it ' s important to call the doctor right away if your child has a fever, shaking or chills, or any mouth or skin sores, which may be signs of infection. fortunately, doctors can use a blood test called an absolute neutrophil count ( anc ) to judge how cautious your child needs to be about avoiding germs. when the neutrophil count falls below 1, 000 cells per microliter of blood, the risk of infection increases somewhat ; when it falls below 500 cells per microliter the risk increases quite a bit more. if it stays below 100 for many days, the risk of serious infection becomes very high. sometimes medications called growth factors can be given to encourage the body to produce more neutrophils. but often it ' s safest for your child to remain home for a length of time determined by the doctor. places like schools, locker rooms, malls, and even churches — where people are close together and germs spread easily — are just too risky. to your child ' s weakened immune system, it would feel like standing at the edge of a forest fire with only a water gun for defense. being stuck at home can be tough on anyone. when things feel out of control, most people — and especially kids — count on the routines of daily life to help maintain some sense of normalcy. it ' s only natural that losing that, even temporarily, can leave your child feeling angry, frustrated, left out, depressed, punished, and even jealous of siblings and friends. so what can you do to help your child make the best of the time at home? plenty — though it may depend on how your child feels. some days the cancer treatments will wipe your child out, and all he or she will want to do is sleep. other days your child will have more energy. follow your child ' s lead, and when he or she seems up for it, here are some ideas for beating the boredom : help your child stay connected even if you lowered the boom on screen time before your child got sick, now ' s a good time to consider easing up. allowing access to the internet, texting, im, photo sharing, skype, and online games with friends is more than just a perk ; it ' s a valuable way for your child to stay within his or her social network. ask the doctor or nurse if a friend can come over. in some cases, if the doctor says it ' s ok, your child may be able to


; it ' s a valuable way for your child to stay within his or her social network. ask the doctor or nurse if a friend can come over. in some cases, if the doctor says it ' s ok, your child may be able to have a friend over for a brief visit or a movie night. if so, a little prep work on both sides can make the evening go smoothly. first, make sure the friend knows that your child ' s cancer, and related neutropenia, isn ' t contagious — otherwise he or she may be reluctant to come. more important for your child ' s safety, reschedule get - togethers if there ' s any question about whether the visitor is sick, even if it ' s just a cold. and finally, always have everyone who comes in contact with your child wash their hands. even though it may hurt to talk about this, let your child know that some friends may deal with his or her illness better than others. remind your child to try not to take it personally if some friends don ' t know what to say, or if they talk about things that your child missed out on. the good news is that there will usually be a few true friends who will know how to treat your child like the same person he or she has always been. what are some things your child never gets a chance to do? maybe your daughter is an athlete who ' s always wondered if she has an artistic side ; or your son is a computer whiz who ' s always enjoyed creative writing. now ' s the time for to explore those other sides of your child ' s personality. painting, drawing, building models, designing clothes or jewelry, learning an instrument, or making a scrapbook or collage of favorite photos are all great ways to get those creative juices flowing. writing poetry or keeping a journal or blog can also help your child deal with difficult emotions. even better, reading them back later on will be a reminder of how far your child has come. ok a room makeover with a little help from you, your child ' s bedroom can become the coolest and comfiest space ever. maybe you can turn a corner into a lounge, or the bed into a funky sofa, with fluffy pillows and a bolster. choose colors that make your child feel good and be sure to keep favorite music, books, and photos nearby to really make it special. even when public places are off limits, fresh air usually isn ' t. so encourage your child to


bolster. choose colors that make your child feel good and be sure to keep favorite music, books, and photos nearby to really make it special. even when public places are off limits, fresh air usually isn ' t. so encourage your child to sit on the porch or in the yard and read, talk on the phone, or listen to music. help your child feel empowered one of the best ways for anyone to feel stronger is to do something good — maybe your child can coordinate a fundraiser for a favorite charity, whether it has to do with cancer or another special cause, like animals or the environment. maybe he or she could start a website about dealing with cancer that can help other kids in the same position. or maybe your child can make a list of things to look forward to when this experience is over. getting your child to think beyond the here and now can make the time go faster and help everyone stay positive. feelings and worries can become overwhelming when they ' re held in, so find a way to help your child let them out. a good place to start is with your hospital ' s social worker, who can put your family in touch with others who ' ve been where you are now. or check out some of the many cancer support websites, most with chat areas or message boards, that make it easy to share what your family is going through with others who understand. try to keep up with schoolwork and last but not least, encourage your child to stay on top of schoolwork as much as possible. keep in touch with teachers to find ways to stay involved in classroom life and modify assignments, when necessary. staying home may be hard on kids at first, especially if a child was always on the go. the good news for many kids with cancer is that having to stay home is only a temporary setback. once the immune system recovers, your child should be able to get back in the swing of things. in the meantime, keep your child ' s spirits up, look toward the future, and have confidence that, even though things seem difficult now, your child will get through it with help from loved ones.


heart – " veg. " way i am referring to study in ) the journal of clinical pathology ( usa – july 2001 ) wherein it has been published that veggies have helthy hearts. many health – experts ( including dr. michael brown and dr. josef goldstein, heart specialists of u. s. a. & winners of noble prize of many million dollars for medicine ) now recommend a diet, free of eggs and meat, for better health and disease - free life. the basis of their finding is : a ) all flesharian foods i. e. eggs, fowl, fish, meat etc. contain no dietary fiber at all and so they cause a numberless bowel diseases such as chronic constipation, piles, gall - bladder - stones, colon cancer, indigestion, ulcer, colitis, kidney - failure, diverticulosis etc. all these illnesses can be prevented easily by taking only vegetarian foods which are full of dietary fibers. ( b ) the yolk of the egg contains 250 to 300 mgs cholesterol, a waxy fat, which deposits itself in the liver and hardens the arteries. the coronary arteries supplying blood to the heart are thus affected, causing fatal heart - attacks, strokes, gallstones, claudication, etc. c ) the egg - white contains " avidin " poison causing leprosy, eczema, paralysis, skin inflammation, skin - cancer, allergy etc. prof. egnerberg of germany has found that eggs produce 51. 83 % of phlegm ( cough ) and disturb the balance of nutritive elements within the body. he further discovered that besides salmonella, the incidence of listeria is also on the increase which causes flue resulting in meningitis etc. it can lead to the possibility of abortion in expectant mothers and diseases to the foetus. a brain disease called creutzfeldt jacob ’ s disease is similar to a disease in sheep called " scrapie ". it has been known to pass into human beings from animals through the eating of eggs. d ) all types of meats / eggs contain saturated fatty acids which are dangerous to health, particularly for blood vessels. eggs also lack in vitamin b complex, vitamin c, calcium and carbohydrate and produce hyperacidity. initially, eggs were considered to be easily digestible on animal - experiments but these days recent experiments on human beings have proved that they are not easily digestible. on the


c, calcium and carbohydrate and produce hyperacidity. initially, eggs were considered to be easily digestible on animal - experiments but these days recent experiments on human beings have proved that they are not easily digestible. on the one hand, eggs are hard to digest, while on the other hand, infants and young children have very tender digestive system. so eggs must not be given to toddlers & youngsters even by mistake! dr. e. b. emary of america and dr. inha of england have clearly admitted that eggs are poison for human beings. the underdeveloped / developing countries ‘ s scene is even worse. experiments indicate that if eggs are left at more than 80c for more than 12 hours, the process of decay starts within their shells. under the circumstances, where the temperature is always high, and it takes about 24 hours for the eggs to reach from poultry - farms to the sales counters, the process of contamination does already start as it is not possible to keep the eggs from their procurement to selling in refrigerators. during the process of decay, the watery component of the egg first begins to evaporate through the shell, then it is invaded by disease germs which penetrate the outer membranes of the egg and make it completely putrid. these minutely contaminated eggs are consumed due to their non - recognition resulting in stomach disorders, food - poisoning etc. to guard against epidemics and poultry – parasites, developing / un - developed poultry farmers make extensive use of d. d. t. and other such chemicals which in small measures enter the body of the birds and eggs. generally an egg contains 15000 tiny breathing pores in its shell. the egg absorbs d. d. t. through its breathing pores. the people who eat such kind of eggs and chicken may also take d. d. t. inside them. relation between d. d. t. poison and cancer is well established now - a - days. in this way, eggs may cause cancer — a most fatal disease. secondly, to get more and more eggs from hens, poultry owners inject them with special kind of hormones ( estrogen, progesterone etc ). these hormones enter the eggs through their tiny breathing pores. the people, who eat such kind of eggs and chicken may also take these artificial hormones in them. according to the latest clinical research - studies, there is growing evidence that these hormones cause cancer to human beings. for the sake of good health, therefore


helping you get the most out of our u. s. census collection has been a top priority. to date, we ’ ve painstakingly gone through hundreds of millions of records spanning hundreds of years to make these 14 censuses easier to search and sharper to see. and 1930 is in the works. take a look — you might just discover someone who was here the whole time. deciphering a name on some u. s. census records can be difficult. so we ’ ve enhanced the 1850, 1860, 1870, 1900, 1910 and 1920 censuses by adding an alternate where the information was unclear — over 20 % new names in total. this improved indexing lets you find a record by searching either name. only heads of households were mentioned by name in early censuses. and many of them shared that name ( john smith, for example ) with others in their community. we ’ ve expanded the indexes for the 1790 - 1840 censuses with at least four new fields — like the total number of people in the household — so you can use your family knowledge to narrow down your search results. now ' s the perfect time to dig in or renew the search for the missing pieces in your family story. click the plus signs below to see the difference. 1910 u. s. census


the pleura are two thin, moist membranes around the lungs. the inner layer is attached to the lungs. the outer layer is attached to the ribs. pleural effusion is the buildup of excess fluid in the space between the pleura. the fluid can prevent the lungs from fully opening. this can make it difficult to catch your breath. pleural effusion may be transudative or exudative based on the cause. treatment of pleural effusion depends on the condition causing the effusion. effusion is usually caused by disease or injury. transudative effusion may be caused by : exudative effusion may be caused by : factors that increase your chance of getting pleural effusion include : - having conditions or diseases listed above - certain medications such as : - nitrofurantoin ( macrodantin, furadantin, macrobid ) - methysergide ( sansert ) - bromocriptine ( parlodel ) - procarbazine ( matulane ) - amiodarone ( cordarone ) - chest injury or trauma - radiation therapy surgery, especially involving : - organ transplantation some types of pleural effusion do not cause symptoms. others cause a variety of symptoms, including : - shortness of breath - chest pain - stomach discomfort - coughing up blood - shallow breathing - rapid pulse or breathing rate - weight loss - fever, chills, or sweating these symptoms may be caused by many other conditions. let your doctor know if you have any of these symptoms. the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. this may include listening to or tapping on your chest. lung function tests will test your ability to move air in and out of your lungs. images of your lungs may be taken with : your doctor may take samples of the fluid or pleura tissue for testing. this may be done with : treatment is usually aimed at treating the underlying cause. this may include medications or surgery. your doctor may take a " watchful waiting " approach if your symptoms are minor. you will be monitored until the effusion is gone. to support breathing if you are having trouble breathing, your doctor may recommend : - breathing treatments — inhaling medication directly to lungs - oxygen therapy drain the pleural effusion the pleural effusion may be drained by : - therapeutic thoracentesis — a needle is inserted into the area


may recommend : - breathing treatments — inhaling medication directly to lungs - oxygen therapy drain the pleural effusion the pleural effusion may be drained by : - therapeutic thoracentesis — a needle is inserted into the area to withdraw excess fluid. - tube thoracostomy — a tube is placed in the side of your chest to allow fluid to drain. it will be left in place for several days. seal the pleural layers the doctor may recommend chemical pleurodesis. during this procedure, talc powder or an irritating chemical is injected into the pleural space. this will permanently seal the two layers of the pleura together. the seal may help prevent further fluid buildup. radiation therapy may also be used to seal the pleura. in severe cases, surgery may be needed. some of the pleura will be removed during surgery. suregery options may include : - thoracotomy — traditional, open chest procedure - video - assisted thorascopic surgery ( vats ) — minimally - invasive surgery that only requires small keyhole size incisions prompt treatment for any condition that may lead to effusion is the best way to prevent pleural effusion. - reviewer : brian randall, md - review date : 02 / 2013 - - update date : 03 / 05 / 2013 -


sugar comes in many forms. one type of sugar, lactose, occurs primarily in milk. nature gives young children the ability to digest lactose, because they need to do so when they nurse. however, as people grow up, they often lose the lactose - digesting enzyme, known as lactase. the result is a condition called lactose intolerance. symptoms include intestinal cramps, gas, and diarrhea following consumption of lactose - containing foods. principal proposed natural treatments lactose intolerance is most prevalent in people of hispanic, african, asian, middle eastern, or native american descent, although caucasians can develop it as well. treatment consists primarily of avoiding foods containing lactose, such as milk and ice cream. use of lactase supplements may help people who are lactose intolerant handle more lactose than otherwise. also, special milk products are available from which the lactose has been removed ( often through the use of lactase ). other proposed natural treatments many people confuse milk allergy with lactose intolerance. the two conditions are not related. milk allergy involves an allergic reaction to the protein component of milk, and lactase supplements will not help. for more information on natural approaches to food allergies, see the food allergy article. - reviewer : ebsco cam review board - review date : 07 / 2012 - - update date : 07 / 25 / 2012 -


" kissine offers a new theory of speech acts which is philosophically sophisticated and builds on work in cognitive science, formal semantics, and linguistic typology. this highly readable, brilliant essay is a major contribution to the field. " date : mon, 23 feb 2004 12 : 02 : 10 + 0100 from : cornelia tschichold < cornelia. tschichold @ unine. ch > subject : world englishes authors : melchers, gunnel ; shaw, philip title : world englishes series : the english language series publisher : arnold year : 2003 cornelia tschichold, institute of english, university of neuchatel, switzerland introduction this book is a recent addition to the growing number of textbooks on varieties of english around the world. in the preface, the two authors, both from stockholm university, describe the intended audience of the book as readers familiar with the basics of linguistics and phonetics, thus typically undergraduate students after their first year at a department of english, with english either as their native or a second or foreign language. the book has an accompanying cd, which is sold separately and therefore does not figure in this review. synopsis chapter 1 is a very short chapter on the history of english from 450 to the beginnings of modern english. the development of the language is illustrated mainly through the most accessible aspect, its loanwords. chapter 2 covers the more recent history of english, when the language spread around the globe, first to the so - called ' inner circle ' countries, later to the ' outer circle ' and finally to the ' expanding circle '. this three - circle model by kachru is adopted as the organizing principle for the book. the chapter also introduces the distinction often made between english as a second and english as a foreign language, while drawing attention to the problems of terminology and those of differing political viewpoints involved. chapter 3 discusses basic terms in language variation and provides the framework for the classification and description of the many varieties discussed in chapters 4 to 6. the authors divide variation into the areas of spelling, phonology, grammar and lexicon, and give a brief overview of the main types of variation in each area. for the description of phonology, wells ' standard lexical sets are introduced. the section on rhythm and intonation explains the concept of stress - times vs. syllable - timed rhythm and mentions high - rising terminals as the most striking phenomena in the area of intonation. the sections on lexis and on the historical origin of varieties introduce a large


rhythm and intonation explains the concept of stress - times vs. syllable - timed rhythm and mentions high - rising terminals as the most striking phenomena in the area of intonation. the sections on lexis and on the historical origin of varieties introduce a large number of technical terms such as ' heteronymy ' or ' substratum '. other dimensions of classification mentioned include the political stance of some of the more prominent authors in the field, the degree of standardization for varieties and for texts, and the position of a country in the three - circle model. chapter 4 portrays the inner circle varieties of england, wales, scotland, ireland, the usa, canada, australia, new zealand, south africa, liberia and the caribbean. with some exceptions, each of these sections follows the pattern of first giving a brief overview of geography and population, then an account of the general linguistic situation, before the variety itself is described in terms of spelling, phonology, grammar and lexicon. where appropriate, important internal varieties are briefly touched on as well, such as the main differences between southern and northern dialects in england, the two ethnic varieties african american vernacular english ( aave ) and chicano english in the usa, and aboriginal english in australia. chapter 5 opens with a discussion of the political questions of language prestige and then tries to identify some common linguistic features of the varieties spoken in these countries. among the features mentioned are consonant cluster and vowel system simplifications, a trend away from clearly stress - timed rhythm, and more syntactic variety. the countries in this chapter are then discussed in geographical groups, following a similar pattern to that in chapter 4, but giving rather more historical background and extra sections on style and pragmatics. the first variety is south asian english, with india, pakistan, bangladesh and sri lanka as its main countries. the second major variety is african english, with south africa making a second appearance due to its higher number of speakers who have english as a second language. hong kong, malaysia, the philippines and singapore are dealt with in the group of countries where south east asian english is spoken. the last section in this chapter very briefly deals with a number of countries with a colonial past : gibraltar, malta, and cyprus in the mediterranean, puerto rico in the caribbean, the seychelles and mauritius in the indian ocean, papua new guinea, vanuatu, fiji, and guam in the pacific, without however giving linguistic descriptions of the english spoken there. chapter 6 abandons the geographical perspective in favour of the functions english can be seen


the seychelles and mauritius in the indian ocean, papua new guinea, vanuatu, fiji, and guam in the pacific, without however giving linguistic descriptions of the english spoken there. chapter 6 abandons the geographical perspective in favour of the functions english can be seen to have taken over in the expanding circle from the 18th century onwards. among the domains where english is making inroads the authors mention global politics and economy, tourism, the education system, the mass media and popular culture, advertising and subcultures. on the more strictly linguistic level, the authors see no trend toward standardization, and argue instead that speakers of lingua franca english need a high communicative competence for dealing with the mixture of non - standard features and the large amount of pragmatic variation found in much intercultural communication. the authors then briefly consider the influence of english on the local languages and the choices involved in choosing a variety of english for education. in chapter 7, melchers and shaw take a look at the likely developments in the near future and identify us power, globalization and information technology as the most important factors favouring the further spread of english across the globe. they posit that the high visibility of unedited english found in computer - mediated communication could have a destandardizing effect on international english, but that the still considerable influence of the school systems might counterbalance this trend. finally, appendix 1 gives a list of the speakers on the accompanying cd, and appendix 2 contains a number of pre - and post - reading questions for each chapter. critical evaluation everyone teaching a course on the varieties of english around the world probably has their own idea of what the ideal textbook for such a course should cover. one of the authors has taught just such a course for many years, and the book under review is proof of this. many sections read more like lightly edited lecture notes than a textbook meant to be studied by undergraduate students. the authors include a number of anecdotes in the text, a feature that often works well in class, but much less well in a textbook, and they have the rather irritating habit of writing one - sentence paragraphs, something which many university teachers try to eradicate from their students ' essays. it is clear that balancing the content of such a short book is a difficult task, and the authors should be praised for trying to combine most of the relevant sociolinguistic aspects with a large number of linguistic descriptions of individual varieties in a relatively small book. apart from the style, most of my criticism therefore relates to details of


, and the authors should be praised for trying to combine most of the relevant sociolinguistic aspects with a large number of linguistic descriptions of individual varieties in a relatively small book. apart from the style, most of my criticism therefore relates to details of content. a number of sections in the book seem to be the result of compromises of various kinds : one might argue, for example, about the usefulness of a very short chapter on the roots of english, or whether such a a book is the best place for contemplating the influence of english on other languages via borrowing. possibly these pages might have been put to better use. one of my quibbles concerns the notoriously difficult problem of the translations or glosses, which have not received the necessary attention to detail. dialectal variation is illustrated with a geordie poem ( " a hev gorra bairn / an a hev gorra wife / an a cannit see me bairn or wife / workin in the night " ), where the word ' gorra ' is claimed to stand for the local pronunciation of ' got to ' ( p. 13 ). generally, the maps in the book are often not very useful as they do not show all areas mentioned in the text and do not distinguish between cities and provinces. to give just one example, among the dialects of england discussed in the text are those of leeds, derby, west wirral and norwich, but only leeds can be found on one of the maps. one might also wonder about the necessity of listing statistics on area, population and capital for the countries discussed, given that such data can easily be found elsewhere and is of questionable relevance in this context. within the descriptions of the individual varieties, spelling, a very accessible aspect, is not systematically commented on, e. g. south asian english is said to be " spelt in the british style ", but british english does not have a section on spelling. in the more extensive section on phonology most of the comparisons of the lexical sets are clearly useful and could have been extended, e. g. it would have been interesting to see the australian vowels compared not just to rp, but also to american english vowels. in addition to the concept of lexical sets, much of the data used by the authors comes from wells as well, which often seems a needless repetition, especially where even the examples are taken straight from wells ( 1982 ), a study in three volumes based on data which is now more than a generation old. on


used by the authors comes from wells as well, which often seems a needless repetition, especially where even the examples are taken straight from wells ( 1982 ), a study in three volumes based on data which is now more than a generation old. on the other hand, a number of sections ( liberian english and aave, caribbean english ) are so short, they seem more like appetizers than any kind of solid information. in the sections on the lexicon, the authors ' use of the word ' tautonym ' to refer to words having different meanings in different varieties seems somewhat idiosyncratic. the references given in the book are not consistently placed in the further - reading sections, but appear either there ( sometimes with comment, sometimes without ; sometimes with full bibliographic details, sometimes as author plus year only ) or embedded in the text. sharp ( 2001 ) is referred to, but missing in the references. appendix 2 contains a number of pre - and post - reading questions, which - according to the preface - are meant to remind readers of what they know and to check their new knowledge. this generally is a good idea, but one would expect the pre - reading questions to be clearly easier than the post - reading questions. some questions sound more like activation questions for a seminar group than questions meant to check on the reader ' s knowledge. comparing the book under review to other books on the market that might be considered as textbooks for courses on world englishes, one could mention trudgill and hannah ( 1994 ), a book that gives considerably more linguistic detail on the varieties discussed, but devotes only very little room to varieties in the expanding circle ( an aspect which is of much interest to students in potentially expanding - circle countries in europe ) and does not cover the sociolinguistic and political perspectives. the latter aspect can be found in crystal ( 1997 ) to a certain extent, or more thoroughly in brutt - griffler ( 2002 ). crystal ( 1995 ) provides an widely available source for maps, statistics and historical background. bauer ( 2002 ) is mostly limited to varieties of the inner circle. jenkins ( 2003 ) is very useful as an overview for the debate on the sociolinguistic and political aspects, but does not give linguistic descriptions. cheshire ( 1991 ) and allerton et al ( 2002 ) finally are edited collections of papers that provide accessible further reading on a range of subtopics on world englishes. writing a relatively short textbook of such a scope is a very big bite to


cheshire ( 1991 ) and allerton et al ( 2002 ) finally are edited collections of papers that provide accessible further reading on a range of subtopics on world englishes. writing a relatively short textbook of such a scope is a very big bite to chew, and while i would like to congratulate the authors on their choice of content, i wish they had chosen a different style for the book and spent more time on revision and ensuring internal consistency. references allerton, d. j., skandera, p. and tschichold, c., eds. ( 2002 ). perspectives on english as a world language. basel : schwabe. bauer, l. ( 2002 ). an introduction to international varieties of english. edinburgh university press. brutt - griffler, j. ( 2002 ). world english : a study of its development. multilingual matters. cheshire, j., ed. ( 1991 ). english around the world : sociolinguistic perspectives. cambridge up. crystal, d. ( 1995 ). the cambridge encyclopedia of the english language. cambridge up. crystal, d. ( 1997 ). english as a global language. cambridge university press. jenkins, j. ( 2003 ). world englishes : a resource book for students. routledge. trudgill, p. & j. hannah ( 1994, 3rd ed. ). international english : a guide to the varieties of standard english. arnold. wells, j. c. ( 1982 ). accents of english, vols i - iii. cambridge university press. about the reviewer : about the reviewer cornelia tschichold teaches english linguistics at neuchatel university. while her research interests focus on english phraseology, computational lexicography and computer - assisted language learning, she teaches a wide range of courses in english linguistics, including courses on sociolinguistics, the history of english, and varieties of english around the world.


mambila tribe : ethnological report of c k ( p85 ) ethnology - the mambila tribe as mr meek, on account of illness, spent only 10 days investigating this tribe, i make bold to offer a few minor additions to his - i was able to verify the account of the moon rites ( vide mts i 547 - 8 ) which is correct in every detail except that they are still practised at mbanga. the mbanga people in addition, unlike the rest of the mambila, worship the sun but to a lesser degree. the moon is their paramount god and they do not recognize the supreme being " nama " or " chang ". the sun rites are observed every day at sunset when the elders pray each man holding the sacred grass in his hand. their word for sun is " lo " and for moon " wil ". - generally i have found the supreme being " nama " is identified with the earth. for the people say they are buried in the earth and their spirits abide therein. - one or two villages have idols. at ntem it is a piece of wood carved to represent a man " shuga " and is kept in the sacred - the sacred grass so or jiro invariably contains the eye of a cow and the process of divination or swearing oaths is often accompanied by a kind of cymbal. - the harvest rites performed at vokide in november are of interest. here the village heal is not the priest but an old woman is designated priestess. behind the chief ' s house is a pit kept covered by a large stone. the people celebrate the coming event by dancing for 7 days. on the eighth day the priestess goes to the pit alone the people sitting at a distance. she removes the stone and looks into the pit. if she sees vapour rising and young seedlings of corn sprouting she stands up and laughs for this portends a good harvest ; whereat all the people join in laughing. they then dance and drink beer for another 7 days. should the priestess see no vapour or seedlings she cries and all lament. no one is allowed to look into the pit except the priestess. divination of crime is however performed by the village head. in marriage by exchange if one couple has no children, it is customary for the other couple to share their children with them. that is to say if one couple has four children two of them would be given to the childless couple. at mbanga and mba


marriage by exchange if one couple has no children, it is customary for the other couple to share their children with them. that is to say if one couple has four children two of them would be given to the childless couple. at mbanga and mbang apart from marriage by exchange they have a system of marriage which might be termed marriage by labour. should a woman have no brother and a man, having no sister, wished to marry her he goes to her farm and works it for her one year and provided her with beer. at the end of the year she goes to his house. no bride money is given but if a son is born, when he grows up, he works on his grandmother ' s farm for a year. they have no marriage by purchase. after death the body is opened and the whole of the internal organs examined for signs of witchcraft. i was unable to substantiate mr meek ' s statement that only the heart is examined ( v. para. 1, p551, tribal studies i ). in fact at mbang they go so far as to make incisions on the inside of the elbows and behind the knees and examine the veins and tendons and also sever the head completely. - at mbaso and gubin the body is placed in a sitting posture in the grave. elsewhere the corpse is laid on its right side with the head to the west and the feet to the east. in some instances a woman is lain on her left side. - as a rule, the period of mourning is one year. note. on the whole the village heads have unusually good authority over their people and i think the reason may be found in the fact that they are also the priests and therefore held in respect. sgd h. j. gill, a. d. o. ( dated 8 xi 1931 ). notes on dr meek ' s report ( page numbers refer to tribal studies, vol. i ) intermarriage between hamlets : addendum i / to this report, omitted here : hdg / gives the result of analysing the marriages of three 533 - 4. " mwandi " ( sun ) is commonly used by the northern as well as the southern mambila. tagbo, lagubi, tongbo ( lagbo, on p560 ) : bo is apparently a termination denoting a group of people, as in jabu, gembu etc. lak is the name used in torbi dialect for gembu, tong is the


daughter may be exchanged for a girl who can be exchanged in turn for a wife for any member of the family ) : under the same system, one is obliged to provide a male with a female to exchange for a wife ; and permitting an unmarried father custody of his male children would probably depend rather on the existing ratio of unmarried males to unmarried females in the mother ' s compound, or on the desire of senior males to take additional wives, perhaps. hdg / as the conclusion to be drawn from all this it is suggested that the dual form of marriage, while so long - standing in the northern villages as to be fundamental to the social system, was not a primeval and unchangeable custom, but only a compromise evolved - as the result of a fight against the unsatisfactory features of exchange marriage - from an earlier system in which no other form of marriage existed. pp539 - 40. exchange marriage : certain practices were noted among the southern villages which dr meek does not actually mention : ( a ) a woman who is a proved child - bearer is ( or was ) sometimes exchanged for another woman plus money, or rather plus hoes, which were formerly the only currency ; ( b ) a woman may be exchanged for the refusal of a girl, or, on the principle of the bird in the hand, of two girls ; ( c ) re - exchange is regular during the negotiations for a marriage, and a long chain of exchanges of brides and prospective brides may be set up, but once marriage is consummated the wife is not again exchanged. bride - price : the majority of men state that their wives were obtained by purchase, not exchange, and it looks as though a system of bride - price of the common ( moslem ) type ( i. e. where the father, not the mother, has custody of the children ) is coming into existence. for instance, it was said at gembu that exchange had been rare for over 30 years, yet al the families were undoubtedly patrilocal. possibly the patrilocal bride - price system is an extension of the marriage with a purchased slave which dr meek mentions. it was evidently common in the past and is probably so now, for a girl married by bride - price, if she had borne no children within a year or two, to be reclaimed by the parents and given in exchange elsewhere. custody of children : enquiries went to show that the vast majority of children now reside in the father ' s house, despite the


she had borne no children within a year or two, to be reclaimed by the parents and given in exchange elsewhere. custody of children : enquiries went to show that the vast majority of children now reside in the father ' s house, despite the fact that their parents are alleged to be married under the bride - price system, which should imply maternal custody. / f91 / whatever the truth of this and whatever the allowances to be made for falsehood, it seems clear that the dual social system described by meek is rapidly breaking down, partly from natural causes and partly from the administrative order regarding exchanges, not as in some cases elsewhere from inadvertent action by the courts. / unable to trace this order ; ref. to " inadvertent action " obscure. change of married status : it was not unknown for a man to contract a marriage by bride - price or its equivalent, and later, if opportunity offered, to effect an exchange and obtain his same wife " genuinely ". in such an instance children born prior to the exchange remained with the mother ' s family, while those born subsequently naturally belonged to the father. the instance quoted by dr meek, where a husband gave his sister into slavery to save the skin of the wife ' s uncle, illustrates the same principle, and i believe that between the words " all children begotten by her ( sic ) " and " would become his ", the word " subsequently " is implied. redemption from slavery : in the only instance which came up, a man had been sent to slavery as a child to redeem his father ' s mother ( the father having married by exchange, the grandmother apparently by purchase ). no case of self - redemption was noted. inheritance of wives : both levirates are practised throughout the tribe, but inheritance of widows either by or from a son or sister ' s son, mentioned by meek, is not practised in the southern villages. inheritance of chieftainship : the chiefs of wa and tep ( whose appointments date from german times ) and probably certain others are / f92 / sons of purchase marriages. 543 - 4. illicit sexual relations : it should be noted that a mambila man seldom marries before 25 and a girl before at least 20. unmarried adults of both sexes occupy regularly the same sleeping - hut as a married couple. relationship terms : most of the terms quoted by mr meek are unknown in the central and southern villages. pp546 - 7. moon worship : the new - moon rites continue at mbanga,


regularly the same sleeping - hut as a married couple. relationship terms : most of the terms quoted by mr meek are unknown in the central and southern villages. pp546 - 7. moon worship : the new - moon rites continue at mbanga, one taro from the hamlet of fu being the priest. the day after the performance of these rites is a public holiday. the rites described by dr meek as performed at the waning of the moon have evidently ordeal : the sole oath or ordeal which the tribe now admits to practising when questioned by an administrative officer is that on the kuru gong, or yong, which is enjoined by the native court ( mentioned on p555 ). ngubsho : this charm ( not to be confused with ngu, a witch - testing concoction imported by itinerant quacks from the tikar tribe ) does not seem to be known in the southern hamlets. in an alternative way of preparation the cock ' s head is impaled up on the stick. festivals : every kindred has its " sabbath " which is the market day and comes at ten - day intervals - five days in mbang and the kaka villages. not infrequently the market hasceased to function, but its name and date persist ( v. infra ). there are four chief seasonal festivals, as shown in the list below, which is taken from titon but applies widely : ( 1 ) kati ( chief festival, sowing of corn ), ( 2 ) gevur ( ripening of maize / first or second? in general, maize ripens twice throughout this area. hdg / ), ( 3 ) kip ( harvest - time, celebrated by both sexes ; nyoti is particular for women ), ( 4 ) nyingwan ( harvest - thanksgiving when the crops are gathered ). kundu is the name given for burial feasts. burial : the custom of burying a chief under one of his granaries and hanging his gown and fez on it is by no means invariable : some have been outside their hamlet in a grove. blood - brotherhood : though individual blood - brotherhood rites are not now practised, they are not unknown to the southern mambila, and in instances where a pair of hamlets is forbidden by custom to intermarry a long - standing blod - brotherhood may be given as the reason. diga ( mbamga ) and kila ( vokkude ), koshin ( mba


instances where a pair of hamlets is forbidden by custom to intermarry a long - standing blod - brotherhood may be given as the reason. diga ( mbamga ) and kila ( vokkude ), koshin ( mbanga ) and mbarr are such pairs. circumcision : sometimes postponed till after puberty. no reason was suggested except that the boy might have been frightened to undergo the operation earlier. house - building : as meek says, houses made of a frame of reeds ( tolergrass ) are usual in the northerly villages, and houses of the " lath and plaster " type in the center and south, but it is not correct to say that short thatch invariably goes with a framework hut and long with the latter. granaries : each wife and adult son has his own granary, the usual practice being that their corn is put to current use, while that in the master ' s store is kept for reserve and tax - paying. family group : although in almost every hill - top group of compounds there is a nucleus of two or three compounds of close relations, there is almost invariably also a number of compounds belonging to persons who admit no close relationship. ownership of bamboo palms : gullies containing the bamboo - palm belong as a rule to the hamlet as a whole, not to a special household or family in the narrower sense. dancing floor : in the northern group of villages the center of the beaten dancing - circle is invariably (? ) occupied by a " coral " tree ( minjiriya, erythrina senagalensis - dalziel ) growing out from a mud platform. it may be noted that the minjiriya is revered also by the kaka of bamenda. names of the villages and hamlets : the naming of a village after a previous chief is, i believe, purely a fulani _ german innovation. the mambila, unless speaking to a stranger, uses the kindred - or place - name ( which are one ) or occasionally the name of the existing chief. the following are " village " names of fulani use only and derive from a chief of the period 1890 - 1910 : titon, vokkude ( nickname ), tamnya, gembu, wa, tem. most of the remaining hamlets and villages are known abroad by their mambila kindred - names or a corruption of it, though kabri among others seems to be a pre - mambila weapons ' hoes : spears


wa, tem. most of the remaining hamlets and villages are known abroad by their mambila kindred - names or a corruption of it, though kabri among others seems to be a pre - mambila weapons ' hoes : spears are made by the blacksmiths of kabri and vokkude who are true mambila or at least very long - standing immigrants. hoes, on the other hand, are made only by the blacksmiths of kuma and gikau, close to nayo daga, who are distinct from the mambila proper. it is curious if the mambila with their highly distinctive shields have, as dr meek suggests, been spear - bearers for only a short time, and one would like to hear in more detail the evidence on which he bases hiw view. f96 / musical instruments : a curious instrument is used by men to accompany their " crooning ". this is a plucking instrument, like a guitar without a handle, of which the sounding medium is a series of springy splinters instead of strings. personal appearance : clothes are now worn by a few women in the northern villages ; in the south they are still nude. some of these follow the kaka fashion of piercing the nose or ear and inserting a fragment of straw. the chipping of teeth is common, but is a fahsion only, not obligatory. markets : the market day is the holy day, coming roung every ten days except in mbang village, where the five - day kaka week is kept. sgd d a percival, 1 xi 35.


ask dr. math high school archive dr. math home | | middle school | | high school | | dr. math faq see also the dr. math faq : browse high school history / biography stars indicate particularly interesting answers or good places to begin browsing. - the welsh vigesimal number system [ 02 / 17 / 2003 ] what can you tell me about the welsh version of the vigesimal number - what if there was no zero? [ 10 / 21 / 2003 ] why did it take so long to discover zero? why did early civilizations not need zero? how would math as we know it be different if there was - what is a sign? [ 04 / 21 / 2003 ] can you do anything in math without signs? - what is menelaus ' theorem? [ 11 / 15 / 1998 ] proof of menelaus ' theorem, and discussion of its converse and desargues ' - what was fermat ' s last theorem? [ 07 / 23 / 1997 ] i wonder if you might take the time to explain fermat ' s last theorem. i am an undergraduate in mathematics, so an easy answer would be perfect. - when do we need to know roman numerals? [ 08 / 26 / 2003 ] i have a student who does not see how learning roman numerals will benefit her. what advice can you give her to make this learning experience more relevant to her life and needs? - where did fahrenheit and celsius come from? [ 07 / 26 / 1997 ] how did scientists figure out the relation between two numbers that mean the same thing, e. g. 0 deg c and 32 deg f? - where did pi come from? [ 12 / 2 / 1994 ] we are an adult high school and we were wondering if you could answer our question. where did the word pi come from, and how did someone determine it was equal to 3. 14? - where does pi come from? [ 1 / 13 / 1995 ] i was wondering how exactly the math notation pi was derived, and whoever derived it, why did he make up that symbol for pi? - where does sine come from? [ 1 / 6 / 1995 ] who was the inventor of sine? and when did he / she discover it? also, how did he / she do it? - who invented algebra? [ 06 / 07 / 2004 ] who invented algebra? - who invented binary? [ 05 / 07 / 2000 ] who invented the


and when did he / she discover it? also, how did he / she do it? - who invented algebra? [ 06 / 07 / 2004 ] who invented algebra? - who invented binary? [ 05 / 07 / 2000 ] who invented the binary system of numbers and when was it developed? - who was hero ( or heron )? [ 11 / 12 / 1997 ] i have been trying to find information on the greek mathematician hero. - why are the numbers on a dartboard where they are? [ 03 / 09 / 2004 ] the way that the numbers 1 to 20 are arranged on a standard dart board at first seems to be random, but are they placed in such a way as to encourage accuracy, i. e., so that missing a high number results in hitting a low number? - why b for intercept? [ 10 / 16 / 2003 ] in the slope - intercept formula, y = mx + b, why is ' b ' used to represent the y - intercept? - why does 1 + 1 = 2? [ 2 / 28 / 1995 ] nobody that i ask has been able to answer that question with an explanation. notice the word why, not how. - why do we need to study rational numbers? [ 04 / 22 / 2008 ] my students want to know why they need to know what rational numbers are and what use they have in the real world. - why is a circle 360 degrees? [ 07 / 01 / 1998 ] why is a circle defined as 360 degrees? - why m for slope? [ 11 / 9 / 1994 ] my class wants me to ask you why the letter m was selected to represent - why straightedge and compass only? [ 10 / 02 / 2002 ] my geometry students want to know why constructions can only be done using a straightedge and a compass. - why x and y? [ 11 / 30 / 1994 ] can dr. math tell me where we get x and y? - women in mathematics [ 3 / 6 / 1996 ] would someone answer questions from eleventh grade girls about being a - you can ' t trisect an angle [ 7 / 16 / 1996 ] who proved you can ' t trisect an angle? search the dr. math library : © 1994 - 2013 drexel university. all rights reserved. home | | the math library | | quick reference | | search | | help the math forum is a research and educational enterprise of the drexel university school of education.


london ( reuters ) - ten international drug companies are to team up with scientists from 11 european countries to create a bank of stem cells for a project aimed at speeding up the development of new medicines. stembancc, coordinated by swiss drugmaker roche and managed by scientists at oxford university, aims to use so - called human - induced pluripotent stem cells - derived from people with hard - to - treat conditions - as research tools. martin graf from roche, who is coordinating the project, said the goal was to generate 1, 500 induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from 500 patients that can then be used by researchers around the world to study a range of diseases, including diabetes and dementia. in recent years, researchers have developed a way of reprogramming ordinary adult cells taken from skin or blood, for example, to create stem cells that can be used to generate any type of cell. these induced pluripotent stem cells can offer a supply of different kinds of human cell such as cardiomyocytes, or heart cells, and neurons or nerve cells that can be used for a broad range of laboratory tests in early stage drug development. the research that resulted in the creation of the first induced pluripotent stem cells was a significant breakthrough which won the scientists behind it - john gurdon and shinya yamanaka - this year ' s nobel prize for medicine. graf and zameel cader of oxford university, who announced the project in london, said the raw material for the project would be largely skin and blood samples taken from patients with diseases such as alzheimer ' s and diabetes. the research will focus mainly on these conditions as well as peripheral nervous system disorders such as chronic and neuropathic pain, central nervous system disorders such as dementia, and neurodysfunctional conditions such as autism, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. cader said that because the stem bank ' s cell lines will be derived directly from real patients, they will include genes that may be the culprits in causing the development of diseases - making them useful for early testing of the efficacy and toxicity of potential new medicines. " this is essentially what is so transformative about stem cell technology - for the first time you can get at the cells that are relevant from the patients with the conditions, " he said. " that is what is so exciting about it. " the project is a public - private partnership backed by the european union ' s innovation medicines initiative and is half funded by the drug industry and half by the eu.


the growing child : 7 to 9 months while all babies may grow at a different rate, the following indicates the average for boys and girls 7 to 9 months of age : - weight : average gain of 1 pound each month ; boys usually weigh about 1 / 2 pound more than girls ; two - and - a - half times the birthweight by 8 months - height : average growth of about 1 / 2 inch each month - head size : average growth of about 1 / 4 inch each month babies are rapidly developing their physical abilities at this age. they become mobile for the first time and safety in the home becomes an important issue. while babies may progress at different rates, the following are some of the common milestones your baby may reach in this age group : - rolls over easily from front to back and back to front - sits leaning forward on hands at first, then unsupported - bounces when supported to stand - gets on hands and feet and rocks back and forth - may creep, scoot, crawl - - backwards first, then forward - begins to pull up to stand - reaches for and grasps objects using whole hand - bangs toy on table - can hold an object in each hand - may hold a bottle - plays peek - a - boo - grasps object with thumb and finger by 8 to 9 months - begins teething, usually starting with the two center front teeth in the lower jaw, then the two center front teeth in the upper jaw - learns to drink from cup - puts everything into mouth - naps are usually twice, sometimes three times a day, for one to two hours each ( on average ) - may begin to awaken during the night and cry it is very exciting for parents to watch their babies become social beings that can interact with others. while every baby develops speech at his or her own rate, the following are some of the common milestones in this age group : - makes two syllable sounds ( ma - ma, da - da ) - makes several different vowel sounds, especially " o " and " u " - repeats tones or sounds made by others a baby ' s awareness of people and surroundings increases during this time. while babies may progress at different rates, the following are some of the common milestones in this age group : - responds to own name and " no " - pays attention to conversation - appears to understand some words ( i. e., eat ) - prefers mother over others - enjoys seeing self in mirror - responds to changes in emotions of others - is afraid of strangers - shows interest


and " no " - pays attention to conversation - appears to understand some words ( i. e., eat ) - prefers mother over others - enjoys seeing self in mirror - responds to changes in emotions of others - is afraid of strangers - shows interest in and dislike of foods - makes attention - getting sounds such as a cough or snort - begins to understand object permanence and can uncover a toy after seeing it covered - may follow one - step commands with a sign to demonstrate ( i. e., " get the ball " while parent points to ball ) consider the following as ways to foster the emotional security of your baby : - give your baby safe toys that make noises when shaken or hit. - play in front of a mirror, calling your baby by name and pointing to your baby ' s reflection in the mirror. - when talking to your baby, pause and wait for him or her to respond just as when talking with an adult. - play pat - a - cake and peek - a - boo. - name common objects when shown to your baby. - make a variety of sounds with your mouth and tone of voice. - repeat and expand the sounds your baby makes, such as " ma - ma " when he or she says " ma. " - show picture books and read stories to your baby every day. - give your baby toys with objects or knobs to push, poke, or turn. - give your baby toys that stack or nest and show him or her how they work. - build a tower with your baby and show him or her how to knock it down. - establish a routine for bath and bedtime. - offer a cup.


osteoarthritis is usually diagnosed after your doctor has taken a careful history of your symptoms. a physical exam will be done. there are no definitive lab blood tests to make an absolute diagnosis of osteoarthritis. certain tests, specifically x - rays of the joint, may confirm your doctor ’ s impression that you have developed osteoarthritis. x - ray examination of an affected joint — a joint with osteoarthritis will have lost some of the normal space that exists between the bones. this space is called the joint space. this joint space is made up of articular cartilage, which becomes thin. there may be tiny new bits of bone ( bone spurs ) visible at the end of the bones. other signs of joint and bone deterioration may also be present. x - rays, however, may not show very much in the earlier stages of osteoarthritis, even when you are clearly experiencing symptoms. arthrocentesis — using a thin needle, your doctor may remove a small amount of joint fluid from an affected joint. the fluid can be examined in a lab to make sure that no other disorder is causing your symptoms ( such as rheumatoid arthritis, gout, infection ). blood tests — blood tests may be done to make sure that no other disorder is responsible for your symptoms ( such as rheumatoid arthritis or other autoimmune diseases that include forms of arthritis ). researchers are also looking at whether the presence of certain substances in the blood might indicate osteoarthritis and help predict the severity of the condition. these substances include breakdown products of hyaluronic acid ( a substance that lubricates joints ) and a liver product called c - reactive protein. - reviewer : rosalyn carson - dewitt, md - review date : 09 / 2011 - - update date : 09 / 01 / 2011 -


" mouchan " mouchan by mke1963 mouchan travel guide : 2 reviews and 4 photos the small village of mouchan is unusual in this part of the world for being down in the valley by a river - the osse. most villages are old and are therefore built up on the ridges and hilltops. fources is another exception, but probably also, like mouchan, a more recent village. " recent " here means that it was built after the dark ages around the 10th century. building on higher ground was not just a defensive decision ; the rivers were prone to flood badly and regularly. the osse and the gelise remain particularly prone to flooding, and mouchan is still at risk. those keen to paddle in the warm rivers of the osse should be aware that upstream reservoirs can occasionally discharge water and the water level can rise quickly. as the rivers here do not rise in the pyrenees, there are no hydro - electric schemes upstream, so these rivers in northern gers are not at risk of significant discharges, it would be wise to be careful with small children. mouchan is best known for its romanesque church, which is the earliest known church with gothic features, so is well - known in the architectural world. however, mouchan is more than just one church. it has the traces of an ancient water - mill, the remains of the old fosse, and other interesting little vignettes of rural french architecture. it ' s also a pleasant village and starting pointing for great walks up and down the osse valley and into the vineyards on the ridges around cassaigne to the south. the origins of the name are unknown, although there are local theories that it is derived from the latin personal name muscius. given its location in the valley, this seems unlikely although mouchan is on a roman road. the remains of a roman villa have been found nearby, but then what self - respecting tenareze village doesn ' t have its crop of substantial roman remains? in particular the area around gelleneuve ( south of mouchan, alongside the osse ) has provided rich roman relics. others have suggested that the name started as muysano ( " more clean " ), then meysano, moissan and finally mouchan. however, earlier it was known as valaque ( and note that the hamlet nearby is still called balague. in the 10th century, the benedictine order built a priory which, from 126


( ara ) - traditionally, the term “ war zone ” elicits images of tanks, gunfire and military personnel. however, as technology evolves, so do the weapons associated with the art of warfare. most recently, the battleground has moved online, with the introduction of a new computer malware threat known as “ flame. ” flame steals information from e - operations of certain nation states – making it a vital threat to both governments and military units. based on the way flame works, it can be classified as a “ cyber weapon, ” according to kaspersky lab, a russian anti - virus firm. web attacks cost businesses $ 114 billion each year, according to a 2011 study conducted by symantec. and as more business, government and military institutions store classified information online, the probability of an attempted attack by these new forms of cyber - weaponry increases. given the likelihood for future security breaches, the need for professionals with the skills required to protect those at risk for such forms of online espionage is amplifying. the u. s. bureau of labor statistics occupational outlook handbook reports that by the year 2020, demand for cyber security experts will increase by 28 percent. much like the way the military and police serve and protect our country and its citizens, cyber security experts play a crucial role in protecting an institution ’ s network and information from attacks. these professionals, known as computer forensics experts, also analyze the electronic evidence, and in some cases identify and serve as expert witnesses to help prosecute the criminals responsible. bachelor ’ s degree programs such as computer information systems ( cis ) help prepare students for this role. many programs allow students to concentrate their studies in a variety of cyber security specialties. for example, students focusing on computer forensics will learn the skills necessary to handle the electronic evidence of criminal cases and how to identify and prosecute criminals. at devry university, students enrolled in the computer information systems bachelor ’ s degree program can pursue a cyber security specialization in computer forensics that allows them to gain understanding of the diversity of computer crime, and the laws and principals concerned with computer forensics and electronic evidence. they also learn how to discover data that resides in a computer system, and how to recover deleted, encrypted or damaged file information. “ technical knowledge is only one piece of the skillset puzzle for cyber security practitioners, ” says dr. ahmed naumaan, national dean for the college of engineering & information sciences at devry university. “ creativity and the ability to think outside the box play a


what do we really know about creativity? very little. we know that creative genius is not the same thing as intelligence. in fact, beyond a certain minimum iq threshold – about one standard deviation above average, or an iq of 115 – there is no correlation at all between intelligence and creativity. we know that creativity is empirically correlated with mood - swing disorders. a couple of decades ago, harvard researchers found that people showing ‘ exceptional creativity ’ – which they put at fewer than 1 per cent of the population – were more likely to suffer from manic - depression or to be near relatives of manic - depressives. as for the psychological mechanisms behind creative genius, those remain pretty much a mystery. about the only point generally agreed on is that, as pinker put it, ‘ geniuses are wonks. ’ they work hard ; they immerse themselves in their genre. could this immersion have something to do with stocking the memory? as an instructive case of creative genius, consider the french mathematician henri poincare, who died in 1912. poincare ’ s genius was distinctive in that it embraced nearly the whole of mathematics, from pure ( number theory ) to applied ( celestial mechanics ). along with his german coeval david hilbert, poincare was the last of the universalists. his powers of intuition enabled him to see deep connections between seemingly remote branches of mathematics. he virtually created the modern field of topology, framing the ‘ poincare conjecture ’ for future generations to grapple with, and he beat einstein to the mathematics of special relativity. unlike many geniuses, poincare was a man of great practical prowess ; as a young engineer he conducted on - the - spot diagnoses of mining disasters. he was also a lovely prose stylist who wrote bestselling works on the philosophy of science ; he is the only mathematician ever inducted into the literary section of the institut de france. what makes poincare such a compelling case is that his breakthroughs tended to come in moments of sudden illumination. one of the most remarkable of these was described in his essay ‘ mathematical creation ’. poincare had been struggling for some weeks with a deep issue in pure mathematics when he was obliged, in his capacity as mine inspector, to make a geological excursion. ‘ the changes of travel made me forget my mathematical work, ’ he recounted. having reached coutances, we entered an omnibus to go some place or other. at the moment i put my foot on the step the idea came


geological excursion. ‘ the changes of travel made me forget my mathematical work, ’ he recounted. having reached coutances, we entered an omnibus to go some place or other. at the moment i put my foot on the step the idea came to me, without anything in my former thoughts seeming to have paved the way for it, that the transformations i had used to define the fuchsian functions were identical with those of non - euclidean geometry. i did not verify the idea ; i should not have had time, as, upon taking my seat in the omnibus, i went on with a conversation already commenced, but i felt a perfect certainty. on my return to caen, for conscience ’ s sake, i verified the result at my leisure. how to account for the full - blown epiphany that struck poincare in the instant that his foot touched the step of the bus? his own conjecture was that it had arisen from unconscious activity in his memory. ‘ the role of this unconscious work in mathematical invention appears to me incontestable, ’ he wrote. ‘ these sudden inspirations … never happen except after some days of voluntary effort which has appeared absolutely fruitless. ’ the seemingly fruitless effort fills the memory banks with mathematical ideas – ideas that then become ‘ mobilised atoms ’ in the unconscious, arranging and rearranging themselves in endless combinations, until finally the ‘ most beautiful ’ of them makes it through a ‘ delicate sieve ’ into full consciousness, where it will then be refined and proved. poincare was a modest man, not least about his memory, which he called ‘ not bad ’ in the essay. in fact, it was prodigious. ‘ in retention and recall he exceeded even the fabulous euler, ’ one biographer declared. ( euler, the most prolific mathematician of all – the constant e takes his initial – was reputedly able to recite the aeneid from memory. ) poincare read with incredible speed, and his spatial memory was such that he could remember the exact page and line of a book where any particular statement had been made. his auditory memory was just as well developed, perhaps owing to his poor eyesight. in school, he was able to sit back and absorb lectures without taking notes despite being unable to see the blackboard. it is the connection between memory and creativity, perhaps, which should make us most wary of the web. ‘ as our use of the web makes it harder for us to lock information into our biological memory,


this function unlocks a region in an open file. unlocking a region enables other processes to access the region. bool unlockfileex ( handle hfile, dword dwreserved, dword nnumberofbytestolocklow, dword nnumberofbytestolockhigh, lpoverlapped lpoverlapped ) ; [ in ] handle to a file that contains a region locked by the lockfileex function. the file handle must have been created with the generic _ read or generic _ write access right. reserved. set to zero. [ in ] low - order portion of the length of the byte range to unlock. [ in ] high - order portion of the length of the byte range to unlock. [ in ] pointer to an overlapped structure that is used with the unlock request. this structure contains the file offset of the beginning of the unlock range. nonzero indicates success. zero indicates failure. for extended error information, call getlasterror. unlocking a region of a file releases a previously acquired lock on the file. the region to unlock must correspond exactly to an existing locked region. two adjacent regions of a file cannot be locked separately and then unlocked using a single region that spans both locked regions. if a process terminates with a portion of a file locked or closes a file that has outstanding locks, the locks are unlocked by the os. however, the time it takes for the os to unlock these locks depends upon available system resources. therefore, explicitly unlock all locked files when a process ends. otherwise, access to these files can be denied if the os has not yet unlocked them.


tenaim : the conditions of marriage contemporary couples are reinterpreting an old ceremony that set the financial and logistical arrangements for an upcoming marriage the author provides a historical context for the jewish tradition of tenaim where the families of prospective bride and groom would meet to set primarily financial and logistical " conditions " for an upcoming marriage ; in a small number of communities, tenaim are still practiced this way. in the spirit of the contemporary trend toward developing new jewish ceremonies, the author then describes how a modern " tenaim " ceremony might work. the contemporary version is, for all practical purposes, a new ceremony based broadly on the notion that certain " conditions, " albeit primarily personal ones, are set in anticipation of the upcoming marriage. excerpted with permission from the new jewish wedding ( simon & schuster, inc. ). the decision to marry is one of life ' s momentous choices. some couples have made it the occasion for a celebration based on the ashkenazic custom of tenaim - - literally, the " conditions " of the marriage. every engagement announces that two people are changing their status ; the public declaration of their decision instantly designates them bride and groom. tenaim kicks off the season of the wedding, officially and jewishly. an old ceremony from the 12th to the early 19th century, tenaim announced that two families had come to terms on a match between their children. the document setting out their agreement, also called tenaim, would include the dowry and other financial arrangements, the date and time of the huppah [ the actual wedding ceremony ], and a knas, or penalty, if either party backed out of the deal. after the document was signed and read aloud by an esteemed guest, a piece of crockery was smashed. the origins of this practice are not clear ; the most common interpretation is that a shattered dish recalls the destruction of the temple in jerusalem, and it is taken to demonstrate that a broken engagement cannot be mended. the broken dish also anticipates the shattered glass that ends the wedding ceremony. in some communities it was customary for all the guests to bring some old piece of crockery to smash on the floor. there is also a tradition that the mothers - in - law - to - be break the plate - - a symbolic rending of mother - child ties and an acknowledgment that soon their children will be feeding each other. after the plate breaking, the party began. possibilities for celebration of tenai


both devices rely on injectable solutions of radiopharmaceuticals, which are drugs that are labeled with radioactive isotopes. as the solution circulates throughout the body, it tends to accumulate in malignant cells. the congregated radiopharmaceuticals emit gamma - rays, which are sensed as light by the devices and then converted into electronic signals that can be rendered as a visible image. " what we will be looking to do is develop minimally invasive instrumentation, " keppel says. " we want to be able to locate and diagnose cancers more effectively. everything coming out of the center, at least in the immediate future, will be focused on finding better ways to locate or image those radiopharmaceuticals. " eastern virginia medical school ( evms ) in norfolk will be joining with cami to establish a graduate program in medical physics. it will be the first such program in virginia, and the first in the country at an historically black college. any devices resulting from the collaboration will be evaluated both nationally and in clinical programs conducted at tidewater - area hospitals. keppel is in the process of writing proposals that would fund center personnel in medical physics, engineering and applied technology. in addition to five students and two part - time administrative assistants, keppel expects up to 10 individuals from hampton university, the lab, and evms to staff cami. " we pool expertise in one place and we get the word out, " she says. " the idea is to become an international resource for medical physics and to invite physicians, companies and patient advocacy groups to partner with us. " groundbreaking for a new cami research facility on campus at hampton university is scheduled for later this spring. when complete in 2003, the center will enclose 12, 000 square feet in two stories, housing primarily research labs contact : linda ware doe / thomas jefferson national accelerator facility


using voting records, the researchers found out political party affiliation for 35 of the men and 47 of the women in that study. political parties aren ' t a perfect match with ideology, but they come very close, the researchers wrote feb. 13 in the journal plos one. most democrats hold liberal values, while most republicans hold conservative values. comparing the democrat and republican participants turned up differences in two brain regions : the right amygdala and the left posterior insula. republicans showed more activity than democrats in the right amygdala when making a risky decision. this brain region is important for processing fear, risk and reward. meanwhile, democrats showed more activity in the left posterior insula, a portion of the brain responsible for processing emotions, particularly visceral emotional cues from the body. the particular region of the insula that showed the heightened activity has also been linked with " theory of mind, " or the ability to understand what others might be thinking. while their brain activity differed, the two groups ' behaviors were identical, the study found. schreiber and his colleagues can ' t say whether the functional brain differences nudge people toward a particular ideology or not. the brain changes based on how it is used, so it is possible that acting in a partisan way prompts the differences. the functional differences did mesh well with political beliefs, however. the researchers were able to predict a person ' s political party by looking at their brain function 82. 9 percent of the time. in comparison, knowing the structure of these regions predicts party correctly 71 percent of the time, and knowing someone ' s parents ' political affiliation can tell you theirs 69. 5 percent of the time, the researchers wrote. this article originally appeared on livescience. com. more from livescience. com :


it ' s a look that ' s been painted and photographed untold times : a mother gazing deep into her infant ' s eyes while the two smile and kiss. psychologists believe this interplay helps a child ' s emotional and cognitive development. the behavior was thought to exist only in humans and to a lesser extent in our closest kin, chimpanzees. now, scientists have discovered similarly intense shared gazing and facial expressions in monkeys. and that means, the researchers say, that this kind of maternal communication dates back at least 30 million years. although scientists have studied rhesus macaque monkeys ( macaca mulatto ) in the lab and field for more than 50 years, they missed this key behavior. " previous researchers were looking more at what happens when a mother and infant are separated, " says pier francesco ferrari, a neuroscientist at the university of parma in italy, not what happens when they ' re together. but plenty occurs between the two, as ferrari and his team observed. in a semi - free - range environment at the laboratory of comparative ethology, part of the national institutes of health in bethesda, maryland, the scientists filmed 14 mother - and - infant pairs during the first 2 months of the youngsters ' lives, beginning when the infants were a few hours old. the team watched each pair one to three times a day for 15 minute sessions while they were awake. infants sleep 50 % to 75 % of the time, which may be another reason the emotional gazing was previously missed. as the macaque mothers looked into their babies ' eyes, they " actively searched for the infants ' gaze and tried to engage their babies, " says ferrari. for instance, a mother might hold her baby ' s head and pull the child ' s face toward her own or bounce her own head up and down, all while gazing directly into the infant ' s eyes. other times, mothers would smack their lips in an exaggerated manner and kiss their babies ' faces - - reminiscent of the way human mothers get their infants ' attention. the infants often responded by imitating their mothers ' lip - smacks or using lip - smacks of their own to get her attention, the team reports today in current biology. as in humans, these actions are likely important in the baby rhesus macaque ' s emotional development, says ferrari. unlike in humans, however, the shared behaviors begin to disappear in macaques after the first month as the babies become more independent. please download the latest version


adult survival rates of shag ( phalacrocorax aristotelis ), common guillemot ( uria aalge ), razorbill ( alca torda ), puffin ( fratercula arctica ) and kittiwake ( rissa tridactyla ) on the isle of may 1986 - 96 harris, m. p. ; wanless, s. ; rothery, p.. 2000 adult survival rates of shag ( phalacrocorax aristotelis ), common guillemot ( uria aalge ), razorbill ( alca torda ), puffin ( fratercula arctica ) and kittiwake ( rissa tridactyla ) on the isle of may 1986 - 96. atlantic seabirds, 2. 133 - 150. full text not available from this repository. on the isle of may between 1986 and 1996, the average adult survival of shags phalacrocorax aristotelis was 82. 1 %, common guillemots uria aalge 95. 2 %, razorbills alca torda 90. 5 %, puffins fratercula arctica 91. 6 % and kittiwakes rissa tridactyla 88. 2 %. shags, razorbills and puffins all had a single year of exceptionally low survival but these years did not coincide. in contrast, kittiwake survival declined significantly over the period and there was evidence that substantial non - breeding occurred in several years. breeding success of kittiwakes also declined, which gives rise to concern for its future status. given a high enough level of resighting, return rates ( the proportion of birds known to be alive one year that were seen the next year ) on a year - by - year basis provide a reasonable indication of relative changes in adult survival. | programmes : | | ceh programmes pre - 2009 publications > other | | ceh sections : | | _ biodiversity & population processes | | additional keywords : | | shag, phalacrocorax aristotelis, common guillemot, uria aalge, razorbill, alca torda, puffin, fratercula arctica, kittiwake, rissa tridactyla | | nora subject terms : | | zoology | | date made live : | | 08 dec 2008 21 : 30 | actions ( login required )


mutualism is very common : the classic example is the relationship pollinators and their plants. around 70 % of land plants require other species to help them reproduce via pollination. often, the pollinators, like bees and wasps, gain food from the plant while the plant benefits by getting to mix its genes with other plants - a clear win - win for both. but both have to give up something, too, and whenever there is a cost to a relationship, both sides have good reason to cheat. when i say cheat, i mean a species not keeping up their half of the deal. a species would gain something if they could maintain the positive benefits provided by another other species without having to expend whatever cost is associated with their side of the mutualistic bargain. a plant would benefit, for example, if it could attract its pollinators without having to make nectar or pretty flowers to attract them. so how is mutualism maintained when there is strong evolutionary pressure to cheat? in some cases, it ' s by nature of the relationship. in the example above, it ' s simply hard for the plant to cheat because skimping on the goods directly affects how the other side acts - no nectar - laden flowers, no reason for a bee or other bug to stop and get covered in pollen. but some mutualist relationships are easier to cheat on - take the case of fig wasps. fig wasps are wasps that lay their eggs in fig flowers. as these flowers turn into fruits, the wasp larvae are protected and fed by the fig, costing the tree resources. this relationship looks parasitic at first glance : the wasp gets healthy babies while the fig gets its fruit ruined. but the wasp has a promise it must keep to the tree : when it lays its eggs, it has to pollinate flowers so the tree can produce seeds. there are actually two kinds of fig wasps : one that pollinates passively and one that pollinates actively. the passive pollinators collect pollen on their extremities and, while climbing around to deposit eggs, pollinate the trees ' flowers without even thinking about it. passively pollinating wasps do not expend extra energy to pollinate, and they cannot easily avoid carrying pollen, so there ' s no real way or reason for them to cheat. david attenborough explains their relationship rather nicely : the active pollinators are much more deliberate about things : female wasps specifically collect pollen in specialized pouches ( see r ) and deposit it on another tree ' s flowers by choice when


to cheat. david attenborough explains their relationship rather nicely : the active pollinators are much more deliberate about things : female wasps specifically collect pollen in specialized pouches ( see r ) and deposit it on another tree ' s flowers by choice when they lay their eggs. active pollinators don ' t have to pollinate, per se - they can, and do sometimes, flit around without collecting pollen and bring it to another tree. after all, it costs the wasp time and energy to go about collecting and lugging around pollen, so why bother if they don ' t have to? instead, the female wasps just infect flowers with wasp eggs, acting more like a parasite than a mutualist. clearly, there ' s an easy, good reason for the wasp to short - change the tree. but, if there ' s good reason for the wasps to cheat, there is equally good reason for the trees to catch them, evolutionarily speaking. having a cheating wasps ' young growing in its fruit does the tree no good whatsoever. but can the trees spot cheaters and somehow punish them for it? that ' s the question that biologists k. charlotte jander and edward allen herre wanted to answer. to find out, they carefully watched six different species of figs, four that had active pollinating wasps and two that had passive pollinating wasps. they wanted to see if the actively - pollinated trees somehow reacted differently to loyal wasps who pollinated like they ' re supposed to and cheaters. since it ' s hard to tell if a wasp is doing its job, instead, the researchers intentionally manipulated the wasps. for each fig tree – pollinator species - pair, they experimentally produced pollen - carrying and artificially pollen - free wasps, which, because they had no pollen, played the role of cheaters. they then waited to see how well the cheaters larvae survived. they found that the passively pollinated figs had no system in place to protect against cheaters - which is exactly what you ' d expect, since it ' s basically impossible for a passive - pollinating wasp to get around on the flowers without pollinating, meaning that cheating is not likely. the actively pollinated figs, on the other hand, all punished cheaters. first off, the figs carrying cheater offspring were aborted more frequently. when a fig aborts a larvae - containing fruit, it kills all of the larvae inside. one active species only kept around 3 % of the number of fig


. first off, the figs carrying cheater offspring were aborted more frequently. when a fig aborts a larvae - containing fruit, it kills all of the larvae inside. one active species only kept around 3 % of the number of figs that the passive pollinated species did. but to punish them even more, the fig also manipulated the conditions within the growing fruits which contained cheating larvae - per fruit, fewer cheater adults emerged than non - cheating ones. in one species of fig, almost no cheaters survived to adulthood - just 5 % of the number that emerged from passively pollinated figs. how exactly the fig changes the condition of the fruit to harm the growing larvae isn ' t yet known. this made the scientists wonder how common cheaters were in the wild, and whether the species that strongly reacted to cheating were plagued by more cheaters. as expected, they didn ' t find any pollen - free passive pollinating wasps, but they did find active pollinating ones that weren ' t carrying the goods. they also found that the species that cheated the most lived on the fig tree that punished them the least. these data strongly support consistent coevolution between the fig wasps and their trees. if the tree doesn ' t catch cheaters, the wasps exploit their longtime friends, and since cheating isn ' t punished, cheating young grow up and continue cheating, leading to high frequencies of cheaters. this rapidly degrades their relationship from mutualism to parasite - host. however, if the trees respond by culling free - riders, they reduce the number of wasps inclined to cheat and maintain the true mutualism that the two have had for around 80 million years. mutualism is often portrayed as " playing nice ", a beautiful harmony between species. just listen to how the relationship between active pollinating fig wasps and their trees is portrayed in this pbs special : how sweet. too bad it ' s totally not true. just like the arms races between predator and prey or parasite and host, mutualist species constantly adapt to try get the upper hand in their relationship. there is still a battle going on between even the best of friends to gain an evolutionary advantage, and just like other interactions, mutualists have to constantly evolve to maintain the status quo. jander, k., & herre, e. ( 2010 ). host sanctions and pollinator cheating in the fig tree - fig wasp mutualism proceedings of the royal society b : biological sciences doi : 10. 1098 / rspb. 2009.


two fishing cats born at national zoo9 : 02 am - 06 / 16 / 2012 looks like the national zoo has two new young additions! twin fishing cats were born may 18, marking an important milestone for the endangered species. the twin kittens were the first - ever fishing cats to be bred and produced in the d. c. area — making future breeding possibilities a more tangible option. just 27 of out of 30 fishing cats in north america are considered reproductively viable. the fishing cat population has decreased 50 percent over the past 18 years due to poaching in southeast asia, and scientists are working hard to help this endangered species thrive in the future. named for their hunting technique, fishing cats tend to find the majority of their diet living in water. these kittens are going through procedures most human babies experience after birth — physical examinations and vaccinations. they are being closely monitored by specialized scientists. they will make their first public appearance late this summer, but their father, 2 - year - old lek, can be seen now on the national zoo ’ s asia trail. their mother, electra, has heightened maternal instincts and doesn ’ t let the twins go too far. apparently the zoo originally planned to pair electra with another male, but the original pair showed no interest in each other. when electra met lek, they instantly showed their affection by nuzzling and grooming each other. the match made in heaven is definitely a step in the right direction toward saving another endangered species, as these cute young kittens show.


donald w. pfaff | donald w. pfaff, phd | donald w. pfaff, ph. d., professor and head of the laboratory of neurobiology and behavior at the rockefeller university, is a brain scientist who uses neuroanatomical, neurochemical and neurophysiological methods to study the cellular mechanisms by which the brain controls behavior. his laboratory ’ s research has proceeded through four steps to demonstrate how steroid hormone effects on nerve cells can direct natural, instinctive behaviors. first, pfaff is known for discovering exact cellular targets for steroid hormones in the brain. a system of hypothalamic and limbic forebrain neurons with sex hormone receptors, discovered in rodents, was later found to be present in species ranging from fish through primates. this hormone - sensitive system apparently is a general feature of the vertebrate brain. his lab recently found that “ knocking out ” the gene for the estrogen receptor in animals prevents female reproductive behavior. surprisingly, that single gene deletion resulted both in masculinizing female animals and, counterintuitively, feminizing males ’ behavior. secondly, his lab at rockefeller then worked out the neural circuitry for hormone - dependent female reproductive behavior, the first behavior circuit elucidated for any mammal. third, he and his colleagues demonstrated several genes that are “ turned on ” by estrogens in the forebrain. fourth, in turn, their gene products facilitate reproductive behavior. for example, the induction of one of them, the gene for the progesterone receptor, showed that the hormone estrogen could turn on another transcription factor important, in turn, for behavioral control. regulated gene expression in the brain participates in the control of behavior. taken together, these four advances proved that specific chemicals acting in specific parts of the brain could determine individual behavioral responses. while two genetic transcription factors, estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor, cooperate with each other to promote reproductive behavior, another transcription factor, thyroid hormone receptor, actually interferes with estrogenic actions. seasonal environmental changes, raising thyroid hormone levels, can block reproductive behaviors when they would be biologically inappropriate. in an experiment that lent support to the concept of the “ unity of the body, ” pfaff found that the nervous system protein gnrh promotes reproductive behavior as well as directing the pituitary to stimulate the ovaries and testes. this action of gnrh renders instinctive behaviors congruent


body, ” pfaff found that the nervous system protein gnrh promotes reproductive behavior as well as directing the pituitary to stimulate the ovaries and testes. this action of gnrh renders instinctive behaviors congruent with the physiology of reproductive organs elsewhere in the body pfaff ’ s lab subsequently discovered that gnrh - producing neurons are not actually born in the brain as other neurons are. instead, during embryonic development, they are born in the olfactory epithelium. once born, they migrate up the nose and into the forebrain. in humans, interruption of that migration, especially in men, causes a state in which the body does not produce adequate amounts of the sex hormone testosterone. this hypogonadal state is associated with a loss of libido. in 2003, pfaff received an nih merit award for the study of generalized arousal, responsible for activating all behavioral responses.. his team formulated the first operational definition of nervous system arousal, enabling scientists to measure arousal quantitatively in laboratory animals, as well as in human beings. in humans, deficits in arousal contribute to such cognitive problems as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism and alzheimer ' s disease. erosion of arousal also may account for some of the mental difficulties that people face as they age. understanding generalized arousal may help scientists develop pharmacological methods to enhance alertness during the day and sleep at night. analyzing the mechanisms of arousal may also lead to a more precise anesthesiology. pfaff has made fundamental contributions to our understanding of how the administration of sex hormones can affect health. pfaff ’ s lab recently showed that giving hormone doses in pulses, rather than as a steady exposure, may maximize the benefits and limit the side effects now associated with hormone therapies. by giving estrogen replacement to the rats, the scientists studied the actions of the hormone at the level of the brain cell ' s protective outer membrane, and inside the nucleus where the cell ' s dna is housed. they found that both the membrane and the dna pathways are crucial, with one facilitating the other, in triggering hormone - dependent gene expression and female mating behavior. by limiting the estrogen exposure of to short pulses, the total dose can be kept much smaller than with steady delivery, and therefore some of the negative effects will be reduced. born in rochester, n. y., on december 9, 1939, he received the a. b. degree magna cum laude from harvard college in


be kept much smaller than with steady delivery, and therefore some of the negative effects will be reduced. born in rochester, n. y., on december 9, 1939, he received the a. b. degree magna cum laude from harvard college in 1961 and a ph. d. from the massachusetts institute of technology in 1965. he held a national merit scholarship, harvard national scholarship, woodrow wilson fellowship, mit president ' s award fellowship, national institutes of health predoctoral fellowship and national science foundation postdoctoral fellowship. pfaff joined the rockefeller university in 1966 as a postdoctoral fellow. he was named assistant professor in 1969, associate professor in 1971, granted tenure in 1973 and promoted to full professor in 1978. he is a member of the u. s. national academy of sciences and a fellow of the american academy of arts and sciences. he also is a member of several scientific organizations related to studies of the central nervous system. he is the author of estrogens and brain function ( springer, 1980 ), drive : neurobiological and molecular mechanisms of sexual motivation ( mit press, 1999 ), brain arousal and information theory ( harvard university press, 2005 ) and the neuroscience of fair play : why we ( usually ) follow the golden rule ( dana press, 2007 ). he has edited the physiological bases of motivation ( 1982 ), ethical questions in brain and behavior ( 1984 ), genetic influences on the nervous system ( crc press, 1999 ) and hormones, brain and behavior ( 5 volumes, academic press, 2002 ). he also is on the editorial boards of several scientific journals. pfaff and his first wife, the poet stephanie strickland, have three children : robin ( palo alto, calif. ), alexander ( new york, n. y. ) and douglas ( new york, n. y. ).


tiruvellore thattai krishnamachariar ( 1899 – 1974 ) was the indian finance minister from 1956 – 1958 and from 1964 - 1966. krishnamachariar, who was born into a tamil iyengar brahmin family graduated from madras christian college ( mcc ) and was a visiting professor to the department of economics at mcc. he resigned from the position twice. he was popularly known as ttk. he was also a member of drafting committee, and entrepreneur and congress leader krishnamachari was one among the founders of modern india. he was instrumental in building the basic economic and industrial infrastructure of the country and also left his mark on the indian constitution as a member of the drafting committee. krishnamachari began his life as a businessman and went on to lay the foundation of the hugely successful firm tt krishnamachari & co. in 1928, in chennai, which is now known as the ttk group. by the mid - thirties, when the company was well established, krishnamachari decided to turn his attention to politics. he was initially elected to the madras legislative assembly as an independent member, and later joined the congress. in 1946, he was made a member of the constituent assembly at the centre. from 1952 to 1965, he served the country twice as a central minister. he was the first minister for commerce and industry and then finance minister. he also remained in charge of the steel ministry for quite some time. he became minister again in 1962, first without... read more