describes how the point is to be drawn, and the next two give its screen location. probably the biggest advantage of the ace ’ s picture quality over the zx - 81 ′ s is that the ace has a rock - steady black screen on which any printing appears in white : the zx - 81 docs the reverse which is not a natural way for a computer to behave. the two machines certainly have a good deal in common, apart from the designer. the review machine did not have a power supply. that was no problem because i used the sinclair research one, which worked perfectly. the user port on the rear of the ace, closely resembles that on the sinclair machines. it is not difficult to justify this as there are not really many ways of presenting the z - 80 lines at the edge of a board. any device that connects to the rear of a sinclair computer will snugly fit on the back of the ace. all that is needed is a special cable that unshuffles the lines. it will probably take a few months at least for a budding forth programmer to need more than the 3k of user ram that comes as standard with the ace, but should you ever require more, the sinclair 16k ram pack will fit the bill. forth was originally designed as a control language, and the jupiter ace makes a fine control computer. in fact, this may become its eventual role. there are two words, in and out for controlling the data lines. put the ace together with any of the available add on hardware designed for the sinclair, and you have a powerful control system. the way forward other features available on the ace include a speaker, which can operate right across the audio range. but, like the spectrum ’ s, it is very quiet. it is controlled by the rom - word beep, and can be manipulated very easily by the language. again, forth is ideal for this kind of programming, and musical sequences are among the easiest things to write on the ace. there is also a quartz timer, which doubles as the system clock. this can be accessed from forth and has a number of possible applications. the timer sorts a number in four bytes, from 15403 to 15406. these can be extracted by use of the fetch word, written as @. i expect the most common use for such a facility will be in the timing of responses and in the generation of random numbers. here is a very crude random - number generator : : rand 15403 @. ; perhaps the way forward for the ace


japan has been hit by the worst crisis since 1945, as an earthquake and tsunami have killed 10, 000, destroyed tens of thousands of buildings, displaced hundreds of thousands, and left millions without power or water. as the nation braces for more aftershocks, people have resorted to using sea water in an attempt to prevent a nuclear meltdown from adding a third catastrophe, which has already leaked and caused a mass evacuation. according to greenpeace, " we are told by the nuclear industry that things like this cannot happen with modern reactors, yet japan is in the middle of a nuclear crisis with potentially devastating consequences … the evolving situation at fukushima remains far from clear, but what we do know is that contamination from the release of cesium - 137 poses a significant health risk to anyone exposed. cesium - 137 has been one if the isotopes causing the greatest health impacts following the chernobyl disaster, because it can remain in the environment and food chain for 300 years. ” whereas the first two catastrophe ’ s were natural and unpredictable, a nuclear meltdown is entirely unnatural and entirely predictable. according to the local anti - nuclear group, citizens ’ nuclear information centre, the nuclear crisis comes a month before the 25th anniversary of the chernobyl disaster, the largest nuclear meltdown in history, which showered europe in a radioactive cloud causing a quarter of a million cancers, 100, 000 of them fatal. as of this writing the disaster in japan is already the third worst in history, behind chernobyl and the three mile island partial meltdown in 1979, and comes only 12 years after a fatal overexposure of workers at a nuclear plant in tokaimura, japan. even without the inherent risk of a meltdown, nuclear power is a threat to health. the problem is not just the few terrible times when they don ' t work, but the daily experience of when they do work. as climate campaigner george monbiot wrote more than a decade ago, “ the children of women who have worked in nuclear installations, according to a study by the national radiological protection board, are eleven times more likely to contract cancer than the children of workers in non - radioactive industries. you can tell how close to [ the nuclear plant in ] sellafield children live by the amount of plutonium in their teeth. ” add to this the morbidity and mortality or working in uranium mines and the dangers of disposing of radioactive waste, and you have negative health impacts at every stage of nuclear power ( for a


the amount of plutonium in their teeth. ” add to this the morbidity and mortality or working in uranium mines and the dangers of disposing of radioactive waste, and you have negative health impacts at every stage of nuclear power ( for a summary see the uk ’ s campaign for nuclear disarmament ). despite this, governments have invested massively in the nuclear industry and globalized the risk. canada has exported nuclear reactors while building seven of its own, and despite concerns about safety the ontario government plans on investing $ 36 billion into nuclear power at the same time as its backing off wind power. reasons and excuses while nuclear power is a clear and present danger to the health of the planet and its people, it is a thriving industry driven by economic and military competition. vandana shiva — who studied nuclear physics and now leads the climate justice movement in india — has exposed the hypocrisy of us hostility to iranian nuclear power when it is doing the same thing to promote nuclear power and weapons in india as a bulwark against china : as shiva summarized in her book soil not oil, “ nuclear winter is not an alternative to global warming ”, and it is a tragedy that japan has become the test case against both military and civilian arms of the nuclear industry - - from the atomic bomb 65 years ago to the nuclear meltdown today. but instead of admitting the problems of nuclear power, the nuclear industry and its supporters have greenwashed it and presented it as a solution to global warming. some environmentalists, such as gaia theorist james lovelock, have fallen prey to these claims. lovelock, whose ideas are driven by apocalyptic predictions and an extreme pessimism, has gone so far as to claim that “ nuclear power is the only green solution ”. while former us president george bush defended his country ’ s 103 nuclear power plants as not producing " a single pound of air pollution or greenhouses gases ”, dr. helen caldicott has refuted the claim in her important book nuclear power is not the answer, which proves that even without meltdowns nuclear power is a threat to the planet : the false dichotomy between carbon emissions and nuclear power is also refuted by those developing the tar sands, who have proposed using nuclear power to pump tar sands oil. people power, green jobs fortunately there are growing anti - nuclear campaigns uniting indigenous groups, ngos and the broader climate justice movement to challenge nuclear power in all its stages — from mining to use to waste disporal. as vandana shiva writes in


people power, green jobs fortunately there are growing anti - nuclear campaigns uniting indigenous groups, ngos and the broader climate justice movement to challenge nuclear power in all its stages — from mining to use to waste disporal. as vandana shiva writes in soil not oil, meanwhile in canada indigenous groups are leading opposition to transportation of nuclear waste through the great lakes and their surrounding communities, declaring “ what we do to the land, we do to ourselves. ” last year the german government extended nuclear power against the will of the majority but after news of the leak in japan, 50, 000 people formed a human chain from a nuclear reactor to stuttgart demanding an end to nuclear power. uniting these campaigns with the labour movement raises the demands of good green jobs for all, to transform our oil and nuclear economy into one based on ecological and social sustainability and justice. instead of the billions in subsidies for the nuclear industry, governments could be investing in solar, wind and clean electricity, while retrofitting buildings, which could solve the economic and climate crises without the inherent dangers of nuclear power. as greenpeace wrote, " our thoughts continue to be with the japanese people as they face the threat of a nuclear disaster, following already devastating earthquake and tsunami. the authorities must focus on keeping people safe, and avoiding any further releases of radioactivity... greenpeace is calling for the phase out of existing reactors, and no construction of new commercial nuclear reactors. governments should invest in renewable energy resources that are not only environmentally sound but also affordable and reliable. ”


[ previous ] | [ session 38 ] | [ next ] r. greenberg, g. hoppa, b. r. tufts, p. e. geissler ( lpl, univ. of arizona ) the characteristics of chaos regions on europa suggest they may be sites of melt - through from below. they are wide - ranging in size, location and age. most are similar to conamara with a matrix reminiscent of frozen slush, and often rafts of pre - existing crust. edges are of two types : ramps, perhaps the tapering of crustal thickness to zero, or cliffs where rafts appear to have broken clear from the shore. of the lenticulae, " spots " generally appear to be small chaoses with textured matrix and occasional rafts, " pits " may represent incipient melting nearly at the surface, and many " domes " may be small chaoses raised by isostatic compensation following refreezing of the crust. the extent of chaoses often appears to be limited by ridge systems with the coastline parallel and set back by a distance comparable to the width of the ridge system. pre - existing ridges often survive as causeways or chains of rafts. boundaries of chaoses are apparently not controlled by pre - existing cracks, evidence that formation is essentially a thermal, rather than mechanical process. evidently ridges thicken the crust such that melt - through is more likely between ridge systems. subsequent cracks and ridges form across pre - existing chaoses : recent chaoses have few cracks or ridges across them ( with paths somewhat jagged as they meander among rafts ), while the remains of old chaoses are only isolated rafts surrounded by densely ridged terrain. thus two fundamental resurfacing processes have alternated over europa ' s geological history : melt - through ( at various places and times ) forming chaos terrain, and criss - crossing by cracking and ridge - building forming densely ridged ( and other tectonic ) terrain. mapping of chaos features based on morphology at 200 m shows that they correlate well with dark regions in global ( 2 km resolution ) mosaics ( except dark regions due to ridge margins or craters ), so considerable area has been available to accommodate the expansion of crust that occurs along extensional bands and ridges. chaos ubiquity suggests europan geology has been dominated by the effects of having liquid water under a very thin ice shell, with chaos regions being widespread examples of zero shell thickness.


we are six weeks into the 2010 - 11 school year, and now that the dust has settled, some inspiration has hit to get me blogging again. recently, a third grade teacher asked me if there were any podcasts “ out there ” that taught the parts of speech. she was looking for some reinforcement for the nouns work that they were doing in the classroom. this would be a good avenue to reach the different learning styles in her classroom. excited to get ipods into the hands of third graders, i did a little searching and came across this tremendous resource that i would like to share : mrcoley. com. this site has wonderful examples of podcasts by both students and teacher ( and one fit the bill for the parts of speech topic ) ; however, this site is has even more to offer beyond podcasts. it has gotten me and some of the teachers at my school thinking about how we can use our nanos in a whole new way : for flash cards. it ’ s a basic concept that mr. brent coley, a 5th grade teacher, explains with step by step directions and tutorials ( thank you! ). using powerpoint or keynote, make simple slides that teach or review a concept. then save them as pictures that can be loaded on an ipod. by clicking “ next ” on the photo album ’ s contents on the ipod, a student can review at his / her own pace. by having the ipod “ play ” the slide show, it now is more advanced for such subjects as math facts, adding in the element of a timer. now, third graders are trying to “ beat the ipod ” to the answer! sure, the students could do their fact practice with paper flash cards, but this “ hook ” of using the ipods makes the learning very exciting and motivating. one teacher reported to me that 19 sets of earbuds came in on one day ’ s notice. ( students have to supply their own earbuds to use our nanos, and if you don ’ t have earbuds, you can ’ t use them. ) she said that getting permission slips back in a timely fashion never happens, but using an ipod got their attention! engagement is up! ( even in the bus line on the way home, students enthusiastically were telling me that their teacher was signing out the ipods again for another lesson. ) wondering how slides will look on something as small as an ipod nano? here ’ s what an explorer review that i created looks like : nothing fancy, but


search : advanced search browse by category : my question is how do we know whether to say ittaqullah and not attaqullah or uttaqullah. assalamu alaikum wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuh kindly explain the rules of how to read a word when one needs to seperate it from the word before it for example i know that when we seperate ya ayyuhallazina amanuttaqullaha and want to say ' fear allah ' on its own, we say ittaqullaha. my question is how do we know whether to say ittaqullah and not attaqullah or uttaqullah. i remember learning the rule long ago, something to do with the sign ( fathah, dhamma, kasra ) on the next letter, but have since forgotten. please explain with examples from the qur ' an. jazak allahi kkhair wa alaikum assalaam wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuh, the rules involved in the question are the hamzah al - wasl rules. we have to look at the word beginning with the hamzah al - wasl and determine whether it is a verb, a noun, or a participle. in this case, the word is a command form of a verb. in a verb starting with hamzah al - wasl, we look at the vowel on the third letter, if it is a fathah or a kasrah, then we start the hamzah al - wasl with a kasrah. to see the detailed lessons on hamzah al - wasl, please see the following link. you will find many examples in the eight different lessons insha ' allah : wa iyyaaakum wa - l - muslimeen. powered by kbpublisher ( knowledge base software )


this is a language dependent introduction course on computer program design and development. emphasis is on the identification and solution of business problems through systems of computer programs. programs are described and designed through such tools as program flowcharts, structure charts, and pseudocode. within this framework, programming languages are treated as tools which can be selected, as appropriate, to implement the designs. this course provides the foundation for a program of study in computer science. it introduces the discipline of computing and the roles of professionals. a contemporary high - level language with appropriate constructs for structured design and structured types is presented. it integrates an introduction to algorithm design, an understanding of abstraction applied to date types and structures, and an appreciation of imperative and object - oriented programming. programming assignments are an integral part of this course. prerequisite : csc 110 or permission of instructor. this course develops the discipline of computing and the roles of professionals by introducing software engineering early in the learning process. this course formally presents abstract date types ( adts ). the adts presented are stacks, queues, lists, trees, graphs and tables. simple sorting and searching techniques, along with their efficiency are studied. the use of pointers and recursion is covered. programming assignments are an integral part of this course. prerequisite : csc 111. this course covers the manner in which the computer is used to solve problems. lectures cover the style and techniques necessary to solve problems using the visual basic programming language. object - oriented programming ( oop ) will be covered. this course will allow students to take advantage of the many new capabilities of building applications in a graphical user interface ( gui ). this course emphasizes the organization and operation of real computer systems at the architectural level. the mapping of statements and constructs in a high - level language onto sequences of machine instruction is studied, as well as the internal representation of simple data types and structures. topics include the fetch / execute cycle, bus structures, memory hierarchy, addressing modes, and subroutines. alternative architectures, such as vector and parallel models, are presented. three lecture hours per week. prerequisites : csc 111, mat 161. this course is the capstone course for the as degree in computer science. the course focuses on software engineering and requires a major software project. topics include : object - orientation, software design tools and techniques ( such as data flow diagrams, structure charts, crc cards, algorithms, pseudocode ), software reuse, software test strategies, and documentation standards


and requires a major software project. topics include : object - orientation, software design tools and techniques ( such as data flow diagrams, structure charts, crc cards, algorithms, pseudocode ), software reuse, software test strategies, and documentation standards. prerequisite : csc 112. this course is an introduction to game programming techniques and gaming development. topics include 2d graphics and code generated animation, sound technologies, interactivity, and multi - player games. prerequisite : csc 111 or csc 264 or permission of instructor. this course is an introduction to the administration of servers operating in a client server environment. students will be introduced to the system software running client server networks, and will learn to install, configure, monitor, and manage a network server. specific topics include server software installation, protocols, shells, system and user administration, scripts, and daemons. students will be exposed to several different operating systems and several server applications, such as web, ftp, database, and mail servers. three lecture hours. prerequisite : cis 130 or permission of instructor. the fundamentals of database design and implementation are introduced with an emphasis on data relationships. utilization of a database management system ( dbms ) and its components will be covered, along with structured query language ( sql ) and data security techniques. prerequisite : cis / csc major with sophomore standing. an introduction to the c + + language which provides software developers with an " extendable " language in which abstract data types suitable for a given application can be created and then used as naturally as built - in data types. while based on the c programming language, c + + provides data and function encapsulation, function overloading, inheritance, strong typing, and other features needed for object - oriented programming ( oop ). this makes c + + a true high - level language suitable for professional software engineering. the language constructs and oop methods are introduced with a series of examples of increasing sophistication which are the basis of project assignments. four lecture hours and one optional recitation hour per week. prerequisite : csc 110 or permission of instructor. this course introduces object - oriented java using current technical advances in programming methodology, web - based applications, and applications for hand - held devices. java methods, classes, objects, inheritance, graphics, animation, and networking are discussed. four lecture hours per week. prerequisite : csc 110 or permission of instructor. this course builds upon the fundamental topics explored in


if the city feels hotter to you in the summer, you ' re right. the japan meteorological agency has proved that all the asphalt and tall buildings and exhaust heat are indeed to blame. " urban heat islands " raised the daily august temperatures by 1 to 2 degrees in japan ' s three biggest megalopolises of tokyo, osaka and nagoya, the jma said july 9. this is the first time the jma has analyzed the effects of urban heat islands, where asphalt, buildings and heat from the exhaust of automobiles and air conditioners and other factors contribute to a rise in temperatures. the jma used data from last august to simulate air temperatures on the assumption that all ground surface was covered by grassland and that there was no exhaust heat from human activities in the three megalopolises, and compared the numerical outcomes with what was actually recorded. the urban heat islands accounted for rises of about 2 degrees in the cities ' central areas and about 1 degree on their outskirts, jma officials said. it is believed that air temperatures have risen about 3 degrees in the three big cities during the last 100 years due to both global warming and urban heat islands, but the jma has never evaluated to what extent the urban heat islands are responsible. " urbanization accounted for as much part of the temperature rises as global warming, " a jma representative said. " the situation is thought to be similar in other regions of advanced urbanization. " - « prev - next »


in a new study launched wednesday by the international energy agency ( iea ), weeks ahead of the durban climate change talks, scientists warn that if the current trend to build high - carbon generating infrastructures continues, the world ' s carbon budget will be swallowed up by 2017, leaving the planet more vulnerable than ever to the effects of irreversible climate change. according to the iea ' s world energy outlook, today ' s energy choices are likely to commit the world to much higher emissions for the next few decades. the current industrial infrastructure is already producing 80 % of the world ' s " carbon budget ". the report estimates that global primary energy demand rebounded by a remarkable 5 % in 2010, pushing co2 emissions to a record 30. 6 gigatonnes ( gt ) in 2010. subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption of fossil fuels jumped to over $ 400bn ( £250. 7bn ). the iea warns of a " lock in " effect ; whereby high - carbon infrastructures built today contribute to the old stock of emissions in the atmosphere, thus increasing the danger of runaway climate change. according to the report, there are few signs to suggest that the urgently needed change in direction in global energy trends is under way. as the world gears up towards the durban talks later this month and rio + 20 in seven months, the un environment programme ( unep ) plans to launch a new report on 23 november 2011 that reviews the latest data on the gap between commitments by nations to reduce their emissions and the actual emissions reductions required to keep global temperature rise under 2 degrees c. the report also tackles the question - how can the gap be bridged? the new report is a follow up to " bridging the gap ", which was launched last december and became a key benchmark for the international climate negotiations in cancun. unep will also launch on 25 november a study that will outline the measures and costs of reducing black carbon and non - co2 gases to slow climate change. the new unep report outlines a package of 16 measures which could reduce global warming, avoid millions of premature deaths and reduce global crop yield losses by tackling black carbon, methane and ground - level ozone - substances known as short - term climate forcers. the report demonstrates that half of these measures can deliver net cost savings over their lifetime, for example, from reduced fuel consumption or the use of recovered gas.


arguably, the most significant advancement of the 21st century, social media has had a profound impact on our lives. but has it improved our lives? it is a question with a philosophical ring and one that opens up a host of other queries. first, we must analyse the conveniences and abilities social media has given us. if one is to measure the noteworthiness of broadband by calculating the amount of time spent on specific elements, then social media would come on top. facebook boasts a billion users and twitter 500 million. that ' s one out of every seven human beings alive on earth and this doesn ' t even take into consideration the numbers conversing online through google + and what not. it isn ' t just how many social media users there are on earth that indicates how much an influence it has had on our lives. it is the amount of time such a large proportion of the human population spends on these sites. a study late last year concluded that one out of every seven minutes online are spent on facebook, while similar figures are to be expected with twitter. however, has this actually improved our lives? a report by published in the guardian in mid - march established a correlation between facebook usage and levels of obsessions with self - image, shallow friendships and being a socially disruptive narcissist. the theory was that the social media site had become a platform for empty self - expression and popularity contesting. social media does have its benefits of course. one would have to look no further than the arab spring to identify these. the platform ' s ability to organise and mobilise protests has been cited as the catalyst behind the arab protests that saw the overthrow of prominent dictators throughout the middle east. these uprisings were branded ' twitter revolutions ' and it is supposed that the ability to network and spread news through social media sites helped the protests spread in a way that would not have been possible otherwise. while one cannot exactly obtain a broadband speed test and determine the connection levels in the countries involved in the arab spring at the time ; it is accepted that high speed connections were available in the right places throughout the middle east. this increases the likelihood of social media having had a fundamental role to play in the uprisings. however, it has also been suggested that the impact of social media on these revolutions has been overstated, particularly in the western media. this logic argues that there were large scale revolutions before social media, indicating that the protests would have spread regardless. in truth, it is likely that social media did play some role.


yellow tangs, zebrasoma flavescens, are reef fish found in the waters west of hawaii and east of japan in the pacific ocean. they mainly live off the coast of hawaii, but are also found in the more western ranges of their habitat, including the islands ryukyu, mariana, marshall, marcus, and wake. they prefer subtropical waters. ( agbayani, 2008 ; waikiki aquarium, 1999 ) yellow tangs are reef - associated fish. their preferred water temperature is around 21 degrees celsius. they inhabit coral reefs in subtropical waters, but generally do not live in tropical seas. yellow tangs mainly live in the sub - surge zone of a coral reef, this is the area with the least wave action. zebrasoma flavescens live at depths of 2 to 46 meters. the clear larva of yellow tangs develop into marine plankton, in this stage they are carried close to reefs where they settle in coral crevices. ( agbayani, 2008 ; ogawa and brown, 2001 ; reynolds and casterlin, 1980 ; waikiki aquarium, 1999 ) yellow tangs have a clear larval stage before developing into juveniles. juveniles and adults have a narrow, oval body. they have an average length - weight ratio between 2. 93 and 3. 16. they have a long snout for eating algae, a large dorsal fin with four to five spines, and an anal fin with three spines. like other surgeonfish and tangs ( acanthuridae ), yellow tangs have a white, scalpel - like spine on both sides of the tail that can be used for defense or aggression. yellow tangs are named for their bright yellow coloring ; the only area that is not yellow is the white spine. at night, this bright yellow color changes to a darker, grayer yellow with a white lateral line. ( agbayani, 2008 ; froese, 1998 ; guiasu and winterbottom, 1998 ; waikiki aquarium, 1999 ; wood, 2008 ) yellow tangs begin their lives as fertilized eggs floating in open water. after hatching, the clear, pelagic larvae develop in the plankton. they enter the acronurus larva stage where they develop an oval body, dorsal and ventral fins, and spines. after about ten weeks, they enter a planktonic stage. here, waves carry them to a coral reef where they take refuge and continue to develop and grow. ( brough and brough, 2008 ; sale, et


ventral fins, and spines. after about ten weeks, they enter a planktonic stage. here, waves carry them to a coral reef where they take refuge and continue to develop and grow. ( brough and brough, 2008 ; sale, et al., 1984 ; waikiki aquarium, 1999 ; wood, 2008 ) zebrasoma flavescens can spawn in groups or in pairs. when in groups, females release eggs and males release sperm into open water where fertilization occurs. when in pairs, the male courts a female by changing colors and exhibiting a shimmering movement. the two fish then swim upward and simultaneously release their eggs or sperm into the water. males may spawn with multiple females in one session, while females typically spawn only once a month. ( brough and brough, 2008 ; waikiki aquarium, 1999 ; wood, 2008 ) yellow tangs reproduce externally. their spawning peaks from march to september, but some fish spawn at all times throughout the year. an average female can release about 40, 000 eggs. ( agbayani, 2008 ; detroit zoological society, 2008 ; lobel, 1989 ) there is no parental investment in yellow tangs beyond the fertilization of eggs. juvenile yellow tangs are often territorial. this trait usually diminishes as the fish mature and start to roam wider areas of the reef. adult tangs live singly or in small, loose groups. these groups sometimes contain other species of fish, like sailfin tang ( zebrasoma veliferum ). yellow tangs are diurnal. during the day, tangs move from place to place, grazing on algae ; at night, they generally rest alone in coral reef crevices. ( agbayani, 2008 ; atkins, 1981 ; brough and brough, 2008 ; wood, 2008 ) when they are juveniles, yellow tangs have small home ranges that they defend, often staying within a few meters of one area. not much is known about the home ranges of adult yellow tangs. ( parrish and claisse, 2005 ) when mating, males change colors and exhibit a shimmering movement to attract females. in defense or aggression, yellow tangs extend their fins to full length, greatly increasing their size. they also expose their scalpel - like scales on their fins as a warning sign. they use these not only to defend themselves from predators, but also to scare away competitors for food or territory. ( brough and brough, 2008 ; waikiki aquarium, 1999 ) yellow tang


like scales on their fins as a warning sign. they use these not only to defend themselves from predators, but also to scare away competitors for food or territory. ( brough and brough, 2008 ; waikiki aquarium, 1999 ) yellow tangs have a long, down - turned mouth with small teeth that are specialized for grazing on algae. because they are mainly herbivores, they spend a large amount of their time grazing either alone or in groups. a large portion of their diet consists of uncalcified and filamentous algae that grows on coral reefs. in addition to smaller types of algae, yellow tangs feed on macroalgae, such as seaweed. yellow tangs will also eat some types of zooplankton. ( guiasu and winterbottom, 1998 ; waikiki aquarium, 1999 ; wylie and paul, 1988 ) predators of zebrasoma flavescens include larger fish and predatory invertebrates such as crabs and octopi. yellow tangs rely on camouflage and their scalpel - like fins to protect themselves. to humans, these fish appear bright yellow, but, to other fish, yellow tangs blend in very well with coral reef backgrounds. according to marshall et al. ( 2003 ) wavelength differences between yellow and average reef color become negligible at the depths where yellow tangs are found. in addition to camouflage, zebrasoma flavescens use their scalpel - like fins for defense. ( barry and hawryshyn, 1999 ; detroit zoological society, 2008 ; marshall, et al., 2003 ; waikiki aquarium, 1999 ) yellow tangs, along with other algae feeders, are crucial parts of coral reef ecosystems. they feed on algae and seaweed that grow on the reefs, preventing them from overgrowing and killing corals. yellow tangs are also a food source for larger fish and invertebrates. ( detroit zoological society, 2008 ; waikiki aquarium, 1999 ) yellow tangs are important for tourism and the aquarium trade. their bright yellow color is well recognized by scuba divers and other tourists on hawaiian reefs. they are also a valuable resource in aquarium trade ; they are the number one collected fish for export out of hawaii. their coloring, hardiness, and low cost all attribute to their popularity in marine aquariums, making them one of the ten most popular fish. ( brough and brough, 2008 ; ogawa and brown, 2001 ; waikiki aquarium, 1999 ) yellow tangs, along with other surgeon


attribute to their popularity in marine aquariums, making them one of the ten most popular fish. ( brough and brough, 2008 ; ogawa and brown, 2001 ; waikiki aquarium, 1999 ) yellow tangs, along with other surgeonfish ( acanthuridae ), are not generally dangerous. when they are young, they possess venom glands. as they age into juveniles and adults, they lose these glands. if yellow tangs are provoked, they can inflict deep injuries with the sharp blades on their tails. ( agbayani, 2008 ; waikiki aquarium, 1999 ) zebrasoma flavescens is not a threatened or endangered species. tanya dewey ( editor ), animal diversity web. kara zabetakis ( author ), university of maryland, baltimore county, kevin omland ( editor, instructor ), university of maryland, baltimore county. body of water between the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ), australia, asia, and the western hemisphere. this is the world ' s largest ocean, covering about 28 % of the world ' s surface. having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria. uses smells or other chemicals to communicate having markings, coloration, shapes, or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect. humans benefit economically by promoting tourism that focuses on the appreciation of natural areas or animals. ecotourism implies that there are existing programs that profit from the appreciation of natural areas or animals. animals which must use heat acquired from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature fertilization takes place outside the female ' s body union of egg and spermatozoan an animal that eats mainly plants or parts of plants. having a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment ; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature. offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters, clutches, etc. ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ). seaweed. algae that are large and photosynthetic. a large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows. in insects, " incomplete meta


definition, survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ). seaweed. algae that are large and photosynthetic. a large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows. in insects, " incomplete metamorphosis " is when young animals are similar to adults and change gradually into the adult form, and " complete metamorphosis " is when there is a profound change between larval and adult forms. butterflies have complete metamorphosis, grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis. having the capacity to move from one place to another. specialized for swimming the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic. reproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body. the business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets. the kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males, each of which also pairs with several different females. structure produced by the calcium carbonate skeletons of coral polyps ( class anthozoa ). coral reefs are found in warm, shallow oceans with low nutrient availability. they form the basis for rich communities of other invertebrates, plants, fish, and protists. the polyps live only on the reef surface. because they depend on symbiotic photosynthetic algae, zooxanthellae, they cannot live where light does not penetrate. mainly lives in oceans, seas, or other bodies of salt water. breeding is confined to a particular season remains in the same area reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female associates with others of its species ; forms social groups. uses touch to communicate defends an area within the home range, occupied by a single animals or group of animals of the same species and held through overt defense, display, or advertisement the region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23. 5 degrees north to 23. 5 degrees south. an animal which has an organ capable of injecting a poisonous substance into a wound ( for example, scorpions, jellyfish, and rattlesnakes ). uses sight to communicate breeding takes place throughout the year animal constituent of plankton ; mainly small crustaceans and fish larvae. ( compare to phytoplankton. ) agbayani, e. 2008. " zebrasoma flavescens " ( on - line ). fishbase. accessed april 08, 2008 at http


crustaceans and fish larvae. ( compare to phytoplankton. ) agbayani, e. 2008. " zebrasoma flavescens " ( on - line ). fishbase. accessed april 08, 2008 at http : / / www. fishbase. org / summary / speciessummary. php? id = 6018. atkins, p. 1981. behavioral determinants of the nocturnal spacing pattern of the yellow tang zebrasoma flavescens ( acanthuridae ). pacific science, 35 : 263 - 264. barry, k., c. hawryshyn. 1999. effects of incident light and background conditions on potential conspicuousness of hawaiian coral reef fish. journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom, 79 : 495 - 508. brough, d., c. brough. 2008. " animal - world " ( on - line ). accessed april 08, 2008 at http : / / animal - world. com / encyclo / marine / tangs / yellow. php. detroit zoological society, 2008. " detroit zoo " ( on - line ). accessed april 09, 2008 at http : / / www. detroitzoo. org / zoo / index. php? option = content & task = view & id = 562 & itemid = 610. dodds, k. 2007. " reef resources " ( on - line ). accessed may 03, 2008 at http : / / www. reefresources. net / rr _ profiles / viewtopic. php? t = 153. froese, r. 1998. length - weight relationships for 18 less - studied fish species. journal of applied ichthyology, 14 : 117 - 118. guiasu, r., r. winterbottom. 1998. yellow juvenile color pattern, diet switching and the phylogeny of the surgeonfish genus zebrasoma. bulletin of marine science, 63 : 277 - 294. lobel, p. 1989. ocean current variability and the spawning season of hawaiian reef fishes. environmental biology of fishes, 24 : 161 - 171. marshall, n., k. jennings, w. mcfarland, e. loew, g. losey. 2003. visual biology of hawaiian coral reef fishes. bioone, 3 : 467 - 480. ogawa, t., c. brown. 2001. ornamental reef fish aquaculture and collection in hawaii. aquarium sciences and conservation, 3 : 151


2003. visual biology of hawaiian coral reef fishes. bioone, 3 : 467 - 480. ogawa, t., c. brown. 2001. ornamental reef fish aquaculture and collection in hawaii. aquarium sciences and conservation, 3 : 151 - 169. parrish, j., j. claisse. 2005. " university of hawaii, department of zoology " ( on - line pdf ). post - settlement life history of key coral reef fishes in a hawaiian marine protected area network. accessed may 03, 2008 at http : / / www. hawaii. edu / ssri / hcri / files / res / parrish _ c _ noaa _ final _ 2004. pdf. reynolds, w., m. casterlin. 1980. thermoregulatory behavior of a tropical reef fish, zebrasoma flavescens. oikos, 34 : 356 - 358. sale, p., w. douglas, p. doherty. 1984. choice of microhabitats by coral reef fishes at settlement. coral reefs, 3 : 91 - 99. waikiki aquarium, 1999. " marine life profile : yellow tang " ( on - line pdf ). waikiki aquarium educational department. accessed april 07, 2008 at http : / / www. waquarium. org / mlp / root / pdf / marinelife / vertebrates / yellowtang. pdf. wood, a. 2008. " animal life resource " ( on - line ). accessed april 09, 2008 at http : / / animals. jrank. org / pages / 2212 / surgeonfishes - relatives - acanthuroidei - yellow - tang - zebrasoma - flavescens - species - accounts. html. wylie, c., v. paul. 1988. feeding preferences of the surgeonfish zebrasoma flavescens in relation to chemical defenses of tropical algae. marine ecology, 45 : 23 - 32.


you might check the following : the fuel pressure regulator ( 1 ) is a diaphragm - operated cartridge relief valve with the fuel pump pressure on one side and the regulator spring pressure and intake manifold vacuum on the other. a retainer ( 2 ) holds the fuel pressure regulator. the regulator ' s function is to maintain a constant pressure differential across the injectors at all times. the pressure regulator compensates for engine load by increasing the fuel pressure as engine vacuum drops. with the ignition on leaving the engine off ( zero vacuum ), the fuel pressure at the pressure test connection should be 415 - 455 kpa ( 6o - 66 psi ). if the pressure is too low, poor performance could result. if the pressure is too high, excessive odor may result. the engine coolant temperature sensor is a thermistor ( a resistor which changes value based on temperature ) mounted in the engine coolant passage. low coolant temperature produces a high resistance 100, 000 ohms at - 40°c ( - 40°f ) while high temperature causes low resistance 70 ohms at 130°c ( 266°f ). the vcm supplies a 5 volt signal to the engine coolant temperature sensor through a resistor in the vcm and measures the voltage. the voltage will be high when the engine is cold. the voltage will be low when the engine is hot. by measuring the voltage, the vcm calculates the engine coolant temperature. engine coolant temperature affects most systems the vcm controls. the scan tool displays engine coolant temperature in degrees. after engine start - up, the temperature should rise steadily to about 9o°c ( 194°f ) then stabilize when thermostat opens. if the engine has not been run for several hours ( overnight ), the engine coolant temperature and intake air temperature displays should be close to each other. when the vcm detects a malfunction in the engine coolant temperature ( ect ) sensor circuit, the following diagnostic trouble code ( dtc ) s will set : dtc p0117 circuit low. dtc p0118 circuit high. dtc p0125 excessive time to closed loop. dtc p1114 circuit intermittent low. dtc p1115 circuit intermittent high.


does your jurisdiction have a public information call center ( picc )? this toolkit is designed to walk you through the basic steps of developing a picc to help build the capacity to handle a surge in phone calls during a public health emergency. | seattle & king county advanced practice center | | risk communication | | word | | reference / guides | | english | | 1 / 16 / 2012 3 : 43 pm | | gaurav mahajan | < br > prepare for medical surge by engaging community pharmacies / pharmacists with preparedness efforts. federal, state, and local governments must reach out to pharmacists to ensure that they are included in policy decisions and emergency planning, and to seek their input on the pharmaceutical needs of vulnerable populations. rx4prep is an interactive, educational website to help local health departments obtain information about collaborating with pharmacies and connect with other users. < br > < br > | montgomery county advanced practice center | | chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosive preparedness | | website ; podcast | | reference / guides | | english | | 3 / 13 / 2012 4 : 46 pm | | susan wherley | | blueprint for the use of volunteers in hospitals and rural medical centers ; building preparedness : proven tools for your health department | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20101002 | 1. engage local health departments ( lhds ) and pharmacies / pharmacists to work together on all hazards emergency preparedness and response. 2. define important resources to increase awareness and understanding of public health and pharmacy organizations. 3. provide current tools, resources and materials that : • identify strategies to connect lhds and community pharmacists and other local pharmacy leaders ; • foster sustainable relationships by demonstrating new products and areas of mutual benefit ; • create links between hospitals, healthcare professionals, emergency management, lhds, and pharmacists / pharmacies ; and • describe trainings and drills that lhds and community pharmacists and pharmacies can use to train, be ready and practice for emergencies. < br > alternative care sites, shelters, and points of dispensing ( pods ) require a specific number and type of facility depending upon the public health scenario and the number of persons affected. the alternative care site planning model is intended to help public health officials evaluate the resources required to staff and equip alternative care sites in


pods ) require a specific number and type of facility depending upon the public health scenario and the number of persons affected. the alternative care site planning model is intended to help public health officials evaluate the resources required to staff and equip alternative care sites in multiple emergency scenarios. < br > < br > | montgomery county advanced practice center | | workforce | | website | | 3 / 13 / 2012 1 : 46 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20101003 | the alternative care site planning model is intended to help public health officials evaluate the resources required to staff and equip alternative care sites in multiple emergency scenarios. this model focuses on the critical resources needed for alternative care sites. it is not intended to manage all materials required. users must have microsoft excel in order to operate the model. does the public really understand the difference between the terms " avian influenza " and " pandemic influenza "? do they know how avian and pandemic influenzas are spread? are they familiar with simple ways to prepare for influenza? this tool is both a resource for local health departments to educate their communities and a self - study for persons who wish to increase their own knowledge and awareness. this tool includes a pdf of the “ complete presentation guide ” which includes the powerpoint presentation with speaker ' s notes, pre - and post - tests, suggested handouts, and interactive activities. word documents are available for the pre - and post - test and evaluation. | montgomery county advanced practice center | | risk communication | | word ; pdf | | reference / guides | | english | | 5 / 20 / 2011 11 : 05 am | | ian goldstein | < br > prepare for an emergency by equipping first responders with the medication they need to safely respond to a biological incident or other public health disaster. protect first responders while cutting down on response time. the bio - pack toolkit demonstrates an effective model of medication prepositioning implemented in montgomery county, md. < br > < br > | montgomery county advanced practice center | | mass medical countermeasures ; workforce | | hostedvideo | | reference / guides | | english | | 3 / 13 / 2012 4 : 56 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc2005681 | • demonstrate an effective model of medication prepositioning for first responders through bio - packs.


pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc2005681 | • demonstrate an effective model of medication prepositioning for first responders through bio - packs. • highlight challenges of medication prepositioning, including implementation, screening, purchase, storage, and dispensing. < br > foster relationships with community partners and incorporate volunteers into local preparedness and response. this toolkit was developed to help hospitals and public health agencies integrate volunteer support into hospital inpatient, emergency department, and incident response operations through deployment of just - in - time training ( jitt ) and exercise curricula. < br > < br > | mesa county advanced practice center | | partnerships and collaborations ; volunteer management | | website ; podcast | | reference / guides | | english | | 3 / 14 / 2012 10 : 21 am | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20102192 | • refine medical surge tools in a way that will enhance partnership - building. • make the use of medical and non - medical volunteers in public health and hospital activities more efficient. • simplify exercises and just - in - time training. • provide tools for volunteer management and integration into hospitals. • communities will develop a local committee that coordinates emergency preparedness and response planning efforts among the communities ’ stakeholders. • a homeland security exercise and evaluation program ( hseep ) - compliant training and exercise program will be created. this program will develop a jurisdiction ' s target capabilities and make the most use of limited resources. • the hospital, volunteer organization, and local public health agency will be prepared to use volunteers in a surge situation and agree on how to integrate them into hospital operations. • the local hospital or medical center will have a joint commission - compliant emergency operations plan ( eop ) that is up - to - date. < br > a continuity of operations plan ( coop ) facilitates the performance of a health department ' s functions during a public health emergency or other situation which may interrupt normal services. < br > < br > this tip sheet guides local health departments through the second phase of coop planning, the process of identifying critical functions and services. < br > < br > | montgomery county advanced practice center | | continuity of operations planning | | word | | reference / guides ; training | | english | | 3 / 14 / 2012 12 : 01 pm | | susan wherley |


. < br > < br > | montgomery county advanced practice center | | continuity of operations planning | | word | | reference / guides ; training | | english | | 3 / 14 / 2012 12 : 01 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20071696 | • identify critical day - to - day services of the local health department that will need to continue to ensure uninterrupted performance during a wide spectrum of emergency events or disasters. < br > building a public health community of practice – a biosurveillance resource compendium is a cd toolkit intended to help public health agencies implement an effective, comprehensive biosurveillance program. providing approximately 40 resources, the cd includes a series of articles on implementing biosurveillance initiatives, materials defining and discussing the development of a public health community of practice, specific examples of real - world tools and resources that have proven beneficial in north texas ( including system response protocols ), and a research report on biosurveillance system efficacy. < br > < br > | tarrant county advanced practice center | | biosurveillance, disease detection, and investigation | | cd | | reference / guides | | english | | 3 / 14 / 2012 3 : 58 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20081484 | • help public health agencies strengthen partnerships with stakeholders at the federal, state and local levels and with the medical community, law enforcement, first responders, and schools. < br > learn about public health preparedness issues such as isolation and quarantine, workforce activation / surge, vulnerable populations planning, risk communications, and pandemic influenza preparedness with tools directed towards local health departments ( lhds ), businesses, and community agencies. < br > < br > | seattle & king county advanced practice center | | risk communication | | cd | | training | | english | | 3 / 14 / 2012 3 : 55 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20091746 | build, strengthen, and carry out emergency response strategies in : • vulnerable and at - risk populations • risk communication • pandemic flu • healthcare response • isolation and quarantine • community and partner engagement < br > help businesses, government agencies,


build, strengthen, and carry out emergency response strategies in : • vulnerable and at - risk populations • risk communication • pandemic flu • healthcare response • isolation and quarantine • community and partner engagement < br > help businesses, government agencies, and community - based organizations in your jurisdiction with pandemic flu planning efforts. < br > < br > this 20 - minute video profiles leaders from a variety of organizations as they prepare for the consequences of an influenza pandemic. < br > < br > | seattle & king county advanced practice center | | pandemic influenza preparedness ; risk communication | | hostedvideo ; pdf | | reference / guides ; training ; templates | | english | | 3 / 14 / 2012 4 : 31 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20081323 | • prevent and prepare for pandemic influenza in your community by working with local businesses, government agencies, and organizations. < br > partner with community emergency response team ( cert ) trainers in your jurisdiction to provide them with pandemic h1n1 influenza training resources. increase awareness of the threat of a pandemic influenza and its impact on the community and give cert participants the education and tools needed to increase preventive health behaviors and limit the spread of the pandemic influenza virus. | santa clara county advanced practice center, revised by the san francisco bay area advanced practice center | | workforce | | cd ; hostedvideo | | training ; reference / guides ; checklists | | english ; asl ( sign ) ; french ; hmong ; spanish | | 10 / 25 / 2012 1 : 41 pm | | ian goldstein | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20091779 | • describe the differences between seasonal, avian, and pandemic h1n1 influenza • identify steps of how to prepare a household for pandemic influenza. • describe the function of certs and potential roles during an influenza pandemic. • learn how to use personal protective equipment ( ppe ) for certs. < br > avoid congestion, crowding, and confusion by quickly creating an accurate model that will provide assistance with planning for a public health vaccination or dispensing clinic. this tool can be used either in the advance planning stages or for immediate support during an actual event. the computer model is designed to assist in planning a


that will provide assistance with planning for a public health vaccination or dispensing clinic. this tool can be used either in the advance planning stages or for immediate support during an actual event. the computer model is designed to assist in planning a clinic with improved efficiency and performance while enlightening the planners on what to expect in the event of an outbreak. < br > < br > | montgomery county advanced practice center | | mass medical countermeasures | | website | | reference / guides | | english | | 3 / 21 / 2012 5 : 04 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc2008258 | • create mathematical and simulation models of mass dispensing and vaccination clinics ( also known as points of dispensing or pods ). • develop decision support tools to help emergency preparedness planners plan clinics that have enough capacity to serve residents quickly while avoiding unnecessary congestion. < br > the closed pod partnerships : train the trainer website is designed for businesses, faith - based and community - based organizations, higher education institutions ( colleges and universities ) and federal agencies that are interested in partnering with their local health department as closed points of dispensing ( pods ) for mass dispensing of antibiotics to employees, family members and / or clients in the event of a large scale infectious disease emergency. this resource includes self - guided online training modules, forms, templates, fact sheets, planning resources, checklists, and information useful for staff setting up and working a closed pod. < br > < br > | san francisco bay area advanced practice center | | partnerships and collaborations | | website | | reference / guides | | english | | 3 / 22 / 2012 1 : 20 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20101780 | • learn how a closed point of dispensing ( pod ) works. • set up and activate a closed pod. • conduct just - in - time training for closed pod staff. < br > tabletop exercises are one of the strategies that the public health workforce can use to convene and engage their community partners. this resource provides state and local public health entities with information and guidance on the key ingredients to consider when developing and facilitating a bioterrorism tabletop exercise. | dekalb county board of health advanced practice center, revised by the san francisco bay


this resource provides state and local public health entities with information and guidance on the key ingredients to consider when developing and facilitating a bioterrorism tabletop exercise. | dekalb county board of health advanced practice center, revised by the san francisco bay area advanced practice center | | workforce | | pdf | | training ; reference / guides | | english | | 3 / 22 / 2012 1 : 34 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc200567 | • set goals. • select a coordinator, a facilitator, and participants. • develop the scenario and questions. • address logistical issues. < br > provide child care providers with the knowledge and skills to develop a continuity of operations plan ( coop ) for emergency events, specifically an h1n1 influenza pandemic. this tool includes a trainer outline, notes, handouts, and powerpoint presentations. the training can be used by local health departments or other community service agencies to help prepare the child care community for emergency events. | montgomery county advanced practice center | | workforce | | pdf | | training | | english | | 3 / 22 / 2012 1 : 57 pm | | susan wherley | | emergency response planning for child care providers | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20091732 | • describe the purpose and components of a continuity of operations plan ( coop ). • recall the response sequence for children or staff with pandemic flu symptoms. • identify local, state, and national resources for keeping up - to - date on pandemic flu and other emergency information. < br > this training program guides medical reserve corps ( mrc ) volunteer candidates through various topics that conform to the mrc core competencies matrix. the tool covers various topics, including disaster preparedness, universal precautions, the health insurance portability and accountability act ( hipaa ), and other topics essential for the proper training of volunteers. the cd - rom includes resource links, videos, a course map, and exercises for self - assessment. < br > < br > | tarrant county advanced practice center | | workforce | | hostedvideo ; powerpoint | | training ; other ; reference / guides | | english | | 3 / 22 / 2012 4 : 44 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20091728 | •


other ; reference / guides | | english | | 3 / 22 / 2012 4 : 44 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20091728 | • domain 1 : health, safety, and preparedness • domain 2 : roles and responsibilities of volunteers • domain 3 : introduction to public health • domains 2 & 3 : shared content < br > this toolkit is intended to serve as a resource to help you develop a plan for family assistance services that can be applied to all hazards. it contains four sections related to developing a family assistance center ( fac ) plan : prepare to plan, components of plan, role of federal partners, and training resources. < br > < br > | seattle & king county advanced practice center | | partnerships and collaborations | | website | | 3 / 23 / 2012 1 : 58 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20102208 | • understand the context and rationale for operating family assistance centers ( facs ) during mass - casualty or mass - fatality incidents. • identify the principles that should guide the operations of a fac. • develop a plan for a fac, including strategies for addressing the behavioral health needs of families. this crisis communications guide and checklist, created by the montgomery county advanced practice center, is to assist public health planners in the preparation for a public health emergency by equipping them with the knowledge and understanding of basic crisis communications components. the 2001 anthrax crisis is used to illustrate key components of the ideas discussed. approximately 30 pages long and available in pdf format, this guide is divided into three sections : a literature review ; a quick guide that summarizes key points from the relevant literature ; and, a checklist for message development / evaluation. | montgomery county advanced practice center | | risk communication | | pdf | | reference / guides | | english | | 5 / 20 / 2011 11 : 05 am | | ian goldstein | the crisis, emergency, and risk ( cerc ) toolkit evolved from santa clara county ' s increased understanding and recognition of the need to build a strong operational framework for emergency public communication activities. toolkit materials are predicated on " lessons learned " from actual events and best practices from the numerous trainings, drills, tabletops and exercises in which we have been participants and / or facilitators. the goal of the cerc tool


toolkit materials are predicated on " lessons learned " from actual events and best practices from the numerous trainings, drills, tabletops and exercises in which we have been participants and / or facilitators. the goal of the cerc toolkit is to provide information and materials to other public health departments and assist in the development and organization of public information activities. the ultimate goal is for all public health departments to be better prepared in order to communicate efficiently and effectively in a public health emergency. | santa clara county advanced practice center | | risk communication | | website | | reference / guides | | english | | 5 / 20 / 2011 11 : 05 am | | ian goldstein | the guide to multi - jurisdictional collaborations is a resource for leaders in public health emergency preparedness who seek answers about their community ' s capacity to respond to disasters. this guide provides examples of laws, inter - jurisdictional cooperation agreements, collaborations, policies, practices, and procedures. additionally, the guide addresses various formal and informal means to develop agreements, potential legal issues these agreements may generate, and the benefits and liabilities governments and their agents may reasonably expect when entering into such agreements. | western new york public health alliance advanced practice center | | partnerships and collaborations | | pdf | | reference / guides | | english | | 1 / 10 / 2011 9 : 47 am | | ian goldstein | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20091690 | < br > this module provides an engaging educational experience that simulates field - based decisions related to environmental health issues for two scenarios : a major flood and a chemical spill caused by a train derailment. < br > < br > | twin cities metro advanced practice center, revised by the mesa county advanced practice center | | environmental health emergency preparedness | | cd ; podcast | | training ; reference / guides | | english | | 3 / 23 / 2012 4 : 41 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20091722 | after reading the background information, choose which scenario you want to complete. playing the role of an environmental health professional, answer questions about how you would address a variety of issues that you encounter during the disaster. after answering each question, you earn points based on the relative correctness of your decision, given the three choices available in each situation. you also receive feedback explaining the merits or drawbacks of the possible answer answers. at the


encounter during the disaster. after answering each question, you earn points based on the relative correctness of your decision, given the three choices available in each situation. you also receive feedback explaining the merits or drawbacks of the possible answer answers. at the end of each scenario, you obtain your final score and can review the questions and feedback. < br > design and conduct a full - scale disaster exercise using a dvd - based interactive training course designed to assist public health and emergency management professionals. the dvd includes video footage that details tarrant county ' s full - scale dirty bomb disaster drill. the tool also includes an interactive training manual as well as a chapter - based lecture series focused on the design and evaluation components of a public health exercise. < br > < br > | tarrant county advanced practice center | | chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosive preparedness | | dvd ; hostedvideo ; pdf | | exercises ; training | | english | | 3 / 26 / 2012 2 : 29 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc2005272 | • identify the basic components of a field functional exercise for public health. • compare a field functional exercise to drills, tabletops, full - scale exercises, and top offs. • set performance expectations and scale the exercise to include budget considerations. • plan a field functional exercise. • define key collaboration and partnerships including required expertise and level of experience. < br > discover the process for utilizing pharmacies as medication dispensing and vaccination sites during emergencies by building effective partnerships between local health departments and community pharmacists. this toolkit contains four sections related to developing effective and sustainable medication dispensing strategies : background, planning, activation & operation, and policy & legal. a user guide and table top exercise are also available on the website. < br > < br > | seattle & king county advanced practice center | | partnerships and collaborations ; mass medical countermeasures | | website | | 3 / 26 / 2012 2 : 53 pm | | susan wherley | | a prescription for preparedness : an online community for local health departments and pharmacists to help ready america for emergencies | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20102206 | • document the process for developing collaborative drug therapy agreements and memoranda of understanding between local health departments ( lhds ) and ph


http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20102206 | • document the process for developing collaborative drug therapy agreements and memoranda of understanding between local health departments ( lhds ) and pharmacists / their organizations to utilize pharmacies as medication dispensing and vaccination sites during emergency events. • document a medication and vaccine distribution strategy that involves partnering between lhds and pharmacy organizations for responding to emergency events. • identify opportunities and challenges in working with community pharmacists for emergency preparedness and response. < br > for this training module, environmental health professionals from around the country shared how they dealt with actual disasters and emergencies. their real - world stories – through which they share valuable tips, techniques, and lessons learned – will guide you through the preparation, response, and recovery stages of emergencies and disasters. | twin cities metro advanced practice center | | environmental health emergency preparedness | | website | | reference / guides | | english | | 4 / 17 / 2012 3 : 52 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc2007968 | after completing this module, you will be able to apply the eight environmental health core competencies based on the insights gained and lessons learned by environmental health professionals in dealing with actual emergences and disasters. < br > during a public health emergency, time, accuracy, and data collection are essential in medical clinics. one way to improve results is through the use of an electronic medical screening tool. emedcheck, an ongoing project with the university of maryland, is a medical screening tool used on iphone / ipad, blackberry, or palm pda. two medical screening tools have been developed : one for a cities readiness initiative ( cri ) anthrax scenario and a second for a hepatitis a outbreak. < br > < br > | montgomery county advanced practice center | | partnerships and collaborations | | website | | 3 / 26 / 2012 4 : 20 pm | | susan wherley | | a prescription for preparedness : an online community for local health departments and pharmacists to help ready america for emergencies ; developing effective and sustainable medication dispensing strategies | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20101004 | • decrease the amount of time spent on patient registration and screening. • improve the accuracy of medication allocation to patients. • serve as


| | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20101004 | • decrease the amount of time spent on patient registration and screening. • improve the accuracy of medication allocation to patients. • serve as a data collection system. the santa clara county public health department advanced practice center created the emergency dark site toolkit : a toolkit on how to build, use and maintain an emergency dark site for public health emergencies. this toolkit is intended to serve local health departments in setting up a public health department emergency dark site - - a static web page used to post critical public health emergency messages when a server goes down. the santa clara county apc, in conjunction with stanford university and google, tested their newly created dark site during the april 2009 h1n1 outbreak. due to an overwhelming number of web hits, the santa clara county public health department ' s server went down, resulting in the activation of their dark site. when the site was activated, the public information officer had a new tool to manage the public demand for h1n1 information. the emergency dark site toolkit : a toolkit on how to build, use and maintain an emergency dark site for public health emergencies includes step - by - step instructions to build your own emergency dark site for public health emergencies. insert the cd into your computer or download the program and follow the interactive menus to view the simple instructions. | santa clara county advanced practice center | | risk communication | | cd | | reference / guides | | english | | 3 / 8 / 2012 5 : 01 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20091949 | the emergency dispensing site action plan template ( version 1. 5 ) is an all - hazards post - exposure prophylaxis response plan capable of addressing a range of public health threats. this planning template lays out a process for planning, opening, operating, and closing an emergency dispensing site ( eds ) or dispensing vaccination center ( dvc ). it also includes critical plan elements, such as job action sheets and incident response forms. | cambridge advanced practice center | | mass medical countermeasures | | word ; pdf | | reference / guides ; templates | | english | | 5 / 20 / 2011 11 : 00 am | | ian goldstein | < br > this tool includes a series of pictograms designed to facilitate communication and promote


| word ; pdf | | reference / guides ; templates | | english | | 5 / 20 / 2011 11 : 00 am | | ian goldstein | < br > this tool includes a series of pictograms designed to facilitate communication and promote universal access to emergency dispensing site services and other mass care services. please note that this tool is currently being revised and a new version will be released in 2012. | cambridge advanced practice center, revised by the multnomah county advanced practice center | | mass medical countermeasures | | cd | | templates ; training | | english | | 4 / 16 / 2012 4 : 50 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc20071675 | the signs were developed in collaboration with local and state public health professionals, and experts in universal design and accessibility. the signs are large, high contrast pictograms of station activities, accompanied by simple, one - word descriptions in english and spanish. this tool has been created to help participants gain knowledge and skills to work at a emergency dispensing site ( eds ) in order to increase the efficiency, effectiveness and speed of a universally accessible emergency mass prophylaxis operation. this training approach is well suited for an audience of local public health and mrc volunteers who are leaders either within their departments or in their communities. teach your volunteers how to use job action sheets, work within the chain of command, trouble - shoot bottle necks, and identify client barriers to service. the two complementary trainings included in this pdf tool are : 1. eds 1 : the mechanics of an eds 2. eds 2 : facilitating clients through an eds | cambridge advanced practice center | | mass medical countermeasures | | pdf | | training ; reference / guides | | english | | 5 / 20 / 2011 11 : 01 am | | ian goldstein | < br > download a quick reference guide to provide step - by - step emergency information to food managers and other supervisory personnel at food service establishments. the handbook addresses both naturally - occurring and man - made emergencies. | twin cities metro advanced practice center, revised by the mesa county advanced practice center | | environmental health emergency preparedness | | pdf | | reference / guides ; checklists | | english | | 3 / 26 / 2012 4 : 52 pm | | susan wherley | | http : / / apc. naccho. org / products / apc2005268


yes, it ' s protect your groundwater day! here is some information from the national ground water association : everyone can and should do something to protect groundwater. why? we all have a stake in maintaining its quality and quantity. - for starters, 95 percent of all available freshwater comes from aquifers underground. being a good steward of groundwater just makes sense. - not only that, most surface water bodies are connected to groundwater so how you impact groundwater matters. - furthermore, many public water systems draw all or part of their supply from groundwater, so protecting the resource protects the public water supply and impacts treatment costs. - if you own a well to provide water for your family, farm, or business, groundwater protection is doubly important. as a well owner, you are the manager of your own water system. protecting groundwater will help reduce risks to your water supply. groundwater protectionthere are two fundamental categories of groundwater protection : - keeping it safe from contamination - using it wisely by not wasting it. before examining what you can do to protect groundwater, however, you should know that sometimes the quality and safety of groundwater is affected by substances that occur naturally in the environment. " when the well is dry, we learn the worth of water. " - - attributed to several, including ben franklin


new ideas and information have emerged recently that hold great promise for enhancing the impact of current prevention efforts. " prevention is the best treatment " is an oft - cited maxim, and one that certainly applies to drug abuse. anyone who can be influenced to avoid abusing drugs is spared their harmful health and social effects, including increased risk for lethal infections, family disruption and job loss, confusion and despair, the difficult struggle of treatment, and - - for many - - the ravages of addiction and the ordeal of climbing back after relapse. from society ' s point of view, drug abuse prevention helps keep a tremendous burden - - related to disease and premature death, lost capacity for productive work, and crime - - from being even worse. the bulk of current interventions to prevent drug abuse fall mainly into two groups. one set is designed to reduce risk factors associated with higher likelihood of drug abuse and increase protective factors associated with lower likelihood of drug abuse. when implemented in conformity with proven prevention principles ( see " risk and protective factors in drug abuse prevention " ), this strategy, the product of more than a decade of research and clinical experience, is effective and inclusive enough to apply to most populations. moreover, researchers continue to learn more about how risk and protective factors relate, and practitioners are ever more adept at applying this knowledge. these efforts will continue to yield incrementally - - perhaps even dramatically - - higher impact interventions well into the future. nonetheless, there are limitations to the risk - and - protective - factors strategy. one feature that ultimately limits its impact, for example, is the nature of the factors themselves. they tend to be fundamental or deeply entrenched characteristics or experiences of a person, family, or community. some are hidden, such as sexual victimization ; others are prominent in society, such as adolescent depression or ready access to drugs of abuse. as a result, traditional risk factors generally can be modified only by relatively broad and long - term interventions. certain factors may not be susceptible to modification, such as a genetic predisposition to risk - taking. in addition, for the most part, traditional risk factors pertain to an individual ' s vulnerability to drug abuse, rather than the actual choice to use drugs. as important as it is to lower vulnerability, on a given day, even someone with a relatively low vulnerability may opt to use drugs. the second important group of preventive interventions complements and extends the risk - and - protective - factors strategy by focusing on the dynamic of situations, beliefs, motives,


a given day, even someone with a relatively low vulnerability may opt to use drugs. the second important group of preventive interventions complements and extends the risk - and - protective - factors strategy by focusing on the dynamic of situations, beliefs, motives, reasoning and reactions that enter into the choice to abuse or not to abuse drugs. important applications of this strategy include normative education to refute the common belief that " everyone takes drugs, " and equipping young people with the skills to refuse drug offers without feeling they are losing face. this strategy is full of untapped promise, and today likely offers the best prospects for rapid development of more effective prevention. a few of the many issues whose elucidation may yield improved interventions include why even very young children tend to expect positive experiences from drugs ; how individuals ' styles for processing language and visual images affect drug - taking decisions ; the roles of curiosity and impulsivity in such decisions ; and what logical processes people typically follow when deciding to use or not use drugs. a recent dramatic finding in neurobiological research may greatly increase our understanding of adolescent decisionmaking and our ability to help adolescents choose wisely regarding drug abuse. scientists have long suspected that the adolescent brain is still developing physically, and researchers have now demonstrated that new neural tissue and connections continue to form throughout the transitional years between childhood and adulthood. further investigation of this growth process undoubtedly will yield important insights relevant to some of the cognitive issues affecting the appeal of drugs and drug - taking decisions. the impact on drug abuse prevention could be tremendous, especially in light of the fact that adolescence often is a critical period for initiation of drug abuse. most chronic drug abusers start experimenting with intoxication in adolescence or young adulthood. while populations are constantly changing - - and while prescription drug abuse by older individuals today is a serious and mounting concern - - it remains generally true that people who do not abuse drugs during the decisive years before age 25 are unlikely ever to develop a serious drug problem. it remains generally true that people who do not abuse drugs during the decisive years before age 25 are unlikely ever to develop a serious drug problem. a tighter focus on decisionmaking regarding drug abuse should enable us to progress in a vitally important area : preventing escalation from early, experimental drug use to regular use, abuse, and addiction. we know that fewer than 10 percent of people who experiment with drugs become dependent or addicted. we also know that some of the factors that influence whether a person will become dependent or addicted are independent of the factors that influence


use, abuse, and addiction. we know that fewer than 10 percent of people who experiment with drugs become dependent or addicted. we also know that some of the factors that influence whether a person will become dependent or addicted are independent of the factors that influence whether he or she will initiate drug abuse. for example, research has suggested that, perhaps because of their particular brain chemistry, some individuals dislike the agitation cocaine can produce more than they like the euphoria it brings - - and so discontinue use after their initial experimentation. interventions based upon such factors may curtail drug abuse before it reaches critical severity and thereby forestall most of its truly tragic health and social consequences. nida ' s prevention agenda is to aggressively pursue research on risk and protective factors while also seeking to identify, develop, and integrate new science - based approaches into existing prevention programs. to accomplish these goals, nida recently launched the three - part drug abuse prevention research initiative. ( see " nida conference reviews advances in prevention science, announces new national research initiative. " ) basic researchers will mine new neurobiological and other fundamental research discoveries for prevention applications. basic, clinical, and applied researchers and practitioners will work together in transdisciplinary prevention research centers to synthesize knowledge from all the relevant scientific fields into powerful new prevention packages. researchers and state and local practitioners will collaborate in community multisite prevention trials to rapidly assess proposed new prevention approaches and interventions in diverse communities and populations. exciting moments in science occur when the gradual accumulation of knowledge suddenly gives rise to new perspectives with the promise of new solutions to problems of living. in the area of drug abuse prevention, this is such a moment, and nida is moving swiftly to take full advantage of its potential.


skokie ' s howard bergman is among more than 14, 000 people from 60 countries who have used the united states holocaust memorial museum ' s international tracing service to access information about holocaust - era histories. the collection of more than 150 million digital images of documentation, in vaults in bad arolsen, germany, was established by allied powers to help reunite families and trace missing people after world war ii. the museum led an effort to open the archives in 2007 in response to the frustration of holocaust survivors seeking information about their loved ones, said andrew hollinger, museum spokesman. the archive is overseen by an 11 - nation commission and administered by the international committee of the red cross. like bergman, many searchers have received copies of documents recorded by the nazis but sealed from the public for decades, such as prison cards, transportation documents and camp entry cards. in many cases, names and details were meticulously transcribed by the nazis. to help people find information online, the museum has partnered with ancestry. com to build what ' s touted as the largest online resource on holocaust victims. trained museum researchers handle database search requests at no charge and use other museum collections to seek further information. search times vary depending on the complexity of the search, though priority is given to survivors and their families. to request a search, go to ushmm. org / its. anyone who has documents, photographs or other materials to donate to the museum ' s collection is asked to contact susan snyder at email @ example. com or call 202 - 488 - 0430. — amanda marrazzo


researchers at stanford university have brought about a unique marriage between computer chips and living cells that could greatly accelerate everything from tests for new drugs to screening for diseases such as leukemia. the basic living element in every organism is the cell. humans have at least 100 trillion of them, all designed to carry out various bodily functions. each cell is a complex bag of enzymes and chemicals surrounded by a spherical membrane, and how a cell reproduces and works with other cells determines how efficiently the organism performs. scientists have struggled for years to understand the cell and especially the membrane that seems to control most of the crucial functions, but they have been hampered by the difficulty of growing cells in a laboratory culture for research. a decade ago, stanford researchers developed artificial membranes that were so like the real thing that living cells could be tricked into attaching themselves to them. two years ago, graduate student jay t. groves learned something interesting when he pulled a pair of tweezers through one of the artificial membranes. the parts separated permanently. he also found that he could manipulate the different parts by applying an electrical current. about that time, nick ulman, an electrical engineer, joined groves ' research group, headed by chemistry professor steven g. boxer. ulman brought with him an understanding of microelectronics. the researchers discovered that the electric field generated by a tiny microchip could be used to separate the artificial membrane into tiny squares, which they called " corrals. " the corrals were so small that millions occupied an area no bigger than a fingernail. that gave the researchers something they had never had before : a means of isolating, cataloging and manipulating millions of cell membranes simultaneously. " it ' s a little bit like having a parking lot with assigned spaces, " boxer says. if you leave your car in an unmarked parking lot at the airport, he says, you may be lucky to find it again. but if each parking space has a number, it becomes much simpler. " ultimately, you can say i ' ve got a ferrari in spot 2a, and i ' ve got a volkswagen over in space 3d, " boxer says. similarly, living cells can be " tricked " into attaching themselves to individual membranes. that is done by modifying the surface of each membrane. " if you wax a car, after you wax it, water beads up on the surface, " boxer says. " before waxing, the water just runs off. that ' s an example of modifying the properties of the surface such that water associates differently with the


wax a car, after you wax it, water beads up on the surface, " boxer says. " before waxing, the water just runs off. that ' s an example of modifying the properties of the surface such that water associates differently with the surface. " one potential use is for cell screening for leukemia patients. some of the membranes on the chip could be " seeded " with proteins that bind to different kinds of cells. by flooding a glass plate embedded with chips with blood from the patient, the cells would attach themselves to designated areas, thus revealing how many cells of different types are present, and possibly even how well they are performing. joseph a. zasadzinski, professor of chemical engineering at uc santa barbara, who has analyzed the stanford research, sees many potential applications. it could pave the way for a pharmaceutical researcher to " try 50 million different things " at the same time, zasadzinski says. " right now, you grow cells in culture and you see which ones die, and that ' s very slow. here you can imagine 20, 000 little plates in a square inch, and each one of them you can tweak a slightly different way. " it could greatly increase the rate of testing for new drugs for viruses, he says, because the experiments could be repeated millions of times in a tightly controlled and manipulable environment. others see it leading to a test for aids in which thousands of blood tests could be conducted in the time it now takes to do just one. the heart of the system is the computer chip. " that ' s where the ultimate power of this comes in, " boxer says. " the same technology that ' s used to make integrated circuits, computer chips, is also being used to design a biocompatible surface. " that has led to a bit of unwelcome fallout, he adds. the researchers are constantly asked if they are on the road to the ultimate marriage between computers and living cells - - the bionic man. boxer flinches at the suggestion. this is such a tiny step, he says, that it ' s ludicrous to think of it in those terms. still, some see this as one more step toward creating computer - based biological systems. " if you can optimize this, you can get a nice bio - sensor out of it, " zasadzinski says. " but it would be hard to imagine any sort of bionic man for an awful long time. " he says he is more


with the insurance institute for highway safety reporting a record 1. 5 million vehicle strikes against wildlife annually, animals are forced to circumnavigate a daily procession of cars, trucks, suv ’ s and more, barreling down highways that run through habitats in man - made surroundings which in no way resemble their own. road mortality, according to the u. s. department of transportation, is a serious threat to 21 federally listed threatened or endangered species, and a state farm insurance study determined there were 2. 4 million collisions between deer and vehicles between july 1, 2007 and june 30, 2009 alone. the study further revealed that a collision between animal and vehicle happens somewhere in this country every 26 seconds. in addition to deer, the vehicular slaughter of elk, moose, bears, bighorn sheep, small mammals, reptiles and amphibians make up the grisly statistics, with the human toll approximated at 200 fatalities and 29, 000 injuries each year according to the federal highway administration. property damage from these strikes has been listed by the insurance institute for highway safety at more than $ 1. 1 billion per year. meeting what at one time seemed like an insurmountable challenge to the varied agendas of commercial and recreational drivers, federal and local government, conservationists, highway engineers and members of native american nations, many states have embarked on odysseys to build a series of bridges, culverts and tunnels for animals, or aptly named " wildlife crossings. " these structures, often with fences that act as guidelines to direct wildlife to the crossings, mitigate the effects of the built environment and promote safety and survival by routing animals around, over and / or under roads and highways. predicated on early models in austria, switzerland, the netherlands, canada, slovenia and france, with france at the forefront of many of these structures since the 1950s, wildlife crossings now exist in various forms throughout the u. s. species and statistics dr. patricia cramer, research assistant professor at utah state university, worked with principle investigator dr. john bissonette and a team of nine ecologists and engineers on compiling a resource guide for professionals on construction of wildlife crossings : “ evaluation of the use and effectiveness of wildlife crossings. ” surveying more than 400 professionals throughout the u. s. and canada to find there are now more than 700 terrestrial underpasses, 9 overpasses and more than 10, 000 aquatic passages in 46 states and most canadian provinces, cramer noted that florida is “ the leader in multiple crossings for multiple species, ”


canada to find there are now more than 700 terrestrial underpasses, 9 overpasses and more than 10, 000 aquatic passages in 46 states and most canadian provinces, cramer noted that florida is “ the leader in multiple crossings for multiple species, ” but that a 10 - year project nearing completion in montana — the u. s. highway 93 project — is a “ shining star study ” of wildlife crossing construction and “ a collaborative process ( she ) really value ( s ). ” confluence of creeds and crossings to that end, in western montana, an infamous bumper sticker reading, “ pray for me, i drive u. s. 93 ” reflects a treacherous drive along a 55 - mile stretch of roadway. extending from arizona to canada, the two - lane u. s. 93 enters montana from idaho at lost trail pass and continues through missoula, kalispell, the flathead indian reservation and along the western shore of flathead lake before entering canada. described by many as “ montana ’ s most dangerous two - lane highway, ” u. s. 93 is heavily traveled by local, commercial and recreational vehicles. in 1989, the montana department of transportation ( mdt ) initiated a plan to expand u. s. 93 into a four - lane highway to decrease fatalities which were determined, in the course of a 20 - year study, to occur primarily during passing. at that time, the confederated salish and kootenai tribes ( cskt ) strongly opposed the plan, citing “ concerns about their natural, cultural, recreational and scenic resources ” along the large segment of highway that crossed the flathead indian reservation. according to reports, the tribes “ believed the road expansion would harm their land and its diverse animal population — from grizzly bears and elk to painted turtles and bullhead trout. ” protecting and safeguarding animals is intrinsic to indian culture, observers note, with the continuum of wildlife corridors an integral part of that. “ early on, it wasn ’ t pretty, ” said dale becker, program manager for the cskt wildlife management project, which includes the crossings. cskt studied wildlife crossings in europe and at canada ’ s banff national park, the latter of which eventually became a template for them, but initially, becker says, “ … everything we proposed met with real resistance. it was a tough run. we were dealing with great civil engineers, but even mdt and the federal highway administration had not embraced this. we needed a set strategy and a set approach for the three governments. ” with cskt