project of the gulf of mexico integrated science program that evaluates the transport and sedimentation of contaminates through the mississippi river and atchafalaya river delta to the near - shore gulf of mexico. includes aerial photographs. small wetlands in this large area have hosted migratory birds for a long time, but with changes in agricultural practice and regional climate those habitats may not remain hospitable to the wild populations. brief review of bat research in the san francisco bay area and southern california providing land managers with information on the occurrence and status of bat species with links to bat inventories for california and related material. a literature synthesis and annotated bibliography focus on north america and on refereed journals. additional references include a selection of citations on bat ecology, international research on bats and wind energy, and unpublished reports. a geologic and oceanographic study of the waters and continental shelf of gulf of the farallones adjacent to the san francisco bay region. the results of the study provide a scientific basis to evaluate and monitor human impact on the marine environment. a web - enabled database that provides for the capture, curation, integration, and delivery of bioassessment data collected by usgs, principally macroinvertebrate, algae, fish, and supporting habitat data from rivers and streams. biomonitoring of environmental status and trends ( best ) program is designed to assess and monitor the effects of environmental contaminants on biological resources with links to detailed information on specific species. explains biological soil crusts, organism - produced soil formations commonly found in semiarid and arid environments, with special reference to their biological composition, physical characteristics, and ecological significance. bird banding is used to study the movement, survival and behavior of birds. the bird banding laboratory site has links to the value, procedure and history of bird banding, how to report bird bands ( english & spanish ), and resources for birders. geographical access to multiple bird checklists developed by others that indicate the seasonal occurrence of birds in a given area. a record documentation form to document supporting details of rare bird observations is also available. this web site is an outgrowth of an agreement between the usgs and the new england aquarium, designed to summarize and make available results of scientific research. it will also present educational material of interest to wide audiences. description of bryophytes ( mosses, liverworts, and hornworts ) and lichens ( dual organisms of a fungus and an alga or a cyanobacterium ) that


educational material of interest to wide audiences. description of bryophytes ( mosses, liverworts, and hornworts ) and lichens ( dual organisms of a fungus and an alga or a cyanobacterium ) that are part of forest ecosystems in the pacific northwest with information on habitat and conservation. manual for research program on the nesting habits of sea turtles of the virgin islands, with descriptions of species, nesting behavior, observation methods, record keeping, tagging, and tissue sample collection. ( pdf file, 121 pp. ) buffelgrass ( pennisetum ciliare ) poses a problem in the deserts of the united states, growing in dense stands and introducing a wildfire risk in an ecosystem not adapted to fire. this report explains what we are doing to help mitigate its effects. combining genetic data with current and predicted climate scenarios, we are modeling the predicted future distributions of wildlife populations in the arctic and identifying key environmental variables that determine important animal habitat. three themes of ongoing research : forecasting polar bear and walrus population response to changing marine ecosystems ; measuring wildlife population changes in the arctic coastal plain, and wildlife communities in the boreal - arctic transition zone. identification of epiphytes ( plants obtaining moisture and nutrients from the air and rain and usually living on another plant ) on seaweed in tampa bay, florida. abstract of symposium presentation with photos. detailed publication on the classification system for an inventory of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the united states used to describe ecological taxa and arrange them in a system useful to resource managers. overview of interdisciplinary research studies in glacier national park to understand how this mountain wilderness responds to present climatic variability and other external stressors, such as air pollution, and links to detailed reports. home page for coastal and marine geology with links to topics of interest ( sea level change, erosion, corals, pollution, sonar mapping, and others ), sound waves monthly newsletter, field centers, regions of interest, and subject search system. changes in both the ocean and coastal ecosystems may have negative effects on sea otter populations in the coastal northwest and alaska. a study underway will examine these factors and the overall health of sea otter populations. declines in fish and wildlife populations, water - quality issues, and changes in coastal habitats have prompted this usgs study of the region ' s nearshore life and environment. includes links to data from published reports. coverage of the coastal prairie ecology research ( cper ) team, national wetlands research center, providing scientific information to aid the conservation, management,


usgs study of the region ' s nearshore life and environment. includes links to data from published reports. coverage of the coastal prairie ecology research ( cper ) team, national wetlands research center, providing scientific information to aid the conservation, management, and restoration of ecosystems in the greater coastal prairie region. website for the columbia environmental research center with links to staff, publications, databases, field stations, and projects including those on the rio grande, burrowing owls, sea turtles, and geospatial technology. links to columbia environmental research center online databases with text, data, and metadata on toxicity, missouri river, biomonitoring of environmental status and trends, contaminants, and sediments. web site for an internet map service ( ims ) serving base cartographic data, usgs data, science applications and real time modelling analyses for the columbia river basin using geospatial analysis technology. describes research to assess the effectiveness of the current system and distribution of marine reserves and protected areas in the virgin islands and puerto rico for conserving reef ecosystems and resources. the information provided in the cee - tv database profiles available geo - referenced information on contaminant exposure and effects in terrestrial vertebrates along the u. s. coasts. the database utilizes microsoft ' s access 2000 for windows. report with mini - movie and photos on the hypothesis that the atmospheric transport of dust arising from the desertification in northern africa led to algal infestation of corals, coral diseases, and the near extinction of associated sea urchins. shows how coral reef specimens are collected, the type of information gained from them, and the methods by which they are measured and studied to understand recent ( past few centuries ) changes in climate. locations for nine species of large constrictors, from published sources, along with monthly precipitation and average monthly temperature for those locations. shapefiles for each snake species studied. three mathematical models using information about the geographic distribution and character of land surface characteristics along with proposed modifications or plausible events to determine the likely costs and benefits of actions and events. population size, foaling, deaths, age structure, sex ratio, age - specific survival rates, and more over a 14 year time span. this information will help land and wildlife managers find the best maintenance and conservation strategies. article from wildlife monographs no. 100 ( 1988 ) on the relationships of wetland habitat dynamics and life history to the breeding distributions of the various species of ducks with information on research methods and references. use of diatoms


best maintenance and conservation strategies. article from wildlife monographs no. 100 ( 1988 ) on the relationships of wetland habitat dynamics and life history to the breeding distributions of the various species of ducks with information on research methods and references. use of diatoms in biostratigraphy, coastal and estuarine studies, paleoceanology, paleoliminology, earthquake studies, environmental quality and forensic studies. includes listing of usgs diatom projects and links to other diatom websites. maps of the ranges of tree species in north america compiled by elbert little and others were digitized for use in usgs vegetation and climate modeling studies. can be downloaded as arcview shapefiles and in pdf graphic files. comprehensive bibliography on the ecology, conservation, and management of north american waterfowl and their wetland habitats. facilitates searching or downloading as *. zip files and use with procite utility. satellite images of geographic areas of interest, cities, deserts, glaciers, geologic features, disaster areas, water bodies, and wildlife linked with articles, maps, and other images such as avhrr, photographs, and special project images. research and monitoring to develop fundamental understanding of ecosystem function and distributions, physical and biological components and trophic dynamics for freshwater, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems and the human and fish and wildlife communitie comparison of water in two adjacent watersheds before and after implementing a brush management strategy in one of the watersheds helps us see what water resource characteristics are sensitive to brush management and how. by measuring the current and historical growth rates of coral skeletons, and using field experiments, we intend to find out whether rising atmospheric co2 and rising sea levels will cause coral reefs to erode and cease to function. study of the effects of the practice of cycling municipal nutrient - enriched wastewater from holding ponds through forested wetlands. studies were in the cypiere perdue swamp, louisiana, and the drummond bog, wisconsin. sixty - five sampling sites, selected by a statistical design to represent lengths of perennial streams in north dakota, were chosen to be sampled for water chemistry and mercury in fish tissue to establish unbiased baseline data. sixty - five sampling sites, selected by a statistical design to represent lengths of perennial streams in north dakota, were chosen to be sampled for fish and aquatic insects ( macroinvertebrates ) to establish unbiased baseline data. integrated network of real - time water - level monitoring, ground - elevation modeling, and water - surface modeling that provides scientists and managers with current on - line water -


aquatic insects ( macroinvertebrates ) to establish unbiased baseline data. integrated network of real - time water - level monitoring, ground - elevation modeling, and water - surface modeling that provides scientists and managers with current on - line water - depth information for the entire freshwater portion of the greater everglades. wetlands and oil wells shouldn ' t mix, but in some areas they do. this explains what problems may arise and how we study the effects of highly salty water produced by oil wells when it leaks into nearby wetlands and streams. constructed farm ponds represent significant breeding, rearing, and overwintering habitat for amphibians in the driftless area ecoregion of minnesota, wisconsin, and iowa. links to fact sheet, brochure, annual reports, field manual, and final report. this program is focused on the study of fishes, fisheries, aquatic invertebrates, and aquatic habitats, and evaluates factors that affect aquatic organism health, population fitness, biological diversity, and aquatic community and habitat function. explains how we assessed the quality of a wetland as indicated by its plant species composition and abundance for marsh and swamp sites, to summarize the effectiveness of restoration projects in louisiana. home page of the forest and rangeland ecosystem science center, corvallis, providing research and technical support for ecosystem management in the western u. s. links to projects, field stations, fact sheets, partnerships, and publications. homepage of the fort collins science center in colorado with links to programs in ecological research programs, staff directory, products library, news and events, and research features and spotlights. overview with links to studies on the effects of human activity on the san francisco estuary with loss of historic fresh and saltwater tidal marshes reducing habitats, introducing contaminants in waste, and creating dredging problems. home page for the front range infrastructure resources project, a demonstration study of the northern colorado front range urban corridor and the entire rocky mountain front range urban corridor with links to projects, datasets, and publications. program to keep common species common by identifying those species and plant communities that are not adequately represented in existing conservation lands. links to projects, applications, status maps, and a searchable database. describes the value of molecular biology genetic tools in enhancing the delineation of the genetic diversity and the effects of environmental degradation on living species. links to research, which differentiated two species of sage - grouse. geographic analysis and monitoring program ( gam ) conducts studies about land surface change, environmental and human health, fire and urban ecology


diversity and the effects of environmental degradation on living species. links to research, which differentiated two species of sage - grouse. geographic analysis and monitoring program ( gam ) conducts studies about land surface change, environmental and human health, fire and urban ecology, and natural hazards to help decision - makers in land - use planning and land management. field methods, topics of investigation, shoreline changes, publications, and satellite imagery related to geologic and hydrologic processes affecting lake pontchartrain and adjacent lakes which form a large estuary in the gulf coast region. description of the geospatial multi - agency coordination ( geomac ) project, online maps of current wildland fire locations using netscape communicator or microsoft internet explorer, and user guide on how to use mapping application. review of the size of breeding populations of giant canada geese by states in the mississippi, atlantic, central, and pacific flyways and the management problems caused by rapid increases of local breeding populations. site for great lakes science center, ann arbor, which provides information about biological resources in the great lakes basin. links to personnel, publications, data, library, facilities, research vessels, great lakes issues, and research. website of the gulf of mexico integrated science program to understand the framework and processes of the gulf of mexico using tampa bay as a pilot study. links to publications, digital library, water chemistry maps, epiphytes, and field trips. tide stage, specific conductance, water temperature, and freshwater inflow at selected hudson river ( new york ) gages updated every 4 - hours to measure the effects of freshwater withdrawals and upstream movement of the salt front. airborne scanning laser surveys ( lidar ) are used to obtaining data to investigate the magnitude and causes of coastal changes that occur during severe storms. links to examples of coastal mapping during specific hurricanes. a brief definition and explanation of hypoxia with special reference to the gulf of mexico hypoxic zone along the louisiana - texas coast as well as extensive links to usgs and other related information resources. information about the causes and impact of hypoxia with links to usgs and other federal agency information and activities related to nutrients in the mississippi river basin and hypoxia in the gulf of mexico. description of the use of a miniature video - camera system deployed at nests of passerine species in north dakota to videotape predation of eggs or nestlings by animals such as mice, ground squirrels, deer, cowbirds and others. recent physical changes over time, including trends toward


video - camera system deployed at nests of passerine species in north dakota to videotape predation of eggs or nestlings by animals such as mice, ground squirrels, deer, cowbirds and others. recent physical changes over time, including trends toward earlier snowmelt runoff, decreasing river ice, and increasing spring water temperatures, may affect salmon populations ; we want to know how important these effects are. article from status and trends of the nation ' s biological resources on the serious impacts to river systems due to damming and flow regulation, and rehabilitation, monitoring, and research on such rivers. landscapes of interwoven wetlands and uplands offer a rich set of ecosystem goods and services. changes in climate and land use can affect the value of those services. we study these areas to understand how they may be changing. we conducted a national landowner survey, evaluated short - term vegetation responses to land management practices ( primarily grazing, haying, and burning ), and initiating a long - term vegetation monitoring study for wetland buffers. description of research program for immediate and long - term management of grizzly bears ( ursus arctos horribilis ) inhabiting the greater yellowstone ecosystem. includes links to reports in pdf format and cooperating organizations. links to research projects that will improve the ability to detect, monitor, and predict the effects of invasive species, including exotic animals, on native ecosystems of the pacific southwest ( california, nevada, utah, and arizona ). will salt marshes survive if sea level rises quickly? the answer depends on whether the areas surrounding them can allow salt marsh fauna and flora to migrate there. local topography, both natural and manmade, is the main factor limiting this migration. handbook on monitoring methods for lake management, including program design, sampling methods and protocol, biota and chemical sampling methods, laboratory methods, preservation of data and samples, glossary, and bibliography. ( pdf file, 92 pp. ) this website is a gateway to information and data on lake tahoe with links to lake tahoe initiative, geography, history, lake facts, gis data, dem, doq, dlg imagery, bathymetry, satellite imagery, land cover, census, soils, pictures, and general maps. homepage for the leetown science center in west virginia conducting research on aquatic and terrestrial organisms and their supporting ecosystems with links to directions, general description, library, projects, fact sheets, and facilities.


interactive tool : when are you most fertile? what does this tool measure? back to top click here to find out when you are most likely to get pregnant. this interactive tool estimates your peak fertility period, also known as your " fertile window. " this is when you are most likely to get pregnant. do not use this tool to prevent pregnancy. to find your peak fertility period, the tool first calculates the day you are most likely to ovulate. this is the day an ovary releases an egg. in the tool, you will enter the typical length of your menstrual cycle, and you will click on the first day of your last menstrual period. - to know how long your cycles are, track the number of days on a calendar for 2 or 3 months or cycles. your menstrual cycle begins with the day your period starts and ends the day before your next period starts. - if you do not know the number of days in your menstrual cycle, you can use 28 days. this is the average length of a menstrual cycle. but if your cycle is longer or shorter than that, or if it is not always the same length, this tool will not predict your fertile window very well. this calculator is meant to give you a rough estimate. women usually ovulate at day 15, but it ' s also normal to ovulate well before or after the 15 - day mark. for information about reading your body ' s signs to tell when you will ovulate, see fertility awareness. health tools back to top health tools help you make wise health decisions or take action to improve your health. | interactive tools are designed to help people determine health risks, ideal weight, target heart rate, and more. | what do the results tell me? back to top your " fertile window " is up to 6 days long, once a month. it includes : - the day you ovulate. this is when you have the best chance of becoming pregnant. ( a human egg usually lives for only 12 to 24 hours after ovulation. this is why you are not likely to get pregnant by having sex a day after you ovulate. ) - the 5 days before ovulation. this is because sperm can live in a woman ' s body for 3 to 5 days after sex. when an egg is released, one of these sperm is ready to fertilize it. if you want to become pregnant, try to have sex every


is because sperm can live in a woman ' s body for 3 to 5 days after sex. when an egg is released, one of these sperm is ready to fertilize it. if you want to become pregnant, try to have sex every day or every other day from your first fertile day to your last fertile day. what ' s next? back to top if your periods are irregular, this calculator is not a good way to predict your ovulation dates. do not use this tool to prevent pregnancy. source : fritz ma, speroff l ( 2011 ). clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility, 8th ed., philadelphia : lippincott williams and wilkins. references back to top other works consulted - fritz ma, speroff l ( 2011 ). clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility, 8th ed., philadelphia : lippincott williams and wilkins. credits back to top | primary medical reviewer | | adam husney, md - family medicine | | specialist medical reviewer | | kirtly jones, md - obstetrics and gynecology | | last revised | | october 29, 2012 | to learn more visit healthwise. org © 1995 - 2013 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated.


image : sierra nevada corporation sierra nevada corporation ’ s dream chaser spacecraft is being prepared for its first test flights as part of nasa ’ s commercial space program, and it ’ s a design that wouldn ’ t look out of place on a poster stuck to a 10 - year - old ’ s wall. the dream chaser is one of three vehicles competing for nasa contracts to replace the space shuttle orbiters for transporting astronauts to the international space station and elsewhere in low earth orbit. unlike its capsule competitors from boeing and spacex, the dream chaser is a flying, lifting body design that could land on a runway, much closer in concept to the orbiters that were retired in 2011. sierra nevada announced that it will be partnering with veteran space vehicle maker and aerospace juggernaut lockheed martin to build the second dream chaser vehicle. the two companies will also collaborate on ongoing parts of nasa ’ s commercial crew program, which is currently in the certification products contract phase. sierra nevada, spacex and boeing are developing versions of their space vehicles that will meet nasa certification for safety and performance. “ the snc team is thrilled that lockheed martin will be joining our expanding world - class team of partner organizations, ” said mark sirangelo, head of sierra nevada ’ s space system group. lockheed martin will build the next dream chaser at the facility in michaud, louisiana where the external tanks for the space shuttles were made. the company is no stranger to the current commercial space programs as it builds the atlas v rocket ( in a joint venture with boeing ) to be used by the dream chaser as well as boeing ’ s cst - 100 spacecraft. sierra nevada says the first dream chaser spacecraft is currently bring prepared for transport at the company ’ s facility in colorado. in the next few weeks snc expects to transport the vehicle to edwards air force base in california ’ s mojave desert where flight testing will take place. the dream chaser will be dropped from a helicopter at 12, 000 feet and and is expected to reach speeds of around 300 knots ( 345 mph ) before landing at a touchdown speed of around 180 knots ( 207 mph ). for the initial test flights, the dream chaser will glide to the ground autonomously without a pilot. the glide flights are scheduled to begin within the next two months and sierra nevada says the flight test vehicle will make just a few flights to gather the data necessary to further refine the flight characteristics of the design. the second dream chaser – built by lockheed martin – will be the


ear mites ( otodectes ) in cats what are ear mites? the ear mite otodectes cynotis is a surface mite that lives on cats, dogs, rabbits and ferrets. it is usually found in the ear canal but it can also live on the skin surface. the entire ear mite life cycle takes place on animals. ear mites are highly contagious, and cats become infested by direct contact with another infested animal. the mite is barely visible to the naked eye and may be seen as a white speck moving against a dark background. what is the life cycle of the ear mite? it takes approximately 3 weeks for a mite to develop from egg to adult, going through a total of 5 stages. adult ear mites live about 2 months, during which time they continually reproduce. the entire ear mite life cycle takes place on the host animal, although mites can survive for a limited time in the environment. what are the clinical signs of ear mites? ear mites are the most common cause of feline ear disease and infection. they are the second most common ectoparasite ( external parasite ) found on cats ; the most common is the flea. infestations are most common in kittens and young cats although cats of any age can be affected. clinical signs of infestation vary in severity from one cat to another and include combinations of : 1. ear irritation causing scratching at the ears or head shaking 2. a dark waxy or crusty discharge from the ear 3. areas of hair loss resulting from self - trauma - scratching or excessive grooming 4. a crusted rash around or in the ear 5. an aural hematoma - a large blood blister on the ear, caused by rupture of small blood vessels between the skin and cartilage - caused by scratching at the ears skin lesions most frequently affect the ear and surrounding skin but occasionally other areas of the body may be affected. how are ear mite infestations diagnosed? typical clinical signs with a history of contact with other cats or dogs would suggest the involvement of ear mites. although ear mites cause over half of all feline ear disease, other conditions can result in very similar clinical signs and must be ruled - out before treatment is begun. a veterinarian makes the diagnosis by observing the mite. this is usually straightforward and may be done either by examination of the cat ' s ears with an otos


in very similar clinical signs and must be ruled - out before treatment is begun. a veterinarian makes the diagnosis by observing the mite. this is usually straightforward and may be done either by examination of the cat ' s ears with an otoscope or by microscopic examination of discharge from the ear. if the ears are very sore, the cat may need to be sedated to allow the ears to be properly examined and treated. how are ear mites treated? three steps are required to treat ear mites successfully : 1. treat the ears of all affected and susceptible pets 2. treat the skin of all affected and susceptible pets 3. treat the indoor environment because the mite is capable of limited survival off pets " it is necessary for the entire course of treatment to last a minimum of three weeks. " your veterinarian will advise you about which insecticidal products are suitable. there are several ear medications licensed for the treatment of ear mites in cats. no medication can penetrate the eggs or pupae, so treatment is directed at killing the adult and larval forms. because of the length of the life cycle, it is necessary for the entire course of treatment to last a minimum of three weeks. there are no products licensed for use on the house or on an animal ' s skin but many products licensed for flea control are effective. your veterinarian may ask to re - examine the cat to ensure that the mites have been eliminated after the initial treatment has been performed. do ear mites affect people? ear mites may cause a temporary itchy rash on susceptible people if there are infested pets in the household. eradication of the mites from the pets will cure the problem.


n his thoughtful history of eton, christopher hollis points out the complexities involved when discussing matters of class distinction at the school and in society as a whole during the centuries since its founding. first of all what we may call a whig theory of history doesn ' t really apply ; that is, class distinctions have not, as many have claimed, gradually attenuated. things are more complicated than that. when discussing either british society or the institution of the english public school, one frequently encounters the claim, as hollis puts it, " that class distinctions are perhaps still strong but... that they have been gradually and steadily growing less over the generations. the truth is... by no means so simple. turning to the issue of class in the eton henry vi founded, he argues, it would be somewhat less than a half truth to say that eton was in its foundation a school for poor boys. in the first place of course the ' poor and needy ' boys whom henry had in mind were not the sons of serfs. they were rather the sons of tradesmen. in the second place in the middle ages instruction in a school was almost always free. eton was in no way unique in providing free tuition. the originality in henry ' s plan was his conception of a school in which poor and needy ' scholars were to be educated side by side with richer commensales. nonetheless, despite the king ' s apparently radical juxtaposition of sons of tradesman and nobility, one form of class distinction — well known since victorian times — did not yet exist : up to the beginning of the nineteenth century no one ever suggested that the local tradesman ' s son — the son of the man who made no pretence to be a gentleman — should be excluded from the school. eton of the early nineteenth century was by no means what could be called a democratic or an egalitarian school. the sons of noblemen had what would seem to us offensive and ridiculous privileges within the school — a special dress — a special seat in chapel and the like. on occasion at any rate, as appears in various memoirs, they behaved with ill - bred insolence towards their inferiors within the school. yet class distinctions were so clearly established in society at large that it was not thought that the nobleman ' s son could be in any way contaminated or his prestige put in jeopardy if he had to spend his school days sitting at the same bench or kneeling at the same block as a tradesman ' s son. when and why, then,


the nobleman ' s son could be in any way contaminated or his prestige put in jeopardy if he had to spend his school days sitting at the same bench or kneeling at the same block as a tradesman ' s son. when and why, then, did fear of class contamination come about? with increasing social mobility, for as long as everyone assumed they existed in a rigidly hierarchical society in which each order and occupation had an essentially fixed position, no one feared that they might be mistaken for someone of a lower social and economic class. perhaps surprisingly — until, that is, one thinks about the matter a bit — the upwardly mobile, rather than members of the established nobility, first demanded class separation : it was the middle class after their victory in 1832 which brought in this notion of personal segregation — of the class school. it was the manufacturers who had recently raised themselves from the ranks who did not feel confident that their children would preserve their refinement if they were educated alongside tougher and poorer boys. it was in the second half of the nineteenth century that there appeared for the first time the notion of a school to which only the sons of gentlemen should be admitted and reforms, desirable in themselves, were then for the first time twisted so as to preserve the exclusive character of the school. one paradoxical result of these changed attitudes was that during the first two decades of the twentieth century eton " was much more egalitarian within itself than had been the eton of fifty years before. the boys were less conscious of social differences among themselves. but also the social differences among them were much less. to be an etonian was then in itself the real social distinction, and it was much more firmly believed than it had been earlier that gentle birth both required and produced a higher moral code " ( 291 ). hollis, christopher. eton : a history. london : hollis and carter,. last modified 26 july 2006


the art of painting portrait miniatures has its origin with the illuminators of medieval times, whose tiny depictions of scenes from the bible were incorporated into manuscripts. this art form developed and expanded in sixteenth and seventeenth century europe when a demand grew for small mementos of wives and children or deceased relatives that could be carried when travellingmmuch as we carry a photogaph of our wife or family in our wallets today. miniature portraits played an important role in the personal relations of the upper middle - class and the nobility of the time ; they were tokens of affection or love. in that respect they were similar to mourning brooches containing plaited locks of the hair of the “ dearly departed ” that also became common in victorian times. indeed, miniature portraits came to be used by the royal courts of europe as things approaching a currency. they were given to royal favourites by the monarch, exchanged with other kings, princes or ambassadors, or created to commemorate a royal engagement or marriage. as the american periodical scribner ’ s magazine commented in 1897 : the miniature, the little picture that could be covered by a kiss or hidden in the palm of the hand had an intimate and personal quality, it was a pledge of affection, often a gauge of stolen joys ; it could be carried by the exiled in never so hurried a flight, could be concealed in the lid of a comfit case prior to the eighteenth century, miniatures were painted in an assortment of media : oil, watercolour or sometimes enamel — but watercolour nevertheless predominated. they were also painted variously on vellum, chicken - skin or cardboard, and even on copper. during the eighteenth century, however, watercolour on ivory became the standard medium, and this continued until the miniature was gradually replaced by daguerreotypes and photography about the end of the nineteenth century. the zenith of the popularity of miniature portraits, both in europe and north america was in mid - victorian times. miniatures were usually small and oval or round. some were as tiny as 40 mm by 30 mm. they were often enclosed in a locket or a covered “ portrait box ”. indeed, the housing for the portraits was sometimes decorated with elements of death or romance such as carved initials or flowers or braided locks of hair. when used for mourning, appropriate imagery was sometimes incorporated on the reverse of the locket or frame, such as mourners at a tomb. as the genre moved into victorian times some miniatures grew larger ( up to 150 mm by


locks of hair. when used for mourning, appropriate imagery was sometimes incorporated on the reverse of the locket or frame, such as mourners at a tomb. as the genre moved into victorian times some miniatures grew larger ( up to 150 mm by 200mm ) and were painted in square or rectangular form, to be displayed on walls or in cabinets. the innovative use of ivory as a “ canvas ” was introduced by the italian painter rosalba carriera in about 1700 as it provided a luminous surface for transparent pigments such as watercolour. the ivory was cut from the elephant ’ s tusk in thin sheets lengthways, sometimes so thin as to be almost translucent. ivory is, however, difficult to paint on with watercolour, being greasy and non - absorbent. miniaturists consequently roughened the surface with fine sandpaper or powdered pumice. they also bleached it in sunlight to make it more white. another technique was to degrease it with vinegar and garlic, or by pressing it with a hot iron between sheets of paper. some artists used a brush with a single hair, and added gum arabic to the paint to make it stickier. some added liquid from the gall bladder of cows or bulls to make it flow more easily. victorian society particularly appreciated the technical difficulties of painting such small fine portraits, and that led to a finer appreciation of the particular aesthetics of the genre. generally - speaking victorian miniatures encompassed a lighter palette of colour, monochromatic backgrounds and brushwork that exploited the translucency of the ivory on which it was painted. among the best - known english miniature painters of the early nineteenth century were john engleheart ( 1784 to 1862 ) and his uncle george engleheart ( 1750 to 1829 ) ( who kept his colours in small, specially - made round ivory boxes with screw lids. he used only ivory palettes, ivory mixing - bowls, small ivory basins in sets, and ivory brush rests ), richard cosway ( 1742 to 1821 ), and sir william charles ross ( 1794 to 1860 ). those best known in the latter half of the nineteenth century include : alyn williams ( 1865 to 1955 ), maria eliza burt ( 1841 to 1931 ) ( she married the well - known war artist, william simpson ) and the australian bess norris ( 1878 to 1939 ). alyn williams founded the society of miniature painters in 1896, but its name soon changed to the royal miniature society ( on the granting of the royal prerogative ), and


even the first census of 1801 divided the population into those ' chiefly employed in agriculture ', those ' chiefly employed in trade, manufacturers or handicraft ', and others. from 1841 onwards, information was gathered on each person ' s occupation and this formed the basis for very detailed tables. the 1841 occupational tables, used here, listed over 3, 000 different occupational titles. this was partly because no advance plans had been made for dealing with the enormous range of job titles people gave, but by 1881 the more organised classification used in the county level tables covered 414 categories. unfortunately, because of the need to reorganise these statistics into different areas, for 1971 to 1991 we must work with data for over 10, 000 wards, and only a very simple industrial classification is available for these. we therefore present long - run industrial change using just six broad sectors. in general, early census reports applied just one classification to occupations, which led to three separate issues getting mixed up : social status, what the individual worker did, and what their employer ' s business was. modern censuses have separate tables for each of these. nb our 1841 data are geographically crude, which results in some districts in the same county having identical figures. our detailed statistics are held in structures called ncubes, which you can think of as tables with one dimension, or with two... or with twenty. their dimensions are defined by the variables each ncube combines, and each variable is made up of categories. these ncubes are available at national level for this theme : | available ncubes | | period covered | | variables ( number of categories ) | standardised industrial classification ( 1968 ) by sex | | 1841 to 1931 | | standard industrial classification ( 1968 ) ( 28 ) | standardised industry data | | 1841 to 2001 | | 2001 ' key statistics ' industries | total employed in all industries | | 1841 to 2001 | | employed in all industries | working age population by sector | | 1921 to 1931 | | cambridge group industrial sector | males aged 20 & over, in 9 occupational categories | | 1831 | | 1831 occupational categories | males aged 20 & over, in four industrial categories | | 1831 | | 1831 occupational categories ( simplified ) | occupation data classified by the booth main sectors plus sex | | 1841 | | booth - armstrong industrial sectors ( 10 ) | persons of working age by sex & 1921 occupational order | | 1921 | | 1921 occupational classification ( 31 ) | persons of working age by sex & 1931 occupational order | |


no news in this list. kusatsu - shirane volcanokusatsu - shirane volcano is a complex of overlapping cones and 3 lake - filled craters ( karagama, yugama, mizugama ) at the summit. it is located 150 km nw of tokyo. all historical eruptions have consisted of phreatic explosions from the acidic crater lakes or their margins. there are fumaroles and hot springs around the flanks of the volcano, and many rivers draining from the volcano are acid. similar to ijen volcano, the crater was the site of active sulfur mining for many years during the 19th and 20th centuries. background : the andesitic - to - dacitic volcano was formed in 3 eruptive stages beginning in the early to mid pleistocene. the pleistocene oshi pyroclastic flow produced extensive welded tuffs and non - welded pumice that covers much of the east, south and sw flanks. the latest eruptive stage began about 14, 000 years ago. yugama crater ( " hot - water cauldron " ) contains the most active vent. its lake is 270 m wide and up to 27 m deep and contains highly acidic ( ph = 1. 2 ) and salty ( app. 1 % salt ) water. the surface temperature of the lake is heated by vents at the lake bottom. in the interval 1910 to 1918, water temperatures reached a maximum of 100°c. subaqueous fumaroles with molten sulfur pools exist in the center of the lake. - smithsonian / gvp - b. takano, k. watanuki ( 1990 ) " monitoring of volcanic eruptions at yugama crater lake by aqueous sulfur oxyanions ", journal of volcanology and geothermal research, volume 40, issue 1, january 1990, pages 71 - 87 a small hydrothermal explosion likely occurred at kusatsu - shirane volcano on 7 february 1996. broken pieces of the ice sheet 20 - 30 cm in diameter were found washed ashore and discolored water was observed at the nw part of the lake. probably, a sudden sudden discharge of fluid or a minor hydrothermal explosion was the cause. a small eruption occurred from yugama crater on 6 january 1989. it produced small amounts of volcanic ash on the frozen surface of the crater lake. kusatsu - shirane volcano had 5 phreatic eruptions during 1982 - 83. eruptions occurred on 26 october 1982, 29 december 1982, 26 july 1983, 13 november 1983, and on 10 december


on the frozen surface of the crater lake. kusatsu - shirane volcano had 5 phreatic eruptions during 1982 - 83. eruptions occurred on 26 october 1982, 29 december 1982, 26 july 1983, 13 november 1983, and on 10 december 1983. the water temperature at yukama crater lake increased strongly and reached to 55. 5 deg c after the first eruption, but did not increase further during the later eruptions. ( source : gvp / monthly reports ) a phreatic eruption occurred at mizugama crater on 2 march 1976. a new crater 50 m in diameter and 10 m deep was formed in the ne part of mizugama crater. the only event interrupting 34 years of quiet at kusatsu - shirane volcano between the eruptions in 1942 and 1976 was a small phreatic explosion in 1958. an eruption occurred in 1942 and was unusual as it came from a different location than most activity at the volcano. a cluster of small craters was formed on the north flank of mizugama crater. a second group of craters formed on the south flank of yugama crater. the largest historical eruption at kusatsu - shirane volcano was in 1932. it producing a 20 cm ash deposit reaching up to 2 km east of yugama crater.


papandayan is situated on the island of java, at 7°32 ' s and 107°73 ' e, rising 2. 665 m asl, and lies apprx. 175 km south east of the indonesian capital jakarta. papandayan is a complex stratovolcano with four large summit craters, the youngest of which has breached to the ne by collapse during a brief eruption in 1772 and contains active fumarole lighter colored area on the left is alun - alun, the uppermost of four the valley below in the center of the photo extending to the ne in the breach left by collapse in 1772. the volcano in the distance is gunung guntur, another historically photo : tom casadevall, 1986 ( usgs ) the broad 1. 1 km wide, flat - floored alun - alun crater truncates the summit of papandayan, and gunung puntang to the north gives the volcano a twin - peaked appearance. episodes of collapse have given the volcano an irregular profile and avalanches that have impacted lowland areas beyond the volcano. since its first historical eruption in 1772, in which a catastrophic debris avalanche destroyed 40 villages, only two small phreatic eruptions have occured from the vents in the ne - flank fumarole field, kawah mas. rises ffrom a sulfur - encrusted fumarole at kawah mas ( golden crater ), a frequently visited destination at papandayan. a lirge number of high - temperature fumaroles, with temperatures of several hundred degrees c, are located within kawah mas. photo by lee siebert, 1995 ( smithsoinian institution ) november 21st, 2002 volcanic activity dominated by explosion and emission, which has medium - high intensity. these activities were accompanied by the crater - wall collapsing, near activity at kawah baru, 17 november 2002 on picture for larger view up to 07. 45 local time today, there were 98 times explosions, that produced a white - grey ash plume which rose 200 - 600 m high and blew westward. seismograph remain showing volcanic tremosr, emissions ( medium - high intensity ), and continuous explosions. list of seismic record is : 10 shallow volcanic, 1 low frequency, and continuous tremor. on 14 november 2002 on picture for larger view november 20th, 2002 white thick ash plume emitted westward, and reached 100 - 1500 m asl. heavy rain occurred at 05. 02 local time. ash eruptions also occurred, reaching 1500 m


continuous tremor. on 14 november 2002 on picture for larger view november 20th, 2002 white thick ash plume emitted westward, and reached 100 - 1500 m asl. heavy rain occurred at 05. 02 local time. ash eruptions also occurred, reaching 1500 m asl, ashfall drifting northeast, then north and northwest. this eruption had its source in nangklak crater, one of eruption points. ash fall reached 2 cm thickness in radius of 2 km ( northwest ). seismic activity revealed as volcanic, tremor, and medium intensity of continuous emission. explosion earthquake noted 1 time. list of seismic record is : 17 shallow volcanic, 1 deep volcanic, 2 tectonic, continuous tremor, and 1 low frequency. volcano status is in level 3. at tea plantation ( left ) and vegetable fields right ) caused by ashfall. looks like norway during winter with snow all over.. november 19th, 2002 volcanic activity dominated by ash emission, while medium pressured - ash explosion occurred continuously. white - thin ash plume rose from the crater westward, about 200 - 700 m high, with medium pressure, no rainfall around the volcano. seismic activity noted continuous emission earthquake, continuous explosion, 2 volcanic, continuous tremor, and tectonic. on november 18th, 2002, 12. 00 local time, volcano status reduced into november 17th, 2002 despite the obvious dangers, many people entered the safety area near mount papandayan ' s crater to get a closer look at the huge majestic eruption. hundreds of villagers, foreigners, photographers and cameramen took the risk of going in closer than one - kilometer radius cordon zone around the volcano ' s crater, which was still spewing ash and thick smoke on saturday. ( so if you ever wondered why people get caught in volcano - eruptions, one of the answers are given here..... ) damage on rice fields caused by lahar flood on 11 november 2002 the volcano is still dangerous and no one is allowed to enter the forbidden are. despite the decreasing number of eruptions, there are no signs that the 2, 665 - meter - high volcanic peak will slow down completely and the situation is still similar to that on friday. there is nothing the authorities can do to help them if the volcano starts to discharge hot lava that could flow down to farmlands and villages. nonetheless, it was a good scene for viewers on saturday morning to see the volcano ' s awesome power as it spewed hot ash and thick smoke to a height of 6, 000 meters in the air. the ash has been blown to


villages. nonetheless, it was a good scene for viewers on saturday morning to see the volcano ' s awesome power as it spewed hot ash and thick smoke to a height of 6, 000 meters in the air. the ash has been blown to the volcano ' s southeast over several tea plantations in bandung © tempo / hariyanto 2002 - 11 - 14 november 16th, 2002 according to monitoring and seismographic records, the volcano, after its major eruption early this morning ( friday ), has shown increasing activity by continually spewing hot ash and thick smoke to a height of 6, 000 meters. so far the volcano has spewed out more than one million cubic meters of volcanic material, including silica, magnesium and sulfur, which would be dangerous to humans if it were mixed with the mudflows moving toward the cileutik, cibeureum and cimanuk from the volcano. some 2, 600 hectares of paddy (? ) field in the regency were suffering a shortage of water as the mudflows had damaged several dams on the cibeureum river. about rp 7. 5 billion ( us $ 830, 000 ) to rp 10 billion would be needed to repair the damaged dams over the next five years. much to do when you have to evacuate © tempo / arie basuki ; 2002 - 11 - 15 november 15th, 2002 papandayan erupted early this morning, around 6 : 00 o ' clock local time, belching thick smoke up to 6. 000 m into the sky, sending hot ash and lava onto nearby areas, and triggering panic among residents in nearby areas. ( indonesian post said : ' there were no signs of hot lava or clouds of poisonous gas that often accompany a major eruption took place at 6 : 33 a. m. this morning. after that more than 10 big eruptions were recorded within an hour. friday morning ' s eruption was the biggest so far since the papandayan volcano began to rumble early this week. before the eruption as many as 48 tremors were recorded in 12 hours. the long - dormant papandayan volcano has been causing havoc in the area since monday afternoon, when lahar - - accumulated lava from past flows - - on the volcano ' s peak broke off after heavy rains and poured down on nearby villages, burying 17 houses, an islamic boarding school and two bridges. officials on friday issued their maximum alert status for papandayan in west java province after a dawn eruption. residents have been evacuated out of a four kilometre area around


poured down on nearby villages, burying 17 houses, an islamic boarding school and two bridges. officials on friday issued their maximum alert status for papandayan in west java province after a dawn eruption. residents have been evacuated out of a four kilometre area around the volcano. november 13th, 2002, 08 : 00 gmt at least 5, 000 people have fled their homes near a volcano in indonesia ' s west java province which is emitting smoke and mudflows. at least six out of eight craters of the papandayan volcano began emitting white and black smoke on tuesday. the authorities have also closed an area of seven kilometres from the peak of the volcano. and here comes what is confusing : the volcano near the town of garut had since tuesday been emitting mudflows known as lahar into the cibeureum river. since this is not a mud - volcano, the only answer i can imagine, is that rain has fallen and brought ash from the flanks downwards and that mixture has become mudflows. anyone else have any suggestions? at least 18 homes in two villages had been destroyed by the mudflows, and 5, 000 people had fled their homes compared to 2, 000 on monday, when the volcano belched smoke and lava. the refugees have taken shelter in a mosque, a sport stadium and a local provincial government office in cisurupan. the mudflows covered around 43 hectares of rice fields in one village. officials have set up four emergency medical posts to help the villagers. © tempo / arie basuki ; 2002 - 11 - 14 november 13th, 2002, 07 : 00 gmt there have been no reports of fatalities but the lava has destroyed houses in a nearby village. the authorities has rised the alarm - level, as they expect more lava is trying to get out from the volcano in the november 13th, 2002 ' papandayan volcano cools down, 3, 000 people refuse to return ' - that ' s the next newsline we read, and you get a bit confused, after having heard that this was only a mudslide. according to ' the jakarta post ', papandayan now has stopped spewing out lava, but 3, 000 frightened villagers are still too scared to return home. on tuesday afternoon only white smoke was emitting from one of its craters, but during monday the number of residents who had fled their homes rose from 2, 000 to 3, 000. there are 5 villages that have been evacuated. lava and ash have flowed down the volcano - flanks


was emitting from one of its craters, but during monday the number of residents who had fled their homes rose from 2, 000 to 3, 000. there are 5 villages that have been evacuated. lava and ash have flowed down the volcano - flanks into the cibeureum november 12th, 2002, afternoon it might have been a mudslide, mistaken for an eruption. november 12th, 2002 a news - article this morning says : ' thousands flee volcano in indonesia '. it is the papandayan volcano that should have erupted yesterday, forcing about 1, 000 people to flee their villages. lava has been spewed into the air around 3 pm local time. inhabitants of two nearby villages have already moved to safer places, and the authorities are prepaired to evacuate other citites. it has now, tuesday morning, been confirmed that there has been an eruption here, and we will be back later today with more news. however, there are no immediate reports of damage latest news always above. older eruptions also in the years 1923 and 1942 were small eruptions, both at vei, with much lesser damages and casualties than the great vei 3 eruption of 1772. of the summit of papandayan on august 8, 1772, accompaniesd by a brief, 5 minute long explosive eruption, produced a debris avalanche that swept over lowland areas to the east, destroying 40 villages and killing 2. 957 the farmland in the foreground are underlain by the deposits from this which traveled 11 km from the volcano. photo : tom casadevall, 1986 ( usgs ) bilder og tekst denne side : photo and text this page : kimberly, p., siebert, l., luhr, j. f., and simkin, t. ( 1998 ). volcanoes of indonesia, v. 1. 0 ( cd - rom ). smithsonian institution, global volcanism program, digital information


amniotic fluid index is a way of measuring the amount of liquid that is around a baby ( fetus ) in the uterus during pregnancy. it is usually done as part of the biophysical profile ( bpp ), which is a series of tests that measure the health of the baby during pregnancy. amniotic fluid protects the fetus from temperature extremes and from being bumped or hurt as the mother moves around. it also allows the fetus to move around in the uterus and is important for lung and limb development. a problem with the amount of amniotic fluid could point to a problem with the growing fetus. too much or too little fluid could also cause problems during labor and delivery. doctors use ultrasound to calculate the amniotic fluid index. the doctor looks at the amount of amniotic fluid in four different areas of the uterus. the four areas are called quadrants. the doctor measures how much fluid is in each quadrant. then he or she adds up the numbers to get an idea of the total amount of fluid that surrounds the baby. june 18, 2012 sarah marshall, md - family medicine & william gilbert, md - maternal and fetal medicine how this information was developed to help you make better health decisions. to learn more visit healthwise. org © 1995 - 2013 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated. we are happy to take your appointment request over the phone, or, you may fill out an online request form. disclaimer : the information on this website is for general informational purposes only and should not be relied upon as a substitute for sound professional medical advice, evaluation or care from your physician or other qualified health care provider.


when bullying goes high - tech researcher says as many as 25 % of teens have experienced cyberbullying brandon turley didn ' t have friends in sixth grade. he would often eat alone at lunch, having recently switched to his school without knowing anyone. while browsing myspace one day, he saw that someone from school had posted a bulletin - - a message visible to multiple people - - declaring that turley was a " f - -. " students he had never even spoken with wrote on it, too, saying they agreed. feeling confused and upset, turley wrote in the comments, too, asking why his classmates would say that. the response was even worse : he was told on myspace that a group of 12 kids wanted to beat him up, that he should stop going to school and die. on his walk from his locker to the school office to report what was happening, students yelled things like " f - - " and " fatty. " " it was just crazy, and such a shock to my self - esteem that people didn ' t like me without even knowing me, " said turley, now 18 and a senior in high school in oregon. " i didn ' t understand how that could be. " a pervasive problem as many as 25 percent of teenagers have experienced cyberbullying at some point, said justin w. patchin, who studies the phenomenon at the university of wisconsin - eau claire. he and colleagues have conducted formal surveys of 15, 000 middle and high school students throughout the united states, and found that about 10 percent of teens have been victims of cyberbullying in the last 30 days. online bullying has a lot in common with bullying in school : both behaviors include harassment, humiliation, teasing and aggression, patchin said. cyberbullying presents unique challenges in the sense that the perpetrator can attempt to be anonymous, and attacks can happen at any time of day or night. there ' s still more bullying that happens at school than online, however, patchin said. and among young people, it ' s rare that an online bully will be a total stranger. " in our research, about 85 percent of the time, the target knows who the bully is, and it ' s usually somebody from their social circle, " patchin said. patchin ' s research has also found that, while cyberbullying is in some sense easier to perpetrate, the kids who bully online also tend to bully at school. " technology isn ' t necessarily creating a


" patchin said. patchin ' s research has also found that, while cyberbullying is in some sense easier to perpetrate, the kids who bully online also tend to bully at school. " technology isn ' t necessarily creating a whole new class of bullies, " he said. the conversations that need to be happening around cyberbullying extend beyond schools, said thomas j. holt, associate professor of criminal justice at michigan state university. " how do we extend or find a way to develop policies that have a true impact on the way that kids are communicating with one another, given that you could be bullied at home, from 4 p. m. until the next morning, what kind of impact is that going to have on the child in terms of their development and mental health? " he said. holt recently published a study in the international criminal justice review using data collected in singapore by his colleague esther ng. the researchers found that 27 percent of students who experienced bullying online, and 28 percent who were victims of bullying by phone text messaging, thought about skipping school or skipped it. that ' s compared to 22 percent who experienced physical bullying. those who said they were cyberbullied were also most likely to say they had considered suicide - - 28 percent, compared to 22 percent who were physically bullied and 26 percent who received bullying text messages. although there may be cultural differences between students in singapore and the united states, the data on the subject of bullying seems to be similar between the two countries, holt said. a recent study in the journal jama psychiatry suggests that both victims and perpetrators of bullying can feel long - lasting psychological effects. bullying victims showed greater likelihood of agoraphobia, where people don ' t feel safe in public places, along with generalized anxiety and panic disorder. people who were both victims and bullies were at higher risk for young adult depression, panic disorder, agoraphobia among females, and the likelihood of suicide among males. those who were only bullies showed a risk of antisocial personality disorder. since everything we do online has a digital footprint, it is possible to trace anonymous sources of bullying on the internet, he said. patchin noted that tangible evidence of cyberbullying may be more clear - cut than " your word against mine " situations of traditional bullying. patchin advises that kids who are being cyberbullied keep the evidence, whether it ' s an e - mail or facebook post, so that they can show it to adults they trust. historically


your word against mine " situations of traditional bullying. patchin advises that kids who are being cyberbullied keep the evidence, whether it ' s an e - mail or facebook post, so that they can show it to adults they trust. historically, there have been some issues with schools not disciplining if bullying didn ' t strictly happen at school, but today, most educators realize that they have the responsibility and authority to intervene, patchin said. adults can experience cyberbullying also, although there ' s less of a structure in place to stop it. their recourse is basically to hire a lawyer and proceed through the courts, patchin said. even in school, though, solutions are not always clear. turley ' s mother called the school on his behalf, but the students involved only got a talking - to as punishment. cyberbullying wasn ' t considered school - related behavior, at least at that time, he said. " i was just so afraid of people, " says turley, explaining why he went to different middle schools each year in sixth, seventh and eighth grade. he stayed quiet through most of it, barely speaking to other students. fighting back by speaking out turley started slowly merging back into " peopleness " in eighth grade when he started putting video diaries on youtube. soon, other students were asking him to help them film school project videos, track meets and other video projects. in high school, turley discovered an organization called westophate. org, a nonprofit organization devoted to helping people who have been bullied and allow them a safe space to share their stories. emily - anne rigal, the founder of the organization, experienced bullying in elementary school, getting picked on for her weight. although she and turley lived on opposite sides of the country, they became friends online, united by their passion for stopping bullying. westophate. org has achieved a wide reach. rigal has received all sorts of honors for her efforts, from the presidential volunteer service award to a teennick halo award presented by lady gaga. turley designed the westophate. org website and most of its graphics, and is actively involved in the organization. in additional to rigal, he has many other friends in different states whom he ' s met over the internet. " i got cyberbullied, and i feel like, with that, it made me think, like, well, there has to be somebody on the internet who doesn ' t hate me, " he


he ' s met over the internet. " i got cyberbullied, and i feel like, with that, it made me think, like, well, there has to be somebody on the internet who doesn ' t hate me, " he said. " that kind of just made me search more. " ashley berry, 13, of littleton, colo., has also experienced unpleasantness with peers online. when she was 11, a classmate of hers took photos of ashley and created an entire facebook page about her, but denied doing it when ashley confronted the student whom she suspected. " it had things like where i went to school, and where my family was from and my birthday, and there were no security settings at all, so it was pretty scary, " she said. the page itself didn ' t do any harm or say mean things, ashley said. but her mother, anna berry, was concerned about the breach of privacy, and viewed it in the context of what else was happening to her daughter in school : friends were uninviting her to birthday parties and leaving her at the lunch table. " you would see a girl who should be on top of the world coming home and just closing herself into her bedroom, " berry said. berry had to get police involved to have the facebook page taken down. for seventh grade, her current year, ashley entered a different middle school than the one her previous school naturally fed into. she says she ' s a lot happier now, and does media interviews speaking out against bullying. these days, berry has strict rules for her daughter ' s online behavior. she knows ashley ' s passwords, and she ' s connected with her daughter on every social network that the teen has joined ( except instagram, but ashley has an aunt there ). ashley won ' t accept " friend " requests from anyone she doesn ' t know. technical solutions to technical problems parents, extended relatives, internet service providers and technology providers can all be incorporated in thinking about how children use technology, holt said. apps that control how much time children spend online, and other easy - to - use parental control devices, may help, holt said. there could also be apps to enable parents to better protect their children from certain content and help them report bullying. scientists at massachusetts institute of technology are working on an even more automated solution. they want to set up a system that would give bullying victims coping strategies, encourage potential bullies to stop and think before posting something offensive, and allow onlookers to


scientists at massachusetts institute of technology are working on an even more automated solution. they want to set up a system that would give bullying victims coping strategies, encourage potential bullies to stop and think before posting something offensive, and allow onlookers to defend victims, said henry lieberman. lieberman ' s students birago jones and karthik dinakar are working on an algorithm that would automatically detect bullying language. the research group has broken down the sorts of offensive statements that commonly get made, grouping them into categories such as racial / ethnic slurs, intelligence insults, sexuality accusations and social acceptance / rejection. while it ' s not all of the potential bullying statements that could be made online, mit media lab scientists have a knowledge base of about 1 million statements. they ' ve thought about how some sentences, such as " you look great in lipstick and a dress, " can become offensive if delivered to males specifically. the idea is that if someone tries to post an offensive statement, the potential bully would receive a message such as " are you sure you want to send this? " and some educational material about bullying may pop up. lieberman does not want to automatically ban people, however. " if they reflect on their behavior, and they read about the experience of others, many kids will talk themselves out of it, " he said. lieberman and colleagues are using their machine learning techniques on the mtv - partnered website " a thin line, " where anyone can write in their stories of cyberbullying, read about different forms of online disrespect, and find resources for getting help. the researchers ' algorithm tries to detect the theme or topic of each story, and match it to other similar stories. they ' re finding that the top theme is sexting, lieberman said. " we ' re trying to find social network sites that want to partner with us, so we can get more of this stuff out into the real world, " lieberman said. turley and rigal, who is now a freshman at columbia university, are currently promoting the idea of having a " bully button " on facebook so that people can formally report cyberbullying to the social network and have bullies suspended for a given period of time. they haven ' t gotten a response yet, but they ' re hopeful that it will take off. in the meantime, turley is feeling a lot safer in school than he used to. " times have changed definitely, where people are becoming slowly more aware, " he said. "


for further information contact : channel islands field station 1901 spinnaker drive ventura, ca 93001 - 4354 phone : ( 805 ) 658 - 5753 fax : ( 805 ) 893 - 8062 the southern california bight and its offshore islands are a unique natural resource with many sensitive and endemic plants and animals. this area is also an expanding urban center for the nation. the corresponding elimination and degradation of coastal habitats have created a need for scientifically guided management. the channel islands field station has cooperative agreements with channel islands national park in ventura, calif., and the university of california, santa barbara, that facilitate collaboration between field station scientists and university and park biologists. the linkage with the university also provides opportunities to supervise graduate students in marine ecology and work in laboratories with flow - through seawater to allow housing temperate marine species. channel islands national park provides access to the habitats of several rare and endemic plant species suffering from the impacts of exotic weeds and feral animals. the national park also has a wealth of marine resources in need of study and management. field station biologists analyze data collected from the park and assist with the park ' s extensive resource monitoring program. scientists at the channel islands field station conduct research on the ecology and conservation biology of sensitive plants and animals at the channel islands and along california ' s coast. in doing so, the field station supports information needs of the national park service, u. s. fish and wildlife service, and other state and federal clients such as the department of defense, national marine sanctuary, and california department of fish and game. some examples of ongoing research in plant ecology include rare plant demography, effects of grazing by feral animals on native plant communities, restoration ecology, and the distribution of invasive exotic weeds. examples of research in marine ecology are restoration strategies for the nearly extirpated white abalone, patterns of disturbance for threatened western snowy plovers, marine reserve design, and kelp forest community dynamics.


‘ bristol cats ’ study, growing from strength to strength! what ’ s it all about? the ‘ bristol cats ’ study is a ‘ first of its kind ’ study by the university of bristol, investigating the health, welfare and behaviour of cats living in the uk. the study is taking place to help find the causes of common behaviour problems and diseases of cats - eg obesity & hyperthyroidism - as the causes of these conditions are poorly understood. how is information collected? information is collected via four questionnaires when kittens are aged eight to16 weeks, six, 12 and 18 months of age. the data will be analysed to see what extent certain characteristics eg obesity are associated with management - eg diet, lifestyle and other factors eg breed. what are the benefits? the researchers aim to provide guidance to practitioners, owners and the cat community at large, to improve the health and welfare of cats. in order to do this, they need the help of kitten owners and hope to enrol 900 kittens by december 2011 to ensure robust statistical results. study progress to date... between march and september 2011, 588 kittens registered on the study – a fantastic response and thank you to everyone who has already enrolled! not surprisingly, the most commonly registered cat breed was found to be the moggy / mixed breed / domestic short hair. how to get involved : can you help by spreading the word to kitten owners, cat breeders or anyone with a kitten? if so, please contact the ‘ bristol cat ’ study team at the university of bristol, using the details below, to request a poster to display and a supply of flyers to pass on to kitten owners. alternatively, if you have a kitten between eight and 16 weeks of age, please log - on to the study website and complete a questionnaire. the researchers are also keen to hear from owners of more than one kitten. full details about the study can be found at www. vetschool. bris. ac. uk / cats, together with a link to the first questionnaire. please also contact the team if you would prefer to receive a paper copy of the questionnaire in the post. with grateful thanks for your help! the ’ bristol cats ’ study team bristol cats, dr jane murray university of bristol tel : 07827 981412


| woodruff plant in flower | woodruff plant in flower | galium odoratum | woodruff ( galium odoratum ) is a herbaceous perennial plant in the family rubiaceae, native to europe, north africa and western asia. it grows to 30 - 50 cm ( 12 - 20 ins. ) long, often lying flat on the ground or supported by other plants. the plant is also known in english as sweet woodruff or wild baby ' s breath. " master of the woods " is probably a translation of the german name waldmeister. names like " sweetscented bedstraw ", " cudweed " and " ladies ' bedstraw " should be avoided ; the former two properly refer to galium triflorum, the latter to galium verum. the leaves are simple, lanceolate, glabrous, 2 - 5 cm long, and borne in whorls of 6 - 9. the small ( 4 - 7 mm diameter ) flowers are produced in cymes, each white with four petals joined together at the base. the seeds are 2 - 4 mm diameter, produced singly, and each seed is covered in tiny hooked bristles which help disperse the seed by sticking temporarily to clothing and animal fur. this plant prefers partial to full shade in moist, rich soils. in dry summers it needs frequent irrigation. propagation is by crown division, separation of the rooted stems, or digging up of the barely submerged perimeter stolons. woodruff, as the scientific name odoratum suggests, is a strongly scented plant, the sweet scent being derived from coumarin. this scent increases on wilting and then persists on drying, and woodruff is used in pot - pourri and as a moth deterrent. it is also used, mainly in germany, to flavour may wine ( called " maiwein " or " maibowle " in german ), beer ( berliner weisse ), brandy, sausages, jelly, jam, a soft drink ( tarhun ), ice cream, and a herbal tea with gentle sedative properties. high doses can cause headaches, due to the toxity of coumarin. very high doses of coumarin can cause vertigo, somnolence or even central paralysis and apnoea while in a coma. since 1981, woodruff may no longer be used as an ingredient of industrially produced drinks and foodstuffs in germany ; it has been replaced by artificial aromas and colorings. there is no


in the star wars : where science meets imagination exhibit, luke skywalker ' s landspeeder is on display for the first time. click on image for full size courtesy of landspeeder image © 2006 lucasfilm ltd. & tm photo : dom miguel photography star wars exhibition brings reality to fantasy news story originally written on april 16, 2008 a new museum exhibit shows that some of the robots, vehicles and devices from the star wars films are close to the types of things scientists have developed to use in space. the exhibition - - at the science museum of minnesota in st. paul, minn., from june 13 until august 24 - - showcases landspeeders, r2d2 and other items from the star wars films. visitors will learn how researchers today are pursuing similar technologies. the exhibit developers were surprised and excited to learn that many of today ' s scientists were inspired by the fantasy technologies they saw in the star wars movies. one of the goals of the exhibit is to be an inspiration for the kids will be the next set of future scientists. the exhibit contains film clips, props, models and costumes. visitors are encouraged to participate in hands - on exhibits and activities. shop windows to the universe science store! our online store includes fun classroom activities for you and your students. issues of nesta ' s quarterly journal, the earth scientist are also full of classroom activities on different topics in earth and space science! you might also be interested in : scientists have learned that mount hood, oregon ' s tallest mountain, has erupted in the past due to the mixing of two different types of magma. " the data will help give us a better road map to what a future... more the earth ' s mantle is a rocky, solid shell that is between the earth ' s crust and the outer core, and makes up about 84 percent of the earth ' s volume. the mantle is made up of many distinct portions or... more some geologic faults that appear strong and stable, slip and slide like weak faults, causing earthquakes. scientists have been looking at one of these faults in a new way to figure out why. in theory,... more the sun goes through cycles that last approximately 11 years. these solar cycle include phases with more magnetic activity, sunspots, and solar flares. they also include phases with less activity. the... more studying tree rings doesn ' t only tell us the age of that tree. tree rings also show what climate was like for each year of a tree ' s life,


this photograph shows the stones of stonehenge up close. stonehenge is the most well known megalithic structure. click on image for full size image courtesy of corel photography what are megaliths? have you ever seen a megalith? maybe you have and you just didn ' t know it! a megalith is made of huge stones. they were put together by ancient people. sometimes the stones look like a stone fort and sometimes they are just rocks that have been stood on end. other megaliths look like big mounds of rocks, but those mounds have secret chambers inside of them! megaliths can be found all over. they are in europe, russia, the americas, africa, and asia. some megaliths were road markers like our present - day road signs. some were probably ancient sites of worship. still others were graveyards. and others might have been astronomy observatories. we do know that these structures must have been really important to the people who built them! some of the megaliths are almost 7, 000 years old. that means that 7, 000 years ago people were moving stones of up to 180 tons in weight around. they did that without cranes or trucks or even simple horse - drawn carts! the most famous megalithic site is stonehenge in england. but there are other cool ones too. take a look at newgrange of ireland, balnuaran of clava in scotland, pentre ifan in wales, the stones of fossa in italy and the carnac stones of france. shop windows to the universe science store! the summer 2010 issue of the earth scientist, available in our online store, includes articles on rivers and snow, classroom planetariums, satellites and oceanography, hands - on astronomy, and global warming. you might also be interested in : ancient people all over the world built stone structures. some of the stone structures marked graveyards for these people. in wales, there are some stones named pentre ifan that mark a grave. there is... more the stones of carnac, france, are very famous because there are a lot of them and because they are so old! the oldest stones found in carnac are from about 4, 500 b. c. that ' s older than the stones at stonehenge!... more you may have heard of the lake called loch ness, where people think they ' ve seen the loch ness monster. near loch ness there are three giant stone tombs you may not have


although there have been relatively few major incidents – such as a blade flying off in north dakota last year – a lot more come under the category of falls and electric shocks such as those caused by arc flashes. according to wally tinsley, lead power systems engineer at diversified power management company eaton corp, osha investigated over 30 arc flash accidents in us wind farms in one year. understandably, the industry is giving far more attention to safety. osha and the american wind energy association ( awea ) have formed an alliance to improve safety standards. its purpose is to develop consensus on standardising safety practices, to ensure compliance and to establish training programmes. awea has agreed to help osha inspect us wind facilities region by region. most wind turbine oems have joined the awea safety committee. and with good reason – a rise in accidents could lead to soaring insurance costs and expensive worker ' s compensation claims. and a poor safety record would fan the fire of the anti - wind lobby. " the safe operation of wind turbines will be a significant factor in promoting the wind industry, " says grayling vander velde an environmental health and safety expert at us utility duke energy ' s wind energy production division in charlotte, north carolina. " as companies recognize hazards, they have worked together to reduce or eliminate that hazard. this has allowed the overall safety of the wind industry to continue to improve. " while ohsa efforts will cover the spectrum of possible safety issues, two issues attracting attention are minimising arc flash and at - height rescue procedures. an arc flash is essentially the release of electrical energy due to an electric arc. it has the potential to cause serious injury or even death. " arc flash is a concern for wind turbines due to the limited area in the base of the tower and nacelle, as well as when operating pad mount transformers, " says vander velde. " for example, the restricted area within the tower would confine any energy produced to that area and to any individuals within the tower. " what is to be done about arc flash? tinsley highlights the importance of an arc flash hazard assessment to isolate trouble spots so mitigation measures can be instituted. possible areas of high risk include squirrel cage induction generators, doubly fed induction generators and direct - drive turbines. " a smart way to mitigate arc flash hazard is through remote access and remote switching, " says tinsley. vander velde concurs. his company has adopted a remote operator design for some of its wind - related electrical equipment


turbines. " a smart way to mitigate arc flash hazard is through remote access and remote switching, " says tinsley. vander velde concurs. his company has adopted a remote operator design for some of its wind - related electrical equipment to allow the employees to reduce the need to go inside the tower. " we have also developed computer access that allows the switches to be operated remotely, " says vander velde. training is another important facet of any safety programme related to arc flash. duke energy, for instance, requires national fire protection association ' s nfpa 70e training, a standard to promote electrical safety in the workplace, to along with an employee qualification programme. there is also plenty of arc - flash rated equipment around including headgear, coveralls, gloves, rainwear and even beard nets. but it takes training for employees to recognize the need for it. by the very nature of the business, most accidents are likely to happen off the ground. so what do you do when a worker is injured a hundred metres up? " osha requires that employers not only protect works from fall hazards, but also have a rescue plan in place for workers who may be suspended from a fall arrest system, " says kevin denis, training manager at gravitec systems inc. of poulsbo, washington, a company that provides fall protection equipment and equipment. " although there is a regulatory requirement for the employer to provide rescue, there are no specific guidelines for wind industry rescue programmes. " denis explained that a well - designed fall protection programme would go a long way towards preventing the need for rescue. this begins with personal protective equipment such as hard hats, gloves and safety harnesses and continues into good housekeeping practices like not cluttering up the nacelle with tools, replacement parts or personal items. another step in at - height safety is teaching workers to evacuate dangerous areas under their own power. there are many situations where use of the ladder is not an option. for example, a worker may already be suspended below the hub to do blade repair / inspection when high winds make a rapid descent imperative. in those cases, competence is called for in using the various descent control devices available on the market. standards are also evolving concerning what is known as high - angle rescue, defined as terrain that has a slope angle of 60 and higher where rescuers are dependent upon ropes. this might involve other wind technicians or emergency personnel and a variety of safety systems. denis stresses the need for the writing of proper procedures for every


rescue, defined as terrain that has a slope angle of 60 and higher where rescuers are dependent upon ropes. this might involve other wind technicians or emergency personnel and a variety of safety systems. denis stresses the need for the writing of proper procedures for every wind farm including a fall protection code that clearly outlines the required action for all possible events. currently, osha rule 1910 : 66 ( f ) is fairly general : " the employer shall provide for prompt rescue of employees in the event of a fall or shall assure the self - rescue capability of employees. " the only way to ensure this is by establishing effective training programmes for new and existing employees. " even though the incidents are infrequent, the potential for high angle rescue is a concern for everyone, " says vander velde. " most sites now require all their employees to be trained in a high angle rescue system. " medical help at height some go beyond high angle rescue training and require additional emergency management training such as support for injuries that occur in remote areas. duke energy reports great success with the implementation of an elevated emergency management ( emm ) programme. each year, the company holds an emergency response drill that involves all site personnel and may include off site personnel. this drill is to practice emergency response skills as well as assess existing levels of knowledge. during one of the first such drills, several wind technicians said they felt they needed more emergency medical treatment training. that led to a new safety programme involving one of duke ' s wind site managers who was an emergency medical technician ( emt ) and a company called tech safety lines of carrollton, texas that supplies rescue training and equipment. this team worked together to develop training to address a range of injuries. the company now provides annual emm retraining for all employees. this programme deals with such situations as victims being suspended in their harness and needing relief before being lowered to the ground. it is all very well to call a medic. but what if you are 50 miles from the nearest doctor and in a location that can only be accessed along a dirt track? and in any case, rural emergency response teams do not typically have the training or tools to reach a patient dangling from a rotor. " emergencies involving a post - fall suspended victim get most of the attention but the larger percentage of up - tower injuries involve soft - tissue or bone and joint injuries, " says brent wise, a partner at tech safety lines. " victims suspended in their harness need relief and lowering as quickly as possible, however many up - tower accidents would benefit


of up - tower injuries involve soft - tissue or bone and joint injuries, " says brent wise, a partner at tech safety lines. " victims suspended in their harness need relief and lowering as quickly as possible, however many up - tower accidents would benefit greatly from medical care before being assisted to ground. " he says that some wind industry safety programmes failed to achieve adequate patient assessment in their procedures for responding to an emergency aloft. a fellow worker might overlook what might be indistinct signs of a serious internal injury such as a broken arm. " the fractured bone could potentially puncture an artery in the process of a haphazard evacuation attempt — making a relatively serious but manageable injury into a critical if not fatal event, " says wise. those completing the emm programme are able to : ensure scene safety for both the rescuer and the victim ; prioritise care for life - threatening injuries ; recognize and care for traumatic injures including burns, severe bleeding, electrocution, and amputation ; apply moldable splints for injured bones and joints ; apply patient packaging and stabilisation ; and evacuate a victim with minimal disruption of care. " best practices would include an understanding that trained medical help is most likely remote if not altogether unavailable up - tower, " says wise. " each climber should be capable of assessing a medical event, providing appropriate treatment, and stabilising the injured member until turned over to a medical professional. " the subject of " packaging " was continually stressed by duke and tech safety lines. what they mean is how to safely harness the person to be lowered to the ground. tech safety lines recommends a device known as a spec - pak, which is a combination of a class iii harness and a backboard. it is designed to immobilise a victim and facilitate evacuation with minimal disruption of care. wind turbine design worker comfort is not necessarily a priority in wind turbine design. consequently, the wind turbine technician spends much of his or her day in tight spaces. additionally, many of the components are heavy and have to be lifted in awkward positions. this is added to the repetitive motion of climbing ladders. " ergonomics is a very prominent issue within wind turbines, " says vander velde. " further studies need to be done in order to determine what action should be taken. " with osha scrutinising wind farms all around the us, expect that the next generation of wind turbines will be called upon to improve ergonomics and provide greater built - in safety mechanisms


in order to determine what action should be taken. " with osha scrutinising wind farms all around the us, expect that the next generation of wind turbines will be called upon to improve ergonomics and provide greater built - in safety mechanisms and practices. and older models will probably be required to retrofit improvements or risk being phased out. having a wind safety programme is one thing, but it is quite another to get it used by personnel. after all, it is often easier and quicker to do without a harness or don the required electrical gear to avoid arc flash. so how do you get around the urge to cut corners or ignore safety rules for a quick trip up top to perform a two - minute maintenance task? todd karasek, vice president of ehs at suzlon wind energy corp, sums it up nicely. " the overwhelming numbers of policies are procedures can sometimes cause staff to ignore the rules or be slow with compliance, " he says. " in many cases, complying with safety procedures is difficult, inconvenient, slow and uncomfortable. " his solution is to lay out clear consequences both positively and negatively. this goes beyond just saying that following a procedure will keep you safe and failing to follow it could get you hurt. the way to make such a programme work is to concentrate on the positive. " catch them doing something right, " says karasek. " concentrate on recognizing the right behaviours. " but where there is a carrot, there must also be a stick. in this case, suzlon has created a series of levels of safety violation which have different actions and penalties associated with them. this ranges from written reprimands all the way up to suspension and even termination. failure to wear arc flash - protective equipment or working under the influence of drugs or alcohol, for example, are grounds for dismissal. this article originally appeared in wind stats magazine


1516 : two bavarian dukes issue a decree that limits the ingredients used in brewing beer to barley, water and hops. referred to today as the reinheitsgebot ( purity ordinance ), the decree has come to be known as a beer - purity law that was intended to keep undesirable or unhealthy ingredients out of beer. but the original text doesn ’ t explicitly state the reasoning behind the regulation. an english translation of the decree simply states, ” we wish to emphasize that in future in all cities, markets and in the country, the only ingredients used for the brewing of beer must be barley, hops and water. ” in fact, the main intent of the decree had more to do with bread than beer. “ the government simply didn ’ t want people using valuable grains for beer, ” said historian maureen ogle, author of ambitious brew : the story of american beer. “ i think it was really just an attempt to keep beermakers from infringing on the territory of people who made bread. ” ensuring cheap bread was critical in times of food scarcity, a real problem for 16th - century bavaria. while barley is not very digestible and consequently does not make for good eating, grains like wheat and rye are great for bread. the bavarian leadership wanted to head off competition for those grains, in order to keep the price of food down. an unintended side effect of the regulation may have been a purer brew, but ogle suspects the idea that purity motivated the rule may have germinated after world war ii, when germany ’ s economy was struggling. “ after the war, they were looking for ways to bolster their economy, and one thing they could do is export beer, ” ogle said. “ my educated guess is it ’ s directly connected to this drive. ” the beer - purity angle probably really took hold in the united states in the 1960s as craft brewing was becoming more popular, ogle said. the reinheitsgebot is still discussed on beer blogs today. “ if here had been no craft - beer movement, there wouldn ’ t be anybody sitting around talking about this law today, ” she said. the name reinheitsgebot did not appear in print until 1918, and wasn ’ t applied beyond bavaria until 1871 when the german empire was formed. according to the german beer institute, the law became an official part of the tax code in 1919 — despite the protestations of brewers — when bavaria refused to join the weimar republic unless the law


applied beyond bavaria until 1871 when the german empire was formed. according to the german beer institute, the law became an official part of the tax code in 1919 — despite the protestations of brewers — when bavaria refused to join the weimar republic unless the law was enforced throughout the republic. until germany joined the european union in 1987, a version of the reinheitsgebot was still part of the german tax code, with the addition of yeast ( until louis pasteur came along, yeast ’ s role in fermentation wasn ’ t known ), and the inclusion of ingredients that can also be used in other food, such as wheat. many german brewers still proudly claim to follow the reinheitsgebot, and beers that do comply get special protections as a traditional food. it ’ s used as a marketing tool, and the beers have “ gebraut nach dem deutschen reinheitsgebot ” ( brewed according to the german purity ordinance ) on the label. today the penalty for not abiding by the reinheitsgebot may only be the upturned noses of some american craft brewers. but in the 16th century, the consequences of brewing an offending beer were far more dire : they lost the beer. “ whosoever knowingly disregards or transgresses upon this ordinance, shall be punished by the court authorities ’ confiscating such barrels of beer, without fail. ” image : no, these soldiers are not confiscating transgressive beer. the caption says, “ preparations for the kaiser ’ s birthday celebration at the front. beer delivered from home is unloaded. ” on the left - hand inset, “ zensiert ” means “ censored. ” circa 1915 - 1918. courtesy new york public library - april 7, 1933 : gimme a tall, cold one - it ’ s beer o ’ clock! watch has built - in bottle opener - why geologists love beer - how wired. com built beer robot, our diy kegerator - beer gear, from can to refrigerator robot - april 23, 1827 : shedding a ray of light on rays of light - april 23, 1940 : batteries included, and they don ’ t leak - april 23, 1984 : aids virus disclosed, and a premature promise made - aug. 10, 1519 : magellan sets sail into history