with explicit instructions from some states for their delegates to walk out should the convention stray beyond this specific purpose. history demonstrates that the convention ignored its instructions and abolished the articles of confederations while creating an entirely new constitution. there is nothing to prohibit another constitutional convention from doing


from some states for their delegates to walk out should the convention stray beyond this specific purpose. history demonstrates that the convention ignored its instructions and abolished the articles of confederations while creating an entirely new constitution. there is nothing to prohibit another constitutional convention from doing precisely the same thing. proponents of a con - con say that the requirement that three - fourths of the states must ratify whatever comes out of a constitutional amendment is a safeguard to prevent radicals on either side from imposing radical provisions. these folks forget that the convention can specify what it takes to ratify whatever they produce. they could produce a new constitution with an entirely new form of government and specify that ratification would occur upon a simple majority vote in national referendum. they could specify that the new document would be ratified when approved by state legislatures in any combination of states that represent more than 50 - percent of the population. under this scenario, a handful of blue states could transform the government of the united states. scary? you bet. scenarios such as this should instill fear and force people to reject the idea of a constitutional convention for any reason. here is a thorough explanation of the dangers. there is great need, however, to amend the constitution. the imbalance in powers between the states and the federal government grows in the favor of the feds every time congress meets or the president speaks. the united states of america originally was a unique experiment in shared sovereignty - in which the states ' power was centered in the senate, which had to approve virtually every legislative proposal suggested by the president or that originated in the people ' s house of representatives. the tension between what the states considered to be in their interest, and what the people ' s representatives and the president considered to be in their interests created a competition that could not move any idea forward until all parties had agreed. this is the genius of the american system that made america the greatest nation on earth. the 17th amendment removed the states altogether from participation in the federal government. the federal government ' s power and budget has expanded ever since. the time has come to restrain the powers of the federal government, and the best way to do it is to return to the design created by our founders. repeal the 17th amendment!


australian heritage commission, 2001 26 - an outer suburban house of the 1950s 6 lewellin grove, carrum, victoria lewellin grove house in 1997. after world war ii australia shared in an economic boom created by the rejuvenation of the world economy. work was plentiful and to ease labour shortages the federal government introduced an immigration program, which added to the economic momentum. these were good times, coming after years of depression and war which had restricted consumer spending and household formation, but the building industry was unable to meet the demand for housing. for around 15 years after the war, shortages of labour and building materials meant that average income earners had to downscale their expectations of housing space, style and amenity. many built their own houses, or provided unskilled labour to cut construction costs and delays. new houses were smaller and more expensive than before the war. as robin boyd put it, ' the traditional plan and structure remained unaltered, but one by one the decorations and embellishments went '. this simple weatherboard house, built in outer suburban melbourne in 1955, was typical. modest and unadorned, it enabled the owners to live and raise a family in a suburban setting, during a period of escalating building costs. in 1948 john ' jack ' frost, a toolmaker from coventry, migrated to australia. born in 1919, he was still single and by making a new start in a new land he hoped to put the sadness of the war years, in which his mother and brother had been killed during the blitz, behind him. after stints as a mechanical fitter at yallourn, and as a gold miner in kalgoorlie, jack worked as a toolmaker around melbourne. he was never out of work until the day he retired. he met gwen warry, an australian, and they married in 1954. jack frost in the ' bush ' on his lewellin grove block, 1955. gwen lived with her parents in carrum, a seaside resort on port phillip bay, around 35 kilometres from melbourne. it was located at the edge of a large area of swampland which had been drained and made available for selection during the 1870s. like most of the small towns along the bay, carrum in 1945 was ready to blossom as a suburb. the railway to frankston had been electrified in the 1920s and provided an excellent service for commuters. a fine beach was nearby and there were ample homesites, their cheapness compensating for the


1945 was ready to blossom as a suburb. the railway to frankston had been electrified in the 1920s and provided an excellent service for commuters. a fine beach was nearby and there were ample homesites, their cheapness compensating for the lack of sewers and made roads. carrum would never be a salubrious suburb because it was flat and flood - prone, but the area had useful community facilities, including a primary school, and later, a high school. after they married the frosts lived with gwen ' s parents. they liked the area and bought a nearby block of land. close to the shops, school, station and beach, it was an ideal homesite, but a lot of work was needed before a house could be built on it. the lot was covered in tea - trees and banksias and the road was a sand dune. but the land was cheap, and cost only £300 ; similar lots in nearby chelsea, served by made roads, were around double the price. the co - operative building society said they didn ' t mind me building the house myself, as long as i had each progressive stage checked by a qualified builder. the man who sold me the land recommended a builder. ' i ' ve seen people who try to build their own place and then get into all sorts of difficulties ', the builder said. ' why don ' t you let me build it for you and you can do as much of the building and painting as you can yourself. ' the frosts chose a design within their price range from the builder ' s book of plans. a fibro - cement garage was included in the price. jack was earning little more than the basic wage, which in 1955 was less than £12 per week. new three - bedroom houses in melbourne ' s outer suburbs typically cost around £3, 000. the frosts could only afford to borrow £2, 500, which was still over four times their annual household income. this indicates how difficult things were at the time for working - class families. the house under construction at lewellin grove. many families in carrum responded to these high costs by building small, basic bungalows at the rear of their property and living in them until they could afford to build a full - size house. the frosts instead chose to compromise their living space. their house was only 11 squares ; before the war 15 squares had been closer to the norm. it had only two bedrooms ; luckily, this did not cause accommodation problems later, for gwen and jack '


frosts instead chose to compromise their living space. their house was only 11 squares ; before the war 15 squares had been closer to the norm. it had only two bedrooms ; luckily, this did not cause accommodation problems later, for gwen and jack ' s two children were boys ( in the late 1960s the lack of space was partially alleviated when jack built a fibro - cement bungalow in the backyard, which became a third bedroom ). the hallway was a mere 38 inches wide. the dining room was a token area too small for its intended purpose and the family and visitors took meals in the kitchen. the dimensions of the front porch ran to only a few square feet. moulded cornices in the lounge / dining room and an iron porch light and screen door were the only ornamentation. the bathroom did have a separate shower and bath, and the laundry and toilet were inside. having the house built professionally took a lot of the stress out of the construction process. jack recalls that, ' a man further up the street who was building his own place was constantly chasing materials which were in short supply - even nails. he insisted on going to pick his own wood, and chose the wood which looked the best, but which turned out to be the worst '. the builder used his contacts to obtain materials promptly, but because he was working on three or four jobs at the time ' progress was jerky '. ' there ' d be times when things moved really quickly. then there ' d be frustrating periods when nothing happened. our hopes would go up and down. ' the house under construction at lewellin grove. jack and gwen provided ' sweat equity ' by doing much of the unskilled labour. on weekends they painted weatherboards and window frames. they painted the interior, varnished floorboards and put down the linoleum. jack and a neighbour built the fences. when a hole was dug in the sand for a septic tank it flooded so quickly that the plumber was convinced that a pan toilet would be necessary. instead, jack designed and built a handpump to draw out the water while the septic tank was being built. this toil took up all of their spare time, but they ended up with a soundly - built home. barbara and graeme davison have detected a pioneer spirit amongst post - war suburbanites who ' did battle with the elements, creating little oases of domestic safety and comfort in a dangerous world '. jack ' s perspective was that, ' i felt rather like a pioneer


##on have detected a pioneer spirit amongst post - war suburbanites who ' did battle with the elements, creating little oases of domestic safety and comfort in a dangerous world '. jack ' s perspective was that, ' i felt rather like a pioneer because you don ' t have the chance to do that sort of thing in england. in england you saved up and bought a house which was already built. this idea of a buying a block of land and building your own house was new to me. ' gwen died in 1984, at the age of 59. jack still lives in his first home : he feels a strong sense of attachment to the place he worked so hard for and sees no reason to move. the house is now sewered, has a concrete driveway and path ( laid by jack ), and has been painted inside and out several times, but essentially has remained unchanged. the open fireplace remains the main source of heating and in summer the windows are opened and sea breezes relied upon for cooling. acknowledgements and bibliography the 1955 photographs are from jack frost and the 1997 photograph was taken by lionel frost. boyd, robin, australia ' s home : why australians built the way they did, penguin, harmondsworth 1952. davison, barbara and graeme davison, ' suburban pioneers ', in g davison, t dingle and s o ' hanlon, eds, the cream brick frontier : histories of australian suburbia, monash publications in history, clayton 1995. greig, alastair, the stuff dreams are made of : housing provision in australia 1945 - 1960, melbourne university press, carlton 1995. hibbins, gm, a history of the city of springvale : constellation of communities, lothian publishing, port melbourne 1984. mcguire, frank, chelsea : a beachside community, the city of chelsea historical society, chelsea 1985. lionel frost is an associate professor in the school of business at la trobe university. he has written several books and articles on aspects of australia ' s urban history, including australian cities in comparative view ( 1990 ) and the new urban frontier : urbanisation and city - building in australasia and the american west ( 1991 ). in 1994 he was co - winner of the prestigious dyos prize in urban history, awarded by the centre for urban history at the university of leicester. links to another web site opens a pop - up window


the middle school enjoys its own spirited identity at episcopal while still maintaining a close connection to the upper and lower schools. it is a place where there are opportunities for students to develop a sense of belonging, ownership and responsibility for this community and any other communities in which they participate. we use the ten stripes ( self - control, faith, honesty, courtesy, kindness, generosity, gratitude, courage, respect and sportsmanship ) as the foundation of all of our interactions to inspire students to embody these qualities. we have chapel and advisory programs that are in place to empower and support students to acquire the skills and develop the character and confidence to make good decisions, engage fully and act mindfully. we encourage and teach our students to reflect on the many ways they interact with the community and strive to help them see different perspectives in all that we do. we strive to teach, model and promote important academic ideas, dexterity in communication and strong interpersonal skills. students are challenged to develop organizational skills, study habits and habits of mind that support individual growth and allow for the pursuit of a challenging academic curriculum. we work to balance mind, body and spirit through participation in a rigorous academic program where we pursue knowledge, big ideas and questions and use a variety of instructional strategies to foster curiosity, exploration, and creativity. we strive for our students to become critical thinkers, independent and lifelong learners, strong communicators, healthy risk takers and good global citizens. a step up in middle school in sixth grade, students begin interscholastic competition in athletics and are required to participate in chorus, band, or string ensemble ; modern language offerings include french, mandarin chinese and spanish. in i and ii form, latin and classical studies are required and a vibrant elective program is offered. students can take an active role in shaping the middle school community through student council, chapel council, and yearbook for 7th and 8th grade students. courses in 2 - d design, ceramics, music technology, and community theater are offered in the arts and electives like robotics and digital video production push students to weave creativity with technology. students are expected to gain independence, speak their mind and defend their opinions and are encouraged to develop the confidence in themselves they ’ ll need to succeed upper school, in college, and beyond.


satellites are tracing europe ' s forest fire scars burning with a core heat approaching 800°c and spreading at up to 100 metres per minute, woodland blazes bring swift, destructive change to landscapes : the resulting devastation can be seen from space. an esa - backed service to monitor european forest fire damage will help highlight areas most at risk of future outbreaks. last year ' s long hot summer was a bumper year for forest fires, with more than half a million hectares of woodland destroyed across mediterranean europe. so far this year fresh fires have occurred across portugal, spain and southern france, with 2500 people evacuated from blazes in foothills north of marseille. according to the european commission, each hectare of forest lost to fire costs europe ' s economy between a thousand and 5000 euros. the distinctive ' burn scars ' left across the land by forest fires can be identified from space as a specific reddish - brown spectral signature from a false - colour composite of spectral bands from optical sensors in the short wavelength infrared, near infrared and visible channels. a new esa - backed, earth observation - based service is making use of this fact, employing satellite imagery from spot and landsat to automatically detect the 2004 burn scars within fire - prone areas of the entente region of southwest france, within the puglia and marche regions of italy and across the full territory of spain. burn scar detection is planned to take place on a seasonal basis, identifying fires covering at least one hectare to a standard resolution of 30 metres, with detailed damage assessment available to a maximum resolution of 2. 5 metres using the spot 5 satellite. partner users include italy ' s national civil protection department, spain ' s direccion general para la biodiversidad – a directorate of the environment ministry that supports regional fire - fighting activities with more than 50 aircraft operating from 33 airbases – as well as france ' s national department of civil protection ( ddsc ) and the country ' s centre d ' essais et de recherce de l ' entente ( ceren ), the test and research centre of the government organisation tasked with combating forest fires, known as the entente interdepartementale. " to cope with fire disasters, the most affected departments in the south of france have decided to join forces to ensure effective forest fire protection, " explained nicolas raffalli of ceren. " within the entente region we have an existing fire database called promethee, which is filled out either by firemen, forestry workers or policemen across the 13 departments making


forest fire protection, " explained nicolas raffalli of ceren. " within the entente region we have an existing fire database called promethee, which is filled out either by firemen, forestry workers or policemen across the 13 departments making up the region. " current methods of recording fire damage vary greatly by country or region. the purpose of this new service – part of a portfolio of earth observation services known as risk - eos – is to develop a standardised burn scar mapping methodology for use throughout europe, along with enabling more accurate post - fire damage assessment and analysis of vegetation re - growth and manmade changes within affected areas. " we want to link up promethee with this burn scar mapping product from risk - eos to have a good historical basis of information, " raffalli added. " the benefit is that it makes possible a much more effective protection of the forest. " characterising the sites of past fires to a more thorough level of detail should mean that service users can better forecast where fires are most likely to break out in future, a process known as risk mapping. having been validated and geo - referenced, burn scar maps can then be easily merged with other relevant geographical detail. the vast majority of fires are started by the actions of human beings, from discarding cigarette butts up to deliberate arson. checking burn scar occurrences against roads, settlements and off - road tracks is likely to throw up correlations. these can be extrapolated elsewhere to help identify additional areas at risk where preventative measures should be prioritised. and overlaying burn scar maps with a chart of forest biomass has the potential to highlight zones where new blazes would burn the fiercest. once such relatively fixed environmental elements, known as static risks, are factored in, other aspects that change across time – including temperature, rainfall and vegetation moisture – can be addressed. these variables are known as dynamic risks. at the end of the risk mapping process, the probability of fire breaking out in a particular place and time can be reliably calculated. the risk - eos burn scar mapping service began last year. the intention is to develop further fire - related services by the end of 2007, including daily risk maps combining eo with meteorological and vegetation data. another planned service will identify ' hot spots ' during fires, and map fire events twice a day, permitting an overall assessment of its development and the damage being done. a ' fires memory atlas ' set up at national or regional level will allow the routine sharing of all


will identify ' hot spots ' during fires, and map fire events twice a day, permitting an overall assessment of its development and the damage being done. a ' fires memory atlas ' set up at national or regional level will allow the routine sharing of all information related to forest fire events and fire risk. " for the future i think near - real time fire and hot spot mapping would obviously be extremely useful, " raffalli concluded. " with these products those managing the situation could see where the fire is, as well as the hot spots inside it. they can then deploy ground and aerial resources with maximum efficiency. " building on italscar italy ' s national civil protection department is providing advice on the implementation of the risk - eos service, based on previous experience with an esa data user programme ( dup ) project called italscar. run for esa by the italian firms telespazio una societa finmeccanica and vitrociset, italscar charted burn scars across the whole of italian territory occurring between june and september during the years 1997, 1998, 1999 and 2000. for the last quarter of a century, italian legislation had required that all burned areas be recorded and mapped, as no land use change is permitted to occur on such terrain for 15 years after a blaze, no new building construction for the next ten years, and no new publicly funded reforestation for a half - decade. however the mapping of burn scars is the responsibility of local administration and their methodologies and overall effectiveness are highly variable. no central cartographic archive of burn scar perimeters exists : the closest equivalent is a cardset index ( anti incendio boschivi or aib ) recording fire - fighting interventions by the italian forest guards. the italscar burn scar maps were produced across a wide variety of different forest classes. burn scars were mapped pixel by pixel using an automated software system, followed up with manual photo - interpretation for quality assurance. to ensure confidence in the results they were validated using ground surveys and checked against reports from local fire brigades and forest guards ' aib records. the risk - eos burn scar mapping service is based around this same methodology. managed by astrium, risk - eos also incorporates services for flood as well as fire risk management. it forms part of the services element of global monitoring for environment and security ( gmes ), an initiative supported jointly by esa and the european commission and intended to establish an independent european capability for worldwide environmental monitoring on an operational basis.


| " money doesn ' t grow on trees " = don ' t waste money because it isn ' t always easy to come by | " watch how much you spend because money doesn ' t grow on trees. " " have a green thumb " = special ability at making plants grow well " she has a real green thumb for growing beautiful decorative trees. " more of randall ' s favorite learning resources [ quiz script | text completion quiz ] recycling and protecting the environment is very important in our world today. now, you will listen to an award - winning essay on trees in which a girl explains why she loves trees? what ideas would you expect to hear in such an essay? | i. pre - listening exercises [ top ] | helpful tip : deforestation is a serious problem around the world, and planting new trees never seems to keep up with the demand. you can help by recycling paper and even just simply reusing paper for different purposes. | listen to the conversation by pressing the " play audio " button and answer the questions. press the " final score " button to check your quiz. | ii. listening exercises [ top ] | [ other audio options : play realmedia | play window media ] listen to the conversation again as you read the quiz script and do the text completion quiz. | iii. post - listening exercises [ top ] | what environmental problems can you think that pose great danger to nature and our world ( e. g., acid rain, deforestation, water pollution )? are these threats caused by human activity or by natural occurrences? what are some solutions to these problems? share your ideas on these important issues. now, write your opinions on a similar topic at randall ' s esl blog here. randall ' s sites : daily esl | esl blog | ezslang | train your accent | tips for students | hiking in utah


this little led - lit cube is much more than just a paper lantern : it ’ s a translucent and flexible thin - film electronic circuit that hooks up a battery to an led, limber enough to be folded into an origami box. and the coolest thing about circuits like these? you can make them at home. in what follows, we combine basic electronics ( an led throwie ) and papercraft ( a traditional origami balloon ) to make what might be called an “ led foldie. ” the circuitry consists of aluminum foil traces, ironed onto adhesive paper such as freezer paper, photo mounting paper, or even a laser printed pattern. something constructed this way can then be folded so fit an led and battery to complete the circuit. the first step in designing a three - dimensional circuit like this is to see where the parts go. after that we will unfold the model, draw circuit paths between the points that we want to connect, and go from there. to get started, we first folded an origami balloon, and then inserted the components where we wanted them. the balloon has a convenient pocket on the side for a lithium coin cell, and a single hole that allows you to point an led into the interior of the balloon. ( and you can follow along with balloon folding in this flickr photo set. ) we marked up the locations of the battery and led terminals on the origami balloon – while still folded – and then unfolded our “ circuit board. ” at this point, we have the component locations marked, but no lines drawn between them. the next step is to add those circuitry lines ( circuit board wires, or traces ) between the battery and led. one thing to keep in mind for interfacing papercraft to electronics : it ’ s helpful if the circuit traces fold over the leads for the led in order to maintain good contact. after connecting the dots ( so to speak ) we have the resulting layout of our circuit. ( see pdf below as well. ) pretty simple here – only two wires! the two round pads contact the two sides of the battery, and the two angled pads contact the two leads of the led. the next step is to actually fabricate our circuit board. we ’ ve actually found two slightly different techniques that work well, so we ’ ll show you both. first is the “ freezer paper ” method ( which also works with sheets of dry mount adhesive ), where you laminate foil traces to the plastic - coated paper. second


different techniques that work well, so we ’ ll show you both. first is the “ freezer paper ” method ( which also works with sheets of dry mount adhesive ), where you laminate foil traces to the plastic - coated paper. second is the “ direct toner ” method, where you print out a circuit diagram on a laser printer and laminate the foil to the printed toner. ( both of these methods of fabricating paper circuitry can be applied in all kinds of other arenas besides origami. our origami balloon example provides a good demonstration of the techniques! ) method i : the “ freezer paper ” method next, cut out your traced pattern. scissors work well, of course. be careful not to tear the foil! prefolding your paper and comparing to your circuit layout will show you where to lay the aluminum foil pieces out on your paper. then, use an iron to laminate the foil to the paper. what kind of paper? the easiest ( but slightly obscure ) choice is “ dry mount adhesive, ” which is tissue paper infused with high - quality hot - melt glue. you can get sheets or rolls of it from art supply places for use in mounting artwork and photography. much more common and equally workable is freezer paper. freezer paper is a common plastic - coated paper that you can get on rolls at the grocery store – look in the section with the aluminum foil. ( place foil on the shiny side of the freezer paper ). we used a small hobby iron to fuse the foil to our different papers, but a regular iron works just as well. the dry mount adhesive did not require much heat, while the freezer paper needed the iron to be on high – that plastic has to melt. we folded a larger sheet of parchment paper over the whole circuit during ironing in order to keep the adhesives from sticking to the iron and other surfaces. we also experimented with waxed paper, which was not sticky enough for the aluminum foil. we even tried ironing copper leaf onto waxed paper, and though it adhered well, it was too fragile and the traces broke upon folding. it would probably work reasonably well in an application where folding isn ’ t required : it was absolutely beautiful and completely unreliable for origami. once the foil is adhered to the paper, it is time to refold it. insert the components, and it lights up. if it doesn ’ t light up, try turning your battery around. if it still doesn ’


origami. once the foil is adhered to the paper, it is time to refold it. insert the components, and it lights up. if it doesn ’ t light up, try turning your battery around. if it still doesn ’ t light up, make sure your led leads are contacting the traces. hint for this circuit : you won ’ t hurt the led by plugging it in backwards to that little battery, so this is a better method than actually trying to keep track of the polarity. the led foldie naturally wants to sit on the heaviest part, the battery, with the led projecting into the side of the balloon. the weight of the battery helps keep the circuit connected. method ii : the “ direct toner ” method our last breakthrough came when we created a pdf pattern to print out. we realized that you could fuse the foil directly to the toner from a laser printer. you can print out the pattern ( laser printers only : no inkjet! ) and iron your foil pieces directly to the paper. caveat : while the foil sticks well to the toner, it isn ’ t quite strong enough that you can just iron on a giant sheet of foil and have it only stick where there ’ s toner, so you still need to cut out the foil shapes, at least roughly. place your foil carefully over the pattern, and iron very well, very hot. be sure to cover your work with parchment paper or you will get toner on your iron. when your foil is stuck to the toner, cut out the square and get ready to fold. inflate, add battery and led, and admire the glow. as before, if you have trouble, try turning your battery around and making sure that the leads of the led are making contact with the foil. and there it is : a bridge between papercraft and electronics, or perhaps between etch - at - home printed circuit boards and high - end flex pcbs. we think that there ’ s some potential here. your turn! what kinds of origami can you light up? as always, we ’ d love to see your project pictures in the evil mad science auxiliary.


the evolution deceit imaginary dinosaur - bird links as you saw in earlier chapters, it ' s impossible for birds to have evolved from dinosaurs, since no mechanism can have eliminated the enormous physiological differences between the two groups. despite this, evolutionists still raise the scenario of birds being evolved from dinosaurs in various ways. they frequently resort to news reports, using pictures of reconstructions and sensational headlines regarding these so - called dino - birds, as if they represented the true facts. these accounts are intended to convince people feathered dinosaurs once lived on earth. this scenario is presented persistently as it were a proven fact. all objections, criticisms and counter - evidence are totally ignored, clearly indicating that this is deliberate propaganda intended to impose dino - bird myths on society. the biased fossil interpretations we shall examine in the following pages reveal their hollow, deceptive nature. the claim that birds evolved from dinosaurs is actually opposed by a great many paleontologists or anatomists who otherwise support the theory of evolution. as you have seen, two renowned ornithologists, alan feduccia and larry martin, think this scenario is completely erroneous. this is set out in the textbook developmental biology, taught in u. s. universities : not all biologists believe that birds are dinosaurs... this group of scientists emphasize the differences between dinosaurs and birds, claiming that the differences are too great for the birds to have evolved from earlier dinosaurs. alan feduccia, and larry martin, for instance, contend that birds could not have evolved from any known group of dinosaurs. they argue against some of the most important cladistic data and support their claim from developmental biology and biomechanics. 170 many evolutionist publications refer to the thesis that birds evolved from dinosaurs as if it were based on solid evidence and accepted by the entire scientific community. they try to give the impression that the only subject up for debate is which species of dinosaur birds evolved from. although martin earlier supported the dino - bird claim, he eventually realized in the light of his research that it was invalid, and abandoned his former ideas : every time i look at the evidence formerly discovered and then make a claim about the origins of the theropod, i saw its inaccuracy. that is because everything shows its inadequacy. the truth of the matter is that … i seriously suspect that they have the same features with birds and don ' t think that there exist striking features supporting that birds are of theropod origin. 171 feduccia admits that concerning the origin of birds


the truth of the matter is that … i seriously suspect that they have the same features with birds and don ' t think that there exist striking features supporting that birds are of theropod origin. 171 feduccia admits that concerning the origin of birds, the theory of evolution finds itself in a state of uncertainty. he attaches no credence to the deliberately maintained dino - bird controversy, which is in fact groundless. important information is contained in his article, " birds are dinosaurs : simple answer to a complex problem, " published in october 2002 in the auk, the journal of the american ornithologists ' union, in which the most technical aspects of ornithology are discussed. feduccia describes in detail how the idea that birds evolved from dinosaurs, raised by john ostrom in the 1970s and fiercely defended ever since, lacks any scientific evidence, and how such an evolution is impossible. feduccia is not alone among evolutionists in this regard. peter dodson, the evolutionist professor of anatomy from pennsylvania university, also doubts that birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs : i am on record as opposing cladistics and catastrophic extinction of dinosaurs ; i am tepid on endothermic dinosaurs ; i am skeptical about the theropod ancestry of birds. 172 despite being an evolutionist, dodson admits the unrealistic claims of the theory of evolution, and has come in for severe criticism from his evolutionist colleagues. in one article, he responds to these criticisms : personally, i continue to find it problematic that the most birdlike maniraptoran theropods are found 25 to 75 million years after the origin of birds.... ghost lineages are frankly a contrived solution, a deus ex machina required by the cladistic method. of course, it is admitted that late cretaceous maniraptorans are not the actual ancestors of birds, only " sister taxa. " are we being asked to believe that a group of highly derived, rapidly evolving maniraptorans in the jurassic gave rise to birds, as manifested by archaeopteryx, and then this highly progressive lineage then went into a state of evolutionary stasis and persisted unchanged in essential characters for millions of years? or are actual ancestors far more basal in morphology and harder to classify? if the latter, then why insist that the problem is now solved? 173 alan feduccia sets out an important fact concerning the dino - birds said to have been found in china : the " feathers " on


basal in morphology and harder to classify? if the latter, then why insist that the problem is now solved? 173 alan feduccia sets out an important fact concerning the dino - birds said to have been found in china : the " feathers " on the fossils said to be those of feathered dinosaurs are definitely not bird feathers. a considerable body of evidence shows that these fossil traces have nothing at all to do with bird feathers. he says this in an article published in the auk magazine : having studied most of the specimens said to sport protofeathers, i, and many others, do not find any credible evidence that those structures represent protofeathers. many chinese fossils have that strange halo of what has become known as dino - fuzz, but although that material has been " homologized " with avian feathers, the arguments are far less than convincing. 174 citing richard o. prum, one of the supporters of the dino - bird claims, as an example, feduccia goes on to mention the prejudiced approach so prevalent on the subject : prum ' s view is shared by many paleontologists : birds are dinosaurs ; therefore, any filamentous material preserved in dromaeosaurs must represent protofeathers. 175 latest research has dealt a severe blow to feathered dinosaur claims the fossilized structures referred to as dinosaur feathers were shown by theagarten ( solly ) lingham - soliar, a paleontologist from durban - westville university in south africa to be nothing more than decayed connective tissue. professor lingham - soliar performed an experiment by burying a dolphin in river mud, semi - permeable to air for a year. the reason a dolphin was selected was that its flesh is easy to analyze. at the end of this period, the professor examined the dolphin ' s bunches of collagen — which constitutes connective tissue in the bodies of most living things — under a microscope. according to him, the decayed collagen in the dolphin ' s body bore " a striking resemblance to feathers. " 1 the german magazine naturwissenschaften commented that : " the findings throw serious doubt on the virtually complete reliance on visual image by supporters of the feathered dinosaur thesis and emphasize the need for more rigorous methods of identification using modern feathers as a frame of reference. " 2 with this finding, it emerged that even a dolphin could leave behind traces of apparent feathers. this once again showed that there are no grounds for regarding extinct


emphasize the need for more rigorous methods of identification using modern feathers as a frame of reference. " 2 with this finding, it emerged that even a dolphin could leave behind traces of apparent feathers. this once again showed that there are no grounds for regarding extinct dinosaurs with " feathers " as proto - birds. 1. stephen strauss, " buried dolphin corpse serves science, " 11 november 2003 ; http : / / www. theglobeandmail. com / servlet / articlenews / tpstory / lac / 20031111 / udino11 / tpscience / according to feduccia, one factor that invalidates this preconception is the presence of these same traces in fossils that have no relationship with birds : most important, " dino - fuzz " is now being discovered in a number of taxa, some unpublished, but particularly in a chinese pterosaur and a therizinosaur, which has teeth like those of prosauropods. most surprisingly, skin fibers very closely resembling dino - fuzz have been discovered in a jurassic ichthyosaur and described in detail. some of those branched fibers are exceptionally close in morphology to the so - called branched protofeathers ( " prum protofeathers " " ) described by xu. that these so - called protofeathers have a widespread distribution in archosaurs is evidence alone that they have nothing to do with feathers. 176 feduccia recalls that various structures found around these fossils and thought to belong to them, were later determined to consist of inorganic matter : one is reminded of the famous fernlike markings on the solnhofen fossils known as dendrites. despite their plantlike outlines, these features are now known to be inorganic structures caused by a solution of manganese from within the beds that reprecipitated as oxides along cracks or along bones of fossils. 177 the fossil beds preserve not only an indefinite structure such as dino - fuzz but also bird feathers. but all the fossils presented as feathered dinosaurs have been found in china. why should these fossils have not emerged from anywhere else in the world — feduccia draws attention to this intriguing state of affairs : one must explain also why all theropods and other dinosaurs discovered in other deposits where integument is preserved exhibit no dino - fuzz, but true reptilian skin, devoid of any featherlike material ( feduccia 1999 ), and why typically chinese dromaeosaurs preserving dino - fuzz do not normally preserve


bird. one of the best - known fossils in the alleged dino - bird chain is mononychus, discovered in mongolia in 1993 and claimed to be an intermediate form between dinosaurs and birds. although not the slightest trace of feathers was found in this fossil, time magazine reconstructed the creature with feathers on the cover of its 26 april, 1993 issue. subsequent evidence revealed that mononychus was no bird but a fossorial ( digging ) theropod. the fact that this fossil had a bird - like breastbone and wrist bones led evolutionists to interpret mononychus as an intermediate form. biased interpretations and support from the media gave the impression that some proof existed to back this up. however, the anatomical features depicted as evidence are also found in other animals, such as moles. these inferences represent no evidence at all and they have only led to misinterpretations. writing to science news, richard monastersky reports, based on observations, why this fossil cannot be classified ; mongolian and u. s. researchers have found a 75 - million - year - old bird - like creature with a hand so strange it has left paleontologists grasping for an explanation... paul sereno of the university of chicago notes that mononychus had arms built much like those of digging animals. because moles and other diggers have keeled sternums and wrists reminiscent of birds, the classification of mononychus becomes difficult. 181 in addition, this fossil is at least 80 million years younger than archaeopteryx — which totally undermines any proposed 2 ) bambiraptor feinbergi, depicted with imaginary feathers evolutionist media immediately give certain bird - like features to biased interpretations. the fossil bambiraptor feinbergi, claimed to be an intermediate form between dinosaurs and birds, was depicted as a feathered reptile in media illustrations. however, there is no evidence that this creature ever had feathers. in 1994, another dino - bird claim was made on behalf of a fossil called bambiraptor feinbergi, estimated to be 75 million years old. found in the glacier national park in northern montana, the fossil is 95 % complete. evolutionists promptly claimed that it represents an intermediate form between dinosaurs and birds. when the fossil, belonging to a dinosaur, was introduced as an alleged dino - bird, the report admitted, " feathers, however, have not yet been found. " 182 despite this reservation, the media drew the animal as a feathered creature, and the missing details were added using


dinosaur, was introduced as an alleged dino - bird, the report admitted, " feathers, however, have not yet been found. " 182 despite this reservation, the media drew the animal as a feathered creature, and the missing details were added using plenty of creative imagination. the most evident objection to this so - called missing link is again, an error in dating. this alleged intermediate form fossil is 75 million years younger than archaeopteryx, itself a species of flying bird. this fossil is therefore a specimen that demolished the ancestral relationship claimed by evolutionists. in the same way that this fossil provides no evidence for evolution, it also demolished the ancestral relationship claimed by evolutionists. according to ohio university professor of zoology john ruben : a point that too many people always ignored, however, is that the most birdlike of the dinosaurs, such as bambiraptor and velociraptor, lived 70 million years after the earliest bird, archaeopteryx. so you have birds flying before the evolution of the first birdlike dinosaurs. we now question very strongly whether there were any feathered dinosaurs at all. what have been called feathered dinosaurs were probably flightless birds. 183 evolutionists use a few bird - like characteristics as grounds for their preconceived interpretations. yet the effort of building a line of descent based on similarities is full of contradictions that evolutionists cannot explain. whenever evolutionists construct an alleged evolutionary relationship between clearly different living things based on similar structures, they immediately close the subject by describing it as " parallel evolution. " they claim that living things with similar complex organs but with no ancestors in common, evolved independently. however, since they cannot account for the origin of these complex organs in even one living thing, their statements that these organs supposedly evolved several times presents a serious predicament. alan feduccia states that certain similarities between birds and dinosaurs do not show any evolutionary relationship between the two groups : bambiraptor is a small dinosaur, but it does have a number of birdlike features, as do many other forms. however there is nothing special about hollow bones, as some mammals and frogs have them. the problem, of course, is that bambiraptor is some 80 million years beyond archaeopteryx, and yet is claimed to be the dinosaur most close to bird ancestry. that alone should be a red flag, and a warning that the situation is far more complicated than suspected. 184 3 ) confuciusornis sanctus : identical to modern birds two


yet is claimed to be the dinosaur most close to bird ancestry. that alone should be a red flag, and a warning that the situation is far more complicated than suspected. 184 3 ) confuciusornis sanctus : identical to modern birds two paleontologists, lianhai hou and zhonghe zhou, researching at the vertebrate paleontology institute in china in 1995, discovered a new species of fossilized bird, which they named confuciusornis sanctus. this was presented to the public as the earliest flying dinosaur, even as evidence for how hands used for grasping turned into hands used for flight. according to alan feduccia, however, this fossil is one of the frequently encountered beaked birds. this one had no teeth, and its beak and feathers share the same features as present - day birds. there are claws on its wings, as with archaeopteryx, and its skeletal structure is identical to those of modern - day birds. a structure known as the pygostyle, which supports the tail feathers, can also be seen. in short, evolutionists regarded this fossil as a semi - reptile, the earliest ancestor of all birds, of a similar age ( about 142 million years ) as archaeopteryx and, bearing a close resemblance to present - day birds. this clearly conflicts with the evolutionist theses that archaeopteryx is the earliest ancestor of all birds. 185 this is also definitive proof that archaeopteryx and other archaic birds are not intermediate forms. these and similar fossils show no evidence that different bird species evolved from earlier ones. on the contrary, it proves that present - day birds and certain unique bird species similar to archaeopteryx lived at the same time. some of these species, such as confuciusornis and archaeopteryx, are extinct, but a few have survived to the present day. what is in the heavens and in the earth belongs to allah. allah encompasses all things. ( surat an - nisa, 126 ) 4 ) protarchaeopteryx robusta and caudipteryx zoui : vehicles for biased interpretations caudipteryx zoui, protarchæopteryx robusta the fossils protarchæopteryx robusta and caudipteryx zoui do not belong to dinosaurs, but to extinct flightless birds. the efforts to portray these creatures as dinosaurs is an example of evolutionists ' eagerness


the fossils protarchæopteryx robusta and caudipteryx zoui do not belong to dinosaurs, but to extinct flightless birds. the efforts to portray these creatures as dinosaurs is an example of evolutionists ' eagerness to produce evidence. in the summer of 1996, farmers working in the yixian formation found three separate turkey - sized fossils, so well preserved as to give genuine evidence of bird feathers. at first, ji qiang and his colleague ji shu - an concluded that these fossils must belong to a single species. noting their surprising similarity to archaeopteryx, they gave the creature the name protarchaeopteryx robusta. during his research in the autumn of 1997, philip currie concluded that these fossils belonged to two different species, neither of which resembled archaeopteryx. the second species was given the name caudipteryx zoui. 186 the discoveries of the protarchæopteryx robusta and caudipteryx zoui fossils were depicted as evidence that birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs. 187 the popular press stated that these fossils were definitely the so - called ancestors of birds. one commentator even wrote that the dinosaur - bird link was " now pretty close to rock solid. " 188 however, this certainty was again, only a biased interpretation. according to evolutionist claims, caudipteryx and protarchaeopteryx were small dinosaurs whose bodies were largely covered in feathers. but on their wings and tails were longer and more complex feathers, arranged like those in present - day birds. however, it is no surprise that these creatures should have feather arrangements similar to modern birds ', because their feathers are symmetrically shaped, as observed in present - day flightless birds. 189 therefore, the creatures in question are flightless birds, not dinosaurs. in severely criticizing the dino - bird dogma, larry martin and alan feduccia stated that these fossils were flightless bird species like the modern ostrich. 190 but adherents of the dino - bird theory are reluctant to accept this because they want to classify the creatures as dinosaurs, even though this fossil provides no support for evolutionist claims. indeed, this fossil represents a new contradiction to evolutionists ' alleged ancestral relationships. according to the evolutionist scenario, these dinosaurs and modern birds both have a special bone that lets them bend their wrists. again according to evolutionist claims, this feature enabled them to move their forefeet in a wide manner, to catch fleeing


. according to the evolutionist scenario, these dinosaurs and modern birds both have a special bone that lets them bend their wrists. again according to evolutionist claims, this feature enabled them to move their forefeet in a wide manner, to catch fleeing prey with their long arms and gripping talons. this allegedly powerful beating movement represented an important part of the wingbeats the today ' s birds use to fly. however, such interpretations are scientifically invalid, because flight consists of far more complex actions than just wing beating : any forward beating movement gives rises to a counter impulse that propels the bird backward. for the purpose of flight, the main flight feathers are arranged at such an angle as to push the air back and propel the birds forwards. as in planes, the wings have a special aerofoil shape, which causes air to flow faster over the upper surface than the lower. this, according to the bernoulli principle, reduces air pressure on the upper surface and creates lift. this is the main factor in take - off, but there is also the question of newton ' s third law — the reaction to the air being propelled downward. ). 191 while refuting the theory of evolution ' s dino - bird claims, the world of science also confirms that living things are perfectly created. the attitude of evolutionist scientists clearly reveals that they are blindly devoted to the theory in question. in addition, the structure of a wing hypothesized to catch prey is very different from that created for beating in flight. a feathered wing is no advantage to a bird using its wings to catch prey, because a feathered wing ' s broad surface will only increase air resistance and make movement more difficult. if, the bird flapped for hunting, as evolutionists maintain then its wing structure should help the bird move forward by pushing air back. therefore, it would be a greater advantage for the bird ' s wings to let air pass through them, like a sieve or flyswatter. thus evolutionist accounts are full of illogicalities that conflict with their own claims. in addition to its feathers, caudipteryx has a series of other features showing it to be a bird — such as that it was carnivorous. caudopteryx was portrayed as a theropod since it was first unearthed, it was thought to be a carnivore. 192 but there were no teeth in its lower skull and lower jaw, and the first two fossil specimens contained the remains of crops that birds use for digesting plant


of connecticut university had this to say : the stiff, bristlelike fibers that outline the fossils lack the detailed organization seen in modern feathers. 196 another important point is that sinosauropteryx had bellows - like lungs, like those in reptiles. according to many researchers, these show that the animal could not have evolved into modern - day birds with their high - performance lungs. 6 ) eoalulavis hoyasi shares with wing structure of modern - day birds the wing structure in eoalulavis hoyasi is also present in certain present - day flying birds. the feathers on this bird ' s wing contain a small bunch of feathers attached to the " finger ". when the bird wishes to slow down or descend to earth, it decreases the angle of the wing to the horizon. this allows air to flow over the wing ' s top surface and to stop without falling. another fossil to demolish evolutionist claims was eoalulavis hoyasi. this, estimated at some 120 million years old, is older than all the known theropod specimens. nonetheless, wing structure in eoalulavis hoyasi is identical to some modern - day flying birds. this proves that vertebrates identical in many respects to modern birds were flying 120 million years ago. 197 any suggestion that theropods, which appeared after this creature, were the ancestors of birds is clearly irrational. this bird ' s wing has a bunch of small feathers attached to the " finger. " recognizable as the alula, this structure is a basic feature of many birds alive today and consisting of several feathers that permits the bird to engage in various maneuvers during flight. but it had never before been encountered in a fossil bird from the mesozoic. this new bird was given the name eoalulavis hoyasi, or " ancient bird with an alula. " 198 its presence shows that this bird, the size of a chaffinch, was able to fly and maneuver as well as modern - day birds. the alula functions like the wing flap on an airplane. when the bird wants to reduce its speed or landing, it increases of its wing to the horizon. the drag produced by this wing position helps the bird to slow down. but when the angle between the direction of the air flow and the wing surface gets too steep, turbulence over the wing increases until the bird loses the lift necessary to maintain flight. like an airplane under similar circumstances, the bird is in danger of stalling in midair.


between the direction of the air flow and the wing surface gets too steep, turbulence over the wing increases until the bird loses the lift necessary to maintain flight. like an airplane under similar circumstances, the bird is in danger of stalling in midair. the alula now enters the equation. by raising this small appendage, the bird creates a slot between it and the main part of the wing, similar to what happens when a pilot deploys a craft ' s wing flaps. the slot allows air to stream over the main wing ' s upper surface, easing turbulence and allowing the bird ( or plane ) to brake without stalling. 199 birds 120 million years ago were using the same technology as that employed present. this realization added yet another insuperable difficulty facing the theory of evolution. 7 ) unenlagia comahuensis : a dino - bird based on artists ' imaginations fernando e. novas of the argentine museum of natural sciences in buenos aires and pablo f. puerta of the paleontology museum in trelew announced a new fossil, said to be 90 million years old, in the 22 may, 1997, edition of nature magazine, under the caption " missing link. " 200 they named this fossil unenlagia comahuensis, meaning " half - bird from north - west patagonia. " this fossil, discovered in argentina ' s patagonia region, consisted of more than 20 pieces of the creatures leg, rib and shoulder bones. based on these fragments, artists drew a creature complete with a neck, jaw and tail — and subsequently announced that this fossil was an intermediate stage in the transition from dinosaurs to birds. however, unenlagia comahuensis is manifestly a dinosaur, in many respects. in particular, certain features of its skull and the bone formations behind its eyes closely resemble those of theropods. there is also no evidence at all that it bore feathers. evolutionist scientists, however, claimed that by raising its forearms, it could make similar movements to those used by birds for flying. but clearly, these prejudiced guesses and assumptions cannot be regarded as definitive proof. on account of its different features, lawrence m. witmer of ohio university describes this creature as a genuine " mosaic ". 201 alan feduccia also states that unenlagia comahuensis cannot be a missing link between dinosaurs and birds, emphasizing that it lived 55 million years after archaeopteryx. 202 as feduccia stressed in a 1996 article written together with