history of the red mass the “ red mass ” is an historical tradition within the catholic church dating back to the thirteenth century when it officially opened the term of the court for most european countries. the first recorded red mass was celebrated in the cathedral of paris in 1245. from there, it spread to most european countries. around 1310, during the reign of edward i, the tradition began in england with the mass offered at westminster abbey at the opening of the michaelmas term. it received its name from the fact that the celebrant was vested in red and the lord high justices were robed in brilliant scarlet. they were joined by the university professors with doctors among them displaying red in their academic gowns. the red mass also has been traditionally identified with opening of the sacred roman rota, the supreme judicial body of the catholic church. in the united states, the first red mass occurred in new york city on october 6, 1928. this mass was celebrated at old st. andrew ’ s church with cardinal patrick hayes presiding. today, well over 25 cities in the united states celebrate the red mass each year, with not only catholic but also protestant and jewish members of the judiciary and legal profession attending the mass. one of the better - known red masses is the one celebrated each fall at the cathedral of st. matthew the apostle in washington, d. c. it is attended by justices of the supreme court, members of congress, the diplomatic corps, the cabinet, and other government departments and, sometimes, the president of the united states. all officials attend in their capacity as private individuals, rather than as government representatives, in order to prevent any issues over separation of church and state. for the most part the red mass is like any other roman catholic mass. a sermon is given, usually with a message which has an overlapping political and religious theme. the mass is also an opportunity for the catholic church to express its goals for the coming year. one significant difference between the red mass and a traditional mass is that the prayers and blessings are focused on the leadership roles of those present and to invoke divine guidance and strength during the coming term of court. it is celebrated in honor of the holy spirit as the source of wisdom, understanding, counsel and fortitude, gifts which shine forth preeminently in the dispensing of justice in the courtroom as well as in the individual lawyer ’ s office.


reading classic literatures classic literature, even though they were written fifty or hundred years ago, still has the power to affect the readers. the gift of literature to educate and inspire people transcends time. unfortunately, not all people like to read classic literature. sometimes, to understand classic literature, you have to be mature enough to enjoy and comprehend these writings. although we read classic literature because we have to do a report in school, we can also read them for enjoyment. you may have heard of famous authors of classical novels on the television and internet, you can check out their writings and their books. if you really want to get into the habit of reading classical literature, you can start by reading 30 minutes every day. you should have a dictionary near you when reading classical novels since the words used are always deep or its meaning has changed over time. to have a better understanding of the setting and the plot of the story, you can make a little background research on the era or its time period. you can also research on the background of the author. you really have to follow the structure of the story. most classical literature have complex storyline and plots which makes it hard sometimes to follow the story. the character development is also very extensive. seeing the overall theme of the story is very important as well as following the basic development of the characters and their story. there are literature companions that you can buy to help you get started with the classical literature. an example of a literature companion is the " oxford companion to classical literature. " another key to understanding classic literature is by understanding the use of the footnotes. these classical literature are full of footnotes that references the social and culture elements of their time.


many of us act as though we all see the same reality, yet the truth is we don ' t. human beings have cognitive biases or blind spots. blind spots are ways that our mind becomes blocked from seeing reality as it is - blinding us from seeing the real truth about ourselves in relation to others. once we form a conclusion, we become blind to alternatives, even if they are right in front of their eyes. emily pronin, a social psychologist, along with colleagues daniel lin and lee ross, at princeton university ' s department of psychology, created the term " blind spots. " the bias blind spot is named after the visual blind spot. passing the ball - watch this video there is a classic experiment that demonstrates one level of blind spots that can be attributed to awareness and focused - attention. when people are instructed to count how many passes the people in white shirts make on the basketball court, they often get the number of passes correct, but fail to see the person in the black bear suit walking right in front of their eyes. hard to believe but true! blind spots & denial however, the story of blind spots gets more interesting when we factor in our cognitive biases that come from our social needs to look good in the eyes of others. when people operate with blind spots, coupled with a strong ego, they often refuse to adjust their course even in the face of opposition from trusted advisors, or incontrovertible evidence to the contrary. two well - known examples of blind spots are henry ford and a & p : - next > > - next > >


electrical research institute selects ipp as participant in carbon dioxide study the intermountain power project has been selected as one of five electric utilities in the united states and canada to participate in a study of technology for capturing carbon dioxide emissions from coal - fueled electrcity generation facilities. conducted by the electric power research institute, the study will examine the impacts of retrofitting advanced amine - based post - combustion carbon dioxide capture technology to existing coal - fired power plants, indicated epri representatives. as global demand for electricity increases and regulators worldwide look at ways to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, post - combustion capture for new and existing power plants could be an important option. however, retrofit of systems to an existing plant presents significant challenges, including limited space for new plant equipment, limited heat available for process integration, additional cooling water requirements and potential steam turbine modifications. " epri ' s analyses have shown carbon capture and storage will be an essential part of the solution if we are to achieve meaningful carbon dioxide emissions reductions at a cost that can be accommodated by our economy, " pointed out bryan hannegan, vice president of generation and environment at the research institute. " projects such as this, in which a number of utility companies come forward to offer their facilities and form a collaborative to share the costs of research, are critical to establishing real momentum for the technologies that we will need. " in addition to ipp, power plants in ohio, illinois, north dakota, and nova scotia will participate in the project. individual sites offers a unique combination of unit sizes and ages, existing and planned emissions controls, fuel types, steam conditions, boilers, turbines, cooling systems and options for carbon dioxide storage, pointed out epri representatives. the study - to be completed during 2009 - will provide the participants with valuable information applicable to their own individual power plants. a report for an individual operation will : a¢assess the most practical carbon dioxide capture efficiency configuration based on site constraints. a¢determine the space required for the carbon dioxide capture technology and the interfaces with existing systems. a¢estimate performance and costs for the post - combustion capture plant. a¢assess the features of the facility that materially affect the cost and feasibility of the retrofit. " the participants in the intermountain power project are committed to maintaining high environmental standards, " said general manager james hewlet. " this study will help us evaluate options for managing the emissions of greenhouse gases in the future. it is a meaningful step in our three - decade track record of


friday is earth day. it ’ s a good time to consider how to preserve our environment. have you ever wondered how long it takes a plastic grocery bag to disintegrate? the decomposition rate chart presented on the commonwealth of virginia ’ s website ( http : / / www. deq. virginia. gov / recycle ) shows the relative speed of organic and inorganic materials. a banana peel takes 2 - 5 weeks ( put up to three around a rose bush for a healthy fertilizer ), a newspaper 3 - 6 months ( shred and add to your compost pile ), while a plastic bag will last a decade, a plastic beverage container or tin can a century, an aluminum can 2 - 5 centuries. to save space for future generations, recycling is the responsible thing to do. where can you recycle your disposables? the state ’ s recycling website provides very helpful information for hard - to - dispose of items, such as computers and automobile products. learn how and where to properly dispose of a variety of electronics, including cellphones, used oil, oil filters, antifreeze, and old medications ( do not flush them down the toilet ). for more ideas about where to recycle what, visit earth911 at http : / / earth911. com /. another resource with much potential is freecycle at http : / / www. freecycle. org /. this is a network for linking those who have something to dispose of and those who are looking for something, organized by zip code. all items offered must be free. read high tech trash : digital devices, hidden toxics, and human health by elizabeth grossman for an eye - opening explanation of the science, politics, and crimes in the collection of masses of e - waste. she follows the trail of toxins, including lead, mercury, chlorine and flame retardants, from mining and processing through disposal and dumping in india, china and nigeria, where unprotected workers boil the refuse to retrieve useful fragments. humanizing the impact of waste is paolo bacigalupi ’ s award winning novel for teens, ship breaker. in a futuristic world, teenaged nailer scavenges copper wiring from grounded oil tankers for a living, but when he finds a beached clipper ship with a girl in the wreckage, he has to decide if he should strip the ship for its wealth or rescue the girl. this is action - packed and very well - written. eminent


a living, but when he finds a beached clipper ship with a girl in the wreckage, he has to decide if he should strip the ship for its wealth or rescue the girl. this is action - packed and very well - written. eminent harvard biologist e. o. wilson, pulitzer prize - winning author of more than twenty works of nonfiction, has written his first novel, anthill, about the interdependence of life in our biosphere. raphael semmes cody, a lonely child of contentious parents ( gentry v. redneck ) in south alabama, relishes summer freedom in a tract of old - growth longleaf pine forest and savanna on lake nokobee. he wanders off to observe salamanders and snakes and becomes enthralled by bugs ( " every kid has a bug period " says wilson. " mine was especially intense and i never grew out of it. " ). his fascination becomes a lifelong focus, which guides his direction and purpose in mediating competing interests of environmentalists and business. the novel includes " the anthill chronicles ", a story within the story, which is a riveting account of three colonies of ants, their wars, destruction, and survival, told from their point of view. the simplicity of this satisfying coming of age tale belies an admirable complexity in its portrayal of the interrelatedness of all life. anthill bears comparison to huck finn and homer ’ s iliad in the recounting of epic journeys and the clash of civilizations. it is also very funny and full of sly observations about the " gray wool of the confederacy " and " zircons in the rough ". anthill is destined to become a classic. for more about caring for the earth, visit www. tcplweb. org or call 988 - 2541.


i ’ m still following the assembly primer for hackers from vivek ramachandran of securitytube in preparation for penetration testing with backtrack. in this review i ’ ll cover data types and how to move bytes, numbers, pointers and strings between labels and registers. variables ( data / labels ) are defined in the. data segment of your assembly program. here are some of the available data types you ’ ll commonly use. data types in assembly ; photo credit to vivek ramachandran # demo program to show how to use data types and movx instructions. data helloworld :. ascii " hello world! " bytelocation :. byte 10 int32 :. int 2 int16 :. short 3 float :. float 10. 23 integerarray :. int 10, 20, 30, 40, 50. bss. comm largebuffer, 10000. text. globl _ start _ start : nop # exit syscall to exit the program movl $ 1, % eax movl $ 0, % ebx int $ 0x80 moving numbers in assembly introduction to mov this is the mov family of operations. by appending b, w or l you can choose to move 8 bits, 16 bits or 32 bits of data. to demonstrate these operations, we ’ ll be using the example above. moving a byte into a register movb $ 0, % al this will move the integer 0 into the lower 8 bits of the eax register. moving a word into a register movw $ 10, % ax this will move the integer 10 into the lower 16 bits of the eax register. moving a word into a register movl $ 20, % eax this will move the integer 20 into the 32 - bit eax register. moving a word into a label movw $ 50, int16 this will move the integer 50 into the 16 - bit label int16. moving a label into a register movl int32, % eax this will move the contents of the int32 label into the 32 - bit eax register. moving a register into a label movb % al, bytelocation this will move the contents of the 8 - bit al register into the 8 - bit bytelocation label. accessing memory locations ( using pointers ) in c we have the concept of pointers. a pointer is simply a variable that points to a location in memory. typically


the 8 - bit al register into the 8 - bit bytelocation label. accessing memory locations ( using pointers ) in c we have the concept of pointers. a pointer is simply a variable that points to a location in memory. typically that memory location holds some data that is important to us and that ’ s why we ’ re keeping a pointer to it so we can access the data later. this same concept can be achieved in assembly. moving a label ’ s memory address into a register ( creating a pointer ) movl $ int32, % eax this will move the memory location of the int32 label into the eax register. in effect the eax register is now a pointer to the data held by the int32 label. notice that we use movl because memory locations are 4 bytes. also notice that to access the memory location of a label you prepend the $ character. dereferencing a pointer ( accessing the contents of a memory address ) moving a word into a dereferenced location movl $ 9, ( % eax ) this will move the integer 9 into the memory location held in eax. in other words, if this were c, % eax would be considered a pointer and ( % eax ) would be the way we dereference that pointer to change the contents of the location it points to. the equivalent in c would like something like this : int int32 = 2 ; int * eax ; eax = & int32 ; * eax = 9 ; the only difference in the c example is that we had to define eax as an int pointer before we could copy the address of int32. in assembly we can just copy the address of int32 directly into the eax register, circumventing the need for an additional variable. but line 4 of this c example is the equivalent of the assembly example shown above. so to clarify one more time, eax does not change at all in this example ; eax still points to the same location! however, the data at that location has changed. so if eax contains the location of the int32 label, then int32 now contains 9. so it ’ s int32 that has changed, not eax. notice that we use the parentheses to access the memory location stored in the register ( dereference the pointer ). moving a dereferenced value into a register movl ( % eax ), % ebx in effect the eb


that we use the parentheses to access the memory location stored in the register ( dereference the pointer ). moving a dereferenced value into a register movl ( % eax ), % ebx in effect the ebx register is now a pointer to the data held by eax. notice that to access the memory location of the register we ’ re again enclosing the register name in parentheses. moving strings in assembly i can imagine that reading this you might be thinking, “ hey, strings are just bytes of data so why can ’ t i just move them using the same instructions i just learned? ” and the answers to that questions is you can! the problem is that strings are oftentimes much larger. a string might be 1 byte, 5 bytes, or 100 bytes. and none of mov instructions discussed above cover anything larger than 4 bytes. so let ’ s discuss the string operations that are available to alleviate the pains of copying large strings of data. a key difference between the standard mov operations and the string series of movs, stos and lods operations is the number of operands. with mov, you specify the source and destination via 2 operands. however, with the movs instructions, the source and destination addresses are placed into the esi and edi registers respectively. and with stos and lods, the operations interact directly with the eax register. this will become more clear with some examples. the df flag df stands for direction flag. this is a flag stored in the cpu that determines whether to increment or decrement a string ’ s memory address when string operations are called. when df is 0 ( cleared ) the addresses are incremented. when df is 1 ( set ) the addresses are decremented. in our examples the df flag will always be cleared. the usefulness of the df flag will make more sense in the examples. clearing the df flag df is set to 0. addresses are incremented where applicable. setting the df flag df is set to 1. addresses are decremented where applicable. in the example below, the following variables have been defined :. data helloworldstring :. asciz " hello world of assembly! ". bss. lcomm destination, 100 movs : moving a string from one memory location to another memory location source : % esi ; should contain a memory address where the data to be copied resides ;


" hello world of assembly! ". bss. lcomm destination, 100 movs : moving a string from one memory location to another memory location source : % esi ; should contain a memory address where the data to be copied resides ; the data at this address is not modified, but the address stored in the % esi register is incremented or decremented according to the df flag destination : % edi ; should contain a memory address where the data will be copied to ; after copying, the address stored in the % edi register is incremented or decremented according to the df flag movsb : move a single byte movsw : move 2 bytes movsl : move 4 bytes movl $ helloworldstring, % esi movl $ destination, % edi movsb movsw movsl in this example, we first move the address of helloworldstring into the esi register ( the source string ). then we move the address of destination into edi ( the destination buffer ). when movsb is called, it tells the cpu to move 1 byte from the source to the destination, so the ‘ h ’ is copied to the first byte in the destination label. however, that is not the only thing that happens during this operation. you may have noticed that i pointed out how the address stored in the % esi and % edi registers are both incremented or decremented according to the df flag. since the df flag is cleared, both % esi and % edi are incremented by 1 byte. but why is this useful? well, what it means is that the next string operation to be called will start copying from the 2nd byte of the source string instead of the first byte. in other words, rather than copying the ‘ h ’ a second time, we ’ ll start by copying the ‘ e ’ in the helloworldstring instead. this is what makes the movs series of operations far more useful than the mov operations when dealing with strings. so, as you might imagine, when calling movsw the next 2 bytes are copied and destination now holds “ hel ”. and finally the movsl operation copies 4 bytes into destination, which makes it “ hello w ”. of course, the memory locations held in both % esi and % edi have now been incremented by 7 bytes each. so the final values are.. % es


copies 4 bytes into destination, which makes it “ hello w ”. of course, the memory locations held in both % esi and % edi have now been incremented by 7 bytes each. so the final values are.. % esi : $ helloworldstring + 7 % edi : $ destination + 7 helloworldstring : " hello world of assembly! " destination : " hello w " lods : moving a string from a memory location into the eax register source : % esi ; should contain a memory address where the data to be copied resides ; the data at this address is not modified, but the address stored in the % esi register is incremented or decremented according to the df flag destination : % eax ; the contents of this register are discarded because the data is copied directly into the register, not to any memory address residing in the register ; no incrementing or decrementing occurs because the destination is a register and not a memory location lodsb : move a single byte lodsw : move 2 bytes lodsl : move 4 bytes stos : moving a string from the eax register to a memory location source : % eax ; the contents of this register are copied, not the contents of any memory address residing in the register ; no incrementing or decrementing occurs because the source is a register and not a memory location destination : % edi ; should contain a memory address where the data will be copied to ; after copying, the address stored in the % edi register is incremented or decremented according to the df flag stosb : move a single byte stosw : move 2 bytes stosl : move 4 bytes rep : repeating an operation so you can move strings more easily this will continue executing the movsb operation and decrementing the ecx register until it equals 0. so if you wanted to copy a string in its entirety, you could follow this pseudo - code : * set esi to the memory address of the source string * set edi to the memory address of the destination string * set ecx to the length of the source string * clear the df flag so esi and edi will be incremented for each call to movsb * call rep movsb movl $ helloworldstring, % esi movl $ destinationusingrep, % edi movl $ 25, % ecx # because helloworldst


it is not uncommon for patients to have increasing viral loads while on treatment. however, patients can have a disconnect : they may have detectable viral load and yet still be deriving benefit from their failing regimen. their cd4 t - cell counts are not plummeting and are often still increasing. overall, their general health remains well. these individuals continue with their daily life and routine, without any clinical consequences. the discordance between t - cells and viral load is often referred to as the disconnect syndrome. it is not a new disease, just an observation of the difference between viral and immunologic lab measures ( viral load test vs. t - cell count ). usually, patients on antiretroviral treatment demonstrate a drop in viral load ( often to undetectable levels ) while improving their immune system with an accompanying t - cell rise. the disconnect syndrome of rising viral load along with stable or improving immune markers such as t - cells is more common among patients who have a longer history of being on several antiviral regimens. viral drug resistance, which is associated with decreased efficacy of treatment, is not uncommon for these patients. they have fewer options than patients on their very first antiviral regimen. usually, patients with an overtly failing regimen need to undergo changes in their antiviral treatment. this is a basic tenet of care for the chronically hiv - infected individual. this is done to halt progression of hiv disease, to preserve immune system function and to avoid further resistance development. however, in the unique situation of the disconnect syndrome, a question may be posed : does every discordant patient merit a change in antiretroviral therapy? sometimes a clinician may consider the fact that the viral load ( hiv rna ) has not reached levels high enough to merit exposing their patient to further antiretroviral drugs. many patients in this disconnect situation have already been exposed to multiple antiviral agents. since undetectability does not mean one is cured, one must weigh the risks and benefits of modifying the regimen in order to lower the viral load. there exists a dilemma when considering altering a regimen in this unique situation. new antivirals to reduce viral load may forestall the emergence of more resistance mutations. on the other hand, one must consider that changing to yet another new regimen will reduce options for the future. this is critical in situations where new options for specific and heavily treated patients are not pl


may forestall the emergence of more resistance mutations. on the other hand, one must consider that changing to yet another new regimen will reduce options for the future. this is critical in situations where new options for specific and heavily treated patients are not plentiful. realistically, formulating a regimen for a heavily treated patient is often challenging because of the presence of multiple resistance mutations. therefore the likelihood or durability of fully suppressing viral load with a new regimen is in question. thus management of patients who are highly treatment experienced and who have a discordant response is a real quandary. it is believed that continuing the failing regimen further selects for resistance mutations, therefore further limiting future therapeutic options. but when there is stability in the elevated viral load together with increasing cd4 counts going yet higher, patients are obviously still deriving clinical benefit. no large prospective clinical trial has been performed to help provide insight for this situation. patients who manifest a disconnect do not have undetectable viral loads, so by definition they generally have mutations or resistance. these mutations occur in the virus itself, usually in response to drugs used against it. the mutations in turn allow hiv to develop drug resistance. this means what it says : hiv can resist the drug or drugs, therefore making the medications less effective in fighting the virus. individuals with a discordant response usually exhibit high numbers of mutations against the nucleoside drug class, which often includes the m184v mutation. this specific mutation of m184v ( refers to a change in the amino acid switch in hivs viral gene strand ) is most known for being the tell - tale sign of 3tc ( epivir ) resistance. but having the 184v resistance mutation has also been associated with sustained responses to antivirals, confirmed in several studies. generally, cross - resistance would be a concern. mutations that resist one drug may also resist another, especially one in the same drug class. this may lower the efficacy of new drugs which a patient has never taken before. however, if one has the 184v, without other nucleoside mutations, it does not confer resistance to other nucleosides such as ddi, d4t, ddc or abacavir ( videx, zerit, hivid or ziagen ). also, the m184v seems to result in re - sensitization of the virus to azt ( retrovir ) in patients who previously developed resistance to azt. finally


measured by immune cell proliferation and response to interleukin 15 ( a specific cytokine, protein produced by immune cells used for research purposes to measure immune response ), researchers found that discordant patients had responses similar to fully respondant patients ( stephano vella and colleagues, 9th retroviruses conference, seattle, february 2002 ). without attempting to advise whether patients in a disconnect situation should change or continue their treatment, the questions invoked here are placed on the table. the presence of primary resistance mutations can oddly enough be associated with the provision of some beneficial effects. however, developing resistance or discordance is not the preferred outcome. when a patient is facing this discordant predicament, the next path may not be always clear. phenomena are occurring in the disconnect syndrome that are below the surface. a patients decisions are often complicated by various confounding issues. this is compounded by the fact that data regarding the long - term outlook of patients continuing in this disconnect pattern is sorely lacking. some researchers have demonstrated higher progression rates while others concluded that the immunologic deterioration is delayed by an average of three years ( stephen deeks and colleagues, university of california at san francisco ). however large trials of disconnected patients who continue to maintain good clinical immunologic response to haart for a specified duration would provide greater insight into the risks. it seems that patients manifesting a disconnect who continue their treatment are stable clinically and not developing opportunistic infections. however, with the ongoing epidemic of resistance, it would be helpful to understand what it all means to a patients health and longevity. daniel s. berger, m. d. is medical director for northstar healthcare ; clinical assistant professor of medicine at the university of illinois at chicago and editor of aids infosource. he also serves as medical consultant and columnist for positively aware. inquiries are welcomed by dr. berger ; he can be reached at dsbergermd @ aol. com or 773. 296. 2400.


in mathematics, hyperbolic functions are analogs of the ordinary trigonometric, or circular, functions. the basic hyperbolic functions are the hyperbolic sine " sinh " ( typically pronounced / ˈsɪntʃ / or / ˈʃaɪn / ), and the hyperbolic cosine " cosh " ( typically pronounced / ˈkɒʃ / ), from which are derived the hyperbolic tangent " tanh " ( typically pronounced / ˈtæntʃ / or / ˈθæn / ), etc., in analogy to the derived trigonometric functions. the inverse hyperbolic functions are the area hyperbolic sine " arsinh " ( also called " asinh ", or sometimes by the misnomer of " arcsinh " ) and so on. just as the points ( cos t, sin t ) form a circle with a unit radius, the points ( cosh t, sinh t ) form the right half of the equilateral hyperbola. hyperbolic functions occur in the solutions of some important linear differential equations, for example the equation defining a catenary, and laplace ' s equation in cartesian coordinates. the latter is important in many areas of physics, including electromagnetic theory, heat transfer, fluid dynamics, and special relativity. hyperbolic functions were introduced in the 18th century by the swiss mathematician johann heinrich lambert. the hyperbolic functions are : via complex numbers the hyperbolic functions are related to the circular functions as follows : where is the imaginary unit defined as. note that, by convention, sinh2x means ( sinhx ) 2, not sinh ( sinhx ) ; similarly for the other hyperbolic functions when used with positive exponents. another notation for the hyperbolic cotangent function is, though cothx is far more common. hyperbolic sine and cosine satisfy the identity which is similar to the pythagorean trigonometric identity. it can also be shown that the area under the graph of cosh x from a to b is equal to the arc length of cosh x from a to b. for a full list of integrals of hyperbolic functions, see list of integrals of hyperbolic functions in the above expressions, c is called the constant of integration. it is possible to express the above functions as taylor series : a point on the hyperbola xy = 1 with x > 1 determines a hyperbolic triangle in which the side adjacent to the hyperbolic


expressions, c is called the constant of integration. it is possible to express the above functions as taylor series : a point on the hyperbola xy = 1 with x > 1 determines a hyperbolic triangle in which the side adjacent to the hyperbolic angle is associated with cosh while the side opposite is associated with sinh. however, since the point ( 1, 1 ) on this hyperbola is a distance √2 from the origin, the normalization constant 1 / √2 is necessary to define cosh and sinh by the lengths of the sides of the hyperbolic triangle. and the property that cosh t ≥ 1 for all t. the hyperbolic functions are periodic with complex period 2πi ( πi for hyperbolic tangent and cotangent ). the parameter t is not a circular angle, but rather a hyperbolic angle which represents twice the area between the x - axis, the hyperbola and the straight line which links the origin with the point ( cosh t, sinh t ) on the hyperbola. the function cosh x is an even function, that is symmetric with respect to the y - axis. the function sinh x is an odd function, that is −sinh x = sinh ( −x ), and sinh 0 = 0. the hyperbolic functions satisfy many identities, all of them similar in form to the trigonometric identities. in fact, osborn ' s rule states that one can convert any trigonometric identity into a hyperbolic identity by expanding it completely in terms of integral powers of sines and cosines, changing sine to sinh and cosine to cosh, and switching the sign of every term which contains a product of 2, 6, 10, 14,... sinhs. this yields for example the addition theorems the " double angle formulas " and the " half - angle formulas " the derivative of sinh x is cosh x and the derivative of cosh x is sinh x ; this is similar to trigonometric functions, albeit the sign is different ( i. e., the derivative of cos x is −sin x ). the gudermannian function gives a direct relationship between the circular functions and the hyperbolic ones that does not involve complex numbers. the graph of the function a cosh ( x / a ) is the catenary, the curve formed by a uniform flexible chain hanging freely under gravity. from the definitions of the hyperbolic sine and cosine, we can derive


the road to ' civilisation ' is paved with bad intentions. infestation, in ' fes • ta ' tion n. the state of being invaded or overrun by pests or parasites. do people inhabit the lands and forests that they have been living in for thousands of years or do they infest them? the answer to this no - brainer of a question might well lie at the root of the problem being faced by the jarawas in the andaman islands today. the video showing the jarawa women dancing on the andaman trunk road, apparently for food, is just the latest manifestation of a malaise that is so deep that one might well argue that there is no hope for the jarawa. in 1965, the ministry of rehabilitation, government of india, published an important document related to the andaman & nicobar islands : ‘ the report by the inter departmental team on accelerated development programme for a & n islands. ' the contents of the report and their purpose were evident in the title itself — it laid out the roadmap for the development of these islands and set the stage for what was to happen over the decades that have followed. this little known report of less than a 100 pages in size is remarkable for the insight it provides into the thinking and the mindset of the times. there is what one might call a shocker on every page of this document and here is a just a sampling : page 26 : … the jarawas have been uniformly hostile to all outsiders with the result that about half the middle andaman is treated as a jarawa infested ( emphasis added ) area which is difficult for any outsider to venture … with the present road construction and the colonisation of the forest fringes, friction has become more frequent, and no month passes without a case of attack by the jarawas. page 69 : the completion of the great andaman trunk road would go a long way to help in the extraction of forest produces... a nation that had just fought its way out of the ignominy of being a colony was well on the way to becoming a coloniser itself. and those that came in the way could only be pests or parasites infesting the forests that had valuable resources locked away from productive use. it is also pertinent to note here that in 1957 itself, more than a 1000 sq. km of these “ jarawa infested ” forests of south and middle andaman had already been declared protected as a jarawa tribal reserve under the provisions of the


pertinent to note here that in 1957 itself, more than a 1000 sq. km of these “ jarawa infested ” forests of south and middle andaman had already been declared protected as a jarawa tribal reserve under the provisions of the andaman and nicobar protection of aboriginal tribes regulation ( anpatr ) — 1956. the 1965 report was in complete violation, or was a result of complete ignorance of this legal protection to the jarawa and the forests that they have inhabited for thousands of years. the seeds that were sown then have bloomed into myriad noxious weeds today and if one knows this history, the latest video that has generated so much heat is not in the bit surprising. much space in the media, both print and electronic, has been occupied in the last few days by a range of claims and counter claims — about the date of the video, about the police involvement in its making, the role of tour operators and about fixing blame and responsibility. a little known fact that lies at the root of the issue has been all but forgotten — the existence of the andaman trunk road, where this infamous video was shot about three years ago. the andaman trunk road that the 1965 report offered as a good way of extracting resources from the forests of the jarawa had been ordered shut by a supreme court order of 2002. it ' s been a decade now and in what can only be called audacious defiance, the administration of this little union territory has wilfully violated orders of the highest court of the land. a series of administrators have come and gone but contempt for the supreme court remains. whenever asked about the order, the administration has tried to hide behind technicalities of interpreting the court order and arguing that the court had never ordered the road shut in the first place. they forget that in march 2003, a few months after the sc orders had been passed, they had themselves filed an affidavit with a plea to “ permit the use / movement through the andaman trunk road. ” if it was not ordered shut, why the plea to keep it open? a few months later, in july 2003, the supreme court appointed central empowered committee reiterated explicitly that the court orders include those for the closure of the atr in those parts where it runs through the forests of the jarawa tribal reserve. the a & n administration has clearly violated the court ' s order both in letter and in spirit. it is a spirit that was evocatively articulated by dr. r. k. bhattacharch


forests of the jarawa tribal reserve. the a & n administration has clearly violated the court ' s order both in letter and in spirit. it is a spirit that was evocatively articulated by dr. r. k. bhattacharchaya, former director of the anthropological survey of india, in a report he submitted to the calcutta high court in 2004. “ the atr ”, he said, “ is like a public thoroughfare through a private courtyard … in the whole of human history, we find that the dominant group for their own advantage has always won over the minorities, not always paying attention to the issue of ethics. closure of the atr would perhaps be the first gesture of goodwill on part of the dominant towards an acutely marginalized group almost on the verge of extinction ”. the video in all its perversity offers us another opportunity, when all others in the past have been brushed aside either due to ignorance, arrogance or then sheer apathy. it ' s still not too late to make that ‘ gesture of goodwill ' because otherwise there will be many more such videos down the years and much worse will follow. the lessons from history are very clear on this. and it will hardly be a consolation that a few people will be left saying we told you so. ( the writer is associated with kalpavriksh, one of the three ngos whose petition before the supreme court resulted in orders for the closure of the andaman trunk road in 2002. he is also the author of troubled islands — writings on the indigenous peoples and environment of the a & n islands. )


i was taught at medical school to remember that “ what ’ s common, is common ”. so if a patient comes into clinic with a sore throat, the chances are it is simply that — a sore throat. picking out the unusual diagnoses from seemingly common symptoms is one of the challenges of medicine, particularly when you are in general practice. back pain is a really common symptom to see in clinic and usually has no sinister cause. but there are some unusual diagnoses that present as back pain for doctors and patients to be mindful of. while lower back pain can be caused by physical injury, or slipped discs, for five per cent of sufferers, the pain is due to inflammation caused by a form of arthritis normally seen in young people. since back pain is so common, the problem can go undiagnosed for years and lead to long - term damage. but it can be treated. called axial spondyloarthritis, or axial spa, it primarily affects the sacroiliac joint ( the junction between the spine and the pelvis ). identifying the difference between this pain and mechanical back pain is vital, and there are a range of signals to look for. typically, symptoms first appear in young people in the prime of their lives — this alone should ring an alarm bell — and often they have back pain or stiffness that has lasted for over three months. this is certainly a trigger to go to the gp. it is common for axial spa patients to experience pain in the morning which improves with exercise but then worsens with rest. if these symptoms sound like a familiar pattern, a trip to the doctor will be necessary for some blood tests as well as a referral to get an mri scan. diagnosis of this condition has been known to take as long as 10 years for some sufferers, but vigilance from doctors in looking for uncommon causes of a common symptom, should hopefully improve the care that sufferers receive.


solar - powered ion drive asteroid probe set for launch not much va - va - voom, but very economical nasa has confirmed that the " dawn " space probe to the asteroid belt will indeed launch on saturday, ending speculation that the mission might be delayed. after launching, dawn will spend four years in transit to the asteroids, circling the sun twice and gaining a " gravity assist " on the way by making a close approach to mars. planned voyage of the dawn space probe in 2011, dawn will go into orbit around vesta, one of the larger rock - like asteroids in the belt. after around five months studying vesta, the probe will depart in early 2012 and complete most of a further circuit round the sun, finally catching up with ceres in 2015 and going into orbit around it. ceres is a large example of the other main asteroid type, thought to be largely icy in composition. the dawn mission will be the first to go into orbit around a belt asteroid, and also the first to orbit two different bodies. this unusual flight profile would be all but impossible, according to nasa, were it not for the spacecraft ' s innovative propulsion system. dawn will lift off from earth aboard a conventional, chemical delta ii rocket, but its journey to the asteroids will be propelled - apart from the helping hand from martian gravity - by means of an ion drive. in an ion drive, thrust is still provided by throwing stuff out of the exhaust just as with a regular rocket. the difference is that rather than chemicals burning and expanding to throw themselves out of a combustion chamber, dawn ' s xenon propellant is squirted out of its back end using electrical power generated by solar panels. as one might expect, this produces an exceptionally feeble thrust ; equivalent to about 0. 02lb. the clever bit is that the ion engine achieves this thrust very economically, using only a tiny amount of propellant, because it accelerates the xenon - plasma exhaust to such a high velocity. dawn takes ages to squirt out a given amount of fuel, but when the ion drive finally does so it has achieved much more with it than a chemical rocket could have done. all this makes the multi - asteroid flightplan achievable within the nasa budget. now that nasa has addressed some technical concerns, it appears that dawn ' s saturday launch is a go, and then it ' s just four years until it gets to vesta. ®


cloudy outlook for climate models more aerosols - the solution to global warming? climate models appear to be missing an atmospheric ingredient, a new study suggests. december ' s issue of the international journal of climatology from the royal meteorlogical society contains a study of computer models used in climate forecasting. the study is by joint authors douglass, christy, pearson, and singer - of whom only the third mentioned is not entitled to the prefix professor. their topic is the discrepancy between troposphere observations from 1979 and 2004, and what computer models have to say about the temperature trends over the same period. while focusing on tropical latitudes between 30 degrees north and south ( mostly to 20 degrees n and s ), because, they write - " much of the earth ' s global mean temperature variability originates in the tropics " - the authors nevertheless crunched through an unprecedented amount of historical and computational data in making their comparison. for observational data they make use of ten different data sets, including ground and atmospheric readings at different heights. on the modelling side, they use the 22 computer models which participated in the ipcc - sponsored program for climate model diagnosis and intercomparison. some models were run several times, to produce a total of 67 realisations of temperature trends. the ipcc is the united nation ' s intergovernmental panel on climate change and published their fourth assessment report [ pdf, 7. 8mb ] earlier this year. their model comparison program uses a common set of forcing factors. notable in the paper is a generosity when calculating a figure for statistical uncertainty for the data from the models. in aggregating the models, the uncertainty is derived from plugging the number 22 into the maths, rather than 67. the effect of using 67 would be to confine the latitude of error closer to the average trend - with the implication of making it harder to reconcile any discrepancy with the observations. in addition, when they plot and compare the observational and computed data, they also double this error interval. so to the burning question : on their analysis, does the uncertainty in the observations overlap with the results of the models? if yes, then the models are supported by the observations of the last 30 years, and they could be useful predictors of future temperature and climate trends. unfortunately, the answer according to the study is no. figure 1 in the published paper available here [ pdf ] pretty much tells the story. douglass et al. temperature time trends ( degrees per decade ) against pressure


education is the transmission of civilization. ~ william james durant ( 1885 – 1981 ) and ariel durant, born chaya kaufman ( 1898 - 1981 ) after the murder of benazir bhutto, pakistan dominated the news for a week or so but that has now faded. we were regaled with speculation about the danger to the world posed by an unstable, nuclear - armed, undemocratic state where fundamentalist muslims find it easy to integrate into society. it was in pakistan that the taliban ( which took over the government of afghanistan and provided shelter to al qaeda ) were originally able to organize and build a foundation. a recent analysis on television suggests that the taliban are direct descendants of protestors who instigated the mutiny against british imperial rule and christian missionary zeal in 19th century india. but pakistan is also seen as a major bulwark in the " war on terror " and has been the recipient of $ 5bn in us aid since the attack on the twin towers. now the excitement has died down, pakistan has dropped out of media consciousness but its problems remain. and one of its greatest problems is education. like the rest of public life in pakistan, the education system is subject to endemic corruption. and this should trouble the rest of the world because education in pakistan is being exploited by fundamentalists in their drive to recruit new followers. when it was provided with american aid on a massive scale, pakistan promised to devote some of the money to improving its education system. the world bank has also allocated a separate $ 300mn specifically to support schools and colleges – but fearing that the money will disappear into a sink of corruption, it is reluctant to disburse the funds until proper control systems are put in place. these fears are justified. american officials supervising military aid suspect that invoices for supplies are inflated by as much as 30 %, enabling millions of dollars to disappear. and in the education system, officials estimate that corruption taps 15 % of intended expenditure. little has been done to improve education in pakistan. in the punjab, for example, there are 63, 000 state schools, of which : - 5, 000 ( 8 % ) have been condemned as dangerous structures. - 26, 000 ( 41 % ) have no electricity. - 16, 000 ( 25 % ) have no toilets. many teachers see their jobs as sinecures and don ' t turn up to work, while local inspectors distrust the information provided by the ministry of education. few schools have enough classrooms and some resort to teaching in the open air under


have no toilets. many teachers see their jobs as sinecures and don ' t turn up to work, while local inspectors distrust the information provided by the ministry of education. few schools have enough classrooms and some resort to teaching in the open air under trees ( possibly safer than sitting in a classroom with cracks in the walls and an unstable roof ). often they have to cope with only one quarter of the desks required. understandably, parents are reluctant to send their children to these underfunded and under - supervised institutions. two groups of educators have moved in to fill this vacuum : private schools and religious madrassas. it is the madrassas that have attracted most attention and generated hysteria in the press both inside and outside pakistan. some of them are run by fundamentalists, preach jihad, and groom their students to be revolutionary fighters and suicide bombers the media in pakistan and across the world, supported by wild estimates made by pakistani police, have exaggerated the scale of this problem. a more restrained study by the world bank and harvard university has estimated that the true numbers of children being educated in madrassas represents a little less that 1 % of children in the 5 - 19 age group. these figures must be put into context : - 33 % of children are enrolled in state schools. - a further 12 % are enrolled in private schools. - 87 % of children enroll in primary education, but numbers fall sharply at secondary level. - literacy rates are 63 % for men and 36 % for women, showing that the standard of education is poor ( in comparison, the figures for india are 76 % and 54 % ). wealthily endowed madrassas the development of the private sector is striking. private schools now educate one third as many children as those educated in the state sector. the population values education and is willing to make sacrifices to give their children the schooling which the state fails to provide. much has been said about madrassas ( wealthily endowed by saudi money ) providing the only chance for the poorest pakistani families. but private schools are cheap and all but the very poorest can afford them. so is there nothing to worry about? indeed no. there are dangers and they are serious ones. the wb / harvard study showed that, while in most areas of pakistan madrassas account for less than 1 % of school enrolments, in the so - called tribal areas ( where pasto is the main language and there are strong links to afghanistan ) the percentage rises to over 7 %. these are the areas the state finds most difficult to control and, if


school enrolments, in the so - called tribal areas ( where pasto is the main language and there are strong links to afghanistan ) the percentage rises to over 7 %. these are the areas the state finds most difficult to control and, if madrassas do have a malign influence, it is here that it would be easiest to foment and develop an anti - democratic movement. children brought up to hate muslims the survey also estimated that there are about 175, 000 students enrolled in madrassas. if we make a guess that 5 % of madrassas are run by fundamentalists, this still means that almost 9000 children are being brought up to hate muslims who do not meet their own " high " standards. the theory propagated by the extremists is this. the only acceptable law is sharia law and this should be interpreted strictly ( hence the enforcement of headscarves and the like for women … among much worse horrors ). it is the duty of good muslims to create a state which accepts and enforces sharia. government leaders who do not concur are the enemy. those who conspire with the west are the enemy. muslims who support these governments are the enemy. in this way, the fundamentalist madrassas create a justification for killing other muslims. the suicide bombers are given a target and a cause. it has, however, very little to do with the west ; the majority of victims are much closer to home. but a flow of almost 9000 young men and women ( possibly more – other estimates are higher and my guess of 5 % of may be optimistic ) is more than enough to recruit suicide bombers and build momentum for the movement. dodging and weaving so let us return to benazir bhutto. she and her husband spent the years since she was ousted from power dodging and weaving to avoid convictions for corruption and embezzlement. indeed, she was convicted of money laundering by a swiss magistrate, while a british judge found grounds for a prosecution against her and / or her husband for purchasing an estate in the english home counties with the fruits of embezzlement. despite this track record, the west was keen to have bhutto as a friend in pakistan because of the fear that a nation with its own nuclear weapons could fall into the hands of someone worse. the us has provided huge amounts of cash, some of which has been used to buy delivery systems for these weapons of mass destruction, and has only recently begun to worry about whose finger might be on the


named as a place to stay by & national geographic episode 13 season 4 weather in trinity trinity is surrounded by rocky beaches perfect for searching out treasures such as colourful seashells, sea glass and old clay pipes. visitors who come in late spring early summer just might get the change to witness " the capelin run ". this is when thousands of silvery capelin roll up on the beaches to spawn. not only is it an amazing sight to behold, but it also serves as an indication that the whales, which feed on capelin, will soon be arriving! the bald eagle : bald eagles are no stranger to trinity bay. visitors can spot eagle ' s nests while hiking or taking a boat tour. these magnificent birds are often spotted soaring over the town of trinity and are hard to miss with wingspans sometimes reaching over 6 feet. immature eagles are brown and do not develop their white heads and tails until they are five years old. because trinity bay is a popular nesting ground, bird watchers can see these majestic creatures at their different ages. the atlantic puffin : atlantic puffins spend most of their time at sea but return to land during spring and summer to form breeding colonies. one such breeding colony is locatedin elliston on route 238 and is just a short drive from trinity. these white and black birds with colourful beaks are only 10 inches tall and flap their wings at over 400 beats per minute. it can often be difficult to photograph a puffin as it flies, but plenty can be spotted resting on land tending their burrows. the arctic tern : this bird is known for making the longest annual migration in the animal kingdom, guaranteeing itself two summers, lending it the nickname " bird of the sun ". the arctic tern can often be spotted diving for small fish and crustacean around trinity ' s beaches and directly in front of the twine loft restaurant. bird watching links : eastern newfoundland birdfinder the province ' s tourism site provides information about birds, seabird ecological reserves, and private tour operators. the province ' s tourism site provides information about birds, seabird ecological reserves, and private tour operators. the natural history society of newfoundland and labrador ' s site has a birding checklist for the province, and occasionally information about birding activities. the province ' s parks and natural areas site lists and describes seabird ecological reserves. this google group site is where local birders report recent sightings of interest.


- the perfect storm : can disaster reduction occur in the face of climate change and population growth? - voicing slavery : elizabeth barrett browning and mary prince - osteoporosis : bouncing babies to crumbling wrinklies - the need to own our bones - what has the king ’ s speech done to improve public awareness about stuttering? - photons, spacecraft, atomic clocks and einstein – fundamental physics in the space environment - london : the divorce capital of the world. ‘ big money ’ divorce cases : fairness, gender and judicial discretion - when technology design provokes errors - prometheus and i : building new body parts from stem cells - against nature? homosexuality and evolution - child development in developing countries - did democracy cause the american civil war? - the highs and lows of our nearest star, the sun - from pathogen to ally : engineering viruses to treat disease - designing for students - the price of the pouch : the evolutionary ramifications of mammalian reproductive strategies download lunch hour lectures to your mobile device from 7 days after the live event at itunes u. voicing slavery : elizabeth barrett browning and mary prince 25 october 2011 professor catherine hall ( ucl history ) women ' s voices were central to the struggle against slavery in the early 19th century. elizabeth barrett browning, one of britain ' s greatest poets, was the daughter of a slaveowner and the family money came from their jamaican plantations. she sympathised with the cause of antislavery - but that sympathy was complicated by her family connections. mary prince was an enslaved woman who was brought by her ' owner ' to britain, escaped, and recorded her narrative. it was published and provided a moving testimony of the cruelties of slavery and a significant weapon in the war against it. both these women had close connections with bloomsbury, and this lecture, in conjunction with the exhibition ' the slave owners of gower street ' will explore their lives and writings and the place of slavery in 19th century britain. this lecture marks black history month in october. there is also an exhibition in ucl ’ s south cloisters on the main campus entitled ‘ the slave owners of gower street ’ page last modified on 25 oct 11 15 : 37


please note : uc press e - books must be purchased separately from our print books, and require the use of adobe digital editions. if you do not already have adobe digital editions installed on your computer, please download and install the software. to complete your e - book order, please click on the e - book checkout button. a charge will appear on your credit card from ingram digital group. in a book of deep and telling ironies, peter schrag provides essential background for understanding the fractious debate over immigration. covering the earliest days of the republic to current events, schrag sets the modern immigration controversy within the context of three centuries of debate over the same questions about who exactly is fit for citizenship. he finds that nativism has long colored our national history, and that the fear — and loathing — of newcomers has provided one of the faultlines of american cultural and political life. schrag describes the eerie similarities between the race - based arguments for restricting irish, german, slav, italian, jewish, and chinese immigrants in the past and the arguments for restricting latinos and others today. he links the terrible history of eugenic " science " to ideas, individuals, and groups now at the forefront of the fight against rational immigration policies. not fit for our society makes a powerful case for understanding the complex, often paradoxical history of immigration restriction as we work through the issues that inform, and often distort, the debate over who can become a citizen, who decides, and on what basis. sources and acknowledgments 1. a city upon a hill 2. “ this visible act of ingurgitation ” 3. “ science ” makes its case 4. preserving the race 5. the great awhitening 6. “ they keep coming ” 7. a border without lines peter schrag, for many years the editorial page editor and later a weekly columnist for the sacramento bee, currently contributes to the nation, harper ' s, the los angeles times, and other publications. he is a visiting scholar at the institute for governmental studies at the university of california at berkeley and the author of several books, including paradise lost and california : america ' s high - stakes experiment ( both from uc press ) and final test : the battle for adequacy in america ' s schools. peter schrag is the 2010 winner of the carey mcwilliams award from the california studies association. " peter schrag is the model for all political writers. he is committed, passionate, and el


place in the nation ' s life. drawing on his reading of primary sources and the latest scholarship, he tells a story rich in irony, detail, and nuance, tracing the history of nativism from the earliest days of the republic to the current debates over immigration reform. the book is particularly striking for the way that it connects the arguments and organizations of the current anti - immigration movement to their roots in the eugenics movement and pseudo - scientific racism of the early 20th century. " — mark paul, new america foundation " [ schrag ] delivers a story rich in irony, detail, and nuance, often told with passion and frequently challenging orthodoxies of both the political right and left. it is the right book at the right time. " - mark paul, new america foundation " history ' s lessons come through loud and clear as peter schrag vividly recounts the characters and the ideas behind that side of america that rejects immigration. illuminating both in its sweep and its detail this 300 - year narrative makes an important contribution to our understanding of today ' s policy debates. " — roberto suro, author of strangers among us : latino lives in a changing america " in an intemperate time, peter schrag ' s voice is lucid and truly american. " — richard rodriguez


have you ever wondered : where did we come from? what makes us different from all the other life forms on this planet? shannon dorey in her new book " the master of speech " just might have the answers and most people won ' t like them! ms. dorey has studied the life and works of marcel griaule, a french anthropologist, who 50 years ago recorded the oral history and mythology of the dogon, as told by ogotemmeli, a member of the tribe. the dogon are an isolated mountainous region of bandiagara, south of the sahara desert in mali, west africa. mr. griaule wrote about the dogon in his book, " conversations with ogotemmeli ", published in 1947. the dogon mythology is disturbing because it claims that we were created by beings that genetically engineered our dna. in fact, the book states that our dna was manipulated three times and that three different versions of humans were designed. this was due to failed experiments by out creators. amphibious aliens from the sirian star system, that landed on earth with " great noise and wind " on a 3 - legged spacecraft. these aliens, named the nummo, didn ' t take into consideration the problems of combining their androgynous ( both male and female ) dna with the dna of single sexed animals ( us ). according to ms dorey on page 25, " the nummo change the earth animals who are " naked and speechless " by using the " fibers " or the dna from the nummo world. the lack of intelligence on the earth is identified as " disorder " that the nummo want to end. by combining their dna with the earth animals they order the universe ". on page 26, ms dorey writes : " ogotemmeli referred to the earth previously as being " naked and speechless " which is how animals are defined. so by connecting with the nummo, the animals become clothed and they learn to speak. " as stated the nummo came from the sirius star system and resembled serpents, lizards, chameleons and fish! ms. dorey adds, " the first important symbol found in ogotemmili conversation with griaule is the symbol of the " word " it self. the " word " is used as a metaphor for dna of the biologically engineered humans. this is because speech is synonymous with intelligence and the only way the earth animals are able to speak is when their dna is combined with the numm


it self. the " word " is used as a metaphor for dna of the biologically engineered humans. this is because speech is synonymous with intelligence and the only way the earth animals are able to speak is when their dna is combined with the nummo ' s dna. the " word " is a key symbol and is used throughout to describe the three different version of the biologically engineered humans. " on page 5, ms dorey writes : ".. the religion of the dogon tribe centered on the sirius star system and this information about the red - dwarf star had been told to griaule, and another anthropologist germaine dieterlen, sometime between 1931 and 1950. the dogon had told the anthropologists they had received their knowledge from visitors who came to the earth from another star system. " how can we believe the dogon mythology? what proof is there that this tale, this story is any truer than that of any other culture or religion? on page 5 ms. dorey writes, " what is even more important is that the dogon mythology evolved from an oral culture. the ancient stories told by ogotemmeli had been passed on from generation to generation throughout the ages ". read " the master of speech " and discover how the nummo story is woven into the creation myths of all the worlds major religions! learn the truth about immortality and reincarnation. in what may prove to be one of life ' s largest understatements, ms. dorey writes, " it ( the dogon mythology ) provides us with the sought after missing link and answers to questions that have plagued humanity since the beginning of time. if you are interested in purchasing " the master of speech ", please click here. publishers, to have your book reviews placed here please contact email @ example. com.


effect of district meter areas on water quality isbn : 1 84057 205 1 from the modelling work, case study and discussions with the industry, it is concluded that the net long term effect of creating dmas does not appear to be detrimental to water quality on a day to day basis. the short term effect of creating dmas depends on the extent with which the network has a potential to cause water quality problems, eg does it contain deposits and / or corroding mains. where these exist it is highly likely that work to install new valves and the set up of the dma will cause short term discoloured water for some customers. customers who bought this report also bought... various operational and maintenance strategies ( and the activities that comprise the strategy ) are adopted by water suppliers in order to maintain water quality at acceptable levels. conversely, acitivities applied to a netw... more... price : £100 add to basket this report investigates the prediction of chlorine by means of a field study. the prediction of water age was successful. further research is needed on chlorine decay. the importance of pipe material, diameter, temperature,... more... price : £150 add to basket the manual provides guidance to staff engaged in managing district meter areas ( dmas ). it guides the practitioner through the stages of : 1. setting up and maintaining districts, 2 monitoring leakage, 3 se... more... price : £100 add to basket this study aims to advance understanding on discolouration in drinking water. work products include : - a literature review of corrosion and iron discolouration. - analysis of relationships between corrosion, tuberculatio... more... price : £100 add to basket the first update of ' managing leakage ', the 1995 water industry report. economics of leakage methodology, both short and long term is developed in detail. there are case studies on whole - life costing. seven key areas of ukwi... more... price : £50 add to basket


| © 2007 care | | already inundated from previous cyclones, madagascar ’ s northern and northwestern regions were hit by cyclone indlala on 15 march. | by blue chevigny new york, usa, 19 march 2007 – the rain is coming down in sheets over the capital city of madagascar, antananarivo, in the aftermath of indlala, the latest cyclone to hit the island nation. madagascar is in the midst of an extreme cyclone season, with four major storms already having devastated the country since december, the most recent one on 15 march. tropical cyclone indlala destroyed 90 per cent of the traditional homes in the northern antlaha region where it touched down that day, as well as disabling electricity and communications, destroying many administrative buildings and ravaging the area ’ s crops. according to unicef communication officer misbah sheikh, 293, 000 families are already affected by the floods from previous storms. “ with indlala, the numbers will go up, ” she adds. continuing impact on children ms. sheikh worries about the effects on families and children in the north and northwest of the country, the regions hardest - hit by the latest storm. a rapid assessment team has been sent by unicef to survey the damage. “ seventy per cent of madagascar ’ s population is rural, ” says ms. sheikh. “ they live in wooden houses, sometimes with thatched roofs, so they have probably experienced a lot of damage. children are over half of the population and are, of course, the first affected. ” | © unicef video | | much of the population in flood - affected rural areas of madagascar lives in wooden houses with thatched roofs that are likely to sustain serious storm damage. | in the regions of madagascar stricken by the previous cyclones, unicef had already been providing relief in the form of tents, water purification supplies and water canisters, as well as nutritional support and emergency school supplies. no sooner did the situation begin to stabilize than cyclone indlala hit. ms. sheikh says this pattern is a huge problem. “ every time we attack an emergency, another pops up, ” she laments. un issues flash appeal complicating matters further, in the south of madagascar – which is a huge country the size of france, belgium and luxembourg combined – an entirely different problem persists. while flooding afflicts the country ’ s northern and central regions, the population in the south has been overwhelmed by a severe drought, which has led to undernutrition, water and sanitation problems and


want to stay on top of all the space news? follow @ universetoday on twitter one of the most prominent features in the solar system is jupiter ’ s red spot. this is a massive storm three times the size of the earth that has been raging across the cloud tops of jupiter since astronomers first looked at it with a telescope. known as the great red spot, this is an anticyclonic ( high pressure ) storm that rotates around the planet at about 22°. astronomers think that its darker red color comes from how it dredges up sulfur and ammonia particles from deeper down in jupiter ’ s atmosphere. these chemicals start out dark and then lighten as they ’ re exposed to sunlight. smaller storms on jupiter are usually white, and then darken as they get larger. the recently formed red spot jr. storm turned from white to red as it grew in size and intensity. astronomers aren ’ t sure if jupiter ’ s red spot is temporary or permanent. it has been visible since astronomers started making detailed observations in the 1600s, and it ’ s still on jupiter today. some simulations have predicted that this a storm like this might be a permanent fixture on jupiter. you can still see the red spot with a small telescope larger than about 15 cm ( 6 inches ). the edge of the red spot is turning at a speed of about 360 km / h ( 225 mph ). the whole size of the spot is ranges from 24, 000 km x 12, 000 km to as wide as 40, 000 km. you could fit two or three earths inside the storm. the actual edge of the storm lifts up about 8 km above the surrounding cloud tops. astronomers have noticed that it ’ s been slowly shrinking over the last decade or so, losing about 15 % of its total size. this might be a temporary situation, or jupiter ’ s red spot might go on losing its size. if it continues, it should look almost round by 2040. we ’ ve also recorded an episode of astronomy cast all about jupiter. listen here, episode 56 : jupiter.


socialsekreteraren har ordet! en studie av hur ungdomar beskrivs i socialtjanstens yttranden avseende unga lagovertradare. sammanfattning : the purpose of this essay was to examine how youths are described in certain written statements that are produced by the social services. the statements that this study has focused on, are those written with the purpose of serving the court with suggestions of treatment - measures when a person between 15 and 18 is suspected of having committed a crime. the main issues were : how is the content in these statements described and what do these descriptions tell the reader? do the images of youths in the statements differ, depending on the degree of intervention for the suggested treatment - measure? the essay is based on a qualitative content - analysis of 50 statements and the material has been analysed from a social - constructive theoretical perspective. the study shows that the youths in the statements are described through descriptions that reinforces a positive or a negative image of the youth, and that these descriptions are described as either utterances or facts. depending on the degree of intervention for the suggested treatment - measures, the information in the statements differ in that descriptions that are likely to reinforce a positive image of the youth are more frequent in the statements where no or less intervening treatment - measures is suggested. i addition to this, descriptions that are likely to reinforce a negative image of the youth are more frequent in the statements where more intervening treatment - measures is suggested. the study further shows that descriptions are more often described as facts in the statements with more intervening suggested treatment - measures. in addition to this, descriptions are more often described as utterances in the statements with less intervening suggested treatment - measures. har kan du hamta uppsatsen i fulltext. ( folj lanken till nasta sida )


- prayer and worship - beliefs and teachings - issues and action - catholic giving - about usccb the story of creation. * 1in the beginning, when god created the heavens and the eartha — 2 * and the earth was without form or shape, with darkness over the abyss and a mighty wind sweeping over the waters — b 3then god said : let there be light, and there was light. c 4god saw that the light was good. god then separated the light from the darkness. 5god called the light “ day, ” and the darkness he called “ night. ” evening came, and morning followed — the first day. * 6then god said : let there be a dome in the middle of the waters, to separate one body of water from the other. 7god made the dome, * and it separated the water below the dome from the water above the dome. and so it happened. d 8god called the dome “ sky. ” evening came, and morning followed — the second day. 9then god said : let the water under the sky be gathered into a single basin, so that the dry land may appear. and so it happened : the water under the sky was gathered into its basin, and the dry land appeared. e 10god called the dry land “ earth, ” and the basin of water he called “ sea. ” god saw that it was good. 11f then god said : let the earth bring forth vegetation : every kind of plant that bears seed and every kind of fruit tree on earth that bears fruit with its seed in it. and so it happened : 12the earth brought forth vegetation : every kind of plant that bears seed and every kind of fruit tree that bears fruit with its seed in it. god saw that it was good. 13evening came, and morning followed — the third day. 14then god said : let there be lights in the dome of the sky, to separate day from night. let them mark the seasons, the days and the years, g 15and serve as lights in the dome of the sky, to illuminate the earth. and so it happened : 16god made the two great lights, the greater one to govern the day, and the lesser one to govern the night, and the stars. h 17god set them in the dome of the sky, to illuminate the earth, 18to govern the day and the night, and to separate the light from the darkness. god saw that it was good


night, and the stars. h 17god set them in the dome of the sky, to illuminate the earth, 18to govern the day and the night, and to separate the light from the darkness. god saw that it was good. 19evening came, and morning followed — the fourth day. 20i then god said : let the water teem with an abundance of living creatures, and on the earth let birds fly beneath the dome of the sky. 21god created the great sea monsters and all kinds of crawling living creatures with which the water teems, and all kinds of winged birds. god saw that it was good, 22and god blessed them, saying : be fertile, multiply, and fill the water of the seas ; and let the birds multiply on the earth. j 23evening came, and morning followed — the fifth day. 24k then god said : let the earth bring forth every kind of living creature : tame animals, crawling things, and every kind of wild animal. and so it happened : 25god made every kind of wild animal, every kind of tame animal, and every kind of thing that crawls on the ground. god saw that it was good. 26l then god said : let us make * human beings in our image, after our likeness. let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, the birds of the air, the tame animals, all the wild animals, and all the creatures that crawl on the earth. 27god created mankind in his image ; in the image of god he created them ; male and female * he created them. 28god blessed them and god said to them : be fertile and multiply ; fill the earth and subdue it. * have dominion over the fish of the sea, the birds of the air, and all the living things that crawl on the earth. m 29 * n god also said : see, i give you every seed - bearing plant on all the earth and every tree that has seed - bearing fruit on it to be your food ; 30and to all the wild animals, all the birds of the air, and all the living creatures that crawl on the earth, i give all the green plants for food. and so it happened. 31god looked at everything he had made, and found it very good. evening came, and morning followed — the sixth day. o * [ 1 : 1 – 2 : 3 ] this section, from the priestly source, functions as an introduction,


’ adam is here the generic term for humankind ; in the first five chapters of genesis it is the proper name adam only at 4 : 25 and 5 : 1 – 5. in our image, after our likeness : “ image ” and “ likeness ” ( virtually synonyms ) express the worth of human beings who have value in themselves ( human blood may not be shed in 9 : 6 because of this image of god ) and in their task, dominion ( 1 : 28 ), which promotes the rule of god over the universe. * [ 1 : 27 ] male and female : as god provided the plants with seeds ( vv. 11, 12 ) and commanded the animals to be fertile and multiply ( v. 22 ), so god gives sexuality to human beings as their means to continue in existence. * [ 1 : 28 ] fill the earth and subdue it : the object of the verb “ subdue ” may be not the earth as such but earth as the territory each nation must take for itself ( chaps. 10 – 11 ), just as israel will later do ( see nm 32 : 22, 29 ; jos 18 : 1 ). the two divine commands define the basic tasks of the human race — to continue in existence through generation and to take possession of one ’ s god - given territory. the dual command would have had special meaning when israel was in exile and deeply anxious about whether they would continue as a nation and return to their ancient territory. have dominion : the whole human race is made in the “ image ” and “ likeness ” of god and has “ dominion. ” comparable literature of the time used these words of kings rather than of human beings in general ; human beings were invariably thought of as slaves of the gods created to provide menial service for the divine world. the royal language here does not, however, give human beings unlimited power, for kings in the bible had limited dominion and were subject to prophetic critique. * [ 1 : 29 ] according to the priestly tradition, the human race was originally intended to live on plants and fruits as were the animals ( see v. 30 ), an arrangement that god will later change ( 9 : 3 ) in view of the human inclination to violence. by accepting this message, you will be leaving the website of the united states conference of catholic bishops. this link is provided solely for the user ' s convenience. by providing this link, the united states conference of catholic bishops assumes no responsibility for, nor does it necessarily endorse, the website,


everyone is familiar with weather systems on earth like rain, wind and snow. but space weather – variable conditions in the space surrounding earth – has important consequences for our lives inside earth ’ s atmosphere. solar activity occurring miles outside earth ’ s atmosphere, for example, can trigger magnetic storms on earth. these storms are visually stunning, but they can set our modern infrastructure spinning. on jan. 19, scientists saw a solar flare in an active region of the sun, along with a concentrated blast of solar - wind plasma and magnetic field lines known as a coronal mass ejection that burst from the sun ’ s surface and appeared to be headed for earth. when these solar winds met earth ’ s magnetic field, the interaction created one of the largest magnetic storms on earth recorded in the past few years. the storm peaked on jan. 24, just as another storm began. “ these new storms, and the storm we witnessed on sept 26, 2011, indicate the up - tick in activity coming with the earth ’ s ascent into the next solar maximum, ” said usgs geophysicist jeffrey love. ” this solar maximum is the period of greatest activity in the solar cycle of the sun, and it is predicted to occur sometime in 2013, which will increase the amount of magnetic storms on earth. magnetic storms, said love, are a space weather phenomenon responsible for the breathtaking lights of the aurora borealis, but also sometimes for the disruption of technology and infrastructure our modern society depends on. large magnetic storms, for example, can interrupt radio communication, interfere with global - positioning systems, disrupt oil and gas well drilling, damage satellites and affect their operations, and even cause electrical blackouts by inducing voltage surges in electric power grids. storms can also affects airline activity — as a result of last weekend ’ s storm, both air canada and delta air lines rerouted flights over the arctic bound for asia as a precautionary measure. although the storm began on the 19th of january, it did not peak until january 24th. while this particular storm had minor consequences on earth, other large storms can be crippling, love said. he noted that the largest storm of the 20th century occurred in march, 1989, accompanied by auroras that could be seen as far south as texas, and sent electric currents into earth ’ s crust that made their way into the high - voltage canadian hydro - quebec power grid. this caused the transformer to fail and left more than 6 million people without power for 9 hours. the same storm also damaged and disrupted


electric currents into earth ’ s crust that made their way into the high - voltage canadian hydro - quebec power grid. this caused the transformer to fail and left more than 6 million people without power for 9 hours. the same storm also damaged and disrupted the operation of satellites, gps systems, and radio communication systems used by the united states military. while large, the 1989 storm pales in comparison to one that occurred in september 1859 and is the largest storm in recorded history. scientists estimate that the economic impact to the united states from a storm of the same size in today ’ s society could exceed $ 1 trillion as a result of the technological systems it could disrupt. the usgs, a partner in the multi - agency national space weather program, collects data that can help us understand how magnetic storms may impact the united states. constant monitoring of earth ’ s magnetic field allows us to better assess the impact of these phenomena on earth ’ s surface. to do this, the usgs geomagnetism program maintains 14 observatories around the united states and its territories, which provide ground - based measurements of changes in the magnetic field. these measurements are being used by the noaa space weather prediction center and the us air force weather agencyto track the intensity of the magnetic storm generated by this solar activity. in addition to providing data to its customers, the usgs produces models of the earth ’ s magnetic field that are used in a host of applications, including gps receivers, military and civilian navigational systems, and in research for studies of the effects of geomagnetic storms on the ionosphere ( a shell of electrons and electrically charged atoms and molecules surrounding earth ), atmosphere, and near - space environment.


contamination and pollution introduction of harmful substances into the environment by human action or natural processes. northern gulf of mexico ecosystem change and hazard susceptibility [ more info ] map interfaces and data in the area offshore louisiana, mississippi, and alabama which was affected most by hurricane katrina and, more recently, the oil spill. nutrients national synthesis project : nutrients in rivers, streams, and aquifers in the united states [ more info ] this nutrients national synthesis project site on the u. s. study of nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, as contaminants in high concentrations links to an overview, study team, featured reports, publications, and national datasets. nutrients in the nation ' s streams and groundwater : national findings and implications [ more info ] despite public sector efforts to reduce nonpoint - source nutrients in streams and rivers, concentrations have remained the same or increased, continuing to pose risks to aquatic life and human health. occurrence of emerging contaminants in water and bed material in the missouri river, north dakota, 2007 [ more info ] water monitoring results, focused on wastewater compounds, human - health pharmaceutical compounds, hormones, and antibiotics in water, and waste indicators, hormones, and antibiotics in solids. occurrence of escherichia coli in the cuyahoga river in the cuyahoga valley national park, ohio [ more info ] explains how this important indicator bacteria is used to detect problems in the water supply that may affect human health, focusing on a specific recreational area. occurrence of selected radionuclides in ground water used for drinking water in the united states [ more info ] results ( *. pdf ) of a 1998 targeted reconnaissance survey on the sources of radium, polonium, and lead radionuclides, data collection and laboratory methods, existing occurrences in drinking water, risk assessments, and compliance monitoring. occurrence, distribution, and concentrations of selected contaminants in streambed - and suspended - sediment samples collected in bexar county, texas, 2007 - 09 [ more info ] study showing which chemicals found in sediments were most common, with methods used and likely consequences of their high concentrations. oil pollution impacts on birds [ more info ] a compilation of information, including reports, bibliographies, and data, on all aspects oil toxicity relevant to birds and other wildlife. operational guidelines for geological fieldwork in areas endemic for coccidioidomycosis ( valley fever ) [ more info ] report giving operational guidelines that will lower the risk of coccidioidomycosis ( valley fever


fact sheet on the historic and current conditions of mangroves of dry tortugas national park, a cluster of islands and coral reefs west of key west, florida. mangroves and nesting frigate bird colonies are at risk to destruction by hurricanes. doppler radar imaging is used for tracking the migration and behavior of bird populations. with the u. s. fish and wildlife service and other agencies, usgs uses this technology to assist decision makers balance natural and industrial concerns updated summaries of research in the arctic national wildlife refuge, alaska, on caribou, muskoxen, predators ( grizzly bears, wolves, golden eagles ), polar bears, snow geese and their wildlife habitats with maps of land - cover and vegetation. fact sheet on the need to protect biological soil crusts in the desert. these crusts are most of the soil surface in deserts not covered by green plants and are inhabited by cyanobacterium ( blue - green algae ) and other organisms useful to the ecosystem. overview of research of the ecology branch on the ecological consequences of habitat degradation due to altered environment, nonindigenous species, and atmospheric alterations. includes links to staff and research projects. assessment of the importance of the conservation reserve program in preventing the decline of grassland breeding birds by preserving grassland habitats in north dakota. published as wilson bulletin v. 107 no. 4, pp. 709 - 718 ( 1995 ). study of wildland fire history and fire ecology such as plants in the sierra nevada forests, california shrublands, the mojave, and sonoran deserts to develop management techniques that will reduce hazards. catalog of bird species common to forest and rangeland habitats in the u. s. with natural histories including taxonomic information, range, and habitat descriptions to assist land managers in resource management. text available as a *. zip file. macroinvertebrate data collected by usgs or usfs from 73 sites from 2000 to 2007 and algal data collected from up to 26 sites between 2000 and 2001 in the eagle river watershed, with emphasis on methods of sample collection and data processing. plan for an upcoming study, at the microbiological scale, of the benthic communities ( including corals ) that reside in and around mid - atlantic canyons, which are located at the edge of the continental shelf. homepage for the northern prairie wildlife research center, jamestown, nd, with links to announcements, science prgorams, biological resources finder, publications search option, contacts, and answers to common questions about the center


edge of the continental shelf. homepage for the northern prairie wildlife research center, jamestown, nd, with links to announcements, science prgorams, biological resources finder, publications search option, contacts, and answers to common questions about the center links to ornithology programs at patuxent wildlife research center, laurel, md, including large scale survey analysis of bird populations, research tools, datasets and analyses, bird identification, and seasonal bird lists. core web page from america ' s first wildlife experiment station and a leading wildlife management refuge, the patuxent wildlife research center, laurel, maryland with links to projects, publications, library, contacts, and how to get there. biomonitoring projects studying the status and trends of the nation ' s environmental resources and programs studying amphibians and birds. links to long - term programs, resources and references, and related links. report on effects of the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide on plants and animals, especially birds, in the great plains including effects of carbon dioxide fertilization, ultraviolet radiation, climate change, and harmful effects on bird habitats. project is designed to integrate studies from a number of researchers compiling data from terrestrial, marine, and freshwater ecosystems within south florida. links to publications, maps, posters, and data of studies. report prepared for the u. s. fish and wildlife service with descriptions of exotic aquatic species introduced in the southeast united states with information on populations, geographic distribution, and origins. complex interactions among hydrologic events initiated by people and the behaviors and characteristics of animal species ( both native and introduced ) lead to important scientific and management problems. information on the nwrc wetlands ecology branch, which conducts research related to sustainable management and restoration of the nation ' s coastal saltwater wetlands, freshwater wetlands, submerged aquatic ecosystems, and coastal prairie. how will the increasing use of wind turbines affect populations of wild birds and bats? this shows which birds and bats we study, and the aspects of their ecology that may be affected by wind energy development. main page for accessing links for information and data on the san francisco bay estuary and its watershed with links to highlights, water, biology, wetlands, hazards, digital maps, geologic mapping, winds, bathymetry and overview of the bay. clearinghouse for the description and availability of multiple geospatial datasets relating to alaska from many federal, state and local cooperating agencies under the coordination of the alaska geographic data committee. links to volcanism, volcanic history, volcanic rocks, and general geology


description and availability of multiple geospatial datasets relating to alaska from many federal, state and local cooperating agencies under the coordination of the alaska geographic data committee. links to volcanism, volcanic history, volcanic rocks, and general geology by state, by region, national parks and national monuments and a brief introduction to volcanism around the u. s. entitled : windows into the past. they ' re abundant in this area, but hard to count reliably. we outline a procedure for estimating the population sizes so that we can determine whether they ' re increasing or dwindling. we must both listen for their calls and visually confirm them. homepage for the dept. of the interior ' s initiative coordinated by the usgs, for amphibian ( frogs, toads, salamanders and newts ) monitoring, research, and conservation. links to national atlas for amphibian distribution, photos, and interactive map serve links to information on species of frogs, toads, and salamanders located in the southeastern united states and the u. s. virgin islands, with information on appearance, habitats, calls, and status, plus photos, glossary, and provisional data. we removed non - native fish from a section of the river and the endangered native species humpback chub increased in abundance. but it is not yet clear that decreased competition explains the rebound in population. background information and genetic sequencing data for more than 1, 000 individual field isolates of the fish virus infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus ( ihnv ) collected in western north america from 1966 to the present, updated annually. wildlife you see in a national park or other reserved area don ' t know about the park boundary. bobcat, martens, mink, and moose need different types of living space and habitat. development outside the park affects their ability to inhabit the park. using genetic analysis of organic material found in aquatic environments it is possible to detect the presence of organisms without necessarily observing or capturing individuals. explains terms, methods, and prospective utility of this approach. previous analysis showed this area to have reduced macroinvertebrate biodiversity, an important measure of ecosystem health. new observations indicate that conditions have improved ; report includes methods and results of sampling. project of the gulf of mexico integrated science program that evaluates the transport and sedimentation of contaminates through the mississippi river and atchafalaya river delta to the near - shore gulf of mexico. includes aerial photographs. small wetlands in this large